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Nai Roshni (1941 film)

2026-05-07T20:43:14Z

DongXqz408:

{{about||the 1967 Bollywood film starring Ashok Kuma, Mala Sinha, Biswajeet|Nai Roshni (1967 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nai Roshni
| image = Nai Roshni 1941 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = L. Mehta, Chimankant Gandhi
| producer = National Studios
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sardar Akhtar]] [[Meena Shorey]] [[Meena Kumari]]
| music = [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1941}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Nai Roshni''''' is an Indian [[drama film]] directed by L. Mehta and Chimankant Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nai Roshni (1941) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nai-roshni-13975 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201154345/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nai-roshni-13975 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1941|1941]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Hindi Movie |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://www.gomolo.com/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 July 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9781579581466}}</ref> under the banner of National Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nai Roshni (1941) - BollywoodMDB |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/nai-roshni/11638 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.bollywoodmdb.com}}</ref> The film also had Baby Meena ([[Meena Kumari]]) as a child artist.<ref name="Mehta 2016">{{cite book | last=Mehta | first=Vinod | title=Meena Kumari | date=2016-12-01 | isbn=9789350296271 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1brjAAAAQBAJ&q=Adhuri+Kahani | accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sardar Akhtar]]
* [[Meena Shorey]]
* Harish
* [[Meena Kumari]]
* Husn Bano
* Amar
* [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]]

== Release ==
A silent film with the same name was released in 1930.

== Remake ==
Another film with [[Nai Roshni (1967)|this name]] was released in 1967. It starrs [[Mala Sinha]], [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajeet]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|139485}}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Punganur Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T11:52:47Z

DongXqz408: new some details w/ refs.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Punganur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (165-Punganur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Punganur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
| alliance = None
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district =
*[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
*[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 229,261
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 165
}}

'''Punganur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Annamayya district]] and [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of seven assembly segments of [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 229,261 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per ''Delimination Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
!District
|-
| [[Sodam]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
|-
| [[Somala]]
|-
| [[Chowdepalle]]
|-
| [[Punganur]]
|-
| [[Pulicherla mandal, Chittoor district|Pulicherla]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|-
| [[Rompicherla, Chittoor district|Rompicherla]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| B. Krishnamurthy rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Y.B.V. Chikarayalu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=2 |V. Ramaswami Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| 1970 by-election
| rowspan=2 |B. Rani Sundarmani
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| K. V. Pati
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Baggidi Gopal
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Nuthanakalva Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| 1996 by-election
| [[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| N. Sreedhar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Punganur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Krishnamoorthy Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,059 |percentage=45.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varanasi Raghunatha Reddi |party=Independent politician |votes=19,737 |percentage=42.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peddivari Vankata Reddi |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=5,807 |percentage=12.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,322 |percentage=2.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,603 |percentage=62.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,675 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Punganur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
|votes = 84,083
|percentage = 51.64
|change = -1.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[M Venkatramana Raju]]
|votes = 43,356
|percentage = 26.63
|change = -7.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Vantela Khadar Bhasha
|votes = 25,891
|percentage = 15.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,727
|percentage = 25.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,127
|percentage = 83.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Punganur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
|votes = 1,04,587
|percentage = 56.47
|change = {{increase}}6.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = M. Venkataramana Raju
|votes = 72,856
|percentage = 39.34
|change = {{decrease}}4.7
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,731
|percentage = 17.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,85,213
|percentage = 84.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Punganur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
|votes = 107000
|percentage = 54.85
|change = {{decrease}}1.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = N. Anesha Reddy
|votes = 63,876
|percentage = 32.61
|change = {{decrease}}7.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = [[Bode Ramachandra Yadav]]
|votes = 16,452
|percentage = 18.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,710
|percentage = 22.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,95,868
|percentage = 87
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = TDP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Punganur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
|votes = 99774
|percentage = 48.07
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Challa Ramachandra Reddy (Babu)]]|votes=93,155|percentage=45.16|change={{increase}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharata Chaitanya Yuvajana Party|candidate=[[Bode Ramachandra Yadav]]|votes=4423|percentage=2.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. G Murali Mohan Yadav|votes=3546|percentage=1.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2884|percentage=1.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6619|percentage=3.19|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=206911|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser = TDP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|13.37|78.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1953

2026-05-04T14:49:40Z

DongXqz408: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1950s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Umesh Dwivedi

2026-04-30T02:25:40Z

DongXqz408: made initial data basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

'''Umesh Dwivedi''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) who serves as a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]. He has been active in organisational responsibilities within the BJP Uttar Pradesh unit and is known for his role in membership drives, teacher constituency politics, and state-level political strategy.<ref name="join2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/mlc-umesh-dwivedi--along-with-teachers-----leaders-join-bjp.html|title=MLC Umesh Dwivedi along with teachers' leaders join BJP|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer|accessdate=16 November 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dwivedi was born in Uttar Pradesh. Several reports note his long-term association with teacher organisations and BJP’s grassroots activities.<ref name="join2019" />

== Political career ==

=== Rise within the Bharatiya Janata Party ===
Dwivedi entered mainstream BJP organisational work after being active in teacher and educational groups. His shift towards full-time political activity was marked by his formal association with the BJP in 2019.<ref name="join2019" />

=== Member of Legislative Council ===
Dwivedi was elected twice as a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] from the Lucknow Teachers’ Constituency. His second victory in 2020 was widely covered in the media, where he secured a significant margin.<ref name="win2020">{{Cite web|url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/bjps-umesh-dwivedi-wins-on-lucknow-teachers-seat-with-7065-votes-1607072262813|title=BJP's Umesh Dwivedi wins on Lucknow Teachers seat with 7,065 votes|website=Inshorts - Stay Informed|accessdate=16 November 2025}}</ref> Hindi news sources also reported his ability to overcome expected political equations in the constituency.<ref name="jagran2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh-umesh-becomes-mlc-for-the-second-time-by-collapsing-all-equations-21135136.html|title=सभी समीकरणों को ध्वस्त कर दूसरी बार एमएलसी बने उमेश - Umesh becomes MLC for the second time by collapsing all equations|website=Jagran|accessdate=16 November 2025}}</ref>
=== Controversies ===
In 2021, Dwivedi was mentioned in reports after expressing support for the family of Vikas Dubey, a gangster killed in an encounter. Media coverage focused on his statements regarding the family’s treatment.<ref name="dh2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh-bjp-lawmaker-lends-support-to-kin-of-gangster-vikas-dubey-962636.html|title=Uttar Pradesh BJP lawmaker lends support to kin of gangster Vikas Dubey|website=Deccan Herald|accessdate=16 November 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
* [[Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Kailash Nath Shukla

2026-04-29T19:55:52Z

DongXqz408: Creating pg

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kailash Nath Shukla
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|2|18}}
| birth_place = [[Balrampur]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Tulsipur Assembly constituency|Tulsipur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Abdul Mashhood Khan]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Kailash Nath Shukla''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/kailash-nath-shukla |title=Kailash Nath Shukla |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Tulsipur Assembly constituency]] of [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/kailash-nath-shukla/ |website=ourneta.com |access-date=20 June 2024 |title=Kailash Nath Shukla, BJP MLA from Tulsipur}}</ref><ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18291/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Kailash Nath Shukla was born on 18 February 1959 in [[Balrampur]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Rajmani Shukla.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/kailash-nath-23051.html |title=Kailash Nath Shukla: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More |work=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> He married Champa Shukla in 1975 and they had 2 children.<ref name="upla"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Kailash Nath}}

[[Category:People from Balrampur district]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Digambar Bapuji Pawar Patil

2026-04-19T05:39:28Z

DongXqz408: made some stub from scratch!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Digambar Bapuji Patil
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2004
| term_end = 2009
| predecessor = [[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar Patil|Bhaskarrao Khatgaonkar]]
| successor = Bhaskarrao Khatgaonkar
| constituency = [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]]
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 2004
| predecessor1 = Subhash Jadhav
| successor1 = [[Pradeep Hemsingh Jadhav|Pradeep Jadhav]]
| constituency1 = [[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|2|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nanded]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Satvashila Patil
| children =
| father = Bapuji Patil
| mother = Geeta Bai Patil
| website =
| footnotes =
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3996&lastls=14
}}

'''Digambar Bapuji Pawar Patil''' (born 1 February 1952) is an Indian politician who was the Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha of India. He represented [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]] constituency of [[Maharashtra]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) political party.
He unsuccessfully contested from [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]] in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 General elections]] against [[Ashok Chavan]] of Congress.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071107072455/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3996 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, D. B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Politicians from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bhadrawati Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T16:05:44Z

DongXqz408:

Bhadrawati Assembly constituency
{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhadrawati
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 216,650
| mla = Deotale Sanjay Wamanrao
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Bhadrawati Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=3 |Dadasaheb alias Ramchandra Janardhan Deotale || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Nilkanthrao Yeshwantrao Shinde || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Dadasaheb alias Ramchandra Janardhan Deotale
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 |Moreshwar Vithalrao Temurde || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale|party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,422 |percentage=34.10% |change={{decrease}}4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Anil Laxmanrao Bujone |party=Independent politician |votes=29,979 |percentage=21.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Kishor Rambhau Dange|party=Shiv Sena |votes=13,697 |percentage=9.65% |change={{decrease}}23.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Moreshwar Vithalrao Temurde|party=Independent politician |votes=12,483 |percentage=8.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sharad Shamrao Jiwatode|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=10,950 |percentage=7.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sanjay Shrihari Jiwatode|party=Independent politician |votes=9,424 |percentage=6.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Janardhan @ Balasaheb Shrirang Salunkhe (Guruji)|party=Independent politician |votes=4,126 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,443 |percentage=12.99% |change= {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,008 |percentage=65.54% |change= {{decrease}}2.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,650 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale|party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,191 |percentage=38.54% |change={{increase}}14.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Anil Laxmanrao Bujone|party=Shiv Sena |votes=41,918 |percentage=32.84% |change={{increase}}21.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Babasaheb Sonbaji Wasade|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=26,056 |percentage=20.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sharad Dasharath Madavi|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes=2,980 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,273 |percentage=5.70% |change= {{decrease}}1.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=127,652 |percentage=64.78% |change= {{decrease}}15.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,972 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale|party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,689 |percentage=24.26% |change={{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Babasaheb Sonbaji Wasade|party=Independent politician |votes=26,164 |percentage=16.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Moreshwar Vithalrao Temurde|party=Independent politician |votes=25,808 |percentage=16.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Janardhan @ Balasaheb Shrirang Salunkhe|party=Shiv Sena |votes=17,344 |percentage=11.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rajio Nathuji Dodake|party=Independent politician |votes=14,588 |percentage=9.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Chandrashekhar Deotale|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,399 |percentage=8.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Kirtikumar Madanlal Sancheti|party=Independent politician |votes=3,252 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,525 |percentage=7.42% |change= {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=155,345 |percentage=81.02% |change= {{increase}}14.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,741 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Temurde Moreshwar Vithalrao |party=Janata Dal |votes=34,666 |percentage=31.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wasade Babasaheb Sonbaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,495 |percentage=27.30% |change={{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nannaware Adaku Kawadu |party=Independent politician |votes=11,218 |percentage=10.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramateke Maroti Bhiwa |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes=10,841 |percentage=9.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ekare Bhaurao Nagorao |party=Independent politician |votes=9,518 |percentage=8.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Nilakantharao Yashwantrao |party=Independent politician |votes=6,860 |percentage=6.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deotale Chandrashekhar Digambarrao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,408 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,171 |percentage=3.73% |change= {{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,688 |percentage=67.28% |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,000 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}12.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Vithalrao Temurde |party=Independent politician |votes=36,088 |percentage=43.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ramchandra Janardhan Deotale alias Dadasaheb Deotale |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,197 |percentage=31.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Shabbir Mohammad Yakub Sheikh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,335 |percentage=10.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Alias Bhayyaji Shrihari Deshpande |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,476 |percentage=2.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkanthrao Yashwantrao Shinde |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=2,416 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Tulshiram Burchande |party=Independent politician |votes=2,203 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fulchand Dharmaji Gulagunde |party=Independent politician |votes=1,883 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,891 |percentage=11.91% |change= {{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,072 |percentage=61.73% |change= {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,190 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Ramchandra Janardhan Deotale alias Dadasaheb Deotale |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=32,004 |percentage=43.25% |change={{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adkoo Patil Nannaware |party=Independent politician |votes=29,129 |percentage=39.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Nilkanthrao Yeshwantrao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=3,988 |percentage=5.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vesambare Baburao Govindrao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,742 |percentage=3.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dange Ramchandra Samba |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,811 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aswale Gopalkrushna Domaji |party=Janata Party |votes=1,614 |percentage=2.18% |change={{decrease}}24.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. A. Rauf |party=Independent politician |votes=502 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,875 |percentage=3.89% |change= {{decrease}}22.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,995 |percentage=58.02% |change= {{decrease}}14.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,405 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkanthrao Yeshwantrao Shinde |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=45,475 |percentage=53.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Vithalrao Termurde|party=Janata Party |votes=23,016 |percentage=26.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ramchandra Janardhan Deotale alias Dadasaheb Deotale |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,628 |percentage=11.28% |change={{decrease}}55.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhoot Shrivas Bansilal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,852 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Burchande Vithalrao Tulshiram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,464 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deotale Vithalrao Laxmanrao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,130 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,459 |percentage=26.32% |change= {{decrease}}11.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,333 |percentage=72.28% |change= {{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,739 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Ramchandra Janardhan Deotale alias Dadasaheb Deotale |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,801 |percentage=66.56% |change={{increase}}22.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrihari Baliram Jiotode |party=Independent politician |votes=17,388 |percentage=29.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkanthrao Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes=817 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,413 |percentage=37.48% |change= {{increase}}34.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,795 |percentage=64.58% |change= {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,827 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Janardhan Deotale alias Dadasaheb Deotale|party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,232 |percentage=44.46% |change={{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Rao Laxman Rao Deotale |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=23,570 |percentage=41.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. N. Ramteke |party=Independent politician |votes=1,218 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. V. Nagdeote |party=Independent politician |votes=1,081 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. V. Hazare |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=998 |percentage=1.76% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Kamade |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,662 |percentage=2.93% |change= {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,752 |percentage=65.85% |change= {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,851 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhadrawati<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Ramchandra Janardhan Deotale alias Dadasaheb Deotale |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,414 |percentage=45.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Rao Laxman Rao Deotale |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=22,604 |percentage=41.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Deorao Patil |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,678 |percentage=3.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwan Udhao Patil |party=Independent politician |votes=1,294 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Krishnaji Salwatkar |party=Independent politician |votes=914 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,810 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,960 |percentage=68.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,845 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Randhir Kumar Soni

2026-04-18T15:55:15Z

DongXqz408: new basic biography first draft.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Randhir Kumar Soni
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| constituency1 = [[Sheikhpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheikhpura]]
| date =
| footnotes =
| website =
| signature_alt =
| signature =
| profession =
| occupation =
| alma_mater =
| children =
| relations =
| spouse =
| honorific_prefix =
| death_place =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 1975
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Vijay Samrat|Vijay Kumar Yadav]]
| term_end =
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_start1 = 24 November 2010
| term_end1 = 10 November 2020
| predecessor1 = [[Sunila Devi]]
| successor1 = [[Vijay Samrat|Vijay Kumar Yadav]]
| majority =
| assembly = Bihar Legislative
| caption =
| alt =
| image =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
}}
'''Randhir Kumar Soni''' (born 1975<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/169.pdf|title=Member profile - 169|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=[[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]]|language=hi|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]], who is currently representing the [[Sheikhpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheikhpura constituency]] in the Bihar Legislative Assembly.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sheikhpura">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sheikhpura |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04169.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213061509/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04169.htm |archive-date=13 December 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sheikhpura Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Sheikhpura Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sheikhpura |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213061501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sheikhpura |archivedate=13 December 2025 |accessdate=13 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="x612">{{cite web | title=Sheikhpura (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2025: Randhir Kumar Soni of JD(U) Wins | website=The Indian Express | date=14 November 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/sheikhpura-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-10363568/ | access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Randhir Kumar Soni , Sheikhpura candidate Bihar Election bio : Assets , Total Income , Liabilities , Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Bihar2025/randhir-kumar-soni-452/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soni, Randhir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Rajapart Rangadurai

2026-04-06T11:43:29Z

DongXqz408: new first page more to come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajapart Rangadurai
| image = Rajapart Rangadurai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]
| producer = [[V. C. Guhanathan]]
| story = Balamurugan
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Ushanandini]]
| narrator =
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = [[P. N. Sundaram]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Chithramala Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1973|12|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rajapart Rangadurai''''' ({{Translation|Rangadurai in King's Attire}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[P. Madhavan]]. It stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Ushanandini]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahendra |first=Y. G. |author-link=Y. G. Mahendran |date=9 June 2011 |title=Old film, new perspective |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/old-film-new-perspective/article2090497.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710122213/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/old-film-new-perspective/article2090497.ece |archive-date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=161-170 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp17.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227175030/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp17.htm |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=21 August 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> The film was released on 22 December 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
''Rajapart Rangadurai'' narrates the life journey of a theatre actor. He is parentless who joins the stage under V.K Ramasamy. He takes care of his brother Baskar and sister Seetha. His brother, however, is not content being poor, feigns being rich and marries Vasanthi, the daughter of an industrialist played by T.K Bhagavathi. Rangadurai's plan of getting his sister married from the dowry he would get for his brother's marriage with Alamel, daughter of industrialist Somasundaram is thrown over the bridge by his brother's action. Rangadurai marries Alamel, who was secretly in love with him, being a fan of his stage performances where he is unparalleled and well respected.

Cinema enters the society throwing the troupe into abject poverty. Somasundaram's mill workers, who are fans of Rangadurai's work, support his troupe giving him the chance to recoup. With their love, support and help, the troupe returns to vogue and they become well-off. However, Seetha dies due to ill-treatment at her in-laws while Basker is exposed at his in-laws causing trouble for both. At one stage, Somasundaram and his partner, Mohanraj, refuse to give bonus and the very factory workers who supported him are now in strike. Rangadurai decides to do a free play out of gratitude. With his star-power, Mohanraj is sure that the workers will not relent and decides to assassinate Rangadurai on stage much to the dismay of Somasundaram who does not want to see his daughter widowed as much as he hates Rangadurai.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Rangadurai/Rajapart
*[[Ushanandini]] as Alamel
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Somasundaram
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Drama teacher and drama group owner
*[[S. V. Ramadas]] as Mohanraj
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Baskar
*[[Kumari Padmini]] as Vasanthi
*[[Sasikumar (actor, born 1944)|Sasikumar]] as Ramu
*[[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]] as Seetha
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Ramu's mother
*[[T. K. Bhagavathi]] as Vasanthi's father
*V. R. Thilagam as Meenakshi
*[[Surulirajan]] as Konangipatti/Konangi
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Chinthamani
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Karuppaiya
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Jilla Collector
*[[Samikannu]] as Sivakozhunthu
*Boopathyraja as Young Baskar
*Seethalakshmi as Tiruppur Kumaran Mother Drama Artist
*Angamuthu as Drama Group's
*Sedhupathy as Radhakrishnan Pillai
*Heran Ramasamy as Factory labor union's leader
*P. S. Venkadachalam Pillai as Drama Audion's
*[[S. N. Parvathy|S. N. Parvathi]] as Doctor (Seetha Pregnant Delivery)
*[[Sridevi]] as Valli (Young Chinthamani, Drama Actor)
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Baskar Friend, college mate
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Drama Group
*[[Loose Mohan]] as Drama Group
*[[Pattom Sadan]] as Drama Group
*[[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Ittuli Drama Group
}}

== Production ==
In the scenes where Rangadurai speaks [[Early Modern English|Shakespearean English]], Ganesan's voice was dubbed by Shakespeare Sundaram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2017 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 172– சுதாங்கன் |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/26348 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710122228/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/26348 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> Bhupathi Raja, son of the film's story writer Balamurugan portrayed the younger version of Srikanth in a devotional song.<ref>{{cite web |last=swamy |first=A |title=Bhoopathi Raja: A storywriter for RK from the South |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/interviews/boopati.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015160011/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/interviews/boopati.html |archive-date=15 October 2002 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=Indiainfo}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.RajapartRangadurai_P.Madhavan_1973/71.%20RajapartRangadurai_P.Madhavan_1973.pdf |title=ராஜபார்ட் ரங்கதுரை |publisher=Chithramala Combines |year=1973 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=21 April 2023 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Ammamma Thambi" || Pushpalatha
|-
| "Vanthaen Vandhanam" ||[[T. M. Soundararajan]], K. Veeramani, T. K. Kala
|-
| "Meiyatha Maan" ||T. M. Soundararajan, Pushpalatha
|-
| "Madhana Maligaiyil" ||T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Ammamma Thambi" (Sad) ||T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Jinjunika Chinnakili" ||T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Inquilab Zindabad" ||T. M. Soundararajan
|}

==Release and reception==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it a commendable film that lays down the grammar of acting with passion.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=13 January 1974 |title=ராஜபார்ட் ரங்கதுரை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1974/jan/13-01-1974/p29.jpg |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |page=29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727090341/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1974/jan/13-01-1974/p29.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> ''Navamani'' praised the acting, dialogues, cinematography, music and direction.<ref>{{cite news|title=ராஜபார்ட் ரங்கதுரை|work=Navamani|language=ta|access-date=25 October 2025|page=4|date=5 January 1974|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-2-34#?xywh=2546%2C1669%2C3748%2C2113&cv=3|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Re-release ==
A digitally restored version was released in mid-2017, and ran for over 100 days theatrically.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2017 |title=Sivaji fans celebrate 100th day of a remastered flick |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/sivajis-fans-celebrate-100th-day-of-a-remastered-flick/article19658985.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111191930/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/sivajis-fans-celebrate-100th-day-of-a-remastered-flick/article19658985.ece |archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1445726}}

{{P. Madhavan}}

[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 drama films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about theatre]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

J. D. Rymbai

2026-04-05T22:42:48Z

DongXqz408: Creating entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1934–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. D. Rymbai
| image = J. D. Rymbai.png
| caption =
| birth_name = J. Dringwell Rymbai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Meghalaya]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|4|21|1934|10|26}}
| death_place =
| order = 9th
| office = Chief Minister of Meghalaya
| constituency = Jirang
| term_start = 15 June 2006
| term_end = 10 March 2007
| governor = [[M. M. Jacob]]
| predecessor = [[D. D. Lapang]]
| successor = D. D. Lapang
| party = [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| spouse = Peggymon Pathaw
| children = 5
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 18 June
| year = 2006
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20050305231419/http://meghalaya.nic.in/cm/cm.htm Government of Meghalaya
}}

'''J. Dringwell Rymbai''' (26 October 1934 – 21 April 2022) was a politician from [[Meghalaya]], India.<ref>[http://www.meghalaya.nic.in/cm/cm.htm Profile accessed on 18 June 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305231419/http://meghalaya.nic.in/cm/cm.htm |date=5 March 2005 }}</ref>

==Life==
Born in a poor family, he had to discontinue education during his graduation. He became an assistant teacher in a government school. He later obtained a graduate degree as well as a degree in education (B. Ed. - Bachelor of education). He went on to become the head master in a government school.<ref>[http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20060615/364558.html Biographic sketch]</ref>

He entered active politics in 1983 and contested elections to the [[legislative assembly]] of Meghalaya on the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] ticket from the [[Jirang]] constituency successfully. He was made the deputy speaker of the legislative assembly in the same year. He was re-elected as [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of Jirang three times consecutively in 1993, 1998 and 2003. In 1993, he was elected the [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] of the Meghalaya Assembly. Since 1998, he has held charge of several ministries in the government.

He was regarded as a loyalist of the 2003-2006 chief minister [[D. D. Lapang]]. After dissidence over Lapang's leadership in 2006, he replaced Lapang as the [[Chief Minister]] of Meghalaya on 15 June 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001020209/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/07/stories/2006060708241400.htm The Hindu - Rebels choose Lapang's ally]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060708090538/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061706801400.htm The Hindu - Rymbai in Delhi, to discuss Cabinet expansion with Sonia]</ref>

He served as chief minister until March 2007, when Lapang returned to office following a decision by the Congress Party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070410/asp/frontpage/story_7627704.asp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Frontpage |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041330/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070410/asp/frontpage/story_7627704.asp |archive-date=30 September 2007}} </ref>
He was married to Peggymon Pathaw and had five children, three daughters and two sons. J.D. Rymbai resigned from the Assembly and Indian National Congress on 4 January 2008.

Rymbai died on 21 April 2022, aged 88.<ref>[https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-former-cm-jd-rymbai-passes-away-at-88.html Meghalaya: Former CM JD Rymbai passes away at 88]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chief Ministers of Meghalaya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rymbai, JD}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:People from Ri-Bhoi district]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1983–1988]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2003–2008]]

Madurai Metro

2026-04-03T19:23:27Z

DongXqz408: Creating New Info.

{{Short description|Rapid transit system proposed for Madurai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox public transit
| name = Madurai Metro
| locale = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| transit_type = Mass Rapid Transit
| began_operation = Proposed
| chief_executive = [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]
| headquarters = [[Madurai metropolitan area]]
| lines = 3
| line_number = '''''Phase-1''''' * [[Line 1 (Madurai Metro)]] '''''Phase-2''''' * [[Line 2 (Madurai Metro)]] * [[Line 3 (Madurai Metro)]]
| stations =
| website =
| ridership =
| train_length = 3 coaches
| headway =
| vehicles =
| track_gauge =
| system_length =
| average_speed =
| top_speed = {{convert|60|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| minimum_radius_of_curvature =
| el =
| operator = CMRL
| owner = TNMRC
| map =
| area served = Madurai
| operation_will_start = Proposed(under review)
}}
{{Madurai Metro route diagram}}
'''Madurai Metro''', is a proposed [[Rapid transit|rapid transit system]] for [[Madurai metropolitan area|Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-03-20 |title=TN Budget: Metro rail projects for Coimbatore and Madurai |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-budget-metro-rail-projects-coimbatore-and-madurai-174811 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

{{As of|March 2023}}, the DPR preparation contract was awarded to Aarvee Associates.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/firm-picked-to-prepare-madurai-metro-dpr/articleshow/99021967.cms |access-date=8 May 2024 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 March 2023}}</ref> It was ready by July 2023, with construction work planned to commence by end of 2024. In December 2024, the DPR for the Madurai Metro was submitted to the Central Government for approval. In February 2025, Officials indicated that the project could receive central government approval within 6 to 9 months and that groundwork for land acquisition and utility shifting would begin soon. In September 2025, an RTI revealed that the Central Government was still reviewing the DPR, leading to public concern over the delays. Additionally, reports emerged of a planning hurdle with the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) regarding alignment clashes in the Thirumangalam area. As of November 18, 2025, the Union government has rejected the proposed Metro Rail projects for Madurai and Coimbatore, citing that both cities do not meet the population criteria of 2 million (20 lakh) as per the 2011 census. However, the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) has stated that this is a temporary rejection and the project is not cancelled, clarifying that the proposals are still under consideration. CMRL also mentioned that they would provide a detailed explanation to the central government about the current population and that the project will continue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madurai Metro Rail: 27 Stations Planned for the Project, DPR to be Submitted by 15 July|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/madurai-metro-rail-27-stations-planned-for-the-project-dpr-to-be-submitted-by-15-july/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |publisher= Metro Rail News |date=29 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sampath |first=Nirupa |date=2024-11-25 |title=CMRL puts Madurai and Coimbatore Metro plans on fast track |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/cmrl-puts-madurai-and-coimbatore-metro-plans-on-fast-track-812435 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro Focuses on Coimbatore and Madurai, Delays Salem and Tiruchy Projects |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/chennai-metro-focuses-on-coimbatore-and-madurai-delays-salem-and-tiruchy-projects-9133204.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
As the monorail market is estimated to be ₹72,000 [[crore]] (US$10 billion) in India, the then [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]], Banwarilal Purohit announced in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative assembly]] that the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] had decided to do a feasibility study for introducing monorail system in [[Madurai]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shrikumar|first=A.|date=2020-01-22|title=Waiting for metro: stakeholders pitch points|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/waiting-for-metro-stakeholders-pitch-points/article30619211.ece|access-date=2020-11-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=5 Jan 2020|title=Will push for metro rail, bus port in Madurai: Revenue min {{!}} Madurai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/will-push-for-metro-rail-bus-port-in-madurai-revenue-min/articleshow/73103695.cms|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mallady|first=Shastry V.|date=2020-02-14|title=Why no Metro Rail for our Madurai? asks TN Chamber|url=http://www.lotustimes.org/2020/02/14/why-no-metro-rail-for-our-madurai-asks-tn-chamber/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Lotus Times {{!}} Madurai {{!}} Tamilnadu {{!}} Lotus Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=மதுரையில் மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம்..? மத்திய அமைச்சரின் அதிரடி பதில்..!|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/tamilnadu-madurai/virudhunagar-mp-raised-questioned-about-madurai-metro-rail-project-q1rz77|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ta}}</ref> along with [[Salem metro|Salem]], [[Tiruchirappalli Monorail|Thiruchirappalli]],<ref name="Archive News">{{Cite web|title=Archive News|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2010-01-25|title=Scomi eyes partners for monorail projects|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/scomi-eyes-partners-for-monorail-projects-110012500006_1.html|access-date=2020-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=மதுரையில் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலை தவிர்க்க மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம்|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=563458|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.dinakaran.com|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202074209/https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=563458|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Tirunelveli]].

In 2020, the government has earmarked a sum of about ₹60,000 crore (US$8.4 billion) for [[Rapid transit|metro]] and [[monorail]] projects in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="archive.asianage.com">{{Cite web|last1=Dc|last2=Chennai|title=Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu|url=http://archive.asianage.com/chennai/jayalalithaa-plans-perfect-future-tamil-nadu-361|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The Asian Age|language=en|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222220434/http://archive.asianage.com/chennai/jayalalithaa-plans-perfect-future-tamil-nadu-361|url-status=dead}}</ref> At that time [[SASTRA]], using [[Geographical information system|Geographical Information System]] (GIS) tools, had worked out a proposal for a suburban railway route for Madurai City.

Madurai proposed routes for monorail were:
# [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]] – [[Mattuthavani]] - via. [[Kappalur]], [[Thirunagar]], [[Thiruparankundram]], [[Palanganatham]], TN polytechnic, Madurai Railway station, [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Goripalayam, Madurai|Goripalayam]], [[Tallakulam (Madurai)|Tallakulam]], Madurai Dist court.
# Thiruparankundrum – Park Town - via. Thiruparankundrum Temple, Airport, SN College, [[Avaniapuram]], [[Villapuram]], [[South Gate, Madurai|South Gate]], [[Keelavasal, Madurai|Keelavasal]], [[Nelpettai]], Goripalayam, Narimedu, Incometax office, Krishnapuram colony, Viswanathapuram, P & T Nagar.
# Kochadai – Viraganur - via. [[Kalavasal]], [[Arappalayam]], [[Ellis Nagar]], [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Railway station]], Vilakuthoon, Keelavasal, Munichalai, Teppakulam.
# [[Vandiyur]] – Iyer Bungalow - via. Anna Nagar, Suguna stores, Aravind Eye Hospital, K. K. Nagar, Anna Bus stand, GH, Goripalayam, Reserve Line, [[K. Pudur]]
# [[Anuppanadi]] - [[Koodal Nagar, Madurai|Koodal Nagar]] - Via Teppakulam, Anna nagar, Apollo Hospitals, Mattuthavani, Surveyor Colony, Mahatma Gandhi Nagar, [[Anaiyur, Madurai|Anaiyur]]
# Tirumangalam to [[Melur]] - Tirumangalam, Kappalur, Thoppur, Tirunagar, Vadapalanji, [[Madurai Kamaraj University]], [[Nagamalai]], Nagari, [[Samayanallur]], [[Vilangudi, Madurai|Vilangudi]], Koodal nagar, [[Arappalayam Bus Terminus]], Simmakal, Madurai railway Jn, [[Periyar Bus Terminus]], [[Jaihindpuram]], Villapuram, Mahal, Teppakulam, Anna nagar, Vandiyur, Pondy koil, Mattuthavani, High Court, TVS Srichakra, Melur.
# Azhagar-koil to Avaniapuram - Azhagarkoil, Moondru Mavadi, K.Pudur, KK Nagar, G.H., Goripalayam, [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], Koodal nagar, Arapalayam BS, P.P. chavadi (in Theni main rd), Bye pass rd (Ponmeni), [[Vasantha Nagar, Madurai|Vasantha Nagar]] roundana, T V S Nagar, Pykara, Thirupprankundram, [[Nilaiyur]], Airport, Mandela nagar, Transport Nagar (along ring road), Avaniapuram.

Transfer Points were: Avaniyapuram, Goripalayam, Madurai Railway station, Periyar Bus stand, Keelavasal, Anna Nagar, Teppakulam, Mattuthavani, Tiruparankundrum<ref name="Archive News"/><ref name="archive.asianage.com"/>

The [[Government of Tamilnadu]] proposed for a [[Rapid transit|Metro Rail]] in [[Madurai]], the third largest city in the state of [[Tamilnadu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro rail plan for Madurai, a great move|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/metro-rail-plan-for-madurai-a-great-move/article35899842.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CMRL to do a feasibility study for building mass rapid transit in three cities|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-to-do-a-feasibility-study-for-building-mass-rapid-transit-in-three-cities/article65245817.ece}}</ref> CMRL releases tender notice for preparing the project's [[feasibility report]] in March, 2022 and BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study with the deadline of May, 2022<ref>{{cite news|title=BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study for MRTS in Madurai|url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/barsyl-wins-feasibility-study-contract-for-madurai-metro-rail-project}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Metro feasibility report to be ready by May|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/cmrl-metro-feasibility-report-to-be-ready-by-may/articleshow/90753746.cms}}</ref>

==Project timeline==
*'''2012:''' The Indian government under former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announces metro rail projects for Tier-II cities, including Madurai.
*'''2012''': [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] under [[J. Jayalalithaa]] shelves the metro rail project and announces monorail project for Tier II cities such as [[Madurai]], [[Tiruchirappalli Monorail|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Salem Metro|Salem]]<ref name="archive.asianage.com"/>
*'''2021''': [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] under [[M. K. Stalin]] announces metro rail projects for Tier II cities such as [[Madurai]] and [[Coimbatore]].<ref name=":0" />
*'''2022:''' BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study for the mass rapid transportation system in Madurai<ref>{{cite news|title=Feasibility study for Madurai MRTS to start soon|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/feasibility-study-for-madurai-mrts-to-start-soon/article65214497.ece}}</ref>
*'''2022 November:''' Madurai metro rail will cover 29 km with 17 stations in phase 1 stated by the DFR prepared by Balaji Rail Road Systems (BARSYL) and the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sampath |first=Nirupa |title=Madurai metro rail will cover 29km with 17 stations in phase 1 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/11/13/madurai-metro-rail-will-cover-29km-with-17-stations-in-phase-1 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=DT next |language=en}}</ref>
*'''2022 December:''' Detailed Project Report (DPR) was awaited for Madurai Metro
*'''2023 March:''' Aarvee Associates bags the tender to prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR) for 1.35 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/firm-picked-to-prepare-madurai-metro-dpr/articleshow/99021967.cms |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*'''2024 December :''' The DPR for the Madurai Metro was formally submitted to the Central Government for approval.
*'''2025 January ''': CMRL announced that preparatory work, including land acquisition and utility shifting, would begin soon, anticipating approval within the year.
*'''2025 February ''': Officials indicated that the project could receive central government approval within 6 to 9 months and that groundwork for land acquisition and utility shifting would begin soon.
*'''2025 September ''': A Right to Information (RTI) query revealed that the Central Government had not yet approved the DPR. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs stated that the project was still under "preliminary examination". A clash was reported between the metro's proposed alignment and the National Highways Authority of India's (NHAI) plan for vehicular underpasses at the Sipcot and Thoppur junctions. Joint inspections were conducted to resolve this conflict.
*'''2025 November''' : The Union Government of India returned the metro proposals for Madurai and Coimbatore, citing the population of both cities as less than 20 lakh. However, the Tamil Nadu government raised concerns about what it called an “uneven application” of the centre's Metro Rail Policy, pointing out that cities such as Agra, Patna, and Bhopal despite having populations below this threshold, had been approved for metro projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-18 |title=Why Madurai and Coimbatore didn't get Centre's Metro approval — and how smaller cities did |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tamilnadu-metro-policy-madurai-coimbatore-centre-rejection-qw0p0b2t |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Proposed corridors==
===Phase I===
'''Proposed Metro Rail Routes in Madurai at Phase-1 stage'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Tender floated to prepare detailed project report for Madurai metro|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/tender-floated-to-prepare-detailed-project-report-for-madurai-metro/articleshow/98055373.cms|access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="8" |Madurai Metro
|-
! Corridor No
! Line
! From
! To
! Roads
! Via
! Length (km)
! Number of Stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Line 1 (Madurai Metro)|Line-1]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Othakadai
| style="text-align:center;"|Tiruparankundram Road, Mattuthavani High Road
| style="text-align:center;"|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai|AIIMS]], [[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Thiruparankundram|Thiruparankundram]], [[Periyar Bus Terminus]], [[Mattuthavani Bus Stand, Madurai|MGR Bus Terminus]], [[Meenakshi Temple]], [[Madras High Court|Madras High Court- Madurai Bench]]
| style="text-align:center;"|31
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|}

===Phase II===
'''Proposed Metro Rail Routes in Madurai at Phase-II stage'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Madurai metro to link airport in phase II; 5 km to be underground|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/madurai-metro-to-link-airport-in-phase-ii-5-km-to-be-underground/99324441|access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-02-20 |title=Madurai metro: CMRL submits feasibility report, three things to know |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/madurai-metro-cmrl-submits-feasibility-report-three-things-know-173518 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="7" |Madurai Metro
|-
! Corridor No
! Line
! From
! To
!Via
!Length (km)
!Number of Stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Line 2 (Madurai Metro)|Line-2]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Kattapuli Nagar
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Madurai Airport|Madurai International Airport]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Samayanallur, Paravai, Fatima College, [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]], [[Mattuthavani Bus Stand, Madurai|MGR Bus Terminus]], [[Meenakshi Temple]], Perungudi
| style="text-align:center;"|20
| style="text-align:center;"|14
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Line 3 (Madurai Metro)|Line-3]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Manalur
| style="text-align:center;"|Chekanurani
| style="text-align:center;"|Velammal College, Keelavasal, [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]], [[Mattuthavani Bus Stand, Madurai|MGR Bus Terminus]], [[Meenakshi Temple]], Kalavasal, Nagamalai Pudukkottai
| style="text-align:center;"|23
| style="text-align:center;"|19
|}

== See also ==
*[[Chennai Metro]]
*[[Coimbatore Metro]]
*[[Kochi Metro]]
*[[List of Madurai metro stations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Madurai Metro|all=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Transport in Madurai]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]

Mufti Shamoon Qasmi

2026-04-02T11:31:25Z

DongXqz408: Creating New Details.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{multiple issues|{{orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{promotional|date=July 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mufti Shamoon Qasmi
| image = Muftishamoonqasmi.jpg
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]] in [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|05|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bijnor]]
}}

'''Mufti Shamoon Qasmi''' (born 25 May 1967 in [[Bijnor]]) is an Indian politician who is a [[Cabinet minister]] of [[Uttarakhand]] and chairman of Uttarakhand Madarsa board education. He is also a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=धामी सरकार में राज्यमंत्री बने मुफ्ती शमून कासमी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/story-mufti-shamoon-qasmi-becomes-minister-of-state-in-dhami-government-8774836.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mufti Shamoon Qasmi: wiki, news, video, photographs |url=https://news.biharprabha.com/bp/mufti-shamoon-qasmi/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=news.biharprabha.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand Madarsa Education Board – Madarsa Education Board Dehradun |url=https://ukmadarsaboard.org.in/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He worked for AIDS prevention under the banner of UNAIDS.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2016-02-03 |title=Hundreds of Religious Leaders Meet to Stop HIV Stigma and Discrimination |publisher=UNICEF |url=http://unicef.in/PressReleases/368/Hundreds-of-Religious-Leaders-Meet-to-Stop-HIV-Stigma-and-Discrimination |access-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203183418/http://unicef.in/PressReleases/368/Hundreds-of-Religious-Leaders-Meet-to-Stop-HIV-Stigma-and-Discrimination |archive-date=2016-02-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-17 |title=Former Team Anna member to launch front to fight corruption |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/former-team-anna-member-to-launch-front-to-fight-corruption/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-23 |title=Muslim face out, slams Team Anna |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/muslim-face-out-slams-team-anna/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and member of [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Muslim University Madarasa Board]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/centres/cultural-education-centre/cultural-clubs |access-date=2024-07-07 |title=Cultural Clubs - Cultural Education Centre |publisher=AMU }}</ref>

== Achievements ==
* Campaigned to eliminate social evils like female foeticide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रीय एकता के संवाहक बने शमून कासमी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bijnor-13474455.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* Worked with the Art for Living Institute.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-30 |title=Priests to union leaders, all join hands for cause - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Priests-to-union-leaders-all-join-hands-for-cause/articleshow/7393620.cms |access-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230135901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Priests-to-union-leaders-all-join-hands-for-cause/articleshow/7393620.cms |archive-date=2016-12-30 }}</ref>
* Worked with the Bharat Swabhiman Organisation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-01 |title=Outlook Photogallery |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/photos/default_vtl.aspx?pt=13&ptv=12415&pyr=0&date=6/14/2015&photono=6&pn=1&pgid=108115 |access-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201162412/http://www.outlookindia.com/photos/default_vtl.aspx?pt=13&ptv=12415&pyr=0&date=6/14/2015&photono=6&pn=1&pgid=108115 |archive-date=2016-02-01 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Mufti Shamoon}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor]]

Hardinge Park

2026-03-31T13:26:18Z

DongXqz408: Creating a pg - done

{{Short description|Park in Patna, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Shaheed Veer Kunwar Singh Azadi Park
| alt_name = Hardinge Park
| photo =
| photo_width =
| photo_caption =
| type = Public Park
| location = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| map =
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coords =
| area = 22 acres
| created = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1916|01|31}}
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status = Open year round
| website =
}}

'''Hardinge Park'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hardinge-park-to-get-a-facelift/articleshow/57226371.cms|title=Hardinge Park to get a facelift - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206064413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hardinge-park-to-get-a-facelift/articleshow/57226371.cms|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151204/jsp/bihar/story_56522.jsp|title=Joggers' paradise opens gate|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005956/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151204/jsp/bihar/story_56522.jsp|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> officially known as '''Shaheed Veer Kunwar Singh Azadi Park'''<ref name="Business Standard">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/patna-s-historic-hardinge-park-turns-101-117013100622_1.html|title=Patna's historic Hardinge Park turns 101|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2017-01-31|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074555/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/patna-s-historic-hardinge-park-turns-101-117013100622_1.html|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> is a public park in the city of [[Patna]] built by [[British Raj]] in 1916.<ref name="Business Standard" /> The park was initially named after [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Viceroy Charles Hardinge]] and was built in his honour as he was instrumental in the creation of [[Bihar]] as a separate province.<ref name="Business Standard" /> It was built as Patna's first public park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/original-plan-of-patnas-hardinge-park-included-statue-of-lady-hardinge-too-archives-147951|title=Original plan of Patna's Hardinge Park included statue of Lady Hardinge too: Archives}}</ref> The park is located midway between [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] and the [[Patna Secretariat|Bihar Secretariat]]. The name was changed to Shaheed Veer Kunwar Singh Azadi Park post [[Indian independence movement|independence]]. The park also hosted a garden party for then [[Prince of Wales]] - [[Edward VIII]] - in 1921 on his visit to Patna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/538186/breathing-life-century-old-park.html|title=Breathing life into century-old park in Bihar capital|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135805/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/538186/breathing-life-century-old-park.html|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The park completed its centenary in 2016.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-100-hardinge-park-gets-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/50794061.cms|title=At 100, Hardinge Park gets new lease of life|date=2016|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206144341/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-100-hardinge-park-gets-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/50794061.cms|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It is known as the old bus stand. [[Indian Railways]] is soon going to construct Suburban Rail Terminal at Hardinge Park which is barely 900 metres west from [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]].

==History==
On 28 September 1913, the Hardinge Memorial Committee was constituted by the state authorities to design and set up a park in Patna. A deed of grant was signed between the [[Patna Collectorate|Patna collector]] and the Hardinge Memorial Committee on 8 September 1915 for development of a public park as Hardinge Park to be maintained by the committee.<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130902/jsp/bihar/story_17276092.jsp|title=Garbage garb for key park|date=2 September 2013|first=Piyush Kumar|last=Tripathi|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052443/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130902/jsp/bihar/story_17276092.jsp|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Park was officially opened to the public on 31 January 1916 by the then [[Lieutenant-Governor]] of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]], [[Edward Albert Gait]].<ref name="Business Standard" /> It was built in honour of [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]] and was named after him.

At the opening of the Park Lt Governor had also unveiled a 5 tonne life-size bronze statue of Lord Hardinge.<ref name="Business Standard" /> The statue was created by renowned British sculptor [[Herbert Hampton]] in [[London]].<ref name="Business Standard" /> After protests in late 1960s the statue was removed from the park and placed in [[Patna Museum]]. It was installed again in the 1990s on a platform in a corner of the [[Patna Museum]]'s lawns. In late 2017, one of the last remnants of the [[British Raj]]-era landmark - the pedestal on which the Hardinge's iconic bronze statue once stood, was also demolished.<ref name="Business Standard" />

The park was also the location of [[Party#Garden party|Garden party]] for then Prince of Wales - Edward VIII - during his Patna visit in 1921. The party was hosted by Bihar Landholders' Association led by [[Raj Darbhanga|Maharaja of Darbhanga]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C&q=hardinge+park+patna+garden+party&pg=PA111|title=Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937|last=Alam|first=Jawaid|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170999799|language=en}}</ref>

The park is one of the oldest parks in the city of Patna. The name of the park was changed to ''Shaheed Veer Kunwar Singh Azadi Park'' after [[Kunwar Singh]] who was a notable leader during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The park used to be the location of Flower Shows in Patna for many years.<ref name="Business Standard" />

==Design and Location==
The park is located on north of Hardinge Road and [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Delhi-Howrah railway line]] in east–west direction.<ref name="telegraph" /> It is spread over an area of 22 acres<ref name="Business Standard" /> and is somewhat triangular in shape. The park is dotted with ornamental fountains and perpendicular pathways are present across the area of the park.

==Suburban Rail Terminal==
The park was not well maintained by the government and was in a state of neglect.<ref name="telegraph" /> It was being used as a land fill and garbage dump by the [[Patna Municipal Corporation| Patna Municipal corporation]]<ref name="telegraph" /> since years. The [[Bihar government]] driven by High Court directives, redeveloped the space to convert the former landfill into a modern public park. The renovated park includes landscaped green areas, a jogging track, musical fountains, and a small boating area.<ref name="telegraph"/>

[[Indian Railways]] is also going to build four platforms on the Hardinge Park side of [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna junction]] to facilitate smooth running of mainline-electric-multiple-unit ([[MEMU]]) trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/patnas-hardinge-park-to-have-new-rail-terminal-101628584280416.html|title=Patna's Hardinge Park to have new rail terminal}}</ref> There will be two pairs of double-discharge (DD) platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/railways-intends-to-build-a-double-discharge-dd-platform-at-hardinge-park-vacant-land-in-patna-on-the-pattern-of-mumbai-however-railways-is-likely-to-approach-the-state-government-for-the-final-take-over-of-the-land-incidentally-railways-has-agreed-to-hand-over-seven-km-long-r-block-digha-gat-railway-route-to-state-government-for-converting-it-into-a-four-lane-road-/articleshow/7211366.cms?from=mdr|title=Railways intends to build a double discharge( DD ) platform at Hardinge Park vacant land in Patna on the pattern of Mumbai . However, railways is likely to approach the state government for the final take over of the land . Incidentally railways has agreed to hand over seven km long R-Block - Digha Gat railway route to state government for converting it into a four -lane road.}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] has proposed to terminate and originate all its local passenger trains from the DD platforms. [[Indian Railways]] got around {{convert|4.8|acre|adj=on|order=flip}} of land on Hardinge Road from [[Bihar government]] in lieu of the 7 km long [[Patna–Digha Ghat line]] land it offered to the latter for the construction of R-Block-Digha Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/double-discharge-platforms-to-come-up-in-city-soon-ecr/articleshow/73562392.cms|title=Double-discharge platforms to come up in Patna soon: East Central Railway}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Patna–Digha Ghat line]]
*Mithapur, Patna
*[[Moore Market Complex railway station|Chennai Suburban Terminal]]
*[[Patna Junction railway station]]
*[[Coronation Park, Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Patna}}
{{Tourist attractions in Patna}}

{{Coord|25.60135|85.12921|dim:200_region:APAC-Patna_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Parks in Patna]]
[[Category:Urban public parks]]
[[Category:1916 establishments in India]]
[[Category:History of Patna]]

2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election

2026-03-31T04:19:21Z

DongXqz408:

{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Pithoragarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing =
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| election_date = 23 January 2025
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 40 seats in the [[Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 21
| turnout =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = Kalpana Deolal
| alliance1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = '''New'''
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''5'''
| seat_change1 = New
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| image3 =
| colour3 =
| leader3 = ''None''
| party3 = Independent politician
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = '''New'''
| seats3 = '''35'''
| seat_change3 = New
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image = India Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation Election 2025.svg
| map_size = 300px

| title = Mayor
| before_election = Office established
| before_party =
| after_election = Kalpana Deolal
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

The '''2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/bjps-kalpana-elected-first-woman-mayor-of-pithoragarh-pithoragarh-news-c-230-1-shld1024-123180-2025-01-26|title=BJP's Kalpana elected as the first woman mayor of Pithoragarh|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=25 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/uttarakhand-municipal-corporation-election-2025-pithoragarh-nagar-nikay-counting-results-uttarakhand-news-uts25012504031</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/26/bjp-sweeps-urban-local-body-polls-in-uttarakhand-wins-10-of-11-mayoral-seats | title=BJP sweeps urban local body polls in Uttarakhand, wins 10 of 11 mayoral seats }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/dehradun/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-dates-announced-check-full-schedules/2571380|title=उत्तराखंड निकाय चुनाव की तारीखों का ऐलान, जानें नगर निगम, नगरपालिका और नगर पंचायतों में कब पड़ेगा वोट|website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-date-of-municipal-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand-election-commission-announced-after-reservation-was-decided-23854347.html|title=उत्तराखंड में नगर निकाय चुनाव की तारीख का एलान, आरक्षण तय होने पर चुनाव आयोग ने की घोषणा - Date of municipal elections announced in Uttarakhand Election Commission announced after reservation was decided|website=Jagran}}</ref> was a municipal election to the [[Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation]] which governs [[Pithoragarh]] City, the largest hill city in [[Uttarakhand]]. It was held on 23 January 2025. It was won by Kapana Devlal of BJP who defeated Congress rebel and Congress MLA [[Mayukh Mahar]] backed candidate Monika Mahar by 17 votes. It was one of the closest races in the state.

Despite winning the mayor post, BJP won just 5 out of 40 ward members. [[Independent politician|Independent]] or Congress backed candidates won in 35 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/story-bjp-wins-mayor-seat-in-pithoragarh-faces-defeat-in-79-ward-elections-201738080347017.html|title=पिथौरागढ़ में भाजपा के 79 प्रतिशत पार्षद उम्मीदवार हार गए।|work=India TV|date=28 January 2025}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the state election commission on 23 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumaonjansandesh.com/date-of-civic-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand/|title=उत्तराखंड में निकाय चुनाव की तिथि घोषित - कुमाऊँ जनसंदेश|date=23 December 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 27 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 30 December 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 31 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 2 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 3 January 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''23 January 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''25 January 2025'''
|}

==Candidates==
===Mayoral election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Candidate's Name
|-
! 1
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
| Kalpana Deolal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/uttarakhand-bjp-announces-candidates-for-all-11-mayoral-seats-full-list-2024-12-29-968545|title=Uttarakhand: BJP announces candidates for all 11 mayoral seats|work=India TV|date=29 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]
| Anju Lunthi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/saurabh-thapliyal-from-bjp-and-virendra-pokhriyal-from-congress-are-in-the-fray-for-mayor-dehradun-news-c-5-1-drn1030-581794-2024-12-30|title=Dehradun News: Saurabh Thapliyal from BJP and Virendra Pokhriyal from Congress are in the fray for mayor|work=Amar Ujala|access-date=29 December 2024|language=hi}}</ref>
|}

===Ward-wise candidates===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|Ward No.
!rowspan="2"|Ward Name
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!1
|Bajeti
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!2
|New Bajeti
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!3
|Nirada
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!4
|Kumor
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Asha Devi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!5
|Piyana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajendra Tamta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!6
|Takana Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vikram Valmiki
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!7
|Shiv Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vinod Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!8
|Linthuda
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!9
|Jakhani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!10
|Bin
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Saroj Devi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!11
|Bhatkote
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashish Havord
|-
!12
|Rai
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!13
|Pandey Gaon
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!14
|Padampur Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prithviraj Bisht
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!15
|Bhadelbada
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gopal Singh Rana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!16
|Chandrabhaga
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lalita Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!17
|Dumkhani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deepak Mahar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!18
|New Tildhukri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Neeraj Kothari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!19
|Krishnapuri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!20
|Jagdamba Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anita Samant
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!21
|Kujoli
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!22
|Jagriti Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lalit Pant
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!23
|Shivalaya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shivani Saini
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!24
|Purana Bazaar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mohammad Sarfaraz
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!25
|Naya Bazaar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Umesh Lal Shah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!26
|Simalgair
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kavindra Shah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!27
|Pithrota
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!28
|Aincholi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kamala Pandey
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!29
|Pankot
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhupendra Singh Belal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!30
|Daula
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Saraswati Devi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!31
|Western Cinemaline
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!32
|Eastern Cinemaline
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anshu Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!33
|Dhanauda
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhawana Kapri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!34
|Neda Basti
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dinesh Kapri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!35
|Puneri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!36
|Sera Chandak
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Harish Bora
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!37
|Old Tildhukri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!38
|Malla Jakhani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Suman Dhami
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!39
|Khadkot
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ravindra Singh Basera
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!40
|Vivekanand
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Praveen Singh Uprari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|}

==Results==
===Mayoral election===
{{Election box begin|title= 2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation Election: Mayor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kalpana Deolal
| votes = 9,466
| percentage = 39.35
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Monika Mahar
| votes = 9,449
| percentage = 39.28
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Anju Lunthi
| votes = 3,379
| percentage = 14.04
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Chandrakala Mahar
| votes = 615
| percentage = 2.55
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Pratila Bohra
| votes = 558
| percentage = 2.32
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Uma Pandey
| votes = 229
| percentage = 0.95
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kusum Devi
| votes = 139
| percentage = 0.57
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Spoiled ballot]]s
| candidate = Invalid
| votes = 134
| percentage = 0.56
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
| votes = 125
| percentage = 0.52
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Sushma Bisht Mathur
| votes = 94
| percentage = 0.39
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 17
| percentage = 0.07
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 24,054
| percentage = 64.75%
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,974 |ref = |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Results by party===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|20<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/story-bjp-wins-mayor-seat-in-pithoragarh-faces-defeat-in-79-ward-elections-201738080347017.html|title=पिथौरागढ़ में भाजपा के 79 प्रतिशत पार्षद उम्मीदवार हार गए।|work=India TV|date=28 January 2025}}</ref>
|5
|New
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|1
|0
|New
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|140
|35
|New
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|New
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!161
!40
!New
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections]]
* [[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rudrapur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kotdwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kashipur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sec.uk.gov.in State Election Commission]

{{Uttarakhand elections}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India|Uttarakhand local elections]]
[[Category:2025 in Uttarakhand|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Pithoragarh]]

Incense trade route

2026-03-29T11:10:36Z

DongXqz408: enhance article and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Ancient trade road that connected Mediterranean ports to India via Africa and Arabia}}
[[File:Mer rouge1b.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite view of the [[Red Sea]] and adjacent lands. The incense trade, connecting the Mediterranean world to the incense-producing lands, depended heavily on navigation along the Red Sea.]]

The '''incense trade route''' was an ancient network of major land and sea [[Trade route|trading routes]] linking the [[Mediterranean]] world with eastern and southern sources of [[incense]], [[spice]]s and other [[luxury goods]], stretching from Mediterranean ports across the [[Levant]] and [[Egypt]] through [[Northeast Africa]] and [[Arabia]] —through both the sea and the land along the [[Red Sea]]— to [[India]] and beyond. These routes collectively served as channels for the trading of goods such as [[Arabian]] [[frankincense]] and [[myrrh]];<ref name=UNESCO1/> Indian [[spice]]s, [[precious stones]], [[pearls]], [[ebony]], [[silk]] and fine [[textiles]];<ref name=Yemen1>{{cite web |title=Traders of the Gold and Incense Road |publisher= Embassy of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin |url= http://www.botschaft-jemen.de/Geschichte.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070908173824/http://www.botschaft-jemen.de/Geschichte.htm |archive-date=2007-09-08 }}</ref> and from the [[Horn of Africa]], rare woods, [[feathers]], animal skins, [[Somalia|Somali]] [[frankincense]], gold, and [[Indian Ocean slave trade|slaves]].<ref name=Yemen1/><ref>Ulric Killion, ''A Modern Chinese Journey to the West: Economic Globalisation And Dualism'', (Nova Science Publishers: 2006), p. 66</ref> The incense land trade from [[South Arabia]] to the Mediterranean flourished between roughly the 3rd century BC and the 2nd century AD.<ref name=UNESCO1>{{cite web |title=Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev |publisher= UNESCO |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1107}}</ref>

==Early history==
[[File:Al-Ula_Old_Town_2021.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|200px|The [[Lihyanite]]-Arab old town of [[al-Ula]] in Saudi Arabia was part of the Incense trade route]]
[[File:Shivta ruins in the Negev.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|200px|Desert [[Nabataeans|Nabatean]]-Arab cities in the [[Naqab]], such as [[Subeita]], were linked to the Mediterranean end of the ancient [[incense]] and [[Spice route|spice trading]] routes.]]

The [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] had traded in the [[Red Sea]], importing spices, gold and exotic wood from the "[[Land of Punt]]" and from Arabia.<ref name=Rawlinson1>Rawlinson 2001: 11–12</ref> Indian goods were brought in Arabian and Indian vessels to [[Aden]].<ref name=Rawlinson1/> Rawlinson identifies the long-debated "ships of [[Tarshish]]," as a [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyrian]] fleet equipped at [[Ezion-Geber]] that made several trading voyages to the east bringing back [[gold]], [[silver]], [[ivory]] and precious stones.<ref name=Rawlinson1/> These goods were transshipped at the port of [[Ophir]].<ref name=Rawlinson1/>

One historian said:<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ray
| first = Himanshu Prabha
| title = The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 2003
| page = 31
| isbn = 0-521-01109-4}}</ref>

{{cquote|In the ancient period, it would seem that South Arabia and the [[Horn of Africa]] were the major suppliers of incense, while in modern times the commercial centre for the trade in gums has been Aden and [[Oman]]. Early ritual texts from Egypt show that incense was being brought to the upper [[Nile]] by land traders, but perhaps the most spectacular evidence of this trade is provided by the frescos dated to around 1500 BC on the walls of the temple at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] commemorating the journey of a fleet that the Queen of Egypt had sent to the [[Land of Punt]].<ref>This refers to [[Hatshepsut]]'s expedition of 1515 BC.</ref> Five ships are depicted in these reliefs, piled high with treasure, and one of them shows thirty-one small incense trees in tubs being carried on board.}}

{{cquote|The ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'' and other [[Periplus|Greek texts]] refer to several coastal sites in [[Somalia]], [[Southern Arabia]] and [[India]] involved with trade in [[frankincense]], [[myrrh]], [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|cassia]], [[bdellium]] and a range of gum resins termed ''duaka'' and ''kankamon'' and ''mok rotu.''}}

==Land routes==
{{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}}
Among the most important [[Trade route|trading points]] of the incense trade route from the [[Persian Gulf]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] was [[Gerrha]] in the Persian Gulf, reported by the historian [[Strabo]] to have been founded by [[Babylonia]]n exiles as a [[Chaldea]]n colony.<ref name=Larsen1>Larsen 1983: 56</ref> Gerrha exercised influence over the incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and controlled the [[aromatics]] trade to [[Babylon]] in the 1st century BC.<ref name=Larsen1/> Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India.<ref name=Larsen1/>

Due to its prominent position in the incense trade, [[Yemen]] attracted settlers from the [[Fertile Crescent]].<ref name=Glasse1>Glasse 2001: 59</ref> The [[frankincense]] and [[myrrh]] trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were recognized as a source of wealth by its rulers.<ref name=Glasse1/> Recent exploration discovered an ancient trade route through eastern Yemen in the Mahra region.<ref>Wilford, ''Ruins in Yemeni Desert Mark Route of Frankincense Trade'', The New York Times, JAN. 28, 1997</ref>

[[File:Tilglath pileser iii.jpg|left|thumb|Tiglath-Pileser III attacked Gaza in order to control trade along the Incense Route.<ref name=Edwards1/>]]
[[Assyria]]n documents indicate that [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] advanced through [[Phoenicia]] to [[Gaza City|Gaza]].<ref name=Edwards1>Edwards 1969: 330</ref> Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a [[vassal]] administrator.<ref name=Edwards1/> The motive behind the attack was to gain control of the South Arabian incense trade which had prospered along the region.<ref name=Edwards1/>

[[I.E.S. Edwards]] connects the [[Syro-Ephraimite War]] to the desire of the [[Israelites]] and the [[Aramaeans]] to control the northern end of the Incense Route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]].<ref>Edwards 1969: 329</ref> Archaeological inscriptions also speak of booty retrieved from the land of the ''mu-u-na-a-a'', possibly ''Meunites'' mentioned in the [[Old Testament]].<ref name=Edwards1/> Some scholars identify this group as the [[Minaeans]] of South Arabia, who were involved with the incense trade and occupied the northern trading outposts of the Incense Route.<ref name=Edwards1/>

Aromatics from [[Dhofar]] and luxury goods from India brought wealth to the kingdoms of Arabia.<ref>Archibald 2001: 168</ref> The aromatics of Dhofar were shipped out from the [[Harbor|natural harbour]] of [[Khor Rori]] towards the western inhospitable South Arabian coast.<ref>Archibald 2001: 168–69</ref> The caravans carried these products north to [[Shabwa]] and from there on to the kingdoms of [[Qataban]], [[Saba']], [[Ma'in]], and Petra up to Gaza.<ref name=Archibald1>Archibald 2001: 169</ref> There is also evidence to support that products from the Dhofar region were traded with the Sumerian-Magan people of Dilmun and Qatar <ref>{{cite web |last1=Zarins |first1=Juris |title=The Archeology Fund |url=http://www.arabian-archaeology.com/aboutlinks.htm |website=The Archeology Fund |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801154135/http://www.arabian-archaeology.com/aboutlinks.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> as the [[Sumer|Sumerian]] people used some of these resins for medicinal purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michie |first1=C. |title=Frankincense and Myrrh as remedies in children |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |year=1991 |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=602–605 |publisher=Royal Society of Medicine |doi=10.1177/014107689108401011 |pmid=1744842 |pmc=1295557 }}</ref> The tolls levied by the owners of wells and other facilities added to the overall cost of these luxury goods.<ref name=Archibald1/>

==Greco-Roman bypassing of land routes==
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Roman maritime trade routes with India according to the [[Periplus Maris Erythraei]], 1st century AD. The Romans bypassed the land route in favour of the faster and safer searoute.]]
The [[Nabateans]] built [[Petra]],<ref>''City Of Stone'' Documentary</ref> which stood halfway between the opening to the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Dead Sea]] at a point where the Incense Route from Arabia to [[Damascus]] was crossed by the overland route from [[Petra]] to [[Gaza City|Gaza]].<ref name=Eckenstein1>Eckenstein 2005: 86</ref> This position gave the Nabateans a hold over the trade along the Incense Route.<ref name=Eckenstein1/> In order to control the Incense Route from the Nabateans a Greek military expedition was undertaken, without success, by [[Antigonus Cyclops]], one of [[Alexander of Macedonia]]'s generals.<ref name=Eckenstein1/> The Nabatean control over trade increased and spread to the West and the North.<ref name=Eckenstein1/>

The replacement of [[Greece]] by the [[Roman Empire]] as the administrator of the [[Mediterranean basin]] led to the resumption of direct trade with the east.<ref name=Lach1>Lach 1994: 13</ref> According to a historian, "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the [[Gulf of Aden]]. In response, the Romans destroyed [[Aden]] and favoured the Western Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Kearney
| first = Milo
| title = The Indian Ocean in World History
| url = https://archive.org/details/indianoceanworld00kear
| url-access = limited
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2003
| page = [https://archive.org/details/indianoceanworld00kear/page/n52 42]
| isbn = 0-415-31277-9
}}</ref> The monopoly of the Indian and Arab middlemen weakened with the development of monsoon trade by the Greeks through the discovery of the direct route to India ([[Hippalus]]), forcing the [[Parthia]]n and Arabian middlemen to adjust their prices so as to compete on the Roman market with the goods now being bought in by a direct sea route to India.<ref name=Lach1/> Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.<ref name=Lach1/>
[[File:MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Areas around the Arabian peninsula according to the ''Periplus Maris Erythraei''.]]
According to one historian:<ref>{{cite book
| last = Fage
| first = John Donnelly
| author-link = John Donnelly Fage
| title = The Cambridge History of Africa
| url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage
| url-access = registration
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1975
| page = [https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage/page/164 164]
| isbn = 0-521-21592-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

{{cquote|The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with India. The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain [[Eudoxus of Cyzicus|Eudoxos]], who was sent out for this purpose towards the end of the reign of [[Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II|Ptolemy Euergetes II]] (died 116 BC). Eudoxos made two voyages to India, and subsequently, having quarrelled with his Ptolemaic employers, perished in an unsuccessful attempt to open up an alternative sea route to India, free of Ptolemaic control, by sailing around Africa. The establishment of direct contacts between Egypt and India was probably made possible by a weakening of Arab power at this period, for the [[Sabaeans|Sabaean]] kingdom of South-western Arabia collapsed and was replaced by [[Himyarite Kingdom]] around 115 BC. Imports into Egypt of cinnamon and other eastern spices, such as pepper, increased substantially, though the Indian Ocean trade remained for the moment on quite a small scale, no more than twenty Egyptian ships venturing outside the Red Sea each year.
}}

An earlier commentator on the significance of the trade, in terms of the connectivity of civilisations on both sides of the Red Sea from the time of the [[Queen of Sheba]], was the British explorer [[Theodore Bent]]; it was Bent who identified the trading site of Moscha Limen in February 1895.<ref>J Theodore Bent: ‘Exploration of the Frankincense Country, Southern Arabia’. ''The Geographical Journal'', 1895, Vol. 6 (2) (Aug), pages 109-33; ‘The Land of Frankincense and Myrrh’. ''The Nineteenth Century'', 1895, Vol. 38 (224) (Oct), pages 595-613; ''Southern Arabia'' (London, 1900), pages 224, 234, 245, 252, 344, 380.</ref> [[Frankincense]] from [[Dhofar]] was collected at [[Khor Rori|Moscha Limen]]. It was shipped to [[Qana]] and taken overland to [[Shabwa]] and further North to [[Najran]], [[Mecca]], [[Medina]], [[Petra]] and to [[Gaza City|Gaza]] on the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It was also shipped to [[Babylon]] and [[Palmyra]] via the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>[http://www.mei.edu/sqcc/frankincense Middle East Institute, The Story of Frankincense, Washington]</ref>

The [[Roman trade with India]] kept increasing, and according to [[Strabo]] (II.5.12.):<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html Source]</ref>

{{cquote|At any rate, when [[Cornelius Gallus|Gallus]] was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the [[Nile]] as far as [[Aswan|Syene]] and the frontiers of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Ethiopia]], and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from [[Myos Hormos]] to India, whereas formerly, under the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemies]], only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise.
}}

==Decline==
According to a historian:<ref>{{cite book
| last = Young
| first = Gary Keith
| title = Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 305
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2001
| page = 128
| isbn = 0-415-24219-3}}</ref>
{{cquote|The third century would thus appear to be a significant time in the history of the incense trade in Arabia. During [[Crisis of the Third Century|the political and economic crisis of that century]] the nature of the trade changed dramatically; prior to that time the incense route from South Arabia seems to have continued to function. Much of this trade seems to have been brought to a standstill by the poor economic conditions of the third century, however, when the economic situation improved again under the [[Tetrarchy]] many things had changed. By this time, the two main routes in use seem to have been the [[Wadi Sirhan]], now carrying trade which formerly would have passed through [[Palmyra]], and [[Aqaba|Aila]], receiving goods from India and Arabia which before had gone to the Egyptian Red Sea ports.
}}
[[File:Sassanid Empire 620-627.svg|thumb|right|[[Sassanian Empire]] in 602 to 629]]

At the end of the sixth century [[Isidore of Seville]] enumerated the aromatics still being imported into [[Visigothic Spain]].<ref>Isidore: "Aromatics are those perfumed odours sent to us by India, the Arabian regions and other places besides. And aromatics seem to derive their name either from their use on the altars of the gods, or because we see that they spread forth and mingle with the air" (''Libri differentiarum sive de proprietate sermonum'', quoted in Maguelonne Toussant-Samat, Anthea Bell, tr. ''The History of Food'', revised ed. 2009, p. 434); since sacrifice to the gods had been proscribed for more than two centuries, Isidore may simply have been repeating an old list.</ref> Of aromatic trees (''de arboris aromaticis'') Isidore listed in his encyclopedia [[myrrh]], [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[cinnamon]], ''amomum'' ([[cardamom]]?) and [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|cassia]]; of aromatic herbs (''de herbis aromaticis''), [[Spikenard|nard]], [[saffron]], cardamom, would have arrived through the trade routes, others were available in Spain: thyme, aloes, rose, violet, lily, [[gentian]], [[Artemisia (genus)|wormwood]], [[fennel]] and others.<ref>Toussaint-Samat 2009, p. 434</ref>

[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Egypt under the rule of the [[Rashidun]]. {{Legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}} {{Legend|#ef9070|Patriarchal Caliphate, 632–661}} {{Legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}|left]]Following the [[Persian-Roman wars|Persian–Roman Wars]] the areas under the Roman [[Byzantine Empire]] were captured by [[Khosrow I]] of the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] Sassanian Dynasty.<ref>Farrokh 2007: 252</ref> The Arabs, led by [['Amr ibn al-'As]], crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640.<ref name=Meri1>Meri 2006: 224</ref>

This advance marked the beginning of the [[Arab conquest of Egypt|Rashidun conquest of Egypt]]<ref name=Meri1/> and the fall of ports such as [[Alexandria]],<ref>Holl 2003: 9</ref> used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]].<ref>Lindsay 2006: 101</ref>

Several centuries after the demise of the incense trade, [[coffee]] was responsible for bringing back Yemen to international commerce via the Red Sea port of [[Mocha, Yemen|al-Mocha]]. <ref>Colburn 2002: 14</ref>

Finally, the [[Ottoman Turks]] conquered [[Constantinople]] in the 15th century, marking the beginning of Turkish control over the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.<ref>[[Encyclopedia Americana|The Encyclopedia Americana]] 1989: 176</ref>

==World Heritage status==
===Oman section===
[[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Committee]] meeting on November 27, 2000, in [[Cairns]], [[Australia]] attached [[World Heritage Site]] status to [[Frankincense Trail|The Frankincense Trail]] in [[Oman]].<ref>{{cite web| title = World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List |publisher= UNESCO |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/184}}</ref> The official citation reads:<ref>{{cite web| title = Land of Frankincense| publisher = UNESCO| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1010}}</ref>

{{cquote|The [[frankincense]] trees of Wadi Dawkah and the remains of the caravan oasis of Shisr/Wubar and the affiliated ports of [[Khor Rori]] and Al-Balid vividly illustrate the trade in [[frankincense]] that flourished in this region for many centuries, as one of the most important trading activities of the ancient and medieval world.
}}

===Israel (Naqab) section===
[[File:Avdat view to the Negev.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Ruins of [[Abdah]]]]

The World Heritage Committee, headed by Themba Wakashe, recorded [[Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev|Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Naqab]] on UNESCO's World Heritage List on July 15, 2005.<ref>{{cite web| title = Mostar, Macao and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List| publisher = UNESCO| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/135}}</ref> The official citation reads:<ref name=UNESCO1/>

{{cquote|The four Nabatean towns of [[Elusa (Haluza)|Khalasa]], [[Kurnub]], [[Abdah]] and [[Subeita]], along with associated fortresses and agricultural landscapes in the [[Naqab|Negev Desert (Naqab Desert)]], are spread along routes linking them to the Mediterranean end of the Incense and Spice route. Together they reflect the hugely profitable trade in [[frankincense]] and [[myrrh]] from [[South Arabia]] to the Mediterranean, which flourished from the 3rd century B.C. until the 2nd century A.D. With the vestiges of their sophisticated irrigation systems, urban constructions, forts, and caravanserai they bear witness to the way in which the harsh desert was settled for trade and agriculture.
}}'''Nabatean stations in the Negev Desert in Israel'''

Nabataean or Roman Nabataean sites<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constantinoiu |first=Marina |date=2017-04-06 |title=Traveling the ancient Incense Route in the Negev |url=https://archive.israel21c.org/traveling-the-ancient-incense-route-in-the-negev/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref> have been found at excavated at Moyat Awad (mistakenly called Moa of the 6th c. CE [[Madaba Map]]), Qatzra, Har Masa, Mezad Nekarot, Sha'ar Ramon (Khan Saharonim), Mezad Ma'ale Mahmal and Grafon.

[[Avdat]] continued to prosper as a major station along the Petra-Gaza road after the Roman annexation of Nabataea in 106 CE.
[[File:Nahal Katzra.jpg|alt=Nahal Qatzra, one of the main wadis on the Spice and Incense Routes in the Negev Desert, Israel.|thumb|Nahal Qatzra, one of the main wadis on the Spice and Incense Routes in the Negev Desert, Israel.]]
[[File:Secret Nabatean underground station.jpg|alt=A secret underground Nabatean hideout on the Spice and Incense Routes in the Negev Desert, Israel.|thumb|A secret underground Nabatean hideout on the Spice and Incense Routes in the Negev Desert, Israel.]]

==See also==
;Cities on the incense trade route
*[[Mada’in Salih]], today in Saudi Arabia
*[[al-Ula]], today in Saudi Arabia
*[[Rehovot-in-the-Negev|Khirbet Ruheibeh]], today in Israel
*Moa in Israel<ref>{{Cite web |last=yehuda_adm |date=2026-02-11 |title=Moa the Nabatean and the Queen of Sheba's Journey to King Solomon |url=https://historicalsitesinisrael.com/en/moa/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Historical Sites in Israel |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Qatzra in Israel<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constantinoiu |first=Marina |date=2017-04-06 |title=Traveling the ancient Incense Route in the Negev |url=https://archive.israel21c.org/traveling-the-ancient-incense-route-in-the-negev/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Mezad Nekarot in Israel<ref>{{Cite web |last=danny |date=2021-06-05 |title=Metsad Nekarot |url=https://dannythedigger.com/metsad-nekarot/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Danny The Digger |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Khan Saharonim in Israel<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel, Khan Saharonim |url=https://evenzur.com/khan-saharonim/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=RSE, Ronen Schmitz Even Zur |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*[[Metzad Mahmal]] in Israel
*Mt. Grafon in Israel<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Six milestone Stations Discovered in the Negev along the Petra-Gaza Incense Route {{!}} Roman Roads and Milestones in Judaea/Palaestina |url=https://milestones.kinneret.ac.il/en/six-milestone-stations-discovered-in-the-negev/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
;Other
* [[Indian Ocean trade]]
* [[Indo-Mediterranean]]
* [[King's Highway (ancient)]]
* [[Way of the Patriarchs]]
* [[Via Maris]]
* [[Pre-Islamic Arab trade|Pre-Muslim Arab trade]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rawlinson
| first = Hugh George
| title = Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome
| publisher = Asian Educational Services
| year = 2001
| isbn = 81-206-1549-2 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Larsen
| first = Curtis
| title = Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| year = 1983
| isbn = 0-226-46906-9
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/lifelanduseon00curt
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Crone
| first = Patricia
|author-link = Patricia Crone
| title = Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam
| publisher = Gorgias Press LLC
| year = 2004
| isbn = 1-59333-102-9}}
* {{cite book
| last = Edwards
| first = i. e. s.
| author-link = I. E. S. Edwards
| title = The Cambridge Ancient History
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1969
| isbn = 0-521-22717-8|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book
| last = Glasse
| first = Cyril
| title = The New Encyclopedia of Islam
| publisher = Rowman Altamira
| year = 2001
| isbn = 0-7591-0190-6
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Colburn
| first = Marta
| title = The Republic Of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century
| publisher = Progressio
| year = 2002
| isbn = 1-85287-249-7}}
* {{cite book
| last = Eckenstein
| first = Lina
| title = A History of Sinai
| publisher = Adamant Media Corporation
| year = 2005
| isbn = 0-543-95215-0
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lach
| first = Donald Frederick
| title = Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1.
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| year = 1994
| isbn = 0-226-46731-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Farrokh
| first = Kaveh
|author-link = Kaveh Farrokh
| title = Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
| publisher = Osprey Publishing
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-1-84603-108-3}}
* {{cite book
| last = Meri
| first = Josef W.
|author-link = Josef W. Meri
|author2=Jere L. Bacharach
| title = Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2006
| isbn = 0-415-96690-6}}
* {{cite book
| title = The Encyclopedia Americana (1989)
| publisher = Grolier
| isbn = 0-7172-0120-1| title-link = Encyclopedia Americana
| year = 1989
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lindsay
| first = W S
| title = History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
| publisher = Adamant Media Corporation
| year = 2006
| isbn = 0-543-94253-8}}
* {{cite book
| last = Holl
| first = Augustin F. C.
| title = Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
| publisher = Lexington Books
| year = 2003
| isbn = 0-7391-0407-1}}
* {{cite book
| last = Archibald
| first = Zofia
| title = Hellenistic Economies
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2001
| isbn = 0-415-23466-2}}
* {{cite book
| last = O'Leary
| first = De Lacy
| author-link = De Lacy O'Leary
| title = Arabia Before Muhammad
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2001
| isbn = 0-415-23188-4
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/BuddhistBirthStories
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00mfcf9 BBC Frankincense Trail Series]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120518083606/http://www.omanholiday.co.uk/FRANKINCENSE-Trail-by-Tony-Walsh-for-Abode-Magazine.pdf "Frankincense Trail in Salalah, Oman"]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/28/science/ruins-in-yemeni-desert-mark-route-of-frankincense-trade.html Wilford, "Ruins in Yemeni Desert Mark Route of Frankincense Trade", ''The New York Times'', Jan. 28, 1997]
* [http://www.mei.edu/sqcc/frankincense Middle East Institute, The Story of Frankincense, Washington]

{{Trade route 2}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Former trade routes]]
[[Category:Nabataea]]
[[Category:Ancient Somalia]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Aksum]]
[[Category:Ancient roads and tracks]]
[[Category:History of the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in India]]
[[Category:History of South Arabia]]
[[Category:Land of Punt]]

Nilakanta (film)

2026-03-28T18:21:48Z

DongXqz408: new basic stub and citations.

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nilakanta
| image = Nilakanta (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rakesh Madhavan
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Marlapalli Srinivasulu
* D. Venugopal }}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Master Mahendran]]
* Yashna Muthuluri
*Anil Inamadugu }}
| cinematography = Sravan G. Kumar
| editing = Sravan G. Kumar
| music = Mark Prashanth
| studio = LS Productions
| distributor = Global Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026|01|02}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Nilakanta''''' ''(The Essence of Karma)'' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[drama film]] written and directed by Rakesh Madhavan. The film stars [[Master Mahendran]] in the titular role, with Yashna Muthuluri, Neha Pathan, [[Sneha Ullal]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], [[Ramki]], and [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] in supporting roles. It was produced by Marlapalli Srinivasulu and D. Venugopal under the banners LS Productions and Global Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-02 |title=Nilakanta Explores Social Themes In Rural Setting |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/nilakanta-explores-social-themes-in-rural-setting-1927878 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 2 January 2026.

== Cast ==

* [[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] as Nilakanta
* Yashna Muthuluri as Seetha
* Neha Pathan
* Anil Inamadugu
* [[Babu]]
* [[Sneha Ullal]]
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
* [[Ramki]]
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]
* Surabhi Prabhavathi
* [[Kancharapalem Raju]]

== Production ==
The film written and directed by Rakesh Madhavan. It was produced by Marlapalli Srinivasulu and D. Venugopal under the banners LS Productions and Global Cinemas, with Anil Inamadugu serving as executive producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-28 |title=Nilakanta: మాస్టర్ మహేంద్రన్ 'నీలకంఠ'.. చివరి 20 నిమిషాలు హైలెట్..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/hyderabad-city-news/master-mahendran-nilakanta-movie-trailer-launch-event-in-hyderabad-276506 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref> The music is composed by Mark Prashanth, and cinematography is by Sravan G. Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Nilakanta Movie: పెదరాయుడు సినిమాలో బుడ్డోడు.. ఇప్పుడు హీరోగా 'నీలకంఠ' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/master-mahendran-as-hero-with-nilakanta-movie-teaser-out-today-274393 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!No.
!Title
!Lyrics
!Singer(s)
|-
|1
|''Ee Prema''
|Anil Inamadugu
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
|2
|''Jara Saiga Chesi''
|Guduru Krishna
|[[Geetha Madhuri]]
|-
|3
|''Kaalam Edho''
|Anil Inamadugu
|[[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
|-
|4
|''Kabaddi Theme''
|Anil Inamadugu
|Venky, Vinay, Maruthi, Gautham
|-
|5
|''Vellake Vellake Sakhiya''
|Anil Inamadugu
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Jayasri Pallem
|-
|6
|''Jathara Theme''
|Anil Inamadugu
|Venky, Vinay, Maruthi, Gautham
|-
|7
|''Nilakanta Title Track''
|Anil Inamadugu
|Mark Prashanth
|-
|8
|''Daatipora''
|Anil Inamadugu
|[[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Hans India]]'' critic wrote that "A solid rural drama that strikes the right chord to begin the new year on a winning note." rated three out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-01-02 |title=Nilakanta: A rooted rural drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nilakanta-a-rooted-rural-drama-1035837 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Times Now]]'' critic stated that "Overall, the movie 'Neelakantha' is a rural emotional sports drama with good commercial elements! 'Neelakantha' is a movie that gives a good break to Mahendran as an actor and hero".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Nilakanta movie Review: ‘నీలకంఠ’ మూవీ రివ్యూ, మహేంద్రన్‌కి హిట్టు దక్కిందా.. |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/nilakanta-movie-review-master-mahendran-yashna-muthuluri-sneha-ullal-starrer-directed-by-rakesh-madhavan-article-153382780 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Times Now Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=మాస్టర్‌ మహేంద్రన్‌ ‘నీలకంఠ’ మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Nilakanta Movie Review And Rating In Telugu {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/nilakanta-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2667824 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fb |last2=Tw |last3=Linkdin |last4=Whatsapp |last5=Us |first5=GNFollow |title=Nilakanta Movie Review: `నీలకంఠ` మూవీ రివ్యూ, రేటింగ్.. మాస్టర్ మహేంద్రన్ నటించిన సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/nilakanta-movie-review-rating-master-mahendran-got-hit-in-telugu-k6dysxd |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

''[[Zee News]]'' wrote that " 'Neelkantha'.. Commercial elements with sports content movie.. ".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-01 |title=Nilakanta Review:‘నీలకంఠ’ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/nilakanta-movie-review-rating-public-talk-full-details-here-ta-277745 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=27142469}}

[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]

Balaji Motion Pictures

2026-03-27T09:35:42Z

DongXqz408:

{{Short description|21st century Indian film studio}}
{{tone|date=November 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Balaji Motion Pictures
| logo = Balaji Motion Pictures logo.jpg
| foundation = 2001
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founder = [[Jeetendra]]
| location_city = Mumbai
| location_country = India
| key_people = {{Ubl | [[Shobha Kapoor]] | [[Ekta Kapoor]] | Nachiket Pantvaidya}}
| owner = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| products = {{Ubl | Film | Music}}
| industry = Entertainment
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| website = {{URL|balajitelefilms.com}}
}}

'''Balaji Motion Pictures''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] [[production company|production]] and [[Film distributor|distribution]] company, subsidiary company of [[Balaji Telefilms|Balaji Telefilms Limited]], established by [[Shobha Kapoor]] and her daughter [[Ekta Kapoor]]. Located in [[Mumbai]], it produces and distributes [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. The chairman of the company is former Bollywood actor, [[Jeetendra|Jeetendra Kapoor]]. In 2017, the company released its biography, ''[[Kingdom of the Soap Queen: The Story of Balaji Telefilms]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kingdom of The Soap Queen: The Story of Balaji Telefilms |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/kingdom-of-the-soap-queen-the-story-of-balaji-telefilms/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=Harper Collins |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706185942/https://harpercollins.co.in/product/kingdom-of-the-soap-queen-the-story-of-balaji-telefilms/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Operations==
Balaji Motion Pictures is based in [[Mumbai]] in the Balaji House on New Link Road, Andheri West, [[Mumbai]]. It operates from its head office in Andheri West and has studios in Film City and other locations in [[Mumbai]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== History ==

Balaji Motion Pictures was set up in 2001 by Hindi television producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] with the purpose of venturing into film production. She produced ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]'', released in 2001 with [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Sushmita Sen]] in the lead roles. The film was a failure at the box office, collecting {{INRConvert|13|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA=|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118131623/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA=|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-18 |title=Box Office Report of 2001.}}</ref> Later, the company produced ''[[Kucch To Hai]]'' (2003), ''[[Krishna Cottage]]'' (2004) and ''[[Koi Aap Sa]]'' (2005), all of which did not fare well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18box.htm |title=rediff.com Movies: Bollywood box-office report |website=in.rediff.com|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027212632/https://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18box.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, the company produced and released ''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]'', which grossed {{INRConvert|21.5|c|nolink=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ== |title=Kya Kool grossess Rs 21.5 crores|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630155419/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ==|archive-date=30 June 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and made it to the top 10 Indian films of 2005 by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_hits |title=Kya Kool in 3 Top hits of 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430083806/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_hits |archive-date=30 April 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref>

In 2007, the company co-produced ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' with [[Sanjay Gupta]]. It was a critical and commercial success,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214 |title=Shoot Out is the biggest hit of Balaji till date|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027185547/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214|url-status=live}}</ref> collecting {{INRConvert|68.17|c|nolink=yes}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl678528513/weekend/ |title=Shootout at Lokhandwala |website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118082949/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl678528513/weekend/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008, the company produced and released ''[[C Kkompany]]'', which was a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bo-trade-top5/top-5-rock-on-scores-c-kkompany-chamku-fail/ |title=Top 5: Rock On scores, C Kkompany, Chamku fail : Bollywood News |date=6 September 2008 |website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118082949/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bo-trade-top5/top-5-rock-on-scores-c-kkompany-chamku-fail/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, the company co-produced ''[[Mission Istanbul]]'' and ''[[EMI – Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega]]'' with [[Sunil Shetty]]. Both films failed critically and commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/28box.htm |title=rediff.com Movies: Mission Istanbul, Money Hai flop |website=specials.rediff.com|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509132155/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/28box.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, the company acquired the distribution rights of ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/printstory.php?id=3429 |title=Balaji acquires Priyadarshan's Bhool Bhulaiyaa}}</ref> and ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008) with a deal of almost {{INRConvert|40|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/08/jun/09-sarkar-raj-balaji-had-nearly-40-crore-at-stake-060801.asp |title=Balaji acquires Ram Gopal's Sarkar Raj |date=7 August 2021|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510054113/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/08/jun/09-sarkar-raj-balaji-had-nearly-40-crore-at-stake-060801.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The films were both commercially successful, thereby making a step further for Balaji.

In 2010, the company's sub-branded [[ALT Entertainment]], a youth-focused brand, produced a low-budget film, ''[[Love Sex aur Dhokha]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/EntertainmentSection/Entertainment/Love-Sex-Aur-Dhokha-is-very-shocking-Ekta-Kapoor/Article1-520865.aspx |title=Ekta to produce up a different film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513075141/http://www.hindustantimes.com/EntertainmentSection/Entertainment/Love-Sex-Aur-Dhokha-is-very-shocking-Ekta-Kapoor/Article1-520865.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref> which was a [[sleeper hit]] at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-love-sex-aur-dhokha-is-bold-but-not-so-beautiful_1360848 |title=LSD a rare to see hit film |date=19 March 2010|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-date=25 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125055459/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-love-sex-aur-dhokha-is-bold-but-not-so-beautiful_1360848|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, the company released ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'', which was also a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/newsDetails.aspx?xfile=2010%2FAugust%2FNews_20100804_11 |title=Once Upon a Time is Superhit. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807110443/http://www.starboxoffice.com/newsDetails.aspx?xfile=2010%2FAugust%2FNews_20100804_11 |archive-date=7 August 2010 |df=dmy}}</ref> This film marked the company's successful entry into film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ekta-kapoors-film-340022.html |title='Once Upon a Time In Mumbaai' releases July 30 |date=31 May 2010 |website=News18|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704212958/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ekta-kapoors-film-340022.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/the-return-of-ekta/100775 |title=The return of Ekta |date=8 November 2012 |website=www.fortuneindia.com|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409210119/https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/the-return-of-ekta/100775|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120422/spectrum/main1.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704182809/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120422/spectrum/main1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, the company marked its entry into [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]] by producing ''[[Taryanche Bait]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily11.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-ekta-kapoors-marathi-venture-1741834.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117203656/http://daily11.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-ekta-kapoors-marathi-venture-1741834.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-17 |title=Ekta's next in Marathi}}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial hit<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/apr/21-balajis-1st-marathi-venture-takes-extra-ordinary-opening-041103.asp |title=Ekta's Taryanche Bait takes Extraordinary opening |date=May 2020|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128012641/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/apr/21-balajis-1st-marathi-venture-takes-extra-ordinary-opening-041103.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> and won many accolades including three awards for Best Film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/63134.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119041816/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/63134.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2011 |title=Ekta's marathi venture bags top accolades}}</ref> The company also released ''[[Shor in the City]]'', a small-budget critically acclaimed film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/box-office/shor-in-the-city/all-gross/1403/ |title=Lifetime Box-office collection of Shor in the City.|access-date=18 July 2012|archive-date=18 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118131224/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/box-office/shor-in-the-city/all-gross/1403/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=615 |title=Review:Shor in the City is a terrific Film.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921090536/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=615|archive-date=21 September 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The same year also saw the release of ''[[Ragini MMS]]'', co-produced with Amit Kapoor and Sidhartha M. Jain. The film won the [[Stardust Award for Best Film]], and Ekta Kapoor announced the sequel of the film would be released in 2013, starring Indo-Canadian actress [[Sunny Leone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawest.com/news/5447-sunny-leone-signs-second-hindi-film.html |title=Sunny Leone signed for Ragini MMS 2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715000440/http://indiawest.com/news/5447-sunny-leone-signs-second-hindi-film.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref> The company released ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' starring [[Vidya Balan]] on 2 December 2011. This proved to be a major blockbuster and was regarded as one of the best films of 2011, winning Vidya Balan her first National Award and numerous acting awards of 2011 for her performance. The film won six awards for Best Film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Dirty Picture Awards: List of Awards won by Hindi movie The Dirty Picture |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/the-dirty-picture/movieawards/61235785.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629195708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/the-dirty-picture/movieawards/61235785.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, the company released its first adult [[comedy]], ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hai Hum]]'', sequel to the 2005 hit ''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]'', which was slammed by critics but was a box office success, made on a budget of {{INRConvert|13|c|nolink=yes}} and collecting {{INRConvert|33|c|nolink=yes}} in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2012-08-01 |title=Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum 1st 5 Days Box Office Collection |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/kyaa-super-kool-hain-hum-1st-5-days-box-office-collection/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629195709/https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/kyaa-super-kool-hain-hum-1st-5-days-box-office-collection/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2013, the company released the [[horror film]] ''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]'', co-produced with [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]. It received positive reviews from critics and received 3 out of 5 on average. Jinson John of Indian Box Office stated "''Ek Thi Daayan'' is not that regular ''Bhootiya story'', the plot stands out of them all, it's surely is an experimental plot, but not written by an idiot."{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} The film opened at around 30–40% occupancy, with a better opening in multiplexes rather than single screens, netting around {{INRConvert|18.07|c|nolink=yes}} over the first weekend.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

In May 2013, the company released ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''. The film opened to mixed-to-positive reviews. [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated the film with {{Rating|5|5|score = }} stars whereas ''The Times of India'' rated it {{Rating|4|5}} stars.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/shootout-at-wadala/movie-review/19816630.cms |title=Shootout At Wadala Movie Review |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118082950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/shootout-at-wadala/movie-review/19816630.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Made on a shoestring budget of {{INRConvert|26|c|nolink=yes}}, the film grossed {{INRConvert|54.6|c|nolink=yes}} worldwide. The film was declared "average" by Box Office India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=Bollywood box-office report of the week |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/bollywood-box-office-report-week-070059138.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123143331/https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2013, the company released ''[[Lootera]]'', starring [[Sonakshi Sinha]] and [[Ranveer Singh]] as leads. It opened to positive reviews from critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] of Bollywood Hungama rated the film {{Rating|4|5}} stars, saying, "On the whole, ''LOOTERA'' is an intrinsically earnest and profoundly heartwarming story that stays in your heart. An absolute must for those who love romantic films or are romantic at heart. This one's a cinematic gem!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/548841 |title=Lootera (2012) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424081200/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/548841 |archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> Raja Sen of [[Rediff.com]] gave it {{Rating|4|5}} stars and noted, "''Lootera'' is a gorgeous, gorgeous film, one that uses its period setting affectionately, with loving detail, and not exploitative as our cinema wont to do."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-lootera-is-an-absolute-masterpiece/20130704.htm |title=Review: Lootera is an absolute masterpiece |first=Raja |last=Sen |website=Rediff|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118082951/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-lootera-is-an-absolute-masterpiece/20130704.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' assigned the film {{Rating|4|5}} stars and noted, "''Lootera'' is a love saga of yore... You may find this film boring if state-of-the-art, slow romance is not your idea of a movie outing."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/lootera/movie-review/20890357.cms |title=Lootera Movie Review |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203041831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/20890357.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was made on a budget of {{INRConvert|27|c|nolink=yes}} and netted {{INRConvert|38|c|nolink=yes}} worldwide in its lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/analysis/Lifetime-Business--Economics-Of-LOOTERA-1549 |title=Lifetime Business & Economics Of LOOTERA|access-date=4 February 2014|archive-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215163343/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/analysis/Lifetime-Business--Economics-Of-LOOTERA-1549|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2013, the company released ''[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]'', the sequel to one of its most successful films, ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-another-film-to-hit-the-jackpot/414267-8-66.html |title=Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara: Another film to hit the jackpot? |date=17 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817151004/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/once-upon-ay-time-in-mumbai-dobaara-another-film-to-hit-the-jackpot/414267-8-66.html |archive-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> The film opened to negative reviews from critics, some of whom slammed it for its poor drafting and execution of storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbaai-Dobaara/Article1-1108821.aspx |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai Dobaara! – Hindustan Times |date=17 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817121535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Mumbaai-Dobaara/Article1-1108821.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> The film was made on a high budget of {{INRConvert|85|c|nolink=yes}} to {{INRConvert|100|c|nolink=yes}} and collected {{INRConvert|70|c|nolink=yes}} worldwide, thereby netting a loss, and was declared a "flop".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=2013-08-24 |title='Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai Dobaara' Box Office Collection: Akshay Starrer Earning Declines in Week 2 |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara-box-office-collection-akshay-starrer-earning-declines-in-week-2-501223 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629195707/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/once-upon-a-time-in-mumbaai-dobaara-box-office-collection-akshay-starrer-earning-declines-in-week-2-501223 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On February 28, 2014, the company released ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]'' starring [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Vidya Balan]]. It opened to positive reviews and collected {{INRConvert|5.7|c|nolink=yes}} on its first day. It grossed {{INRConvert|21.2|c|nolink=yes}} in its opening weekend. It grossed {{INRConvert|70|c|nolink=yes}} worldwide during its lifetime run and was declared "below average" by Box Office India.<ref name="Boxoffice 2014">{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenworldwidegrossers2014#.U2tUa_mSySo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508150134/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenworldwidegrossers2014|url-status=dead |title=Box office collections Jan to April 2014|archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref>

On March 21, 2014, the company released ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]'', starring [[Sunny Leone]], the sequel to another successful film of the company, ''[[Ragini MMS]]''. Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|18|c|nolink=yes}}, the film opened to mixed reviews from critics and went on to collect {{INRConvert|65|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="Boxoffice 2014" /> The film was a major commercial success and was declared a "hit" by Box Office India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sonakshi-alia-arjun-at-ektas-success-bash-for-ragini-mms-2-main-tera-hero-1474283.html |title=Sonakshi, Alia, Arjun at Ekta's success bash for Ragini MMS 2, Main Tera Hero |date=10 April 2014 |website=Firstpost|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118082950/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sonakshi-alia-arjun-at-ektas-success-bash-for-ragini-mms-2-main-tera-hero-1474283.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 4, 2014, the company released ''[[Main Tera Hero]]'', starring [[Varun Dhawan]] as the [[protagonist]], directed by [[David Dhawan]]. It received positive reviews from critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated it {{Rating|3.5|5}} stars, and wrote "On the whole, ''[[Main Tera Hero]]'' is a wild, wacky, madcap entertainer that has the unmistakable stamp of the master of entertainers – David Dhawan. An over-the-top plot, humor quotient and performances are three aces the film stands on. The film should work well with admirers of typical Bollywood masalathons, also because Varun Dhawan pulls off the act with flamboyance and bowls you over with an uproarious act in this zany entertainer. Go, have fun and laugh out loud!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/590526 |title=Main Tera Hero (2014) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616083828/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/590526 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> Srijana Mitra Das of ''The Times of India'' gave the movie {{Rating|3.5|5}} stars, saying, "Main Tera Hero is a pav bhaji picture, quick, spicy, hot. It has the depth of a comic strip but it also has its neon-shaded fun. For those who want a light laugh, here's your boy."{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|42.5|c|nolink=yes}}, the movie went on to collect {{INRConvert|77|c|nolink=yes}} worldwide<ref name="Boxoffice 2014" /> and was declared a "hit" by Box Office India.

On May 30, 2014, the company released the small-budget film ''[[Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi]]'', co-produced by [[Bejoy Nambiar]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} It opened to mixed reviews from critics and also failed to collect at the box office. It collected a mere {{INRConvert|3|c|nolink=yes}}, thereby recovering its costs.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

In June 2014, the company released ''[[Ek Villain]]'' co-starring celebrities [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]] and [[Riteish Deshmukh]]. It opened up to positive reviews from critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama awarded the movie 4/5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, ''Ek Villain'' is a stylish, spellbinding and terrifying edge-of-the-seat thriller. It's a step forward in this genre, without a doubt. A sure-shot winner!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/585331 |title=The Villain (2014) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801181302/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/585331 |archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> Radita Tandon from ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film {{Rating|4|5}} stars and noted that, "Though indulgent in parts, Ek Villain packs in a punch. Copy of a Korean film or not, it's 'good' paisa vasool entertainment. Make it your weekend watch."{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Meena Iyer of ''The Times of India'' gave the film {{Rating|3|5}} stars, stating that "You cannot fault the scale of ''Ek Villain'' or berate its lead star cast. But you wish you could celebrate this thriller like you did Suri's last movie outing ''Aashiqui 2''."{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} The film, made on a budget of {{INRConvert|35|c|nolink=yes}}, went on to collect {{INRConvert|105.05|c|nolink=yes}} in India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-bollywood-films-of-2014/ |title=Ek Villain is first for Balaji to enter 100 crore club|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-date=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024072441/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-bollywood-films-of-2014/|url-status=live}}</ref> and grossed {{INRConvert|135|c|nolink=yes}} (approx.) with a distributor share of {{INRConvert|49.75|c|nolink=yes}} itself in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/kickmakesittwo100croresharefilmsforsalmankhan#.VBL3CZSSxJk |title=Ek Villain makes 49.75 crore share for its distributors|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001231117/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/kickmakesittwo100croresharefilmsforsalmankhan#.VBL3CZSSxJk|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was declared a "super hit" by Box Office India.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Film production==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ List of Balaji Motion Pictures film productions
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director(s)
! scope="col" | Cast
! scope="col" | Languages
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]''
| [[David Dhawan]]
| [[Govinda]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy]]
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kucch To Hai]]''
| {{Ubl | [[Anurag Basu]] | [[Anil V. Kumar]]}}
| [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Esha Deol]], [[Anita Hassanandani]], [[Yash Tonk]]
|[[Hindi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Horror film|Horror]]
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Krishna Cottage]]''
| [[Santram Varma|Santram Verma]]
| [[Sohail Khan]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Anita Hassanandani Reddy]]
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum|Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]''
| [[Sangeeth Sivan]] || [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Neha Dhupia]]
|[[Hindi]]
|| {{Ubl | [[Comedy]] | [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]}} ||
|-
| ''[[Koi Aap Sa]]''
| [[Partho Mitra]]
| [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Anita Hassanandani]], [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Himanshu Malik]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Apoorva Lakhia]]
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Rohit Roy]]
|[[Hindi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Crime film|Crime]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| ''[[Mission Istanbul]]''
| [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Zayed Khan]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Co-produced with Popcorn Motion Pictures
|-
| ''[[C Kkompany]]''
| [[Sachin Yardi]]
| [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Raima Sen]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Comedy
|
|-
| ''[[EMI – Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega]]''
| Saurabh Kabra
| [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Malaika Arora Khan]], [[Aashish Chaudhary]], [[Neha Oberoi]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Social]]
| Co-produced with Popcorn Motion Pictures
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]''
| [[Dibakar Banerjee]]
| [[Anshuman Jha]], [[Nushrat Bharucha]], Sandeep Bose, [[Rajkummar Rao]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Found footage (pseudo-documentary)|Found footage]]
|
|-
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]''
| [[Milan Luthria]]
| [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Prachi Desai]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Gangster film|Gangster]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| ''[[Taryanche Bait]]''
| Kiran Yadnyopavit
| [[Vinay Apte]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], Ashwini Giri, Ashmita Joglekar
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
| ''[[Shor in the City]]''
| {{Ubl | [[Raj Nidimoru]] | [[Krishna D.K.]]}}
| [[Sendhil Ramamurthy]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Nikhil Dwivedi]]
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ragini MMS]]''
| Pawan Kripalani
| [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Kainaz Motivala]]
|[[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | Horror | Thriller}}
| Co-produced with iRock Films
|-
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
| [[Milan Luthria]]
| [[Vidya Balan]], [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Biographical film|Biographic]]
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hai Hum]]''
| [[Sachin Yardi]]
| [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Neha Sharma]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Comedy
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013
| ''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]''
| [[Kannan Iyer]]
| [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Konkana Sen Sharma]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Kalki Koechlin]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Thriller
| Co-produced with [[Vishal Bhardwaj|VB Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''
| [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]
| [[Anil Kapoor]], [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
|[[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | Gangster | Crime}}
| {{Ubl | Prequel and Sequel to ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' (2007) | Co-produced with White Feather Films}}
|-
| ''[[Lootera]]''
| [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
| [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Romance film|Romance]]
| Co-produced with [[Phantom Films]]
|-
| ''[[Once Upon a Time In Mumbaai Dobara]]''
| [[Milan Luthria]]
| [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
|[[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | Crime | Romance}}
| Sequel to ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'' (2010)
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014
| ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]'' || [[Saket Chaudhary]]
| [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Vidya Balan]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Romcom]]
| {{Ubl | Sequel to ''[[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]'' | Co-produced with [[Pritish Nandy|Pritish Nandy Communications]]}}
|-
| ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]''
| [[Bhushan Patel]]
| [[Sunny Leone]]
|[[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | Horror | Thriller}}
| Sequel to ''[[Ragini MMS]]''
|-
| ''[[Main Tera Hero]]''
| [[David Dhawan]]
| [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Nargis Fakhri]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi]]''
| Aman Sachdeva
| [[Siddharth Gupta]], [[Simran Kaur Mundi]]
|[[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | Comedy | Romance}}
| Co-produced with [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
|-
| ''[[Ek Villain — There's one in every love story]]''
| [[Mohit Suri]]
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
|[[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | Romance | Thriller}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2016
| ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]''
| Umesh Ghadge
| [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Mandana Karimi]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Adult comedy
|
|-
| ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]''
| [[Tony D'Souza]]
| [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Prachi Desai]], [[Lara Dutta]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Biopic
| Co-produced with [[Sony Pictures Networks]]
|-
| ''[[Udta Punjab]]''
| [[Abhishek Chaubey]]
| [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|[[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | Crime | Drama}}
| Co-produced with [[Phantom Films]]
|-
| ''[[Great Grand Masti]]''
| [[Indra Kumar]]
| [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Ritesh Deshmukh]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Urvashi Rautela]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Adult film|Adult]] [[Comedy film|comedy]]
|
|-
| ''[[A Flying Jatt]]''
| [[Remo D'Souza]], [[Priyadarshan]]
| [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
|[[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | [[Superhero film|Superhero]], | [[Romance film|Romance]]}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
| [[Mohit Suri]]
| [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
| ''[[Super Singh]]''
| [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
| [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Sonam Bajwa]]
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| {{Ubl | [[Superhero film|Superhero]], | [[Drama film|Drama]]}}
| {{Ubl |Co-produced with Brat Films}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
| [[Shashanka Ghosh]]
| [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], Shikha Talsania, [[Sumeet Vyas]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Comedy-drama
| Co-produced with [[Anil Kapoor|Anil Kapoor Films]]
|-
| ''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
| Sajid Ali
| [[Mir Sarwar]], [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Abrar Qazi]], [[Saransh]], [[Tripti Dimri]], Ruchikaa Kapoor
|[[Hindi]]
| Romance, Drama
| Co-production with PI Pictures<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/imtiaz-ali-and-ekta-kapoor-collaborate-to-recreate-the-love-story-of-laila-majnu-26596.html |title=Imtiaz Ali and Ekta Kapoor collaborate to recreate the love story of Laila Majnu |website=filmfare.com|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616130533/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/imtiaz-ali-and-ekta-kapoor-collaborate-to-recreate-the-love-story-of-laila-majnu-26596.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Judgementall Hai Kya]]''
| [[Prakash Kovelamudi]]
| [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Rajkummar Rao]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| {{Ubl | Co-produced with Karma Media and Entertainment | and ALT Entertainment}}
|-
| ''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''
| [[Prashant Singh]]
| [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Parineeti Chopra]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Comedy]]
| {{Ubl | Co-produced with Karma Media and Entertainment | and ALT Entertainment}}
|-
| ''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]''
| [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
| [[Ayushman Khurrana]], [[Nushrat Bharucha]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy]], [[Humour]]
| {{Ubl | Co-produced with ALT Entertainment | and [[Zee Studios]]}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''
| [[Mohit Suri]]
| [[John Abraham]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Disha Patani]], [[Tara Sutaria]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/ |title=John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria starrer Ek Villain Returns gets a new release date; to hit theatres on July 29 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 May 2022|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510150222/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Goodbye (2022 film)|Goodbye]]''
|[[Vikas Bahl]]
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Drama
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=Goodbye starring Amitabh Bachchan and Rashmika Mandanna goes on floors |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/goodbye-starring-amitabh-bachchan-rashmika-mandanna-goes-floors/ |access-date=2 April 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402062649/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/goodbye-starring-amitabh-bachchan-rashmika-mandanna-goes-floors/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dobaaraa]]''
| [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| [[Taapsee Pannu]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Dream Girl 2]]''
|[[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Ananya Panday]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Seema Pahwa]], [[Manjot Singh]], [[Vijay Raaz]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], [[Asrani]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dream-girl-2-box-office-collection-day-8-ayushmann-khurrana-biggest-hit-four-years-rs-72-crore-8920507/ |title=Dream Girl 2 box office collection Day 8: Ayushmann Khurrana delivers his biggest hit in four years, film makes Rs 72 crore |date=2 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902063407/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dream-girl-2-box-office-collection-day-8-ayushmann-khurrana-biggest-hit-four-years-rs-72-crore-8920507/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thank You for Coming]]''
| [[Karan Boolani]]
| [[Bhumi Pednekar]], [[Shehnaaz Gill]], Dolly Singh, [[Kusha Kapila]], Shibani Bedi
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Social comedy|Social Comedy]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-bhumi-pednekar-headline-karan-boolani-s-directorial-debut-thank-you-cumming-1059628?amp |title=Bhumi Pednekar to play lead in Karan Boolani's debut film 'Thankyou for Coming' |date=3 April 2022 |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601091855/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-bhumi-pednekar-headline-karan-boolani-s-directorial-debut-thank-you-cumming-1059628?amp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2024
|''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]''
|[[Rajesh A Krishnan]]
|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|[[Hindi]]
| heist [[Comedy drama|Comedy Drama]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=The Crew producers Ektaa R Kapoor and Rhea Kapoor team up again; untitled film scheduled to release in September 2023 on THIS date : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/crew-producers-ektaa-kapoor-rhea-kapoor-team-untitled-film-scheduled-release-september-2023-date/ |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510004954/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/crew-producers-ektaa-kapoor-rhea-kapoor-team-untitled-film-scheduled-release-september-2023-date/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ekta Kapoor, Rhea Kapoor reunite for new film |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-ekta-kapoor-rhea-kapoor-reunite-for-new-film-234031 |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=[[Zee Business]] |date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123143414/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-ekta-kapoor-rhea-kapoor-reunite-for-new-film-234031 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha 2]]''
| [[Dibakar Banerjee]]
| Paritosh Tiwari, Bonita Rajpurohit, Abhinav Singh, [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Uorfi Javed]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Anthology]] [[drama]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ekta-kapoor-and-dibakar-banerjees-love-sex-aur-dhokha-2-is-based-on-reality-show-like-bigg-boss/articleshow/97097232.cms |title=Ekta Kapoor and Dibakar Banerjee's 'Love Sex aur Dhokha 2' is based on reality show like Bigg Boss |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 January 2023|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118082949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ekta-kapoor-and-dibakar-banerjees-love-sex-aur-dhokha-2-is-based-on-reality-show-like-bigg-boss/articleshow/97097232.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Buckingham Murders]]''
| [[Hansal Mehta]]
| [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Rukku Nahar]], [[Keith Allen (actor)|Keith Allen]], Ash Tandon, Jonathan Nyati
|[[Hindi]]
| Mystery Thriller
| Premiere at the 67th [[BFI London Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-buckingham-murders-movie-review-kareena-kapoor-slow-paced-thriller-might-test-your-patience-hansal-mehta-101726207537415.html |title=The Buckingham Murders review: Kareena Kapoor's restrained act powers slow-paced thriller that might test your patience}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Binny And Family]]''
| Sanjay Tripathi
| [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]], Charu Shankar, [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Himani Shivpuri]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Comedy Satire
| Co-produced with [[Mahaveer Jain Films]] and Waveband Productions<ref>[https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/varun-dhawan-to-launch-trailer-of-niece-anjini-dhawans-debut-film-binny-and-family-on-this-date-1344074?amp Ekta Kapoor's co-production 'Binny And Family' to release on September 20.]</ref><ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2024/karan-johar-endorses-binny-and-family-as-a-must-watch-family-entertainer-talks-about-ekta-kapoor-011-409351.html Karan Johar praises Ekta Kapoor and Mahaveer Jain for their upcoming film]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
| [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
| [[Rajkumar Rao]], [[Tripti Dimri]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy]]
| Co-produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Kathavachak Films and Wakaoo Films<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-trailer-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-2598344-2024-09-12 Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video trailer: A hilarious mix of chaos and confusion]</ref>
|-
|''[[The Sabarmati Report]]''
|[[Dheeraj Sarna]]
|[[Vikrant Massey]], [[Raashii Khanna]], [[Riddhi Dogra]]
|[[Hindi]]
|Thriller Drama
|Co-Produced by Vikir Films Production
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| ''[[Mastiii 4]]''
| [[Milap Zaveri]]
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
| [[Hindi]]
| {{Ubl | [[Adult Comedy]] }}
| Co-produced with [[Zee Studios]], Maruti International and Sri Adhikari Brothers
|-
| ''[[Vrusshabha]]''
| [[Nanda Kishore]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Roshan Meka]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Zahrah S. Khan]], Shanaya Kapoor, [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Joju George]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Meka Srikanth]],
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]/ [[Malayalam]]
| Action Fantasy Drama
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoor-announces-pan-india-film-vrushabha-with-mohanlal-remembers-how-her-success-was-predicted-1994-8698334/ |title=Ekta Kapoor announces pan-India film Vrushabha with Mohanlal; remembers how her success was predicted in 1994: 'You'll make a show…' |date=3 July 2023 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903110222/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoor-announces-pan-india-film-vrushabha-with-mohanlal-remembers-how-her-success-was-predicted-1994-8698334/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="7" align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | '''Released on OTT Platforms'''
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]]''
| [[Alankrita Shrivastava]]
| [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy]], [[satire]]
| Released on [[Netflix]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dolly-kitty-aur-woh-chamakte-sitare-konkona-bhumis-movie-to-have-world-premiere-at-busan-international-film-festival-7292041.html |title=Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare: Konkona, Bhumi's movie to have world premiere at Busan International Film Festival |date=5 September 2019 |website=Firstpost|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012185926/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dolly-kitty-aur-woh-chamakte-sitare-konkona-bhumis-movie-to-have-world-premiere-at-busan-international-film-festival-7292041.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| ''[[Pagglait]]''
| Umesh Bist
| [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Shruti Sharma]], [[Ashlesha Thakur]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Comedy]]
| Released on [[Netflix]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/balajimotionpic/status/1197459942497587201 |title=Two powerful producers. One heartwarming tale. Ekta Kapoor and Guneet Monga join hands for #Pagglait starring Sanya Malhotra. Directed by Umesh Bist, the first schedule of the film kickstarted in Lucknow! |website=Balaji Motion Pictures on Twitter |date=21 November 2019|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121102553/https://twitter.com/balajimotionpic/status/1197459942497587201|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''[[Freddy (film)|Freddy]]''
| [[Shashanka Ghosh]]
| [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Alaya F]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| ''[[U-Turn (2023 film)|U Turn]]''
| Arif Khan
| [[Alaya F]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
| ''[[Kathal (film)|Kathal]]''
| Yashowardhan Mishra
| [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Anant V Joshi]], [[Vijay Raaz]]
|[[Hindi]]
| Social Drama
| Released on [[Netflix]]
|-
| ''[[Jaane Jaan (2023 film)|Jaane Jaan]]''
| [[Sujoy Ghosh]]
| [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Vijay Varma]]
|[[Hindi]]
| [[Crime-thriller film|Crime Thriller]]
| Released on [[Netflix]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-casting-in-jaane-jaan-was-meant-to-be-says-sujoy-ghosh-8919370/ |title=Kareena Kapoor's casting in Jaane Jaan was meant-to-be, says Sujoy Ghosh |date=1 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902083344/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-casting-in-jaane-jaan-was-meant-to-be-says-sujoy-ghosh-8919370/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Upcoming films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|+ List of Balaji Motion Pictures upcoming film productions
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director(s)
! scope="col" | Cast
! scope="col" | Languages
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| colspan="7" align=center bgcolor=lightgrey | Under the banner '''BALAJI MOTION PICTURES'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Bhooth Bangla]]''
|[[Priyadarshan]]
|[[Akshay Kumar]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], [[Asrani]], [[Mithila Palkar]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| rowspan="2"| Hindi
|Horror Comedy
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2026-02-07 |title=Akshay Kumar starrer Bhooth Bangla preponed: Priyadarshan comedy to now release on April 10, 2026 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-starrer-bhooth-bangla-preponed-priyadarshan-comedy-now-release-april-10-2026/ |access-date=2026-02-08 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Vvan''
|[[Arunabh Kumar]], Deepak Mishra
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Maniesh Paul]], [[Sunil Grover]], [[Shweta Tiwari]]
|Thriller
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2026 |title=VVAN: Force of the Forest makers and Tamannaah Bhatia wish Sidharth Malhotra on his birthday |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vvan-force-forest-makers-tamannaah-bhatia-wish-sidharth-malhotra-birthday/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Film distribution==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Balaji Motion Pictures film distributions
|-
! scope="col" | #
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] ||
|-
| 2
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' || [[Priyadarshan]] ||
|-
| 3
| 2008 || ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] ||
|-
| 4
| 2013 || ''[[Vishwaroop]]'' || [[Kamal Haasan]] ||
|-
| 5
| 2017 || ''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'' || [[Alankrita Shrivastava]] ||
|-
| 6
| 2022 || ''[[Jersey (2022 film)|Jersey]]'' || [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]] ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|Balajimotionpictures}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{Instagram|Balajimotionpictures}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/BalajiMotionPictures Balaji Motion Pictures on YouTube]

{{Balaji Telefilms}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms]]

Balika Badhu (1976 film)

2026-03-26T19:11:12Z

DongXqz408: quick refine layout after review and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}} {{For|Indian Television series|Balika Vadhu}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balika Badhu
| image = Balika Badhu, 1976 Hindi film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Tarun Majumdar]]
| producer = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| writer = Shabd Kumar (dialogue)
| screenplay = Tarun Majumdar
| story = [[Bimal Kar]]
| based_on = [[Balika Badhu (1967 film)|Balika Badhu]] (1967)
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]]|Rajni Sharma|[[Asrani]]|[[A. K. Hangal]]}}
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Nando Bhattacharya]]
| editing = Bijoy Chowdhary
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1976|8|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Balika Badhu''''' ([[translation]]: Child Bride) is a 1976 [[Hindi film|Hindi]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama film]] produced by [[Shakti Samanta]] and directed by [[Tarun Majumdar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/balika-badhu-14597|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713153130/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/balika-badhu-14597|url-status=live|archive-date=13 July 2020|title=Balika Badhu (1976) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> The film is based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel of the same name by [[Bimal Kar]], about a young girl who is married before she is old enough to understand what marriage is all about, against the backdrop of the [[Indian freedom struggle]]. Gradually she and her school-going husband grow as a couple and begin to love one another. The novel was previously made into a Bengali film, ''[[Balika Badhu (1967 film)|Balika Badhu]]'' (1967), which was also directed by Majumdar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remakes-of-bengali-films-whats-new-in-this-trend/articleshow/72241437.cms|title=Remakes of Bengali films: What's new in this trend?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 November 2019 }}</ref>

This romantic [[comedy drama]] stars [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] with Rajni Sharma, [[Asrani]], [[A. K. Hangal]], Asit Sen, [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] and [[Om Shivpuri]]. Initially [[Debashree Roy]] was offered to play the title role but Majumdar later considered her to be imperfect to play the role and she got replaced by Rajni Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Tarun Majumder {{!}} Tarun Majumdar Death: তরুণের তিন কন্যে! এক সময় টলিউড শাসন করতেন ইন্দিরা, শিপ্রা, চুমকি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/late-tarun-majumdar-changed-his-three-heroines-name-as-mousumi-mahua-debashree-dgtl/cid/1354583 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> The music is by [[R. D. Burman]] and lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]], who penned several hits in the film including "Bade Achchhe Lagte Hain...", which was singer [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]'s first hit, and featured on the [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1977]] at # 26. It was the second film of Mrityunjay Sil.<ref name="chakpak.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.chakpak.com/movie/balika-badhu/6418|title=Balika Badhu (1976) on chakpak.com|access-date=1 April 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722102152/http://www.chakpak.com/movie/balika-badhu/6418|archive-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Rajni Sharma as Rajni
*[[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] as Amal
*Mrityunjay Sil as Rahul <ref name="chakpak.com"/>
*[[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]] as Sharat
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Masterji
*[[Prema Narayan]] as Radhiya
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Amal's father
*[[Urmila Bhatt]] as Amal's mother
*Kajri as Chandra, Amal's sister <ref name="chakpak.com"/>
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Shambhu
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Udasu
*[[Preeti Ganguli]] as Nandini
*S. N. Banerjee as Pandit
*Birbal as Imported bangle seller
*Polson as School teacher
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Aged Amal's voice
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Adult Amal's voice
*[[Zeenat Aman]] as Adult Rajni's voice
*[[Leela Mishra]] as grannie

==Music==
*Song "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain" was Amit Kumar's first hit song and listed at #26 on the [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1977]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| all_lyrics = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| all_music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| title1 = Aao Re Aao Khelo Holi Brij Mein
| extra1 = Sapan Chakraborty
| length1 = 4:10
| title2 = [[Bade Achche Lagte Hain (song)|Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]
| extra2 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| length2 = 5:09
| title3 = Doli Mein Sawaar Sajnee Ka Pyaar
| extra3 = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Jagat Musafir Khana
| extra4 = [[Bhupinder]]
| length4 = 4:36
| title5 = O Jhumke Wale
| extra5 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length5 = 4:29
| title6 = Yeh Choodiyan Nahin
| extra6 = [[Mohammad Rafi]]
| length6 = 5:00
}}

==Awards==

; [[24th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Kajari]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] – [[Asrani]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] – Bijoy Chowdhury

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0237022|Balika Badhu}}

{{Tarun Majumdar}}

[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tarun Majumdar]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films about child marriage in India]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Bimal Kar]]

LGBTQ culture in India

2026-03-25T16:51:04Z

DongXqz408: Creating new details - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Main category|LGBTQ culture in India}}[[File:Anjali gopalan.jpg|thumb|Asia's first [[Genderqueer]] Pride Parade at [[Madurai]] with [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] and [[Anjali Gopalan]].<ref name="One Who Fights For an Other">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130306/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2015|title=One Who Fights For an Other|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>]]
{{LGBT rights}}
{{LGBTQ sidebar}}
[[File:Unofficial Pride flag India.svg|thumb|Unofficial pride flag representing the LGBT community of India]] India has a long and ancient tradition of culture associated with the [[LGBTQ people|LGBTQ]] community, with many aspects that differ markedly from modern liberal western culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Sanjana |date=2018-09-11 |title=Indian Culture Does Recognise Homosexuality, Let Us Count the Ways |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/homosexuality-rss-ancient-indian-culture-section-377 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

India's [[LGBTQ culture]] has recently progressed in its cities due to the growing acceptance of the LGBTQ community in urban India in the 21st century.

==Sexuality in pre-modern India==
[[Homosexuality]] has been referenced in numerous artworks and literary works throughout the subcontinent since ancient times. Early neutral or positive references to homosexuality and transsexuality include medical journals such as the ''[[Nāradasmṛti]]'' and moral legal codes such as the [[Pali Canon|''Pali Cannon'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Shiva Prakash |last2=Chandrasekaran |first2=Sruti |date=2020 |title=Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology |journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20 |doi-access=free |issn=2230-8210 |pmc=7539026 |pmid=33083261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |author=Phramaha Yota Payutto (Chaiworamankul) |date=2015|title=Sexual Misconduct (Kamesumicchacara) and the Philosophical Implications of Sexual Deviance in Buddhist Literature and Contemporary Buddhist Sexual Ethics |url=https://repository.au.edu/items/9b7e3524-7189-41bb-b653-57f26a33ba8a |publisher=[[Assumption University (Thailand)|Assumption University]] |type=PhD thesis}}</ref> Apart from the north western fringes of the Indian subcontinent where Zostaraianism and Islam took ahold from the BCE, homophobia was slowly introduced to the subcontinent during the medieval period from the west through Islamic empires and encompassed the subconitnent with the advent colonialism and the British Raj.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tiwari |first=Nityannand |date=2010 |title=Homosexuality in India: Review of Literatures |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1679203 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1679203 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ZoroTenents">{{cite web |author1=Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda |date=1990 |title=The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion |url=http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/vndimp33.html |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=tenets.zoroastrianism.com}}</ref><ref name="Frashogard">{{cite web |author1=Ervad Marzban Hathiram |title=Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad |url=http://www.frashogard.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/the-vendidad-part-3.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=frashogard.com}}</ref><ref name="HI">{{cite web |title=Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands |url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/index.htm |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=heritageinstitute.com |publisher=Heritage Institute}}</ref><ref name="Mercury Biography">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Lesley-Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJOPWGEUEZ4C&pg=PT28 |title=Freddie Mercury: The Definitive Biography: The Definitive Biography |date=2011-10-13 |publisher=Hachette UK, 2011 |isbn=9781444733709 |page=28 |access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>

Throughout [[Hindu]] and [[Vedic]] texts there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender.<ref>Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40</ref> Apart from [[male]] and [[female]], there are more than 20 types of genders, such as [[trans woman]], [[Trans man|trans men]], [[Androgyny|androgynous]] and [[Non-binary gender|pangender]] etc.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} Trans people were accepted in ancient India and referred to by terms like "tritya prakriti", "kliba" and "napunsaka".<ref>Suneeta Singh, Sangita Dasgupta, Pallav Patankar, Minati Sinha, p. 83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp2HAwAAQBAJ&dq=tritiya+prakriti+transgender&pg=PA83 A People Stronger: The Collectivization of MSM and TG groups in India]</ref> Ancient writings in both Buddhist and Hindu texts found throughout South Asia and East Asia refer to two types of tritiya-prakriti (literally third gender): Narshanda are male to female transgenders; Narishanda are female to male transgenders.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

{{quote box|width=35em|align=right|quote="Hindu society had a clear cut idea of all these people in the past. Now that we have put them under one label 'LGBT', there is lot more confusion and other identities have got hidden."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=A. | last=Shrikumar | title=No more under siege | date=18 October 2013}}</ref> |source=— [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] at National Queer Conference 2013<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.glreview.org/article/the-many-genders-of-old-india/ |title = The Many Genders of Old India – the Gay & Lesbian Review|date = 2 March 2015}}</ref>}}
[[Alka Pande]] says that alternate sexuality was an integral part of ancient India and homosexuality was considered to be a form of the sacred, drawing upon the examples of the hermaphrodite [[Shikhandi]] and [[Arjuna]] who became a eunuch. [[Ruth Vanita]] argues that ancient India was relatively tolerant and views on it were ambiguous, from acceptance to rejection.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Simha |first1=Rakesh Krishnan |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/03/19/what_went_wrong_for_gays_in_india_15190|title=What went wrong for gays in India?|accessdate=22 August 2015|date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

Some Hindu texts mention homosexuality and support them. The [[Kamasutra]] mentions homosexuality as a type of sexual pleasure. There are also legends of Hindu gods change gender or are hermaphrodites and engage in relations that would be considered homoerotic in the other case.<ref>Jeffrey S. Siker, p.10, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6nYCeP_w8YC&dq=ancient+india+homosexuals+poems&pg=PA10r Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia]</ref> Though, it also forbids the educated Brahmins, bureaucrats and wisemen from practicing [[Auparishtaka]] or oral sex.<ref>FM. Krishna Kumari, p. 151 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-IluAAAAMAAJ&q=kamasutra+brahmin+auparishtaka Sermons from Stones: Contribution of Andhras to Art, Culture, and Thought]</ref> Homosexuality was also practiced in the royal families especially with servants.<ref>Ruth Vanita, p. 27 [https://books.google.com/books?id=McoYDAAAQBAJ&dq=rajatarangini+licentiousness&pg=PA27 Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History]</ref> Kamasutra also mentions the "svairini" who used to live by herself or with another woman.<ref>Ruth Vanita, p. 27 [https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC&dq=kamasutra+brahmin+homosexual&pg=PA362 Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Volume 1]</ref> The king [[Bhagiratha]] is described as being born of sexual union of two queens of the king Dilip, however there is also a patriarchal background represented as the king left no heir and his younger wife took on the role of a man.<ref>Giti Thadani, p. 27 [https://books.google.com/books?id=M0TqDAAAQBAJ&q=queen&pg=PA61 Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Volume 1]</ref>

[[Ayoni]] or non-vaginal sex of all types are punishable in the [[Arthashastra]]. Homosexual acts are however treated as a smaller offence punishable by a fine while unlawful heterosexual sex have much harsher punishment. The [[Dharmaśāstra|Dharmsastras]] especially the later ones prescribed against non-vaginal sex like the [[Vashistha Dharmasutra]]. The [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]] prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. [[Manusmriti]] prescribes light punishments for such acts.<ref name=DharmaLGBT>p. 50-51, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uP57zh13BqQC&dq=dharmasastra+ayoni&pg=PA50 Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 – 1950], edited by Raquel A.G. Reyes, William Gervase Clarence-Smith</ref><ref name=Vanita>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P2nprDLPRLwC&q=ayoni&pg=PT55 Same-Sex Love in India], edited by [[Ruth Vanita]]</ref> Vanita states that the verses about punishment for a sex between female and a maiden is due to its strong emphasis on a maiden's sexual purity.<ref name=VanitaLGBT>p. 32, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ofDIAAAAQBAJ&dq=manusmriti+wendy+anti-lesbian&pg=PA32 Love’s Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West], by [[Ruth Vanita]]</ref>

<gallery widths="220" heights="220">
File:Homosexuality in Khajuraho sculpture.jpg|Erotic sculptures of two men (centre) at the Khajuraho temples.
File:Ardhanari Gangaikonda.jpg|Ardhanariswara from Gangaikondacholapuram
File:Two women embracing and using carrots as dildoes. Gouache Wellcome L0033073.jpg|Two women using carrots as dildos, 20th century [[gouache]] painting.
</gallery>

== {{Anchor|Media}}Media representation ==
{{Category see also|LGBTQ literature in India|LGBTQ-related mass media in India}}

=== Social media ===
Urban centers are important hubs of the LGBTQ+ movement.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=Svati P.|date=2015|title=Queering Critiques of Neoliberalism in India: Urbanism and Inequality in the Era of Transnational "LGBTQ" Rights|journal=Antipode|language=en|volume=47|issue=3|pages=635–651|doi=10.1111/anti.12112|bibcode=2015Antip..47..635S |issn=1467-8330}}</ref> In India, city hubs have helped the community gained visibility since the 1970s. Since the early 2000s, social media and online venues have played a critical role in strengthening LGBTQ+ communities and identities in these cities.<ref name=":02" />

The internet has created new spaces for social interaction and community formation.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book|title=Digital queer cultures in India : politics, intimacies and belonging|last=Dasgupta|first=Rohit K.|isbn=9781351800570|location=London|oclc=976434162|date = 16 March 2017}}</ref> Social media platforms such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook have been used to create pages and posts that increase [[queer]] awareness and visibility in India.<ref name=":110" /> Some examples are [[Instagram]] profiles "Gaysifamily", "nazariyalgbt", and "lgbthistoryindia". The Gaysifamily website describes their mission "to provide a voice and a safe space to Desis from the South Asian subcontinent that identify as LGBTQ+".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gaysifamily.com/team/|title=Team|website=Gaysi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210114546/http://gaysifamily.com/team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> They sell and share stickers, artwork, personal stories and zines made by [[queer Indians]].

Social media platforms are also important for the development of intimate relationships between queer people in India.<ref name=":110" />

Even before social media became a platform for queer visibility, the internet created possibilities for communication and community building in the LGBTQ+ community. Khush-list, the first mailing list for LGBT South Asians, predominantly Indians in metropolitan cities and those living abroad, was established in 1993. In 1999, LGBT-India was established on egroups, and later transitioned to yahoogroups. Such mailing lists, established well before the advent of social networking sites, continue to remain the mainstay for discussion among middle-class, English-speaking Indians, and include LGBT-India, GayBombay, [[Good As You]] (Bangalore), Pratibimb (Hyderabad), and Movenpick/Orinam (Chennai). GayBombay.org (established in late 1998) and Orinam.net (established in 2006) are among the oldest websites that function as online resources catering to a local (Mumbai and Chennai, respectively) and national readership. Dating websites provide an alternative way for meeting people; online communities also offer a safe and convenient environment for meeting gays in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/gay-dating-trend-in-india-528.html|title=Gay Dating Trend in India}}</ref> Online magazines like [[Pink Pages]] and [[Gaylaxy]] also publish regular issues.

=== Radio ===
[[File:Delhi Queer Pride 2010.jpg|thumb|Delhi Queer Pride poster]]

On 11 September 2013, India's first Queer Radio channel, Qradio - Out and Proud, completely dedicated to LGBT audience was launched . With variety of talk shows, music, debates etc., the channel now runs 24 hours a day<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/?p=3257|title=India's First Queer Radio Station Launching on Sep 11|accessdate=22 August 2015|date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pink-pages.co.in/features/metro-life/indian-queers-soon-radio-channel/|title=Indian queers soon to have their own Radio channel|work=Pink Pages|accessdate=22 August 2015}}</ref>

In February 2014, "Wonderful Things Happen" was founded with the objective to serve the Indian lesbian/bi women community.

===Film and Television Depictions===
{{Category see also|Indian LGBTQ-related films|Indian LGBTQ-related television shows}}
Though [[Bollywood]] has gay and transsexual characters, they have been primarily ridiculed or abused. There are few positive portrayals of late like [[Onir]]'s ''[[My Brother Nikhil]]'', Reema Kagti's ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'', and Parvati Balagopalan's ''[[Rules: Pyaar Ka Superhit Formula]]'' but they have been sporadic and not mainstream. Shelly Chopra Dhar's [[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]] was perhaps the first mainstream explicitly lesbian romance in Bollywood history after [[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]] (1997). There also been a few independent films that deal with homosexuality like [[Sridhar Rangayan]]'s ''[[The Pink Mirror|Gulabi Aaina – The Pink Mirror]]'', ''[[Girlfriend (2004 film)|Girlfriend]]'', ''[[Yours Emotionally]]'', ''[[68 Pages]], [[Sudhanshu Saria]]'s [[Loev]] (2015)'' and Ashish Sawhney's ''Happy Hookers''. The first Indian film to deal openly with homosexual relations was ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'' by Indian-Canadian director [[Deepa Mehta]]. With its 1997 release in India, it stirred up a heated controversy throughout the country.

In 2004 [[The Journey (2004 film)|The Journey]] Malayalam feature film written, directed and produced by Ligy J. Pullappally, inspired both by her short film Uli and a true story of two lesbian lovers in the South Indian state of Kerala was released. Fire is explicit in stating that the main characters enter their relationship due to the failure of their heterosexual marriages but The Journey is a film about two lesbians who fall in love with each other.

Recently, Bollywood has portrayed homosexual relationships in a better light, such as in ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]], Men Not Allowed and [[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]], [[Badhaai Do]]''. Actors of Indian descent have played homosexual roles in foreign movies. [[Lisa Ray]] and [[Sheetal Sheth]] played gay roles opposite each other in [[Shamim Sarif]]'s ''[[I Can't Think Straight]]'' and ''[[The World Unseen]]''. [[Jimi Mistry]] played a man trying to come out to his mother in [[Ian Iqbal Rashid]]'s ''[[Touch of Pink]]''.

In 2010, a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'', dealt with gay couples, their love and romance. In 2016, [[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh (2016 film)]], was released centering on the life of a gay professor who was accused of homosexuality. The release of [[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]] in 2019 was a landmark in LGBT representation in media. The character of Sweety played by actress [[Sonam Kapoor]] is a lesbian and is shown to be in a relationship with Kuhu (played by [[Regina Cassandra]]). The film mainly focuses on coming out to an Indian conservative family and throws light on the struggles of a young gay teenager and the insecurities they carry well into adulthood.

Indian television has also begun to depict gay characters. In 2011, the popular soap opera "Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?" ( ''English: Honour: But at What Cost?'') featured a plotline involving a gay couple, and was among a handful of television shows including gay characters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian TV soap operas step out of the closet|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/663329/indian-tv-soap-operas-step-out-of-the-closet|accessdate=10 July 2023|newspaper=Dawn|date=2 October 2011|agency=AFP}}</ref>

==== Portrayal of Homosexuality in Bollywood and Indian Cinema ====
Bollywood and Indian cinema are not new in portraying homosexual characters on the screen; this is often done in satirical, comical, or stereotypical ways{{Citation needed|date=April 2022|reason=}}. Many contemporary Bollywood films, such as [[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]], [[Kal Ho Naa Ho]], [[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]], [[Kapoor And Sons]], [[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]], [[Badhaai Do]] and Aligarh, to name a few, either have homosexual characters or portrayals of homosexual relationships.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Vaibhav|title=Gay-Themed Movies in India Fight Back Against Taboos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/27/movies/gay-themed-movies-in-india-fight-back-against-taboos.html|accessdate=10 April 2017|work=The New York Times|date=26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gehlawat|first1=Ajay|title=Reframing Bollywood: Theories of popular Hindi cinema|date=2010|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=India|pages=84–111}}</ref> Going back to the 90's, homosexuality has been portrayed in cinema. [[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]] is one of the prominent examples of it.

Some critics argue that same-sex friendship within Bollywood movies is portrayed for a "gay viewership".The use of terms such as "yaar" (friend/lover) can be seen as a way to deter from using the language of "homosexuality" or "gayness".<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dinesh Bhugra|author2=Gurvinder Karla|author3=Antonio Ventriglio|title=Portrayal of gay characters in Bollywood cinema|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|date=2015|volume=25|issue=5|pages=455–459|doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1086320|pmid=26535451|s2cid=43307351}}</ref>

In recent movies, there has been a move away from the portrayal of homosexuality in a satirical and comedic way, and instead of showing a more sensitive, and empathic representation of the struggles that the community has to face. Aligarh and Kapoor And Sons are two of the more recent blockbuster Bollywood movies, both released in 2016, that have made an impact on the portrayal of homosexual men in Indian media. Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga has shown that there are major strides taken in the positive portrayal of homosexuality in cinema. These movies are turning a new page for the role of homosexuality in Bollywood by challenging the previous stereotypical roles portrayed on screen. This is achieved by portraying homosexuality in a new, more truthful and complex light than has been done previously.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Manipuri actor and filmmaker [[Priyakanta Laishram]]'s 2022 movie ''ONENESS'' is the first [[gay]]-themed movie of [[Manipur]], [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2022 |title=Oneness: Manipur's first gay film normalizes LGBTQ representation |work=Lagatar |url=https://lagatar24.com/oneness-manipurs-first-gay-film-normalizes-lgbtq-representation/93729/ |access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>

==== Indian Queer Film Festivals ====
Other than specific Bollywood films that showcase homosexual characters or relationships, Indian Cinema in general has been branching out; one way is through queer film festivals that are held in India.

[[KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival]] is one way through which film is urging for change in the way that the Indian community views homosexuality. The festival includes films from around the world, including Indian queer films.<ref>{{cite web|title=KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival|url=http://mumbaiqueerfest.com|website=KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festivals|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref>

[[Bangalore Queer Film Festival]] is another film festival that has been running since 2008. The festival showcases both Indian and international films. The festival also seeks to voice concerns and issues that the LGBT community faces. In 2017, the festival featured 55 films from 21 countries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gowallal|first1=Reema|title=Film fest celebrates art in the LGBT community|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/film-fest-celebrates-art-in-the-lgbtq-community/articleshow/57290482.cms|access-date=10 April 2017|work=The Times of India|date=23 February 2017}}</ref>

[[Chennai International Queer Film Festival]], also known as ''Reel Desires: Chennai International Queer Film Festival'', is a three-day event that usually takes places on the last weekend of July. It main organisers are [[Orinam]] in partnership with [[Goethe-Institut]], Chennai along with volunteers from various community groups and NGOs, including Nirangal, East-West Center for Counselling, RIOV, and SAATHII. They screen short films as well as Feature-length films from all over the world. The last day is usually performances along with a panel discussion, usually to discuss and bring out the challenges faced by community members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Where-the-mind-is-without-fear/article14513160.ece|title= Where the mind is without fear|accessdate= 19 June 2017|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 28 July 2016|last1= Rao|first1= Subha J.}}</ref> In 2014, the event had a photography exhibition, featuring queer/trans photography Shilpa Raj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=LGBT-film-fest-to-focus-on-identities-20072014002043|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205094521/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=LGBT-film-fest-to-focus-on-identities-20072014002043|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2017|title= LGBT film fest to focus on identities|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref>

Calcutta International LGBT Film & Video Festival, also known as ''DIALOGUES: Calcutta International LGBT Film & Video Festival'', was first launched in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dialoguesfilmfest.in/about|title= DIALOGUES: Calcutta International LGBTQIA+ Film and Video Festival|date=17 March 2024}}</ref> It's a three-day festival that happens in the November each year. This Film Festival was started by '[[Sappho for Equality|Sappho For Equality]]' and 'Pratyay Gender Trust', along with [[Goethe-Institut]] /Max Mueller Bhavan, Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/lgbt-film-fest-to-focus-on-sexuality-in-south-asia-114111600449_1.html|title= LGBT film fest to focus on sexuality in South Asia|newspaper= Business Standard India|date= 16 November 2014}}</ref>

[[Delhi International Queer Theater and Film Festival]] is organised in Delhi by Harmless Hugs. There has been three consistent editions of this festival since 2015.

=== Celebrity Support to Decriminalize Homosexuality ===
Celebrities, represented in the general Indian media, have voiced their opinions and have advocated for the LGBTQ community in the country.

After the 2013 Supreme Court decision to reinstate S.377, the court agreed to refer the case to a five-judge constitutional bench based on a curative petition. Many celebrities have voiced their support for the curative petition and the decriminalization of homosexuality by repealing S.377. A news article by Akshay Kaushal in the Hindustan Times (3 February 2016), outlines some of these public comments; this includes Onir, one of the few openly gay film directors, stated, "Now hopefully the five-judge constitution bench will take the decision in our favour. And this law should have been scrapped the day the Britishers left India. So hopefully, the 2009 verdict of the Delhi Court, that decriminalized gay sex among consenting adults, will be back soon." Delhi-based fashion designer, who married his partner Rahul Arora, stated, "I am hopeful and positive that the five-judge constitution bench will scrap section 377 and make this country a better place for us to live." National Award-winning filmmaker Apurva Asrani, who wrote the film Aligarh, when referring to the five-judge constitutional bench, stated, "The Supreme Court has allowed itself a chance to redeem itself from a blemish on its otherwise spotless image." "This (homosexuality) has been accepted even in our Hindu scriptures. I stand by my gay friends," said actor Raveena Tandon. "Today’s decision is a great step. However, I think a disparity that can easily be addressed by amending the Indian Penal Code shouldn’t have to be a 15-year-long struggle," said actor and gay rights activist Celina Jaitley.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaushal|first1=Akshay|title=From Celina to Raveena: Bollywood comes out in support of gay rights|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/from-celina-to-raveena-bollywood-comes-out-in-support-of-gay-rights/story-19tV5NoHQWS7yqLxvHJdCP.html|accessdate=10 April 2017|agency=Hindustan Times|date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

Along with the curative petition submitted by NGOs to the Supreme Court of India, leading to the five-judge constitutional bench reconsidering the repeal of section 377, a petition was filed by five gay celebrities.

The petition was covered by various news articles, including The Times of India, stating, "The petitioners are lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGBT) citizens of India whose rights to sexuality, sexual autonomy, choice of sexual partner, life, privacy, dignity and equality, along with the other fundamental rights guaranteed under Part-III of Constitution, are violated by Section 377." This is the first time those that are directly affected by the 2013 decision have addressed the court in this manner. The petitioners are NS Johar (dancer), Sunil Mehra (journalist), Ritu Dalmia (chef), Aman Nath (hotelier), and Ayesha Kapoor (business executive).The petition was not reviewed or added by the Supreme Court, stating that there are already petitions of the same nature that the court is reviewing at the moment, and advised the celebrities to wait until the decision is out before further pursuing this issue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahapatral|first1=Dhananjay|title=Gay celebs cite right to life, move SC against section 377|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gay-celebs-cite-right-to-life-move-SC-against-Section-377/articleshow/52947920.cms|access-date=10 April 2017|work=The Times of India|date=28 June 2016}}</ref>

In 2019, Nartaki Natraj became the first trans person to receive the prestigious [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/nartaki-natraj-bharatnatyam-dancer-becomes-first-trans-person-to-receive-padma-shri-2014385.html |title = Nartaki Natraj, Bharatnatyam Dancer, Becomes First Trans Person to Receive Padma Shri| date=26 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Events==
[[File:Bangalore Gay Pride Parade (15).jpg|right|thumb|Gay Pride March in Bangalore (2013)]]
While the discussion on homosexuality is happening in India, the below [[pride parade]]s have been established in various major cities of India:
*Assam- Guwahati (2014): [[Queer Pride Guwahati|Guwahati Queer Pride Parade]]
*Goa- Panjim (2017): [[Pride De Goa]] (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-first-ever-rainbow-pride-walk-to-be-held-in-panaji-today/articleshow/61280619.cms|title=Goa's first-ever rainbow pride walk to be held in Panaji today|date=28 October 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref>
*Gujarat- Ahmedabad (2009): Ahmedabad Pride Parade
*Gujarat- Surat (2013): First [[Gujarat]] state LGBT pride parade<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10360598/First-gay-parade-held-in-Indias-Gujarat-state.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007132430/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10360598/First-gay-parade-held-in-Indias-Gujarat-state.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 October 2013 | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=First gay parade held in India's Gujarat state | date=7 October 2013}}</ref>
*Gujarat- Baroda (2014):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/barodas-first-lgbt-pride-festival-we-pay-taxes-we-do-our-duties-why-dont-we-have-equal-614881|title=Baroda's First LGBT Pride Festival: "We Pay Taxes, We do our Duties; Why Don't we have Equal Rights?"|website=Ibtimes.co.in|last1=Dilip|first1=Mangala|access-date=6 December 2014|date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
*Jharkhand- Jamshedpur (2018): [[Jamshedpur LGBTQ Pride]] (2018)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/75-transgenders-take-part-in-1st-steel-city-lgbt-parade/articleshow/63666833.cms| title=75 transgenders take part in 1st Steel City LGBT parade}}</ref>
*Karnataka- Bangalore (2008): [[Bengaluru Namma Pride March|Bengaluru Pride]]
*Kerala- Thrissur (2010): First [[Kerala Queer Pride]] at Thrissur <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kerala-to-host-its-first-gay-parade/articleshow/6112610.cms|title=Kerala to host its first gay pride parade|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Kerala- Kochi (2014): Cochin Queer Pride
*Kerala- Thiruvananthapuram (2015): Kerala Queer Pride 2015 at Thiruvananthapuram<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/lgbt-community-organises-queer-pride-march-in-keralas-thiruvananthapuram-780467|title = LGBT Community Organises 'Queer Pride March' in Kerala's Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>
*Kerala- Thrissur (2018): Kerala Queer Pride at Thrissur (2018)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hundreds-take-part-in-lgbtq-pride-parade/article25150867.ece|title=Hundreds take part in LGBTQ pride parade|website=The Hindu}}</ref>
*Kerala- Kochi (2019): 10th Kerala Queer Pride at Kochi (2019)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-chants-happy-pride-and-my-body-my-right-broke-silence-hot-noon-kochi-112519|title=When chants of 'Happy pride' and 'My body, my right' broke silence of hot noon in Kochi|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
*Kerala- Thiruvananthapuram (2020): Queerythm Pride Walk at Thiruvananthapuram (2020)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/thiruvananthapuram-hosts-pride-walk-2020/articleshow/74093208.cms|title=Thiruvananthapuram hosts pride walk 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Madhya Pradesh- Bhopal (2017): [[Bhopal Pride March|Bhopal Pride]] (2017) – the first Pride event to take place in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*Maharashtra- Mumbai (2008): [[Queer Azaadi Mumbai|Mumbai Queer Azaadi March]]
*Maharashtra- Pune (2011): [[Pune Pride]], second to be established in Maharashtra)
*Maharasthra- Nagpur (2016): [[Orange City LGBT Pride March]], Nagpur (2016)<ref>{{Cite news|url =http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/lgbt-community-supporters-take-out-pride-parade-in-nagpur/|title = LGBT community, supporters take out 'pride parade' in Nagpur |access-date =6 March 2016}}</ref>
*Odisha- Bhubaneshwar (2009): [[Bhubaneswar Pride Parade]]
*Odisha- Bhawanipatna (2012): Bhawanipatna Pride <ref>{{cite web|title=Pride Walk in Bhawanipatna, Odisha: July 13, 2012|url=http://orinam.net/pride-walk-in-bhawanipatna-july-13-2012/|website=Orinam.net|date=13 July 2012}}</ref>
*Punjab- Amritsar (2019): Amritsar Pride Parade (2019)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/amritsar-teenagers-to-lead-the-first-ever-pride-parade-of-punjab/articleshow/69904169.cms| title=Amritsar teenagers to lead the first ever 'Pride Parade' of Punjab}}</ref>
*Rajasthan- Jaipur (2015): [[Queer Gulabi Pride Jaipur]]
*Tamil Nadu- Chennai (2009): [[Chennai Rainbow Pride]]
*Tamil Nadu- Madurai (2012): Asia's first [[Genderqueer]] [[pride parade]] and [[Alan Turing]] Rainbow festival, [[Madurai]]<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article3702689.ece |title=Cities / Madurai : Madurai comes out of the closet |work=The Hindu |date=2012-07-30 |access-date=2012-10-10 |location=Chennai, India |first=D. |last=Karthikeyan}}</ref>
*Tamil Nadu- Chennai (2013): Chennai Rainbow Film Festival <ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaidost.com/|title=Film Festival in Chennai, Tamil Nadu: 7th June, 2013|website=chennaidost.com/chennai-rainbow-film-festival/|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-date=8 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908035502/http://chennaidost.com/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
*Tamil Nadu- Chennai (2018): [[Queer LitFest, Chennai|Chennai Queer LitFest]]
*Telangana- Hyderabad (2013): [[Hyderabad queer pride|Hyderabad Pride]]
*Uttar Pradesh- Gurgaon (2016): [[Gurgaon queer pride]]
*Uttar Pradesh- Lucknow (2017): [[Awadh queer pride|Awadh Pride]] was the first such event to take place in the state of Uttar Pradesh<ref>{{Cite news|url =http://m.indiatoday.in/story/awadh-pride-parade-lucknow/1/926189.html|title = Lucknow just held its first Pride Parade and it was truly magnificent |access-date = 8 June 2017}}</ref>
*Uttarakhand- Dehradun: [[Dehradun Pride Parade]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/more-than-200-participants-at-doons-first-pride-parade/articleshow/59917025.cms|title=More than 200 participants at Doon's first pride parade}}</ref>
*West Bengal- Kolkata (1999): [[Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk]] – This is the first pride march to be organised in South Asia, that was organised by members of the support group Counsel Club, and witnessed participants walking down the streets of Kolkata starting from Park Circus Maidan.
*Chandigarh (2013): [[Chandigarh LGBT Pride Walk|Chandigarh Pride]]
*Delhi (2008): [[Delhi Queer Pride Parade]]

A tradition in Indian pride parades is the wearing of colorful masks for the partial purpose of hiding the wearers' identities from public view and avoiding altercations with family members. This is expected to change as less reprisals are feared from the general public, as shown with the inaugural Pune Pride Parade in December 2011, which required participants to dress professionally and avoid wearing masks or colorful makeup.

Participants in the parades hail from various indigenous gender and sexual minority groups and infuse the largely-Western-derived aesthetic of pride with local and national cultural trappings. Western and international tourists also participate in pride celebrations in India.

The Free Hugs Campaigning conducted in Kochi (Ernakulam)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Kochi-youth-hugging-their-way-to-happiness/articleshow/36350999.cms|title=Kochi youth hugging their way to happiness|website=The Times of India|last1=Karthikeyan|first1=Shruti|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> and TVM in Kerala.

In [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], an annual LGBT Pride Carnival is conducted as a part of [[Pride Month]] celebrations, since 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/nagpur/nagpur-youngsters-celebrate-rainbow-pride-and-diversity/articleshow/64808513.cms|title=Nagpur youngsters celebrate rainbow pride and diversity – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/nagpur/city-celebrates-a-pride-carnival/articleshow/70144570.cms?picid=70144585|title=City celebrates 'A Pride Carnival'|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>

Since 2012, 2 July has been celebrated as the [[Indian Coming Out Day]] to mark the 2009 ''[[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]]'' judgement that decriminalisaed homosexual sexual activity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai's LGBTQIA+ community is coming out in order to take down Section 377 |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2018/jul/04/chennais-lgbtqia-community-is-coming-out-in-order-to-take-down-section-377-3341.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Edex Live |date=4 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coming Out Day |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sexuality/column-indian-coming-out-day-2490270 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-12 |title=First LGBTQIA cultural festival in Ahmedabad on July 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/first-lgbtqia-cultural-festival-in-abad-on-july-2/articleshow/92155324.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Groups and NGOs==
Groups of various kinds and NGOs (non-governmental organizations also known as non-profit organizations) have long been a bedrock for queer and lgbtqia+ culture in India. Queer/lgbtqia+ groups in India come in many forms and operate under various organizational structures: some are social and/or support groups with several regulars who act as conveners and may help provide structure by, for example, setting conversation topics for each week's meeting; other groups identify specifically as "collectives" perhaps to reflect certain aspects of their organization or particular socio-political commitments such as to shared work; still other groups are more freewheeling, and, while they congregate under a group name, do not seem to have a designated leader, though there are members who are "moderators" of the group's Facebook group. The language that groups and individual members use to talk about and label genders and sexualities also varies. Some prefer lgbt, lgbtqia+, or a similar acronym, while others prefer queer, which some see as linked to a politics of intersectionality and/or inclusion, and some use lgbtqia+ and queer interchangeably.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ung Long|first=Jennifer|date=2017|title=Representation, Visibility, Legibility: The 'Queer' Subject in Contemporary India|url=http://sfonline.barnard.edu/queer-religion/representation-visibility-legibility-the-queer-subject-in-contemporary-india/|journal=Queer/Religion|volume=14|issue=7}}</ref> To acknowledge each position, this section uses both simultaneously, joined by either "and" or a slash. When it is clear that a group or individual prefers a specific term, that language will be used.

Such groups and NGO spaces provided—and still provide—indispensable social spaces for queer/lgbtqia+ people, perhaps because, at least until quite recently, other publicly accessible social or meeting spaces geared towards queer/lgbtqia+ people (such as bars) did not exist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/the-strange-long-afterlife-of-an-inhumane-colonial-law/|title=The Strange, Long Afterlife of an Inhumane Colonial Law|last=Dube|first=Siddharth|journal=The Nation|date=2018-09-14|access-date=2019-12-06|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505202609/https://www.thenation.com/article/the-strange-long-afterlife-of-an-inhumane-colonial-law/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some bars and cafes are more frequently known to be "queer friendly" rather than catering specifically—if not almost exclusively—to queer/lgbtqia+ people in the way that gay bars are in some other countries;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-47454768|title=LGBT India six months after gay sex ruling|last=Rosney|first=Daniel|date=2019-03-06|access-date=2019-12-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> several such examples are Kitty Su, the LaLit hotel chain's swanky night club chain, and Q Café in New Delhi, which recently closed down in 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mykonosdelhi.com/q-cafe/|title=Q-Cafe|website=MYKONOS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203225604/http://www.mykonosdelhi.com/q-cafe/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some queer/lgbtqia+ groups follow a nomadic style, meeting periodically at different coffee shops, restaurants, book shops, and similar public areas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Queer activism in India : a story in the anthropology of ethics|last=Dave|first=Naisargi N.|date=2012|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5305-8|location=Durham|oclc=769916204}}</ref> Others have a fixed meeting spot—often the offices of an NGO.<ref name=":0" />

Public visibility and understanding of queerness and lgbtqia+ experiences is increasing rapidly in India—particularly during and after the more recent Delhi High Court (2009) and India Supreme Court rulings (2013 and 2018) that toggled back and forth the legality of IPC (Indian Penal Code) section 377.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutoya|first=Virginie|date=2016-04-02|title=Defining the "queers" in India: The politics of academic representation|journal=India Review|language=en|volume=15|issue=2|pages=241–271|doi=10.1080/14736489.2016.1165570|s2cid=148338788|issn=1473-6489}}</ref> The Supreme Court's final ruling, in September 2018, read down section 377 to legalize, between consenting adults, what is generally referred to as "homosexual sex"—although the precise wording of section 377 outlawed "anal intercourse against the order of nature." Nonetheless, queer and lgbtqia+ groups remain an indispensable central axis of queer sociality—alongside several secret and/or private Facebook groups, some of which correspond to social and support groups that periodically meet in the physical world (or IRL—in real life—to use internet terminology).<ref>{{Cite book|title=New feminisms in South Asia : disrupting the discourse through social media, film, and literature|last1=Kurian|first1=Alka|last2=Jha|first2=Sonora|isbn=978-1-317-21077-1|location=New York, NY|oclc=1007134329|date = 18 October 2017}}</ref>

The sections below list, and provide information about, queer and lgbtqia+ groups, businesses, and notable figures. These lists are not intended to be comprehensive, and at the end of each section is a list of additional queer and lgbtqia+ groups around India. The section concerning groups includes several that are now defunct but whose contribution to lgbtqia+ culture in India is significant as the groups shaped the lgbtqia+ community while they existed—and after.

=== Groups, formal and informal (in alphabetical order) ===

==== Alternative Law Forum ====
The [[Alternative Law Forum]] (ALF) in Bangalore, Karnataka (South India) is an organization that "integrates alternative lawyering with critical research, alternative dispute resolution,"<ref name="Alternative Law Forum">{{Cite web|url=http://altlawforum.org/|title=Alternative Law Forum|website=altlawforum.org|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> and additional education and community engagement on a range of issues. Frequently referred to as ALF, the Alternative Law Forum is known across India. ALF's motto, "lawyering for change,"<ref name="Alternative Law Forum"/> succinctly captures the organization's philosophy and body of work.

A group of lawyers who desired a forum in which to conduct legal work grounded in social justice concerns founded ALF in 2000,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://altlawforum.org/about/|title=About ALF {{!}} Alternative Law Forum|website=altlawforum.org|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> ALF is regularly involved in assisting individuals who run afoul of potentially corrupt or discriminatory police, such as transgender and queer people.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Law like love : queer perspectives on law|date=2011|publisher=[[Yoda Press]]|last1=Narrain|first1=Arvind|last2=Gupta|first2=Alok|isbn=978-93-80403-14-4|location=New Delhi|oclc=741445911}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/why-do-you-want-a-lawyer-bengaluru-police-asks-tanzanian-woman/story-dGUBheXjk7yfIS6Z5UJp7J.html|title=Why do you want a lawyer? Bengaluru Police asks Tanzanian woman|date=2016-02-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/section-377-and-the-biases-against-sexual-minorities-in-india/story-qGJGC9jMxGiirCGgooYMKK.html|title=Section 377 and the biases against sexual minorities in India|date=2015-10-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/young-women-seek-protection-in-bangalore-after-attacks/story-8Nvbqh1mB9p9VSvznNEN5L.html|title=Young women seek protection in Bangalore after attacks|date=2009-03-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Members of ALF took part in action against the Indian Government's August 2019 revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/article-370-revoked-in-j-k-a-look-back-at-its-history-and-what-now/story-56pEY6h2tGSgRbPMt05PdJ.html|title=Article 370 revoked in J&K: A look back at its history and what now|date=2019-08-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> The organization hosts a small library and a variety of public events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://altlawforum.org/section/events/|title=Events {{!}} Alternative Law Forum|website=altlawforum.org|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

==== Dragvanti ====
[[Dragvanti]] is a non commercial India's first drag and Lgbtqia+ community and web portal for Indian and south Asian drag performers in India founded by Patruni Chidananda Sastry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/dragvanti-how-indias-first-drag-website-aims-to-encourage-the-art-form/|title = DragVanti, India's first drag website, aims to encourage the art form|date = 19 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For all things drag|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jun/30/for-all-things-drag-2163102.html|access-date=2021-07-12|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=#PrideMonth: Amid the pandemic, the pride marches on, virtually – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/pridemonth-amid-the-pandemic-the-pride-marches-on-virtually/articleshow/76240187.cms|access-date=2021-07-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Dragvanti has organised Indians first drag conference called Hyderabad Drag Con in 2019.<ref name="Bhavani">{{Cite news|last=Bhavani|first=Divya Kala|date=2019-10-25|title=Hyderabad to have its first-ever Drag Con|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/drag-con-hyderabad-2019-patruni-sastry/article29798142.ece|access-date=2021-07-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== The Kinky Collective ====
The Kinky Collective is a group of people who are interested in Kink—that is, BDSM (Bondage, Domination or Discipline, Submission or Sadism, and Masochism)—and/or who identify as kinky,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Title describing the post|url=http://kinkycollective.com/|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Kinky Collective|language=en}}</ref> Based in Delhi, the collective seeks to spread information to those who are interested in BDSM. Not exclusively a queer space, The Kinky Collective includes many queer/lgbtqia+ individuals, explaining on their website that, fundamentally, "we want India to be a safer and sexier place for all people."<ref name=":1" />

==== Labia--A Queer Feminist LBT Collective ====
[[Labia]] is "a Queer Feminist LBT [lesbian, bisexual, and trans] Collective"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/author/labia-mumbai/|title=LABIA – a Queer Feminist LBT Collective Archives|website=orinam|date=20 June 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> based in Bombay. LABIA, long-dedicated to intersectionality,<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/labia-celebrates-20th-birthday/article8003123.ece|title=LABIA celebrates 20th birthday|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|date=2015-12-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> does queer and feminist activism and organizing.

Several name evolutions undergone by LABIA reflect the changing politics of global queer/LGBTQIA+ conversations and the evolution of conversations occurring within LABIA meetings and between its members.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=No outlaws in the gender galaxy|last1=Shah|first1=Chayanika|last2=Merchant|first2=Raj|last3=Mahajan|first3=Shals|last4=Nevatia|first4=Smritia|year=2015|isbn=978-93-84757-68-7|location=New Delhi|oclc=907206183}}</ref> Originally known as Women to Women,<ref name=":0" /> the group then became Stree Sangam—meaning "confluence of women"<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Queer activism in India : a story in the anthropology of ethics|last=Dave|first=Naisargi N.|date=2012|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5305-8|location=Durham|pages=18|oclc=769916204}}</ref>—a name which would not stand out as particularly queer for those affiliated with the group yet hoping to remain discrete.<ref name=":4" /> Stree Sangam later took on a new and more overt name, Lesbian and Bisexuals in Action, or LABIA for short.<ref name=":6" /> Finally, in acknowledgement that the group included and recognized a multiplicity of genders and sexualities "Lesbians and Bisexuals in Action" became simply "LABIA—a Queer Feminist LBT Collective.<ref name=":5" />

==== The Pratyay Gender Trust ====
The Pratyay Gender Trust is a Kolkata-based organization focused on transgender people. In 2015 Pratyay Gender Trust assisted in the production of a unique Durga idol for Kolkata’s annual [[Durga Puja]]; for the first time a puja idol was crafted to appear masculine on one side and feminine on the other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-india-got-its-first-transgender-durga-idol_n_561ead92e4b028dd7ea65245|title=How India Got Its First Transgender Durga Idol|first=Indrani|last=Basu|date=2015-10-15|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> The idol, described by some as a transgender idol, was made by the artist China Pal in Kolkata.

Prakshye is a magazine produced by Pratyay Gender Trust and released quarterly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/articles/current-affairs/little-magazine-do-big-wonder/|title=Little Magazines do Big Wonder|date=2011-02-20|website=Gaylaxy Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Very little information about Pratyay Gender Trust is available online. Alongside Sappho for Equality and The Goethe Institute, Pratyay Gender Trust organizes Kolkata’s Dialogues queer film festival.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/kolkata-lgbt-lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender-film-festival-to-kick-off-on-friday/story-mcekCtRM42EVFgmQo2VpjK.html|title=Kolkata LGBT (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender) film festival to kick off on Friday|date=2012-11-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

==== PRISM ====
PRISM was a non-funded queer collective that figures in much anthropological and activist writing about Indian queer communities and activism in the late 1990s and 2000s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Queer politics in India : towards sexual subaltern subjects|last=Chatterjee|first=Shraddha|isbn=978-1-315-17850-9|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1019837702|year = 2018}}</ref> Although the acronym originally stood for People for the Rights of Indian Sexual Minorities, PRISM eventually became, simply, PRISM.<ref name=":0" />

==== Sangama ====
Sangama is an NGO that is based in and operates in Bangalore, Karnataka (a southern state of India).<ref name=":0" /> Founded by Manohar, who is openly bisexual and eventually married a hijra who worked at Sangama,<ref name=":0" /> the organization has been funded in part by funds channeled to address the spread of HIV/AIDS.<ref name=":0" /> Sangama is not free of political and social controversy. In her 2012 book ''Queer Activism in India'', Naisargi Dave notes that the organization faced "allegations of discriminations against hijra sex workers there."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queer activism in India : a story in the anthropology of ethics|last=Dave|first=Naisargi N.|date=2012|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5305-8|location=Durham|pages=133|oclc=769916204}}</ref>

==== Sappho for Equality ====
Based in Kolkata, in Eastern India, [[Sappho for Equality]] – or Sappho for short – is an organization for and by "sexually marginalized women and transmen"<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sapphokolkata.in/sappho-for-equality/|title=Sappho for Equality|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132009/http://www.sapphokolkata.in/sappho-for-equality/|url-status=dead}}</ref>—though they specify that "female and male transpersons"<ref name=":9" /> are included under this banner. Begun in 2003, Sappho for Equality grew out of a group known only as Sappho, which was started in 1999.<ref name=":8" /> The organization focuses on "rights and social justice"<ref name=":9" /> for queer people and seeks "to go beyond identity-based politics."<ref name=":9" />

Sappho's physical-world base is at 21, Jogendra Garden (South), Ground Floor (near Hindol Park), in Kolkata (700 078).<ref name=":9" /> Their [http://www.sapphokolkata.in/sappho-for-equality/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132009/http://www.sapphokolkata.in/sappho-for-equality/ |date=1 December 2017 }} also provides email and phone contact information for the many folks to avail their services, support and open community space. Furnished with a library, Sappho's headquarters are inviting and host many meetings, formal and informal. The organization actively engages with the wider community, collaborating with feminist movements and similar groups. Kolkata's annual film festival, Dialogues, is organized by Sappho, alongside The Pratyay Gender Trust, and The Goethe Institute.<ref name=":7" />

Sappho for Equality offers a range of services, including peer counseling, assistance with crises, and workshops. They offer mental health services not only to queer/LGBTQIA+ individuals, but also to members of these individuals' families.<ref name=":9" />

==== Voices Against 377 ====
Voices Against 377 is a collection of "organizations and individuals"<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://www.voicesagainst377.org/who-we-are/|title=Who We Are|website=Voices Against 377|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> who together were, as their name expresses, banded together as "Voices Against 377."<ref name=":10" /> The number 377 refers to the colonial-era penal code that was interpreted as criminalizing a range of sexual acts including anal sex. As the legal battle over IPC section 377 progressed, Voices—as it became known—was formed in Delhi in the fall of 2003 to represent a swath of people and groups that advocated for queer/lgbtqia+ interests, were against the penal code, and supported striking down or reading down the law.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title=Because I have a voice : queer politics in India|date=2005|publisher=[[Yoda Press]]|last1=Narrain|first1=Arvind|last2=Bhan|first2=Gautam|isbn=81-902272-2-X|location=New Delhi|oclc=64280175}}</ref> Voices includes myriad groups and individuals. Organizations in Voices include: Anjuman, Breakthrough, Creating Resources for Empowerment in Action (CREA), Haq: Center for Child Rights, Jagori, Nigah, Nirantar, Partners for Law in Development (PLD), PRISM, Saheli, and Sama.<ref name=":10" /> Those individuals who make up Voices include: Gautham Bhan, Lesley Esteves, Ponni Arasu, Pramada Menon, and Sumit Baudh.<ref name=":10" />

Voices Against 377 was an intervenor in the Delhi High Court and India Supreme Court cases against IPC 377<ref name=":3" />—that is, they were a party in the case, though not the original plaintiff. In 2006, Voices Against 377 added its name in support of a petition filed by the Naz Foundation against IPC 377 after the India Supreme Court had reinstated the case to be heard by the Delhi High Court following the Delhi High Court's 2004 dismissal of the case on the basis that the issue was speculative rather than practical<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1379620/section-377-a-timeline-of-indias-battle-for-gay-rights/|title=Timeline: The struggle against section 377 began over two decades ago|last=Thomas|first=Maria|website=Quartz India|date=6 September 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>—that is, that there was "no cause of action"<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.voicesagainst377.org/history/|title=History|website=Voices Against 377|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> because the plaintiff, the NGO Naz Foundation, failed to demonstrate that prosecutions resulted from IPC 377.<ref name=":12" /> A fundamental right to "dignity"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Law like love : queer perspectives on law|url=https://archive.org/details/lawlikelovequeer00gupt|url-access=limited|date=2011|publisher=[[Yoda Press]]|last1=Narrain|first1=Arvind|last2=Gupta|first2=Alok|isbn=978-93-80403-14-4|location=New Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawlikelovequeer00gupt/page/n321 264]|oclc=741445911}}</ref> possessed by all, including LGBT people, was central to the filing that Voices contributed to the court case. Mr. Shyam Divan was the council representing Voices Against 377 when the case was heard in the Delhi High Court.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Law like love : queer perspectives on law|url=https://archive.org/details/lawlikelovequeer00gupt|url-access=limited|date=2011|publisher=[[Yoda Press]]|last1=Narrain|first1=Arvind|last2=Gupta|first2=Alok|isbn=978-93-80403-14-4|location=New Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lawlikelovequeer00gupt/page/n325 268]|oclc=741445911}}</ref>

Pride Circle
Pride Circle is a "hiring consultancy firm"<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/human-resource/india-set-to-get-first-dedicated-lgbt-hiring-consultancy-1563683768879.html|title=India set to get first dedicated LGBT hiring consultancy|last=Vaid|first=Rohit|date=2019-07-21|website=livemint.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> geared towards LGBTQIA+ people in India based in Bangalore in South India.<ref name=":13" /> Founded by Ramakrishna Sinha and Srini Ramaswamy in 2017,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/indias-first-lgbti-job-fair-in-bengaluru-on-july-12/article28098087.ece|title=India's first LGBTI job fair|website=@businessline|date=21 June 2019 |publisher=The Hindu (Business)|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Pride Circle is still in its nascency and yet has become known and reported on across India,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/a-job-fair-exclusively-for-lgbti-persons-on-july-12/article28262710.ece|title=A job fair exclusively for LGBTI persons on July 12|last=Narrain|first=Aparna|date=2019-07-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> particularly following its crowning achievement, an LGBT-focused job fair held during the summer of 2019.

Pride Circle organized a job fair on 12 July 2019, that was widely touted as the first LGBT job fair in India.<ref name=":14" /> Hosted by The Lalit Ashok in Bangalore, this first-of-its-kind job fair-cum-inclusivity-in-business conference attracted a plethora of globally known multi-national companies (MNCs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepridecircle.com/rise/|title=RISE – Reimagining Inclusion for Social Equity|website=Pride Circle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101071952/https://thepridecircle.com/rise/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Additional groups include ====
Good As You (Bangalore), The Humsafar Trust (Bombay), LesBit (Bangalore), Mobbera Foundation (Hyderabad), [[Nazariya]] (Delhi), Sahodaran (Chennai), [[Orinam]] (Chennai), Nirangal (Chennai), Magizhavan (Chennai), [[Queerala]] (Kochi), [[Queerythm]] (Thiruvananthapuram), [[Sahayathrika]] (Thrissur), Hridayam (Indore), Umang and more.

=== Queer/LGBTQIA+ businesses and business-oriented social spaces (in alphabetical order) ===

==== Kitty Su ====
Kitty Su, the LaLit's queer/lgbtqia+-friendly night club, has branches across India in the hotel chain's New Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, and Bangalore locations.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kittysu.com/index.php|title=Kitty Su – Nightclubs in Delhi / Mumbai / Chandigarh|website=Kitty Su|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> The Bangalore branch is referred to as Kitty Ko.<ref name=":15" /> Kitty Su and Kitty Ko regularly host drag performances and other events catering to queer/lgbtqia+ folks.<ref name=":15" />

==== The LaLit hotel chain ====
This 5-star luxury hotel chain is the only such major business chain in India that seeks to advertise and establish itself as self-consciously queer/lgbtqia+-friendly.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/culture/features/keshavsuri-cyrilfeuillebois-wedding-gayrights-lgbtq/|title=#StoriesOf2018: Keshav Suri And His Queer Mission|last=Lewis|first=Cynthia|date=2018-04-17|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Keshav Suri, son of Lalit Suri who founded of the LaLit Hotel Group, is openly gay.<ref name=":16" /> Keshav Suri took over management of the LaLit after his father's death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/322725|title=The Happy And Gay Hotelier|last=Sabharwal|first=Punita|date=2018-11-10|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

The LaLit New Delhi hosted a conference on psychology and lgbtqia+ identities, geared towards enhancing mental health professionals' understandings of lgbtqia+ identities and common experiences of discrimination that lgbtqia+ people may experience and which can negatively affect lgbqia+ peoples' mental health.<ref name=":16" />

The LaLit hotels are located in six cities: New Delhi, Bangalore, Jaipur, Kolkata, Chandigarh, and London.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelalit.com/|title=The LaLiT|website=The LaLiT|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> The LaLit also owns palaces (in Udaipur and Srinagar) and resorts (in Raj Baga, Palolem Canacona, Goa; Bekal, Kerala; Faridabad, Haryana; and Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh).<ref name=":17" />

==== Mykonos ====
Mykonos, located in South Delhi near Qutub Minar, is a business that includes a guest house, spa, and gym.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utopia-asia.com/delsaun.htm|title=Delhi / New Delhi Gay Saunas and Bathhouse Information in National Capital Territory, India by Utopia Asia|website=utopia-asia.com|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Q Café was also located on the rooftop of Mykonos, although it is now closed.<ref name=":2" /> Described on its own and travel websites as a "men’s spa," Mykonos caters towards men.<ref name=":18" /> The rainbow background of its sign and—visible in a photo on the website—and events listed on the website make clear that the venue caters to queer and lgbtqia+ people, and predominately to gay men.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mykonosdelhi.com/|title=Mykonos|publisher=Mykonos Spa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203225519/http://www.mykonosdelhi.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The spa's website does not make clear whether, or to what extent, women are welcome and if women wishing to use the spa—steam room, dry sauna, Jacuzzi tub, and gym—would be turned away.<ref name=":19" /> Guests should also note that there is no official information on what the norms of behavior—social and sexual—are at Mykonos. Particularly, it is not clear to what extent safe sex practices—such as always using condoms—are the norm at Mykonos.

=== Notable queer and LGBTQIA+ figures in India (in alphabetical order by surname) ===

==== Dutee Chand ====
[[Dutee Chand]], an Indian sprinter already famous for her speed, received an extra dose of attention in 2019 following her announcement that she was in a relationship with a woman from her home village in Odisha, India.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/10/no-one-can-live-without-love-athlete-dutee-chand-indias-lgbt-trailblazer|title='No one can live without love': athlete Dutee Chand, India's LGBT trailblazer|last=Dhillon|first=Amrit|date=2019-06-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-06|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Although she specifically noted to news media that she does not use any label like "gay" to describe herself, Chand has been labeled as India's first openly gay athlete by a plethora of media sources.<ref name=":20" />

==== Menaka Guruswamy and Arundhati Katju ====
[[Menaka Guruswamy]] and [[Arundhati Katju]] are two lawyers who worked together on the final hearing before the supreme regarding IPC 377.<ref name=":21">{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567711/arundhati-katju-menaka-guruswamy/|title=Arundhati Katju and Menaka Guruswamy: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019|last=Chopra|first=Priyanka|magazine=TIME|language=en-us|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> After a complex, multi-decade legal battle over the statue, the Indian supreme court read down the statue in 2018<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/lawyers-menaka-guruswamy-arundhati-katju-the-face-of-historic-section-377-verdict-reveal-theyre-a-couple/articleshow/70304218.cms|title=Lawyers Menaka Guruswamy & Arundhati Katju, the face of historic Section 377 verdict, reveal they're a couple|date=2019-07-20|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> and the two women won a place in Time's 2019 list of the 100 most influential people.<ref name=":21" /> The two publicly announced that they are a couple in 2019.<ref name="The Economic Times"/>

==== Ashok Row Kavi ====
Claiming to be the first openly gay man in India, [[Ashok Row Kavi]] is a journalist and activist who founded the well-known, large, and well-funded Humsafar Trust based in Bombay.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/indias-first-and-oldest-gay-activist-uses-a-brand-of-hindutva-to-fight-377/85919/|title=India's first and oldest gay rights activist is also on the extreme right of RSS|last1=Singh|first1=Nandita|last2=Rampal|first2=Nikhil|date=2018-07-21|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Also colloquially awarded the moniker "the mother of gay activism [in India]"<ref name=":22" /> Row Kavi was one of the petitioners who fought against IPC 377.<ref name=":22" /> He is also known for his support for the ruling Hindu nationalist BJP and India's present Prime Minister Narendra Modi.<ref name=":22" />

==== Arvind Narrain ====
Arvind Narrain is a lawyer who, along with several others, founded the Alternative Law Forum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arc-international.net/about/about-arvind-narrain-geneva-director/|title=About Arvind Narrain, Director of Research and Practice|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> He is the co-editor of several books, including Law Like Love<ref name=":3" /> and Because I Have a Voice.<ref name=":11" /> He works on queer and lgbtqia+ rights nationally and internationally.

==== Keshav Suri ====
Keshav Suri is a hotelier and the executive director of The Lalit Suri Hospitality Group Hotels founded by his father, Lalit Suri.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelalit.com/media-coverage/keshav-suri-delhi/|title=Keshav Suri – Delhi|website=thelalit.com|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Openly gay and married to his long-time partner Cyril Feuillbois since June 2018,<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/hotelier-keshav-suri-i-wondered-whether-i-should-marry-a-lesbian-woman-to-make-my-life-easier/articleshow/65731648.cms|title=Hotelier Keshav Suri: I wondered whether I should marry a lesbian woman to make my life easier {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India|last=Kaushik|first=Divya|date=9 September 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Keshav Suri has emerged in recent years as a queer and gay leader both in business practices in India and in corners of queer/lgbtqia+ communities in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/society-news-keshav-suri-september-6th-is-the-freedom-day-for-people-of-the-lgbtq-community/338101|title=Keshav Suri: September 6th Is The Freedom Day For People Of The LGBTQ Community|website=Outlook (India)|date=8 September 2019 |access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

==== Sukhdeep Singh ====
Sukhdeep Singh is the founder and editor of Gaylaxy, an India-focused LGBT online magazine.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/author/sukhdeep/|title=Sukhdeep Singh, Author at Gaylaxy Magazine|website=Gaylaxy Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Singh works as a software engineer.<ref name=":23" /> Singh received the youth leadership award of Sher Vancouver and is also author of several articles on how he conceptualizes the meeting of Sikhism and queerness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straight.com/life/850601/south-asian-lgbt-magazine-founder-sukhdeep-singh-receives-sher-vancouvers-youth|title=South Asian LGBT magazine founder Sukhdeep Singh receives Sher Vancouver's youth leadership award|date=2017-01-04|website=The Georgia Straight|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

==== Laxmi Tripathi ====
[[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi|Laxmi Tripathi]] is a well-known Bombay-based activist who works on transgender rights.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/814182/why-i-chose-to-become-a-hijra-laxmi-in-her-own-words|title=Why I chose to become a hijra: Laxmi in her own words|last=Laxmi|website=Scroll.in|date=17 August 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> She identifies specifically as a hijra.<ref name=":24" /> She is the author of Me Laxmi, me Hijra.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Me hijra, me Laxmi|last1=Tripāṭhī|first1=Lakshmīnārāyaṇa|last2=Raj Rao|first2=R.|last3=Joshi|first3=P. G.|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-945826-4|edition=First|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=904182933}}</ref>

==== Living Smile Vidya ====
[[Living Smile Vidya]] is an author, performance artist, and transgender activist based in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Despair-before-hope/article16448484.ece|title=Despair before hope|last=Rao|first=Subha J.|date=2016-11-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She holds a masters in linguistics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rupapublications.co.in/authors/living-smile-vidya/|title=Living Smile Vidya|website=Rupa Publications|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> She has received awards for her work, including "Best Story" from the Karnataka State Film Award in 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Despair-before-hope/article16448484.ece|title=Despair before hope|last=Rao|first=Subha J.|date=2016-11-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the Charles Wallace scholarship in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/living-smile-vidya-wins-charles-wallace-2013-scholarship/|title=Living Smile Vidya wins Charles Wallace 2013 scholarship|first=Imtiaz|last=Pavel|date=2013-05-06|website=orinam|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Meanwhile, her book, I am Vidya: A Transgender's Journey,<ref>{{Cite book|title=I am Vidya : a transgender's journey|date=2013|publisher=Rupa Publications India|isbn=978-81-291-2398-5|location=New Delhi|oclc=861739626}}</ref> has been translated into seven languages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/vidya-scripts-her-path/article2517305.ece|title=Vidya scripts her path|date=2011-10-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In addition to her publications, she has spoken about her experiences being a "dalit transgender writer"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sanhati.com/excerpted/6051/|title=(Trans)gender and caste lived experience – Transphobia as a form of Brahminism: An Interview of Living Smile Vidya|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> in an interview.

==== Other notable figures ====
Additional notable figures include Gautham Bhan, Ritu Dalmia, Pawan Dhall, [[Hoshang Merchant]], [[A. Revathi]], Chayanika Shah, Giti Thadani, Siddharth Thirmulai Kumar (Chennai's first openly gay amateur tennis player and notable Transgender rights activist), [[Akkai Padmashali]], [[Grace Banu]] [[Vijayarajamallika]].

==Organizations==
There are many organizations in many cities of India, such as Humsafar (Mumbai), Alternative Law Forum (Bangalore), Sangama (Karnataka), Chennai Dost, Orinam.net and [[Nazariya]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/the-latest-to-join-the-movement-for-the-lgbtq-community-are-five-students-of-knc/story-HTDBxybagZf9LoxkTh2YDM.html|title=The latest to join the movement for the LGBTQ+ community are five students of KNC|date=2018-04-11|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en}}</ref> (Delhi NCR) are working for LGBT rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gqindia.com/live-well/content/pride-guide-seven-lgbtq-organisations-you-should-know-about|title=Pride guide: 7 LGBTQ organisations you should know about|website=GQ India}}</ref> There are also organisations which function nationwide like Human Rights India and Gaysi. Many of these organizations operate in a very informal way and locally funded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangama.org/node/10|title=Queer Groups in India & Abroad|accessdate=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140714185459/http://sangama.org/node/10|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In Kerala, organizations like [[Queerala]] and Queerythm gave a new face to LGBT rights. Apart from Non governmental organization's and Community based organisation's LGBTQIA+ student movements which are registered under the government of India are Srishti Madurai a student volunteer LGBTQIA and [[Genderqueer]] movement based at Madurai.<ref name="One Who Fights For an Other"/> In June 2016, a platform named [Amour | amour.lgbtq.co.in] is launched in India to help LGBTIQ community members find long term companions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-now-a-dating-platform-for-lgbt-community-2236832|title=Now, a dating platform for LGBT community|last=Sawant|first=Anagha|date=22 July 2016|website=dnaindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}
{{LGBTcultureworldwide}}
{{Asia topic|LGBT culture in}}

[[Category:LGBTQ culture in India| ]]

Pre-collisional Himalaya

2026-03-25T11:36:25Z

DongXqz408: new new details initial version.

[[File:Hymalayas 86.15103E 31.99726N.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite image of the Himalayas]]
[[File:Himalaya tectonostratigraphic zones for Wiki.jpg|thumb|right|Spatial arrangement of the Himalayan tectonostratigraphic zones. Modified from N.R. McKenzie et al 2011<ref name="McKenzie 471–483">{{Cite journal|last1=McKenzie|first1=N. Ryan|last2=Hughes|first2=Nigel C.|last3=Myrow|first3=Paul M.|last4=Xiao|first4=Shuhai|last5=Sharma|first5=Mukund|date=2011-12-15|title=Correlation of Precambrian–Cambrian sedimentary successions across northern India and the utility of isotopic signatures of Himalayan lithotectonic zones|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=312|issue=3–4|pages=471–483|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.027|bibcode=2011E&PSL.312..471M}}</ref>]]

'''Pre-collisional Himalaya''' is the arrangement of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] rock units before [[Orogeny|mountain-building process]]es resulted in the collision of [[Asia]] and [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. The collision began in the [[Cenozoic]] and it is a [[Type locality (geology)|type locality]] of a [[Convergent boundary|continental-continental collision]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Yin|first=An|date=2006|title=Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=76|issue=1–2|pages=1–131|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004|bibcode=2006ESRv...76....1Y}}</ref> The reconstruction of the initial configuration of the rock units and the relationship between them is highly controversial, and major concerns relate to the arrangements of the different rock units in three dimensions. Several models have been advanced to explain the possible arrangements and [[petrogenesis]] of the rock units.

== Major rock units in Himalaya ==
{{Further information|Geology of the Himalayas|Geology of Nepal}}

In the Himalaya, the rock units are conventionally divided into four major sections.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Central Himalaya Geological Observations of Swiss|last1=Heim|first1=Arnold|last2=Gansser|first2=Augusto|year=1939|pages=1–246}}</ref> From North to South, they are:
* Tethyan Himalayan sequence
* Greater Himalayan crystalline complex
* [[Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Lesser Himalayan Strata|Lesser Himalayan sequence]]
* Sub-Himalayan sequence
The Tethyan Himalayan sequence, Greater Himalayan crystalline complex, and Lesser Himalayan sequence are grouped together as the North Indian sequence due to the overlapping age from [[Proterozoic]] to [[Phanerozoic]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Brookfield|first=M.E|date=1993|title=The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous times|journal=Sedimentary Geology|volume=84|issue=1–4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1016/0037-0738(93)90042-4|bibcode=1993SedG...84....1B}}</ref> For Pre-collisional Himalaya, only the North Indian Sequence is of concern as the Sub-Himalayan sequence is a rock unit that was deposited at the same time as the India and Asia collision and the resulting mountain-building process.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schelling|first1=Daniel|last2=Arita|first2=Kazunori|date=1991|title=Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening and the structure of the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya|journal=Tectonics|volume=10|issue=5|pages=851–862|doi=10.1029/91tc01011|bibcode=1991Tecto..10..851S}}</ref>

=== Tethyan Himalayan sequence ===
The Tethyan Himalayan sequence is composed of mainly [[siliciclastic]] and [[Carbonate rock|carbonate sedimentary rocks]] deposited from 1840 Ma to 40 Ma. These are [[Interbedding|inter-bedded]] with [[volcanic rock]]s of [[Paleozoic]] and [[Mesozoic]] age.<ref name=":0" /> This sequence is divided into several sub-units due to the different [[Facies|lithofacies]] present in the sequence. The lithofacies of the rocks are a result of the shift in the [[depositional environment]]. Specific to this sequence, the [[Carboniferous]] to [[Jurassic]] rifting event was the cause of the changing depositional environment. In particular, the rifting event initiated the opening of the [[Tethys Ocean]] during which the [[Cimmerian Plate]] travelled north and moved away from [[Gondwana]].<ref name=":1" /> The boundary and age between the several sub-units are poorly constrained,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yin|first1=An|last2=Harrison|first2=T. Mark|date=2000|title=Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan- Tibetan Orogen|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|volume=28|pages=211–280|doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211|bibcode=2000AREPS..28..211Y|s2cid=129522844}}</ref> yet the whole sequence is generally considered to have first developed in [[Neoproterozoic]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Frank|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Grasemann|first2=Bernhard|last3=Guntli|first3=Peter|last4=Miller|first4=Christine|date=1995|title=Geological Map of the Kishtwar- Chamba- Kulu Region (NW Himalayas, India)|journal=Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt|volume=138|pages=299–308|issn=0016-7800}}</ref> The 1840 Ma of the rocks was determined by [[rubidium–strontium dating]] of the Baragoan [[gneiss]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=C.|last2=Thöni|first2=M.|last3=Frank|first3=W.|last4=Grasemann|first4=B.|last5=Klötzli|first5=U.|last6=Guntli|first6=P.|last7=Draganits|first7=E.|date=2001-05-01|title=The early Palaeozoic magmatic event in the Northwest Himalaya, India: source, tectonic setting and age of emplacement|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/the-early-palaeozoic-magmatic-event-in-the-northwest-himalaya-india-source-tectonic-setting-and-age-of-emplacement/740A465CBCB3B5DCD03857C17E78E754|journal=Geological Magazine|volume=138|issue=3|pages=237–251|doi=10.1017/S0016756801005283|issn=1469-5081|bibcode=2001GeoM..138..237M|s2cid=131287725|url-access=subscription}}</ref> however some have allocated the gneiss into the Lesser Himalayan Sequence instead.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pandey|first1=A.K.|last2=Virdi|first2=N.S.|date=2003|title=Microstructural and fluid inclusion constraints on the evolution of Jakhri thrust zone in the Satluj valley of NW Himalaya.|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14870312|journal=Current Science|volume=84|issue=10|pages=1355–1364|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122224513/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14870312|archive-date=2016-11-22}}</ref>

=== Greater Himalayan crystalline complex ===
Generally, the Greater Himalayan crystalline complex is a belt of high-grade [[metamorphic rock]]s that extends along the east-trending length of the Himalayan range.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=DiPietro|first1=Joseph A.|last2=Pogue|first2=Kevin R.|date=2004|title=Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the Himalaya: A view from the west|journal=Tectonics|volume=23|issue=5 |pages=TC5001|doi=10.1029/2003TC001554|bibcode=2004Tecto..23.5001D|s2cid=129138752 }}</ref> It contains [[leucogranite]]s interspersed throughout the entire complex, and they are early to middle [[Miocene]] of age.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Le Fort|first=Patrick|date=1975|title=Himalayas: The Collided Range. Present Knowledge of The Continental Arc|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=275-A|pages=1–44}}</ref> The complex is sandwiched by two major faults, with the [[Main Central Thrust]] in the south and the [[South Tibetan Detachment]] to the North. Additionally, the Tethyan Himalayan sequence overlies the complex. The estimated age of the complex ranges from 1800 Ma to 480 Ma, however these ages are poorly constrained.<ref name="McKenzie 471–483" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=DeCelles|first1=P. G.|last2=Gehrels|first2=G. E.|last3=Najman|first3=Y.|last4=Martin|first4=A. J.|last5=Carter|first5=A.|last6=Garzanti|first6=E.|date=2004-11-15|title=Detrital geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous–Early Miocene strata of Nepal: implications for timing and diachroneity of initial Himalayan orogenesis|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=227|issue=3–4|pages=313–330|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.019|bibcode=2004E&PSL.227..313D}}</ref> From bottom to top, the [[Metamorphism|metamorphic grade]] of the complex first increases up section, it is then reversed, with the metamorphic grade decreasing up section. The transition occurs between the middle and top portions of the complex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hubbard|first1=Mary S.|last2=Harrison|first2=T. Mark|date=1989|title=40Ar/39Ar age constraints on deformation and metamorphism in the main central thrust zone and Tibetan slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya|journal=Tectonics|volume=8|issue=4|pages=865|bibcode=1989Tecto...8..865H|doi=10.1029/TC008i004p00865}}</ref> In addition, inverted metamorphism appears at Central Nepal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arita|first=Kazunori|date=1983|title=Origin of the inverted metamorphism of the lower Himalayas, Central Nepal|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=95|issue=1–2|pages=43–60|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(83)90258-5|bibcode=1983Tectp..95...43A}}</ref>

=== Lesser Himalayan sequence ===
The Lesser Himalayan sequence is characterized by low-grade meta-sedimentary rocks,<ref name=":2" /> metavolcanic rocks and [[Gneiss|augen gneiss]]. The majority of the sequence is marine deposits, however, most of the sequence does not contain any fossils; only in rare instances will a formation contain fossils. Major formations of the sequence include the Tal Formation, Gondwana Strata, Singtali Formation, and Subathu Formation. The entire sequence has an age range of 1870 Ma to 520 Ma.<ref name=":3" /> In North West India, the sequence is overlain by the [[Cambrian]] strata,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brunel|first1=M.|last2=D'Albissin|first2=M. Chaye|last3=Locquin|first3=M.|date=1985|title=The Cambrian Age of Magnesites from E. Nepal as Determined through the Discovery of Paleo Basidiospores|journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India|volume=26|issue=4}}</ref> while in [[Pakistan]], Cambrian or [[Carboniferous]] strata from the Tibetan Himalaya sequence overlays the [[Mesoproterozoic|Mesoproterozic]] strata of the Lower Himalayan sequence.<ref name=":4" />

== Concepts ==
[[File:Reconstruction of Pre-tectonic Himalaya models.png|thumb|Models on the reconstruction of Pre-tectonic Himalaya (curly arrows represents the direction of sedimentation), modified from Yin (2006),<ref name=":0" /> Myrow (2003),<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Myrow|first1=P.M.|last2=Hughes|first2=N.C.|last3=Paulsen|first3=T.S.|last4=Williams|first4=I.S.|last5=Parcha|first5=S.K.|last6=Thompson|first6=K.R.|last7=Bowing|first7=S.A.|last8=Peng|first8=S.-C.|last9=Ahluwalia|first9=A.D.|date=2003|title=Integrated tectonostratigraphic analysis of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=212|issue=3–4|pages=433–441|doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00280-2|bibcode=2003E&PSL.212..433M|citeseerx=10.1.1.526.4758}}</ref> DeCelles (2000)<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=DeCelles|first1=P.G.|last2=Gehrels|first2=G.E.|last3=Quade|first3=J.|last4=LaReau|first4=B.|last5=Spurlin|first5=M.|date=2000|title=Tectonic Implications of U-Pb Zircon Ages of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt in Nepal|journal=Science|volume=288|issue=5465|pages=497–499|doi=10.1126/science.288.5465.497|pmid=10775105|bibcode=2000Sci...288..497D}}</ref>|705x705px]]
The initial configuration of pre-collisional Himalaya can be expressed in the four following models:<ref name=":0" />
* Passive continental margin model
* Crystalline axis model
* Accreted terrane model
* Carboniferous-extension model

=== Passive continental margin model ===
==== Background ====
This model is a single margin model. Here, the North Indian sequence was deposited on a continental margin of northern India that was facing north. The units in the North Indian sequence represents the same set of sediments, but became distinct, since nearshore and offshore conditions changes the characteristics of the rock units during deposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Corfield|first1=R. I.|last2=Searle|first2=M. P.|date=2000-01-01|title=Crustal shortening estimates across the north Indian continental margin, Ladakh, NW India|url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/170/1/395|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|language=en|volume=170|issue=1|pages=395–410|doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.21|issn=0305-8719|bibcode=2000GSLSP.170..395C|s2cid=128483822|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frank|first1=W.|last2=Hoinkes|first2=G.|last3=Miller|first3=Christine|last4=Purtscheller|first4=F.|last5=Richter|first5=W.|last6=Thöni|first6=M.|title=Relations between metamorphism and orogeny in a typical section of the Indian Himalayas|journal=Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen|language=en|volume=20|issue=4|pages=303–332|doi=10.1007/BF01081339|issn=0369-1497|year=1973|bibcode=1973TMPM...20..303F}}</ref>

==== Predictions ====
This model predicts that all three units–namely, the Lesser Himalayan, Greater Himalayan, and Tethyan Himalayan–must have a nearly identical depositional age and depositional setting, and are derived from similar sources. Immediately, primary evidence from [[Detrital zircon geochronology|detrital zircon ages]], [[paleocurrent]] recorded in the units, and animal similarities supports these predictions.<ref name=":6" /> Firstly, the detrital zircon data for the Lesser Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya sequence yield similar age spectra when similar aged samples were used. Furthermore, when [[samarium–neodymium dating]] of the entire North Indian sequence was made, significant overlap of Nd isotopic signatures between the different rocks units indicates a sharing of similar sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Whittington|first1=Alan|last2=Foster|first2=Gavin|last3=Harris|first3=Nigel|last4=Vance|first4=Derek|last5=Ayres |first5=Michael|date=1999-07-01|title=Lithostratigraphic correlations in the western Himalaya—An isotopic approach|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=27|issue=7|pages=585–588|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0585:LCITWH>2.3.CO;2|issn=0091-7613 |bibcode=1999Geo....27..585W}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=T.|last2=Harris|first2=N.|last3=Bickle|first3=M.|last4=Chapman|first4=H.|last5=Bunbury|first5=J.|last6=Prince|first6=C.|title=Isotopic constraints on the structural relationships between the Lesser Himalayan Series and the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, Garhwal Himalaya|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|volume=112|issue=3|pages=467–477|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<467:icotsr>2.0.co;2|year=2000|bibcode=2000GSAB..112..467A}}</ref>

Secondly, the paleocurrent data orientated from south-south west to north-north east is common to both Lesser Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya, more specifically in the Tal Group and Kunzam La Formation, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ganesan|first=T. M.|date=1975-12-01|title=Palaeocurrent Pattern in the Upper Tal Rocks of Nigali, Korgai Synclines (H.P.) & Mussoorie Syncline (U.P.)|url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/63499|journal=Geological Society of India|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=503–507|issn=0974-6889}}</ref> Moreover, the [[lithology]] of the two sequences connotes a [[fluvial]] depositional setting and the lithofacies of the rocks strongly supports the idea that the Lesser Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya represent nearshore and offshore portions of a continental margin.<ref name=":6" /> Finally, both sequences contain the same [[Cambrian|Early Cambrian]] equatorial [[trilobite]] species, reinforcing the likelihood of the passive continental margin model.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Nigel C.|last2=Jell|first2=Peter A.|date=1999-02-01|title=Biostratigraphy and biogeography of Himalayan Cambrian trilobites|journal=Geological Society of America Special Papers|language=en|volume=328|pages=109–116|doi=10.1130/0-8137-2328-0.109|issn=0072-1077|isbn=978-0-8137-2328-0}}</ref>

Additionally, it is proposed that the [[protolith]] of the Greater Himalaya may have been [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] in nature and correlate with the Lesser and Tethyan Himalayan sequences.<ref name=":7" /> Although precise matching of the ancient stratigraphy of the Greater Himalaya with the other zones is not possible, the Greater Himalayan sequence shares correlative strata with Neoproterozoic to Cambrian age rocks in Tethyan Himalaya. Similar transition from siliciclastic rocks to carbonates occurs in both sequences in strata of similar ages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Garzanti|first1=Eduardo|last2=Casnedi|first2=Raffaele|last3=Jadoul|first3=Flavio|date=1986-07-01|title=Sedimentary evidence of a Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event in the northwestern Himalaya|journal=Sedimentary Geology|volume=48|issue=3|pages=237–265|doi=10.1016/0037-0738(86)90032-1|bibcode=1986SedG...48..237G}}</ref> In spite of the metamorphic grade of Greater Himalaya, the protolith lithology is nevertheless similar to the other zones and possibly shares the same depositional setting.

==== Problems ====
Brookfield opposes the model by explaining that in the Lesser Himalaya, thick and well developed strata, younger than [[Precambrian]] of age, are absent, while it is very well preserved in Tethyan Himalaya.<ref name=":1" /> DeCelles et al. also demonstrated that this model fails to explain the relationship of Greater Himalaya and Lesser Himalaya, along the main central thrust in [[Nepal]].<ref name=":5" /> In addition, Spencer et al. achieved contrasting results in the εNd values, revealing a more negative value in Lesser Himalaya compared to both the Greater Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya, suggesting different sources amongst the sequences. The latter two have values that resemble the [[Arabian-Nubian Shield|Arabian Shield]] and Eastern [[Antarctica]], which conflict with the [[Indian Shield]] source that composes Lesser Himalaya.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Spencer|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Harris|first2=Ron A.|last3=Sachan|first3=Himanshu Kumar|last4=Saxena|first4=Anubhooti|date=2011-05-25|title=Depositional provenance of the Greater Himalayan Sequence, Garhwal Himalaya, India: Implications for tectonic setting|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|volume=41|issue=3|pages=344–354|doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.02.001|bibcode=2011JAESc..41..344S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Imayama|first1=Takeshi|last2=Arita|first2=Kazunori|date=2008-04-28|title=Nd isotopic data reveal the material and tectonic nature of the Main Central Thrust zone in Nepal Himalaya|journal=Tectonophysics|series=Asia out of Tethys: Geochronologic, Tectonic and Sedimentary Records|volume=451|issue=1–4|pages=265–281|doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.051|bibcode=2008Tectp.451..265I}}</ref>
[[File:Tectonic Evolution of the Passive Continental Margin Model.png|center|thumb|Tectonic evolution of the passive continental margin model|715x715px]]

=== Crystalline axis model ===
==== Background ====
This model posits that the Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya were deposited in distinct basins that are separated by the Greater Himalaya complex.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Saxena|first=M.N.|date=1971|title=The Crystalline Axis of the Himalaya: The Indian Shield and Continental Drift|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=12|issue=6|pages=433–447|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(71)90044-8|bibcode=1971Tectp..12..433S}}</ref>

==== Problems ====
Results of the zircon ages and possible protolith lithologies and their corresponding first-order similarities between the rock units from Myrow et al. have generally discredited this model.<ref name=":6" /> To begin with, the Greater Himalaya yields younger detrital zircon ages than that of Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya, which makes it very unlikely for Greater Himalaya to be a topographic high that separates two depositional basins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parrish|first1=Randall R.|last2=Hodges|first2=V.|date=1996-07-01|title=Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|language=en|volume=108|issue=7|pages=904–911|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0904:icotaa>2.3.co;2|issn=0016-7606|bibcode=1996GSAB..108..904P}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aharon|first1=Paul|last2=Schidlowski|first2=Manfred|last3=Singh|first3=Indra B.|date=1987-06-25|title=Chronostratigraphic markers in the end-Precambrian carbon isotope record of the Lesser Himalaya|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=327|issue=6124|pages=699–702|doi=10.1038/327699a0|bibcode=1987Natur.327..699A|s2cid=4354472}}</ref> All the evidence that supports the passive margin model is also problematic for this model, since the strong paleontological, lithological, and sedimentological relationships between Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya basically rejects the connotation that they were once separated. Missing [[Suture (geology)|suture zone]] rocks in the Main Central Thrust also makes it difficult to explain this model.<ref name=":6" />

=== Accreted terrane model ===
==== Background ====
In this model, Lesser and Greater Himalaya were developed in separate areas during Precambrian to Cambrian, and soon after in late Cambrian to [[Ordovician|Early Ordovician]]. Greater Himalaya accreted as an exotic terrane into the Northern India margin and came into contact with Lesser Himalaya. Tethyan Himalaya was later deposited on top of Greater Himalaya as an overlying sequence.<ref name=":5" />

==== Predictions ====
This reconstruction predicts that the Greater Himalaya thrust over Lesser Himalayan rocks during the early Paleozoic. As such. it is able to more successfully explain the age relationship between the strata across the main central thrust.<ref name=":0" /> Other models would require greater slip along the main central thrust during the Cenozoic orogeny to achieve the present stratigraphical arrangement. Deformation produced by Paleozoic tectonics may have been overprinted by the Cenozoic reactivation of the main central thrust, which result in the lack of old suture zone rocks. Moreover, aligned with this model, sediments in northern India have experienced a transition from [[turbidite]]s to syn-collision sediments in Cambrian to Ordovician.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pogue|first1=Kevin R.|last2=Hylland|first2=Michael D.|last3=Yeats|first3=Robert S.|last4=Khattak|first4=Wali Ullah|last5=Hussain|first5=Ahmad|date=1999-02-01|title=Stratigraphic and structural framework of Himalayan foothills, northern Pakistan|journal=Geological Society of America Special Papers|language=en|volume=328|pages=257–274|doi=10.1130/0-8137-2328-0.257|issn=0072-1077|isbn=978-0-8137-2328-0}}</ref> Additional evidence with regard to isotopic signatures and detrital zircon ages may also increase the credibility of this model.<ref name=":9" /> Further investigation is required to support more predictions of this model, since metamorphism of the Greater Himalayan strata in the early Paleozoic, and Cambrian to Ordovician syn-tectonic sediments in Tethyan Himalaya, are lacking.<ref name=":5" />

==== Problems ====
This model fails to reconcile with detrital zircon ages, and paleontological evidence with respect to the similarities between Tethyan and Lesser Himalaya. Similar to the crystalline axis model, this model faces the same challenges with respect to the evidence that supports the passive margin model. Trilobite fauna, paleocurrent and lithological similarities would be unlikely if the rock units were formed in separate terranes as explained by Myrow et al.<ref name=":6" /> Earlier predictions<ref name=":5" /> that suggest a thrust/ shortening event in Tethyan Himalaya in the early Paleozoic, and the simultaneous formation of granitic intrusions under the sequence, were also undermined by the apparent rifting isotopic signatures in the granites.<ref name=":8" />
[[File:Accreted Terrane Model.gif|center|thumb|Tectonic Evolution of the Accreted Terrane Model, Grey= Oceanic Plate, Blue= Lesser Himalaya, Pink= Greater Himalaya, Green= Tethyan Himalaya (MBT= [[Main Boundary Thrust]], MCT= [[Main Central Thrust]], STD= [[South Tibetan Detachment]])|635x635px]]

=== Carboniferous-extension model ===
==== Background ====
This model illustrates that in Carboniferous, due to possible [[rift]]ing,<ref name=":1" /> the Lesser and Greater Himalaya were separated by a north-dipping [[Fault (geology)|normal fault]]. In this reconstruction, the former is the footwall and the latter is the hanging wall.

==== Predictions ====
This model explains the apparent missing lower Paleozoic strata in Lesser Himalaya due to footwall uplift and erosion, and provides a possible solution to the age relationship across the main central thrust by the reactivation of this ancient normal fault.<ref name=":0" />

==== Problems ====
Vannay et al. explains that the missing strata in Lesser Himalaya could be a result of glaciation in late Carboniferous.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vannay|first1=Jean-Claude|last2=Steck|first2=Albrecht|date=1995-04-01|title=Tectonic evolution of the High Himalaya in Upper Lahul (NW Himalaya, India)|journal=Tectonics|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=253–263|doi=10.1029/94TC02455|issn=1944-9194|bibcode=1995Tecto..14..253V}}</ref> Similar to the passive margin model, this model also implies that all the zones within the North Indian sequence share the same source; however, the εNd value and detrital zircon ages are currently controversial and may not favor this interpretation.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yoshida|first1=Masaru|last2=Upreti|first2=Bishal N.|date=2006-11-01|title=Neoproterozoic India within East Gondwana: Constraints from recent geochronologic data from Himalaya|journal=Gondwana Research|volume=10|issue=3–4|pages=349–356|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2006.04.011|bibcode=2006GondR..10..349Y}}</ref>[[File:Carboniferous model.jpg|center|thumb|Evolution of the Carboniferous-extension model, modified from Yin (2006).<ref name=":0" /> Age abbreviations: M. Prot- Mesoproterozoic, D- Devonian, C- Carboniferous, P- Permian, K- Cretaceous.|722x722px]]

== Model comparison ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
! colspan="5" |Predictions<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10" />
|-
!Models
!Same source
!Older Greater Himalaya
!Early Paleozoic tectonics
!Current age relationships along the Main Central Thrust
!Rifting in Carboniferous
|-
|Passive Continental Margin Model
|✔
|'''×'''
|'''×'''
|'''×'''
|'''×'''
|-
|Crystalline Axis Model
|'''×'''
|✔
|'''×'''
|'''×'''
|'''×'''
|-
|Accreted Terrane Model
|'''×'''
|'''×'''
|✔
|✔
|'''×'''
|-
|Carboniferous- extension Model
|✔
|'''×'''
|'''×'''
|✔
|✔
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Asia|Geology}}
* [[Geology of Nepal]]
* [[Geology of the Himalaya]]
* [[Main Central Thrust]]
* [[South Tibetan Detachment]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|last1=DeCelles|first1=P. G.|title=Tectonic Implications of U-Pb Zircon Ages of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt in Nepal|journal=Science|date=2000|volume=288|issue=5465|pages=497–499|doi=10.1126/science.288.5465.497|pmid=10775105|bibcode=2000Sci...288..497D}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Myrow|first1=P. M.|last2=Hughes|first2=N. C.|last3=Paulsen|first3=T. S.|last4=Williams|first4=I. S.|last5=Parcha|first5=S. K.|last6=Thompson|first6=K. R.|last7=Bowring|first7=S. A.|last8=Peng|first8=S.-C.|last9=Ahluwalia|first9=A. D.|title=Integrated tectonostratigraphic analysis of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|date=2003|volume=212|issue=3–4|pages=433–441|doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00280-2|bibcode=2003E&PSL.212..433M|citeseerx=10.1.1.526.4758}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Yin|first1=A.|title=Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|date=2006|volume=76|issue=1–2|pages=1–131|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004|bibcode=2006ESRv...76....1Y}}

[[Category:Geology of the Himalaya]]
[[Category:Cenozoic geology of Asia]]
[[Category:Paleogene Asia]]
[[Category:Neogene Asia]]
[[Category:Cenozoic China]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Geology of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geology of Tibet]]

Aamir Khan

2026-03-21T19:06:12Z

DongXqz408: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian actor and filmmaker (born 1965)}}
{{For|other people with a similar name|Amir Khan (disambiguation){{!}}Amir Khan}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aamir Khan
| image = Aamir Khan at the success bash of Secret Superstar.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Khan in 2018
| birth_name = Aamir Hussain Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|03|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| education = [[Narsee Monjee College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|filmmaker}}
| years_active = 1973–present
| organization = {{Ubl | [[Paani Foundation]] | Aamir Khan Productions}}
| works = [[Aamir Khan filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Reena Dutta|18 April 1986|2002|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Kiran Rao]]|28 December 2005|3 July 2021|reason=divorced}}}}
| partner =
| children = 3, including [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]]
| father = [[Tahir Hussain]]
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film families#Khan–Hussain family (of Nasir Hussain)|Khan–Hussain family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Aamir Khan|Full list]]
| honours = {{ubl|[[Padma Shri]] (2003)|[[Padma Bhushan]] (2010)}}
| website = 
}}

'''Aamir Hussain Khan'''{{Efn|While Khan has referred to his full name as '''Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan''',<ref name="Swarup">{{cite magazine |last=Swarup |first=Shubhangi |date=29 January 2011 |title=My Name is Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/my-name-is-mohammed-aamir-hussain-khan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091825/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/my-name-is-mohammed-aamir-hussain-khan |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 February 2014 |magazine=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |quote=My full name is Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan. A lot of Muslims keep Mohammed as a first name after the Prophet.}}</ref> his legal name as per business filings of his production company omits Mohammed. Wikipedia uses legal name for introduction.}} ({{IPA|hns|ˈaːmɪr xaːn|pron}}; born 14 March 1965) is an Indian actor, filmmaker, and television personality who works in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]]. Referred to as "Mr. Perfectionist" in the media,<ref>{{Cite web |title=mr perfectionist aamir khan doesnt believe in perfection shares how got the title |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mr-perfectionist-aamir-khan-doesnt-believe-in-perfection-shares-how-got-the-title-420406 |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516130736/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mr-perfectionist-aamir-khan-doesnt-believe-in-perfection-shares-how-got-the-title-420406 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=Aamir Khan Birthday: Why 'Mr. Perfectionist' has delivered more hits than other Khans in the past decade? |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-aamir-khan-birthday-why-mr-perfectionist-has-delivered-more-hits-than-other-khans-in-the-past-decade-secret-superstar-laal-singh-chaddha-dangal-225856 |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=Zee Business |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114012448/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-aamir-khan-birthday-why-mr-perfectionist-has-delivered-more-hits-than-other-khans-in-the-past-decade-secret-superstar-laal-singh-chaddha-dangal-225856 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir Khan Turns 58: A Look At Actor's Most Unconventional Roles - The Perfectionist Of Bollywood |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aamir-khan-turns-58-a-look-at-actors-most-unconventional-roles/the-perfectionist-of-bollywood/slideshow/98626875.cms |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513153439/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aamir-khan-turns-58-a-look-at-actors-most-unconventional-roles/the-perfectionist-of-bollywood/slideshow/98626875.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2023 |title=The real Aamir Khan: How Bollywood's Mr Perfectionist remained relevant for 35 years in ever-changing India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-mr-perfectionist-remained-relevant-for-35-years-8582549/ |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730152850/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-mr-perfectionist-remained-relevant-for-35-years-8582549/ |url-status=live }}</ref> through [[Aamir Khan filmography|his career]] spanning over 30 years, Khan has established himself as one of the most notable actors of Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd11.htm|title=Readers' Picks: Top Bollywood Actors|date=17 August 2006|publisher=Rediff|access-date=26 January 2010|archive-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128103904/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd11.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/08sld11.htm|title=Powerlist: Top Bollywood Actors|date=8 August 2006|publisher=Rediff|access-date=26 January 2010|archive-date=24 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224044036/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/08sld11.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Aamir Khan|numerous awards]], including nine [[Filmfare Awards]], four [[National Film Awards]], and an [[AACTA Award]]. He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Padma Shri]] in 2003 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2010,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> and received an honorary title from the [[Government of China]] in 2017.<ref name="afternoondc" />

Aamir Khan first appeared on screen as a child actor in his uncle [[Nasir Hussain]]'s film ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973). As an adult, his first feature film role was in ''[[Holi (1984 film)|Holi]]'' (1984). He began a full-time acting career with a leading role in ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' (1988). His performance in {{lang|hi-latn|[[Raakh]]}} (1989) earned him recognition the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]] category. He established himself as a leading actor in the 1990s by appearing in a number of commercially successful films, including ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' (1990), ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'' (1995), ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' (1996) for which he won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]], and ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/30aamir.htm|title=I become the audience|author=Press Trust India|date=30 November 2000|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=26 January 2010|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141057/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/30aamir.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, he founded Aamir Khan [[Filmmaking|Productions]], whose first film, ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001), was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], and earned him a [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|National Film Award for Best Popular Film]] and two more Filmfare Awards (Best Actor and [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]). His next ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001) was a critical and commercial success. After a four-year hiatus, Khan returned to appear in leading roles, notably in ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) and ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006). He made his directorial debut with {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Taare Zameen Par]]}} (2007), which won him the Filmfare Awards for Best Film and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. Khan's biggest commercial successes came with ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2008), ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013), ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014), and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016), each having held the record for being the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malvania |first1=Urvi |last2=Narasimhan |first2=T. E. |title=Baahubali 2 beats PK's lifetime collection, becomes India's top-earner |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/baahubali-2-beats-pk-s-lifetime-collection-becomes-india-s-top-earner-117050600034_1.html |access-date=1 January 2023 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=6 May 2017 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117201950/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/baahubali-2-beats-pk-s-lifetime-collection-becomes-india-s-top-earner-117050600034_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn| ''[[Box Office India]]'' reported that the collection was ₹2,024 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Worldwide Figures – All Formats And Hindi |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4396 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091327/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4396 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' mentioned that the film grossed more than ₹2,200 crore.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's Secret Superstar earns seven times more money in China in 1 week than what it did in India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-s-secret-superstar-earns-seven-times-more-money-in-china-in-1-week-than-what-it-did-in-india/story-vxL1FtqQNNdHBty9BSVRQM.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 January 2018|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927222148/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-s-secret-superstar-earns-seven-times-more-money-in-china-in-1-week-than-what-it-did-in-india/story-vxL1FtqQNNdHBty9BSVRQM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Baahubali 2' to open on more than 7,000 screens in China|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern-cinema/baahubali-2-open-7000-screens-china-1502630878.html|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=3 May 2018|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629104108/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern-cinema/baahubali-2-open-7000-screens-china-1502630878.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All time box office revenue of the highest grossing Bollywood movies worldwide|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/282411/bollywood-highest-grossing-movies-worldwide/|website=[[Statista]]|date=December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009175658/http://www.statista.com/statistics/282411/bollywood-highest-grossing-movies-worldwide/|archive-date=9 October 2018|access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>}} Khan won his third Best Actor award at Filmfare for ''Dangal''.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |title = 62nd Filmfare Awards 2017: Winners' list |work = The Times of India |date = 15 January 2017 |access-date = 15 January 2017 |archive-date = 14 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170114235906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |url-status = live }}</ref>

He has a large following, especially in India and [[China]], and has been described by ''[[Newsweek]]'' as "the most bankable movie star in the world".<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan is the biggest movie star on the planet—and a woke feminist, too|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bollywood-icon-aamir-khan-secret-superstar-worldwide-success-dangal-and-688775|work=[[Newsweek]]|date=19 October 2017|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906224107/https://www.newsweek.com/bollywood-icon-aamir-khan-secret-superstar-worldwide-success-dangal-and-688775|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/03/if-secret-superstar-hits-big-aamir-khan-will-own-the-title-worlds-biggest-movie-star/ |title=Success By 'Secret Superstar' Could Give Aamir Khan The Title Of The World's Biggest Movie Star |work=[[Forbes]] |date=3 October 2017 |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231065410/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/03/if-secret-superstar-hits-big-aamir-khan-will-own-the-title-worlds-biggest-movie-star/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres-why-aamir-khan-is-arguably-the-worlds-biggest-movie-star-part-2/ |title=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812212619/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres-why-aamir-khan-is-arguably-the-worlds-biggest-movie-star-part-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He has been regularly listed among ''[[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]]'' of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/aamir-khan/|title=The Muslim 500: Aamir-Khan|date=28 May 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929203039/https://themuslim500.com/profiles/aamir-khan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-Indians-among-worlds-influential-Muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms|title=Times of India on 22 most influential Muslims in India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 October 2015|language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528174422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-Indians-among-worlds-influential-Muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also created and hosted the television talk show ''[[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|Satyamev Jayate]]''. His work as a social reformer earned him an appearance on the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] list of most influential people in the world in 2013.<ref name="time"/>

== Early life and background ==
Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan was born on 14 March 1965 in [[Bombay]] to [[Tahir Hussain]], a film producer, and Zeenat Hussain.<ref name="Swarup"/><ref name="KaminskyPh.D.2011">{{cite book|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long PhD|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA407|date=30 September 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37463-0|pages=407–408}}</ref> He is the second of four siblings; he has a younger brother—[[Faisal Khan]]—and two sisters, Farhat and [[Nikhat Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Azad has Aamir's mannerisms, says Aamir's sister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Azad-has-Aamirs-mannerisms-says-Aamirs-sister/articleshow/15326025.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 August 2012 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316023751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Azad-has-Aamirs-mannerisms-says-Aamirs-sister/articleshow/15326025.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir's family condemns father, Faisal |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/02aamir.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=2 November 2007 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117205938/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/02aamir.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aamir's life in pics |work=NDTVMovies.com |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/aamir-khan-is-maharashtrian-of-the-year-7023/slide/5 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060214/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/aamir-khan-is-maharashtrian-of-the-year-7023/slide/5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

His family has roots from [[Herat]] in [[Afghanistan]];<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khans in Bollywood: Afghan traces their Pathan roots |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/khans-bollywood-afghan-traces-their-2415486 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |date=4 May 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105050432/https://www.deccanherald.com/world/khans-bollywood-afghan-traces-their-2415486 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2008 |title=Aamir Khan's roots can be traced to Afghanistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/aamir-khans-roots-can-be-traced-to-afghanistan/articleshow/3534660.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104225354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/aamir-khans-roots-can-be-traced-to-afghanistan/articleshow/3534660.cms |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Khan's paternal grandfather was a schoolteacher from a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] [[zamindar]] background, while his paternal grandmother was an [[Arabs|Arab]] tracing her roots to [[Jeddah]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] and a niece of [[Maulana Azad|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manwani |first=Akshay |title=Music, masti, modernity: the cinema of Nasir Husain |date=2016 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5264-097-3 |edition=First published in India |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India |quote=Jaffar Husain was a Pathan and belonged to a family of zamindars, albeit of modest landholdings, settled in Shahabad (...) Aamna, Husain's mother, was of Arab ancestry. Her forefathers originally hailed from Jeddah before successive generations found their way to Calcutta, finally settling in Bhopal (...) his maternal grandmother, Fatima Begum, was a well-educated woman and was appointed the inspector of schools by nawaab of Bhopal. This lady's brother was the well-known freedom fighter and scholar Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.}}</ref> Khan has expressed his wish to make a movie about [[Maulana Azad]].<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2014 |title=Dream to make a film on Maulana Azad: Aamir Khan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dream-to-make-a-film-on-maulana-azad-aamir-khan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502054359/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dream-to-make-a-film-on-maulana-azad-aamir-khan/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=2 February 2015 |work=IE Staff |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 February 2014 |title=It's a dream to make a film on Maulana Azad: Aamir Khan |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-its-a-dream-to-make-a-film-on-maulana-azad-aamir-khan-1947532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102093907/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-its-a-dream-to-make-a-film-on-maulana-azad-aamir-khan-1947532 |archive-date=2 November 2014 |access-date=8 January 2014 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> [[Najma Heptulla]], the 16th [[List of Governors of Manipur|Governor of Manipur]] and the grand-niece of Maulana Azad, is Khan's cousin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=B. S. |date=25 May 2014 |title=Najma Heptullah |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/najma-heptullah-114052600783_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104230659/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/najma-heptullah-114052600783_1.html |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref>

Several of his relatives were members of the Hindi film industry, including his late paternal uncle, producer-director [[Nasir Hussain]].<ref name="KaminskyPh.D.2011" /> Nasir's son [[Mansoor Khan]] is a director who has cast Aamir in most of his movies while Nasir's grandson through his daughter, [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], is a former Hindi film actor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Prashant |date=13 February 2012 |title=Aamir moves nephew Imran to tears |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-moves-nephew-imran-to-tears/story-wH5QUsk8diT4XbEYfdMBkJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064610/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-moves-nephew-imran-to-tears/story-wH5QUsk8diT4XbEYfdMBkJ.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 November 2015 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Through his mother, Khan is a nephew of the Fazli brothers, who have been filmmakers in both [[India]] and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Niharika |date=27 July 2022 |title=Aamir Khan visits the National Museum of Indian Cinema in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aamir-khan-visits-the-national-museum-of-indian-cinema-in-mumbai/articleshow/93168874.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |quote=Aamir also stumbled upon a rare poster of his maternal uncles, the Fazli Brothers from the 1940s and spoke to the officials about them and said, “I would love to visit the National Museum of Indian Cinema again with my family.”}}</ref>

As a child actor, he appeared on screen in two minor roles. At the age of eight, he appeared in ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973),<ref name="47faces">{{cite web|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-47-faces-of-aamir-khan/20120314.htm#1|title=Birthday Special: The 47 Faces of Aamir Khan|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-date=26 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226182548/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-47-faces-of-aamir-khan/20120314.htm#1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-most-ambitious-project-of-aamirs-career/20120314.htm|title=The Most Ambitious Project of Aamir's Career|work=Rediff.com|access-date=14 March 2012|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225212806/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-most-ambitious-project-of-aamirs-career/20120314.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> which was the first [[masala film]] in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cain|first=Rob|title=Aamir Khan's 'Secret Superstar' Could Be India's Next ₹1,000 Crore/$152M Box Office Hit|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/03/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-could-be-indias-next-₹1000-crore160m-box-office-hit/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003075022/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/03/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-could-be-indias-next-%E2%82%B91000-crore160m-box-office-hit/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2017|website=[[Forbes]]|date=3 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> The following year, he portrayed the younger version of [[Mahendra Sandhu]]'s character in ''[[Madhosh (1974 film)|Madhosh]]''.<ref name="47faces" /> Khan attended J.B. Petit School for his pre-primary education, later switching to [[St. Anne's High School, Bandra]], until the eighth grade, and completed his ninth and tenth grades at [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim]].<ref name="school">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Teach-India-Good-Morning-Aamir-sir/articleshow/3286093.cms?referral=PM|title=Teach India: Good morning Aamir sir|work=The Times of India|date=27 July 2008|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828212020/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Teach-India-Good-Morning-Aamir-sir/articleshow/3286093.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> He played tennis in state level championships and became a state-level champion. He professed he was "much more into sports than studies".<ref name="school" /><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-the-tennis-champ/articleshow/6445576.cms?referral=PM|title=Aamir, the tennis champ|work=The Times of India|date=28 August 2010|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929004741/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-the-tennis-champ/articleshow/6445576.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed his twelfth grade at Mumbai's [[Narsee Monjee College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-how-educated-are-bollywood-stars/20120112.htm#3|title=Just how educated are these Bollywood actors?|work=Rediff.com|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716113043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-how-educated-are-bollywood-stars/20120112.htm#3|url-status=live}}</ref> and described his childhood as "tough" due to the financial problems his father had, as his film productions were mostly unsuccessful. He said, "There would be at least 30 calls a day from creditors calling for their money," and that he was always at risk of being expelled from school for non-payment of fees.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=Nandini|title=Aamir Khan buys out rights to father Tahir Hussain's 11 films|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-13/news/29653478_1_films-aamir-khan-yash-chopra|access-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 June 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130704/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-13/news/29653478_1_films-aamir-khan-yash-chopra|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the age of sixteen, Khan got involved in the experimental process of making a 40-minute silent film, ''Paranoia'', which was directed by his school friend [[Aditya Bhattacharya]].<ref name="mrblockbuster">{{cite news|last=Bamzai|first=Kaveree|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100118-aamir-khan-mr-blockbuster-741731-2010-01-06|title=Aamir Khan: Mr Blockbuster|work=[[India Today]]|date=7 January 2010|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225212756/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100118-aamir-khan-mr-blockbuster-741731-2010-01-07|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was funded by filmmaker [[Shriram Lagoo]], an acquaintance of Bhattacharya, who provided them with a few thousand rupees.<ref name="mentor">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/10-things-we-bet-you-didn-t-know-about-aamir-khan/story-QbtPRFXGfcUPxAmBBbU44J.html|title=10 things we bet you didn't know about Aamir Khan|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 March 2015|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217041717/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/10-things-we-bet-you-didn-t-know-about-aamir-khan/story-QbtPRFXGfcUPxAmBBbU44J.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His parents did not want him to make films and wished that he would instead pursue a "steady" career as an engineer or doctor;<ref name="mrblockbuster" /> for that reason, the shooting schedule of ''Paranoia'' was kept secret.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rashtriya Sahara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiJuAAAAMAAJ|series=7–12|volume=4|year=1996|publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication|pages=159}}</ref> In the film, he played the lead role alongside actors [[Neena Gupta]] and [[Victor Banerjee]] while simultaneously assisting Bhattacharya.<ref name="mentor" /> He said that the experience encouraged him to pursue a career in film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Crerar|first=Simon|url=https://account.thetimes.co.uk/login?state=hKFo2SBuMWtRV19iUXg4dTR2Q1JKYWczS25Ea1hQaXV4cHc2Y6FupWxvZ2luo3RpZNkgeUNwSlNjY0JSS1VycHg4eWxySTJtNWNsTXpmRlkyMlajY2lk2SBEbXNVM0JCbXltb1VYT1JuWG9xcXJxaUJMTEtJNkl2Sg&client=DmsU3BBmymoUXORnXoqqrqiBLLKI6IvJ&protocol=oauth2&prompt=login&scope=openid%20profile%20email&response_type=code&nustate=eyJyZXR1cm5fdXJsIjoiaHR0cDovL3d3dy50aGV0aW1lcy5jby51ay90dG8vYXJ0cy9maWxtLyIsImRvbWFpbk5hbWUiOiJ3d3cudGhldGltZXMuY29tIn0%3D&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flogin.thetimes.com%2Foidc%2Frp%2Fcallback|title=Aamir Khan on making it in Bollywood|work=[[The Times]]{{Subscription required}}|date=15 January 2010|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201065415/https://login.thetimes.co.uk/?gotoUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Farts%2Ffilm%2F|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan subsequently joined a theatre group called Avantar, where he worked backstage for over a year. He made his stage debut with a small role in the company's [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] play, ''Kesar Bina'', at [[Prithvi Theatre]].<ref name="mentor" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=5&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=04-01-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00500&publabel=TOI|title=Aamir steers clear of controversy|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2010|access-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220073550/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=5&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=04-01-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Ahmedabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00500&publabel=TOI|archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> He went on to act in two of their Hindi plays, and one English play, which was titled ''Clearing House''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khubchandani|first=Lata|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aamir-khan-a-fact-file-news-others-kkfvM4fcfac.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408114709/http://www.sify.com/movies/aamir-khan-a-fact-file-news-others-kkfvM4fcfac.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Aamir Khan: A fact file|website=[[Sify]]|date=11 March 2004|access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> After completing high school, Khan decided to discontinue studying, and work instead as an [[assistant director]] to Hussain on the Hindi films ''[[Manzil Manzil]]'' and ''[[Zabardast]]''.<ref name="mrblockbuster" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-Khan-to-return-to-direction/articleshow/17347135.cms?referral=PM|title=Aamir Khan to return to direction|work=The Times of India|date=25 November 2012|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220103330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-Khan-to-return-to-direction/articleshow/17347135.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, he lost a custody battle for his younger brother Faisal to their father, Tahir Hussain,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-02/india/27986582_1_tahir-husain-tahir-hussain-faisal-khan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909004138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-02/india/27986582_1_tahir-husain-tahir-hussain-faisal-khan|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2013|title=Aamir's family supports him against father|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2 November 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 January 2010}}</ref> who died on 2 February 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/ |title=Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 April 2011 |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003124508/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/12/13/15063/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a practising [[Muslim]], he along with his mother Zeenat, performed [[Hajj]], an annual Islamic pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and a [[Fard|mandatory religious duty]] for Muslims, in 2013.<ref name="Swarup"/>

== Acting career ==
{{see also|Aamir Khan filmography}}

=== 1984–1989: Early struggle and breakthrough ===
In addition to assisting Hussain, he acted in documentaries directed by the students of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]].<ref name="mag">{{cite journal|journal=Movie Mag|volume=June|pages=28–29|title=Aamir Khan: Can this Khan create Qayamat?|year=1988|publisher=Movie Magazine Ltd.}}</ref> Director [[Ketan Mehta]] noticed Khan in those films, and offered him a role in the low-budget experimental film ''[[Holi (1984 film)|Holi]]''.<ref name="mag" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-aamir-khans-top-25-movie-moments/20121128.htm#1|title=Aamir Khan's 25 finest movie moments|work=Rediff.com|access-date=26 January 2010|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225212804/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-aamir-khans-top-25-movie-moments/20121128.htm#1|url-status=live}}</ref> Featuring an ensemble cast of newcomers, ''Holi'' was based on a play by Mahesh Elkunchwar, and dealt with the practice of [[ragging]] in India.<ref name="Bhatkal2002">{{cite book|author=Satyajit Bhatkal|title=The Spirit of Lagaan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBOtHi34YDIC&pg=PA14|year=2002|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-003-0|pages=14}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' said that the film was "melodramatic" but "very decently and exuberantly performed by the nonprofessional actors".<ref>{{cite news|last=Canby|first=Vincent|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE1D61238F93BA35757C0A963948260|title=Movie Review – Holi (1984)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 April 1985|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310205021/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE1D61238F93BA35757C0A963948260|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan played a rowdy college student, an "insignificant" role<ref name="Bhatkal2002" /> that was described by [[CNN-IBN]] as "lack[ing] in finesse".<ref name="genius">{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Rituparna|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/holi-to-munna-bhai-aamir-khan-bollywoods-evolving-genius/173073-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225170651/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/holi-to-munna-bhai-aamir-khan-bollywoods-evolving-genius/173073-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2014|title=Holi to Munna Bhai: Aamir Khan, Bollywood's evolving genius|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=5 August 2011|access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

''Holi'' failed to attract a broad audience, but Hussain and his son [[Mansoor Khan|Mansoor]] cast him as the leading man in Mansoor's directorial debut ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' (1988) opposite [[Juhi Chawla]].<ref name="Bhatkal2002" /> The film is a tale of unrequited love and parental opposition, with Aamir Khan portraying Raj, a "clean-cut, wholesome boy-next-door".<ref name="Ganti2004">{{cite book|author=Tejaswini Ganti|title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA123|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28854-5|pages=122–123}}</ref> It became a major commercial success, and catapulted both Khan and Chawla to stardom.<ref name="Bose2006">{{cite book|author=Derek Bose|title=Everybody Wants a Hit: 10 Mantras of Success in Bollywood Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA29|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7992-558-4|pages=29}}</ref> It received seven [[Filmfare Awards]] including a [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] trophy for him.<ref name="qsqtaw">{{cite web|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-celebrating-25-years-of-qayamat-se-qayamat-tak/20130429.htm#5|title=Celebrating 25 years of Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak|work=Rediff.com|date=29 April 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105115822/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-celebrating-25-years-of-qayamat-se-qayamat-tak/20130429.htm#5|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{lang|hi-latn|[[Raakh]]}}, a crime thriller from Bhattacharya that was filmed before the production of ''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak'', was released in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|last=N|first=Patsy|title=Aamir never wanted to be an actor|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jun/03/slide-show-1-aditya-bhattacharya-on-raakh.htm|date=3 June 2009|work=Rediff.com|access-date=12 June 2009|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306185306/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jun/03/slide-show-1-aditya-bhattacharya-on-raakh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite a poor reception at the box office, the film was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aamir Khan's Raakh to re-release after 20 years|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14888807&cid=2359|date=19 May 2009|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420145426/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14888807&cid=2359|archive-date=20 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khan was awarded a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention]] for his performances in both ''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak'' and {{Lang|hi-latn|Raakh}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36th_nff_1989.pdf|title=36th National Film Festival (1989)|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 July 2011|page=72|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225212728/http://dff.nic.in/2011/36th_nff_1989.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, he reunited with Chawla for the romantic comedy ''[[Love Love Love (1989 film)|Love Love Love]]'', a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sûrya India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Vo8AAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=A. Anand.|pages=43}}</ref>

=== 1990–2004: Rise to prominence and hiatus ===

Khan had five releases in 1990. He found no success in ''[[Awwal Number]]'', ''[[Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin]]'' and ''[[Jawani Zindabad]]''.<ref name="Chaudhuri2012">{{cite book|author=Diptakirti Chaudhuri|title=Kitnay Aadmi Thay|url=https://archive.org/details/kitnayaadmithayc0000chau|url-access=registration|year=2012|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-81626-19-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kitnayaadmithayc0000chau/page/213 213]–220}}</ref> However, [[Tahir Hussain]]'s [[Lists of fantasy films|fantasy drama]] ''[[Tum Mere Ho]]'' again co-starring Chawla was a hit and [[Indra Kumar]]'s [[Romance film|romantic drama]] ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' opposite [[Madhuri Dixit]] emerged a blockbuster as well as the [[List of Hindi films of 1990|highest-earning film of 1990]].<ref name="best">{{cite web|last=Mehta|first=Anita|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-looking-at-aamirs-15-best-roles/20100312.htm#1|title=The best of Aamir Khan|work=Rediff.com|access-date=26 January 2012|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225212846/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-looking-at-aamirs-15-best-roles/20100312.htm#1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jyotika Virdi|title=The Cinematic ImagiNation [sic]: Indian Popular Films as Social History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8PKObcYMDIC&pg=PA185|year=2003|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5|pages=185–188}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1990-Classifications-Page-1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1990}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This was followed by a leading role alongside [[Pooja Bhatt]] in [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'', a remake of the American film ''[[It Happened One Night]]'', which too was a box office hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1991-Classifications-P1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1991)}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:Aamir_Khan_at_92.7_BIG_FM_to_promote_Satyamev_Jayate_07.jpg|alt=|thumb|212x212px|Khan at 92.7 BIG FM radio station.]]
He appeared in several other films in the early 1990s, including ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' (1992), ''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]'' (1993) (for which he also wrote the screenplay), and ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'' (1995). Most of these films were successful critically and commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |date=14 March 2018 |title=Aamir Khan's best films are inspired by Oscar nominees and winners – from Ghajini to Akele Hum Akele Tum |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aamir-khans-best-films-are-inspired-by-oscar-nominees-and-winners-from-ghajini-to-akele-hum-akele-tum-4389681.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725164729/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aamir-khans-best-films-are-inspired-by-oscar-nominees-and-winners-from-ghajini-to-akele-hum-akele-tum-4389681.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2958|title=Rangeela – Movie – Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908162107/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2958|url-status=live}}</ref> Other successes include {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Andaz Apna Apna]]}} (1994) alongside [[Salman Khan]]; at the time of its release, the movie was reviewed unfavorably by critics, but over the years has gained cult status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/AndazApnaApna/ |title=Andaz Apna Apna |author=Ashley Gujaadhur |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908220825/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/AndazApnaApna/ |archive-date=8 September 2009 }}</ref> In 1993, Khan also appeared in [[Yash Chopra]]'s [[action film|action drama]] film ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/parampara|title=Parampara (1993)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314193042/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/parampara|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite having an ensemble cast that included [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Raveena Tandon]], and [[Saif Ali Khan]], the film failed to find a wide audience and became a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.talkingmoviez.com/parampara-hit-or-flop-box-office-collections/|title=Parampara Hit or Flop : Box Office Collections|work=Talkingmoviez.com|access-date=11 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401081744/http://www.talkingmoviez.com/parampara-hit-or-flop-box-office-collections/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khan was also cast in [[Time Machine (unfinished film)|''Time Machine'']]; however, due to financial constraints, the film was shelved and remained unreleased.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://noisebreak.com/15-indian-superstar-films-never-got-released-will-never-released/|title=15 Indian Superstar Films That Never Got Released And Will Never Be Released|date=21 March 2017|work=Noise Break|access-date=11 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528112332/https://noisebreak.com/15-indian-superstar-films-never-got-released-will-never-released/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He continued to act in just one or two films a year, which was an unusual trait for a mainstream Hindi cinema actor. His only release in 1996 was the [[Dharmesh Darshan]] directed huge blockbuster ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'', in which he was paired opposite [[Karisma Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Shreya |title=Raja Hindustani turns 21: Did you know Aamir Khan consumed one litre of vodka for the film? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/raja-hindustani-turns-21-did-you-know-aamir-khan-consumed-one-litre-of-vodka-for-the-film/story-QEUGcbz5lZQPJZeG8V35ZL.html |access-date=29 October 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618101601/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/raja-hindustani-turns-21-did-you-know-aamir-khan-consumed-one-litre-of-vodka-for-the-film/story-QEUGcbz5lZQPJZeG8V35ZL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Nandita |title=Three hits in just one year pitches Karisma Kapoor into the top league |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19961231-three-hits-in-just-one-year-pitches-karisma-kapoor-into-the-top-league-834264-1996-12-30 |access-date=29 October 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=31 December 1996 |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630130831/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19961231-three-hits-in-just-one-year-pitches-karisma-kapoor-into-the-top-league-834264-1996-12-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] after seven previous nominations, and went on to become the biggest hit of the year, as well as the third-highest grossing Indian film of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2737|title=Raja Hindustani – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908162203/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2737|url-status=live}}</ref> Adjusted for inflation, ''Raja Hindustani'' is the fourth [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing film in India]] since the 1990s.<ref name="boi">{{cite news|title=Top Hits All Time|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php|access-date=27 January 2018|work=[[Box Office India]]|archive-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528201924/http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997, he acted in ''[[Ishq (1997 film)|Ishq]]'', which proved to be another blockbuster for him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-13-october-2023-from-our-issue-dated-17th-october-1998/ |title=Blockbusters Of Twenty-Five Years (1973–1997) |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117074705/https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-13-october-2023-from-our-issue-dated-17th-october-1998/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Film review: Ishq, starring Aamir Khan, Ajay Devgan, Juhi Chawla, Kajol |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19971208-film-review-ishq-starring-aamir-khan-ajay-devgan-juhi-chawla-kajol-831042-1997-12-07 |access-date=29 October 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=8 December 1997 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410030413/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19971208-film-review-ishq-starring-aamir-khan-ajay-devgan-juhi-chawla-kajol-831042-1997-12-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, Khan appeared in [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s [[Action Film|action thriller]] ''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]'', for which he also did [[Playback singer|playback singing]].<ref name=hindustantimes>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/The-song-that-made-Khandala-famous/Article1-895560.aspx |title=The song that made Khandala famous |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408034546/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/the-song-that-made-khandala-famous/article1-895560.aspx |archivedate=8 April 2014 }}</ref> The film received positive response from reviewers and went on to become a hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2557|title=Ghulam - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731120918/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2557|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[John Matthew Matthan|John Mathew Matthan]]'s ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'', Khan's first film in 1999, was also a commercially successful venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2411|title=Sarfarosh – Movie – Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907183907/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2411|url-status=live}}</ref> The film and Khan were highly appreciated by movie critics, as was his role in [[Deepa Mehta]]'s Canadian-Indian [[Parallel cinema|art house]] film ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' (1998).<ref name="rediff99" /> ''Earth'' was internationally acclaimed<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/earth_1999/|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204131954/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/earth_1999/|url-status=live}}</ref> by critics such as [[Roger Ebert]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19991015/REVIEWS/910150301/1023 |title= Earth |access-date= 9 December 2008 |last= Ebert |first= Roger |date= 15 October 1999 |work= [[Chicago Sun-Times]] |archive-date= 22 September 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120922061740/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19991015%2FREVIEWS%2F910150301%2F1023 |url-status= dead }}</ref> for Khan's portrayal of Dil Nawaz ("Ice Candy Man").<ref name="rediff99">{{cite web |url= http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/sep/10earth.htm |title= Breaking new ground |access-date= 9 December 2008 |last= Verma |first= Suparn |date= 10 September 1999 |work= [[Rediff]] |archive-date= 22 January 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122092412/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/sep/10earth.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> His first release for the 2000s, ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]'', in which he acted alongside his brother Faisal, was both a box office and critical failure.<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Mela |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=724 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222734/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=724 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/adipurush-10th-onimdb-50-worst-bollywood-films-ever-made-other-films-you-can-skip-watching-zee5amazon-prime-video-more/|title=Adipurush is 10th on the list of IMDb's 50 worst Bollywood films ever made. Check out the other films that you can skip watching on ZEE5, Amazon Prime Video & more|date=22 June 2023|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171924/https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/adipurush-10th-onimdb-50-worst-bollywood-films-ever-made-other-films-you-can-skip-watching-zee5amazon-prime-video-more/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2001, he produced and starred in ''[[Lagaan]]'',<ref name="2001 BO">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ== |title=Box Office 2001 |website=Box Office India |access-date=12 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122102503/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ%3D%3D |archive-date=22 January 2008 }}</ref> and received a nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[74th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=he 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002 |access-date=2 November 2022 |work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027071018/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The film also received critical acclaim at several international film festivals, in addition to winning numerous Indian awards such as a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]. Khan also won his second Filmare Award for Best Actor.<ref name=lgn1 />

''Lagaan''{{'s}} success was followed by ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' later that year. The film was written and directed by then-debutant [[Farhan Akhtar]], and won the 2001 [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics)]].<ref>Filmfare Awards:
* {{Cite news |date=April 2002 |title=Hold back the night |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/cs.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220191624/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/cs.html |archive-date=20 December 2014}}
* {{Cite web |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[Filmfare Awards]]}}</ref> He then took a four-year break from Bollywood after his divorce from Reena Dutta.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abplive.in/movies/unmissable-aamir-khans-boldest-acts-31854 | title=Unmissable: Aamir Khan's Boldest acts! | publisher=[[ABP News]] | work=ABP Desk | date=6 August 2014 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=27 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227130207/http://www.abplive.in/movies/unmissable-aamir-khans-boldest-acts-31854 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/10split.htm | title=What went wrong with Aamir and Reena? | publisher=[[Rediff]] | work=Rediff desk | date=10 December 2002 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=15 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115102735/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/10split.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2005–2017: Return to films and global success ===
Khan made a comeback in 2005 as the lead in Ketan Mehta's ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'', which was screened at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052004130400.htm |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Bangalore / Cinema : Cannes premier for Naina |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204184554/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052004130400.htm |archive-date=4 February 2010 }}</ref>

[[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'s ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' was Khan's first film in 2006. His performance was critically acclaimed,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12493/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080429225617/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12493/index.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 29 April 2008 |title= Rang De Basanti |author= Taran Adarsh |date= 26 January 2006|work= Bollywood Hungama |access-date=26 January 2010}}</ref> earning him a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] and various nominations for ''Best Actor''. The film went on to become one of the highest-grossing films of the year,<ref name="2006 BO">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |title=Box Office 2006 |website=Box Office India |access-date=12 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121025724/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=21 January 2008 }}</ref> and was selected as India's [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|official entry to the Oscars]]. Although the film was not shortlisted as a nominee for the Oscar, it received a nomination for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]] at the [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]] in [[England]]. In Khan's next movie, ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006),<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |title= Fanaa: Movie Review |author= Taran Adarsh |date= 26 May 2006 |work= Bollywood Hungama |access-date= 26 January 2010 |archive-date= 19 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150119003239/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534764/Hamesha |url-status= live }}</ref> he played a [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmiri insurgent]] terrorist, his second antagonistic role after ''Earth'', the role offered him creative possibilities to try something different.<ref>{{cite book|last=Danielsrole|first=C.|title=I'll Do It My Way: The Incredible Journey Of Aamir Khan|date=2012|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=9789380069227|pages=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tsyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145|language=en}}</ref>

His 2007 film, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Taare Zameen Par]]}}, was also produced by him and marked his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taare Zameen Par: Produced and Directed By Aamir Khan|url=http://www.taarezameenpar.com/|publisher=aamir khan productions|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-date=10 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410164112/http://taarezameenpar.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film, which was the second release from Aamir Khan Productions, opened to positive responses from critics and audiences. His performance was well-received, though he was particularly applauded for his directing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taare Zameen Par Critic review and Story|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-taare-zameen-par-may-change-your-life/54724-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229080135/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-taare-zameen-par-may-change-your-life/54724-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2008|publisher=ibnlive.in.com|access-date=21 August 2013}}</ref> He received the Filmfare Awards for Best Director and Best Film of 2007,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-24/news/27701919_1_top-awards-filmfare-awards-critics-award | title=Taare Zameen Par: Shah Rukh, Kareena, Aamir shine in Filmfare Awards | newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | date=24 February 2008 | access-date=28 November 2015 | last=Meena | first=Iyer | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094313/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-24/news/27701919_1_top-awards-filmfare-awards-critics-award | url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]].<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards for the Year 2007|publisher=Press Information Bureau ([[Govt. of India]])|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=7 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007125534/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The film won other awards, including the 2008 [[Zee Cine Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/27/3817/index.html |title=Winners of the Zee Cine Awards 2008 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814222126/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/27/3817/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and 4th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/12/05/5746/index.html |title=Winners of 4th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 December 2009 |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208013537/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/12/05/5746/index.html |archive-date=8 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was initially acclaimed as India's official entry for the 2009 [[List of submissions to the 81st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Awards Best Foreign Film]].<ref name="toiosc">{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Taare_Zameen_Par_is_Indias_entry_for_Oscar/articleshow/3507409.cms
|title=Taare Zameen Par is India's entry for Oscar
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024034146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Taare_Zameen_Par_is_Indias_entry_for_Oscar/articleshow/3507409.cms
|archive-date=24 October 2008
|access-date=30 May 2010
|date=21 September 2008
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="reutersosc">{{cite news
|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35580920080921
|title='Taare Zameen Par' is India's entry to Oscars
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075259/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35580920080921
|archive-date=8 December 2015
|access-date=30 May 2010
|last=Jamkhandikar
|first=Shilpa
|date=21 September 2008
|work=Reuters
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zeenews.com/Entertainment/2008-12-22/493040news.html
|title=Aamir gets congratulatory call from Oscar panel chief for 'TZP'!
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607120231/http://zeenews.india.com/news/movies-and-theatre/aamir-gets-congratulatory-call-from-oscar-panel-chief-for-tzp_493040.html
|archive-date=7 June 2022
|access-date=2 January 2009
|date=22 December 2008
|publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
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}}</ref>

In 2008, Khan appeared in the film ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''. The film was a major commercial success<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghajini Opens to a Phenomenal Response All Over |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=671&nCat=box_office_report&PHPSESSID=0fc7ca1333fc137213d103000d2eac37 |website=Box Office India |date=27 December 2008 |access-date=13 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107115102/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=671&nCat=box_office_report&PHPSESSID=86662c43b1beeec5699bf847408a97b9 |archive-date=7 January 2009 }}</ref> and became the highest-grossing Bollywood movie of that year. For his performance in the film, he received several ''Best Actor'' nominations at various award ceremonies as well as his fifteenth [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Best Actor nomination]].<ref name=nmac>{{cite web | url = http://www.radiosargam.com/films/archives/35482/54th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations.html | publisher = Radio Sargam (RS) | date = 16 February 2009 | title = Nominations for the 54th Filmfare Awards | access-date = 9 March 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100403023305/http://www.radiosargam.com/films/archives/35482/54th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations.html | archive-date= 3 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

[[File:Aamir_Khan_2013.jpg|alt=Aamir Khan at the trailer launch of Dhoom 3 in 2013.|left|thumb|241x241px|Aamir Khan at the trailer launch of ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' in 2013.]]
In 2009, he appeared in ''[[3 Idiots]]'' as Ranchodas Chanchad. The film became the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood film ever]] at the time,<ref name="variety">{{cite news |author=Nama Ramachandran |date=6 January 2010 |title='3 Idiots' nabs Bollywood B.O. crown |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/news/3-idiots-nabs-bollywood-b-o-crown-1118013378/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417165226/https://variety.com/2010/film/news/3-idiots-nabs-bollywood-b-o-crown-1118013378/ |archive-date=17 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/29/stories/2009122957070300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102101433/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/29/stories/2009122957070300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 January 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title='3 Idiots' surpasses Aamir's last release 'Ghajini' | date=29 December 2009}}</ref> and broke the previous record set by ''Ghajini''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pk-dhoom-3-kick-bollywoods-10-biggest-blockbusters-ever/20150105.htm | title=PK, Dhoom 3, Kick: Bollywood's 10 Biggest Blockbusters Ever | publisher=[[Rediff]] | work=Rediff desk | date=5 January 2015 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=24 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124075909/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pk-dhoom-3-kick-bollywoods-10-biggest-blockbusters-ever/20150105.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> ''3 Idiots'' was one of the few Indian films to become a success in East Asian markets such as [[China]]<ref name="overseas">{{cite web|title=Three Idiots Creates History in China |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3866&nCat= |work=30 December 2011 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201817/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3866&nCat= |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> and [[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Big-B-3-Idiots-iconic-in-Japan-too-Japanese-director/articleshow/26358996.cms | title='Big B', '3 Idiots' iconic in Japan too: Japanese director | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=PTI | date=25 November 2013 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=16 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416230722/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Big-B-3-Idiots-iconic-in-Japan-too-Japanese-director/articleshow/26358996.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> at the time, making it the [[List of Bollywood highest-grossing films in overseas markets|highest-grossing Bollywood film ever in overseas markets]].<ref name="first">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4847&nCat= |title=Top Ten Overseas: Ek Tha Tiger Sixth |website=Box Office India |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901195904/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4847&nCat= |archive-date=1 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3946&nCat= |title=Top Overseas Grossers All Time: Three Idiots Number One |website=Box Office India |date=21 January 2012 |access-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419170616/http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3946&nCat= |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref> In May 2012, it was the first Indian film to be officially released on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yto4_QFoLdA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525141104/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yto4_QFoLdA| archive-date=25 May 2012 | url-status=dead|title=3 idiots |publisher=YouTube |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> The film won six [[Filmfare Awards]] (including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]), ten [[Star Screen Awards]], eight [[IIFA Awards]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/3-Idiots-bags-eight-awards-at-IIFA/articleshow/6016757.cms | title='3 Idiots' bags eight awards at IIFA! | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=PTI | date=6 June 2010 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=28 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828054435/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/3-Idiots-bags-eight-awards-at-IIFA/articleshow/6016757.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> and three [[57th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-16/news/28474568_1_malayalam-film-bengali-film-feature-film | title=3 Idiots most popular film; Big B best actor | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=6 September 2010 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=30 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930085504/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-16/news/28474568_1_malayalam-film-bengali-film-feature-film}} [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/big-b-3-idiots-win-national-awards/682056/ Alt URL]</ref> Overseas, it won the Grand Prize at Japan's Videoyasan Awards,<ref name="videoyasan">{{cite web|title=第４回ビデオ屋さん大賞|url=http://www.kinenote.com/main/feature/videoyasan04/|website=[[:ja:KINENOTE|KINENOTE]]|year=2014|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034937/http://www.kinenote.com/main/feature/videoyasan04/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=『きっと、うまくいく』が、第4回ビデオ屋さん大賞の《大賞》を受賞しました！|url=http://www.nikkatsu.com/news/201403/001723.html|website=[[Nikkatsu]]|date=25 March 2014|language=ja-JP|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091120/http://www.nikkatsu.com/news/201403/001723.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Japan is going gaga over Bollywood|url=https://qz.com/310502/japan-is-going-gaga-over-bollywood/|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|date=11 December 2014|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122204813/https://qz.com/310502/japan-is-going-gaga-over-bollywood/|url-status=live}}</ref> and was nominated for [[Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film|Best Outstanding Foreign Language Film]] at the [[Japan Academy Prize (film award)|Japan Academy Awards]]<ref name="japan-hungama">{{cite web|title=3 Idiots to race for Japan Academy Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2382254/3-Idiots-to-race-for-Japan-Academy-Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130064850/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2382254/3-Idiots-to-race-for-Japan-Academy-Awards|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="japan-ibn">{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan's '3 Idiots' nominated for Japan Academy Awards |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/aamir-khans-3-idiots-nominated-for-japan-academy-awards-664500.html |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=[[News18]] |date=27 January 2014 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506112852/https://www.news18.com/news/india/aamir-khans-3-idiots-nominated-for-japan-academy-awards-664500.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Best Foreign Film at China's [[Beijing International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=三傻大闹宝莱坞|url=https://maoyan.com/films/43|website=[[Maoyan]]|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303050433/https://maoyan.com/films/43|url-status=live}}</ref>

Aamir Khan has been credited with opening up the [[Greater China|Chinese markets]] for Indian films. His father Tahir Hussain previously had success in China with ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'',<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|title=Aamir: I couldn't really enjoy the food in China|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/aamir-i-couldnt-really-enjoy-the-food-in-china/20150521.htm|website=[[Rediff]]|date=21 May 2015|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111949/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/aamir-i-couldnt-really-enjoy-the-food-in-china/20150521.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir His father's Film Caravan Still Remembered in China. Now, it Loves PK – NDTV Movies|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/aamir-khans-fathers-film-caravan-still-remembered-in-china-now-it-loves-pk-770762|work=[[NDTV]]|date=11 June 2015|language=en|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406164733/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/aamir-khans-fathers-film-caravan-still-remembered-in-china-now-it-loves-pk-770762|url-status=live}}</ref> but Indian films declined in the country afterwards, until he opened up the Chinese market for Indian films in the early 21st century.<ref name="rediff" /><ref name="forbes-china">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/08/how-a-52-year-old-indian-actor-became-chinas-favorite-movie-star/|title=How A 52-Year-Old Indian Actor Became China's Favorite Movie Star|first=Rob|last=Cain|website=Forbes.com|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125907/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/08/how-a-52-year-old-indian-actor-became-chinas-favorite-movie-star/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Lagaan'' became the first Indian film to have a nationwide release there.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=12 January 2008 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021121/world.htm#4 |title=''Lagaan'' released in China |date=20 November 2002 |work=The Tribune |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227190730/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021121/world.htm |archive-date=27 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lagaan revives memories of Raj Kapoor in China|first1=Anil K. |last1=Joseph|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=20 November 2002|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=16983|access-date=30 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205095946/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=16983|archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref> When ''3 Idiots'' released in China, the country was only the 15th largest film market partly due to China's widespread pirate DVD distribution at the time, which introduced the film to most Chinese audiences, becoming a [[cult hit]] in the country. It became China's 12th favourite film of all time, according to ratings on Chinese film review site [[Douban]], with only one domestic Chinese film (''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]'') ranked higher. As a result, he gained a large growing Chinese fanbase.<ref name="forbes-china" /> After ''3 Idiots'' went viral, several of his other films, such as ''Taare Zameen Par'' and ''Ghajini'' also gained a cult following.<ref>{{cite web|title=Q&A: Aamir Khan on what it takes to crack China's box office|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-bollywood-aamir-khan-dangal-interv/qa-aamir-khan-on-what-it-takes-to-crack-chinas-box-office-idUSKBN18R0RQ|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=31 May 2017|date=2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044108/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-bollywood-aamir-khan-dangal-interv/qa-aamir-khan-on-what-it-takes-to-crack-chinas-box-office-idUSKBN18R0RQ|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2013, China grew to become the world's second largest film market (after the United States), contributing to Khan's box office success with ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013), ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014), and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016).<ref name="forbes-china" />

He appeared next in the [[psychological fiction|psychological]] crime thriller, ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''. Directed [[Reema Kagti]] and produced by [[Excel Entertainment]] and his own production house, it costarred two of his frequent co-stars; [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Rani Mukerji]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1258027/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1258027/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Rani Mukherjee and Kareena Kapoor to star opposite Aamir in Reema Kagti's film|author=BollywoodHungamaNewsNetwork|date=23 November 2010|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=28 November 2011}}</ref> Khan, who never knew how to swim went under rigorous training for this underwater sequence. He was trained for 3 months under a specialist trainer and went well prepared for the shoot.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-05/news-interviews/30360021_1_kareena-kapoor-aamir-bebo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106051128/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-05/news-interviews/30360021_1_kareena-kapoor-aamir-bebo|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2011|title=London blues for Kareena Kapoor|author=Times News Network|date=5 November 2011|access-date=28 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|author-link=Times News Network}}</ref> According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', ''Talaash: The Answer Lies Within'' grossed {{INR}}912 million net by the end of its run and was declared a "semi-hit".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1197|title=Talaash (2012)|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314193551/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1197|url-status=live}}</ref>

His next venture was ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' with [[Yash Raj Films]], which he considered to be the most difficult role of his career.<ref name="Nomom">{{cite web|title=Aamir Khan to play villain in Dhoom 3|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aamir-khan-to-play-villain-in-dhoom-3/809915|work=The Indian Express|date=28 June 2011|access-date=25 February 2013|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908063105/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aamir-khan-to-play-villain-in-dhoom-3/809915|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhoom-3-my-toughest-role-so-far-aamir-khan-109701.html |title='Dhoom 3' my toughest role so far: Aamir Khan |work=The Times of India |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105010443/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhoom-3-my-toughest-role-so-far-aamir-khan-109701.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released worldwide on 20 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/dhoom-3-box-office-collections-top-krrish-3-chennai-express-set-alltime-record/1210297 |title=Dhoom 3 box office collections top Krrish 3, Chennai Express, set all-time record |work=The Financial Express |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=23 December 2013 |archive-date=23 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223100023/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/dhoom-3-box-office-collections-top-krrish-3-chennai-express-set-alltime-record/1210297 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Box Office India]] declared ''Dhoom 3'' "the biggest hit of 2013" after two days of release,<ref name="BoxOfficeIndia">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6330&nCat= |title=Dhoom 3 Sets Boxoffice On Fire|work=Box Office India |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225165835/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6330&nCat= |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> with the film grossing {{INRConvert|2|b|year=2013|mode=historical}} worldwide in three days<ref name="worlwideweekend">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6333&nCat= |title=Dhoom 3 Crosses 200 Crore Worldwide in Three Days |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226052002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6333&nCat= |archive-date=26 December 2013 }}</ref> and {{INRConvert|4|b|year=2013|mode=historical}} worldwide in ten days, making it the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time]].<ref name="worlwideweekend" /><ref name="worlwidedhoom3crore500">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6355&nCat= |title=Dhoom 3 All Time Number One Worldwide Grosser: 500 cr Plus Expected |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104021906/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6355&nCat= |archive-date=4 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dhoom-3 enters Chinese top 10 films|url=http://www.patrika.com/article/dhoom-3-enters-chinese-top-10-films/48139|access-date=31 July 2014|work=Patrika Group|issue=31 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802133730/http://www.patrika.com/article/dhoom-3-enters-chinese-top-10-films/48139|archive-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2014, he appeared as the eponymous alien in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s comedy-drama ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan starrer PK's first look out|url=http://www.patrika.com/article/aamir-khan-starrer-pks-first-look-out/48163|access-date=1 August 2014|work=Patrika Group|issue=1 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802133715/http://www.patrika.com/article/aamir-khan-starrer-pks-first-look-out/48163|archive-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's PK to have talking standees|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/aamir-khans-pk-to-have-talking-standees/1021145|access-date=1 August 2014|work=Patrika Group|issue=1 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804111616/http://www.patrika.com/news/aamir-khans-pk-to-have-talking-standees/1021145|archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The film received critical acclaim and emerged as the 4th highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Nisha |title=War to Baahubali 2: 10 highest grossing Hindi films of all time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/war-to-baahubali-2-10-highest-grossing-hindi-films-of-all-time-1610153-2019-10-19 |access-date=2 November 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=27 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102181747/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/war-to-baahubali-2-10-highest-grossing-hindi-films-of-all-time-1610153-2019-10-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pk">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pk-highest-grosser-ever-aamir-khan-to-enter-rs-300-crore-club-2049501|title='PK' highest grosser ever: Aamir Khan to enter Rs 300 crore club|date=4 January 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=5 January 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181421/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pk-highest-grosser-ever-aamir-khan-to-enter-rs-300-crore-club-2049501|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hoad|first=Phil|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/07/global-box-office-pk-the-hobbit-big-hero-6-unbroken|title=Aamir Khan's religious satire PK becomes India's most successful film|work=The Guardian|date=7 January 2015|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107183230/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/07/global-box-office-pk-the-hobbit-big-hero-6-unbroken|url-status=live}}</ref> Raja Sen called the film a "triumph" and said: "Aamir Khan is exceptional in ''PK,'' creating an irresistibly goofy character and playing him with absolute conviction."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen|first=Raja|title=Review: PK is a triumph and Aamir soars high|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-pk-is-a-triumph-and-aamir-soars-high/20141219.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=5 January 2015|archive-date=5 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105045805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-pk-is-a-triumph-and-aamir-soars-high/20141219.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film won two Filmfare Awards,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete list of winners |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2015 |access-date=11 December 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203081332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and in Japan received a top award at the 9th [[Tokyo Shimbun|Tokyo Newspaper]] Film Awards event held by ''[[Tokyo Shimbun]]''.<ref name="nikkatsu">{{cite news|title=映画『PK』第9回東京新聞映画賞受賞！新宿シネマカリテで凱旋上映決定！|url=http://www.nikkatsu.com/news/201702/002606.html|work=[[Nikkatsu]]|date=15 February 2017|language=ja-JP|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207015544/http://www.nikkatsu.com/news/201702/002606.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PK wins big in Tokyo|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-cafe/20170224/281505045992046|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 February 2017|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207083403/https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-cafe/20170224/281505045992046|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, he produced and starred in ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'', and was cast as wrestler [[Mahavir Singh Phogat]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dangal-trailer-aamir-khan-role-mahavir-singh-phogat-3093173/|title=Aamir Khan plays wrestler Mahavir Singh Phogat in Dangal. Find out more about him|date=21 October 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=24 October 2016|archive-date=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024185114/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dangal-trailer-aamir-khan-role-mahavir-singh-phogat-3093173/|url-status=live}}</ref> He played him at different ages, from 20 to 60 years old; he weighed 98 kg to portray the older Phogat before losing weight to play the younger version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fitness/aamir-khan-weight-loss-story-secret-for-dangal-2857618/|title=How Aamir Khan followed the calorie-count method to lose around 25 kg for Dangal|date=29 November 2016|publisher=Divya Goyal|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725224506/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fitness/aamir-khan-weight-loss-story-secret-for-dangal-2857618/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fitness/aamir-khans-strict-diet-and-workout-plan-for-his-fat-to-fit-for-dangal-video-4401261/|title=Video: Aamir Khan's strict diet and workout plan for his fat to fit journey for Dangal|date=29 November 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703202237/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fitness/aamir-khans-strict-diet-and-workout-plan-for-his-fat-to-fit-for-dangal-video-4401261/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time domestically, surpassing ''PK'', making it the fifth time he had achieved this feat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dangal-box-office-collection-day-17-aamir-khans-2016-film-beats-pk-becomes-bollywoods-highest-grosser/articleshow/56418404.cms|title='Dangal' box-office collection Day 17: Aamir Khan's 2016 film beats 'PK', becomes Bollywood's highest grosser|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=9 January 2017|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109105636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dangal-box-office-collection-day-17-aamir-khans-2016-film-beats-pk-becomes-bollywoods-highest-grosser/articleshow/56418404.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Dangal'' also became an overseas blockbuster success in China, where it was the [[List of highest-grossing films in China|16th highest-grossing film]] of all time,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbooo.cn/Alltimedomestic|script-title=zh:内地总票房排名 ("All-Time Domestic Box Office Rankings")|work=中国票房 (China Box Office)|publisher=Entgroup|language=zh|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603230313/http://www.cbooo.cn/Alltimedomestic|url-status=live}}</ref> the 8th highest-grossing foreign film,<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/16/dangal-slams-monkey-king-captain-america-to-grab-17th-place-on-chinas-all-time-list/ 'Dangal' Slams 'Monkey King,' 'Captain America' To Grab 17th Place On China's All-Time List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904154614/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/16/dangal-slams-monkey-king-captain-america-to-grab-17th-place-on-chinas-all-time-list/ |date=4 September 2018 }}, ''[[Forbes]]'', 16 June 2017</ref> and the highest-grossing non-Hollywood foreign film.<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|title='Dangal' Becomes China's Biggest Non-Hollywood Foreign Film|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-23/-dangal-becomes-china-s-biggest-non-hollywood-foreign-film|access-date=23 May 2017|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=23 May 2017|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523091607/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-23/-dangal-becomes-china-s-biggest-non-hollywood-foreign-film|url-status=live}}</ref> Worldwide, it became the fifth highest-grossing non-English language film of all time,<ref name="5thForbes">{{cite news|last1=Cain|first1=Rob|title='Dangal' Tops $300 Million, Becoming The 5th Highest-Grossing Non-English Movie Ever|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/12/dangal-joins-300-million-club-now-the-5th-biggest-non-english-movie-ever|access-date=14 June 2017|work=Forbes|date=12 June 2017|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820190942/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/12/dangal-joins-300-million-club-now-the-5th-biggest-non-english-movie-ever/|url-status=live}}</ref> and gave him one of the [[List of highest paid film actors|highest salaries]] for a non-Hollywood actor at $42 million.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/06/aamir-khans-china-paycheck-for-dangal-could-exceed-rs-100-crore-15-mm/|title=Aamir Khan's China Paycheck For 'Dangal' Could Exceed Rs. 100 Crore / $15 MM|first=Rob|last=Cain|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=8 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108050847/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/06/aamir-khans-china-paycheck-for-dangal-could-exceed-rs-100-crore-15-mm/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Dangal'' has also been watched over {{#expr:155+130+65}}{{nbsp}}million times on Chinese streaming platforms.<ref name="tencent">{{cite web|title=摔跤吧！爸爸(原声版)_电影_高清1080P在线观看_腾讯视频|url=https://v.qq.com/x/cover/2xxul4n2j8y0rxi.html|website=[[Tencent Video]]|access-date=20 January 2018|language=zh-CN|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005163356/https://v.qq.com/x/cover/2xxul4n2j8y0rxi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="iqiyi">{{cite web|title=摔跤吧！爸爸|url=http://www.iqiyi.com/v_19rr7sz5b8.html|website=[[iQiyi]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416061955/http://www.iqiyi.com/v_19rr7sz5b8.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="youku">{{cite web|title=摔跤吧!爸爸—在线播放—《摔跤吧!爸爸》—电影—优酷网，视频高清在线观看|url=http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjg2NTM2ODU5Mg==.html|website=[[Youku]]|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042011/https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjg2NTM2ODU5Mg==.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film won him two more Filmfare Awards (Best Film and his third [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] award).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2017-aamir-khan-winning-best-actor-male-restores-prestige-in-the-awards-4475346/|title=Filmfare Awards 2017: Aamir Khan winning Best Actor Male restores prestige in the awards|date=15 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115113300/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2017-aamir-khan-winning-best-actor-male-restores-prestige-in-the-awards-4475346/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2017, he starred in a supporting role in his production ''[[Secret Superstar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-secret-superstar-look-is-like-nothing-we-have-seen-before-see-pic-3020136/|title=Is this Aamir Khan's new look from secret superstar|date=8 September 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=24 October 2016|archive-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023192854/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-secret-superstar-look-is-like-nothing-we-have-seen-before-see-pic-3020136/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film went on to become one of the most profitable films of all time, grossing {{Estimation}} {{INR Convert|876|C}} worldwide on a [[Low-budget film|limited budget]] of {{Estimation}} {{INR Convert|20|C}} and is the highest-grossing Indian film featuring a female protagonist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secret Superstar Movie Box Office Worldwide|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 October 2017 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/secret-superstar/box-office/|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209100533/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/secret-superstar/box-office/|url-status=live}}[[Bollywood Hungama]]</ref>

=== 2018–present: Career slump and limited success ===
In November 2018, he starred alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the action-adventure film ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]''. The film received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Despite awful reviews 'Thugs of Hindostan' breaks highest opening record |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1844573/4-despite-awful-reviews-thugs-hindostan-breaks-highest-opening-record |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125202632/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1844573/4-despite-awful-reviews-thugs-hindostan-breaks-highest-opening-record |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thugs of Hindostan box-office collection day 2: Aamir Khan's film witnesses big fall |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/101118/thugs-of-hindostan-box-office-collection-day-2-aamir-khans-film-wi.html |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180946/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/101118/thugs-of-hindostan-box-office-collection-day-2-aamir-khans-film-wi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced at an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|300|c|lk=c|year=2017|mode=historical}},<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 November 2018|title=Theatre owners to demand refund after Aamir Khan's Thugs of Hindostan bombs at box office?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/theatre-owners-to-demand-refund-after-aamir-khan-s-thugs-of-hindostan-bombs-at-box-office/story-WgMgyJAoAnlg4dcbm0JcxN.html|access-date=1 October 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215133423/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/theatre-owners-to-demand-refund-after-aamir-khan-s-thugs-of-hindostan-bombs-at-box-office/story-WgMgyJAoAnlg4dcbm0JcxN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> it is one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Hindi|most expensive Bollywood films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php|title=Highest Movie Budgets All Time|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122235145/https://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php|url-status=live}}</ref> the film grossed {{INR|335 crore}} ({{US$|{{To USD|3350|IND|round=yes}} million|long=no}}) at the worldwide box office and was considered a financial failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/thugs-of-hindostan/box-office/|title=Thugs of Hindostan|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=8 November 2018|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110213414/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/thugs-of-hindostan/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2019, on his 54th birthday, Aamir Khan confirmed that he would be seen next in ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsbiggestsuperstar.in/news-articles/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-to-release-in-2020/|title=Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' to release in 2020 – Zee News India|work=Worlds Biggest Superstar |date=7 June 2019|access-date=20 July 2019|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026123509/http://www.worldsbiggestsuperstar.in/news-articles/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-to-release-in-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> an adaptation of ''[[Forrest Gump]]''. The film features him in the lead and is directed by [[Advait Chandan]], who previously directed Khan in ''[[Secret Superstar]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsbiggestsuperstar.in/news-articles/success-by-secret-superstar-could-give-aamir-khan-the-title-of-the-worlds-biggest-movie-star-forbes/|title="Success By 'Secret Superstar' Could Give Aamir Khan The Title Of The World's Biggest Movie Star"- Forbes|work=Worlds Biggest Superstar |date=3 October 2017|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618115821/http://www.worldsbiggestsuperstar.in/news-articles/success-by-secret-superstar-could-give-aamir-khan-the-title-of-the-worlds-biggest-movie-star-forbes/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's release on 11 August 2022 marked Khan's return after a four-year hiatus, opening to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Starry flops? Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' earns Rs 10 cr on Day 1; Akshay Kumar-starrer 'Raksha Bandhan' manages Rs 8 cr on opening |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/starry-flops-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-earns-rs-10-cr-on-day-1-akshay-kumars-raksha-bandhan-manages-rs-8-cr-on-opening/articleshow/93514843.cms |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231044153/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/starry-flops-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-earns-rs-10-cr-on-day-1-akshay-kumars-raksha-bandhan-manages-rs-8-cr-on-opening/articleshow/93514843.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film flopped miserably at the box office and was declared a "disaster".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6196 |website=Box Office India |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922213942/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6196 |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Khan expressed sorrow over the failure of ''Laal Singh Chaddha'', stating, "I made so many mistakes in this film on so many levels. Thank God I made these mistakes in just one film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2024 |title=Aamir Khan talks about failure of Laal Singh Chaddha: 'I made so many mistakes in this film' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-talks-about-failure-of-laal-singh-chaddha-i-made-so-many-mistakes-in-this-film-101708754473992.html |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

After another three year hiatus, Khan played a suspended basketball coach who must serve community service by helping a team of players with disabilities, in ''[[Sitaare Zameen Par]]'' opposite [[Genelia D'Souza]].<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Sitaare Zameen Par: Aamir Khan, Genelia Deshmukh share a delightful moment on the sets. See pic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sitaare-zameen-par-aamir-khan-genelia-deshmukh-share-delightful-moment-sets-see-pic-9222033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616121052/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sitaare-zameen-par-aamir-khan-genelia-d'souza-share-delightful-moment-sets-see-pic-9222033/ |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aamir Khan-starrer 'Sitaare Zameen Par' wraps up shoot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aamir-khan-starrer-sitaare-zameen-par-wraps-up-shoot/article68296320.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616153458/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aamir-khan-starrer-sitaare-zameen-par-wraps-up-shoot/article68296320.ece |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] noted, "Khan effortlessly slips into the character of a temperamental man who is often mocked for his short stature."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Sitaare Zameen Par Review: Aamir Khan's Uplifting Film Has Its Heart In The Right Place |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sitaare-zameen-par-review-aamir-khans-uplifting-film-has-its-heart-in-the-right-place-3-5-stars-8714227 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> The film did a lifetime business of {{INR}}266.49 crore, thus emerging a hit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Sitaare Zameen Par Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sitaare-zameen-par/box-office/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9190|title=Sitaare Zameen Par Wednesday Box Office Collection|date=26 June 2025}}</ref> The film's success was attributed to a modest budget and positive reception for its portrayal of [[neurodivergence]], however, it underperformed compared to Khan's peak years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitaare Zameen Par Final Collections - India And Overseas - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9308 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

== Film production and direction ==
Aamir Khan owns the production company – ''Aamir Khan Productions''.

As a screenwriter, he first co-wrote the screenplay and script for ''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]'', where he also starred in the lead role.<ref name="Danielsrole">{{cite book|last=Danielsrole|first=C.|title=I'll Do It My Way: The Incredible Journey Of Aamir Khan|date=2012|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=9789380069227|pages=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tsyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT200|language=en}}</ref> His first project as a producer under the banner of Aamir Khan Productions was the 2001 film ''Lagaan''. It was selected as India's official entry to the [[74th Academy Awards]] in the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film category]], for which it became [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's third nominee]] ever; it won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|National Film Award for Most Popular Film]], an award shared between Khan and the film's director, [[Ashutosh Gowariker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226174143/https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> For producing the documentary ''Madness in the Desert'' on the making of ''Lagaan'', he and director [[Satyajit Bhatkal]] were awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film]] at the [[51st National Film Awards]] ceremony.<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=15 March 2012|page=116|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234942/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan wrote the climax of [[Rang De Basanti|''Rang De Basanti'' (2006)]], which he also starred in.<ref name="think">{{Cite AV media|title=Aamir Khan at THiNK 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pCXRc0MkX0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/2pCXRc0MkX0| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|time=19:40|publisher=YouTube|access-date=26 January 2018|date=19 November 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>[[File:AamirKhan.jpg|thumb|alt=An Indian man wearing a black dress shirt.|Khan at a promotional event for ''Taare Zameen Par''|left|162x162px]]

In 2007, he directed and produced ''Taare Zameen Par'', which marked his directorial debut. He also played a supporting role in the film. The film was conceived and developed by [[Amole Gupte]] and [[Deepa Bhatia]]. The movie was critically acclaimed<ref name="director">{{cite news
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms
|title=Taare Zameen Par, Chak De top directors' pick in 2007
|access-date=5 May 2008
|date=28 December 2007
|work=The Economic Times
|location=India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421200216/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms
|archive-date=21 April 2008
|url-status=live
}}</ref> and a box office success. ''Taare Zameen Par'' won the 2008 [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Filmfare Best Movie Award]] as well as a number of other [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] and [[Screen Awards|Star Screen Awards]]. Khan's work also won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. In 2008, his nephew Imran Khan debuted in the film ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' under his production house. The film was a big hit in India, and earned Khan another nomination for Best Film at Filmfare.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-4205152,prtpage-1.cms |title= Filmfare: 'Jodha...' bags 5, Priyanka, Hrithik shine |date= 1 March 2009 |work= The Times of India |access-date= 26 January 2010 |archive-date= 8 October 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091008130501/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-4205152,prtpage-1.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> He also co-wrote the blockbuster film ''Ghajini'', which he starred in; Khan made alterations to the original [[Ghajini (2005 film)|2005 Tamil film]] and rewrote the climax.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=31 December 2008 |title=Aamir Khan rewrote Ghajini climax |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aamir-khan-rewrote-ghajini-climax/story-gZqQPykgNOR4dPy7kdRg6H.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |language=en |access-date=9 December 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112210726/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aamir-khan-rewrote-ghajini-climax/story-gZqQPykgNOR4dPy7kdRg6H.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, he released ''[[Peepli Live]]'', which was selected as India's official entry for the [[83rd Academy Awards]]' [[List of submissions to the 83rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film]] category.<ref name=hroscars /><ref name=rtoscars />

In 2011, he released his home production ''[[Dhobi Ghat (film)|Dhobi Ghat]]'',<ref name="Dhobi Ghat!">{{cite web|title= Will Dhobi Ghat appeal to Indians?'| url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/19/review-dhobi-ghat.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=22 October 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101022044112/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/19/review-dhobi-ghat.htm| archive-date= 22 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> an [[Parallel Cinema|art house film]] directed by Rao. In the same year, Khan co-produced the English language [[black comedy]] film ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' with [[UTV Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-delhi-belly-will-boost-imran-khan-s-career-says-aamir-khan-1543459|title='Delhi Belly' Will Boost Imrah Khan's Career, Says, Aamir Khan|work=DNA India|access-date=18 May 2016|date=15 May 2011|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813072616/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-delhi-belly-will-boost-imran-khan-s-career-says-aamir-khan-1543459|url-status=live}}</ref> The film opened to critical acclaim and was a commercial success, with a domestic revenue of over {{INRConvert|550|m|year=2011|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3212&nCat=box_office_news|title=Delhi Belly 55 Crore In Three Weeks|website=Box Office India|access-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320171153/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3212&nCat=box_office_news|archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> In 2012, he starred in [[Reema Kagti]]'s neo-noir mystery film ''Talaash'', which was a joint production of [[Excel Entertainment]] and Aamir Khan Productions. The film was declared a semi-hit in India and accumulated a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|1.74|b|year=2012|mode=historical}}.<ref name="Gross">{{cite web|title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat= |website=Box Office India |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120003523/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat= |archive-date=20 January 2013 }}</ref>

His next production was ''Secret Superstar'', which became one of the most profitable films ever in proportion to its limited budget.<ref name="medium">{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Robert|title='Secret Superstar' Is Hot On 'Tiger's Tail With Explosive ₹173 Crore/$27M China Debut Weekend|url=https://medium.com/@robcain/secret-superstar-is-hot-on-tiger-s-tail-with-explosive-173-crore-27m-debut-weekend-d1f513ac439f|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|date=21 January 2018|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525133925/https://medium.com/@robcain/secret-superstar-is-hot-on-tiger-s-tail-with-explosive-173-crore-27m-debut-weekend-d1f513ac439f|url-status=live}}</ref> In China, ''Secret Superstar'' broke ''Dangal''{{'}}s record for the highest-grossing opening weekend by an Indian film,<ref>{{cite news|last=Brzeski|first=Patrick|date=22 January 2018|title=China Box Office: Bollywood's 'Secret Superstar' Beats 'Ferdinand' and 'Jumanji'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-bollywoods-secret-superstar-beats-ferdinand-jumanji-1076857|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122092724/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-bollywoods-secret-superstar-beats-ferdinand-jumanji-1076857|url-status=live}}</ref> cementing Khan's status as a [[superstar]] in China<ref name="scmp">{{cite news|last=Liu|first=Coco|date=28 January 2018|title=Meet the Secret Superstar of China, from India|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2130746/meet-secret-superstar-china-india-aamir-khan|url-access=subscription|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127231817/http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2130746/meet-secret-superstar-china-india-aamir-khan|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Secret Superstar'' is the third highest-grossing Indian film of all time<ref>{{cite news|last=Raveendran|first=Karthika|date=10 February 2018|title=Aamir Khan's Secret Superstar BEATS PK, rakes in Rs 833 crore gross at the worldwide box office|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-beats-pk-rakes-in-rs-833-crore-gross-at-the-worldwide-box-office/|work=[[Bollywood Life]]|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619120024/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-beats-pk-rakes-in-rs-833-crore-gross-at-the-worldwide-box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=MK|first=Surendhar|date=2 February 2018|title=Secret Superstar: Aamir Khan's film becomes second Indian movie to cross Rs 500 cr in China, next only to his Dangal|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/secret-superstar-aamir-khans-film-becomes-second-indian-movie-to-cross-rs-500-cr-in-china-next-only-to-his-dangal-4331887.html|work=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202074658/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/secret-superstar-aamir-khans-film-becomes-second-indian-movie-to-cross-rs-500-cr-in-china-next-only-to-his-dangal-4331887.html|url-status=live}}</ref> With his films giving serious competition to Hollywood in the Chinese market,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hickey|first=Walt|date=30 January 2018|title=Significant Digits For Tuesday, Jan. 30, 2018|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/significant-digits-for-tuesday-jan-30-2018/|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130150522/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/significant-digits-for-tuesday-jan-30-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Miller|first=Lee J|date=29 January 2018|title=China Picks Bollywood Over Hollywood|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-29/china-picks-bollywood-over-hollywood|url-access=subscription|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140934/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-29/china-picks-bollywood-over-hollywood|url-status=live}}</ref> the success of films such as ''Dangal'' and ''Secret Superstar'' drove up the buyout prices of Indian film imports for Chinese distributors.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 January 2018|title=Headlines from China: Tencent Acquires Stake in Hollywood Studio Skydance Media|url=https://chinafilminsider.com/headlines-china-tencent-acquires-stake-hollywood-studio-skydance-media/|work=China Film Insider|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419060526/https://chinafilminsider.com/headlines-china-tencent-acquires-stake-hollywood-studio-skydance-media/|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan's earnings for ''Secret Superstar'' from the Chinese box office is estimated to be {{INRConvert|190|c|year=2018|mode=historical}},<ref name="firstpost19">{{cite news|last=MK|first=Surendhar|date=19 February 2018|title=Secret Superstar: A look at how the film steered Aamir Khan's cumulative China box office turnover to Rs 2000 cr|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/secret-superstar-a-look-at-how-the-film-steered-aamir-khans-cumulative-china-box-office-turnover-to-rs-2000-cr-4357339.html|work=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219070448/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/secret-superstar-a-look-at-how-the-film-steered-aamir-khans-cumulative-china-box-office-turnover-to-rs-2000-cr-4357339.html|url-status=live}}</ref> higher than what any other Indian actor-producer has ever earned from a film.<ref name="theweek">{{cite news|last=Antony|first=Navin J|date=10 February 2018|title=Aamir Khan and his Chinese fan base|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/aamir-khan-china-dangal-secret-superstar.html|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314212637/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/aamir-khan-china-dangal-secret-superstar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film has increased Aamir Khan's Chinese box office total to $346.5{{nbsp}}million ({{INR}}2,231{{nbsp}}crore).<ref name="firstpost19" />

Khan co-produced the 2024 release ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'', alongside wife [[Kiran Rao]] and [[Jyoti Deshpande]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/laapataa-ladies-teaser-kiran-rao-returns-to-direction-13-years-after-dhobi-ghat-aamir-khan-watch-101694170691655.html|title=Laapataa Ladies teaser: Kiran Rao returns to direction 13 years after Dhobi Ghat with a tale of lost brides. Watch|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 September 2023|access-date=1 March 2024|archive-date=1 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301182153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/laapataa-ladies-teaser-kiran-rao-returns-to-direction-12-years-after-dhobi-ghat-aamir-khan-watch-101694170691655.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Directed by Kiran Rao, it was a satire on the state of women in rural marital affairs, and starred [[Nitanshi Goel]], [[Pratibha Ranta]], [[Sparsh Srivastav|Sparsh Shrivastav]], [[Chhaya Kadam]] and [[Ravi Kishan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/director-kiran-rao-attends-laapataa-ladies-screening-at-the-toronto-international-film-festival/articleshow/103529454.cms?from=mdr|title=Director Kiran Rao attends 'Laapataa Ladies' screening at the Toronto International Film Festival|website=The Times of India|date=9 September 2023|access-date=1 March 2024|archive-date=1 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301182152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/director-kiran-rao-attends-laapataa-ladies-screening-at-the-toronto-international-film-festival/articleshow/103529454.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[2023 Toronto International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |title=''Laapataa Ladies'' |url=https://tiff.net/events/lost-ladies |website=[[Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301170112/https://tiff.net/events/lost-ladies |url-status=live}}</ref> and released theatrically in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/laapataa-ladies-trailer-kiran-rao-directorial-slowly-and-surely-lifts-the-veil-comedy-of-errors-watch-101706090282997.html|title=Laapataa Ladies trailer: Kiran Rao directorial slowly and surely lifts the veil on its comedy of errors Watch|website=Hindustan Times|date=24 January 2024|access-date=1 March 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226140212/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/laapataa-ladies-trailer-kiran-rao-directorial-slowly-and-surely-lifts-the-veil-comedy-of-errors-watch-101706090282997.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It received widespread critical praise and had further success following its release on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/laapataa-ladies-a-fantasy-by-those-who-have-never-lived-in-a-village-9310120/lite/|title=Laapataa Ladies: A fantasy by those who have never lived in a village|website=Indian Express|date=7 May 2024|access-date=7 May 2024|archive-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507140212/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/laapataa-ladies-a-fantasy-by-those-who-have-never-lived-in-a-village-9310120/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> It garnered 13.8 million views on the platform in just a month and became the 2nd most watched Indian release of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Shalmesh |date=23 May 2024 |title=Laapataa Ladies Overtakes Ranbir Kapoor Starrer Animal's 13.8 Million Views On Netflix! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/laapataa-ladies-overtakes-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animals-13-8-million-views-on-netflix/ |website=Koimoi |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173214/https://www.koimoi.com/television/laapataa-ladies-overtakes-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animals-13-8-million-views-on-netflix/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was later chosen as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] for the [[97th Academy Awards]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |date=23 September 2024 |title=Oscars: India Selects 'Laapataa Ladies' For Best International Feature Film Race |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/oscars-2025-india-laapataa-ladies-best-international-feature-film-race-1236096773/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=23 October 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203000255/https://deadline.com/2024/09/oscars-2025-india-laapataa-ladies-best-international-feature-film-race-1236096773/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but was not nominated.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=19 December 2024 |title=Oscar Predictions: Best International Feature — 'I'm Still Here' Hopes to Challenge 'Emilia Pérez' |url=https://variety.com/lists/2025-oscars-best-international-feature-predictions/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>

Khan produced the directorial debut of comedian [[Vir Das]], ''[[Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos]]'', which starred Das himself, [[Mona Singh]], [[Mithila Palkar]], [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] and a cameo appearance by Khan. It released on 16 January 2026.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=3 December 2025 |title=‘Happy Patel’: Aamir Khan Productions announces Vir Das’ directorial debut featuring Imran Khan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/happy-patel-aamir-khan-productions-announce-vir-das-directorial-debut-featuring-imran-khan/article70352698.ece |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2026 |title=Aamir Khan lost 18 kilos through an anti-inflammatory diet for 'Happy Patel', the actor shares details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aamir-khan-lost-18-kilos-through-an-anti-inflammatory-diet-for-happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos-the-actor-shares-details/articleshow/126527984.cms |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Khan is also producing ''[[Lahore 1947]]'' which will be directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] and stars [[Sunny Deol]], [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Shabana Azmi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol Wraps Up Filming Aamir Khan's Lahore 1947 After An Intense 70-Day Shoot |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sunny-deol-wraps-up-filming-aamir-khans-lahore-1947-after-an-intense-70-day-shoot-6320194 |work=NDTV |date=12 August 2024 |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet the cast of Lahore 1947, Rajkumar Santoshi's next produced by Aamir Khan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meet-the-cast-of-lahore-1947-rajkumar-santoshis-next-produced-by-aamir-khan-101708937809828.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 February 2024 |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> A film adaptation of [[Asghar Wajahat]]'s play ''[[Jis Lahore Nai Vekhya, O Jamya E Nai]]'' ({{translation| from [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ''You haven't truly lived until you've experienced Lahore''}}), it will be set against the backdrop of [[1947 Partition of India]]. It is set to release on 13 August 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Deol's 'Jatt' aims for Republic Day 2025 release as 'Lahore 1947' gets pushed: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-deols-jatt-aims-for-republic-day-2025-release-as-lahore-1947-gets-pushed-report/articleshow/114348219.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Kusumika |date=9 February 2026 |title=Aamir Khan's Lahore 1947, Starring Sunny Deol, To Release In Theatres On August 13 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aamir-khans-lahore-1947-starring-sunny-deol-to-release-in-theatres-on-august-13-10974923 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref>

===Television===
Aamir Khan made his television debut with his talk show, ''[[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]]'', which dealt with social issues, on 6 May 2012. On the radio, Khan said that in view of a phenomenal public response, he would come up with a second season of the show.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 July 2012|title='Satyamev Jayate' season 2 in pipeline|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyamev-jayate-season-2-in-pipeline/268950-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413042357/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/satyamev-jayate-season-2-in-pipeline-485342.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2016|location=Mumbai|work=[[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]|access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> The show went live simultaneously on [[StarPlus]], [[Star World]], and national broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] in the 11 am Sunday slot in eight languages, being the first to do so in India.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/aamir-tv-show-books-morning-slot/story-iOgYqxJKwIlBBfMtYSb1XN.html| title=Aamir TV show books morning slot| work=[[Hindustan Times]]| date=11 April 2012| access-date=12 April 2012| archive-date=8 December 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/aamir-tv-show-books-morning-slot/story-iOgYqxJKwIlBBfMtYSb1XN.html| url-status=live}}</ref> 'It opened to positive reviews and feedback from social activists, media houses, doctors, and film and television personalities. Khan was also praised for his effort.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2012|url=http://www.youngkingdom.com/2012/05/satyamev-jayate-tv-show-review-aamir-khan-show/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527183733/http://www.youngkingdom.com/2012/05/satyamev-jayate-tv-show-review-aamir-khan-show/|url-status=dead|title=Satyamev Jayate TV Show Review: Aamir Khan Show|archive-date=27 May 2012|website=Young Kingdom}}</ref> Despite the initial hype and being labelled as the channel's most ambitious project to date, the initial viewership figures were not very encouraging; the show received an average television rating of 2.9 (with a sample size of 14.4 million, it was watched by only 20% of TV viewers) in the six metros in its debut episode on 6 May. The rating was lower than those of most other celebrity-hosted shows at the time.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2012|title=Satyameva Jayate: Hit or miss?|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/entertainment/satyameva-jayate-hit-or-miss_703562.html|access-date=16 May 2012|website=[[CNBC TV18]]|archive-date=14 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514031235/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/entertainment/satyameva-jayate-hit-or-miss_703562.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bhat |first=Varada |date=16 May 2012 |title=Aamir's TV debut gets fewer eyeballs than most celeb shows |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-aamirs-tv-debut-fails-to-garner-trp/20120516.htm |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=25 January 2013 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824130410/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-aamirs-tv-debut-fails-to-garner-trp/20120516.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Aamir Khan at Satyamev Jayate press conference 13.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Khan at ''[[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' press conference]]
In a 2009 interview, Aamir Khan stated that he tends to take an independent approach to the world of filmmaking, noting that he does not "do different things; I try to do it in a different manner. I think every person should follow his/her dream and try and make it possible to create an ability to achieve it backed by its practicality." He also said that he is more interested in the process of filmmaking than in the result: "For me, the process is more important, more joyful. I would like to have my entire concentration on the process right from the first step."<ref>{{cite news |last=Dave |first=Janki |title=Gandhiji inspires me, says Aamir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gandhiji-inspires-me-says-aamir/articleshow/4100924.cms |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 February 2009 |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226190001/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/Gandhiji_inspires_me_says_Aamir/articleshow/4100924.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aamir Khan has a reputation for avoiding award ceremonies and not accepting any popular Indian film awards. Although he has been nominated many times, Khan has not attended any Indian film award ceremonies and has stated that "Indian film awards lack credibility".<ref>{{cite news |last=Sinanan |first=Anil |date=27 February 2008 |title=Aamir Khan's defiant stand against Bollywood awards |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/bollywood/article3445727.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615185636/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/bollywood/article3445727.ece |archive-date=15 June 2011 |work=[[The Times]] |access-date=26 January 2010 |location=London }}</ref> When asked about the selection procedure and authenticity of popular Indian film awards, he replied, "Fact is that I have no objections to film awards. I just feel that if I don't value a particular film award, then I won't attend it either. Apart from the [[National Film Awards]], I don't see any other award ceremony that I should give value to. My personal experience about these award ceremonies is that I don't trust them. I have no faith in them so I would prefer to stay away."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Aamir-Khan|title=Aamir Khan|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 March 2008|archive-date=18 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818000849/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Aamir-Khan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2011|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aamir-khan-national-awards-peepli-live-anusha-rizvi-135792-2011-06-16|title=Aamir Khan says no even to national awards!|work=India Today|access-date=8 March 2012|archive-date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104191258/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aamir-khan-national-awards-peepli-live-anusha-rizvi/1/141790.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, he was invited to have a wax imitation of himself put on display at [[Madame Tussauds]] in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2561771.cms|title=Aamir declines Madame Tussauds|date=22 November 2007|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224122255/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2561771.cms|archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref> Khan declined, saying, "It's not important to me ... people will see my films if they want to. Also, I cannot deal with so many things, I have bandwidth only for that much."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=21052&z=4 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111065228/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=21052&z=4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2013 |title=Aamir Khan turns down Madam Tussauds |date=26 November 2007 |publisher=IBOS |access-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> He also endorsed brands including [[Coca-Cola]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/special/profile/20030505.htm | title=Prasoon Joshi: The 'Thanda matlab Coca-Cola' man | publisher=[[Rediff]] | work=Rediff site desk | date=5 May 2003 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=5 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105121446/http://www.rediff.com/money/special/profile/20030505.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Godrej Group|Godrej]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/godrej-ropes-in-aamir-khan-to-increase-visibility-during-ipl-113032500273_1.html | title=Godrej ropes in Aamir Khan to increase visibility during IPL | publisher=Business Standard | work=Viveat Susan Pinto | date=26 March 2013 | access-date=27 November 2015 | last1=Pinto | first1=Viveat Susan | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063458/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/godrej-ropes-in-aamir-khan-to-increase-visibility-during-ipl-113032500273_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Titan Company|Titan Watches]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/oct/15titan.htm | title=Aamir Khan is Titan brand ambassador | publisher=[[Rediff]] | work=Rediff desk | date=15 October 2014 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=5 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105121517/http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/oct/15titan.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tata Sky]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-07-10/news/27717613_1_brand-ambassador-direct-to-home-operator-dth-operator | title=TataSky ropes in Aamir Khan as brand ambassador | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=10 July 2008 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=4 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204212939/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-07-10/news/27717613_1_brand-ambassador-direct-to-home-operator-dth-operator | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Toyota Innova]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/17look.htm | title=Aamir Khan endorses Innova | publisher=[[Rediff]] | work=Rediff desk | date=17 August 2005 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=5 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105115514/http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/17look.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Samsung]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.samsung.com/in/news/local/samsung-appoints-aamir-khan-as-its-brand-ambassador-for-mobile-phones | title=Samsung Appoints Aamir Khan As Its Brand Ambassador for Mobile Phones | publisher=[[Samsung]] | work=Samsung desk | date=5 September 2008 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=30 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130005200/http://www.samsung.com/in/news/local/samsung-appoints-aamir-khan-as-its-brand-ambassador-for-mobile-phones | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Parle Products#Brands|Monaco Biscuits]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/25651_Parle-Monacos-smart-route-to-health | title=Parle Monaco's smart route to health | publisher=Afaqs | date=2 December 2009 | access-date=27 November 2015 | last=Biposhree | first=Das | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134420/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/25651_Parle-Monacos-smart-route-to-health | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Snapdeal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/e-commerce/snapdeal-ropes-in-aamir-khan-as-brand-ambassador-150324 | title=Snapdeal ropes in Aamir Khan as brand ambassador | publisher=Indian Television | work=IT Team | date=24 March 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=18 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118234823/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/e-commerce/snapdeal-ropes-in-aamir-khan-as-brand-ambassador-150324 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2013, he was among [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]'s list of the [[Time 100|100 Most Influential People in the World]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/p.-chidambaram-aamir-khan-in-times-100-most-influential-global-list/1104424/ | work=The Indian Express | title=P. Chidambaram, Aamir Khan in Time's 100 most influential global list | date=18 April 2013 | access-date=19 April 2013 | archive-date=21 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421024240/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/p.-chidambaram-aamir-khan-in-times-100-most-influential-global-list/1104424 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/more-from-india/aamir-khan-in-times-100-most-influential-people-in-the-world-list-72827.html | work=The Times of India | title=Aamir Khan in Time's 100 Most Influential People in the World List | date=18 April 2013 | access-date=19 April 2013 | archive-date=19 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419232129/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/more-from-india/aamir-khan-in-times-100-most-influential-people-in-the-world-list-72827.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Khan was featured on the cover of ''[[TIME|Time]]''{{'s}} Asia edition in the September 2012 issue with the title "Khan's Quest" – "He is breaking the Bollywood mold by tackling India's social evils. Can an actor change a nation?"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-Khan-graces-cover-of-Time-magazine/articleshow/16046933.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902032512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news-interviews/33520190_1_aamir-khan-social-evils-satyamev-jayate|url-status=live|archive-date=2 September 2012|title=Aamir Khan graces cover of Time magazine|date=31 August 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> In addition to being highly popular in India, he is also highly popular overseas, particularly in China,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dangal-wins-china-why-aamir-is-truly-the-alpha-khan-of-bollywood-1717537|title=Dangal Wins China: Why Aamir Is Truly The Alpha Khan Of Bollywood|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010045742/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dangal-wins-china-why-aamir-is-truly-the-alpha-khan-of-bollywood-1717537|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/11/how-to-become-a-foreign-movie-star-in-china-aamir-khans-5-point-formula-for-success/|title=How To Become A Foreign Movie Star In China: Aamir Khan's 5-Point Formula For Success|first=Rob|last=Cain|website=Forbes.com|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812205559/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/11/how-to-become-a-foreign-movie-star-in-china-aamir-khans-5-point-formula-for-success/|url-status=live}}</ref> the second largest movie market.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-bollywood-aamir-khan-dangal-interv/qa-aamir-khan-on-what-it-takes-to-crack-chinas-box-office-idINKBN18R0RQ|title=Q&A: Aamir Khan on what it takes to crack China's box office|last=Jamkhandikar|first=Shilpa|date=31 May 2017|access-date=22 September 2017|work=Reuters|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923022352/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-bollywood-aamir-khan-dangal-interv/qa-aamir-khan-on-what-it-takes-to-crack-chinas-box-office-idINKBN18R0RQ|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the most followed Indian national on Chinese social media site [[Sina Weibo]], above Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tan|first=Yvette|title=This Bollywood superstar has become the most followed Indian national on Weibo|url=http://mashable.com/2017/05/22/aamir-khan-china/|website=[[Mashable]]|date=22 May 2017|language=en|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207014754/http://mashable.com/2017/05/22/aamir-khan-china/|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan is also popular in [[Turkey]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/cinema/2017/10/04/popular-indian-actor-aamir-khan-welcomed-by-fans-in-turkey|title=Popular Indian actor Aamir Khan welcomed by fans in Turkey|work=DailySabah|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021215951/https://www.dailysabah.com/cinema/2017/10/04/popular-indian-actor-aamir-khan-welcomed-by-fans-in-turkey|url-status=live}}</ref> Hong Kong,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/want-to-know-what-s-the-most-popular-indian-spice-in-hong-kong-it-s-turmeric/story-xzS0wxCKwtHhR6XcqhUoxI.html|title=Want to know what's the most popular Indian spice in Hong Kong? It's turmeric|date=4 September 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=21 October 2017|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021164144/http://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/want-to-know-what-s-the-most-popular-indian-spice-in-hong-kong-it-s-turmeric/story-xzS0wxCKwtHhR6XcqhUoxI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Singapore,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/lifestyle/aamir-khan-bollywood-megastar-singapore-interview-9279548|title=Aamir Khan, a different kind of Bollywood megastar|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=21 October 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021163836/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/lifestyle/aamir-khan-bollywood-megastar-singapore-interview-9279548|url-status=dead}}</ref> among many other countries.

In February 2015, Aamir Khan stated his views on a popular online comedy group [[All India Bakchod]] for its celebrity roast episode. He said, "I completely believe in freedom of speech, no issues. But we have to understand that we all have a certain responsibility. When I heard what was being described to me I felt it was a violent event." He further said violence is not just physical but it has verbal aspects to it. He called the roast a shameless act, and even called out his friends from the film industry—Karan, Ranveer, and Arjun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/02/10/article498644.ece/Aamir-Khan-lashes-out-at-AIB-roast|title=Aamir Khan lashes out at AIB roast|date=10 February 2015|work=ABP News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211122954/http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/02/10/article498644.ece/Aamir-Khan-lashes-out-at-AIB-roast|archive-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>

In [[Indian media]], he is often referred to as "Mr. Perfectionist" for his dedication to his work.<ref>{{cite news|title=People call Aamir Khan Mr Perfectionist, but I call him Mr Passionate: Secret Superstar Zaira Wasim|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/people-call-aamir-khan-mr-perfectionist-but-i-call-him-mr-passionate-secret-superstar-zaira-wasim/story-T8zwX5tCIYpOYzJY8kefoI.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 October 2017|language=en|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105215023/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/people-call-aamir-khan-mr-perfectionist-but-i-call-him-mr-passionate-secret-superstar-zaira-wasim/story-T8zwX5tCIYpOYzJY8kefoI.html?|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/21-things-you-probably-didn-t-know-about-bollywood-s-mr-perfectionist-aamir-khan-251953.html|title=21 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Bollywood's 'Mr. Perfectionist' Aamir Khan|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=22 October 2017|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427072721/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/21-things-you-probably-didn-t-know-about-bollywood-s-mr-perfectionist-aamir-khan-251953.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Chinese media]], he is often referred to as a "national treasure of India" or "conscience of India", due to much of his work tackling various social issues that are pervasive in [[Culture of India|Indian society]], some of which are also relevant to [[Chinese society]], in a way that domestic [[Cinema of China|Chinese films]] often do not portray. His work is highly regarded in China, with films such as ''Taare Zameen Par'' (2007), ''3 Idiots'' (2009) and ''Dangal'' (2016), as well as his television show ''[[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' (2012{{ndash}}2014), being some of the highest-rated productions on Douban.<ref>{{cite news|title=印度的良心阿米尔·汗如何用电影改变国家|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/zl/bagua/blog/2017-05-19/10105939/350163497/14df122910102wywr.shtml|work=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|date=19 May 2017|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224085618/http://ent.sina.com.cn/zl/bagua/blog/2017-05-19/10105939/350163497/14df122910102wywr.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=《摔跤吧！爸爸》主演阿米尔·汗被誉为"印度刘德华"-中新网|url=http://www.chinanews.com/yl/2017/05-11/8220929.shtml|work=[[China News Service]]|date=11 May 2017|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227161827/http://www.chinanews.com/yl/2017/05-11/8220929.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In China, Khan is known for being associated with quality cinema and committed to social causes,<ref name="screendaily">{{cite web|title=What the West can learn from the surprise success of 'Dangal' in China|url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/what-the-west-can-learn-from-the-surprise-success-of-dangal-in-china/5120116.article|website=[[Screen Daily]]|date=19 July 2017|language=en|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193147/https://www.screendaily.com/features/what-the-west-can-learn-from-the-surprise-success-of-dangal-in-china/5120116.article|url-status=live}}</ref> and is often seen as an activist-actor.<ref name="mishu">{{cite news|title=Mishu magic|url=http://www.ecns.cn/2018/02-01/290967.shtml|work=[[China Daily]]|date=1 February 2018|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192859/http://www.ecns.cn/2018/02-01/290967.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, Chinese media used to refer to him as "India's [[Andy Lau]]", but as Khan gained more familiarity with mainstream Chinese audiences, younger fans have often referred to him by the moniker "Uncle Aamir"<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan scores another big hit in China with Secret Superstar|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/aamir-khan-scores-another-big-hit-in-china-with-secret-superstar|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=25 January 2018|language=en|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193525/http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/aamir-khan-scores-another-big-hit-in-china-with-secret-superstar|url-status=live}}</ref> or "Mishu".<ref name="mishu" /> He has become a household name in China,<ref>{{cite news|title=5 big stories from the week gone by|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-big-stories-from-the-week-gone-by-26308-3.html|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=29 January 2018|language=en|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145537/https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-big-stories-from-the-week-gone-by-26308-3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> where he is currently the most famous Indian.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berbano |first1=Kate |title=Aamir Khan and 4 other Indian film stars who made it big in China |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3094191/5-indian-film-stars-who-made-it-big-china-aamir-khan-3 |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=22 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231035434/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3094191/5-indian-film-stars-who-made-it-big-china-aamir-khan-3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="diplomat">{{cite news|last=Gao|first=Charlotte|title=Aamir Khan: India's Soft Power in China|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/aamir-khan-indias-soft-power-in-china/|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129152634/https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/aamir-khan-indias-soft-power-in-china/|url-status=live}}</ref> His book ''I'll Do it My Way'' is commonly found in bookstores across China, while Chinese retailers sell merchandise ranging from "Uncle Aamir" [[smartphone]] cases to ''Dhoom 3''-style black hats.<ref name="scmp" /> His effect in China has drawn comparisons with previous Indian cultural icons in the country, including the Bengali writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and actors [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Nargis]].<ref name="tagore">{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan: the second coming of Tagore?|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2130794/chinas-secret-superstar-aamir-khan-second-coming-indias-tagore|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=28 January 2018|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128051307/http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2130794/chinas-secret-superstar-aamir-khan-second-coming-indias-tagore|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2025, Khan publicly criticised the growing trend of Bollywood actors demanding that film producers cover their personal expenses, such as the salaries of cooks, trainers, drivers, and other support staff. He argued that while costs directly connected to filmmaking—like costumes, hair, and makeup—are reasonable for producers to bear, personal lifestyle expenses should remain the responsibility of actors themselves. Expressing concern over this practice, Khan questioned, "Where will this stop?" and warned that such expectations could extend to unreasonable demands like producers paying for actors' children's school fees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aamir Khan criticizes Bollywood actors asking producers to pay for their cooks, trainers: 'Where will this stop?' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-criticizes-bollywood-actors-asking-producers-to-pay-for-their-cooks-trainers-where-will-this-stop-article-13548761.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=16 September 2025 |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref>

== Humanitarian causes ==
[[File:Secretary Clinton and Bollywood Star Aamir Khan.jpg|thumb|left|Khan with [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2009]]
In April 2006, Aamir Khan participated in the demonstrations put up by the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] committee after the [[Gujarat]] government's decision to raise the height of the Narmada dam. He was quoted to support [[adivasis]] (tribes), who might be displaced from their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/aamir-khan-lends-his-support-for-the-narmada-bachao-andolan/1135/|title=Aamir Khan lends his support for the Narmada Bachao Andolan|date=15 April 2006|access-date=29 April 2012|work=Bollywood Mantra|archive-date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104212043/http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/aamir-khan-lends-his-support-for-the-narmada-bachao-andolan/1135|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later he faced protests and a partial ban on his film ''Fanaa'', but the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]], supported him by saying, "Everyone has the freedom of expression. If someone says something on a particular subject, that doesn't mean you should start protesting."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/25aamir1.htm|title=Aamir on Narmada: I won't apologise|date=25 May 2006|access-date=29 April 2012|work=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=24 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524135030/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/25aamir1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Aamir also lent his support to the [[2012 Indian anti-corruption movement|Janlokpal Bill Movement]] led by [[Anna Hazare]] in August 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Everyone-lobbies-for-bills-what-is-wrong-if-people-put-pressure-Aamir-Khan-questions/articleshow/9775579.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107055333/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-29/india/29941151_1_mps-team-anna-strong-anti-corruption|url-status=live|archive-date=7 November 2011|title=Everyone lobbies for bills, what is wrong if people put pressure? Aamir Khan questions|date=29 August 2011|access-date=29 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

He has been supporting common causes; when asked about views on the entertainment tax in the [[Union budget of India|2012 budget]], Khan said, "I don't want any reduction in that, all I expect is focus on education and nutrition."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/news/31169050_1_union-budget-aamir-khan-nutrition|title=Aamir Khan urges government to focus on education, nutrition in Union Budget 2012|access-date=29 April 2012|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=14 March 2012|archive-date=20 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820210639/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/news/31169050_1_union-budget-aamir-khan-nutrition|url-status=dead}}</ref> He quit the [[Government of India|GOI]]'s copyrights panels in February 2010 after facing sharp differences with other members.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/18/stories/2010021852622200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222232710/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/18/stories/2010021852622200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2010|title=Aamir Khan quits copyright panel|date=18 February 2010|access-date=29 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the promotion of ''3 Idiots'', he journeyed to diverse parts of India, mostly to small towns, noting that "filmmakers from Mumbai don't understand small-town India".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/real-issue/why-aamir-khan-is-a-marketing-genius/9662/0|title=Why Aamir Khan is a Marketing Genius|date=2 February 2010|access-date=29 April 2012|work=[[Forbes]], India|archive-date=29 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429054810/http://forbesindia.com/article/real-issue/why-aamir-khan-is-a-marketing-genius/9662/0|url-status=live}}</ref> This experience of reaching out to "regional India" was extended in ''Satyamev Jayate''. On 16 July 2012, Khan met the prime minister and the minister for social justice and empowerment, and discussed the plight of manual scavengers and sought eradication of [[manual scavenging]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 July 2012 |title=Aamir meets PM, wants manual scavenging to be scrapped |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/aamir-meets-pm-wants-manual-scavenging-to-be-scrapped |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221101113/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/aamir-meets-pm-wants-manual-scavenging-to-be-scrapped |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 November 2011, he was appointed national brand ambassador of [[UNICEF]] to promote child nutrition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Aamir-Khan-appointed-UNICEFs-national-ambassador/articleshow/10933496.cms |title=Aamir Khan appointed UNICEF's national ambassador |work=The Economic Times |access-date=30 November 2011 |date=30 November 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504052234/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Aamir-Khan-appointed-UNICEFs-national-ambassador/articleshow/10933496.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He is part of the government-organised IEC campaign to raise awareness about malnutrition.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/tv/32057066_1_malnutrition-publicity-campaign-actor-aamir-khan| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130702030950/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/tv/32057066_1_malnutrition-publicity-campaign-actor-aamir-khan| url-status= dead| archive-date= 2 July 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| title=Aamir Khan to pitch in for nutrition campaign | date=6 June 2012 }}</ref> He is also known for supporting causes such as [[feminism]]<ref name="newsweek" /> and improved [[education in India]], which are themes in several of his films.<ref>{{cite news|title=I shouldn't have acted in 3 Idiots: Aamir Khan|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-shouldn-t-have-acted-in-3-idiots-aamir-khan/story-kNh3B1IzTxMCcDGnvG5RFP.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=23 February 2011|language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100054/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-shouldn-t-have-acted-in-3-idiots-aamir-khan/story-kNh3B1IzTxMCcDGnvG5RFP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His crossover success in China has been described as a form of Indian [[soft power]],<ref name="theweek" /><ref name="diplomat" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Aneja|first=Atul|title=Uncle Aamir's charm offensive on millennials|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/uncle-aamirs-charm-offensive-on-millennials/article22716336.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 February 2018|language=en-IN|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317180026/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/uncle-aamirs-charm-offensive-on-millennials/article22716336.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> helping to improve [[China–India relations]], despite political tensions between the two nations (such as [[Doklam]] and [[2018 Maldives political crisis|the Maldives]]), with Khan stating he wants to help "improve India-China ties".<ref name="scmp" /><ref name="theweek" /><ref name="tagore" /> Due to Khan being a household name in China, he has been considered to be India's brand ambassador to China by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Indian commerce ministry]], which may contribute to reducing the [[trade deficit]] with China.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Asit Ranjan|title=India may tap Aamir Khan to boost trade with China|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/WNFg7BkwAp7BVpMkKhbZ6N/India-may-tap-Aamir-Khan-to-boost-trade-with-China.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=1 April 2018|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232708/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/WNFg7BkwAp7BVpMkKhbZ6N/India-may-tap-Aamir-Khan-to-boost-trade-with-China.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Aamir Khan came up with the [[Maharashtra]] government to make the state drought-free in the next five years. He has been doing ''shramdaan'' for the last 3 years. He asked people to come to join him in this cause and become a Jal Mitra by doing ''shramdaan''. While explaining to journalists, Khan said, "the reason why popular TV show Satyamev Jayate did not go on air was not because of Court's verdict, but because all the producers, directors and talents working on this show were busy in this water project. For us, the water conservation project in the State is the most important initiative."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghunawat |first=Virendrasingh |title=Aamir Khan to make Maharashtra drought-free in the next 5 years? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aamir-khan-maharashtra-water-conservation-335351-2016-08-16 |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=16 August 2016 |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231035735/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aamir-khan-maharashtra-water-conservation-335351-2016-08-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a co-founder of [[Paani Foundation]] with Rao. The foundation is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation which is active in the area of drought prevention and watershed management in the Maharashtra, India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |title=Aamir's Paani makes a splash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/aamirs-initiative-to-educate-people-on-water-conservation/article8249492.ece |access-date=17 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=18 February 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811233031/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/aamirs-initiative-to-educate-people-on-water-conservation/article8249492.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2014, he was appointed as the [[List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors|UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]] for South Asia.<ref name="Aamir">{{cite press release |title=Actor and producer Aamir Khan appointed UNICEF Ambassador in |publisher=UNICEF |location=New Delhi |date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Aamir Khan with his wife Kiran Rao at Karan Johar's 40th birthday bash at Taj Lands End (27).jpg|thumb|right|150px| Khan with his then wife [[Kiran Rao]] at an event in 2012]]
Aamir Khan married Reena Dutta, who had a small part in ''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak'', on 18 April 1986. They have two children: a son named [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid]] and a daughter, Ira. Dutta was involved briefly in his career when she worked as a producer for ''Lagaan''. In December 2002, he filed for divorce and Dutta took custody of both children.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 15-year Itch: A Look at Aamir Khan's Marriages with Kiran Rao and Reena Dutta |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-15-year-itch-a-look-at-aamir-khans-marriages-with-kiran-rao-and-reena-dutta-3921467.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=3 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117205809/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-15-year-itch-a-look-at-aamir-khans-marriages-with-kiran-rao-and-reena-dutta-3921467.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |title=5 Married Bollywood Couples that opted to split |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-married-bollywood-couples-that-opted-to-split-15728.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=3 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117203831/https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-married-bollywood-couples-that-opted-to-split-15728.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 December 2005, he married [[Kiran Rao]], who had been an assistant director to Gowariker on the set of ''[[Lagaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=60745 |title=Grand reception for Aamir Khan-Kiran Rao wedding |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Indian Express |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222235106/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=60745 |archive-date=22 February 2007 }}</ref> On 5 December 2011, they announced the birth of their son, Azad Rao Khan,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/aamir-names-newborn-son-azad-rao-khan-427057.html | title=Aamir names son Azad Rao Khan | date=10 December 2011 | work=[[CNN-IBN]] | access-date=11 December 2011 | archive-date=14 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084050/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/aamir-names-newborn-son-azad-rao-khan-427057.html | url-status=live }}</ref> through a [[Surrogacy|surrogate]] mother.<ref>{{cite news|title=Baby boy for Aamir Khan, Kiran Rao|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/baby-boy-for-aamir-kiran/story-sD6ftV8MeLtmMiupDvNoUP.html|access-date=5 December 2011|newspaper=Hindustan Times|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105050431/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/baby-boy-for-aamir-kiran/story-sD6ftV8MeLtmMiupDvNoUP.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20130722-aamir-khan-azad-kiran-rao-surrogacy-764710-1999-11-29|title=We never felt defensive about having a surrogate|date=12 July 2013|access-date=5 December 2011|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619173823/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aamir-khan-azad-kiran-rao-surrogacy/1/291020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2021, the couple announced their separation and stated they would raise their son Azad together.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-aamir-khan-and-kiran-rao-announce-their-separation-to-co-parent-their-son-azad/|title=BREAKING: Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao announce their separation; to co-parent their son Azad|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=3 July 2021|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119185848/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-aamir-khan-and-kiran-rao-announce-their-separation-to-co-parent-their-son-azad/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 July 2021|title=Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao announce divorce after 15 years of marriage|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-and-kiran-rao-announce-divorce-after-15-years-of-marriage-101625292317408.html|access-date=3 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322054843/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-and-kiran-rao-announce-divorce-after-15-years-of-marriage-101625292317408.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

His former wife Rao is a [[Hindu]]. In March 2015, he stated that he quit non-vegetarian food and adopted a vegan lifestyle after being inspired by her.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Aamir-goes-the-vegan-way/articleshow/46522429.cms|title=Aamir Goes the Vegan Way!|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=11 March 2015|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107201725/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Aamir-goes-the-vegan-way/articleshow/46522429.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/03/11/aamir-khan-vegan-masterch_n_6848652.html|title=Recently Turned Vegan Aamir Khan To Judge 'MasterChef India 4' Finale?|agency=IANS|work=The Huffington Post|date=15 March 2015|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731195922/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/03/11/aamir-khan-vegan-masterch_n_6848652.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-quits-non-vegetarian-food-turns-vegan/|title=Aamir Khan quits non-vegetarian food, turns vegan|agency=Express News Service|work=The Indian Express|date=11 March 2015|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427224613/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-quits-non-vegetarian-food-turns-vegan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before pursuing a full-time acting career, Aamir Khan was an avid tennis player. He played professionally in state level championships in the 1980s and became a state level tennis champion prior to entering a full-time acting career.<ref name="school" /><ref name="timesofindia" /> In 2014, he participated in an exhibition match for the [[International Premier Tennis League]], playing doubles with grand slam winners [[Roger Federer]] and [[Novak Djokovic]], as well as [[Sania Mirza]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Adajania|first=Kayezad|title=Of tennis, noise, Federer and Khan|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DebKDe77qGQiCfGOss8aBL/Of-tennis-noise-Federer-and-Khan.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=9 December 2014|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104225146/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DebKDe77qGQiCfGOss8aBL/Of-tennis-noise-Federer-and-Khan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

His children have also ventured into the entertainment industry. In September 2019, Ira announced on social media that she would be directing a theatrical production, her first, a version of [[Euripides]]' ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khans-daughter-iras-directorial-debut-goes-on-floors-first-poster-unveiled-2297747.html|title=Aamir Khan's Daughter Ira's Directorial Debut Goes on Floors, First Poster Unveiled|website=[[News18]]|date=5 September 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914233527/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khans-daughter-iras-directorial-debut-goes-on-floors-first-poster-unveiled-2297747.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Veteran actress [[Sarika]], ex-wife of [[Kamal Haasan]], and her daughter [[Akshara Haasan]] produced the play,<ref>: {{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B2GbJl2AEIg/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B2GbJl2AEIg |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-access=subscription|title=Euripides' Medea on Instagram: "Meet our dream team! Can't wait to see them work together! . . . #introducing #coreteam #dreamteam #directedby #producedby #presentedby…"|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=7 September 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and Khan's sister Farhat Dutta had painted a poster for its promotion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |title=Aamir Khan's sister Farhat Datta paints the poster for Ira Khan's play |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-aamir-khan-s-sister-farhat-datta-paints-the-poster-for-ira-khan-s-play-2787567 |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=DNA India |date=5 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231034603/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-aamir-khan-s-sister-farhat-datta-paints-the-poster-for-ira-khan-s-play-2787567 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mangaokar |first=Shalvi |title=Aamir Khan's sister, ex-wife Reena come together |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-s-sister-ex-wife-reena-come-together/story-CSwrwwfXlv4A8zbLsYghTO.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 November 2014 |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231034604/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-s-sister-ex-wife-reena-come-together/story-CSwrwwfXlv4A8zbLsYghTO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His elder son Junaid made his acting debut in the Hindi film ''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |date=24 June 2024 |title=Beyond nepotism, Maharaj's Junaid Khan is the most stunning debut in a very long time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/maharaj-junaid-khan-most-stunning-debut-long-time-netflix-film-aamir-khan-son-2556914-2024-06-24 |magazine=India Today |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624131251/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/maharaj-junaid-khan-most-stunning-debut-long-time-netflix-film-aamir-khan-son-2556914-2024-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Vidya |last2=Farzeen |first2=Sana |last3=Abbas |first3=Ajmal |date=14 June 2024 |title=Court stays release of Aamir Khan's son's film 'Maharaj' on Hindu group's plea |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/junaid-khan-amir-khan-son-film-maharaj-release-on-hindu-group-gujarat-high-court-2552901-2024-06-13 |magazine=India Today |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>

On 13 March 2025, Khan has publicly introduced Gauri Spratt as his girlfriend at his 60th birthday party, confirming their 18-month relationship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aamir Khan's new ladylove is from Bengaluru: Who is Gauri Spratt, his friend of 25 years? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aamir-khans-new-ladylove-is-from-bengaluru-who-is-gauri-spratt-his-friend-of-25-years/articleshow/118982741.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314024746/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aamir-khans-new-ladylove-is-from-bengaluru-who-is-gauri-spratt-his-friend-of-25-years/articleshow/118982741.cms |archive-date=14 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |date=13 March 2025 |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>

== Political controversies ==
=== Gujarat (2006) ===

In 2006, Aamir Khan lent his support to the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] movement, led by activist [[Medha Patkar]], in their actions against raising the height of the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=5 examples that prove why Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan can't be blamed for their 'silence' over Padmavati row|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/shah-rukh-khan-aamir-khan-shatrughan-sinha-amitabh-bachchan-padmavati/130759|work=[[Times Now]]|date=22 November 2017|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122541/http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/shah-rukh-khan-aamir-khan-shatrughan-sinha-amitabh-bachchan-padmavati/130759|url-status=live}}</ref> While promoting his film ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' in [[Gujarat]], he made some comments regarding the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) Gujarat chief minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s handling of the [[Narmada Dam]] and the necessity to rehabilitate the displaced villagers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/may/14aamir.htm |title= Aamir Khan slams Narendra Modi |access-date= 15 December 2008 |date= 14 June 2006 |publisher= [[Rediff]] |archive-date= 14 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120314005028/http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/may/14aamir.htm |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2612165.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150517161826/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2612165.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 17 May 2015 |title= Film banned over star's dam protest |access-date= 15 December 2008 |last= Prasad |first= Raekha |date= 26 May 2006 |work= [[The Times]] |location= London }}</ref> These comments were met with outrage from the BJP, with the government of Gujarat demanding an apology from Khan. He refused to apologise, saying "I am saying exactly what the Supreme Court has said. I only asked for rehabilitation of poor farmers. I never spoke against the construction of the dam. I will not apologise for my comments on the issue."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/25aamir1.htm |title= Aamir on Narmada: I won't apologise |access-date= 15 December 2008 |last= Singh |first= Ankar |date= 25 May 2006 |work= [[Rediff]] |archive-date= 24 May 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080524135030/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/25aamir1.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> An unofficial ban of ''Fanaa'' was put in place for the entire state of Gujarat. Protests occurred against the film and Khan, which included burning posters of him. As a result, several multiplex owners stated that they could not provide security to customers, and all theatre owners in Gujarat refused to screen the film.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1577182.cms |title= Gujarat left out as world sees Fanaa |access-date= 15 December 2008 |date= 27 May 2006 |work= [[The Times of India]] |archive-date= 13 January 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090113062655/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1577182.cms |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== Comments on intolerance (2013–2016) ===

{{Quote box
| width = 25%
| align = right
| quote="I think in the last maybe six to eight months, there is a growing sense of despondency. When I chat with [[Kiran Rao|Kiran]] at home, she says, 'Should we move out of India?' That's a disastrous and big statement for Kiran to make. She fears for her child. She fears what the atmosphere around us will be. She feels scared to open the newspapers every day."
| source = — Khan on his wife Kiran Rao's views.<ref>{{cite web|title = Aamir Khan Made A Statement And You Obviously Lost It But In The Process You Forgot This Little Thing|url = http://akkarbakkar.com/open-letter-whoever-offended-aamir-khans-statement/|website = AkkarBakkar|publisher = Akkar Bakkar|access-date = 2015-11-25|language = en-US|archive-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125192307/http://akkarbakkar.com/open-letter-whoever-offended-aamir-khans-statement/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnZTcee5H7o|title = Aamir Khan On Intolerance & Delinking Terrorism From Religion #RNGAwards| date=23 November 2015 |access-date = 25 November 2015|archive-date = 24 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124212703/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnZTcee5H7o|url-status = live}}</ref>
}}

In November 2015, Aamir Khan expressed the feelings that he and Rao had about rising intolerance in India at an event in New Delhi hosted by ''[[The Indian Express]]'' newspaper<ref>{{cite web|title = The Intolerant Response to Aamir Khan's Intolerance Comments|url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/11/24/the-intolerant-response-to-aamir-khans-intolerance-comments/|website = WSJ Blogs|access-date = 25 November 2015|first = Joanna|last = Sugden|date = 24 November 2015|archive-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125022140/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/11/24/the-intolerant-response-to-aamir-khans-intolerance-comments/|url-status = live}}</ref> in response to political events in India that included [[Cow vigilante violence in India since 2014|violent attacks]] against [[Muslim]]s and intellectuals, and the absence of swift or strong condemnation from the country's ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) Modi government.<ref name="independent">{{cite news|last=Nathoo|first=Leila|date=29 November 2015|title=Muslim actor rounds on the 'obscenities' of Hindu critics|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/aamir-khan-muslim-bollywood-actor-rounds-on-the-obscenities-of-hindu-critics-a6753686.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130145736/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/aamir-khan-muslim-bollywood-actor-rounds-on-the-obscenities-of-hindu-critics-a6753686.html |archive-date=30 November 2015 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> He remarked that Rao, fearing for her family, suggested to "move out of India".<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine|title = Bollywood Star Aamir Khan Faces Religious Backlash|url = https://time.com/4126743/aamir-khan-intolerance-backlash-snapdeal-india/|magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date = 25 November 2015|first = Rishi|last = Iyengar|archive-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125085652/http://time.com/4126743/aamir-khan-intolerance-backlash-snapdeal-india/|url-status = live}}</ref>

BJP responded with online campaigns through its [[BJP IT Cell|social media cell]] to intimidate Khan.<ref name="FT 2017">{{cite news |title='I Am a Troll' by Swati Chaturvedi |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6dd90462-e3bd-11e6-8405-9e5580d6e5fb |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=Financial Times |date=20 February 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010165257/https://www.ft.com/content/6dd90462-e3bd-11e6-8405-9e5580d6e5fb |url-status=live }}</ref> The ensuing political controversy was referred to as the "intolerance row" in the [[Indian media]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan intolerance row: Who said what?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-intolerance-row-who-said-what-2149012|access-date=25 March 2021|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=25 November 2015|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419085030/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-intolerance-row-who-said-what-2149012|url-status=live}}</ref> and started a debate on social media.<ref name=":0" /> Khan faced intense backlash for his comments, with certain sections of society branding him "[[Anti-national (India)|anti-national]]",<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's family disturbed over intolerance row – Celebrities' boldest and most interesting statements!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/celebrities-boldest-and-most-interesting-statements/Aamir-Khans-family-disturbed-over-intolerance-row/photostory/51682567.cms|access-date=25 March 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 November 2017|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226144712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/celebrities-boldest-and-most-interesting-statements/Aamir-Khans-family-disturbed-over-intolerance-row/photostory/51682567.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> while others voiced their agreement about his concerns<ref name=":0" /> and supported him.<ref name="qz">{{cite web|title = Aamir Khan took on religious intolerance, and Snapdeal got caught in the crossfire|url = http://qz.com/558447/bollywood-actor-aamir-khan-took-on-religious-intolerance-and-snapdeal-got-caught-in-the-crossfire/|website = Quartz|date = 25 November 2015|access-date = 25 November 2015|language = en-US|archive-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125165013/http://qz.com/558447/bollywood-actor-aamir-khan-took-on-religious-intolerance-and-snapdeal-got-caught-in-the-crossfire/|url-status = live}}</ref>

Much of the backlash against him, an [[Indian Muslim]] with a [[Hindu]] wife, came from [[Hindu nationalist]] groups.<ref name="independent" /> The far-right political party [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] sharply criticised Khan's statement, labelling it "the language of treachery",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newsnation.in/article/99483-aamir-speaking-language-treachery-shiv-sena.html | title='Ranchhoddas' Aamir can leave India if he wishes to, says Shiv Sena | publisher=[[News Nation]] | work=PTI | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=25 November 2015 | archive-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126142803/http://www.newsnation.in/article/99483-aamir-speaking-language-treachery-shiv-sena.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and the BJP condemned the incident as a "Moral Offence".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aamir-khan-committed-a-moral-offence-with-his-intolerance-remarks-bjp/article7916149.ece | title=Aamir committed a 'moral offence': BJP | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | work=PTI | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=8 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103234/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aamir-khan-committed-a-moral-offence-with-his-intolerance-remarks-bjp/article7916149.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-people-across-india-offended-by-aamir-khan-s-statement-bjp-2148990 | title=People across India offended by Aamir Khan's statement: BJP | publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | work=PTI | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=27 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127030229/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-people-across-india-offended-by-aamir-khan-s-statement-bjp-2148990 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the wake of the controversy, burning of posters took place in [[Ludhiana]] by Shiv Sena.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/hindu-sena-activists-protest-outside-aamir-khans-house-security-tightened-1168274.html | title=Hindu Sena activists protest outside Aamir Khan's house, security tightened | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] | work=PTI | date=24 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=28 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128034302/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/hindu-sena-activists-protest-outside-aamir-khans-house-security-tightened-1168274.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]'s Shiv Sena chief Rajeev Tandon also made a violent threat, offering a {{INRConvert|1|l|lk=l|year=2015|mode=historical}} reward to anyone who slaps Khan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sena leader offers Rs 1 lakh to slap Aamir, party says not official view|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shiv-sena-announces-cash-reward-of-rs-1-lakh-for-slapping-aamir-khan/story-nIwnMn0NEchY2sgjtk4erL.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 November 2015|language=en|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418110528/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shiv-sena-announces-cash-reward-of-rs-1-lakh-for-slapping-aamir-khan/story-nIwnMn0NEchY2sgjtk4erL.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Site to slap Aamir Khan now showers kisses on the actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/To-slap-Aamir-log-on-to-this-site/articleshow/49977503.cms|access-date=25 March 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 November 2015|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414220327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/To-slap-Aamir-log-on-to-this-site/articleshow/49977503.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the Khans were given additional police protection.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/513725/aamir-khan-provided-adequate-security.html | title=Aamir Khan provided 'adequate' security: Police | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | work=PTI | date=24 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=25 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125164945/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/513725/aamir-khan-provided-adequate-security.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Khan responded to the backlash and threats by stating, "it saddens me to say you are only proving my point".<ref name="indianexpress" />

In response to the backlash, he received support from a number of celebrities and public figures,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aamir-khan-says-neither-he-nor-his-wife-have-any-intention-of-leaving-the-country/article7915958.ece | title=I have no intention of leaving India: Aamir Khan | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | last=Alok Deshpande | first=Satish Nandgaonkar | archive-date=27 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427072726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aamir-khan-says-neither-he-nor-his-wife-have-any-intention-of-leaving-the-country/article10232069.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> including [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]],<ref name="independent" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/politics/rahul-gandhi-backs-aamir-khan-on-intolerance-issue-again-says-bullying-is-unpleasant-1168645.html|title=Rahul Gandhi backs Aamir Khan on intolerance issue again, says bullying is unpleasant|date=25 November 2015|work=IBNlive|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090936/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/politics/rahul-gandhi-backs-aamir-khan-on-intolerance-issue-again-says-bullying-is-unpleasant-1168645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hrithik Roshan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/movies/hrithik-roshan-lauds-aamirs-response-to-criticism-1169081.html|title=Hrithik Roshan lauds Aamir's response to criticism|date=26 November 2015|work=IBNlive|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103920/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/movies/hrithik-roshan-lauds-aamirs-response-to-criticism-1169081.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/india/shahrukh-khan-defends-aamir-khan-over-intolerance-row-says-there-is-no-need-for-anyone-to-prove-his-patriotism-1170798.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan defends Aamir Khan over intolerance row, says there is no need for anyone to prove his patriotism|date=1 December 2015|work=IBNlive|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094000/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/india/shahrukh-khan-defends-aamir-khan-over-intolerance-row-says-there-is-no-need-for-anyone-to-prove-his-patriotism-1170798.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mamata Banerjee]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mamata-backs-aamir-khan-over-intolerance-remark/|title=No one can ask Aamir to leave India, says West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee|date=27 November 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330223422/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mamata-backs-aamir-khan-over-intolerance-remark/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajkumar Hirani]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khans-answer-at-rng-awards-an-innocent-one-pk-director-rajkumar-hirani/ | title=Aamir Khan's answer at RNG awards an innocent one: PK director Rajkumar Hirani | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=27 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=29 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129012303/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khans-answer-at-rng-awards-an-innocent-one-pk-director-rajkumar-hirani/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/videos/watch/12341/kabir-khan-backs-aamir-khan.html | title=Kabir Khan backs Aamir Khan, agrees 'intolerance' is on the rise in the country | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=26 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=28 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128003215/http://www.deccanherald.com/videos/watch/12341/kabir-khan-backs-aamir-khan.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Farah Khan]],<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/now-farah-khan-extends-her-support-to-aamir-274342-2015-11-25 | title=Farah Khan says #IStandWithAamirKhan | magazine=[[India Today]] | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | last=Liu | first=Chuen Chen | archive-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126195550/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/now-farah-khan-extends-her-support-to-aamir/1/531359.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]],<ref name="newsnation" /> and [[Priyanka Chopra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Intolerance Debate: Priyanka Chopra backs Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-intolerance-debate-priyanka-chopra-backs-shah-rukh-khan-and-aamir-khan-2150130|work=[[DNA India]]|date=29 November 2015|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110025820/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-intolerance-debate-priyanka-chopra-backs-shah-rukh-khan-and-aamir-khan-2150130|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, some criticised Khan's remark about intolerance, including [[Shatrughan Sinha]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shatrughan-sinha-disapproves-of-aamir-khans-intolerance-remarks-1247899 | title=Aamir Khan's PK Wouldn't Have Been a Success if India Was Intolerant: Shatrughan Sinha | publisher=[[NDTV]] | work=Press Trust of India | date=26 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126114728/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shatrughan-sinha-disapproves-of-aamir-khans-intolerance-remarks-1247899 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anupam Kher]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/11/24/kher-aamir-khan-intoleran_n_8634606.html | title=Anupam Kher Lashes Out At Aamir Khan, Asks Him To 'Spread Hope Not Fear' | publisher=The Huffington Post (India) | work=ANI | date=24 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=27 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127010010/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/11/24/kher-aamir-khan-intoleran_n_8634606.html? | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Raveena Tandon]],<ref name="newsnation">{{cite web | url=http://www.newsnation.in/article/99471--aamir-khan-intolerance-remark-raveena-tandon-oppose-ar-rahman-supports-mr-prfec.html | title=Aamir Khan Intolerance remark: Raveena Tandon opposes; AR Rahman supports Mr. Perfectionist | publisher=[[News Nation]] | work=NN Bureau | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=27 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127205928/http://www.newsnation.in/article/99471--aamir-khan-intolerance-remark-raveena-tandon-oppose-ar-rahman-supports-mr-prfec.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Vivek Oberoi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/respect-aamir-khan-but-india-is-most-tolerant-country-says-vivek-oberoi-1247744 | title=Respect Aamir Khan But India is Most Tolerant Country, Says Vivek Oberoi | publisher=[[NDTV]] | work=PTI | date=26 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126111125/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/respect-aamir-khan-but-india-is-most-tolerant-country-says-vivek-oberoi-1247744 | url-status=live }}</ref>

He later stated that he was not leaving the country.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news|title=To all people shouting obscenities at me... you're only proving my point: Aamir Khan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/aamir-khan-neither-me-nor-my-wife-have-any-intention-to-leave-india/|date=26 November 2015|access-date=28 November 2015|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127234758/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/aamir-khan-neither-me-nor-my-wife-have-any-intention-to-leave-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/11/25/aamir-khan-controversy_n_8646044.html | title=Aamir Khan Has No Intention Of Leaving India | publisher=The Huffington Post | work=HF Staff | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126222029/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/11/25/aamir-khan-controversy_n_8646044.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/intolerance-issue-aamir-khan-proud-to-be-indian-says-no-intention-of-leaving-india_1826206.html | title=Intolerance issue: Proud to be Indian, won't leave country, says Aamir Khan | publisher=[[Zee News]] | work=Zee Media Bureau | date=26 November 2015 | access-date=26 November 2015 | archive-date=26 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126143250/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/intolerance-issue-aamir-khan-proud-to-be-indian-says-no-intention-of-leaving-india_1826206.html | url-status=live }}</ref> A [[lawsuit]] was filed against Khan and Rao at Jaunpur in ACJM II court.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-13217142.html|title=now on trial to Aamir and his wife for treason in Jaunpur|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|work=DJ Desk|date=26 November 2015|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128085315/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-13217142.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan was dropped as brand ambassador of the government's official [[Incredible India]] tourism campaign.<ref name="independent" /> A company that Khan was endorsing, [[Snapdeal]], faced backlash from Khan's critics for being associated with him, before the company distanced themselves from his comments.<ref name="qz" />

Aamir Khan later clarified his comments in January 2016, saying that he never said India was intolerant or that he thought about leaving the country, saying he was "born in India and will die in India". He said that his comments were taken out of context and the media was responsible for it to some extent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/never-said-india-is-intolerant-i-was-born-here-and-will-die-here-aamir-khan/|title=Aamir Khan: Never thought of leaving India... was born here, will die here|date=26 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 January 2016|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126130616/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/never-said-india-is-intolerant-i-was-born-here-and-will-die-here-aamir-khan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/i-was-born-here-and-will-die-here-aamir-khan/article8152701.ece|title=I was born here and will die here: Aamir Khan|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> Despite this, he continued to face backlash later in the year, with calls for protests and boycotts against ''Dangal''. In October 2016, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] called for protests against the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=VHP to protest against Aamir, Fawad Khan films|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/vhp-bengal-protest-pakistani-actors-fawad-aamir-khan-dangal-ban-mns-3079545/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 October 2016}}</ref> Following its release in December 2016, #BoycottDangal trended on Twitter,<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan facing Dangal trouble? #BoycottDangal trends on Twitter|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-facing-dangal-trouble-boycottdangal-trends-on-twitter/484178/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Twitter wants to boycott Aamir Khan's Dangal because of THIS shocking reason!|url=https://www.inuth.com/trends/social-virals/twitter-wants-to-boycott-aamir-khans-dangal-because-of-this-shocking-reason/|work=InUth|date=23 December 2016}}</ref> and BJP general secretary [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]] called for protests against the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's film 'Dangal' deserves 'treatment': BJP leader|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aamir-Khans-film-Dangal-deserves-treatment-BJP-leader/articleshow/50600524.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 January 2017}}</ref> Despite calls to boycott the film, ''Dangal'' turned out to be a massive hit,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dangal-box-office-collection-aamir-khan-film-rs-2000-crore-club-4714883/|title=Dangal box office: Aamir Khan film is fourth biggest worldwide hit for Disney, to enter Rs 2000-cr club this weekend|work=The Indian Express|date=27 June 2017|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> grossing more than {{INRConvert|500|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dangal collections: After Baahubali 2, Aamir Khan's movie crosses Rs 1,000 cr mark|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/dangal-collections-after-baahubali-2-aamir-khans-movie-crosses-rs-1000-cr-mark/667971/|work=The Financial Express|access-date=21 May 2017|date=14 May 2017}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Aamir Khan}}

Khan won 9 [[Filmfare Awards]], out of 32 nominations,{{efn|name=ffan|Awards in certain categories come without a prior nomination.}} including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] award<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/history-filmfare-best-actor-awards/ | title=History: Filmfare Best Actor Awards | publisher=Indicine | work=Indicine Desk | date=27 November 2012 | access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> for ''Raja Hindustani'' (1996),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-1997-197.html | title=Filmfare Awards 1997 | publisher=Awards & Shows | access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> ''Lagaan'' (2001), and ''Dangal'' (2016);<ref name="lgn1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-gives-Lagaan-a-7-star-salute/articleshow/1196162.cms|title=Filmfare gives Lagaan a 7-star salute|first1=Rekha|last1=Dixit|first2=Anshika|last2=Misra|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2002|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] award for ''Rang De Basanti'' (2006); the Best Film award for ''Lagaan'', {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Taare Zameen Par]]}} (2007), and ''Dangal''; and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] award for ''Taare Zameen Par''. He won four [[National Film Awards]]: as an actor in ''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak'' (1988) and {{Lang|hi-latn|Raakh}} (1989), as producer of ''Lagaan'' and ''Madness in the Desert'' (2004), and as director and producer of ''Taare Zameen Par''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kandpal |first=Kathika |title=Gangs of bollywood |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/gangs-of--bollywood-943-2.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=27 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

''Lagaan''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/lagaan-a-memorable-beautiful-journey-aamir-khan-2212021.html |title='Lagaan' a memorable, beautiful journey: Aamir Khan|date=16 June 2019}}</ref> earned an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[74th Academy Awards]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002 |title=The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners |access-date=19 November 2011 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109213431/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002 |archive-date= 9 November 2014 }}</ref> He commented on losing at the Oscars: "Certainly we were disappointed. But the thing that really kept us in our spirits was that the entire country was behind us".<ref>{{cite news|title=Newsmaker: Aamir Khan, the thinking man's hero|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/newsmaker-aamir-khan-the-thinking-man-s-hero-1.73803|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=26 November 2015|language=en}}</ref> ''Taare Zameen Par'' was also [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's submission to the Oscars]], but was not nominated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/why-cant-indian-films-crack-the-oscar-code/86058-8.html |title=Why can't Indian films crack the Oscar code? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012162642/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/why-cant-indian-films-crack-the-oscar-code/86058-8.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=22 July 2010 |last=Mishra |first=Somen |date=23 February 2009 |publisher=CNN-IBN |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another Khan production, ''Peepli Live'' (2010), was India's submission to the Oscars,<ref name="hroscars">{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/asia/news/e3i59a76af7935531187507f3a963f29fa0|title= 'Peepli Live' is India's Oscar entry|access-date=4 October 2010|work= The Hollywood Reporter|first=Nyay|last=Bhushan|date=24 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="rtoscars">{{cite news|url= http://in.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idINIndia-35580920080921?sp=true|title= 'Peepli Live' is India's official entry for Oscars 2011|access-date= 24 September 2010|date= 24 September 2010|publisher= NDTV|archive-date= 23 September 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200923213004/https://in.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idINIndia-35580920080921?sp=true|url-status= dead}}</ref> while ''Dhobi Ghat'' (2011) was longlisted for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]];<ref name="theguardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jan/06/baftas-2012-longlist |title=Baftas 2012 longlist |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 July 2013 |location=London |date=6 January 2012}}</ref> neither were nominated. In 2017, ''Dangal'' won him the inaugural Best Asian Film award at Australia's [[7th AACTA Awards]],<ref name="aacta-news18">{{cite news|last=IANS|date=6 December 2017|title=Aamir Khan's Dangal Wins Best Asian Film at Australian Gala|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khans-dangal-wins-best-asian-film-at-australian-gala-1596697.html|work=[[News18]]|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="aacta-variety">{{cite web|last=Frater|first=Patrick|title='Lion' and Nicole Kidman Dominate Australia's AACTA Awards|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/lion-nicole-kidman-dominate-australias-aacta-awards-1202631609/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=6 December 2017}}</ref> as well as Movie of the Year and Top Foreign Actor from China's [[Douban]] Film Awards,<ref name="douban2017">{{cite web|title=【豆瓣2017年度电影榜单】|url=https://movie.douban.com/annual/2017|website=[[Douban]]|access-date=7 January 2018|language=zh-cmn-Hans}}</ref><ref name="douban-awards">{{cite web|title=第4届豆瓣电影年度榜单 (2017)|url=https://movie.douban.com/awards/doubanfilm_annual/4/|website=[[Douban]]|access-date=19 January 2018|language=zh-cmn-Hans|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155203/https://movie.douban.com/awards/doubanfilm_annual/4/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it was an award nominee for the [[68th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="berlin">{{cite news|title=Berlin: Asian Brilliant Stars Unveils Nominees for Expanded Second Edition|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/berlin-asian-brilliant-stars-unveils-nominees-expanded-second-edition-1069164|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=19 December 2017}}</ref>

Khan has received honorary accolades, including the [[Government of India|India]]'s [[Padma Shri]] in 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluegape.com/celebrities-and-people/anirudh_mishra/20-bollywood-stars-who-are-padma-shri-winners |title=20 Bollywood Stars Who Are Padma Shri Winners |publisher=Blugape |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015 |last=Anirudh |first=Mishra |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160827/http://bluegape.com/celebrities-and-people/anirudh_mishra/20-bollywood-stars-who-are-padma-shri-winners |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> and [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2010,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/aamir-rahman-receive-padma-awards-7151|title=Aamir, Rahman receive Padma awards|work=NDTV|date=1 April 2010|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> and an Honorary Doctorate by the [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] for his contributions to the Indian cinema and entertainment industry.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Doctorate-for-actor-Aamir-Khan/articleshow/21870768.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820124728/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/hyderabad/41420185_1_convocation-ceremony-honorary-doctorate-azad-national-urdu-university| url-status=live| archive-date=20 August 2013| website=[[The Times of India]]| title=Doctorate for actor Aamir Khan| date=17 August 2013}}</ref> In 2011, he accepted an invitation from the [[Berlin Film Festival]] to be on the jury, after having turned it down three times since 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kotwani |first1=Hiren |title=Aamir refused to be on Berlin jury thrice! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aamir-refused-to-be-on-berlin-jury-thrice/story-sHaKFQbkmVAbBPsgI2BigL.html |access-date=25 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 January 2011 |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, he appeared on the ''Time'' 100 list of most influential people in the world.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|last=Rahman|first=A. R.|author-link=A. R. Rahman|title=The 2013 TIME 100: Aamir Khan|url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/aamir-khan/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] invited Khan to be a member,<ref>{{cite web | title =Academy invites record 774 new members; 39 percent female, 30 percent people color |work=The Hollywood Reporter| url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/academy-invites-record-774-new-members-39-percent-female-30-percent-people-color-1017318 |date=29 June 2017|access-date = 29 June 2017}}</ref> and he received an award for "National Treasure of India" from China.<ref name="afternoondc">[http://www.afternoondc.in/bollywood/aamir-khan-the-chinese-heartthrob/article_194948?fromNewsdog=1 Aamir Khan: The Chinese heartthrob] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222453/http://www.afternoondc.in/bollywood/aamir-khan-the-chinese-heartthrob/article_194948?fromNewsdog=1 |date=7 November 2017 }}, ''[[The Afternoon Despatch & Courier]]'', 16 May 2017</ref>

Khan is known for refusing to attend, or accept awards from, Indian film ceremonies. This has led to controversy, notably at the [[64th National Film Awards|2017 National Film Awards]], where he was snubbed from [[National Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for ''Dangal''. Committee member [[Priyadarshan]] explained that they did not want to award him because of his refusal to attend.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Film Awards complete winner list: Aamir Khan and Dangal face a royal snub!|url=https://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/national-film-awards-complete-winner-list-aamir-khan-and-dangal-face-a-royal-snub-57032.html|access-date=25 March 2021|work=Catch News|date=7 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chauhan|first=Gaurang|date=7 April 2017|title=3 revelations made by Priyadarshan on Akshay Kumar, Aamir Khan and National Film Awards that stumped us|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/akshay-kumar-win-aamir-khan-snub-three-revelations-made-by-priyadarshan-on-national-film-awards-that-stumped-us/|access-date=25 March 2021|work=[[Bollywood Life]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview |date=8 April 2017 |title=Priyadarshan on Akshay's National Award: Why honour Aamir when he doesn't accept it? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyadarshan-on-akshay-s-national-award-why-give-it-to-aamir-when-he-doesn-t-attend-award-functions/story-qaqyrIKV2XcFb0xM9C2krL.html |access-date=25 March 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite avoiding Indian ceremonies, he made an exception for the 2002 Academy Awards, so ''Lagaan'' could reach a wider audience, but did not care much about the award.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Aamir Khan: Oscar nomination gets a film more viewers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-oscar-nomination-gets-a-film-more-viewers-615290 |access-date=25 March 2021 |work=NDTV |date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

In December 2024, Khan was honoured at the opening night of Saudi Arabia's Red Sea Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |date=2 December 2024 |title=Emily Blunt & Aamir Khan To Be Honored At Saudi Arabia's Red Sea Film Festival |url=https://deadline.com/2024/12/emily-blunt-aamir-khan-honored-at-saudi-arabia-red-sea-film-festival-1236191080/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{anl|Khans of Bollywood}}
* {{anl|Saif Ali Khan}}
* {{anl|Salman Khan}}
* {{anl|Shah Rukh Khan}}
* {{anl|Shakib Khan}}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Khubchandani|first=Lata |year=2002 |title=Aamir Khan: Actor With a Difference |location=New Delhi |publisher=Rupa & Co |isbn=978-81-291-0046-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Christina |year=2011 |title=I'll Do it My Way: The Incredible Journey of Aamir Khan |location=New Delhi |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-80069-22-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Pradeep |year=2014 |title=Aamir Khan: Actor, Activist, Achiever |location=New Delhi |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-83098-29-3 }}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[https://akpfilms.com/ Aamir Khan film production company]

* {{Bollywood Hungama person|aamir-khan}}
* {{IMDb name|0451148}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|aamir_khan}}

{{Aamir Khan|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
| title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Aamir Khan|Awards received by Aamir Khan]]
| list =
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestActor}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestActor}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector 2001–2020}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{IIFAAwardBestActor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestDirector}}
{{StarGuildAwardBestDirector}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestActorMale}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestDirector}}
}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|q = yes
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Aamir}}
[[Category:Aamir Khan| ]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
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[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
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[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
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[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
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Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital

2026-03-21T03:35:10Z

DongXqz408:

{{short description|Medical School and Hospital in Durgapur, West Bengal}}
{{moresources|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospitals
| image = Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital Logo.svg
| motto = Skill To Heal, Spirit To Care
| established = {{start date and age|2019}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Medical College]] & [[Hospital]]
| academic_affiliation = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| top_free_label = Recognition
| top_free = [[National Medical Commission]]
| chairman =
| principal = [[Colonel (India)|Col.]] (Dr.) Debajyoti Bhattacharyya
| dean =
| students = MBBS - 250
| address = Kanksa
| city = [[Durgapur, West Bengal]]
| country = India
| postcode = 713212
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5736|N|87.4044|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| website = {{url|https://srims.setgoi.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital''' is a private (150 seats) [[medical college]] located in [[Durgapur, West Bengal]]. It was established in 2019.

==About the college==
The institute offers undergraduate seats for [[MBBS]] (150 seats) which are recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/3-medical-colleges-get-mci-nod-for-350-ug-seats-355464?infinitescroll=1 | title=3 medical colleges get MCI nod for 350 UG seats| date=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-gets-5-more-med-colleges-with-650-seats-1-awaits-mci-nod/articleshow/69604868.cms |title = West Bengal gets five more medical colleges with 650 seats; one awaits MCI nod | Kolkata News - Times of India}}</ref> The medical college also has a 385-bedded functional hospital which would be upgraded to 750 bedded within 5 years, named Sanaka Hospital, with facilities consisting of minor and major OT, PICU, NICU, ICCU and ICU. It has got NMC permission to start its MBBS course in 2019. This medical college has its own nursing and paramedical college also.

In 2020, during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, Sanaka hospital was converted into a COVID hospital by the [[Government of West Bengal]] and the nodal centre for 5 districts namely [[Paschim Bardhaman]], [[Purba Bardhaman]], [[Purulia]], [[Bankura]]. It has treated many COVID patients and played a pivotal role in suppression of the pandemic in South Bengal.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} AIIMS, Bhubaneswar has recommended [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] for permitting this college to start COVID-19 testing and it has got NABH accreditation and ICMR permission for covid testing in its own laboratory. It already dedicated 400 bed to government patients for free treatment and has 76 CCU, dedicated to COVID patients.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Outpatient department (OPD) doctor consultation fees in this medical college hospital is ₹50. It has a 250-seat examination hall in its college building. It also has dialysis facility inside the seven storey hospital. It is locally known as Sanaka Medical College.

It is one of the 23 medical colleges teaching MBBS in West Bengal. Its first MBBS batch will graduate in 2025.

Department include:
*Anatomy
*Physiology
*Biochemistry
*Pathology
*Microbiology
*Pharmacology
*Community Medicine
*General Medicine
*General Surgery
*Orthopaedic
*ENT
*Ophthalmology
*Radiology

It contains one super speciality department:
*Nephrology

==See also==
*[[Healthcare in India]]
*[[List of hospitals in India]]
*[[Bengal Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://srims.setgoi.ac.in/

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2015]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2015]]
[[Category:Hospitals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Education in Durgapur, West Bengal]]

{{med-org-stub}}

1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-19T20:30:37Z

DongXqz408: enhanced information also and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Election to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1977 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| turnout = 61.58%
| previous_election = 1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1971
| next_election = 1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1980
| election_date = 10 June 1977
| seats_for_election = All 234 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 118

| party1 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=MGR portrait, from 2017 Stamp.jpg||bSize= 120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader1 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
| alliance1 = AIADMK-led Alliance
| seats1 = '''144'''
| seat_change1 = ''new''
| popular_vote1 = '''5,734,692'''
| percentage1 = '''33.52%'''
| swing1 = ''new party''

| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M. Karunanidhi .jpg||bSize= 120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| alliance2 = N/A
| leaders_seat2 = [[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
| seats2 = 48
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 136
| popular_vote2 = 4,258,771
| percentage2 = 24.89%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 23.69%
| map2_image = Tamil Nadu Assembly Alliance Result 1977.svg
| map2_size = 300px
| map2_caption = Alliance wise Result
| map_image = 1977 tamil nadu legislative election map.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = 1977 election map (by constituencies)
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]]
| before_election = [[President's rule]]
| before_party = Nonpartisan candidate
| after_election = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| after_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
}}

The '''sixth legislative assembly election''' of Tamil Nadu was held on '''10 June 1977'''. [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won the election, defeating its rival [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (commonly known as M.G.R), the AIADMK founder and a prominent [[Kollywood|Tamil film]] actor, was sworn in as Chief Minister for the first time. The election was a four-cornered contest among the AIADMK, DMK, the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), and the [[Janata Party]].

In '''1972''', M.G.R founded the AIADMK after being expelled from the DMK due to differences with DMK leader [[M. Karunanidhi]]. On '''31 January 1976''', Karunanidhi's government was dismissed by the central government under Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], citing non-cooperation under [[The Emergency (India)|MISA]]. This led to the imposition of [[President's rule]] in the state. Karunanidhi had opposed the Emergency and allied with the [[Janata Party]], founded by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]. M.G.R served as Chief Minister until his death in '''1987''', winning re-election in the [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] and [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] elections.

M.G.R's success set a precedent for actors entering politics, inspiring Telugu superstar [[N. T. Rama Rao|N.T.R]] to follow suit in '''1982''' and win the [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh assembly elections]], subsequently becoming the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]. Since then, no other actor has replicated M.G.R's achievements in electoral politics.

==Background==

===Split in Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam===

The DMK gradually weakened in the years following the previous election due to several splits resulting from the exit of influential leaders, including [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R]]. The party's popularity was further undermined by widespread corruption allegations, which M.G.R highlighted, given his close relationship with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). Tensions within the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam began to surface before the 1971 election, but were put aside to win the elections in a standing record landslide margin.

[[K. A. Mathiazhagan]] was removed from his position as Minister of Finance, as he was seen as a significant threat to [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]'s leadership. In 1972, influential Dalit leader [[Sathyavani Muthu]] left the party, citing a lack of concern for Dalit issues, and subsequently formed the [[Thazhthapattor Munnetra Kazhagam]]. Treasurer of the party M.G.R was expelled on '''10 October 1972''' following disciplinary action for his open criticisms of the party leadership regarding alleged corruption and authoritarian behavior. He then joined and lead the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), which won the [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]] by-election in 1973.<ref name="Duncan">{{cite journal | title=Factions and Filmstars: Tamil Nadu Politics since 1971| author=Duncan Forrester| journal=Asian Survey| year=1976| volume=16| issue=3| pages=283–296| jstor=2643545| doi=10.2307/2643545 }}</ref>

In March 1977, [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] and several senior leaders also left the DMK to form the [[Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite book | title=320 Million Judges| author=G.G. Mirchandani| pages=124–126| publisher=Abhinav Publications| isbn=8170170613}}</ref>

===Emergency===

[[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], which was declared in June 1975 had a mixed reception in Tamil Nadu. [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]'s opposition movement did not receive much support in Tamil Nadu due to his association with the DMK government, which had its own trouble due to accusations of corruption. [[K. Kamaraj]] did not come in support of Jayaprakash Narayan due to his association with DMK despite the fact he disapproved of [[Indira Gandhi]]'s actions. DMK executive council called the Emergency unnecessary and undemocratic on 27 June and party leaders condemned it in several statewide meetings. Emergency regulations and censorship were not strictly enforced in Tamil Nadu unlike in other states. [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[Communist Party of India]] continued to support [[Indira Gandhi]]. [[M. G. Ramachandran]] even visited [[Delhi]] to extend his support to Indira Gandhi. It was under these circumstances Karunanidhi's government was dismissed by the [[Government of India]] on 31 January 1976.<ref name="Duncan"/>

===Death of Kamaraj and Rajaji===
{{Further|List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{{multiple image
| style = text-align:right
| image1 = Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
<div style="text-align:center; background-color:#00AEEF;font-weight:bold;color:white;">C. Rajagopalachari</div>
<div style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white;">1878–1972</div>

| image2 = Kamarajar.jpg
| width2 = 160
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
<div style="text-align:center; background-color:#00AEEF;font-weight:bold;color:white;">K. Kamaraj</div>
<div style="text-align:center; background:black; color:white;">1903–1975</div>

| footer = The sixth legislative assembly election was the first election to the body after the deaths of two of the most prominent Chief Ministers and political supremos of erstwhile Madras State, Rajaji (pictured left) and K. Kamaraj (right).
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[[K. Kamaraj|Kamaraj]], leader of [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]], who remarked in 1972, "Randu Katchigalum Orey Kuttaiyil Oorina Mattaigal (both parties, the DMK and the AIADMK, are like fronds dipped in the same bog or tarred by the same brush)."<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/curious-story-of-congressdmk-ties/212206/0 Curious story of Congress-DMK ties]</ref> died in 1975. Indian National Congress (Indira) faction could not establish a foothold in Tamil Nadu until his death. After his death, Indian National Congress (Organisation) lost its identity as a party, and a large number of its members led by [[G. K. Moopanar]] merged with Indira Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/31/stories/01310003.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927101815/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/31/stories/01310003.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2004|title=G.K. Moopanar passes away |date=31 August 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 February 2010}}</ref> The remaining chose not to join with Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, but rather joined the Janata Party and later remained largely uncommitted.<ref>{{cite book | title=Democracy and discontent: India's growing crisis of governability| author=Atul Kohli| year=1990| pages=166–167| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0521396921}}</ref> [[Swatantra Party]] lost much of its power after the death of [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in 1972 and did not contest the election. Most of its members joined the newly formed [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/25/stories/2007122555570900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227091239/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/25/stories/2007122555570900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2007|title= Remembering a phenomenon |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=25 December 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 February 2010}}</ref>

===Coalitions===
This election was a four cornered contest. The AIADMK allied itself with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], while [[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]] and [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) contested as allies. The DMK and [[Janata Party]] (JNP) contested the elections alone. The AIADMK did not field any candidate in the [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti Constituency]] in support of the [[Forward Bloc]] leader [[P.K. Mookiah Thevar]]. Similarly the AIADMK also supported the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML) candidate [[M. Abdul Lathief|M. Abdul Latheef]] in the [[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi Constituency]]. In the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1977|parliamentary elections]] that occurred just three months prior to this elections, there had been two major alliances – the AIADMK led AIADMK-INC-CPI coalition and the DMK led DMK-NCO-JNP-CPM coalition. But in the months that followed the parliamentary election, these coalitions fell apart.<ref>{{cite journal|date=26 January 1980|title=Moment of Truth for MGR|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|publisher=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=15|issue=4|pages=141–142 |jstor=4368350}}</ref>

During this election, a symbol allotment error in the [[Dharapuram Assembly constituency]] resulted in the “Two Leaves” symbol of the AIADMK being allotted by the Election Commission of India to an independent rebel candidate Ayyachamy who had earlier been announced by the party but later withdrawn. Despite an appeal from MGR to support his revised nominee Alangiyam A. K. Balakrishnan contesting under the “Lion” symbol, voters elected the independent candidate, highlighting the symbol’s popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/symbol-the-most-effective-tool-to-ensure-victory-shows-history|title=Symbol the most effective tool to ensure victory shows history|date=1 February 2019|work=DT next|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref>

==Seat sharing of parties==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=4|Party/Alliance
!Flag
!Electoral symbol
!Portrait
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|rowspan=4|[[AIADMK-led Alliance]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50px]]
|[[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|50px]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|200
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|
|[[A. Balasubramaniam (politician)|A. Balasubramaniam]]
|20
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]]
|
|[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|[[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Prof. K. M. Kader Mohideen.jpg|50px]]
|[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|colspan=3|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50px]]
|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|50px]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|230
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress|Indira Congress-led Alliance]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (I)|Indira Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Cow and Calf INC.svg|50px]]
|[[File:GK Moopanar 2010 stamp of India.jpg|50px]]
|[[G. K. Moopanar]]
|198
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|
|[[M. Kalyanasundaram]]
|32
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|colspan=3|[[Janata Party]]
|
|
|
|[[P. Ramachandran]]
|233
|}

==Voting and results==
Polling for the election was held on 10 June 1977. Turnout among the eligible voters was 61.58%.

===Results by Pre-Poll Alliance===
[[File:1977 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|thumb|Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left]]
{{Election table|title=Summary of the 1977 June Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election results}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|-
!colspan=2|Alliance/Party
!Seats won
!Change
!Popular Vote
!Vote %
!Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
| '''144'''
| '''+142'''
| '''5,734,692'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''33.5%'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 130
| +120
| 5,194,876
| 30.4%
| 35.4%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 12
| +12
| 477,835
| 2.8%
| 33.0%
|-
|[[All India Forward Bloc|FBL]]
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| –
| 35,361
| 0.2%
| 62.0%
|-
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IND]]
! style="background-color: olive" |
| 1
| –
| 26,620
| 0.2%
| 42.9%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK
! style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| '''48'''
| '''-136'''
| '''4,258,771'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''24.9%'''
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
| 48
| -136
| 4,258,771
| 24.9%
| 25.3%
|-
! style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black"|Congress alliance
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| '''32'''
| '''+24'''
| '''3,491,490'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''20.4%'''
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 27
| +27
| 2,994,535
| 17.5%
| 20.8%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 5
| -3
| 496,955
| 2.9%
| 20.4%
|-
! style="background-color:yellow; color:black"|Janata
! style="background-color:yellow" |
| '''10'''
| '''+10'''
| '''2,851,884'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''16.7%'''
|-
|[[Janata Party|JNP]]
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 10
| +10
| 2,851,884
| 16.7%
| 16.8%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
| '''0'''
| '''-8'''
| '''751,712'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''4.4%'''
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: #666666" |
| 0
| -8
| 751,712
| 4.4%
| –
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 17,108,146
| 100%
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
|}
{{refbegin}}
'''‡''': Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
 Sources: Election Commission of India<ref>{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1977 Election Statistical Report
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf
| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>
{{refend}}

=== By constituency ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2"|Party
!Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]||[[Ponnurangam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,217
|33.54||M. Raji||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,626
|31.34||1,591
|-
|2||[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]||[[A. Selvarajan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,845
|36.71||M. M. Peer Mohammad||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|17,862
|27.5||5,983
|-
|3||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[Isari Velan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,416
|35.57||R. D. Seethapathy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,928
|33.71||1,488
|-
|4||[[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]||[[T.S. Nallathambi]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|22,433
|32.78||N. G. Bhuvaneshwari||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|19,207
|28.07||3,226
|-
|5||[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]||[[S. Baalan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|34,134
|42.74||T. Raja||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,666
|25.88||13,468
|-
|6||[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]||[[K. Anbazhagan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|41,073
|45.09||T. S. Govindaswamy||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|22,004
|24.16||19,069
|-
|7||[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]||[[S.Manimudi]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,746
|38.6||K. Deivasigamoni||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|19,414
|28.02||7,332
|-
|8||'''[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]'''||'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|43,076
|50.1||G. Krishnamurthy||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,638
|30.98||16,438
|-
|9||[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|T. Nagar]]||[[R. E. Chandran Jayapal]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,346
|30.91||K. Krishnamoorthy||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,316
|29.55||1,030
|-
|10||[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand lights]]||[[S.J. Sadiq Pasha]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,599
|37.13||Syed Khaleefa Thullah||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|21,741
|30.35||4,858
|-
|11||[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]||[[A. Rahman Khan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,425
|38.4||V. Rajkumar||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|17,796
|27.98||6,629
|-
|12||[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]||[[M. Aranganathan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,154
|35.16||Noorjahan Razack||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,027
|31.93||2,127
|-
|13||[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]||[[T. K. Kapali]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,044
|33.75||Lakshmi Krishnamurthi||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|21,138
|27.39||4,906
|-
|14||[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]||[[D. Purushothaman]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|27,160
|36.7||N. Kannan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,882
|29.56||5,278
|-
|15||[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]||[[S. Munirathinam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|32,309
|42.26||G. Kamalambujammal||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|21,042
|27.52||11,267
|-
|16||[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]]||[[S. M. Dorairaj]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,796
|42.64||G. Vetriveeran||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,524
|27.53||11,272
|-
|17||[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]||[[P. Sigamony]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,458
|31.29||M. V. Narayanaswamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,995
|28.37||2,463
|-
|18||[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]||[[K. Suppu]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37,327
|41.07||R. Sarweshwar Rao||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,429
|32.38||7,898
|-
|19||[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]||[[K. M. Abdul Razack]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|30,961
|37.45||M. Abiraham||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|27,112
|32.8||3,849
|-
|20||[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]||[[Munu Adhi]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|32,394
|35.22||[[Pammal Nallathambi]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,968
|34.75||426
|-
|21||[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur (SC)]]||[[G. Chokkalingam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,932
|44.78||T. Radha||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,831
|41||2,101
|-
|22||[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]||[[Anoor Jagadeesan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,306
|43.5||V. Rudrakotti||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|25,436
|37.75||3,870
|-
|23||[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]||[[C. Arumugam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,977
|36.08||[[S. D. Ugamchand]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,645
|26.27||7,332
|-
|24||[[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam (SC)]]||[[Ethraj]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,756
|43.19||N. Muthuvel||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,959
|38.67||2,797
|-
|25||[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]||[[S. Pakkur Subramanyan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|34,877
|45.03||K. M. Rajagopal||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|22,294
|28.78||12,583
|-
|26||[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]||[[K. Balaji (politician)|K. Balaji]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,327
|35.47||V. Sambandan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|29,380
|33.27||1,947
|-
|27||[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]||[[N. Krishnan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,038
|43||T. S. Lakshmanan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,901
|30.95||8,137
|-
|28||[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]||[[D. Irajarathnam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,552
|36.49||Era. Kulasekaran||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,659
|29.76||4,893
|-
|29||[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]||[[S. Pattabiraman]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|30,670
|45.38||Munirathinam Naidu||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|22,368
|33.09||8,302
|-
|30||[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]||[[R. Shanmugham]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,070
|43.68||A. B. Ramachandran||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,754
|28.18||10,316
|-
|31||[[Pallipattu Assembly constituency|Pallipattu]]||[[Eakambara Reddy]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,480
|33.62||K. M. Balaraman||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|19,194
|27.49||4,286
|-
|32||[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam (SC)]]||[[V. K. Raju]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,630
|33.5||A. Kannayiram||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|17,041
|23.18||7,589
|-
|33||[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholingur]]||[[S. J. Ramaswamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,997
|38.23||K. Murthi||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,348
|29.93||5,649
|-
|34||[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]||[[Durai Murugan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,940
|43.53||K. A. Wahab||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|16,643
|22.68||15,297
|-
|35||[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]||[[K. J. Uyyakondan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,193
|39.29||N. R. Ethirajulu||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|16,614
|24.01||10,579
|-
|36||[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]||[[M. A. Jayavelu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,873
|38.18||Sambasivam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|22,183
|31.51||4,690
|-
|37||[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]||[[V. K. Kothandaraman]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|20,590
|29.54||Soundarajulu Naidu||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|18,046
|25.89||2,544
|-
|38||[[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]]||[[I. Tamilarasan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,536
|37.21||P. Rajagopal||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|20,873
|31.66||3,663
|-
|39||[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]||[[M. Abdul Latheef]]||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|26,620
|42.86||R. Sampanghi||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|17,886
|28.8||8,734
|-
|40||[[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]||[[T. Anbazhagan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,015
|44.43||M. Marappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|14,960
|21.43||16,055
|-
|41||[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]||[[B. Sundaram]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|19,855
|27.29||K. Jayaraman||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|18,857
|25.92||998
|-
|42||[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]||[[T. Swamikannu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,789
|46.36||N. Poosanar||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|11,877
|24.16||10,912
|-
|43||[[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]||[[D. Venugopal]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|28,605
|38.01||A. Ramalingam||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,661
|28.78||6,944
|-
|44||[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]||[[P. U. Shanmugam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|27,148
|32.22||D. Pattusamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25,786
|30.61||1,362
|-
|45||[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]||[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,841
|35.39||S. Sundaresa Udayar||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,298
|33.35||1,543
|-
|46||[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]||[[K. J. Subramanian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,631
|37.82||S. Murugaiyan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,902
|33.63||2,729
|-
|47||[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]||[[R. Margabandhu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|32,731
|48.78||P. M. Vasudeva Reddiar||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|14,146
|21.08||18,585
|-
|48||[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]||[[A. K. Ranganathan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,590
|30.47||A. K. Lalalajapathy||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|25,758
|29.52||832
|-
|49||[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]]||[[V. Arjunan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|33,925
|41.47||E. Selvarasu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,703
|30.2||9,222
|-
|50||[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]||[[Pulavar Govindan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|33,338
|43.34||K. Shanmughasundaram||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,419
|27.84||11,919
|-
|51||[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]||[[P. Munuswamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,306
|41.11||C. Kanniappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,476
|38.45||1,830
|-
|52||[[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Peranamallur]]||[[P. Chandran]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,860
|40.47||P. Ettappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|19,822
|28.79||8,038
|-
|53||[[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]||[[P. Thangavelu Gounder]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,673
|38.93||S. Vijayaraghavan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|14,110
|19.85||13,563
|-
|54||[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]||[[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,971
|36.13||G. Krishnaswamy||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,381
|31.32||3,590
|-
|55||[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]||[[T. R. Erajaram Reddy]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|18,990
|29.55||R. Radhakrishnan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|17,150
|26.69||1,840
|-
|56||[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]||[[M. Paramasivam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,557
|34.32||A. Boopalan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|19,584
|31.18||1,973
|-
|57||[[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam (SC)]]||[[M. Kannan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,403
|38.71||S. Alagavelu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,349
|35.58||2,054
|-
|58||[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]||[[P. Krishnan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,882
|37.69||K. P. Palaniappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|25,183
|34.04||2,699
|-
|59||[[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]||[[G. Rangothaman]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,531
|45.74||M. Shanmugam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,248
|26.47||13,283
|-
|60||[[Tirunavalur Assembly constituency|Tirunavalur]]||[[L. Arumugam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,087
|34.96||V. Subramanaian||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|19,132
|27.77||4,955
|-
|61||[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]]||[[V. Thulukkanam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,788
|37.7||[[Sathyavani Muthu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|19,211
|27.04||7,577
|-
|62||[[Nellikkuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikkuppam]]||[[C. Govindarajan]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|23,077
|32.75||V. Krishnamoorthy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,260
|25.91||4,817
|-
|63||[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]||[[K. Abdul Latheef]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,107
|31.61||R. Govindarajan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|22,280
|29.21||1,827
|-
|64||[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]||[[S. Ramachandaran]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|43,330
|59.24||K. Nandagopala Krishnan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|27,673
|37.83||15,657
|-
|65||[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]||[[M. Selvaraj]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|19,523
|28.75||S. Natarajan||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|16,997
|25.03||2,526
|-
|66||[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]||[[V. Raghuraman]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,638
|28.33||T. M. D. Mahalingam||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|17,350
|22.72||4,288
|-
|67||[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]||[[E. Ramalingam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,038
|37.54||R. Rajan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|19,991
|28.82||6,047
|-
|68||[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]||[[Durai Kaliyamoorthy]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|22,917
|31.3||Muthu Govindarajan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|19,586
|26.75||3,331
|-
|69||[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]]||[[C. Ramanathan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|30,178
|39.59||K. Ramalingam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,071
|23.71||12,107
|-
|70||[[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalur]]||[[M. Periyasamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|30,616
|40.32||V. Ponnuswamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|17,361
|22.86||13,255
|-
|71||[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]||[[M. Sundaram]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25,530
|38.42||M. Deivigam||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,478
|32.32||4,052
|-
|72||[[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency|Chinnasalem]]||[[M. Subdramaniam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,304
|35.57||S. P. Pachayappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,081
|30.86||3,223
|-
|73||[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]||[[Durai Muthusamy]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21,593
|31.45||M. Mohammad Haneed||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|18,885
|27.5||2,708
|-
|74||[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]||[[N. Ramachandra Reddy]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,818
|58.12||K. S. Kothandaramiah||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|13,653
|25.75||17,615
|-
|75||[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]||[[D. R. Rajaram Naidu]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|18,559
|30.53||B. venkataswamy||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|13,388
|22.02||5,171
|-
|76||[[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]]||[[K. Samarasam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,770
|39.97||E. Pattabi Naidu||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|19,312
|29.95||6,458
|-
|77||[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]||[[K. R. Chinnarassu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|17,178
|32.66||T. M. Thiruppathy||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|12,466
|23.7||4,712
|-
|78||[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]||[[H. G. Arumugam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,812
|48.94||V. C. Thimmarayan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|15,420
|26.19||13,392
|-
|79||[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]||[[M. Annamalai (politician)|M. Annamalai]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|20,042
|34.69||K. Surattaiyan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|12,470
|21.59||7,572
|-
|80||[[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]]||[[N. Kuppusamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,886
|34.42||R. P. Murugan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,270
|31.99||1,616
|-
|81||[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]||[[B. M. Krishnan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,959
|32.87||K. T. Govindan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|17,701
|26.5||4,258
|-
|82||[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]||[[P. K. C. Muthusamy]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|26,742
|42.3||D. S. Shanmugam||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,556
|34.1||5,186
|-
|83||[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]||[[K. Appunu Gounder]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|17,591
|32.13||Krishnan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|16,932
|30.92||659
|-
|84||[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]||[[K. P. Nachimuthu Gounder]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|30,762
|43.67||P. Natesan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,976
|19.84||16,786
|-
|85||[[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]||[[R. Narayanan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,882
|34.59||S. Semmalai||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,863
|34.56||19
|-
|86||[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]||[[M. Sivaperumal]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,342
|42.69||M. Govindan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|13,824
|22.41||12,518
|-
|87||[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]||[[R. Kaliyappan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,219
|42.29||V. Chinnaswamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|13,444
|28.12||6,775
|-
|88||[[Salem - I Assembly constituency|Salem – I]]||[[S. V. Varadarajan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|34,708
|38.21||S. S. Mahadeva Mudaliar||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|26,046
|28.67||8,662
|-
|89||[[Salem - II Assembly constituency|Salem – II]]||M. Arumugam||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|22,636
|31.41||K. A. Thangavelu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,523
|28.48||2,113
|-
|90||[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]||[[P. Venga Gounder]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,920
|44.87||M. Muthuswamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,144
|25.5||13,776
|-
|91||[[Panamarathupatti Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatti]]||[[N. Subbarayan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,676
|45.04||S. C. Kanjamalai||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|14,478
|23.56||13,198
|-
|92||[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]||[[C. Palanimuthu]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,040
|29.8||P. Kandasamy||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|18,693
|29.25||347
|-
|93||[[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal (SC)]]||[[S. M. Raju]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,681
|36.33||K. Kaliyaperumal||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,004
|27.97||5,677
|-
|94||[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]||[[P. Duraisamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|33,762
|43.61||K. C. Periasamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|19,374
|25.02||14,388
|-
|95||[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]]||[[V. Chinnasamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,731
|45.1||Vadama Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,881
|21.79||14,850
|-
|96||[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal (SC)]]||[[R. Arunachalam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,952
|40.59||K. Veluchamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|17,215
|21.87||14,737
|-
|97||[[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]||[[K. Sengodan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|30,194
|36.54||S. Paramasivam||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|18,798
|22.75||11,396
|-
|98||[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]||[[C. Ponnaiyan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|44,501
|46.11||V. Kumaraswamy||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|17,764
|18.41||26,737
|-
|99||[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari (SC)]]||[[P. Dhanapal]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|32,780
|53.27||M. Paramanandam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|11,751
|19.1||21,029
|-
|100||[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]||[[I. Ganesan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,063
|38.56||T. Natarajan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,256
|30.11||6,807
|-
|101||[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]||[[S. Palanisamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,029
|32.37||T. T. S. Thippaiah||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|20,717
|25.76||5,312
|-
|102||[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]||[[S. N. Palaniswamy]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22,550
|32.26||R. Annanambi||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,803
|29.76||1,747
|-
|103||[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]||[[K. Maruthachalam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,690
|33.29||R. Manickavachagam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,195
|25.41||7,495
|-
|104||[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]||[[R. Venkedusamy]] alias Venkedu||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|25,820
|27.96||R. Senkaliappan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|24,024
|26.02||1,796
|-
|105||[[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (West)]]||[[C. Aranganayagam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,742
|36.8||B. S. Mohammad Ali||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,393
|27.05||7,349
|-
|106||[[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (East)]]||[[K. Ramani]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|20,803
|30.54||K. Aranganathan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,784
|27.58||2,019
|-
|107||[[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]||[[A. Natarajan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|29,158
|33.74||M. Nanjappan||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|26,328
|30.46||2,830
|-
|108||[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]||[[K. V. Kandasamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,909
|36.32||M. Kannappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,589
|28.86||5,320
|-
|109||[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]||[[O. P. Somasundaram]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|34,896
|45.11||S. Raju||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|17,952
|23.2||16,944
|-
|110||[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]||[[R. S. Thangavelu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,926
|34.18||A. T. Karuppiah||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|16,241
|26.53||4,685
|-
|111||[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]||[[P. Kolandaivelu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,737
|34.3||U. K. P. Natarajan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|24,619
|29.39||4,118
|-
|112||[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]||[[R. Ayyachamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|18,884
|31.67||A. K. Shivalingam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16,202
|27.17||2,682
|-
|113||[[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]||[[D. Ramaswamy]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,996
|37.69||M. Palanisamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,676
|25.14||10,320
|-
|114||[[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]||[[K. Nachimuthu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,324
|32.56||[[S. R. Balasubramaniam]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|18,769
|30.07||1,555
|-
|115||[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]||[[P. G. Kittu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,172
|33.11||K. N. Kumarasamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20,175
|24.58||6,997
|-
|116||[[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]||[[R. Manimaran]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|38,984
|41.13||A. Ganapathy||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|24,569
|25.92||14,415
|-
|117||[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]||[[R. K. S. Dhanapandi]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,665
|42.09||M. Sivasabapathy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,498
|24.59||13,167
|-
|118||[[Modakkurichi Assembly constituency|Modakkurichi]]||[[Subbulaksmi (Modakurichi MLA)|Subbulakshmi]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|38,072
|44.75||A. Ganeshamurthy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|15,200
|17.86||22,872
|-
|119||[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]||[[A. Ponnusamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|30,574
|39.91||N. K. Palanisamy||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|24,532
|32.02||6,042
|-
|120||[[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]||[[S. Muthusamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|37,968
|43.09||M. Subramanian||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,389
|23.14||17,579
|-
|121||[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]||[[M. R. Soundarrajan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,989
|31.41||G. Gurumoorthy||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|19,013
|25.98||3,976
|-
|122||[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur (SC)]]||[[P. Guruswamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,950
|42.46||A. Palani||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|11,423
|20.25||12,527
|-
|123||[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]||[[N. K. K. Ramasamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,660
|34.99||N. R. Thiruvenkadam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,248
|26.25||6,412
|-
|124||[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]||[[V. K. Chinnaswamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,078
|32.48||Sampoornam Swaminathan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,631
|30.44||1,447
|-
|125||[[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]||[[K. A. Sengottaian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,145
|35.81||C. R. Rajappa||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,639
|33.26||1,506
|-
|126||[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor (SC)]]||[[K. Rangasamy]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|22,649
|42.33||C. Periasamy||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|13,150
|24.58||9,499
|-
|127||[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Ootacamund]]||[[B. Gopalan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|18,134
|28.94||K. Karuppasamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,005
|28.74||129
|-
|128||[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]||[[K. Hutchi Gowder]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|15,323
|26.29||C. I. Allapitchai||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|14,963
|25.68||360
|-
|129||[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani (SC)]]||[[N. Palanivel]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|23,810
|34.53||S. R. P. Mani||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,966
|28.96||3,844
|-
|130||[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]||[[A. P. Palaniappan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,000
|37.09||K. Kuppuswamy||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,419
|30.79||4,581
|-
|131||[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]||[[K. Pannai Sethuram]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,271
|45.5||R. Ramaiah||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16,948
|24.66||14,323
|-
|132||[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]||[[V. R. Jayaraman]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|35,152
|45.71||S. Veluchamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,579
|24.16||16,573
|-
|133||[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[P. Ramadass]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,022
|41.12||K. S. M. Ramachandran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20,030
|28.38||8,992
|-
|134||[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]||[[R. Chandrasekharan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|34,902
|41.5||N. Natarajan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|34,080
|40.52||822
|-
|135||[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]||[[K. Kandasamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,311
|34.41||N. V. Gurusamy||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|16,269
|23.03||8,042
|-
|136||[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]||[[R. Muthiah]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,040
|43.52||A. R. P. Alagarsamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17,018
|26.41||11,022
|-
|137||[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]||[[P. T. Saraswathy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,493
|44.3||[[N. S. V. Chithan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,720
|41.63||1,773
|-
|138||[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]||[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]]||{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|35,361
|61.95||N. S. Ponniah||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11,422
|20.01||23,939
|-
|139||[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]||[[A. Baluchamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,296
|51.19||M. Muthuperiasamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9,799
|17.73||18,497
|-
|140||[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]||[[V. Balaguruva Reddiar]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,968
|40.02||A. Chandrasekaran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,455
|31.32||6,513
|-
|141||[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]||[[K. Kalimuthu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|33,850
|41.39||V. Palani Andi Ambalam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15,760
|19.27||18,090
|-
|142||[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]||[[T. P. M. Periyaswamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|32,342
|43.06||[[Pon. Muthuramalingam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|16,211
|21.59||16,131
|-
|143||[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]||[[N. Lakshminarayanan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,399
|39.9||A. Rathinam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16,420
|22.28||12,979
|-
|144||[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]||[[N. Sankaraiah]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|24,263
|33.45||A. G. Subbraman||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22,278
|30.71||1,985
|-
|145||[[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur (SC)]]||[[S. Selvaraj]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|34,019
|44.5||C. Karuthanan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,658
|25.71||14,361
|-
|146||[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]||[[A. M. Paramasivan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|33,111
|36.07||K. V. Veeranambalam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32,955
|35.9||156
|-
|147||[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]||[[M. Andi Ambalam]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|29,055
|44.97||R. Murugan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,093
|32.65||7,962
|-
|148||[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]||[[N. Varadharajan]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|33,614
|45.19||V. S. Lakshmanan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|13,732
|18.46||19,882
|-
|149||[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]||[[A. Vellaisamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|31,590
|45.4||A. M. T. Nachiappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|13,938
|20.03||17,652
|-
|150||[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]||[[S. M. Vasan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,995
|37.21||S. Nanjunda Rao||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25,141
|34.66||1,854
|-
|151||[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]||[[S. Sadasivam]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32,581
|39.51||P. Ramasamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,547
|26.13||11,034
|-
|152||[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]||[[K. Vadivel]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|33,856
|35.11||S. Nallasamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|22,264
|23.09||11,592
|-
|153||[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]||[[P. Soundarapandian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,561
|32.59||P. N. Thangavelraj||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21,967
|31.73||594
|-
|154||[[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]||[[K. Karunanidhi Muthiah]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,093
|38.58||A. P. Raju||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|16,894
|24.06||10,199
|-
|155||[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]||[[P. E. Srinivasa Reddiar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,043
|33.59||S. Rasu||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|19,396
|24.09||7,647
|-
|156||[[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiam]]||[[K. P. Kathamuthu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,638
|31.85||K. M. Shanmugasundaram||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,648
|30.62||990
|-
|157||[[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]]||[[R. Periasamy]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,642
|37.08||M. Atchayagopal||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,936
|30.4||5,706
|-
|158||[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]||[[P. Kothandaraman]] alias Musiri Putthan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|34,569
|39.27||V. S. Periasamy alias VSP ||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|20,567
|23.36||14,002
|-
|159||[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]||[[K. N. Shanmugam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|33,322
|36.06||R. Gandhirajan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,789
|34.4||1,533
|-
|160||[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]||[[S. V. Ramasamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|37,400
|56.53||K. S. Velusamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|16,459
|24.88||20,941
|-
|161||[[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]]||[[N. Perumal]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|36,023
|52.39||K. Kanagasabai||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,919
|34.79||12,104
|-
|162||[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]||[[T. Arumugam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,380
|39.73||Karuppiah alias Asokan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|30,125
|38.14||1,255
|-
|163||[[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]||[[T. Subramanian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|36,885
|56.45||S. Sivasubramaniam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|22,056
|33.76||14,829
|-
|164||[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]||[[V. Krunamurthy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|35,540
|44.75||K. C. Ganesan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,828
|30.01||11,712
|-
|165||[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]||[[R. Soundararajan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,200
|31.31||M. Dharmalingam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,135
|25.26||5,065
|-
|166||[[Tiruchirappalli - I Assembly constituency|Tiruchy – I]]||[[C. Manickam]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,908
|33.29||A. V. Krishnamurthy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|19,597
|29.78||2,311
|-
|167||[[Tiruchirappalli - II Assembly constituency|Tiruchy – II]]||[[K. Soundararajan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,405
|36.37||M. S. Venkatachalam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|17,523
|25.09||7,882
|-
|168||[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]||[[K. S. Murugesan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,594
|32.06||V. Swaminathan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,742
|30.95||852
|-
|169||[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi (SC)]]||[[K. Subravelu]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|34,281
|43.38||K. Balasubramaniam||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,405
|37.21||4,876
|-
|170||[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]||[[S. Ganesan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|34,105
|44.95||G. Bharathi Mohan||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|24,508
|32.3||9,597
|-
|171||[[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]||[[N. Kittappa]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|29,829
|39.34||M. M. S. Abdul Hassan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21,237
|28.01||8,592
|-
|172||[[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]||[[R. Rajamaniam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|30,819
|39.92||G. Veeraiyan||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|22,556
|29.22||8,263
|-
|173||[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam (SC)]]||[[M. Manimaran]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|33,636
|41.75||P. Jayaraj||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,527
|30.44||9,109
|-
|174||[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Tiruvarur (SC)]]||[[M. Karunanidhi Thazhai]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|38,528
|44.27||P. S. Dhanuskody||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|24,274
|27.89||14,254
|-
|175||[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]||[[R. Umanath]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|31,519
|39.65||A. Ambalavanan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|30,809
|38.76||710
|-
|176||[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]||[[M. Meenakshisundaram]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|29,601
|35.4||S. Devarajan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28,009
|33.5||1,592
|-
|177||[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi (SC)]]||[[P. Uthirapathy]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|43,208
|45.93||N. Kuppusamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,934
|26.5||18,274
|-
|178||[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]||[[M. Ambigapathy]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|34,298
|37.89||K. Balakrishnan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,881
|29.7||7,417
|-
|179||[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]||[[A. R. Marimuthu]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25,993
|30.13||V. R. K. Palaniappan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,082
|29.08||911
|-
|180||[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]||[[M. R. Govindan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|32,625
|38.8||M. Masilamani||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|24,675
|29.34||7,950
|-
|181||[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]||[[T. M. Thailappan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|31,866
|35.5||N. Sivagnanam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26,156
|29.14||5,710
|-
|182||[[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]]||[[Durai Govindarajan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,779
|29.06||Pulavar. T. Tholappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|21,566
|26.36||2,213
|-
|183||[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]||[[S. Natarajan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|33,418
|41.72||R. Saminathan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,662
|29.54||9,756
|-
|184||[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]||[[G. Elangovan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|28,500
|36.96||P. C. Palaniyandi||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,197
|30.08||5,303
|-
|185||[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]||[[R. V. Soundararajan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,904
|33.4||S. Sachidanandam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|23,268
|31.21||1,636
|-
|186||[[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]]||[[A. Chellappa]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24,270
|36.01||P. Srinivasan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,897
|31||3,373
|-
|187||[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]||[[S. R. Eradha]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,432
|32.52||O. Vadivelu Mazhavarayar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,450
|28.85||2,982
|-
|188||[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]||[[S. Ramalingam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|26,304
|32.59||K. Govindarajulu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,489
|30.34||1,815
|-
|189||[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Tirumayam]]||[[N. Sundararaj]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20,694
|25.92||P. Ponnambalam||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,637
|25.85||57
|-
|190||[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur (SC)]]||[[V. Chinniah]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,071
|36.55||T. Marimuthu||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|22,853
|30.86||4,218
|-
|191||[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]||[[Rajkumar Vijaya Raghunatha Thondaiman]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|36,406
|42.74||C. Anbarasan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|19,352
|22.72||17,054
|-
|192||[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]||[[T. Pushparaju]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|37,634
|38.94||P. Thirumaran||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,059
|28||10,575
|-
|193||[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]||[[S. Thirunavukkarasu]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|35,468
|37.45||P. Appukutty||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|24,528
|25.9||10,940
|-
|194||[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]||[[S. Shanmugham Koothagudi]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|21,579
|27.45||C. T. Raja Chidambaram||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,238
|27.02||341
|-
|195||[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]||[[P. Kaliyappan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,403
|32.03||[[P. Chidambaram]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,163
|31.75||240
|-
|196||[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]||[[KR. RM. Kariya Manickam Ambalam]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32,386
|36.75||S. Anguchamy||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,650
|32.51||3,736
|-
|197||[[Ilaiyangudi Assembly constituency|Ilaiyangudi]]||[[R. Sivasamy]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|17,677
|24.22||V. Malaikannan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|16,887
|23.14||790
|-
|198||[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]||[[O. Subramanian]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,495
|30.59||K. R. Muruganandam||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,066
|27.43||2,429
|-
|199||[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]||[[V. M. Subramanian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,849
|40.23||K. Paramalai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26,794
|37.36||2,055
|-
|200||[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]||[[K. Ugrapandian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|27,303
|36.31||K. Krishnan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,357
|31.06||3,946
|-
|201||[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]||[[T. Ramasamy]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|33,048
|46.86||S. K. Ganesan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|15,520
|22.01||17,528
|-
|202||[[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]||[[R. C. Subramanian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,690
|36.56||A. Piravanathan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|12,299
|17.5||13,391
|-
|203||[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]||[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17,709
|24.13||V. Munisamy||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|14,844
|20.23||2,865
|-
|204|||'''[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]'''|||'''[[M. G. Ramachandran]]'''||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|43,065
|56.23||M. Muthuvel Servai||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|13,687
|17.87||29,378
|-
|205||[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]||[[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|38,772
|43.24||M. Veerasamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21,830
|24.35||16,942
|-
|206||[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]||[[M. Sundararajan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|33,077
|44.52||[[A. S. A. Arumugam]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|22,820
|30.71||10,257
|-
|207||[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]||[[K. Ramasamy (politician)|K. Ramasamy]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|24,518
|31.11||Dharmar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22,746
|28.87||1,772
|-
|208||[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]||[[R. Tamaraikani]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,990
|31.91||V. Vaikundam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|18,974
|23.3||7,016
|-
|209||[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam (SC)]]||[[K. Dhanuskodi]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|28,028
|37.55||K. Pottu Poattan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,181
|32.39||3,847
|-
|210||[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]||[[R. K. Perumal]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|25,384
|38.39||K. Subba Reddiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22,001
|33.27||3,383
|-
|211||[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram (SC)]]||[[O. S. Veluchami]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22,629
|41.51||O. Thangaraj||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|16,801
|30.82||5,828
|-
|212||[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]||[[S. Alagarsamy]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|21,985
|32.75||P. Seeniraj||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,588
|32.15||397
|-
|213||[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankoil (SC)]]||[[S. Subbiah]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|13,778
|20.52||C. Ayyadorai||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|21,232
|33.72||337
|-
|214||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]||[[R. Krishnan (Vasudevanallur MLA)|R. Krishnan]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|20,092
|33.25||I. muthuraj||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|16,048
|26.56||4,044
|-
|215||[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]||[[M. M. A. Razak]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,347
|38.78||S. K. T. Ramachandran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,686
|31.3||5,661
|-
|216||[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]||[[S. Muthusamy Karayalar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,273
|41.36||J. Abdul Jabbar||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|18,489
|25.26||11,784
|-
|217||[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]||[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,183
|28.43||R. Navaneethakrishnapandian||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|18,342
|25.84||1,841
|-
|218||[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]||[[G. R. Edmund]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,419
|38.5||Krishnan alias Nellai Kannan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19,125
|27.87||7,294
|-
|219||[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]||[[K. Manoharan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|29,146
|44.1||N. Shanmugan||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|15,192
|22.99||13,954
|-
|220||[[Cheranmadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmadevi]]||[[P. H. Pandian]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|24,256
|35.34||V. Ratnasabapathi||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21,964
|32||2,292
|-
|221||[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]||[[Easwaramurthy (Ambasamudram MLA)|Easwaramurthy]] alias Sornam||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|23,356
|35.33||[[R. Nallakannu]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|21,569
|32.63||1,787
|-
|222||[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]||[[M. John Vincent]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|18,668
|27.71||D. Veliah||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|18,464
|27.41||204
|-
|223||[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]||[[Y. S. M. Yusuf]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,404
|38.68||P. Paul Pandian||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|22,810
|33.41||3,594
|-
|224||[[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sathankulam]]||[[R. Jebamani]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|18,362
|27.36||[[S. P. Adithanar]]||{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|17,507
|26.09||855
|-
|225||[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]||[[R. Amirtharaj]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,871
|29.13||Subramanya Adithan||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|19,736
|27.55||1,135
|-
|226||[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]||[[K. Sathu Selvaraj]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|20,459
|31.29||S. Muthu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|16,919
|25.87||3,540
|-
|227||[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukudi]]||[[N. Dhanasekaran]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,598
|29.29||R. Naoroji||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22,379
|27.78||1,219
|-
|228||[[Kanyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanyakumari]]||[[C. Krishnan (Kanyakumari MLA)|C. Krishnan]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|23,222
|33.32||T. C. Subramaniya Pillai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16,010
|22.97||7,212
|-
|229||[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]||[[M. Vincent]]||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|26,973
|36.45||P. Mohammad Ismail||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|26,780
|36.19||193
|-
|230||[[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]||[[R. Athiswami]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|21,131
|30.4||[[S. Retnaraj]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|19,949
|28.7||1,182
|-
|231||[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]||[[A. Swamidhas]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|22,910
|47.81||N. V. Kanniyappan||{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=AIADMK}}
|14,757
|30.8||8,153
|-
|232||[[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]||[[J. James (Thiruvattar MLA)|J. James]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|27,812
|48.82||[[J. Hemachandran]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|26,192
|45.98||1,620
|-
|233||[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]||[[D. Gnanasigamony]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|32,628
|48.85||S. Sathiadas||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|30,695
|45.96||1,933
|-
|234||[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyur]]||[[Pon. Vijayaraghavan]]||{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|34,237
|79.2||K. Thankaraj||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8,309
|19.22||25,928
|}
'''Key:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#add8e6;"|Blue:
|Elected as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
|-
|(SC)
|Seat is reserved for [[scheduled caste]].
|-
|(ST)
|Seat is reserved for [[scheduled tribe]].
|}

==See also==
* [[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1970s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1977 State Assembly elections in India|Tamil Nadu]]

XI Corps (India)

2026-03-17T19:18:28Z

DongXqz408: corrected details additionally

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = XI Corps
| image = File:Vajra Corps, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 190px
| caption = Vajra Corps formation sign
| dates = 1950 - present
| country = [[India]]
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| role = Holding [[Corps]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Western Command (India).png|20px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| garrison = [[Jalandhar]]
| equipment = 
| current_commander = [[Lt Gen]] Ajay Chandpuria {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|AVSM|VSM|}}<ref>{{cite web|date=1 July 2024 |title=Lt Gen Ajay Chandpuria takes over command of the Vajra Corps from Lt Gen Vijay B Nair.|url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1807781017916182546?t=cteXC01xTHiHz8mzik95KA&s=19|website=x (formerly twitter)}}</ref>
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| notable_commanders = [[General (India)|General]] [[Ved Prakash Malik]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Om Prakash Malhotra]] [[Lt Gen]] [[Naveen Chand Rawlley]] [[Lt Gen]] [[Joginder Singh Dhillon|J S Dhillon]] [[Lt Gen]] [[T. B. Henderson Brooks|T B Henderson Brooks]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| nickname = ''Vajra Corps'' ''Defenders of Punjab''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/vajra-corps-celebrates-71st-raising-day-219416|title=Vajra Corps celebrates 71st Raising Day|date=2021-03-01|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| mascot =
| battles = [[2025 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = Theatre Honour: ''Punjab'' Battle Honours: ''Dograi'' ''Barki'' ''Asal Uttar'' ''Sehjra'' ''Dera Baba Nanak''<ref name="ToI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/vajra-corps-defenders-of-punjab-celebrates-platinum-jubilee/articleshow/74427425.cms|title=Vajra Corps - 'Defenders of Punjab' - celebrates Platinum Jubilee|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2021-03-01|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[X Corps (India)|X Corps]]|next=[[XII Corps (India)|XII Corps]]}}
The '''XI Corps''' of the [[Indian Army]] is based in [[Jalandhar]] and is a part of [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]. XI Corps is also known as '''Vajra Corps'''.

==History==
XI Corps was raised to take command of the formations in the Punjab in 1950<ref>Renaldi & Rikhye 2011, 26.</ref> as India reorganised its post-1947 army to meet the new threat of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://forum.pakistanidefence.com/lofiversion/index.php/t7640.html |title=IPS Driver Error |access-date=21 September 2009 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220000836/http://forum.pakistanidefence.com/lofiversion/index.php/t7640.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was raised on March 1, 1950 at [[Ambala Cantonment|Ambala]] under the command of Lieutenant General Kalwant Singh.<ref name="OneIndia">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/03/01/vajra-corps-celebrates-raising-day-1174118193.html|title=Vajra Corps celebrates Raising Day|date=2007-03-17|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref> The corps headquarters was relocated to Jalandhar in July 1951.<ref name="ToI"/>

To reduce the load of XI Corps, [[X Corps (India)|X Corps]] was formed at [[Bathinda]] on 1 July 1979, taking over south [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and north [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2019/jan16-19/h8.htm|title=Commands of the Indian Army, South Western (Sapta Shakti) Command: Forever Victorious|date=2019-01-16|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>

==Formation sign==
The Corps formation sign consists of the 'red-white-red background' depicting a corps of the Indian Army overlaid by a '''[[Vajra]]''', the powerful thunderbolt weapon of Lord [[Indra]], the symbol of sacrifice of the great sage [[Dadhichi]], who voluntarily sacrificed his body to make the fiercest weapon from his thighbone.<ref name="OneIndia"/>
[[File:Vajra platinum jubilee.jpg|thumb|Vajra Corps Platinum Jubilee, 1 March 2020]]

==Organisation==

The corps consists of:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/vajra-corps-celebrates-infantry-day-315973|title=Vajra Corps celebrates Infantry Day|date=2016-10-28|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>

*[[7th Indian Infantry Division|7 Infantry Division]] ''(Golden Arrow Division)'' headquartered at [[Firozpur]], raised in 1964.<ref>Renaldi & Rikhye 2011, 40</ref>
*[[9th Infantry Division (India)|9 Infantry Division]] ''(Pine Division)'' headquartered at [[Meerut]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-08-09 |title=Golden moments at Pine Division |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/golden-moments-at-pine-division/articleshow/39962414.cms |access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref> It has one brigade each at Meerut, Delhi and Jalandhar.
*[[15th Infantry Division (India)|15 Infantry Division]] ''(Panther Division)'' headquartered at [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20091001/1353313.html|title=15 Infantry division celebrates its raising day|date=2009-10-01|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725104246/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20091001/1353313.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Appears to include 350 Infantry Brigade.<ref>Renaldi & Rikhye 2011, 166.</ref>
*23 (Independent) Armoured Brigade ''(Flaming Arrow Brigade)'' at Khasa, [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/army-commander-western-command-visits-khasa-military-station/north/news/2084906.html|title=Army Commander Western Command visits Khasa Military station|date=2020-07-18|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref>
*55 (Independent) Mechanised Brigade ''(Double Victory Brigade)'' at [[Beas City|Beas]]<ref>Renaldi & Rikhye 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2019/jan16-19/h12.htm|title=War Disabled Soldiers and Veer Naris Meet Organised at Beas|date=2019-01-16|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>
*Corps Artillery Brigade headquartered at [[Jalandhar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/vajra-corps-organises-veer-nari-meet-76021|title=Vajra Corps organises Veer Nari meet|date=2015-05-04|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>
*Corps Air Defence Brigade headquartered at [[Ludhiana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-23 |title=Vajra Air Defence Brigade organises Veer Nari meet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/vajra-air-defence-brigade-organises-veer-nari-meet/articleshow/74266512.cms |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1619877740479664130 |user=westerncomd_IA |title=#VajraCorps #AirDefenceBrigade conducted training & validation of battle drills to optimise operational readiness... |first= |last= |date=2023-01-30 |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>
*[[333 Missile Group]] equipped with [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi-I]] missile at [[Secunderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=333rd Artillery Group - India Special Weapons Agencies |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/india/agency/333.htm |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=nuke.fas.org}}</ref>

[[File:Vajra Shaurya Sthal.jpg|thumb|Vajra Shaurya Sthal, Jalandhar Cantonment - the Corps war memorial]]

==Operations==
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<ref name="Defenders">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/saluting-defenders-of-punjab-51983|title=Saluting 'Defenders of Punjab'|date=2020-03-07|access-date=2021-07-26|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726121617/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/saluting-defenders-of-punjab-51983|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<ref name="Defenders"/>

== List of Commanders ==
[[File:Vajra Museum.jpg|thumb|Vajra Museum, Jalandhar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/vajra-museum-inaugurated-843190|title=Vajra Museum inaugurated|date=2019-10-06|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>]]
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
| rowspan="36" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|Kalwant Singh
|1 March 1950
|
|[[1st Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref name="OneIndia"/>
|-
|[[S. P. P. Thorat|S P P Thorat]]
|1955
|May 1957
|[[14th Punjab Regiment|1/14 Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=VK|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|publisher=SAGE India|date=2005|isbn=978-0761933229|page=140}}</ref><ref name="OneIndia"/>
|-
|[[T. B. Henderson Brooks|T B Henderson Brooks]]
|1962
|1963
|[[Maratha Light Infantry|5th Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1962-war-report-when-nehru-stepped-on-the-dragons-tail/articleshow/32274881.cms|title=1962 war report: When Nehru stepped on the Dragon's tail|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2014-03-19|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[Joginder Singh Dhillon]]
|November 1963
|August 1966
|[[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal Sappers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/last-salute-to-the-lion-of-1965/|title=Last salute to the lion of 1965|date=2003-12-19|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[Premindra Singh Bhagat]]
|August 1966
|August 1970
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Bombay Sappers]]
|
|-
|[[N. C. Rawlley|Naveen Chand Rawlley]]
|1970
|1972
|[[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/1971-operations-case-west-i/|title=1971 operations - Case West - I|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[Om Prakash Malhotra]]
|May 1972
|July 1974
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=134065|title=COAS pays Tribute to Former COAS Gen Om Prakash Malhotra|date=2015-12-31|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|Krishnaswamy Gowri Shankar
|1984
|1985
|[[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-sep-6.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000903033823/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-sep-6.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 September 2000|title=Examples of Learning in Counter-Insurgency|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[V. K. Nayar|V K Nayar]]
|1985
|31 October 1987
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]{{refn|group=nb|Originally a [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Signals]] officer, General Nayar, after persistent pestering of his bosses, managed a transfer to his desired regiment — the [[Maratha Light Infantry]] (MLI), securing a billet with 2 Para (3rd battalion, MLI, converted to paratroop infantry).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bharatkarnad.com/2013/08/11/unforgiving-take-on-the-past/|title=Unforgiving take on past|date=2013-08-11|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref> }}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1987-10-27_123.pdf|title=PIB Release|date=1987-10-27|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[B. K. N. Chhibber|Bakshi Krishan Nath Chhibber]]
|July 1990
|September 1992
|[[9th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osamohindracollege.org/dwn/souvenir1995.pdf|title=Souvenir 1995|access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ved Prakash Malik]]
|August 1992
|March 1994
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://corporatecitizen.in/v3-issue11/cover-story-decorated-duo.html|title=COVER STORY: DECORATED DUO|date=2017-08-16|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref><ref name="OneIndia"/>
|-
|H B Kala
|April 1994
|
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apsbeas.org/about_us.php|title=About Us|date=|access-date=2021-07-23|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723161236/https://www.apsbeas.org/about_us.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Virendra Kumar Sewal
|
|
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|
|-
|[[Kamal Davar]]
|March 2000
|April 2001
|[[7th Light Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000304/punjab.htm#20|title=Golden jubilee of Vajra Corps|date=2000-03-04|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|Shantonu Choudhry
|April 2001
|April 2002
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/14army.htm|title=Lt Gen Shantonu Choudhry appointed Vice Chief of Army Staff|date=2002-12-14|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|Krishnamurthy Nagaraj
|Apr 2002
|May 2003
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030302/punjab1.htm#12|title=Vajra Corps celebrates Raising Day|date=2003-03-01|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|S Pattabhiraman
|May 2003
|May 2004
|[[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Sappers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050203/cth1.htm|title=Pattabhiraman takes over as GOC-in-C, Western Command|date=2005-02-03|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref><ref name="OneIndia"/>
|-
|Parmendra Kumar Singh
|May 2004
|May 2005
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050522/punjab.htm|title=Lieut-Gen Mandhata Singh is new GOC of Vajra Corps|date=2005-05-22|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|Mandhata Singh
|May 2005
|April 2006
|[[9th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="Tribune"/>
|-
|Noble Thamburaj
|May 2006
|September 2007
|[[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Sappers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/29/lt-gen-kumar-takes-over-as-goc-of-vajra-corps-1191056855.html|title=Lt Gen Kumar takes over as GOC of Vajra Corps|date=2007-09-29|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|S S Kumar
|October 2007
|August 2008
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2008/apr15-08/h6.html|title=Vajra Celebrations|date=2008-04-08|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|Virender Singh Tonk
|August 2008
|July 2009
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/21/lt-gen-vs-tonk-takes-command-of-vajra-corps-1219313021.html?story=1|title=Lt Gen VS Tonk takes command of Vajra Corps|date=2008-08-21|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramesh Halagali|Ramesh Halgali]]
|24 July 2009
|August 2010
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/89484/ktaka-man-head-military-training.html|title=K'taka man to head military training|date=2010-08-17|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|Munish Sibal
|August 2010
|November 2011
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2010aug17/lt_gen_sibal_head_vajra_corps.html|title=Lt.Gen. Sibal to head Vajra Corps|date=2010-08-18|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2010/sep16-10/h16.htm|title=Appointment|date=2010-08-17|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjeev Madhok
|November 2011
|March 2013
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/BriefLt-Gen-Madhok-takes-over-Vajra-Corps-command/articleshow/10699394.cms|title=BriefLt Gen Madhok takes over Vajra Corps Command|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2011-11-12|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|Ashwini Kumar Bakshi
|March 2013
|July 2014
|[[Bihar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/lieutant-general-ak-bakshi-assumes-command-of-vajra-corps/story-CSYNFvD5ZZqqM6zS7Ncb9N.html|title=Lieutant general AK Bakshi assumes command of Vajra Corps|date=2013-03-13|access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|N P S Hira
|August 2014
|31 July 2015
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/regional/lt-gen-hira-to-take-over-as-new-northern-command-chief-of-staff-tomorrow/148070.html|title=Lt Gen Hira to take over as new Northern Command Chief of Staff today|date=2015-08-01|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|Jagbir Singh Cheema
|21 August 2015
|31 August 2016
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flamecareeracademy.com/guest-speaker-6|title=LT GEN JS CHEEMA, PVSM, AVSM (RETD)|access-date=2019-11-20|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214025303/http://flamecareeracademy.com/guest-speaker-6|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/deadlock-over-army-postings-goc-11-corps-appointed-officiating-western-army-commander-2941574/|title=Deadlock over Army postings: GOC 11 Corps appointed officiating Western Army Commander|date=2016-01-29|access-date=2021-07-22}}</ref>
|-
|B S Sahrawat
|1 September 2016
|2 November 2017
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-09-03|title=Lt Gen BS Sahrawat takes over as commanding officer of Vajra Corps|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Lt-Gen-BS-Sahrawat-takes-over-as-commanding-officer-of-Vajra-Corps/articleshow/53988631.cms|language=en |location=Chandigarh|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Dushyant Singh
|2 November 2017
|4 November 2018
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-03|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/vajra-corps-goc/491716.html|title=Vajra Corps GOC|archive-date=27 March 2019|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172402/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/vajra-corps-goc/491716.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Arvind Dutta
|5 November 2018
|5 November 2019
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-11-05|title=Lt Gen Arvind Dutta takes over command of Vajra Corps|url=http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-arvind-dutta-takes-over-command-of-vajra-corps/north/news/1398252.html|language=en |location=Jalandhar|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjeev Sharma
|6 November 2019
|2 December 2020
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref name=Sanjeev_Sharma_GOC_Vajra>{{cite news|date=2019-11-07|title=Lt Gen sharma is Goc vajra corps|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/lt-gen-sharma-is-goc-vajra-corps/857336.html|language=en|location=Jalandhar|access-date=20 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|[[Bansi Ponnappa|C B Ponnappa]]
|2 December 2020
|10 February 2022
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Lt Gen C Bansi Ponnappa is new GOC Vajra Corps|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/campus-notes-179325|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Devendra Sharma (general)|Devendra Sharma]]
|11 February 2022
|15 May 2023
|[[Scinde Horse|14th Horse (Scinde Horse)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/lieut-gen-sharma-is-new-vajra-corps-commander-369202|title=Lieut Gen Devendra Sharma is new Vajra Corps commander|date=2022-02-12|access-date=2022-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|Vijay B Nair
|15 May 2023
|30 June 2024
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/lt-gen-sharma-to-take-over-as-western-command-chief-of-staff/articleshow/100264849.cms|title=Lt Gen Sharma to take over as Western Command chief of staff|date=2023-05-16|access-date=2023-05-16}}</ref>
|-
|Ajay Chandpuria
|1 July 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|date=1 July 2024 |title=Lt Gen Ajay Chandpuria takes over command of the Vajra Corps from Lt Gen Vijay B Nair.|url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1807781017916182546?t=cteXC01xTHiHz8mzik95KA&s=19|website=x (formerly twitter)}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Army}}{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

[[Category:Corps of India|011]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1950]]

Möng Mao

2026-03-16T17:45:29Z

DongXqz408: page updated

{{Short description|Former Tai kingdom}}
{{other uses|Mengmao (disambiguation)}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=hist|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{nobold|ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ}} မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်
| conventional_long_name = Möng Mao Lông
| common_name = Möng Mao
| era = [[Late Middle Ages]]
| currency = Native silver and bronze ingots
| status = [[Tusi|Pacification commissioner of Pingmian]] under [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] dynasty (1355-1384) [[Tusi|Luchuan-Pingmian pacification commission]] under [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasty (1384-1441)
| government_type = [[Mandala (political model)|Mandala kingdom]]
| area_km2 =
| year_start = 1276{{efn|The establishment of Möng Mao can differ based on interpretation. If {{ill|Hkun Hpang Hkam|zh|芳罕}} becoming the ruler of Möng Mao is taken as the starting point, the date is 1256; if the establishment of Luchuan Route by the Yuan dynasty is taken as the starting point, the date is 1276; if the succession of Si Kefa is taken as the starting point, the date is 1335. If the legendary stories of its founding are taken as the starting point, dates such as 568, 835 and others could be suggested. If the tribal alliances hypothesized by historians are taken as the starting point, dates such as the 6th–7th centuries or the 10th–11th centuries are possible.}}
| date_start =
| event_start = Establishment of the {{ill|Luchuan Route|zh|麓川路}}.
| year_end = 1444{{efn|If the defeat of Si Renfa and the loss of the seal of the Luchuan Pacification Commission is taken as the ending point, the date is 1441; if the defeat of Si Jifa, the loss of Möng Mao’s former territory, and the retreat to Möng Yang is taken as the ending point, the date is 1444; if the defeat of Si Jifa in Möng Yang and the peace negotiations between Si Lufa and the Ming dynasty is taken as the ending point, the date is 1449. If the extinction of the Si family in Möng Yang at the hands of Burma is taken as the ending point, the date is 1604.}}
| date_end =
| event_end = Disestablished
| p1 = Yuan dynasty
| p2 =
| s1 = Möng Yang
| s2 = Ming dynasty
| s3 = Shan states
| s4 =
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Mong Mao-the detail map.svg
| image_map_caption = {{Legend|#EF9CA1|Core territory of Möng Mao}} {{Legend|#FFFCC9|Greatest extent of Möng Mao during the reign of [[Si Kefa]] ({{circa|1360}})}}
| stat_area1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes =
| capital = [[Selan]]{{efn|The exact administrative center of the Si family has shifted around the Nam Mao valley until 1444. It is also rendered into English as "Zhelan", "Seilant", or "Che Lant".}}
| common_languages = [[Shan language|Old Shan]] (lingua franca and administrative language)

{{hidden |style=font-size:100%;padding:0.25em 0 0; |headerstyle=text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|header = <div style="font-size: 15px;">'''Regional'''</div>
|content = <div style="font-size: 14px;">{{unbulleted list | [[Achang language|Achang]] | [[Jinghpaw language|Jiexie]] | [[Nusu language|Nu]] | [[Wa language|Wa]] | [[Blang language|Bulang]] | [[Palaung language|Ta'ang]] | [[Burmese language|Burmese]] | [[Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)|Pyu]] }}
}}</div>
| religion = [[Tai folk religion]] [[Mahayana Buddhism]] [[Theravada Buddhism]]
| title_leader = [[Saopha]]
| leader1 = [[Si Kefa|Hsö Hkan Hpa]]
| leader2 = {{ill|Si Lunfa|zh|思伦法}} (Hsö Hom Hpa)
| leader3 = [[Si Renfa]] (Hsö Ngan Hpa)
| year_leader4 = 1442–1444
| leader4 = [[Si Jifa]]
| year_leader1 = 1335–1369
| year_leader2 = 1382–1399
| year_leader3 = 1413–1442
| stat_year1 = 1405 est.
| event1 = [[Si Kefa|Hsö Hkan Hpa]] becomes ruler of Möng Mao
| date_event1 = {{circa|1335}}
| event2 = Destruction of [[Pinya kingdom|Pinya]] and [[Sagaing Kingdom|Sagaing]]
| date_event2 = 1364
| event3 = [[Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)|Ming-Mong Mao War]]
| date_event3 = 1380 –1388
| event4 = [[Dao Ganmeng rebellion]]
| date_event4 = 1397–1398
| event5 = [[Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns]]
| date_event5 = 1436–1449
| today = {{ubl|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Myanmar]]}}
| demonym = Tai Mao
}}
'''Möng Mao Lông'''{{efn|{{langx|tdd|ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ}}; {{langx|shn|မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်}}; [[Ahom language|Ahom]]: 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫𑜉𑜨𑜰𑜧𑜊𑜤𑜂𑜫; {{langx|my|မိုင်းမောလုံ}}; {{langx|th|อาณาจักรเมาหลวง}}}} ({{Lit|Great Möng Mao}}), also known as '''Möng Mao''',{{efn|{{langx|shn|မိူင်းမၢဝ်း}}; {{langx|tdd|ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ}}; [[Ahom language|Ahom]]: 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫𑜉𑜨𑜰𑜧, {{langx|my|မိုင်းမော}}; {{lang-zh|勐卯}}; Also rendered into English as '''Moeng Mao''', '''Mengmao''', '''Mäng Maaw''', '''Mong Mau''', etc.}} '''Maw''', or '''Luchuan''' ([[:zh:勐卯|麓川]]), was a [[Tai peoples|Tai]] kingdom which flourished from the 14th to 15th centuries, and consolidated dominance over the [[frontier]] regions of modern-day [[Myanmar]], [[China]], and [[India]]. The core territory was centered on the Nam Mao ([[Ruili]]) river basin.

Möng Mao was originally a [[Tai peoples|Tai]] principality located on the Nam Mao ([[Ruili]]) and [[Longchuan County, Yunnan|Longchuan]] regions, where it had historically managed [[tributary state|tributary]] relations and political conflicts with larger states.{{sfn|Kirigaya|2015|p=243}}{{sfn|Daniels|2018|p=217-225}} Towards the end of the [[Yuan dynasty]], [[Si Kefa]] became ruler of Möng Mao. During his reign, he conquered vast territories extending from [[Assam]] in [[Northeast India]], the majority of Tai states in upper [[Myanmar|Burma]], to the [[Red River (Asia)|Red river]] in central [[Yunnan]], and even marched south to destroy the kingdoms of [[Sagaing kingdom|Sagaing]] and [[Pinya kingdom|Pinya]].

When the [[Ming dynasty]] later entered [[Yunnan]], Möng Mao’s ruler Si Lunfa chose to submit to Ming authority and accepted imperial investiture. But shortly after, he attacked [[Jingdong County|Jingdong]] and [[Xinping|Moshale]], which were states under Möng Mao that had defected to the Ming, leading to several wars between the two countries. At that time, the Ming government still lacked the capacity to control Yunnan’s western frontier deeply and eventually accepted Möng Mao’s surrender.

After Si Lunfa’s death, the Ming court took the opportunity to dismantle Möng Mao, dividing its territory into numerous smaller native chieftaincies. His later successor, [[Si Renfa]], attempted to restore Möng Mao’s former domains, waging campaigns to annex neighboring tusi states. This ultimately prompted the [[Luchuan-Pingmian campaigns]], in which the Si family was defeated and retreated to [[Möng Yang]].

Following the weakening of Möng Mao, no single ethnic power dominated China’s southwestern frontier. The various tusi regimes remained in a state of rivalry and balance, creating favorable conditions for the rise of the [[Toungoo Empire]] in Myanmar.{{sfn|段红云|2011|p=152}}

==Names==
Möng Mao is a [[Tai Nuea]] and [[Shan language|Shan]] language name, also called '''Möng Mao Lông''' ({{langx|tdd|ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ}}; {{langx|shn|မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်}}), which means "Great Muang Mao". The "[[Mueang|Möng]]" means country or place.<ref>{{Harvnb|Meng|2007|p=1347}}</ref> The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king [[Chao Pha|Chao]] U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by a bird.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gong|Yang|1988|p=6}}</ref> The name "Möng Mao" is still used currently, as the official Tai Nuea name of [[Ruili|Ruili City]] (ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ). Alternatively, "Mao" derives from the Shan name of the Nam Mao ([[Ruili River]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pain |first=Frédéric |date=2008 |title=An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25608449 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=641–662 |jstor=25608449 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref>

Möng Mao also adopted '''Kawsampi''' (ကောသမ္ဗိ) as its Buddhist classical name, named after [[Kosambi]], an ancient [[India]]n kingdom.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mangrai|1965|p=37}}</ref> The name was approximated into [[Burmese language|Burmese]] as "[[Koshanpye|Koshanpyi]]" (ကိုးရှမ်းပြည်, {{Lit|nine [[Shan States]]}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |url= |title=Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive |last2=Burnell |first2=Arthur Coke |date=1903 |publisher=Murray |pages=822 |language=en |quote=The most extensive and central Shan State, which occupied a position between Ava and Yunnan, is known in the Shan traditions as Mung-Man, and in Burma by the Buddhisto-classical name of Kau-śāmbī (from a famous city of that name in ancient India) corrupted by a usual process into Ko-Shan-pyi and interpreted to mean 'Nine-Shan-States.'}}</ref> "Kosambi" is also called "Guozhanbi" ({{langx|tdd|ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥓᥛᥱ ᥙᥤᥱ}}, {{lang-zh|果占璧|links=no}}) in Ruili, modern [[Dai people]] give a new explanation of "Guozhanbi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice".<ref>{{Harvnb|Gong|Yang|1988|p=1}}</ref>

In Chinese literature, Möng Mao was called '''Luchuan''' ({{lang-zh|麓川|links=no}}), first recorded in ''[[History of Yuan|Yuanshi]]'' as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan [[Circuit (administrative division)|Circuit]]" ({{lang-zh|麓川路|links=no}}).<ref>{{Harvnb|You|1987|p=58}}</ref> Some of literature also called Mong Mao as '''Baiyi''' ({{lang-zh|百夷|links=no}}), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hu|1984|p=86}}</ref> The [[Tai peoples|Tai]] name of '''Luchuan''' first appears in the Baiyi Guan laiwen 百夷館來文 (“Incoming correspondence of the Baiyi College”), included in the Huayi yiyu 華夷譯語 of the fifteenth century, as Mäng Maaw which gives Luchuan 麓川 as the Chinese equivalent.<ref>{{Harvnb|Daniels|2012|p=148}}</ref>

In English literature, the earliest mention of Möng Mao appears in [[Robert Boileau Pemberton]]'s account, who discovered and translated an ancient Shan manuscript. In it, he describes a kingdom whose capital the Shans refer to as '''Mongmaorong'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Boileau Pemberton|url=https://archive.org/details/ReportOnEasternFrontierOfBritishIndia/page/n129/mode/1up |title=Report On Eastern Frontier Of British India |date=1835 |pages=108–109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangrai |first=Sao Sam Tai |date=1966-01-01 |title=The Shan States and the British Annexation |url=https://www.academia.edu/112088901 |journal=The American Historical Review |pages=27–28 |doi=10.2307/1848730|jstor=1848730 }}</ref>

In Burmese literature, Möng Mao was called '''Maw'''<ref>{{Harvnb|Taw|1899|pp=38–39}}</ref> or '''Maw Shan'''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Harvey|1925|p=322}}</ref> In the [[Manipur]] literature, such as ''[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]'' use the name [[Kingdom of Pong|Pong]] refer to Mong Mao.<ref>{{Harvnb|Parratt|2005|pp=29,41}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
Little is known about the history of Möng Mao before the 13th century. Although Tai chronicles date its founding to as early is the 6th century, the differing details and dates in various local chronicles, the inclusion of mythological features, and a lack of corroborating evidence from external sources mean that these accounts are often regarded as legendary history.{{sfn|Cadchumsang|2011|pp=33-38}} Many of these chronicles begin with the story of {{ill|Hkun Lu|zh|根仑与根兰}} (Hkun Lung) and {{ill|Hkun Lai|zh|根仑与根兰}}, who descended from heaven and established Möng Mao (or Kawsampi) in 568 (or 835 in some chronicles) and sent their children to rule over Tai chieftainships in the Nam Mao valley.{{sfn|Santasombat|2008|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|Scott|1900|p=194}} Some chronicles instead begin with {{ill|Chao U Ting|zh|召武定}}.{{sfn|银云瑞雾的勐果占璧简史|1988|pp=1-5}} Jiang Yingliang believes that the Tai developed a stratified society in the Dehong area around the 10th century, consisting of four states, Möng Mao, Möng Yang, Möng Hsen Se, and Hsenwi, and that the center of power frequently shifted between these states and they were sometimes unified into a single state named Kawsambi.<ref name="Sai Kam Mong 2004, p. 10">Sai Kam Mong, 2004, p. 10, citing Jiang Yingliang, 1983</ref>

Modern scholars and historians disagree on the early history, some believe that Möng Mao may have begun to emerge in the 6th century based on the legends of Hkun Lu and Hkun Lai,{{sfn|Fang Guoyu|1958|p=23}}{{sfn|Pontalis|1909|p=34}}{{sfn|Gogoi|1956|p=126}} while others believe that there were no significant Tai polities in Yunnan and northern Myanmar before the [[Mongol invasions of Burma (disambiguation)|Mongol invasions of Burma]].{{sfn|陆韧|2008|p=64}}{{sfn|Daniels|2006|p=28}}{{sfn|Kirigaya|2015|pp=249-250}} According to the research of Jiang Yingliang, the lineage of the rulers of Möng Mao commenced in 1256, and this may have been when the polity emerged after the fall of [[Dali kingdom|Dali]] to the [[Mongol Empire]].<ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|2006|p=28}}, citing Jiang Yingliang (1983).</ref>

===Connection with Ahom history===
The records of the [[Buranji]] in [[Tai-Ahom language]] tells the story of a Mao prince, Chaolung [[Sukaphaa]] who left Möng Mao Lung with his 9000 Tai Mao followers in 1215 AD, and established the [[Ahom kingdom]] in 1228 AD in modern day [[Assam]]. They were identified as the Mao section of Tai and were later called the [[Ahom people|Tai-Ahom]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Assam State Gazetteer, Volume 1|editor1=Amlan Baruah|editor2=S. B. Roy Choudhury |publisher=Editor in Chief, District Gazetteers, Government of Assam|year=1999|location=Guwahati, Assam, India|pages=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xy5uAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref> However, modern scholars disagree with the date of this history, and believes the founding of the Ahom kingdom should happen in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Daniels|first=Christian|title=When did the Ahom Migrate to Assam?|journal=Indian journal of Tai studies|date=2023|volume=XXIII|pages=30–47|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379512403_When_did_the_Ahom_Migrate_to_Assam}}</ref>

===Relations with the Yuan dynasty===
During this time, a patchwork of quarrelsome Tai polities existed in the land between [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Yongchang]] and [[Tagaung]]. They pledged allegiance to the [[Yuan dynasty]] as early as 1260. Multiple administrative divisions were set up in the region in 1276, and Möng Mao was designated as {{ill|Luchuan Route|zh|麓川路}}.{{sfn|Daniels|2018|pp=222-224}}

From 1277–1303, the region was plagued with intense conflict and competition between the [[Pagan kingdom]] and [[Yuan dynasty]]. The Mongol-Yuan wanted to secure access to the [[Bay of Bengal]], and waged two bloody wars in the region, the [[First Mongol invasion of Burma]] which toppled the Pagan kingdom, and the [[Second Mongol invasion of Burma]] which drove the Mongols out.{{sfn|Daniels|2018|p=219}} The expulsion of Burmese power in 1286 and the shrinkage of Mongol-Yuan influence after the withdrawal of troops in 1303 afforded Tai leaders with the opportunity to reorganise and expand their power, and were now able to build new polities with less outside interference.{{sfn|Daniels|2018|p=238}} Mongol authority diminished even further in 1330 when a succession crisis erupted in the Yuan court. The conflict spread to Yunnan, and rebel princes sought the military power of local leaders in exchange for titles and rewards. The rogue nobles were eventually suppressed, but Yunnan had now increasingly come under the control of local leaders, the Prince of Liang in [[Kunming]] and the Duan family in [[Dali City|Dali]] increasingly overshadowed the central government.{{sfn|Robinson|2020|pp=226-227}}

===Rise===
[[Si Kefa|Hsö Hkan Hpa]] (Chinese: Si Kefa) began the expansion of Möng Mao's territory in the 1330s–1340s, taking advantage of the good economic conditions and power vacuum in the region. Although chronicles disagree on the exact date of his accession to the throne, the most plausible date given is 1335.{{sfn|Daniels|2018|pp=229-230}} In Tai chronicles, Hsö Hkan Hpa gained the submission of neighbouring Tai states, including [[Hsenwi State|Hsenwi]] and [[Möng Mit]], then gathered a large army to march against the governor of Yunnan.{{sfn|Scott|1900|pp=238-239}} The Yuan court ordered local Yunnan authorities to subdue him and four military expeditions were sent in 1342, 1346, 1347 and 1348, but they ended in failure. Fearing further attacks, Hsö Hkan Hpa sent his son, the [[heir apparent]] (mansan 滿三{{efn|Mansan 滿三 is a Chinese transliteration of the Tai term ''maang saa'' ᥛᥣᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥰ, meaning prince or heir apparent, a Burmese loanword used frequently in Tai literature.<ref>{{Harvnb|Daniels|2018|p=230}}</ref>}}), to the Yuan court to nominally recognize their authority. With the outbreak of the [[Red Turban Rebellions]], there was little else the Yuan could do to subdue him, so he was appointed as the "Pingmian Pacification Commissioner", a title which recognized his control over new territories and further bolstered his prestige and legitimacy.{{sfn|Daniels|2018|pp=229-233}}{{sfn|Kirigaya|2015|pp=249-250}}

After the war with China, Hsö Hkan Hpa turned his attention west. He sent his brother Hkun Sam Lông west to conquer [[Assam]], which surrendered without resistance and began paying tribute. However, believing his brother was conspiring against him, he poisoned and killed him on his return.{{sfn|Scott|1900|p=240}} The [[Sagaing kingdom]] sent an expedition against Möng Mao in 1356, possibly as a response to Möng Mao's expansion into [[Kalay|Kale]]. Hsö Hkan Hpa then ordered expeditions against the Burmese kingdoms of [[Sagaing kingdom|Sagaing]] and [[Pinya kingdom|Pinya]]. Shan raids were reported in 1359 and 1362, and finally the two kingdoms fell in 1364 and were completely devastated, leading to the rise of the [[Ava kingdom]].{{sfn|Kirigaya|2015|pp=248-249}}{{sfn|Scott|1900|p=240}}

Hsö Hkan Hpa died in 1369.{{sfn|方国瑜|2001|p=541}} He was succeeded by his eldest son {{ill|Si Bingfa|zh|思并法}} (called Hsö Pem Hpa in Tai). In 1371, the subordinate states of [[Möng Yang]] and Kale went to war with each other.{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|p=39}} Si Bingfa ruled for 8 years and was succeeded by his son Tai Bian (Hkun Tai Pem Hpa). Tai Bian was a tyrant, and was killed by his uncle Zhao Xiaofa (Hkun Ngok Chyo Hpa) who established himself as ruler. A year later, Zhao Xiaofa was killed by bandits, and the people established his younger brother {{ill|Si Wafa|zh|思瓦法}} (Hsö Wan Hpa) as ruler.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wade|1996}}: "When Si Ke-fa died, his son Zhao Bing-fa assumed the ruling post. After eight years, rule then passed to his son Tai-bian. The following year, Tai-bian was killed by his paternal uncle Zhao Xiao-fa, who established himself as ruler. A year later, Zhao Xiao-fa was killed by bandits, and the people established his younger brother Si Wa-fa as ruler."</ref>{{sfn|Scott|1900|p=241}}

===Conflicts with the Ming dynasty===
{{main|Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)}}
In 1374, the newly founded [[Ming dynasty]] sent a diplomatic mission to Burma, hoping to win over the states in the region. However, due to the roads being blocked in [[Dai Viet|Annam]], the envoys were recalled. When the Ming dynasty entered Yunnan in 1380, it quickly defeated the Mongol prince [[Basalawarmi]] and the Duan family in Dali, reaching the border of Möng Mao in 1382.{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|pp=39-41}}

Initially, Möng Mao did not submit to the Ming dynasty and the Ming court did not recognize Möng Mao's control over neighbouring areas.{{sfn|毕奥南|2005|p=105}} Si Wafa attacked the Ming garrison at Jinchi ([[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]]) in 1382, but he was soon assassinated by one of his subordinates and {{ill|Si Lunfa|zh|思伦法}} (Hsö Hom Hpa) became ruler of Möng Mao in his place. In 1382, Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority, and was granted the [[tusi]] title of Pacification Commissioner of Pingmian. In August 1384 Si Lunfa sent a tribute mission to the Ming court surrendering the Yuan seal of commission. As a result he was promoted to Luchuan-Pingmian Pacification Commission with authority over military and civilian affairs.{{sfn|Liew|1996|p=163-164}}

The Tai ruler in [[Jingdong Yi Autonomous County|Jingdong]], E Tao, who was previously subordinate to Möng Mao, separately surrendered to the Ming court and was appointed as the "Native Prefect" of the region in 1384. Si Lunfa attacked Jingdong the following year to chastise him for his unfaithfulness, and E Tao fled for his life.{{sfn|Daniels|2018|p=231}} A Ming expedition was sent against Si Lunfa in 1387, but they were defeated by Tai forces. The Ming believed that the Tai could not be trusted, and prepared military defenses all across the border regions, and diplomatically isolated Möng Mao. In 1388, Tai forces attacked the stockade at [[Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County|Moshale]], but were defeated. Further Tai attacks were made on the [[Nanjian Yi Autonomous County|Dingbian]] stockade, but these were also defeated. These attacks on Ming frontier outposts led to a large-scale Ming punitive expedition against Si Lunfa, resulting in another Ming victory. Si Lunfa surrendered in 1388, and was made to pay war reparations to the Ming forces.{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|pp=41-45}}

===Dao Ganmeng rebellion===
{{main|Dao Ganmeng rebellion}}
In 1393 Si Lunfa invaded Ava. Despite the fact that he was ultimately defeated, Ava sent an envoy to the Ming seeking their help in deterring Mong Mao aggression. Acknowledging their position, the [[Hongwu Emperor]] sent a letter to Si Lunfa in 1396 warning him of retaliation if further acts of aggression were committed. Si Lunfa acquiesced to Ming demands. After Mong Mao stopped their military expansion, Si Lunfa began to welcome foreigners such as Buddhists and former Chinese soldiers into his people's traditional territory. Si Lunfa converted to [[Buddhism]] and gave gifts to the Chinese for bringing with them the technology of gunpowder and cannons. This greatly angered the traditional elements in his court and in 1397 Si Lunfa was deposed by the leader of an anti-foreigner faction, Dao Ganmeng, and fled to the Ming government for protection. After reaching the Ming capital, Si Lunfa enlisted the Hongwu Emperor's aid in returning him to power. The emperor, desiring peace in the southwest, agreed to his petition and allocated 100 taels of gold, 150 taels of silver, and 500 ''ding'' of paper money to his cause. The Marquis of Xiping, Mu Chun, was assigned to provide Si Lunfa military support and retake Möng Mao.{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|pp=46-47}}

They returned to [[Yunnan]] and stayed in [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]] while Mu Chun sent the commanders He Fu and Qu Neng with 5,000 troops to oust Dao Ganmeng. The expedition was met with initial success in battle, killing a Mong Mao chieftain, and routing his army, but arrived at an impasse when they failed to take a mountain stockade due to unfavorable terrain. He Fu relayed his situation to Mu Chun, who came to his aid with 500 cavalrymen, and in the midst of night advanced on the enemy position taking them by surprise. While they successfully took the stockade, Mu Chun died soon after from an illness and was replaced by He Fu, who captured Dao Ganmeng and installed Si Lunfa as ruler of Möng Mao once again in 1398.{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|p=47-48}}

Si Lunfa died in 1399, and was succeeded by his son [[Si Hangfa]]. The strength of Möng Mao waned, and principalities previously under its rule became independent. The Ming court took advantage of this situation by establishing 13 new states under its own rule, including [[Möng Yang]] (Mengying), [[Hsenwi State|Hsenwi]], and [[Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County|Möng Ting]] (Mengding).{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|pp=49-50}}{{sfn|Sun|2000|pp=225-226}}

===Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns===
{{main|Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns}}
Si Hangfa was succeeded by his brother [[Si Renfa]] in 1413.{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|p=52}} Under Si Renfa, Möng Mao began a period of expansion into neighbouring regions to reassert control over previously owned territory. Si Renfa expanded west into Möng Yang in 1426, and made incursions into territory north of Möng Mao as far as [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Yongchang]] in 1428, but the Ming dynasty did not take any harsh measures against him yet. In the 1430s, conflicts between Möng Mao, Hsenwi, [[Ava kingdom|Ava]], and various other states in the region intensified. The Ming planned a campaign against Möng Mao in 1434, but it was abandoned when [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Emperor Yingzong]], an 8 year old, ascended the throne.{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|p=56}}

Si Renfa continued to expand, invading [[Lianghe County|Nandian]] in 1437 and made further incursions into [[Yingjiang County|Ganyai]], [[Tengchong]], [[Longyang, Baoshan|Lujiang]], and [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Jinchi]]. Si Renfa appointed subordinate leaders to these neighbouring regions without asking the permission of the Ming court. At this point, the Ming considered Si Renfa unable to be reasoned with, and prepared a campaign, ordering Hsenwi to join the war against Möng Mao.{{sfn|Liew|1996|p=170}}

The first campaign was sent in 1438. One army pursued Si Renfa deep into his own territory, and was ambushed and destroyed by Si Renfa. After his victory, he became bolder and began expanding deeper into Ming territory, marching across the [[Salween river]] to invade places as far as and [[Jingdong Yi Autonomous County|Jingdong]] and [[Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County|Menglian]].{{sfn|Liew|1996|pp=172-177}}

A second campaign was sent against Möng Mao in 1441. After an eight month long stalemate, Ming forces advanced deeper into Si Renfa's territory, and his capital was besieged. Möng Mao's capital fell in 1442, and Si Renfa fled to [[Möng Yang]] with his family. Imperial orders were given to Hsenwi and [[Kingdom of Ava|Ava]] to capture Si Renfa, with territory as a reward. Si Renfa was captured by the Burmese king, but the Ming hesitated to keep their promise of territory, so they did not hand him over to the Chinese. Si Renfa's son, [[Si Jifa]], continued operations in southwestern Yunnan and tried to beg for pardon from the Ming court for his father and himself. He was defeated in [[Mangshi]], but, seeing the Ming troops leave the region, he reoccupied Möng Mao and began invading neighbouring principalities again.{{sfn|Liew|1996|pp=177-182}}

A third campaign was sent in 1443. Möng Mao's capital was captured again in 1444, and its core region was partitioned into a new state, Möng Wan ([[Longchuan County, Yunnan|Longchuan]]), with a new ruling dynasty. Si Renfa again retreated to Möng Yang, but the Ming did not immediately pursue him as they were not sure which side Hsenwi and Ava would take.{{sfn|Liew|1996|pp=183-189}}

A fourth campaign was sent to oust Si Jifa in Möng Yang in 1449. Ming armies crossed the [[Irrawaddy river]] into Möng Yang, and defeated Si Jifa's strongholds. Though Si Jifa and his brother {{ill|Si Bufa|zh|思卜法}} escaped, the Ming armies considered it a victory and left the capture of Si Jifa to the Burmese. Silu, a younger son of Si Renfa, became the new leader of Möng Yang, the Ming general, realizing he could not defeat Silu and his supporters, made a peace treaty with him. A stone tablet was erected on the Irrawaddy river which marked the boundary, it stated: "Not before the stone is rotten and the river has dried up are you allowed to cross [the Irrawaddy]." Silu agreed, and the Ming troops left.{{sfn|Liew|1996|pp=189-193}}

===Möng Yang period===
{{main|Möng Yang}}
[[Sawlon]], a descendant of Möng Mao's royal family, conquered the [[Ava kingdom]] in 1527.{{sfn|Fernquest|2006}}

==Territory and Extant==
According to the [[Ming dynasty]] account in the [[Baiyi Zhuan]] (1396), the territory of Möng Mao extends for 10,000 li. The text defines its boundaries as [[Jingdong County|Jingdong]] to the east, Xitian Gula ([[India]]) to the west, Babai Xifu ([[Lan Na]]) to the south, and [[Tibet]] to the north. It was also bounded by Cheli ([[Chiang Hung|Sipsongpanna]]) in the southeast, the country of Mian ([[Ava kingdom|Ava]]) in the southwest, Ailao in the northeast, and to the northwest lies Xifan and Huihe.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wade|1996|p=1}}</ref>{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=250-251}}

[[Shan language|Tai]] chronicles describes a significantly broader extant, particularly during the expansion period of Hsö Hkan Hpa ([[Si Kefa]]). Military expeditions led by the general Sam Lông Hpa are credited with receiving the submission of territories across Burma right up to Arakan, annexing many important cities on the banks of the Chindwin valley and conquering a great portion of eastern [[Assam]]. The annals also claim Mao influence reached as far as into northern and central [[Thailand|Siam]], as well as territories on the [[Mekong river]].{{sfn|Gogoi|1956|p=132-134}}

In [[Burmese language|Burmese]] records, there is a stone tablet inscription which describes Möng Mao's territory in 1442, during the reign of Thonganbwa ([[Si Renfa|Si Renfa]]), and list 21 constituent states under his domain:{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=251|ps=—“လဆန်ခုနှစ်ရက် ကြာသပတေနေ ပုန်နပသျှူနက်သတ်တွင်ကာ၊ ကိုဝ်သိန်အသျှင်သိုဝ်ခင်ဖွါ၏ မြေရင်ဖြစ်သော မိုင်မော၊ မိုင်ညင်၊ သမုတ္တရာနာ ကုလာတိမသာခြေချင်ဝတ်၊ မိုင်ကာလေ၊ ကသည်၊ ကခြင်၊ မိုင်တိန်၊ မိုင်ပြင်၊ မိုင်တီ၊ မိုင်နာ၊မိုင်မျည်၊ ခြအိုဝ်၊ မိုင်ညိုဝ်၊ မိုင်လိုဝ်၊ မိုင်သော်၊ မိုင်ယာ၊ မိုင်ခြိုင်၊ မိုင်ခုန်၊ မိုင်ယိုဝ်၊မိုင်ထုန်၊ မိုင်ခြေည်၊ မိုင်မေည်ဟူသော ထီနှစ်ဆယ်တစင်တိုဝ်ကိုဝ် အစိုဝ်ရသော၊မောမင်ကြီ သိုဝ်ငံဖွါ...”ဟူ၍ ရေးထိုးထားလေသည်။}}

* '''Mine Maw''' (မိုင်မော) – refers to the core territory of Möng Mao.{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Mine Nyin''' (မိုင်ညင်) – refers to [[Möng Yang]] or Mohnyin.{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Samudra Na Kula Dimasa Chye Chin Wut''' (သမုတ္တရာနာ ကုလာတိမသာ ခြေချင်ဝတ်) – refers to the [[Dimasa kingdom]] in [[Assam]].{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Mine Kale''' (မိုင်ကာလေ) – refers to [[Kale Township |Kale]].{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Kathe''' (ကသည်) – refers to [[Manipur]].{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Kachin''' (ကခြင်) – refers to the northern regions of [[Kachin state]].{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Mine Tein''' (မိုင်တိန်) – refers to Möng Ting (Mengding Town).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Mine Pyin''' (မိုင်ပြင်) – Unidentifiable.{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Mine Ti''' (မိုင်တီ) – refers to Möng Ti ([[Lianghe]]).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=252}}
* '''Mine Na''' (မိုင်နာ) – refers to Möng Na ([[Yingjiang]]).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=253}}
* '''Mine Myin''' (မိုင်မျည်) – refers to Möng Myen ([[Tengchong]]).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=253}}
* '''Cha Oh''' (ခြအိုဝ်) – Unidentifiable.{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=253}}
* '''Mine Nyo''' (မိုင်ညိုဝ်) – refers to Möng Yo ([[Yunxian]]).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=253}}
* '''Mine Lo''' (မိုင်လိုဝ်) – refers to Cheli ([[Chiang Hung|Moeng Lü or Sipsongpanna]]).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=253}}
* '''Mine Thaw''' (မိုင်သော်) – refers to Möng Saw ([[Pu'er city|Pu'er]]).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=254}}
* '''Mine Ya''' (မိုင်ယာ) – refers to Möng Ya (Wandian).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=254}}
* '''Mine Kyaing''' (မိုင်ခြိုင်) – refers to Möng Cheng ([[Gengma]]).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=254}}
* '''Mine Khon''' (မိုင်ခုန်) – refers to Möng Hkwan ([[Mangshi]]).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=255}}
* '''Mine Yo''' (မိုင်ယိုဝ်) – refers to Möng Yue (Mengyue Township).{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=255}}
* '''Mine Hton''' (မိုင်ထုန်) – refers to [[Linxiang]].{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=255}}
* '''Mine Chye''' (မိုင်ခြေည်) – refers to [[Xuangang Township]].{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=255}}
* '''Mine Myi''' (မိုင်မေည်) – refers to [[Ning'er County|Ning'er]].{{sfn|Waaw|2022|p=255}}

==Government==
===Political structure===
The political organization of the kingdom consisted of hierarchical officials who controlled units of people.{{sfn|Baker|2002|pp=16}} This form of administration also bore a resemblance to the governing systems used in other Tai kingdoms such as [[Chiang Hung|Sipsongpanna]] (Moeng Lü), [[Lan Na]], and [[Lan Xang]].{{sfn|Grabowsky|2004|pp=41-44}} The [[Baiyi Zhuan]], compiled by two Ming envoys who visited the polity in 1396, offers an elaborate contemporary description the socialpolitical structure, as scholar [[Chris Baker (writer)|Chris Baker]] observes:

{{quotation|The earliest account of [Tai] political structure, in the Bai-yi zhuan, suggests a complex of military, administrative, legal and cultural techniques to manage a varied population. The Bai-yi zhuan
also hints at the famous capacity of the Tai muang to absorb others by emulation.{{sfn|Baker|2002|pp=19}}|[[Chris Baker (writer)|Chris Baker]]}}

According to the account, the paramount ruler of Möng Mao was referred to as "Zhao" (ᥓᥝᥲ). In Tai literature, this title is also written as "[[Saopha]]" (ᥓᥝᥲ ᥜᥣᥳ), meaning "Lord of Heaven".<ref>{{Harvnb|Meng|2007|p=339}}</ref> Under him stood the "Zhao Meng" (ᥗᥣᥝᥳ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ) who exercises general control over administrative affairs. The subsequent ranks below the Zhao Meng are the "Zhao Lu" (ᥓᥝᥲ ᥘᥧᥰ), who controls over 10,000 people, the "Zhao Gang" (ᥓᥝᥲ ᥐᥣᥒᥰ), who controls over 1,000 people, the "Zhao Bo" (ᥓᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥐᥱ), who controls 100 people, the "Zhao Ha-si" (ᥓᥝᥲ ᥔᥤᥙᥴ), who controls 50 people, and the "Zhao Zhun" (ᥓᥝᥲ ᥓᥧᥛᥲ), who controls 10 people. In the event of war and military deployments, a separate official called the "Zhao Lu-ling" is appointed to command troops in conjunction with the Zhao Meng. All officials, regardless of rank, are allocated territory in which they are permitted to levy [[Corvée|corvee labour]] and [[Tax|taxes]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wade|1996|p=2}}</ref>

Modern scholars believe the Tai adopted much of their political structure from [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan-Chinese]] administration.{{sfn|Baker|2002|pp=16-17,19}}{{sfn|Grabowsky|2004|pp=41-44}}{{sfn|Daniels|2018|pp=231,233,237-239}} Additionally, Möng Mao's state organization has also been analyzed within the framework of the [[mandala (political model)|mandala political model]],{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|pp=28}}{{sfn|Zhou|2024|pp=46-50}} though with varying interpretations. In Jon Fernquest's research of the state-integration level of Möng Mao, due to the endemic warfares, fluctuating degree of control, and cyclical patterns of unity within its domain, he models the polity as a network of chieftainships that joined together occasionally for a common purpose in tenuous and changing [[confederation|confederations]].{{sfn|Fernquest|2006|pp=66}} Using Fernquest's conclusion, Ken Kirigaya compares Möng Mao with other [[mandala (political model)| mandala]] states of [[Sukhothai kingdom|Sukhothai]] and [[Lan Na kingdom|Lan Na]].{{sfn|Kirigaya|2015|pp=251}} Some scholars prefer to describe it as the Shan [[federation]], Mao Shan [[federation]] or the Tai [[federation]] of Moeng Mao.{{sfn|Grabowsky|2004|pp=41}}{{sfn|Zhou|2024|pp=10,49}}

Others believe the Tai Mao rulers practiced a system of [[feudalism|feudal]] land grants, dividing and redistributing conquered territories to loyal subordinates.{{sfn|曹成章|1982|p=233}}{{sfn|Daniels|2018|pp=231-233}}
For example, during [[Si Kefa]]'s (Hsö Hkan Hpa) reign, he appointed Sao Tao Hkai to govern [[Möng Mit]] with the requirement of sending annual tribute to Möng Mao,{{sfn|Scott|1967|p=18}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Gong|Yang|1988|p=44}}</ref> appointed {{ill|Dao Ganmeng|zh|刀干孟}} (Tao Kang Mong) as ruler of [[Namtu|Möng Tu]] in [[Hsenwi State|Hsenwi]],{{sfn|Scott|1967|p=18}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Gong|Yang|1988|p=47}}</ref> and ordered {{ill|Da Menfa|zh|大悶法}} to manage Linmadian village (Zhenkang).<ref>{{Harvnb|土官底簿|1935}}, volume 1, page 77, Section on the Prefect of Zhenkang Prefecture (镇康州知州条): "大闷法百夷人从麓川宣慰思看法征讨有功充招募名目擬管林马甸寨"</ref> In the reign of {{ill|Si Lunfa|zh|思伦法}} (Hsö Hom Hpa), Han Nuan was appointed Zhao Lu of Möng Ting, and his position was later transferred to govern [[Hsenwi State|Hsenwi]],<ref>{{Harvnb|土官底簿|1935}}, volume 1, page 79, Section on the Prefect of Mengding Prefecture (孟定府知府条): "汉煖麓川百夷人思伦发下招鲁管孟令洪武十五年管木邦"</ref> while Dao Suandang became Zhao Lu of Möng Bò (Weiyuan).<ref>{{Harvnb|土官底簿|1935}}, volume 1, page 78, Section on the Prefect of Weiyuan Prefecture (威远州知州条): "刀算党孟波人思伦发招鲁洪武三十一年在金齿司归附"</ref> {{ill|Dao Jingfa|zh|刀景發}}, originally the Zhao Gang of Möng Ting, was promoted by Si Lunfa to Zhao Meng of Möng Tong (Wandian).<ref>{{Harvnb|土官底簿|1935}}, volume 1, page 76, Section on the Prefect of Wandian Prefecture (湾甸州知州条): "刀景发孟定人充孟定招刚思伦发取充湾甸陶孟"</ref>

===Military===
According to the [[Baiyi Zhuan]], Möng Mao maintained no formal distinction between military and civilian populations. When assembled, people became troops, and when dispersed, they return to being civilians. During wartime, every three to five persons will provide one soldier. The strongest individuals are selected as principal soldiers, called the "Xi-la" (锡剌), who controlled troops and defend against the enemy, while the others served as supply carriers. For this reason, while a military force may comprise 50,000-60,000 personnel, the fighters would number less than 20,000.

The military primarily utilizes [[war elephant|war elephants]] as their main force, in which during combat, soldiers would secure themselves on to the top of elephants. Tactical formation were limited, with military columns lacking formal marshaling and coordination between front and rear units. For protection, the troops wore leather headwear and armours of bronze or iron. For weapons, they used [[Spear|long spears]] and [[crossbow|crossbows]], but are generally not proficient with [[bow and arrows]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wade|1996|p=4}}</ref>

===Legal enforcement===
Möng Mao did not have written [[Codification (law)|legal statutes]], and instead relied on [[Customary law|customary law]]. For minor crimes, a [[Fine (penalty)|fine]] is imposed, while serious crimes resulted in the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]]. The various methods of execution were [[Lynching|lynching]], [[Execution by elephant|elephant trampling]], [[Execution by drowning|drowning]], or [[Garrote|strangulation]] by cords, though the practice of [[Flagellation|whipping]] were absent. Engaging in [[Adultery|adultery]] and [[Theft|theft]] also had punishments severe enough that the Ming observers noted the people would not dare to commit such offenses.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wade|1996|p=4}}</ref>

==Capital city==
Möng Mao had various capitals located around the Nam Mao valley (modern [[Ruili]] and its adjacent border regions in [[Myanmar]]), and [[Selan]] was the capital which was most often adopted.{{sfn|Scott|1900|p=195}} According to the Hsenwi Chronicle, Selan had been built by [[Si Kefa|Hsö Hkan Hpa]] ({{circa|1335}}), and was fortified with strong walls and deep moats.{{sfn|Scott|1900|p=239}}

The remains of these old capitals were described by [[James George Scott]] in the early 20th century:

{{quotation|The modern Sè Lan is a village of no great size. It stands on the highest point of an irregular four-sided plateau, which rises to a height of 260 or 300 feet above the valley level and is about a square mile in area. This plateau is completely surrounded by an entrenched ditch, which is in many places 40 or 50 feet deep. There no doubt was once also a wall, but this has completely mouldered away. A few miles off is Pang Hkam, also an old Mao capital, and also with the remains of an earthen parapet and ditch enclosing an even larger area. In the neighbourhood are a number of bare detached hills surrounded by formidable entrenchments.{{sfn|Scott|1900|pp=195–196}}|[[James George Scott]]}}

== List of Monarchs ==
The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The [[Shan people|Shan]] chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides a long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2175gx5|title=Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred|author=Jane M. Ferguson|year=2021|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2175gx5 |jstor=j.ctv2175gx5 |isbn=978-0-299-33300-3 |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in [[Ming dynasty]] sources such as ''[[Ming Shilu]]'' (Wade, 2005) and ''[[Baiyi Zhuan]]'' (Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler [[Si Kefa]]. Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into [[Thai language|Thai]] by Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides a fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name
! Years
! Length
! Succession
! Death
! [[Shan language|Tai Lông (Shan)]] Name
![[Tai Nuea language|Tai Nua]] Name
! [[Burmese language|Burmese]] name
! Other names
|-
|----
|[[Si Kefa]] 思可法
|1335–1369
|34 years
|
|natural
|Sua-Khān-Fā
သိူဝ်ၶၢၼ်ႇၾႃႉ
|Se-Xaan-Faa
ᥔᥫᥴ ᥑᥣᥢᥱ ᥜᥣᥳ
|Tho Chi Bwa{{efn|(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 272) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 392): Tho Chi Bwa was a brother of Lord Tho Han Bwa. (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 170): Tho Chi Bwa was a son of Tho Khin Bwa, Lord of Maw.}} သိုချည်ဘွား
|Hsö-Khan-Pha
|----
|Zhao Bingfa 昭併發
|1369–1378
|8 years
|son
|natural
|
|
|
|
|----
|Tai Bian 臺扁
|1378/79
|1 year
|son
|murdered
|
|
|
|
|----
|Zhao Xiaofa 昭肖發
|1379/80
|1 year
|brother of Zhao Bingfa
|murdered
|
|
|
|
|----
|Si Wafa 思瓦發
|?
|?
|brother
|murdered
|Sua-Wak-Fā
သိူဝ်ဝၵ်ႉၾႃႉ
|Se-Vak-Faa
ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥐᥳ ᥜᥣᥳ
|
|Hsö-Wak-Pha
|----
|Si Lunfa 思倫發
|1382–1399
|17 years
|grandson of Si Kefa
|
|Sua-Lông-Fā
သိူဝ်လူင်ၾႃႉ
|Se-Loong-Faa
ᥔᥫᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥜᥣᥳ
|Tho Ngan Bwa I{{efn|All the main Burmese chronicles—(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 297) (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 200) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 424)—give the name as Tho Ngan Bwa, the same name as the ''sawbwa'' in the 15th century.}} သိုငံဘွား
|Hsö-Long-Hpa
|----
|[[Si Hangfa]] 思行發
|1404–1413
|9 years
|son
|abdicated
|
|
|
|
|----
|[[Si Renfa]] 思任發
|1413–1445/6
|29 years
|brother
|executed
|Sua-Wen-Fā
သိူဝ်ဝဵၼ်းၾႃႉ
|Se-Ween-Faa
ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥥᥢᥰ ᥜᥣᥳ
|Tho Ngan Bwa II{{efn|(Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 82, 88): Great grandson of Tho Chi Bwa}} သိုငံဘွား
|Hso Ngan Pha<ref name=sat-103>Aung Tun 2009: 103</ref> Sa Ngam Pha Hsö-Wen-Pha
|----
|[[Si Jifa]] 思機發
|1445/6–?
|
|son
|executed
|
|
|Tho Kyein Bwa{{efn|(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451.}} သိုကျိန်ဘွား
|Sa Ki Pha, Chau Si Pha
|----
|Si Bufa 思卜發
|1449–1461
|
|
|natural
|
|
|Tho Bok Bwa{{efn|(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451. Tho Bok Bwa was appointed ''sawbwa'' of Mohnyin by King [[Narapati I of Ava]].}} သိုပုတ်ဘွား
|
|----
|Si Hongfa
|1465?–1479?<ref name=jf-36>Fernquest 2006: 36</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|Tho Han Bwa သိုဟန်ဘွား<ref name=jf-36/>
|
|----
|Si Lufa?
| 1482?–?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|----
|Si Lun
|1500s?–1533
|
|
|murdered
|
|
|[[Sawlon]] စလုံ
|
|----
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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*{{cite book |author=[[方国瑜]] |chapter=麓川思氏谱牒笺证 |title=方国瑜文集第三辑 |date=2001 |location=[[昆明市|昆明]] |publisher=[[云南教育出版社]] |pages=532–559 |isbn=7-5415-1942-1 |ref={{sfnref|方国瑜|2001}} }}
*{{cite journal |author=毕奥南 |title=洪武年间明朝与麓川王国关系考察 |journal=中国边疆史地研究 |date=2005 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=102–111+148–149 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1002-6800.2005.02.012 |ref={{sfnref|毕奥南|2005}} }}
* {{cite journal |author=段红云 |title=明代中缅边疆的变迁及其影响 |journal=云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) |date=2011 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=150–155 |doi=10.13727/j.cnki.53-1191/c.2011.05.013 |ref={{sfnref|段红云|2011}} }}
* {{cite journal | last = Baker | first = Chris | title = From Yue To Tai | journal = Journal of the Siam Society | volume = 90 | issue = 1-2 | year = 2002 | pages = 16 | url = https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2002/03/JSS_090_0b_Baker_YueToThai.pdf | format = PDF}}
* {{cite journal | last = Grabowsky | first = Volker | title = The Northern Tai Polity of Lan Na (Babai-Dadian) Between the Late 13th to Mid-16th Centuries: Internal Dynamics and Relations with Her Neighbours | journal = ARI Working Paper Series | issue = 17 | publisher = Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore | year = 2004 | pages = 41-44
| url = https://ari.nus.edu.sg/publications/wps-17-the-northern-tai-polity-of-lan-na-babai-dadian-between-the-late-13th-to-mid-16th-centuries-internal-dynamics-and-relations-with-her-neighbours/}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Zhou |first=Hanli |title=The Survival Politics of Three Tai Nüa Polities in the Upper Mekong Basin During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries |type=PhD dissertation |institution=University of Hamburg |department=Department of Southeast Asian History |year=2024 |pages=46–50 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3143985160}}
* {{cite chapter |last=曹 |first=成章 |chapter=傣族封建社会的形成 |title=民族学研究第三辑 |publisher=民族出版社 |location=北京 |year=1982 |pages=220–239 |language=zh |id=CSBN 3049·108 |ref={{sfnref|曹成章|1982}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Scott |first=J.G |title=Hsenwi State Chronicle |translator=J.G Scott |publisher=The Guardian |year=1967 |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/sites/burmalibrary.org/files/obl/hsenwi_state_chronicle.pdf}}
*{{cite book | title=土官底簿 |trans-title=Register of native officials |location=[[上海市|上海]] |publisher=[[商务印书馆]] |year=1935 |edition=翻印 |ref={{sfnref|土官底簿|1935}} }}
* {{cite book |author=ဝေါင်းမိူင်းခမ်း (Waaw Muong Kham) |title=မိုင်းမောဆေအနွယ်တို့၏ခေတ်နှင့်စစ် |trans-title=The Era and War of the Mong Mao-Se Lineage |language=my |date=2022 |edition=1st |publisher=လပြည့်လင်းပုံနှိပ်တိုက် (La Pyae Linn printing house) |location=Yangon |id=ဆန်းစသော်တာ (၀၀၁၀၃)}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gogoi |first=Padmeswar |year=1956 |title=The Political Expansion of the Mao Shans |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=44 |issue=2| url= https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1956/03/JSS_044_2d_PadmeswarGogoi_PoliticalExpansionOfMaoShans.pdf|format=PDF}}

{{Shan states}}

[[Category:Möng Mao|*]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1440s]]

Sino-Pakistan Agreement

2026-03-11T13:11:51Z

DongXqz408: correct page further and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|1963 document establishing the Pakistan–China border}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name=The Boundary Agreement between China and Pakistan, 1963
|date_signed=2 March 1963
|original_signatories=*{{flag icon|China}} [[Chen Yi (marshal)|Marshal Chen Yi]], Plenipotentiary of the Government of the People's Republic of China
*{{flag icon|Pakistan}} [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Z. Ali Bhutto]], Plenipotentiary of the Government of Pakistan
|parties=*{{flag icon|China}} China
*{{flag icon|Pakistan}} Pakistan
|location_signed=Peking
|languages=Chinese, English, Urdu
|citations=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160757/https://people.unica.it/annamariabaldussi/files/2015/04/China-Pakistan-1963.pdf ]
|long_name=Agreement on the boundary between China's Sinkiang and the contiguous areas<ref name=":agreement" />
|date_effective=2 March 1963<ref name=":agreement" />|wikisource=中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦政府关于中国新疆和由巴基斯坦实际控制其防务的各个地区相接壤的边界的协定}}

The '''Sino-Pakistan Agreement'''{{Efn|Also known as the '''Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement''' and '''Sino-Pak Boundary Agreement'''. Long titles include:
*''Agreement on the boundary between China's Sikiang and the contiguous areas''<ref name=":agreement">{{Cite journal|date=1963|title=People's Republic of China-Pakistan. Agreement on the Boundary Between China's Sinkiang and the Contiguous Areas. Peking, March 2, 1963|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2196119|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=57|issue=3|pages=713–716|doi=10.2307/2196119|jstor=2196119|s2cid=246002991|issn=0002-9300|access-date=15 November 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115133504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2196119|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*''Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan on the boundary between China's Sinkiang and the contiguous areas, the defense of which is under actual control of Pakistan''{{sfn|The Geographer|1968|p=3}}}} is a 1963 document between the governments of [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] establishing the border between the two countries in the disputed [[Kashmir region]].<ref name="Time" />

The resulting border followed the 1899 [[Macartney–MacDonald Line]] as modified by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] in 1905 in its essence (see Map 3 below).<ref name=":025">{{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lamb |title=Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy; 1846–1990 |date=1991 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=978-0-907129-06-6 |edition=1st |location=Hertingfordbury, Hertfordshire |pages=40 |quote=In 1905 the Hunza cultivation of Raskam was stopped. De facto the Northern Frontier was considered by the British to be the 1899 proposal as modified by Curzon in 1905, an alignment which, interestingly enough, was eventually to be confirmed in its essentials by the Sino-Pakistani Boundary Agreement of 2 March 1963. Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction Pakistan surrendered to China no less than 2,050 square miles of territory to which, in any case, it had no right: in fact, if anything, Pakistan gained a bit, perhaps twenty square miles or so.}}</ref> Pakistan also recognised Chinese [[sovereignty]] over lands it control in [[Ladakh]], while China recognised Pakistani control over parts of Kashmir it administered.<ref name="Time" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Noorani|first1=A.G.|date=Jan 14, 2012|title=Map fetish|publisher=Frontline|volume=29|issue=1|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2901/stories/20120127290108200.htm|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124215834/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2901/stories/20120127290108200.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&pg=PA120 |year=1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85567-578-0 |page=148}}: "As a friendly gesture some territory in the northern areas was surrendered to China and a treaty was signed which stated that there were no border disputes between the two countries."</ref> However, Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction, Pakistan ceded approximately {{convert|2050|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} of territory to China,<ref name=":025" /><ref name="Trivedi">{{Cite web|last=Trivei|first=Abishek|date=8 July 2019|title=Why the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement Is Unlawful in Light of the Recent ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago, 2019|url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2019/07/abhishek-trivedi-sino-pakistan-boundary/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=www.jurist.org|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107023606/https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2019/07/abhishek-trivedi-sino-pakistan-boundary/|url-status=live}}</ref> while Pakistani writers maintain that Pakistan did not cede any area under its control, and instead was ceded {{convert|750|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of territory by China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Samina |author-link=Samina Yasmeen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_s_Relations_with_China_1947_197/9SQNAAAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=Pakistan's Relations with China, 1947–1979 |date=1980 |publisher=Institute of Strategic Studies |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Hafeez |author-link=Hafeez Malik |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Soviet_Pakistan_Relations_and_Post_Sovie/Yca-DAAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92 |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-10573-1 |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref> [[India]] claims the agreement is invalid, and claims sovereignty over part of the land. In addition to increasing tensions with India, the agreement shifted the balance of the [[Cold War]] by bringing Pakistan and China closer together while loosening ties between Pakistan and the [[United States]].

==Issue and result==
[[File:Map_India_and_Pakistan_1-250,000_Tile_NJ_43-15_Shimshal.jpg|right|thumb|280x280px|Map 1: A 1955 map from the US [[Army Map Service]] showing the border of pre-independence [[British India]] near Shimshal. The entire [[Shaksgam River|Shaksgam Valley]] is included, as is the [[Yarkand River|Raskam Valley]] till the confluence.]]
In 1959, Pakistan became concerned that Chinese maps showed areas of Pakistan in China. In 1961, Pakistani President [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] sent a formal note to China, with no reply.

After Pakistan voted to grant China a seat in the United Nations, the Chinese withdrew the disputed maps in January 1962, agreeing to enter border talks in March. The willingness of the Chinese to enter the agreement was welcomed by the people of Pakistan. Negotiations between the nations officially began on October 13, 1962, and resulted in an agreement being signed on 2 March 1963.<ref name=Time/> It was signed by foreign ministers [[Chen Yi (marshal)|Chen Yi]] for the Chinese and [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] for the Pakistani.
[[File:Alignment_Official_Pakistan_map_1962.jpg|right|thumb|287x287px|Map 2: Official alignment of the Government of Pakistan in 1962 as per the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of the Indian Government. The border is in the extreme north and is depicted as a dotted line with the caption Alignment Official Pakistan Map 1962. According to the Indian Government, in 1962 Pakistan's defacto line of control lay north of 1963 demarcation by some 1,000 miles square, but 1,600 miles square south of the "traditional border", which it regarded as border of Kashmir with China.]]
China was accommodating to Pakistan's positions during the negotiations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rifaat Hussain |first=Syed |title=The New Great Game: China and South and Central Asia in the Era of Reform |date=2016 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |others=Thomas Fingar |isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=120 |chapter=Sino-Pakistan Ties |oclc=939553543}}</ref> For example, according to Pakistani diplomat [[Abdul Sattar (diplomat)|Abdul Sattar]], after the border alignment was already agreed, the Pakistan side realised that grazing lands falling on the Chinese side had historically been used by inhabitants of Hunza.<ref name=":0" /> [[Zhou Enlai]] agreed to amend the boundary to add 750 square miles to the Pakistan side to preserve this historic use.<ref name=":0" /> China's accommodating approach in the negotiations was motivated not just by the desire to resolve boundary issues; China also wanted to demonstrate its desire for calm borders, its peaceful intentions generally, and to use a successful conclusion to the boundary issues with Pakistan to portray its border issues with India as a result of India's intransigence.<ref name=":0" /> The agreement resulted in China and Pakistan each withdrawing from about {{convert|750|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}} of territory, and a boundary on the basis of the 1899 British Note to China as modified by Lord Curzon in 1905 (known as [[Macartney–MacDonald Line]]). Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction, Pakistan surrendered approximately {{convert|2050|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} of territory to China (to which they claim it had no right in the first place).<ref name=":025" /> India based its claim over the more expansive [[Ardagh–Johnson Line]] of 1865. The claim given up by Pakistan was the area north of the Uprang Jilga River which also included the Raksam Plots where the [[Mir of Hunza]] had enjoyed taxing and grazing rights throughout much of the late 19th century as part of agreements with Chinese authorities in Sinkiang. However, the Chinese sovereignty over area was never challenged by the Mir of Hunza, the British or the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and by 1936 the British government had abandoned its claim in Raksam.<ref name=":024">{{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy; 1846–1990 |date=1991 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=978-0-907129-06-6 |edition=1st |location=Hertingfordbury, Hertfordshire |pages=40, 51, 70}}</ref>
[[File:Northern_Frontier_1899,_1905,_1963.png|thumb|300x300px|Map 3: Comparison of 1. 1899 [[Macartney–MacDonald Line]] (dashed segments with circles) 2. 1905 modification to Macartney–MacDonald Line (solid dots) 3. The China-Pakistan Border as settled in 1963 (star symbols) 4. Traditional border shown on many British maps (dashed lines)]]

== Analysis ==
The historian [[Alastair Lamb]], noting the Indian stance in his analysis of the agreement, states that the Indian government has repeatedly used the agreement to claim "existence of a Pakistan-China “axis” directed towards the humiliation of India".<ref name=":023" /> He further adds that the western frontiers along Karakoram had been clearly established by the British note to China in 1899 and its subsequent modification in 1905 had been admitted by Chinese authorities in Xinjiang during 1930s, the same border which was largely followed during the 1963 demarcation.<ref name=":023">{{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy; 1846–1990 |date=1991 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=978-0-907129-06-6 |edition=1st |location=Hertingfordbury, Hertfordshire |pages=242}}</ref>

Lamb claims that contrary to Indian claims, China ceded some {{convert|20|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of area to Pakistan between Shimshal Pass and Uprang Jilga River which had been placed within Chinese territory under 1905 border.<ref name=":025" /> According to Lamb:<ref name=":023" />{{Blockquote|text=There were, in fact, only three problems outstanding. First; the altered status of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]], once regarded by [[Qing dynasty|China]] as a tributary state, had to be accepted, even if tacitly, by [[Beijing]]. Second: the termination of old Hunza claims to territory and rights north of the Karakoram, which the British had de facto abandoned in 1936, would have to be confirmed, again tacitly if need be. Finally: the precise alignment of the Hunza-[[Sinkiang]] border, particularly in the region of the [[Khunjerab Pass|Khunjerab]] and [[Shimshal]] Passes, would have to be delimited. When all this had been agreed, it only remained the reconcile the maps on the two sides (based on different surveys of varying, and sometimes dubious, quality) by joint demarcation on the ground; and the job would be done. A task which the British had started with their Note to China of 1899 would have at last been completed.}}The political scientist [[Taylor Fravel]] notes that China withdrew from {{convert|1942|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} of territory, including Oprang Valley, Prang and Bund Darwaza Valley, Kharachanai salt mines and the town of Sokh Bolaq. Pakistan also kept six out of seven disputed passes under its possession.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |author-link=Taylor Fravel |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Strong_Borders_Secure_Nation/02Hjr6RUckwC?hl=en |title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2887-6 |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sumit Ganguly]] states that Pakistan gained {{convert|1942|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} in return of ceding its claim over {{convert|2730|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} in Shaksgam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |url= |title=The India-China Relationship: Rivalry and Engagement |last2= |first2= |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566723-3 |editor-last=Frankel |editor-first=Francine R. |editor-link=Francine R. Frankel |pages=118 |language=en |chapter=India and China: Border Issues, Domestic Integration, and International Security |quote=Under the terms of the settlement, Pakistan gained some 750 square miles of territory from the Chinese while ceding its claim to 1,050 square miles. |editor-last2=Harding |editor-first2=Harry |editor-link2=Harry Harding (political scientist)}}</ref> According to [[Neville Maxwell]], Pakistan gave up only map claims while China had to withdraw from the territory it administered.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |title=India's China war |date=1970 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-394-47051-1 |location=New York |pages=215-217}}</ref> The territory over which claims overlapped covered {{convert|3400|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}}. China got control over {{convert|5309|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} with Pakistani control over the rest. China also relinquished its claims over Hunza.<ref name=":1" /> The border followed main [[Drainage divide|watershed]] within Karakoram, with tributaries of [[Yarkand River]] in Chinese and tributaries of [[Indus River]] in Pakistani control, respectively, with the exception of Shimshal area where it ran further north.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mustafa |first=Zubeida |date=1972 |title=The Sino-Pakistan Border: Historical Aspect |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41393125 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=43–50 |issn=0030-980X}}</ref>

== Significance ==
The agreement was moderately economically advantageous to Pakistan, which received grazing lands in the deal, but of far more significance politically, as it both diminished potential for conflict between China and Pakistan and, Syed indicates, "placed China formally and firmly on record as maintaining that Kashmir did not, as yet, belong to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Factbox: India and China border dispute festers |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=2006-11-15 |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL108225.htm |access-date=13 March 2009 |archive-date=7 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607100101/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL108225.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', reporting on the matter in 1963, expressed the opinion that by signing the agreement Pakistan had further "dimmed hopes of settlement" of the [[Kashmir conflict]] between Pakistan and India. Under this Sino-Pakistan Agreement, Pakistani control to a part of northern Kashmir was recognised by China.<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine|date=15 March 1963|title=Signing with the Red Chinese|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html|url-status=dead|magazine=Time (magazine)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824040920/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html|archive-date=24 August 2013|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

During this period, China was in dispute with India regarding Kashmir's eastern boundary, with India making claims of the border having been demarcated beforehand and China making claims that such demarcations had never happened. Pakistan and China recognised in their agreement that the border had been neither delimited nor demarcated, providing support to the Chinese position.<ref name="Yousafzai" />

For Pakistan, which had border disputes on its eastern and western borders, the agreement provided relief by securing its northern border from any future contest. The Treaty also provided for clear a demarcation of the boundary for Pakistan, which would continue to serve as the boundary even after Kashmir dispute might be resolved.<ref name="Yousafzai">{{Cite book |last=Yousafzai |first=Usman Khan |title=1963 Sino-Pak Treaty: A Legal Study into the Border Delimitation between Pakistan and China |date=13 August 2020 |isbn=979-8675050000}}</ref>

According to ''[[Jane's International Defence Review]]'', the agreement was also of significance in the Cold War, as Pakistan had ties with the United States and membership in the [[Central Treaty Organization]] and the [[Southeast Asian Treaty Organization]].<ref name=Jane>{{cite journal |title=Strategic and security issues: Pakistan-China defense co-operation an enduring relationship |journal=Jane's International Defence Review |date=1993-02-01 |access-date =28 October 2019 |url=http://www.janes.com/extract/idr93/idr00903.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127023014/http://www.janes.com/extract/idr93/idr00903.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-27}}</ref> The agreement was part of an overall tightening of association with China for Pakistan, which resulted in Pakistan's distancing from the United States.<ref name=Jane/><ref>{{cite book |last=Dixit |first=Jyotindra Nath |title=India-Pakistan in War & Peace |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=0-415-30472-5 |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Subrata Kumar |author2=Mike Enskat |author3=Clemens Spiess |title=Political parties in South Asia |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=0-275-96832-4 |page=157}}</ref> After defining borders, the two countries also entered into agreements with respect to trade and air-travel, the latter of which was the first such international agreement China had entered with a country that was not [[Communist]].<ref name=":2" />

== Modification of Treaty ==
Article six states that pending the final settlement of the [[Kashmir dispute]] between India and Pakistan, a fresh treaty will be drawn up.{{Sfn|Ondris|2015|p=89}}

==Relation to the claim by the Republic of China==
{{see also|One China|Foreign relations of Taiwan|Pakistan–Taiwan relations}}
The [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] now based in and commonly known as Taiwan does not recognise any Chinese territorial changes based on any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries, including this one, in accordance to the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] and its Additional Articles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/appendix1-1.htm#1950 |title=ROC Chronology: Jan 1911 – Dec 2000 |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229224745/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/appendix1-1.htm#1950 |archive-date=29 December 2010 |url-status=dead}} “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs declares border agreements signed between the Peking regime and Outer Mongolia and Pakistan illegal and not binding on the ROC.“</ref> However, due to the [[political status of Taiwan]], Pakistan and the PRC do not recognise the legitimacy of the ROC in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Islamuddin |first1=Sajid |title=Pakistan reiterates support for China over Taiwan, South China Sea issues |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-reiterates-support-for-china-over-taiwan-south-china-sea-issues/2891019 |access-date=2023-05-07 |agency=Anadolu Ajansı}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]]
*[[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]

==Notes and references==
;Notes
{{notelist}}

;Citations
{{reflist|2}}

;Bibliography
* {{Citation|last=Ondris|first=Peter|title=Sino-Pakistani Relations from 1960 to 1974|date=2015|url=https://fphil.uniba.sk/fileadmin/fif/katedry_pracoviska/kvas/SOS_abstracts_14.1/ondris_14_1.pdf|publisher=Department of East Asian Studies, [[Faculty of Arts, Comenius University]].}}
* {{Citation
|author = The Geographer
|title = China – Pakistan Boundary
|url = http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS085.pdf
|series = International Boundary Study
|volume = 85
|date = November 15, 1968
|publisher = US Office of the Geographer
|via = Florida State University College of Law
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211132925/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS085.pdf
|archive-date =11 February 2012
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|title=World Press on Sino-Pakistan Agreement|date=1963|publisher=India Ministry of External Affairs|language=en}}

[[Category:1960s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Diplomacy regarding the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:China in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:1963 in Pakistan|Sino-Pakistan agreement]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:China–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:China–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Pakistan–United States relations]]
[[Category:Cold War treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1963]]
[[Category:Boundary treaties]]

2000 in Kerala

2026-03-11T06:29:31Z

DongXqz408: New A Data First Draft...

{{refimprove|date=April 2023}}

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2000''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==

[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governors of Kerala''']] - [[Sukhdev Singh Kang]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief minister of Kerala''']] – [[E.K. Nayanar]]

== Events ==

* February 12 - Minister [[Neelalohithadasan Nadar]] resigns over sexual harassment complaint filed against him by [[Nalini Netto|Nalini Netto IAS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Kerala's ex-minister chargesheeted in sexual harassment case |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/29kerala.htm |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Officer's transfer stirs a hornet's nest in Kerala |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/11ias.htm |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> Another [[Indian Forest Service]] officer also filed complaint against him regarding an incident in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-15 |title=മന്ത്രി ഗസ്റ്റ്ഹൗസിൽവെച്ച് കടന്നുപിടിക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചെന്ന് പരാതി; 26 വർഷം മുൻപത്തെ രാഷ്ട്രീയവിവാദം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ex-minister-neelalohithadasan-nadar-acquitted-sexual-assault-case-48ea09c0 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* June 1 - [[Kerala High Court]] declared [[Bandh]] as unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala was first state to have a court ban on bandh, now it passes off as hartal - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kerala-was-first-state-to-have-a-court-ban-on-bandh-now-it-passes-off-as-hartal/223852/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
*June 11 - [[Cochin International Airport]] became international airport.
*August 17 - [[Kairali TV]] a Malayalam language [[Television broadcasting|Television broadcasting service]] promoted by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] launched.
*September - [[K.K. Usha]] became the first women Chief Justice of [[Kerala High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice KK Usha, first woman chief justice of Kerala HC from the bar, passes away at 81 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/05/justice-kk-ushafirst-woman-chief-justice-of-kerala-hc-from-the-bar-passes-away-at-81-2206215.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*September 27 - A girl named ''Asna'' aged 8 injured in a bomb attack on her home by [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] workers in [[Kannur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asna, who lost her leg in Kannur blast, is now doctor at health centre near home |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/02/05/asna-kannur-violence-health-centre.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
*October 21 - A hooch tragedy in [[Kalluvathukkal]] claims 31 lives and eyesight of nearly 500 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalluvathukkal hooch tragedy: Manichan released after serving 21 years in prison |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalluvathukkal-hooch-tragedy-manichan-released-after-serving-21-years-in-prison-1.7978009 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
*December 12 - An [[Earthquake]] measuring 5.0 in [[Richter magnitude scale]] felt in [[Idukki district]] and [[Kottayam district]] of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Moderate earthquake in Kerala: PTI |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/12quake.htm |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
*December 26 - [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] arrives at [[Kumarakom]] for a week long holiday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Kerala ready for prime minister's visit |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/26jose.htm |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: All of Kerala wants to meet PM |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/29pm1.htm |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Birth==
* [[Naslen]] - June 11
* [[Aarsha Chandini Baiju]] - November 8

== Deaths ==

* March 23 - [[Antony Padiyara]], Archbishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]], 79.
* April 27 - [[Puthupally Raghavan]], political activist, 90.
* August 26 - [[Balan K. Nair]], actor, 67.
* October 17 - [[Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair]], Kathakali artist, 84.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2000 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]
[[Category:2000 in India|Kerala]]

Indira Gandhi Prize

2026-03-09T05:45:10Z

DongXqz408: enhance information and fixed typos per standard format

{{distinguish|Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Indira Gandhi Prize
| awarded_for = Outstanding contributions in [[peace]]
| sponsor = Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust
| presenter =
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| year = 1986
| reward = {{ INR }} 10 million
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 40
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Parliamentarians for Global Action]]
| award3_type = Latest winner
| award3_winner = [[Graça Machel]]
| previous =
| next =
| website =
}}
The '''Indira Gandhi Prize''', or the '''Indira Gandhi Peace Prize''', also known as '''Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development''', is an annual award accorded by the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust<ref name=mms>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-wins-indira-gandhi-prize/article20552490.ece Manmohan wins Indira Gandhi Prize] ''dated'' 18 November 2015, ''accessed'' 19 November 2017.</ref> to individuals or organisations in recognition of creative efforts toward promoting international peace, development and a [[New International Economic Order|new international economic order]]; ensuring that scientific discoveries are used for the larger good of humanity; and enlarging the scope of freedom. The prize carries a cash award of 10 million [[Indian rupee]]s and a citation. A written work should have been published, in order to be eligible for consideration. The panel constituted by the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust consists of prominent national and international personalities including previous recipients. The recipients are chosen from a pool of national and international nominees.

==Recipients==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|bgcolor="#e4e8ff" width=30| ||Indicates a joint award for that year
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Recipient !! Image !! Birth / death !! State/organization !! Description
|-
| 1986
| [[Parliamentarians for Global Action]]
| {{dash}}
| (founded 1978)
| {{dash}}
| International Organisation of Parliamentarians
|-
| 1987<ref>[http://www.gorby.ru/en/rubrs.asp?rubr_id=310 Gorbachev Foundation Website] ''accessed'' 4 November 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708110623/http://www.gorby.ru/en/rubrs.asp?rubr_id=310 |date=8 July 2007 }}</ref>
| [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
| [[File:RIAN archive 850809 General Secretary of the CPSU CC M. Gorbachev (crop).jpg|100px]]
| (1931–2022)
| {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
| Former [[Soviet Union]] leader
|-
| 1988
| [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]]
| [[File:Gro Harlem Brundtland - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 1989.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1939)
| {{flagu|Norway}}
| Former Prime Minister of Norway
|-
| 1989
| [[UNICEF]]
| [[File:Logo of UNICEF.svg|100px]]
| (founded 1946)
| {{flagu|United Nations}}
| United Nations Children's Emergency Fund
|-
| 1990
| [[Sam Nujoma]]
| [[File:Sam Nujoma.jpg|100px]]
| (1929–2025)
| {{flagu|Namibia}}
| First president of Namibia
|-
| 1991
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| [[File:Rajiv Gandhi (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| (1944–1991)
| {{flagu|India}}
| Former [[Prime Minister of India]] (posthumous)
|-
| 1992
| [[Saburo Okita]]
| [[File:Saburo Okita at 6th G7 summit.jpg|100px]]
| (1914–1993)
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| Japanese economist
|-
| 1993<ref>[http://old.hrad.cz/president/Havel/speeches/1994/0802_uk.html Havel's Acceptance Speech] ''accessed'' 4 November 2006.</ref>
| [[Václav Havel]]
| [[File:Václav Havel in 1992.jpg|100px]]
| (1936–2011)
| | {{flagu|Czech Republic}}
| 1st [[president of the Czech Republic]]
|-
| 1994<ref>[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/solidarity/thindira.html African National Congress Website] ''dated'' 27 January 1995, ''accessed'' 2 November 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712004409/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/solidarity/thindira.html |date=12 July 2009 }}</ref>
| [[Trevor Huddleston]]
| [[File:TrevorHuddlestonStatueBedford (cropped).JPG|100px]]
| (1913–1998)
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| Anti-[[Apartheid]] activist
|-
| 1995<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19970525102136/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1995/11/20/THB01.html Indira Gandhi Prize For Nigerian Ex-President] ''The Hindu'' dated 20 November 1995, accessed 15 November 2018.</ref>
| [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]
| [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1937)
| {{flagu|Nigeria}}
| 12th [[president of Nigeria]]
|-
| 1996<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020105090845/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/revents/01/19970111.htm National Events in November 1997 – 19th Nov]}} ''The Hindu Archives'' ''dated'' Nov 1997 ''accessed'' 2 November 2006. </ref>
| [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]
|
| (founded 1971)
| {{flagu|France}}
| Voluntary organisation
|-
| 1997<ref>[http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/jec/jecwho.phtml Jimmy Carter Library.Org] ''accessed'' 2 November 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614124211/http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/jec/jecwho.phtml |date=14 June 2009 }}</ref>
| [[Jimmy Carter]]
| [[File:Jimmy Carter 1997.jpg|100px]]
| (1924–2024)
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 39th [[president of the United States]]
|-
| 1998<ref>[http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/Listofawards.html Grameen Bank Website] ''accessed'' 2 November 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514142903/http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/Listofawards.html |date=14 May 2008 }}</ref>
| [[Muhammad Yunus]]
| [[File:Yunus, Muhammad (1940).jpg|100px]]
| (born 1940)
| {{flagu|Bangladesh}}
| Founder of [[Grameen Bank]]
|-
| 1999<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20010821015552/http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/20000111.htm National Events in November 2000 – Nov. 19:]}} ''The Hindu Archives'' ''dated'' Nov 2000 ''accessed'' 4 November 2006. </ref>
| [[M. S. Swaminathan]]
| [[File:Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan - Kolkata 2013-01-07 2674.JPG|100px]]
| (1925–2023)
| {{flagu|India}}
| Indian agricultural scientist
|-
| 2000<ref>[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/hchr/unhc.htm Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights] ''accessed'' 2 November 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707101629/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/hchr/unhc.htm |date=7 July 2009 }}</ref>
| [[Mary Robinson]]
| [[File:Mary Robinson-Obama31.04secs.png|100px]]
| (born 1944)
| {{flagu|Ireland}}
| 7th [[president of Ireland]]
|-
| 2001<ref>[http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Newsletter/Jan-April2003/page6.htm Embassy of Japan In India Website] ''accessed'' 4 November 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20051119184821/http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Newsletter/Jan-April2003/page6.htm |date=19 November 2005 }}</ref>
| [[Sadako Ogata]]
| [[File:Ogata Sadako 1-1.jpg|100px]]
| (1927–2019)
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| Former [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
|-
| 2002<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030412/nation.htm Indian Gandhi prize for Ramphall] ''The Tribune'' ''dated'' 12 April 2003, ''accessed'' 2 November 2006.</ref>
| [[Shridath Ramphal]]
| [[File:Shridath_Ramphal.JPG|100px]]
| (1928–2024)
| {{flagu|Guyana}}
| 2nd [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]]
|-
| 2003<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050125055312/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/11/20/stories/2003112010891300.htm Indira Gandhi prize 2003 for Kofi Annan]}} ''The Hindu'' ''dated'' 20 November 2003, ''accessed'' 2 November 2006.</ref>
| [[Kofi Annan]]
| [[File:Kofi Annan.jpg|100px]]
| (1938–2018)
| {{flagu|Ghana}}
| 7th [[United Nations Secretary General]]
|-
| 2004<ref>{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20120527092221/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112007421000.htm Kalam presents Indira Gandhi peace prize to Thai princess]}} ''The Hindu'' ''dated'' 20 November 2005, ''accessed'' 2 November 2006.</ref><ref name=:20051120/>
| [[Maha Chakri Sirindhorn]]
| [[File:Princess Sirindhorn 2009-12-7 Royal Thai Government House 2 (Cropped).jpg|100px]]
| (born 1955)
| {{flagu|Thailand}}
| Princess of Thailand
|-
| 2005<ref name=:20051120>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051120/nation.htm Thai Princess gets Indira peace prize] ''The Tribune'' ''dated'' 20 November 2005, ''accessed'' 2 November 2006.</ref>
| [[Hamid Karzai]]
| [[File:Hamid Karzai in 2005.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1957)
| {{flagu|Afghanistan}}
| 12th [[president of Afghanistan]]
|-
| 2006<ref>[http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20071119105443&Page=H&Headline=Mathai+awarded+Indira+Gandhi+peace+prize&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=0 New India Press]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''dated'' 20 November 2007, ''accessed'' 20 November 2007.</ref>
| [[Wangari Maathai]]
| [[File:Wangari Matthai 2001 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| (1940–2011)
| {{flagu|Kenya}}
| Environmental and political activist
|-
| 2007<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indira_Gandhi_prize_for_Gates_Foundation/rssarticleshow/2867423.cms Indira Gandhi prize for Gates Foundation] ''Times of India'' ''dated'' 15 March 2008, ''accessed'' 15 March 2008.</ref>
| [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]
| [[File:BillMelindaGatesFoundation.svg|100px]]
| (founded 1994)
| {{flagu|United States}}
| Charitable foundation
|-
| 2008<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091119034441/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112057310100.htm Indira Gandhi prize for ElBaradei] ''The Hindu'' ''dated'' 20 November 2008, ''accessed'' 20 November 2008.</ref>
| [[Mohamed ElBaradei]]
| [[File:Mohamed ElBaradei.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1942)
| {{flagu|Egypt}}
| 4th director general of the IAEA
|-
| 2009<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140531163657/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article51571.ece Sheikh Hasina chosen for Indira Gandhi Peace Prize] ''The Hindu'' ''dated'' 19 November 2009, ''accessed'' 5 October 2011.</ref>
| [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| [[File:Sheikh Hasina 2009 cropped 3by4.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1947)
| {{flagu|Bangladesh}}
| [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]
|-
| 2010<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140310113651/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article898611.ece Indira Gandhi peace prize for Lula] ''The Hindu'' ''dated'' 19 November 2010, ''accessed'' 5 October 2011.</ref>
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| [[File:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| (born 1945)
| {{flagu|Brazil}}
| Current [[President of Brazil]]
|-
| 2011<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indira-peace-prize-for-ela-bhatt/878160/ Indira peace prize for Ela Bhatt] ''Indian Express'' ''dated'' 19 November 2011, ''accessed'' 22 November 2011.</ref>
| [[Ela Bhatt]]
| [[File:Ela Bhatt with her grandchildren (cropped).jpg |100px]]
| (1933–2022)
| {{flagu|India}}
| Founder of [[SEWA]]
|-
| 2012<ref>[https://swap.stanford.edu/20121122182148/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=2422 2012 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development Is Awarded to President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia ]''dated'' 19 November 2012, ''accessed'' 28 November 2012.</ref>
| [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]
| [[File:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf February 2015.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1938)
| {{flagu|Liberia}}
| [[President of Liberia]]
|-
| 2013<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/angela-merkel-to-get-2013-indira-gandhi-prize-for-peace/article5367696.ece?homepage=true Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development Is Awarded to Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany ]''dated'' 19 November 2013, ''accessed'' 19 November 2013.</ref>
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| [[File:Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel bei einer Wahlkampfveranstaltung 2013 (Recortada).jpg|100px]]
| (born 1954)
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| [[Chancellor of Germany]]
|-
| 2014<ref>[http://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-may-2017/isro-receives-indira-gandhi-prize-peace-disarmament-and-development-2014 ISRO chosen for Indira Gandhi prize for peace, disarmament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509171800/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-may-2017/isro-receives-indira-gandhi-prize-peace-disarmament-and-development-2014 |date=9 May 2020 }} ''dated'' 19 November 2014, ''accessed'' 19 November 2014.</ref>
| [[ISRO]]
| [[File:Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg|100px]]
| (founded 1969)
| {{flagu|India}}
| Indian space agency
|-
|2015<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/unhcr-to-be-awarded-2015-indira-gandhi-prize-for-peace-1245146 UNHCR chosen for Indira Gandhi prize for peace, disarmament] ''dated'' 19 November 2015, ''accessed'' 19 November 2015.</ref>
| [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]]
| [[File:UN refugee.jpg|100px]]
|(founded 1950
| {{flagu|United Nations}}
| United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
|-
|2017<ref name=mms />
| [[Manmohan Singh]]
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2017.jpg|100px]]
| (1932–2024)
| {{flagu|India}}
| Former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]], and [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
|-
|2018<ref>[https://www.cseindia.org/cse-gets-2018-indira-gandhi-prize-9149 CSE gets Indra Gandhi prize] CSE India</ref>
| [[Centre for Science and Environment]]
|
| (founded 1980)
| {{flagu|India}}
| Not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi, India
|-
|2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/david-attenborough-receives-indira-gandhi-peace-prize-for-2019/story-sSBjdYMFP721qGNqBkjgaI.html|title=Naturalist, broadcaster David Attenborough to get Indira Gandhi Peace Prize for 2019|date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
| [[David Attenborough]]
|
| (born 1926)
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| English broadcaster and natural historian
|-
|2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6867390055082663936/|title = Pratham Education Foundation on LinkedIn: Pratham awarded Indira Gandhi Prize for 2021 &#124}}</ref>
| [[Pratham]]
|
| (founded 1995)
| {{flagu|India}}
| Not-for-profit learning organization created to improve the quality of education based in India
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|rowspan="2" |2022<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indira-gandhi-peace-prize-presented-to-covid-19-warriors/article67551765.ece/|title = Indira Gandhi Peace Prize presented to COVID-19 warriors| newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 November 2022}}</ref>
| [[Indian Medical Association]]
|
| (founded 1928)
|rowspan="2" | {{flagu|India}}
|rowspan="2" | The award was for every doctor, nurse, paramedic, and worker for their service during the COVID-19 pandemic.
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| Trained Nurses Association of India
|{{dash}}
| (founded 1917)
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|rowspan="2" | 2023<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/activist-ali-abu-awwad-and-pianist-daniel-barenboim-win-2023-indira-gandhi-peace-prize/article67637572.ece/|title = Activist Ali Abu Awwad and pianist Daniel Barenboim win Indira Gandhi Peace Prize| newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Ali Abu Awwad]]
| [[File:Ali Abu Awwad par Claude Truong-Ngoc juillet 2014.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1972)
| {{flagu|State of Palestine}}
|rowspan="2" | Awwad is a peace activist and Maestro Barenboim is an Argentine-born classical pianist.
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| [[Daniel Barenboim]]
| [[File:Daniel Barenboim in 2019.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1942)
| {{flagu|Argentina}}
|-
| 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=Former President of Chile Michelle Bachelet to be conferred the Indira Gandhi Peace prize | work=The Hindu | date=6 December 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-president-of-chile-michelle-bachelet-to-be-conferred-the-indira-gandhi-peace-prize/article68956103.ece }}</ref>
| [[Michelle Bachelet]]
| [[File:Michelle Bachelet, 2019 1.1 (cropped) (b).jpg|100px]]
| (born 1951)
| {{flagu|Chile}}
| Former [[List of presidents of Chile|president of Chile]], former [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], former executive director of [[UN Women]]
|-
| 2025<ref>{{cite web | title=Mozambican rights activist Graca Machel to be conferred with Indira Gandhi Peace Prize | work=The Hindu | date=22 January 2026 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mozambican-rights-activist-graca-machel-to-be-conferred-with-indira-gandhi-peace-prize/article70534427.ece }}</ref>
| [[Graça Machel]]
| [[File:Madame Graca Machel.jpg|100px]]
| (born 1945)
| {{flagu|Mozambique}}
| Politician and humanitarian
|}

==See also==
* [[Gandhi Peace Prize]]
* [[List of peace activists]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Commons category|Indira Gandhi Prize}}

[[Category:Peace awards]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]

Takkar (1995 film)

2026-03-03T23:44:51Z

DongXqz408: updated section for accuracy and updated info as per guidelines

{{for|the 2008 Bengali film|Takkar (2008 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Takkar
| image = Takkar 1995.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bharat Rangachary]]
| producer = Mahendra R. Bohra
| screenplay = Bhushan Banmali
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Sonali Bendre]] [[Shafi Inamdar]] [[Rakesh Bedi]] [[Mohan Joshi]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = Laxminarayan
| editing = R.Rajendran
|studio = Bohra Bros
| distributor = Meenakshi pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|7|14}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| language = Hindi
| country = India
}}

'''''Takkar''''' ({{Translation|Collision}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by [[Bharat Rangachary]], starring [[Sunil Shetty]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]]. The film was released on 14 July 1995 and was a hit. It is inspired by the Hollywood film [[Unlawful Entry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Takkar - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2956 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Takkar'' revolves around the lives of three characters — Ravi Malhotra, Mohini and Inspector D'Costa. Ravi is a freelance photographer, in love with Mohini, who works hard to make a living so they can be together. Inspector D'Costa is an efficient but corrupt cop who takes advantage of criminals by helping them in return for money and then double crossing them; he pretends to be on the side of the law. No one is considered strong or wise enough to confront D'costa.

One day D'Costa notices Ravi and Mohini on the beach, and he falls for her. He frames Ravi on the day before his marriage to Mohini by falsely implicating him in a drug deal case in a fake raid. Ravi is sentenced to four years of imprisonment. In prison, Ravi decides to study the law so he can fight injustice and is helped by prisoners like Kaku who are in jail because of D'Costa and want to avenge themselves.

In Ravi's absence, D'Costa befriends Mohini and she begins to like and respect him. After two years, Ravi is released from jail on grounds of good behavior and on efforts by DCP Mishra made on Mohini's pleas. Soon Ravi and Mohini are married. D'Costa is infuriated and he harasses the couple repeatedly to get close to Mohini. Ravi soon learns that it was D'Costa who had framed him on the day before his marriage, and he decides to avenge himself. He follows D'Costa closely, and being a photographer, captures his activities on camera. DCP Mishra is killed by D'Costa when both of them rescue a group of school children from terrorists holding them captive in a school. This is noted by Ravi, and he makes it known publicly. D'Costa tries to eliminate Ravi but in vain. Soon an enquiry is arranged by the police (on Ravi's request), and Ravi plays the prosecution lawyer, wherein traps D'Costa in his own words, leading to his confession. He also provides evidence for the same.

The helpless D'Costa is now suspended from service and given orders not to go anywhere nearer than 500 feet of Ravi and Mohini. His mistress Lily tells the couple that he will never leave them in peace, but that his own desires can be used against him. Ravi leaves Mohini, pretending to go out of the city. D'Costa learns of this and immediately goes to the couple's house, where he is met by a surprise reception. Mohini dances with him, pretends to seduce him when abruptly Ravi breaks in, beats up D'Costa, police arrive and arrest the former cop. D'Costa is now jailed. In prison, he comes across the men whom he had jailed, who attack and kill him.

The film ends with D'Costa's burial, as Ravi sticks a cross with D'Costa's name on the grave. He then says "''Ab khel khatam, Kissa tamaam shuddh'' " (the game is over and the entire story has come to an end) and walks away with Mohini, as the prisoners look on and the credits begin to roll.<ref name=":0" />

==Cast==
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Ravi Malhotra
*[[Sonali Bendre]] as Mohini
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Inspector D'Costa
*[[Shafi Inamdar]] as DCP Mishra
*[[Kunika]] as Sheena Vasudev, News Editor
*[[Archana Puran Singh]] as Maya, D'Costa's mistress.
*[[Himani Shivpuri]] as Mohini's mother
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Mamaji
*[[Ajit Vachani]] as Sikandar Bakht
*[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Commissioner of Police
*[[Sameer Khakhar]] as Police Constable
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Prisoner Kaku
*[[Pramod Moutho]] as Prisoner with Yellow Robe.
*[[Mohan Joshi]] as Raja Thakur
*Ishrat Ali as Kale Sarkar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takkar 1995 Full Movie Online - Watch HD Movies on Airtel Xstream Play |url=https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/takkar/SHEMAROOME_MOVIE_5e468070ed8f7d6bf50012de |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Airtel Xstream (Airtel TV) |language=en}}</ref>

==Track listing==
*Lyrics: [[Rahat Indori]], Nawab Arzoo, [[Maya Govind]], Dev Kohli & Rani Malik
*Singers: [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Alisha Chinoy]] & [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
*Music: Anu Malik
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aankhon Mein Base Ho Tum
| note1 =
| length1 = 05:35
| lyrics1 = [[Maya Govind]]
| writer1 =
| extra1 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title2 = Dil Gaya Haanthon Se
| note2 =
| length2 = 07:01
| lyrics2 = Rani Malik
| writer2 =
| extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title3 = My Name Is Laila
| note3 =
| length3 = 06:04
| lyrics3 = [[Rahat Indori]]
| writer3 =
| extra3 = [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
| title4 = Palkein Ho Khuli Ya Bandh
| note4 =
| length4 = 05:53
| lyrics4 = Rani Malik
| writer4 =
| extra4 = Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| title5 = Love Is Mad
| length5= 06:37
| lyrics5 = [[Dev Kohli]]
| extra5 = [[Alisha Chinoy]]
| title6 = Aankhon Mein Basaya Tha
| length6 = 05:34
| lyrics6 = Maya Govind
| extra6 = Kumar Sanu
| title7 = Teri Aankhon Ne Aisa Kamaal Ki
| length7 = 06:18
| lyrics7 = Nawab Arzoo
| extra7 = Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| total_length =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0135666|Takkar}}

[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharat Rangachary]]

Bandipotu (2015 film)

2026-03-03T17:41:37Z

DongXqz408: New New Info Added Tags...

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bandipotu
| image = File:Allari_Naresh_Bandipotu_Movie_Poster.jpg
| writer =
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]], [[Eesha Rebba]], [[Srinivas Avasarala]]
| director = [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]]
| cinematography = [[P.G. Vinda]]
| producer = [[Aryan Rajesh]]
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| studio = [[E. V .V. Cinema]]
| country = India
| released = {{film date|df=y|2015|2|20}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bandipotu''''' ({{translation|Bandit}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[heist film|heist]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]] and features [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Eesha Rebba]] in the lead roles while [[Srinivas Avasarala]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Tanikella Bharani]] and [[Sampoornesh Babu]] appear in other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tfpc.in/bandipotu-movie-theatrical-trailer/|title=Allari Naresh Bandipotu trailer|publisher=tfpc.in|date=10 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121073728/http://tfpc.in/bandipotu-movie-theatrical-trailer/|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140629/entertainment-tollywood/article/sampoornesh-babu-star-allari-naresh%E2%80%99s-upcoming-film-titled|title=Sampoornesh Babu to star in Allari Naresh's upcoming film titled Bandipotu|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=29 June 2014|access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://raagalahari.com/stars/interviews/1255/srinivas-avasarala-gives-an-interview-on-oohalu-gusagusalaade.aspx|title=I acted in the film without Sai Korrapati's knowledge — Srinivas Avasarala|publisher=raagalahari.com|date=20 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011808/http://raagalahari.com/stars/interviews/1255/srinivas-avasarala-gives-an-interview-on-oohalu-gusagusalaade.aspx|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Aryan Rajesh]] on EVV Cinema banner and is titled based on the [[N. T. Rama Rao]]'s 1963 film of the [[Bandipotu (1963 film)|same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/bandipotu-not-spoof-on-any-film-director/|title='Bandipotu' not spoof on any film: Director|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> [[Kalyani Malik|Kalyani Koduri]] composed the music while [[P.G. Vinda]] and Dharmendra Kakarala handled the cinematography and editing of the movie respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Kalyani-Koduri-to-score-music-for-Bandipotu/articleshow/36248244.cms|title=Kalyani Koduri to score music for Bandipotu|work=The Times of India|date=8 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref>

The film was launched on 10 June 2014 at [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]'s residence in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allari-Nareshs-Bandipotu-launched/articleshow/36354222.cms|title=Allari Naresh's Bandipotu launched|work=The Times of India|date=10 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] started on 1 July 2014 at [[Rajahmundry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Special-day-for-Allari-Naresh-telugu-news-109659|title=Special day for Allari Naresh|website=IndiaGlitz|date=30 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/interview-allarinaresh.html|title=Allari Naresh Birthday(30 June-2014) interview|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-allari-naresh-we-will-introduce-newcomers-in-our-production.html|title=Interview : Allari Naresh – We will introduce newcomers in our production|publisher=123telugu.com|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> The film was made under the banner of [[E. V .V. Cinema]], and, after delays, released on 20 February 2015. This film got mostly mixed to positive reviews from critics.

==Plot==
E. Vishwanath ([[Allari Naresh]]), commonly shortened to Vishwa, is a slick but principled criminal. He believes in "thieving from the thieves" - fooling the rich as comeuppance for their greed. One day, a mysterious woman named Jahnavi ([[Eesha Rebba]]) comes into his life with evidence of his various frauds. She asks him to pull a massive con to get revenge on three people: Makrand Rao aka "Makrandam" ([[Tanikella Bharani]]), Seshagiri ([[Rao Ramesh]]) and Bhale Babu ([[Posani Krishna Murali]]). All three became "filthy rich" by embezzling the money of the poor in their [[chit fund]]. When their accountant and her father Satyanarayana ([[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]) discovered this and threatened to expose these activities, they framed and had him imprisoned for the crime, leading to his depression and a stroke that paralysed him in the present. However, the three's greed also led to their split, and they aren't on friendly terms anymore. Upon hearing this, Vishwa not only agrees to defraud them, but also refuses payment for personal reasons. He enlists the help of his actor friend nicknamed Tellabbai ({{translation|White/pure guy}}) ([[Sampoornesh Babu]]), and using Jahnavi's experience with building cameras, the three start planning.

They first target Makrandam, who collects antiques, by convincing him to buy a chest belonging to a rich [[zamindar]]. The chest contains a fake letter that purportedly states the location of some of the zamindar's wealth. Overjoyed, Makrandam and his assistant Chikati Rao ({{lit|"Darkness" Rao}}) ([[Srinivas Avasarala]]) buy the land from a local farmer and dig for the treasure that night. They find a chest, but see that it only contains shredded paper and a tape recorder declaring that they have been fooled. Vishwa and Tellabbai take their ladder and splash a concoction on them that makes them faint, and the next morning they are found in the pit, leading to their humiliation on live TV. However, Makrandam was able to see Vishwa's face when he dumped the solution.

Next, Vishwa goes after Seshagiri by posing as an American businessman. Seshagiri sees through his ruse, having learned about the defrauding of Makrandam, and claims that he can't be fooled. Vishwa challenges him to give a 10 crore (100 million) check to him under the condition that Seshagiri calls the bank beforehand to add extra permission requirements, which he accepts in his arrogance. The initially smug Seshagiri gets tensed over time checking if the check is deposited yet and shows his anger at work and at home. He then wakes up to discover that the check has been portrayed as a donation to charity, creating a national spectacle and leaving him no choice but to allow the check to be cashed. The ruling chief minister ([[Sayaji Shinde]]), jealous that he didn't give any money to him, cancels a contract for a 5000 crore (50 billion) hydropower project, angering Seshagiri, who decides to partner with Makrandam to figure out how to retaliate.

Finally, Vishwa gets Bhale Babu by revealing his knowledge of Bhale Babu's ambition to become [[Prime Minister]] of India as well as secret affair, and convinces him to run in the village elections while acting as his campaign manager. Their main opponent is Parvathalu ([[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]), a righteous man who decries Bhale Babu's rowdyism through his newspaper Agni. To stop Parvathalu, Vishwa and Bhale Babu force him to sell his newspaper to them and withdraw. But at a press meet for his candidacy's filing, the campaign and manifesto videos are switched with ones that show his misdeeds. During the chaos, Jahnavi hugs Vishwa, which Chikati Rao, who had secretly followed Vishwa the whole time, reports to Seshagiri and Makrandam. Chikati Rao tries to pin the switch on Vishwa, but it turns out Vishwa had seen Chikati Rao earlier and instead plants the original videos in his bag, allowing him to escape. Makrandam and Seshagiri then visit Satyanarayana's house and threaten to kill him, but they came to know that they were being recorded as Vishwa reveals how Parvathalu and some others were merely playing roles in the scam. To save themselves, they admit Satyanarayana was wronged and establish a charitable foundation in his name. Vishwa reveals that his parents were victims of the original chit fund's scam, which is why he didn't take any fees, and goes back to his life of fraud with a purpose.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Allari Naresh]] as E. Vishwanath aka Vishwa
* [[Eesha Rebba]] as Jahnavi
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Satyanarayana
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Seshagiri
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Bhale Babu
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Makarandam
* [[Sampoornesh Babu]] as Tellabbai, Assistant of Vishwa
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Cheekati, assistant of Makarandam
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Parvathalu
* [[Shraddha Das]] in a special appearance
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Satyanarayana, Jahnavi's father
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as TV reporter
* [[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] as Guide
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Chief minister
* [[Khayyum]] as Venky, Seshagiri's son
* [[Aryan Rajesh]] as a businessman who was conned by Vishwa
}}

==Soundtrack==
The Music Was Composed By [[Kalyan Koduri]] and Released by [[Lahari Music]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Bandipotu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Kalyan Koduri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15 Jan 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 13:55
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Kalyan Koduri]]
| prev_title = [[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = Hora Hori
| next_year = 2015
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:55
| title1 = Dongalni Dochukora
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]]
| length1 = 3:39
| title2 = Aedo Mayalle Inade
| lyrics2 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra2 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| length2 = 3:37
| title3 = Petromax Lightingu
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Ramya NSK]]
| length3 = 3:11
| title4 = Alijadalu Chaligilulu
| lyrics4 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra4 = [[Kalyan Koduri]]
| length4 = 3:28
}}

==Reception==
This film got mostly mixed reviews. jeevi gave 3.25/5, 123 Telugu gave 3/5 and greatandhra gave 2.75.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/bandipotu.html|title=Bandipotu review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Allari Naresh & Eesha|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/bandipotu-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Bandipotu Telugu Movie Review | Allari Naresh Bandipotu Movie Review | Bandipotu Movie Review | Allari Naresh Sampoornesh Babu Bandipotu Telugu Review | Bandipotu Review and Rating | Allari Naresh Bandipotu Twitter Updates | Bandipotu Telugu Review | Bandipotu Twitter Updates | Bandipotu Live Updates | Allari Naresh Bandipotu First Day Talk | Bandipotu Review | Allari Naresh Bandipotu Cinema Review | Bandipotu Telugu Cinema Review | Allari Naresh Sampoornesh Bandipotu Review ||date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2015-02-20 |title=Bandipotu Review: He is not Funny |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/bandipotu-review-he-is-not-funny-64086 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4479870}}
* http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/79120/Bandipotu-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/
* http://www.awaitnews.com/movie-reviews/790889114/bandipotu-movie-review

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:2015 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohana Krishna Indraganti]]

Wolf (2021 Indian film)

2026-03-03T09:44:21Z

DongXqz408: further reworked lead after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|2021 film by Shaji Azeez}}
{{EngvarB|date = April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Wolf
| image = Wolf-Malayalam-2021.jpg
| alt = Movie Poster
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Shaji Azeez]]
| based_on = ''Chennaya'' by G. R. Indugopan
| producer = [[Santhosh Damodharan]]
| writer = [[G. R. Indugopan]]
| starring = [[Arjun Ashokan]] [[Samyuktha Menon]] [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] [[Shine Tom Chacko]] [[Jaffar Idukki]]
| music = [[Ranjin Raj]]
| cinematography = Faiz Siddiq
| editing = Noufal Abdullah
| studio = [[Santhosh Damodharan|Damor Cinema]]
| distributor = [[Zee5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|04|18}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Wolf''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam-language]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Shaji Azeez]] based on the short story ''Chennaya'' by [[G.R. Indugopan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Wolf is a single location thriller'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/apr/13/wolf-is-a-single-location-thriller-2289230.html|access-date=2021-04-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 April 2021 }}</ref> It was released on 18 April 2021 at the same time through [[Zee Keralam]] and [[Zee5]] application.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wolf Movie Review: Engaging psychological drama derailed by a shaky third act|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/apr/18/wolf-movie-review-engaging-psychological-drama-derailed-by-a-shaky-third-act-24025.html|access-date=2021-04-21|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=18 April 2021 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sanjay is on the way to see his fiancée, Asha, hoping to surprise her. When she opens the door, she is surprised and visibly agitated too.
Asha has a conservative mother who is not home at the moment, and Asha worries that Sanjay's presence at this hour will turn her into gossip fodder. Besides, Asha sees Sanjay's short-temper and rude manners even to his close female friends as good enough reasons for not wanting him as her better half. She expresses her concerns about spending the rest of her life with him. He gets increasingly irritated and is desperate to convince Asha that he would not be this way after their wedding. To make matters worse, the prime minister announces the covid lockdown on the same night. Her mother will not get home on time, and since Sanjay's residence is hours away, the cops stationed outside her home forbid him from travelling. Sanjay spends the night at Asha'a place. Asha's mother is concerned that Sanjay is staying over the night. She pesters Asha to show her Asha's room on a video call to verify that Asha keeps her distance from Sanjay. At midnight Sanjay hears weird noises, he inspects the living room to find nothing suspicious going on. In the morning, Asha prepares breakfast and again they hear a noise from upstairs. Worried Sanjay picks a stick from a store room and inspects upstairs without heeding Asha's requests. The noise came from a room on the second floor which Asha claims to be locked. Sanjay forces open the door and surprisingly finds a man who tries to smoke a cigarette. Sanjay questions the man and later that man reveals himself as Asha's lover. Asha and that man (Joe) were planning to elope the same night and to Asha's frustration Sanjay has turned up to ruin their plans.

Joe tells Sanjay that Asha has chosen him over Sanjay due to Sanjay's quick temper. Later Joe turns aggressive and claims to be a hunter in South Africa who wishes to take Asha to South Africa to lead a hunter's life. Shocked, Asha pleads with him to leave her alone and finally Joe explains to Sanjay that he needs to fix his attitude to win a girl's heart. Asha and Sanjay realise that both of them have erred in their relationship. They vow to each other to be better partners and work with mutual understanding. Joe gets into an ambulance which has been arranged by Asha's mother for Sanjay to return to his home. The film ends with a scene where Sanjay is hugging Asha assuring Asha's mother both of them will be safe.

==Cast ==
*[[Arjun Ashokan]] as Sanjay
*[[Samyuktha Menon|Samyuktha]] as Asha
*[[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Joe
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]] as S.I Jayan
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Civil Police Officer

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13519510}}

[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]

Bloomberg News

2026-03-02T16:24:05Z

DongXqz408: rework article after review per sources

{{short description|American news agency based in New York City}}
{{about|the Bloomberg news agency|the current parent company|Bloomberg L.P.}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bloomberg News
| logo = [[File:New Bloomberg Logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| former_name = Bloomberg Business News (1990–1997)
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1990}}
| hq_location = [[Bloomberg Tower]], 731 Lexington Avenue, Manhattan, New York City [[Bloomberg London]] (London and Europe) [[Marina Bay Financial Centre]], Singapore (Asia–Pacific) [[Petronas Towers]], Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kuala Lumpur (Asia–Pacific) [[Pacific Place Jakarta]], Sudirman Central Business District, Jakarta (Asia–Pacific)
| key_people = [[John Micklethwait]] ([[editor-in-chief]])
| industry = [[News agency]]
| founders = [[Michael Bloomberg]] [[Matthew Winkler (journalist)|Matthew Winkler]]
| owner =
| num_employees = 2,300
| parent = [[Bloomberg L.P.]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.bloomberg.com/|bloomberg.com}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbc11TKDTaYC&pg=209|title=Plunkett's E-Commerce and Internet Business Almanac|author=Jack W. Plunkett|year=2009|publisher=Plunkett Research, Ltd|page=209|isbn=9781593921156|access-date=September 21, 2020|archive-date=August 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830212917/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbc11TKDTaYC&pg=209|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{Michael Bloomberg series}}
'''Bloomberg News''' (originally '''Bloomberg Business News''') is an American [[news agency]] headquartered in [[New York City]], and a [[Division (business)|division]] of [[Bloomberg L.P.]] Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through [[Bloomberg Terminal]]s, [[Bloomberg Television]], [[Bloomberg Radio]], ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'', ''[[Bloomberg Markets]]'', Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, [[John Micklethwait]] has been [[editor-in-chief]].<ref name="Greenberg">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/bloombergs-future-future-news-everyone/|title=Bloomberg's Future Is the Future of News for Everyone|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=September 2, 2015|author=Julia Greenberg|access-date=February 16, 2019|issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

==History==
Bloomberg News was founded by [[Michael Bloomberg]] and [[Matthew Winkler (journalist)|Matthew Winkler]] in 1990 to deliver financial news reporting to Bloomberg Terminal subscribers.<ref name="Bodine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9G-FWJIAOSEC|title=Make It New: Essays in the History of American Business|publisher=[[iUniverse]]|year=2004|author=Paul Bodine|pages=180–190|location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska]]|isbn=9780595309214|access-date=March 15, 2013|archive-date=August 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830212918/https://books.google.com/books?id=9G-FWJIAOSEC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The agency was established in 1990 with a team of six people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/solutions/bloomberg_news/|title=Bloomberg Solutions|publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=May 14, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624034259/http://www.bloomberg.com/solutions/bloomberg_news/|archive-date=June 24, 2010}}</ref> Winkler was first editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/cult-of-bloomberg-way-underpinned-by-accuracy/story-e6frg996-1226140375103|title=Cult of Bloomberg way underpinned by accuracy|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|access-date=October 26, 2011|archive-date=March 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323140626/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/cult-of-bloomberg-way-underpinned-by-accuracy/story-e6frg996-1226140375103|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Bloomberg News included more than 2,300 [[editor]]s and [[reporter]]s in 72 countries and 146 news bureaus worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/pressroom/facts/|title=At A Glance|publisher=Bloomberg Press Room|access-date=March 18, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707114539/http://www.bloomberg.com/pressroom/facts/|archive-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jomc.unc.edu/video/bloomberg-news-editor-in-chief-to-speak-oct-16-about-the-economy-and-the-presidential-election|title=Bloomberg News editor-in-chief speaks about the economy and the presidential election|publisher=UNC School of Journalism and Mass Communication|access-date=March 18, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224135451/http://www.jomc.unc.edu/video/bloomberg-news-editor-in-chief-to-speak-oct-16-about-the-economy-and-the-presidential-election|archive-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref>

===Beginnings (1990–1995)===
Bloomberg Business News was created to expand the services offered through the terminals. According to Matthew Winkler, then a writer for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', [[Michael Bloomberg]] telephoned him in November 1989 and asked, "What would it take to get into the news business?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/damian-radcliffe/in-conversation-with-matthew-winkler-editor-in-chief-emeritus-and-co-founder-of-bloomberg-news-61e26e14d904|title=In conversation with Matthew Winkler, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus and co-founder of Bloomberg News|last=Radcliffe|first=Damian|date=January 8, 2020|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-date=February 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221180711/https://medium.com/damian-radcliffe/in-conversation-with-matthew-winkler-editor-in-chief-emeritus-and-co-founder-of-bloomberg-news-61e26e14d904|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his book, ''The Bloomberg Way'', Winkler recalls a conversation with Bloomberg about a hypothetical ethical dilemma which could have arisen from Bloomberg's interest in creating a newspaper:

{{blockquote|"You have just published a story that says the chairman—and I mean chairman—of your biggest customer has taken $5 million from the corporate till. He is with his secretary at a Rio de Janeiro resort, and the secretary's spurned boyfriend calls to tip you off. You get an independent verification that the story is true. Then the phone rings. The customer's public-relations person says, 'Kill the story or we will return all the terminals we currently rent from you.{{'"}}

"What would you do?" Winkler asked.

"Go with the story," Bloomberg replied. "Our lawyers will love the fees you generate."<ref name="winklerandsondag">{{cite book|author1=Matthew Winkler|author2=Jennifer Sondag|title=The Bloomberg Way|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2014|pages=xi–xii|isbn=978-1-118-84226-3}}</ref><ref name="Winkler-2014">{{Cite book|last1=Winkler|first1=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNbnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|title=The Bloomberg Way: A Guide for Reporters and Editors|last2=Sondag|first2=Jennifer|date=2014-02-20|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-84233-1|language=en|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-date=August 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830212920/https://books.google.com/books?id=GNbnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Winkler recalls this as his "deciding moment", the time at which he became willing to help Bloomberg build his news organization.<ref name="winklerandsondag"/><ref name="Winkler-2014" />

The publication was created to provide concise, timely financial news.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite book|author=Michael Bloomberg|title=Bloomberg by Bloomberg|year=1997|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=0-471-15545-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bloombergbybloom00bloo/page/79 79–100]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bloombergbybloom00bloo/page/79}}</ref> As a new company in 1990, Bloomberg hoped that the news service would spread the company name, sell more Bloomberg Terminals and end Bloomberg's reliance on the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones News Services]].<ref name="Bodine"/>

The creation of Bloomberg Business News required Winkler to open a Bloomberg office in [[Washington, D.C.]], to report about political effects on the business world. However, the Standing Committee of Correspondents (SCC) in Washington required Bloomberg News be formally accredited to act as a legitimate news source, a title that Bloomberg Business News only accomplished after agreeing to provide free terminals to major newspapers in exchange for news space in the publications.<ref name="Bodine"/> During this growth period Bloomberg News opened a small television station in New York, purchased New York radio station WNEW, launched fifteen-minute weekday business news programs for broadcast on [[PBS]], and opened offices in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Frankfurt, Germany]].<ref name="Bodine"/>

===1995–2000===
The initial goal of Bloomberg Business News to increase terminal sales was met by the mid-1990s and the company refocused the scope of its news service to rival the profitability of other media groups such as [[Reuters]] and [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]]. This led to the creation of Bloomberg's magazine, ''Bloomberg Personal,'' in 1995, which was carried in the Sunday edition of 18 U.S. papers.<ref name="Gale Group">{{cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?Ntt=7805587867677144810625576211998284400&N=197+4294916723&Ntk=P_EPI |title=International Directory of Company Histories Vol. 126 |publisher=St. James Press |year=2011 |isbn=9781558628083 |edition=Casebound |location=[[Farmington Hills, Michigan]]}}</ref> In 1994, Bloomberg launched a 24-hour financial news service through [[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg Information Television]], which was broadcast on [[DirecTV]]. Bloomberg also launched a web site to provide the audio feed of its radio broadcasts.<ref name="Bodine"/> Bloomberg Business News was renamed Bloomberg News in 1997.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

===2000–2014===
In 2009 Bloomberg News and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' launched a global news service known as ''The Washington Post News Service with Bloomberg News'', to provide economic and political news.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carr|first=David|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/business/media/28cbs.html|title=To Cover World, CBS Joins With a News Site|date=September 27, 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 21, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221182116/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/business/media/28cbs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2014, Bloomberg News launched the ''Bloomberg Luxury'' lifestyle section of its paper.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://wwd.com/business-news/media/bloomberg-to-build-luxury-online-7653531/|title=Bloomberg to Build Luxury Online|magazine=[[Women's Wear Daily]]|date=April 23, 2014}}</ref> The section's content covers topics including travel, wine news, dining, auto news, gadgets, technology news, and more. It also highlights content from Bloomberg's quarterly lifestyle and luxury magazine, ''Pursuits''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==== Business in China ====
In 2012, Bloomberg News published investigative series titled "Revolution to Riches", which focused on China's political elite. The series won that year's [[George Polk Awards|George Polk Award]] for International Reporting.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 18, 2013 |title=George Polk Awards |url=http://www.liu.edu/About/News/Univ-Ctr-PR/2013/February/UC_PR-Feb18-2 |access-date=January 26, 2018 |website=[[Long Island University]] |archive-date=April 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408095051/http://liu.edu/About/News/Univ-Ctr-PR/2013/February/UC_PR-Feb18-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Revolution to Riches |publisher=Bloomberg News |url=http://topics.bloomberg.com/revolution-to-riches/ |url-status=dead |access-date=July 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231142229/http://topics.bloomberg.com/revolution-to-riches |archive-date=December 31, 2012}}</ref> One story in the series delved into the family wealth of Chinese leader Xi Jinping.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Xi Jinping Millionaire Relations Reveal Fortunes of Elite |publisher=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-29/xi-jinping-millionaire-relations-reveal-fortunes-of-elite.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 9, 2014 |archive-date=July 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704222305/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-29/xi-jinping-millionaire-relations-reveal-fortunes-of-elite.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, before publishing the Xi story, Bloomberg executives and senior editors met with Chinese diplomats twice, without informing the journalists working on the story.<ref name="French">{{cite magazine |author=Howard W. French |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Bloomberg's Folly |url=https://www.cjr.org/feature/bloombergs_folly.php |magazine=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |access-date=December 7, 2014}}</ref> [[Zhang Yesui]], the [[Chinese ambassador to the United States]], reportedly threatened Bloomberg with consequences for its Chinese operations if it published the story.<ref name="French" /> Bloomberg's editor-in-chief, Matthew Winkler, reportedly refused to stop the story from being published. Then-CEO [[Daniel L. Doctoroff|Daniel Doctoroff]] also reportedly defended the investigation and insisted on publishing it, although he insisted on changes to soften the story's impact.<ref name="French" /> After the story was published in June 2012, the Chinese government ordered state enterprises not to subscribe to Bloomberg News. The company's website was also blocked on Chinese servers, and it was unable to obtain visas for journalists it wanted to send to China.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Edward Wong |author-link1=Edward Wong |author2=Christine Haughney |date=November 17, 2013 |title=Bloomberg News Suspends Reporter Whose Article on China Was Not Published |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/world/asia/reporter-on-unpublished-bloomberg-article-is-suspended.html |access-date=February 16, 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904092117/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/world/asia/reporter-on-unpublished-bloomberg-article-is-suspended.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The following year, Bloomberg shut down an ongoing investigation into the financial ties between a wealthy Chinese businessman and top Chinese leaders' families. Another planned article "about the children of senior Chinese officials employed by foreign banks" was also killed, according to Bloomberg employees.<ref name="nytimes-2013-11-09">{{cite news |author=Edward Wong |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Bloomberg News Is Said to Curb Articles That Might Anger China |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/09/world/asia/bloomberg-news-is-said-to-curb-articles-that-might-anger-china.html |access-date=February 16, 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416212919/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/09/world/asia/bloomberg-news-is-said-to-curb-articles-that-might-anger-china.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At least five journalists and editors, including the lead writer on the Xi story,<ref name="French" /> left the company after news reports about the decision appeared.<ref name="Demick-2015">{{Cite magazine |last=Demick |first=Barbara |date=May 5, 2015 |title=The Times, Bloomberg News, and the Richest Man in China |language=en-US |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-not-to-get-kicked-out-of-china |access-date=July 25, 2023 |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725144837/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-not-to-get-kicked-out-of-china |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the journalists said Bloomberg had disparaged "the team that worked so hard to execute an incredibly demanding story" and claimed it threatened the journalists who worked on the story with legal action if they discussed the incident publicly.<ref name="Folkenflik-2020">{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Bloomberg News Killed Investigation, Fired Reporter, Then Sought To Silence His Wife |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/14/828565428/bloomberg-news-killed-investigation-fired-reporter-then-sought-to-silence-his-wi |access-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414191751/https://www.npr.org/2020/04/14/828565428/bloomberg-news-killed-investigation-fired-reporter-then-sought-to-silence-his-wi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jim Romenesko |author-link=Jim Romenesko |date=March 24, 2014 |title=Ben Richardson Quits Bloomberg News Over Handling of Investigative Piece |url=http://jimromenesko.com/2014/03/24/ben-richardson-quits-bloomberg-news-over-handling-of-investigative-piece/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200811/http://jimromenesko.com/2014/03/24/ben-richardson-quits-bloomberg-news-over-handling-of-investigative-piece/ |archive-date=June 2, 2014 |access-date=June 1, 2014 |website=JimRomenesko.com}}</ref>

Bloomberg's top editors, including the senior editor on the stories, [[Laurie Hays]], and editor-in-chief Matthew Winkler denied that the stories were killed.<ref name="nytimes-2013-11-09" /> However, this was contradicted by several anonymous Bloomberg employees. According to one employee, Winkler had said, "If we run the story, we'll be kicked out of China."<ref name="nytimes-2013-11-09" /><ref name="Folkenflik-2020" /> [[Michael Bloomberg]], founder of the company, also denied the accusation, but noted that he had recused himself from the company's operations as he was mayor of New York.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ben Sisario |author-link=Ben Sisario |date=November 12, 2013 |title=Bloomberg Says News Service Did Not Kill Articles on China |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/13/business/media/bloomberg-says-news-service-did-not-kill-articles-on-china.html |access-date=February 16, 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521213023/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/13/business/media/bloomberg-says-news-service-did-not-kill-articles-on-china.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the incidents, Bloomberg set about trying to repair its relationship with the Chinese government. By 2015, Bloomberg's reporters began receiving visas again.<ref name="Demick-2015" /> Bloomberg Chairman [[Peter Grauer]] told the staff at the Bloomberg Hong Kong bureau that the company's sales team had done a "heroic job" of mending relations with Chinese officials who had indicated their displeasure about the publication of the Xi revelations. He also warned that if Bloomberg "were to do anything like" the Xi story again, the company would "be straight back in the shit-box."<ref name="French" />

Bloomberg was widely criticized for how it handled the controversy. [[Howard W. French|Howard French]], a professor of journalism, wrote that Bloomberg had "tainted its corporate identity and journalism brand to a degree that could last for years."<ref name="French" />

===2015 refocus===
In 2015, an internal memo written by editor-in-chief [[John Micklethwait]] was leaked to the public. This memo indicated an intent to refocus the agency to better target its core audience, "the clever customer who is short of time", and better achieve the goal of being "the definitive 'chronicle of capitalism.'"<ref name="Greenberg" /> This change led to a reduction in reporting on general interest topics in favor of content related to business and economics.<ref name="Greenberg"/>

===2018 redesign and paywall===
In 2018, Micklethwait announced a new digital design for Bloomberg News. Bloomberg uses a metered [[paywall]] to charge visitors for content, limiting users to view 10 free articles per month with unlimited re-read option, and 30 minutes of Bloomberg Television watch per day with reset at local midnight time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bloombergs-new-paywall-will-charge-users-35-a-month-1525285030|title=Bloomberg's New Paywall Will Charge Users $35 a Month|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=May 2, 2018|author=Benjamin Mullin|access-date=February 16, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=May 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503125656/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bloombergs-new-paywall-will-charge-users-35-a-month-1525285030|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomberg subscriptions|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/subscriptions/abgw2m846tx8qks/|website=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=May 20, 2020|archive-date=February 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228021156/https://www.bloomberg.com/subscriptions/abgw2m846tx8qks/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Bloomberg Businessweek]], a subsidiary of Bloomberg News, published an article alleging that the Chinese government had hacked several American companies, including [[Apple Inc.]] and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], by placing secret [[integrated circuit]]s into their computers. Apple and Amazon strongly denied the report. The incident became a long-running dispute between Bloomberg; the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] and the [[National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)|U.K. National Cyber Security Centre]] both issues statements supporting the companies' denials of the story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cimpanu |first=Catalin |date=October 7, 2018 |title=DHS and GCHQ join Amazon and Apple in denying Bloomberg chip hack story |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/dhs-and-gchq-join-amazon-and-apple-in-denying-bloomberg-chip-hack-story/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=ZDNET |language=en |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121455/https://www.zdnet.com/article/dhs-and-gchq-join-amazon-and-apple-in-denying-bloomberg-chip-hack-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Bloomberg published a follow-up article standing by its allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Jordan |last2=Riley |first2=Michael |date=February 12, 2021 |title=The Long Hack: How China Exploited a U.S. Tech Supplier |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2021-supermicro/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721093448/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2021-supermicro/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Moss |first=Sebastian |date=February 12, 2021 |title=Years later, Bloomberg doubles down on disputed Supermicro supply chain hack story |work=Data Center Dynamics |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/years-later-bloomberg-doubles-down-disputed-supermicro-supply-chain-hack-story/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121852/https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/years-later-bloomberg-doubles-down-disputed-supermicro-supply-chain-hack-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Bloomberg published a news release claiming to be from [[Vinci SA]], a French construction company, that it had discovered accounting irregularities and had to revise its earnings reports. The news release turned out to be a hoax. Vinci's stock briefly fell by 18% when Bloomberg published it, although it quickly recovered once it became clear it was not true. In 2019, France's stock markets regulator, the [[Autorité des marchés financiers (France)|Autorité des marchés financiers]], fined Bloomberg €5 million for publishing the report, stating that it should have known it was false.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pooler |first=Michael |date=December 16, 2019 |title=Bloomberg fined €5m over report of fake news release |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/32013b6a-202f-11ea-b8a1-584213ee7b2b |access-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727123759/https://www.ft.com/content/32013b6a-202f-11ea-b8a1-584213ee7b2b |url-status=live }}</ref> An appeals court reduced the fine to €3 million in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=September 16, 2021 |title=French court lowers Bloomberg fine over hoax Vinci statement -media reports |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/french-court-lowers-bloomberg-fine-over-hoax-vinci-statement-media-reports-2021-09-16/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727123759/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/french-court-lowers-bloomberg-fine-over-hoax-vinci-statement-media-reports-2021-09-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Michael Bloomberg presidential campaign ===
In November 2019, as [[Michael Bloomberg]] announced [[Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign|his presidential campaign]], editor-in-chief [[John Micklethwait]] ordered his staff not to investigate their boss, nor any other [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidates, while investigations into [[Donald Trump]] would continue, "as the government of the day".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/24/bloomberg-news-will-not-investigate-mike-bloomberg-or-his-democratic-rivals-during-primary.html |title=Bloomberg News will not investigate Mike Bloomberg or his Democratic rivals during primary |work=[[CNBC]] |first1=Lauren |last1=Hirsch |first2=Brian |last2=Schwartz |date=November 24, 2019 |access-date=November 26, 2019 |archive-date=November 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126031522/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/24/bloomberg-news-will-not-investigate-mike-bloomberg-or-his-democratic-rivals-during-primary.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequent reporting said Micklethwait was referring to a team of specialized investigative reporters, as opposed to the overall political team, but he would not elaborate or issue a public clarification despite newsroom staff wishing for him to do so. Investigative journalists and political reporters operate separately but reporting indicates this distinction would not be clear to the general public.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Grynbaum|first=Michael M.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/business/media/bloomberg-news-conflict-of-interest.html|title=Bloomberg News's Dilemma: How to Cover a Boss Seeking the Presidency|date=February 17, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 27, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227165425/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/business/media/bloomberg-news-conflict-of-interest.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following Bloomberg's announcement, the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' dropped Bloomberg as a source for the 2020 Presidential campaign, saying that "journalists should not choose targets based on their political affiliation."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/474333-houston-chronicle-stops-using-bloomberg-news-wire-stories-for-campaign|title=Houston Chronicle stops using Bloomberg News wire stories for campaign coverage|first=Justin|last=Wise|date=December 12, 2019|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216171350/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/474333-houston-chronicle-stops-using-bloomberg-news-wire-stories-for-campaign|url-status=live}}</ref> Former Bloomberg News DC Bureau Chief Megan Murphy also criticized the decision, saying it bars "talented reporters and editors from covering massive, crucial aspects of one of the defining elections of our time" and calling the decision to avoid coverage "not journalism".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/meganmurp/status/1198665230273974272|title=It is truly staggering that *any* editor would put their name on a memo that bars an army of unbelievably talented reporters and editors from covering massive, crucial aspects of one of the defining elections of our time. Staggering.|first=Megan|last=Murphy|date=November 24, 2019|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=December 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211211257/https://twitter.com/meganmurp/status/1198665230273974272|url-status=live}}</ref> Responding to the controversy, [[Michael Bloomberg]] told CBS News: "We just have to learn to live with some things." He added that his reporters "get a paycheck. But with your paycheck comes some restrictions and responsibilities."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/bloomberg-news-reporters-accept-restrictions-67554419|title=Bloomberg: His news reporters need to accept restrictions|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216172426/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/bloomberg-news-reporters-accept-restrictions-67554419|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bloomberg suspended his campaign on March 4, 2020, the day after [[Super Tuesday]].

=== 2024 Russian prisoner exchange ===
While the [[2024 Russian prisoner exchange]] was still in progress, Bloomberg News broke a [[news embargo]] by reporting information provided by the White House. Other publications, including the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', criticized Bloomberg for breaking the embargo, potentially jeopardizing the exchange, and for a Bloomberg editor's apparent boasting for being the one to first publish a breaking news story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Charlotte |date=2024-08-02 |title=Everybody Is Mad at Bloomberg for Its Embargo-Breaking Gershkovich Scoop |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/bloombergs-risky-embargo-breaking-evan-gershkovich-scoop.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Intelligencer |language=en}}</ref>

==''Bloomberg Businessweek''==
{{see also| Bloomberg Businessweek}}
[[Bloomberg L.P.]] bought weekly business magazine ''Businessweek'' from [[McGraw-Hill]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/14/business/media/14bizweek.html|title=Bloomberg Buys BusinessWeek From McGraw-Hill|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 13, 2009|author1=Stephanie Clifford|author2=David Carr|author-link1=Stephanie Clifford|access-date=March 18, 2013|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204060152/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/14/business/media/14bizweek.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The company acquired the magazine to attract general business to its media audience composed primarily of terminal subscribers. Following the acquisition, ''Businessweek'' was renamed ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-10-12/bloomberg-wins-bidding-for-businessweek|title=Bloomberg Wins Bidding For BusinessWeek|magazine=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|date=October 13, 2009|author=Tom Lowry|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 18, 2013}}</ref> Bloomberg Businessweek became a part of Bloomberg News after the acquisition from [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg L.P]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/businessweek|url-status=live|website=Businessweek.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128161521/http://www.bloomberg.com/businessweek |archive-date=January 28, 2015 }}</ref>

==Bloomberg Television==
{{see also| Bloomberg Television}}
[[Bloomberg Television]] is a 24-hour financial news television network. It was introduced in 1994 as a subscription service transmitted on satellite television provider [[DirecTV]], 13 hours a day, 7 days a week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/bloomberg-l-p-history/|title=Bloomberg L.P. History|publisher=FundingUniverse|access-date=March 19, 2013|archive-date=July 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707012913/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/bloomberg-l-p-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1995, the network entered the cable television market and by 2000, Bloomberg's 24-hour news programming was being aired to 200 million households.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/18/business/bloomberg-unit-to-announce-a-cable-deal.html|title=Bloomberg Unit To Announce A Cable Deal|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 18, 2000|author=Danny Hakim|access-date=March 19, 2013|archive-date=June 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624224736/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/18/business/bloomberg-unit-to-announce-a-cable-deal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Justin B. Smith|Justin Smith]] is CEO of the Bloomberg Media Group which includes Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Television and mobile, online and advertising-supported components of Bloomberg's media offerings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/focus/archive/2012/05/bloomberg-cloud-built-world-domination|title=Bloomberg: a cloud built for world domination|publisher=DatacenterDynamics|access-date=March 19, 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114181613/http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/focus/archive/2012/05/bloomberg-cloud-built-world-domination|archive-date=November 14, 2012}}</ref>

==''Bloomberg Markets''==
{{see also| Bloomberg Markets}}
Originally launched in July 1992 under the title ''Bloomberg: A Magazine for Bloomberg Users'', ''[[Bloomberg Markets]]'' was a monthly magazine given to all Bloomberg Professional Service subscribers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prweek.com/article/168343|title=MEDIA: Bloomberg's mag to be launched in the UK high street|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group#Haymarket Business Media|BrandRepublic]]|date=January 17, 2003|author=Ian Hall|access-date=March 19, 2013|archive-date=April 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428113056/http://www.prweek.com/article/168343|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to providing international financial news to industry professionals, the magazine included points for navigating terminal functionality. In 2010, the magazine was redesigned in an effort to update its readership beyond terminal users.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/press/bloomberg-strikes-again-132453|title=MEDIA: Bloomberg Strikes Again|magazine=[[AdWeek]]|access-date=March 19, 2013}}</ref> Ron Henkoff has been editor of ''Bloomberg Markets'' since 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberglink.com/people/ronald-henkoff/|title=MEDIA: Ronald Henkoff|publisher=Bloomberg Link|access-date=March 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201162031/http://www.bloomberglink.com/people/ronald-henkoff/|archive-date=December 1, 2012}}</ref> and Michael Dukmejian has been the magazine's publisher since 2009.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/24/idUS188318+24-Jun-2009+PRN20090624|title=Michael Dukmejian Joins BLOOMBERG MARKETS Magazine As Publisher|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=June 24, 2009|author=Angela Martin|access-date=March 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114155702/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/24/idUS188318%2B24-Jun-2009%2BPRN20090624|archive-date=November 14, 2012}}</ref>

==Bloomberg Opinion==
Bloomberg Opinion, formerly Bloomberg View, is an editorial division of Bloomberg News which launched in May 2011, and provides content from columnists, authors and editors about current news issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0411/Bloomberg_View_reveals_columnists_ed_board.html|title=Bloomberg View reveals columnists, editorial board|publisher=[[Politico]]|access-date=March 20, 2013|archive-date=May 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502031357/http://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0411/Bloomberg_View_reveals_columnists_ed_board.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Timothy L. O'Brien, a former New York Times reporter and editor, is senior executive editor of the division.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://talkingbiznews.com/media-news/obrien-named-editor-of-bloomberg-opinion/|title=O'Brien named editor of Bloomberg Opinion|newspaper=[[Talking Biz News]]|date=July 7, 2022|author=Chris Roush|access-date=January 11, 2023|archive-date=January 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112022308/https://talkingbiznews.com/media-news/obrien-named-editor-of-bloomberg-opinion/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bloomberg Editor-in-Chief John Micklethwait admitted in an email to staffers that [[Michael Bloomberg]] controls the editorial output of the Opinion section, stating "our editorials have reflected his views".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dreier |first=Hannah |date=February 27, 2020 |title=When the Billionaire Family Behind the Opioid Crisis Needed PR Help, They Turned to Mike Bloomberg |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/bloomberg-sacklers-opioid-crisis-public-relations |access-date=August 12, 2023 |website=ProPublica |language=en |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812124544/https://www.propublica.org/article/bloomberg-sacklers-opioid-crisis-public-relations |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Michael Bloomberg threatened to close Bloomberg View, part of the Bloomberg Opinion, after [[John Paulson]], a billionaire hedge fund manager gave him a call. Paulson was upset about a column by [[Matt Levine (columnist)|Matt Levine]] that suggested his record-breaking donation to [[Harvard University|Harvard]] should have gone to "literally any other charity." Bloomberg changed his mind over the weekend, but the columnist was given a talking to, according to people familiar with the incident.<ref name=":0" />

==Bloomberg Politics==
Bloomberg Politics provides political coverage via digital, print and broadcast media.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/now/press-releases/bloomberg-announces-first-new-digitally-led-multi-platform-brand-bloomberg-politics/|title=Bloomberg Announces First New Digital-Led, Multi-Platform Brand: Bloomberg Politics|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=May 4, 2014|access-date=September 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506000905/http://www.bloomberg.com/now/press-releases/bloomberg-announces-first-new-digitally-led-multi-platform-brand-bloomberg-politics/|archive-date=May 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/media/2014/08/8550157/mike-nizza-named-executive-editor-bloombergs-politics-site|title=Mike Nizza named executive editor of Bloomberg's politics site|publisher=[[Politico#State editions|Capital New York]]|date=August 4, 2014|author=Joe Pompeo|access-date=September 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909102603/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/media/2014/08/8550157/mike-nizza-named-executive-editor-bloombergs-politics-site|archive-date=September 9, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The multimedia venture, which debuted in October 2014, featured the daily television news program ''[[With All Due Respect (TV series)|With All Due Respect]]'', hosted by Bloomberg Politics Managing Editors [[Mark Halperin]] and [[John Heilemann]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2014/10/bloomberg-politics-kicks-off-196614|title=Bloomberg Politics kicks off|publisher=Politico|date=October 5, 2014|author=Hadas Gold|author-link=Hadas Gold|access-date=October 16, 2014|archive-date=October 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022220406/http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2014/10/bloomberg-politics-kicks-off-196614.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The program came to an end on December 2, 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/on-media/2016/11/bloomberg-to-end-with-all-due-respect-as-company-reorganizes-bloomberg-politics-231563|title=Bloomberg to end 'With All Due Respect' as company reorganizes Bloomberg Politics|publisher=Politico|author1=Kelsey Sutton|author2=Hadas Gold|author3=Joe Pompeo|access-date=March 1, 2017|archive-date=June 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623194207/https://www.politico.com/blogs/on-media/2016/11/bloomberg-to-end-with-all-due-respect-as-company-reorganizes-bloomberg-politics-231563|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/business/media/bloomberg-to-end-its-daily-politics-show.html|title=Bloomberg to End Its Daily Politics Show|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 17, 2016|author=Sydney Ember|issn=0362-4331|access-date=February 16, 2019|language=en-US|archive-date=December 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217002716/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/business/media/bloomberg-to-end-its-daily-politics-show.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Bloomberg Politics produced a documentary on the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 US presidential election]] called ''[[The Circus: Inside the Greatest Political Show on Earth]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/12/15/media/showtime-campaign-documentary-the-circus/|title=Showtime creating weekly documentary series about 2016 election 'circus'|website=[[CNN Business|CNN Money]]|date=December 15, 2015|author=Brian Stelter|access-date=January 26, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623194211/https://money.cnn.com/2015/12/15/media/showtime-campaign-documentary-the-circus/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2024, Bloomberg Politics covers political events in the Americas, United Kingdom, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloomberg Politics |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> Bloomberg's section on U.S. politics primarily covers national news and American foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/us-politics |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Journalism|United States}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ Bloomberg News] – official website (Subscription needed to read articles)
* [https://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.bloomberg_lp.cac75f34add153fa.html Hoover's Bloomberg L.P. Company profile]

{{Bloomberg}}
{{News agencies}}
{{White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room Seating Chart}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bloomberg News}}
[[Category:Bloomberg L.P.|News]]
[[Category:News agencies based in the United States]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in New York City]]

Suakpuilala

2026-02-26T05:17:08Z

DongXqz408: made some article initial version.

{{Short description|Chief of the Western Lushai Hills in the 19th century}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Suakpuilala
| image =
| title = Chief of [[Reiek]] {{lang|lus|Reiek Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Mângpawrha]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = [[Khalkam]]
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = c. 1880
| death_place = Tanhril (borough of present-day [[Aizawl]])
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = [[Khalkam]], [[Lianphunga]], and 10 more
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = [[Mangpawrha]]
| mother = [[Pi Buki]]
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
}}
'''Suakpuilala''', known by the British as '''Sukpilal''', was a [[Mizo people|Lushai]] chieftain from the Sailo clan who held considerable influence over the western Lushai Hills. Suakpuilala conducted a series of raids in British [[Tea plantation|tea plantations]] and entered a diplomatic relationship with the British soon after. He was also a patron of bazaars and riverines established in the Lushai Hills as the first official trade channels. A defender of his sovereignty, Suakpuilala's influence in the Lushai Hills was used by the British for mutual benefits.

==Chieftainship==
Suakpuilala began to grow his influence by annexing neighbouring chiefdoms. Another chief known as Ngura, who was a sworn enemy of Suakpuilala,{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=135}} died, and his son, Vonpilal, also died, leaving Ngura's widow, Impanee, to become regent to her infant son Lalhai. This weakening allowed Suakpuilala to take over their territories and grow his influence. Impanee broke her alliance with another chief, Vuta, and gave away land to Suakpuilala's son, Khalkam, who successfully defended it from Vuta.{{sfn|Elly|1978|p=3}}

In 1877, Khalkom began cultivating lands claimed by Poiboi, the chief of the Eastern Lushai Hills. This feud would escalate into an east-west war. The eastern chiefs, Liankhama, Lalburha, Chungleng and Bungtey, formed a coalition against the western chiefs of Suakpuilala, [[Khalkam]] and [[Lianphunga]].{{sfn|Elly|1978|p=13}} Upon the insistence of the chiefs, the British held a joint summit to meet and discuss peace, but the talks failed. Suakpuilala lost a village to the ''Pois'' in 1878. In April 1879, a party under Suakpuilala prepared the villages of Pawibawia, Liankhama and their vassal chief Chungleng. They turned back after encountering a village under Poiboi's grandmother between each other who encouraged them to turn back with friendly overtures.{{sfn|Elly|1978|p=14}}

===Anglo-Lushai Relations===
{{see also|Mizo Chieftainship}}

Suakpuilala worked with other chiefs to protect the sovereignty of the Lushai Hills. In October 1950, Suakpuilala, with Botai, Vonolel, Langroo and Lalpoe, held a negotiation with the British to protect them from ''Poi'' aggression. They offered tributes to the British and became ryots in order to ease the dread of the advance of the ''Pois''. The British rejected suzerainty as they preferred to have better borders to respect sovereignty.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=295}} Suakpuilala, in December, arrived at Colonel Lister alone to discuss diplomacy. In a document by Lister, Suakpuilala's statement is recorded. Suakpuilala professes that he is the chief of ten chiefs who acknowledge his authority and that many Lushai chiefs are paying tributes to the ''Pois'' who are more powerful than them. The captives from raids are traded to the ''Pois'' in return for guns and rifles, such as a 4-foot slave for two muskets. Suakpuilala offered Lister an elephant tusk and received coarse woollen cloth in return. Suakpuilala also apologized for the raids of 1849, stating that the Lushai chiefs weren't aware of which kukis were under British sovereignty. He finally highlighted how the surrender of Lalchukla in good faith led to his exile in 1844 from his village, which had made other chiefs less cooperative and trusting of the British. Suakpuilala left with a promise to return any British subjects in his possession as captives and to release them in good faith. Lister subsequently commented on Suakpuilala's initiatives as sincere.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=296}}

In 1855, Suakpuilala requested assistance from the British against chiefs who had attacked him.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=296}} Since he had sent elephant tusks as presents to Cachar, he argued his status as a tributary granted him the right to British protection. In response, the British reiterated their non-intervention policy regarding tribal affairs beyond their jurisdiction.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=297}} In 1863, witnesses who escaped captivity described the raid of Sylhet as being led by four chiefs, including Suakpuilala. The British authorities convinced Suakpuilala to give up his captives to restrain his raiding parties from entering British territory and to not cooperate with chiefs that did so. Suakpuilala was given an annual money payment, and presents were given by Suakpuilala as an acknowledgement of allegiance.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=298}} The following year, in 1864, Captain Stewart offered Suakpuilala aid in rice to offset the [[mautam| mautam famine]]. Suakpuilala sent his half-brother and his ''upa'' to negotiate with Stewart, to which they apologized for the Adampore raid. Stewart offered Suakpuilala a 50 rupee stipend monthly on the condition that he meet with him, bring his captives, and swear friendship. However, Suakpuilala was too ill to move and sent his son, who agreed to all the other terms. {{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=299}}

Suakpuilala participated in raids of British territory and subjects. These actions led to the British contemplating a punitive expedition against Suakpuilala.{{sfn|Elly|1978|p=4}} The failure of Suakpuilala to release the captives from the raid of Adampur led to this decision. Stewart prepared a police column and planned to locate Suakpuilala's stronghold and village until a message from Suakpuilala sent a tribute to Stewart.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=300}} Suakpuilala originally demanded compensation for the loss of three of his men during the attacks until he decided to act diplomatically on account of hearing of the police force being assembled. This led to Suakpuilala promising to become a peaceful neighbour to the British.{{sfn|Elly|1978|p=4}} Suakpuilala eventually release four captive boys. Chief Murchuilal, Sukpuilal's brother-in-law, opposed releasing any more captives to the British. This was due to their close alliance and Suakpuilala's dependence on Murchuilal to procure muskets. Another reason was that the captives were married off to Lushai subjects and, hence, unwilling to return as well.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=301}}

In November 1868, reports surfaced that Suakpuilala had raided villages in [[Hill Tipperah]] and caused a chief named Rungbhoom to take refuge in Sylhet.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=301}} A punitive expedition was arranged. General Nuthall commanded the column responsible for capturing Sukpuilal. However, bad weather and poor logistics prevented the column and subsidiary detachments from returning with results.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}} Sir W. Grey advocated for a show of power and military response and establishing a political officer in the Lushai Hills to prevent more hostilities. However, the government of India rejected this.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=303}} Due to this, Suakpuilala's raid went unpunished.

Under the British policy of conciliation with the Lushai chiefs, the deputy commissioner of Cachar, John Edgar, met with Suakpuilala to establish better borders. This followed several raids leading up to 1969, which prompted a need to demarcate the sovereignty of chiefdoms and British territory.{{sfn|Elly|1978|p=5}} The government of India approached the negotiations in good faith as they wished to avoid further collisions. Due to this, past offences and reparations were not mentioned.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=304}} Edgar met with Suakpuilala on 21 February 1870 to demarcate a boundary from Tipaimukh to Chatachura, which Suakpuilala agreed to on behalf of himself and the western chiefs to respect for one year.{{sfn|Elly|1978|p=5}} Suakpuilala entered another agreement on another diplomatic envoy of Edgar, represented the Western chiefs, and stated he had no authority over the eastern chiefs.{{sfn|Elly|1978|p=6}} During the agreements and negotiations for this second agreement, the raid of Alexandrapore saw the kidnapping of [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)]] and the change in policy with the [[Lushai Expedition]].

Suakpuilala also formed a coalition with his son and Lengpunga regarding the outbreak of the Second East-West War. Suakpuilala contacted British authorities, such as the deputy commissioner of Cachar, for help against the Eastern chiefs but was refused. Suakpuilala continued to advocate for peace channels with the British through his ''upas''.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=322}} Towards the 1880s, Suakpuilala's health began to decline. By the onset of the [[mautam]] famine, Suakpuilala died. His son Khalkam largely assumed his role as chief of the Western Lushai Hills.

==Biography==
{{Sukpilal family tree}}
===Early life===
Suakpuilala was the eldest son of [[Mângpawrha]] and [[Pi Buki]] and grandson of [[Lallula]]. His two brothers were Thangbhoonga and Runpunga. His two brothers did not possess his prestige and were subject to be subordinate to him in governance. His eldest sister was Routhangi, who lived among him as she married the ''upas'' (ministers) of her father, Mungpira. His second sister was chieftess [[Banaithangi]], who married Murchuilal.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=154}} To arrange for Banaitangi's wedding and bride price, Suakpuilala raided Adampore and brought six captives to work for her sister in her household as ''bawis''.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=81}}

Legend and oral history record Suakpuilala in his youth as having immense physical strength and skilled in lancing. At a tribal fair in Unokoti, Tripura, Suakpuilala was the champion of a javelin throwing competition. His prowess and feats were widespread among the Mizo chiefdoms and a household name in [[zawlbuk]]s across the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=162|}}
===Marriage and children===
Suakpuilala married Muichuilal's sister, who had married his sister Banaitangi. He had two other principal wives apart from her. Suakpuilala also held many concubines and slave girls. As a result, Suakpuilala had many children and grandchildren.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=162}}
His sons were Lalchhunga, Khalkam, Lengpunga, Sailenpui and Thanruma. His daughters by his principal wives were not recorded. To his illegitimate children outside of his three legal wives, Suakpuilala did grant villages to a few of them.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=162}}
===Death===
Suakpuilala's health began to degrade towards the late 1870s. He sent for help for the deputy commissioner of Cachar in his ailment. Major M.O Boyd did send a qualified doctor, but the lack of infrastructure and ease of travel in the Lushai Hills made it difficult and, hence, failed to save his life.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=162}} His death saw a succession war over his descendants that created anarchy in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=100}} It also occurred during a time of [[mautam|mautam famine]]. Relations with the British and Suakpuilala's tribe were affected as Suakpuilala's descendants extorted bazaars and markets in Lushai territory.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=572}}

==See also==
*[[Mizo Chieftainship]]
*[[Mizo people]]
*[[Ropuiliani]]
== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}

*{{cite book |last=Elly |first=E.B. |date=1978|orig-date=1893 |title=Military Report on The Chin-Lushai Country |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.17151/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Guite |first1=Jangkhomang|date= September 2014|title=Colonialism and its Unruly? The Colonial State and Kuki Raids in Nineteenth Century Northeast India |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1550073156 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1118–1232 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000674 |access-date=23 November 2024|id={{ProQuest|1550073156}} |url-access=subscription }}

*{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |date=1884 |title=History of the Relations of the government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Home Department Press}}

*{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |author-link=Sajal Nag |date=2008 |title=Pied Pipers in North-East India: Bamboo-flowers, Rat-famine and the Politics of Philanthropy. (1881-2007)|location=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-311-6}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=S. Thangboi |date=2019 |title=Riverine bazaars, trade and chiefs in the colonial Lushai Hills |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=22|issue=4 |pages=563–582 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 |access-date=21 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Western Lushai chiefs]]

Sinharaja Forest Reserve

2026-02-24T07:46:47Z

DongXqz408: put up first post more to come

{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup reorganize|d323ate=September 2016|date=November 2022}}
{{how-to|date=September 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sinharaja Forest Reserve
| image = 20160128 Sri Lanka 4132 Sinharaja Forest Preserve sRGB (25674474901).jpg
| image_caption = View of Sinharaja Forest Reserve with tea garden
| location = [[Sabaragamuwa Province|Sabaragamuwa]] and [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Provinces]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| nearest_city = [[Rakwana]]
| module=
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|ID = 405
|Year = 1988
|Criteria = Natural: ix, x
}}
| coordinates = {{coord|6|25|00|N|80|30|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 88.64
| established = April, 1978
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Department of Forest Conservation]]
}}

'''Sinharaja Forest Reserve''' is a [[forest reserve]] and a [[biodiversity hotspot]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. It is of international significance and has been designated a [[Biosphere Reserve]] and [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sinharaja Forest Reserve|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/405/|access-date=2020-08-17|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref>

According to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Sinharaja is the country's last viable area of primary [[Forestry in Sri Lanka|tropical rainforest]]. Over 60% of the trees are endemic, many of them considered rare. 50% of Sri Lankan's endemics species of animals (especially butterfly, amphibians, birds, snakes and fish species){{Clarify|reason=What does this sentence mean?|date=April 2024}}. It is home to 95% endemic birds.

The hilly virgin rainforest, part of the [[Sri Lanka lowland rain forests]] [[ecoregion]], was saved from the worst of commercial logging by its inaccessibility, and was designated a World Biosphere Reserve in 1978 and a World Heritage Site in 1988.

Because of the dense vegetation, wildlife is not as easily seen as at dry-zone national parks such as [[Yala National Park|Yala]]. The most common larger mammal is the endemic [[purple-faced langur]].

[[File:2023 sinharaja.jpg|thumb|alt=Sinharaja|forest cover of Sinharaja]]

Birds tend to move in [[Mixed-species feeding flock|mixed feeding flocks]], invariably led by the fearless [[Sri Lanka Drongo|Sri Lanka drongo]] and the noisy [[orange-billed babbler]]. Of Sri Lanka's 26 endemic birds, the 20 rainforest species all occur here, including the elusive [[red-faced malkoha]], [[green-billed coucal]] and [[Sri Lanka blue magpie]].

Reptiles include the endemic [[Trimeresurus trigonocephalus|green pit viper]] and [[hump-nosed viper]], and there are a large variety of amphibians, especially [[tree frog]]s. Invertebrates include the endemic [[Troides darsius|Sri Lankan birdwing butterfly]] and [[leech]]es.

== Etymology ==
Surrounded in dense fog, the dark and mysterious Sinharaja forest is steeped in deep legend and mystery. The word ''Sinharaja'' means lion- (සිංහ/சிங்கம் ''sinha'') king or kingdom (රාජ/ராஜா ''raja''), and a popular folk legend has it that a legendary lion lived in this protected forest.

== Geography ==

=== Location ===
Sinharaja Forest Reserve covers most of the [[Kalu Ganga]] basin and a small part of the northern [[Gin Ganga]]. Most of the forest (60%) is contained within the borders of [[Ratnapura District|Rathnapura District]]. The other parts include [[Galle District]] with 20% and [[Kalutara District|Kaluthara District]] with 20%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sinharaja Rain Forest Sri Lanka {{!}} Wildlife Places in Sri Lanka|url=https://www.ceylonexpeditions.com/sinharaja-rain-forest-sri-lanka|access-date=2020-09-29|website=www.ceylonexpeditions.com}}</ref>

=== Natural ===
The rainforest likely formed during the Jurassic period (from 200 million years to 145 million years ago). This forest encompasses an area of 36,000 hectares (88,960 acres/360 km2).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=Sri Lanka's Sinharaja rainforest reserve to be quadrupled in size|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/12/sri-lankas-sinharaja-rainforest-reserve-to-be-quadrupled-in-size/|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref> The reserve is only {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} from east to west, and a maximum of {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from north to south, but it is a treasure trove of [[endemic species]], including trees, insects, [[amphibia]]ns, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Sinharaja forest vegetation density has been estimated at 240,000 plants per hectare, the most dense rain forest in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahoora tented safari camps Sinharaja Rainforest|url=https://www.mahoora.lk/mahoora-locations/mahoora-tented-safari-camps-sinharaja-rainforest.html|access-date=2020-09-29|website=www.mahoora.lk|language=en-gb |author1=Bhanuka }}</ref>

== Human activity ==
The reserve is well-integrated with the local population who live in some dozens of villages dotted along the border. The villages are more in number along the southern border whilst the presence of some large estates along the northern border has resulted in only a few villages there. The locals collect herbal medicine, edible fruits, nuts, mushrooms, other non-timber forest products including bees honey and a sugary sap collected from a local palm species of the genus Caryota. The sap is converted into jaggery, a local brew and vinegar. Local people walk in the forest to collect the above items when they are not busy with their other agricultural pursuits. In addition, the crystal-clear water coming from dozens of streams is the main water source for all people living around the reserve. For generations, local people trekked through the forest from south to north to make their annual pilgrimage to the Adams Peak.

In 2013, [[UNESCO]] requested to halt the widening of the ancient road linking Lankagama area to Deniyaya along a 1-km jungle patch inside the protected area after a complaint from the Centre for Environmental and Nature Studies of Sri Lanka.
The construction was recommenced on August 10, 2020 after prolonged appeals to the Sri Lankan government by the villagers. A group of environmentalists carried out a big social media campaign and asked the Sri Lanka Forest Department, the President, the Ministry of Environment and the Central Environment authority to stop this but the Government of Sri Lanka has decided to go ahead with it to improve the livelihood of poor villagers of the area as it will clear only 0.006% of the total landmass of the forest.

Mr. Martin Wijesinhe was one of the most significant people in Sri Lanka in connection to the Sinharaja.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gunatilleke|first=Nadira|title=Unofficial 'caretaker' of Sinharaja|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/01/features/181828/unofficial-%E2%80%98caretaker%E2%80%99-sinharaja|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Daily News|language=en}}</ref> He was the unofficial guardian of the Sinharaja. He has been the protector and caretaker of it since the 1950s till his death in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lokuliyana|first=T.P.|title=Unofficial caretaker of Sinharaja, Martin Wijesinghe, dies|url=https://ceylontoday.lk/news/unofficial-caretaker-of-sinharaja-martin-wijesinghe-dies|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Ceylon Today|language=en}}</ref>

===Tourism===

The Sinharaja Forest Reserve is open to the public and accessible to tourists through four main entrances: Weddagala (north-west), Rakwana (north-east), Neluwa (south-west), and Deniyaya–Mederipitiya(South-East). In accordance with conservation regulations, all visitors are required to enter the forest accompanied by a licensed guide. A variety of guided hiking tours are available, led by certified Sri Lankan tour guides, offering insights into the forest’s rich biodiversity and ecological significance.<ref>https://thealwayswanderer.com/sinharaja-forest-sri-lanka/</ref>

== Endemic Mammals ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sinharaja Rain forest {{!}} Trekking in Sinharaja Rain Forest {{!}} Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka|url=https://bestoflanka.com/wildlife-safaris-sinharaja-forest-reserve-sri-lanka.php?lId=01|access-date=2020-09-29|website=bestoflanka.com}}</ref>
* [[Sri Lankan elephant|Sri Lankan elephant (''Elephas maximus maximus'')]]
* [[Sri Lankan leopard|Sri Lankan leopard (''Panthera pardus kotiya'')]]
* [[Sri Lankan sambar deer|Sri Lankan deer (''Rusa unicolor unicolor'')]]
* [[Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain|Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (''Moschiola meminna)'']]
* [[Sri Lankan jackal|Sri Lankan jackal (''Canis aureus naria'')]]
* [[Toque macaque|Toque macaque (''Macaca sinica'')]]
* [[Red slender loris|Red slender loris (''Loris tardigradus'')]]
* [[Purple-faced langur|Purple-faced langur (''Semnopithecus vetulus'')]]
* [[Crocidura hikmiya|Sinharaja shrew (''Crocidura hikmiya)'']]
* [[Golden palm civet|Golden palm civet (''Paradoxurus zeylonensis'')]]
* ''[[Paradoxurus aureus]]''
* [[Paradoxurus stenocephalus|Golden dry-zone palm civet (''Paradoxurus stenocephalus)'']]
* [[Paradoxurus montanus|Sri Lankan brown palm civet (''Paradoxurus montanus)'']]
* [[Yellow-striped chevrotain|Yellow-striped chevrotain (''Moschiola kathygre'')]]

== Gallery ==
Source:<ref>https://thealwayswanderer.com/sinharaja-forest-sri-lanka</ref>
<gallery>
SL Sinharaja Forest asv2020-01 img13.jpg|A waterfall in Sinharaja Rainforest
SL60butterfly.jpg|Common Birdwing
SL Sinharaja Forest asv2020-01 img01.jpg|Yellow-browed bulbul
SL Sinharaja Forest asv2020-01 img22.jpg|Purple-faced langur with baby
SL Sinharaja Forest asv2020-01 img08.jpg|A stream in the reserve
Tree canopy in Sinharaja.JPG|The high tree canopy in the reserve
Xenochrophis asperrimus.jpg|''[[Fowlea asperrimus]]''
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Protected areas of Sri Lanka]]

==Notes and references==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|2}}

{{World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka}}
{{Biosphere reserves of Sri Lanka}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1978 establishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Forest reserves of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Protected areas in Sabaragamuwa Province]]
[[Category:Protected areas in Southern Province, Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka lowland rain forests]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]]

Chandini S. Sasha

2026-02-16T10:28:57Z

DongXqz408: made initial details with sources!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandini S. Sasha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Chandini, Chandni Sharon
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1998{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[A (1998 Indian film)|A]]'' (1998) ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|A. K. 47]]'' (1999)
}}

'''Chandini S. Sasha''' is an Indian actress who is known for her roles in Kannada-language films such as ''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'' (1998) and ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|A. K. 47]]'' (1999).

== Early life and career ==
Chandini was born in Africa, where she was raised. She also studied briefly in Mysore.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140515/entertainment-sandalwood/article/%E2%80%98a%E2%80%99-lister-moonrise-chandini|title=An 'A' lister moonrise; Chandini|first=shashiprasad|last=sm|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=2014-05-14|access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref> She was living in New York and had competed in a beauty pageant, which won her the title of Miss Photogenic. One of [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]'s managers saw her photos and Upendra insisted on casting her for ''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'' (1998) despite the producers' inhibition to pay for her travel costs.<ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-29 |title=I can't believe the fan frenzy that our film A has received even after 25 years: Chandini Saasha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-cant-believe-the-fan-frenzy-that-our-film-a-has-received-even-after-25-years-chandini-saasha/articleshow/110439648.cms |access-date=2025-12-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She went on to star in the Kannada films ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|A. K. 47]]'' (1999) and ''[[Deepavali (2000 film)|Deepavali]]'' (2000). She briefly took a break from acting and pursued a master's degree and PhD in food and agriculture.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|date=2015-01-07 |title=Chandini Ssasha, the runaway star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chandini-the-runaway-star/articleshow/45788733.cms |access-date=2025-12-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|first=Kavya|last=Christopher}}</ref>

She forayed into Bhojpuri cinema through the film ''Ganga Jaisan Mai Hamar'' (2004) opposite [[Ravi Kishan]], which turned out to be a success. She then forayed into Gujarati cinema through ''Maru Ghar Kya Chhe'' (2001) co-starring [[Rita Bhaduri]], which was produced by Hindi film company Venus Worldwide Entertainment and featured her play a 16-year-old that ages into a 60-year-old.<ref name="T"/><ref name="IT">[https://indiantelevision.com/keyword/dr-chandni-sharon Dr Chandni Sharon ''Indian Television'']</ref>

Apart from acting, she worked as a RAPA (Radio & TV Professionals Association - Trust) committee member and a programme director at [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]].<ref name="IT"/><ref name="T"/> She also worked as distributor for [[Sony Pictures]], which released [[Pan Nalin]]'s ''[[Samsara (2001 film)|Samsara]]'' (2001) in India six years after its release and as a film consultant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/YdCkmkvrWqI|title="Chandini S.Sasha shares her experience of bringing out the film Samsara by Pan Nalin" #galattaplus|date=December 31, 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="D"/>

She returned to acting through the Kannada film ''Khaidi'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-15 |title=Chandini Is Back With a Bang |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/Apr/16/chandini-is-back-with-a-bang-743033.html |access-date=2025-12-06|website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She was a part of the crew for ''[[Barroz 3D]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/j4iLE1ZLq2A|title=Dr. Chandini S. Sasha on working for Barroz in 3D #galattaplus #barroz|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/siddharth-chandani-sasha-on-pushpa-2-monopolising-cinema-halls-money-talks-9752122/|title=Siddharth, Chandani Sasha on Pushpa 2 monopolising cinema halls: 'Money talks…'|date=December 30, 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'' || Chandini || [[Kannada]] || rowspan="7"|credited as Chandini
|-
|rowspan="2"|1999||''[[Rajasthan (film)|Rajasthan]]''||Hariharan's sister||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|A. K. 47]]'' || Thulasi || Kannada [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Deepavali (2000 film)|Deepavali]]'' || Nandhini || Kannada
|-
| 2001 || ''Maru Ghar Kya Chhe'' || || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
| 2002 || ''Love U'' || || Kannada
|-
| 2004 || ''Ganga Jaisan Mai Hamar'' || || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|-
| 2015 || ''Khaidi'' || || Kannada ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|12836606}}

[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau

2026-02-14T07:35:20Z

DongXqz408: made some data w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Anti-corruption agency in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala
| native_name =
| native_name_a = {{lang|ml|വിജിലൻസ് – അഴിമതി നിരോധന ബ്യൂറോ, കേരളം}}
| native_name_r =
| type =
| seal = VACB Kerala Logo.png
| seal_size =
| seal_caption = Logo of Kerala VACB
| seal_alt =
| logo =
| logo_size = 170
| logo_caption = Logo of VACB
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| formed = 1964
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| agency_type =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Kerala]], under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]]
| status =
| headquarters = PMG, Vikas Bhavan P.O, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]-695033
| coordinates = 
| motto = नियतं करु कुरु कर्म त्वं {{!}} "Corruption, a crime against the nation."
| employees =
| budget =
| minister_type =
| minister1_name = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]; Minister for Vigilance
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister_type =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = [[Manoj Abraham]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1_position = Director
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| parent_department = Vigilance Department, [[Government of Kerala]]
| parent_agency =
| parent_agency_type = 
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 =
| website = https://vigilance.kerala.gov.in
| agency_id =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}
'''Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala''' ('''VACB''') is an agency of [[Government of Kerala]] constituted to investigate offences of bribery and corruption falling within the purview of [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]] in the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau |url=https://www.vigilance.kerala.gov.in/about_us |website=Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623201350/https://www.vigilance.kerala.gov.in/about_us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corrupt or honest? Vigilance list on Kerala govt servants soon |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/05/30/vigilance-to-prepare-list-of-corrupt-honest-govt-servants.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> The VACB was established in 1964 and functions under the administrative control of the Vigilance Department of the Government of Kerala. The VACB has its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of Kerala, and has several regional offices across the state.

As the sole specialized agency in Kerala which investigates corruption offences, the Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau ensures that offenders are brought to justice and it constantly and continuously strives to keep Kerala corruption-free. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is the current Minister for Vigilance. [[Manoj Abraham]] IPS is the current Vigilance Director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major reshuffle in Kerala Police; Manoj Abraham to be Vigilance Director |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/crucial-reshuffle-among-kerala-police-top-brass-manoj-abraham-to-be-vigilance-director-1.7677822 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=9 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Organization==

=== Vigilance Department ===
The Vigilance Department functions at the secretariat level and is in charge of organising vigilance administration and creating and monitoring anti-corruption policies. The vigilance department supervises the vigilance and anti-corruption bureau and other vigilance units of the Government of Kerala. The department is headed politically by the Minister for Vigilance and administratively by the Additional Chief Secretary to Government, a senior IAS Officer.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Rules of Business of the Government of Kerala: Part II – First Schedule (See Rule 4)
|url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf
|website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala
|publisher=Government of Kerala
|access-date=14 November 2025
}}</ref>
=== Directorate ===
The Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau was established in 1964 as a separate department under the Administrative Control of a Director to deal exclusively with the investigation of corruption cases utilizing Police personnel deputed to it as its own executive Staff. The Vigilance & Anti-corruption Bureau is headed by the Director who is of the rank of [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP). This position is also known as Vigilance Director. The current Vigilance Director is Sri [[Manoj Abraham]], IPS, a [[Director general of police|DGP]]-ranked officer in the Kerala cadre. He has earlier worked in [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]] and considered to be an expert in Financial Crimes Investigation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corrupt or honest? Vigilance list on Kerala govt servants soon |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/05/30/vigilance-to-prepare-list-of-corrupt-honest-govt-servants.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission and Vision |url=https://www.vigilance.kerala.gov.in/mission_and_vision |website=Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau Kerala |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623201353/https://www.vigilance.kerala.gov.in/mission_and_vision |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau headquarters is located at [[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram City]]. The VACB Headquarters is the office of the Director, Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau.

At the headquarters, The Vigilance Director is assisted by an [[Inspector-general of police#India|Inspector General of Police]] (IGP). There are two Superintendents of Police (SPs) for administrative and intelligence affairs.

For the convenience of administration, the State of Kerala is divided into four ranges headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP). A range is a group of vigilance units. A range consists of three or more units. A range is further divided into units, There are fourteen VACB Units in 14 districts of Kerala. Each unit has jurisdiction over the respective revenue districts. Each unit is headed by an officer of the rank of [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (DySP). He/She is assisted by Inspectors of Police, Sub Inspectors of Police, Assistant Sub Inspectors, and Civil Police Officers.

The officers are drawn from the general executive cadre of the [[Kerala Police|Kerala Police Department]] and serve in the bureau on deputation. They include officers at various ranks, such as CPOs, SCPOs, SIs, IPs and bring policing and investigative experience into anti-corruption operations. The senior officers, such as DySPs, SPs and above ranking officers are appointed by the Government from the [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] cadre or [[State Police Services|KPS]] cadre.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Organizational Structure of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala
|-
! Range !! Units Covered !! Head of Unit !! Supervising Officer
|-
| Southern Range
{{Small|(HQ: [[Thiruvananthapuram]])}}
| [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] || Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP) || Superintendent of Police (SP)
|-
| Eastern Range
{{Small|(HQ: [[Kottayam]])}}
| [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] || Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP) || Superintendent of Police (SP)
|-
| Central Range
{{Small|(HQ: [[Ernakulam]])}}
| [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] || Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP) || Superintendent of Police (SP)
|-
| Northern Range
{{Small|(HQ: [[Kozhikode]])}}
| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] || Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP) || Superintendent of Police (SP)
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Special Units of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Units of Vigilance and Anti-corruption Bureau |url=https://vigilance.kerala.gov.in/page/directorate-wing}}</ref>
|-
! Unit Name !! Focus Area !! Head of Unit !! Supervising Officer
|-
| Special Investigation Unit-I (SIU 1) || High-profile and sensitive corruption cases. || Superintendent of Police (SP), SIU-I || IGP/Director
|-
|Special Investigation Unit-II (SIU 2)
|High-profile and sensitive corruption cases.
|Superintendent of Police (SP), SIU-II
|IGP/Director
|-
|Special Cells
{{Small|([[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Ernakulam]] and [[Kozhikode]])}}
|Investigation of Vigilance Cases relating to the amassment of disproportionate assets or the Confidential Verification of information. Statewide jurisdiction
|Superintendent of Police (SP)
|IGP/Director
|-
| Intelligence Cell
{{Small|(HQ: Directorate, [[Thiruvananthapuram]])}}
| Intelligence gathering on corrupt officials/corruption, Internal vigilance, source development || Superintendent of Police (SP)
(Intelligence)
| IGP / Director
|-
| Cyber Cell and Cyber Forensic Lab || Digital forensics, cyber surveillance, electronic evidence handling || Inspector / DySP (Cyber) || IGP/Director
|-
| Legal Wing || Prosecution, Legal scrutiny, coordination with prosecution, court matters. || Additional Director of Prosecution (Vigilance) assisted by Legal Advisors and Public Prosecutors. || Director
|}
===Hierarchy===
* Director, VACB
*Inspector general of police, Vigilance
*Superintendent of Police, VACB
*Deputy Superintendent of Police, VACB
*Inspector of Police, VACB
*Sub Inspector of Police, VACB
*Assistant Sub Inspector, VACB
*Sr. Civil Police Officer
*Civil Police Officer

==Functions==

The primary function of the VACB is to investigate [[corruption]] and malpractices in government departments, [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|public sector undertakings]], and [[Local self-government in India|local self-government institutions]] in Kerala. The VACB receives complaints from the public and also initiates [[Suo motu|suo-motu]] inquiries based on media reports or other sources of information. The VACB investigates cases of bribery, embezzlement, misuse of public funds, abuse of power, and other acts of corruption committed by state government employees or by central government employees in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Vigilance can file case, even against central govt officers: High Court |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1123695&u |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

The VACB also conducts preventive measures to prevent corruption and malpractices in government institutions. The VACB conducts surprise inspections and raids on government offices and also conducts awareness programs for government officials and the general public on the harmful effects of corruption.

The VACB conducts Investigations/Enquiries into the following types of allegations involving Government Servants and Public Servants including those working in the Public Sector Undertakings of the State Government.
* Criminal misconduct of Public Servants as defined in PC Act 1988.
* Dishonest or improper conduct or abuse of power by Public Servants.
* Gross dereliction of duty or negligence.
* Misappropriation of public funds.
* Amassment of wealth disproportionate to the known sources of income.
* Misuse of Public money or property.
* Preventive vigilance actions and activities.
apart from this the bureau also conducts Vigilance Enquiries, Quick Verifications, Confidential Verifications and Surprise Checks. The bureau also collects intelligence reports on corrupt officials and maintains their records. The VACB launched WhatsApp portal for reporting corruptions and complaints. The WhatsApp number is 9447789100.

==Notable cases==

* [[K. M. Mani#Bar Bribery scam|Bar bribery scam]]
* [[Palarivattom Flyover Scam]]
* [[Palmolein Oil Import Scam]]
*

==Courts and Tribunals==
The VACB files cases against the accused in special courts and tribunals set up exclusively to handle corruption-related cases. These courts and tribunals are commonly known as Vigilance Courts or Special Courts.

There are several Vigilance Courts and Tribunals in Kerala that are empowered to hear and dispose of corruption cases. These courts and tribunals are established under the Kerala Lok Ayukta Act, 1999, and the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]].

'''Special Judge (Vigilance), Thiruvananthapuram''': This court has jurisdiction over cases registered by the VACB in Thiruvananthapuram district.

'''Special Judge (Vigilance), Ernakulam:''' This court has jurisdiction over cases registered by the VACB in Ernakulam district.

'''Special Judge (Vigilance), Kozhikode:''' This court has jurisdiction over cases registered by the VACB in Kozhikode district.

'''Special Judge (Vigilance), Thrissur''': This court has jurisdiction over cases registered by the VACB in Thrissur district.

'''Special Judge (Vigilance), Kannur''': This court has jurisdiction over cases registered by the VACB in Kannur district.

'''Special Court for Corruption Cases, Kochi''': This court has jurisdiction over cases registered by the VACB in the Kochi City Police Commissionerate area.

'''Vigilance Tribunal, Thiruvananthapuram''': This tribunal hears appeals against the orders of the VACB regarding departmental proceedings against government officials.

Apart from these courts and tribunals, the VACB also has the power to file cases against elected representatives in the High Court of Kerala, as per the directions of the [[Lok Ayukta]]. The Lok Ayukta is an independent ombudsman appointed by the state government to investigate cases of corruption against public officials. In conclusion, the Vigilance Courts and Tribunals in Kerala play a crucial role in ensuring that corrupt officials are brought to justice. These courts and tribunals provide a speedy and effective mechanism to deal with corruption cases, and their establishment is a significant step towards promoting transparency and accountability in government institutions.

== Initiatives ==
The VACB has set up a toll-free number "'''1064"''' for the public to report corruption, mismanagement, nepotism and bribery by government officials. Apart from that, a system has been set-up to report corruption on WhatsApp and website;- http://publicvigil.in

* Operation "JASOOS"
The VACB has conducted flash raids at 53 Regional Transport Offices as part of ‘Operation Jasoos’.

== Controversies ==
The VACB has faced criticism for its slow pace of investigation and lack of coordination with other law enforcement agencies. The VACB has also been accused of selective targeting of individuals and political bias in its investigations.

== Former chiefs ==

* MR Ajith Kumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Anil Kant]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* B. Syed Mohammed Yasin [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Lokanath Behera|Loknath behra]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Jacob Thomas (police officer)|Jacob Thomas]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[T. P. Senkumar|TP. Senkumar]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Jacob Punnoose]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]

==See also==

*[[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Lokayukta]]
* [[Kerala Lok Adalat]]
* [[:Category:Corruption in Kerala|Corruption in Kerala]]
* [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]]
* [[Kerala Police#Crime Branch|Crime Branch]]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala}}
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]
[[Category:Government of Kerala]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Corruption in Kerala]]

Indo-Tibetan Border Police

2026-02-11T08:08:20Z

DongXqz408: small fix

{{Short description|Indian border guard for the Indo-Tibetan border}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Indo-Tibetan Border Police
| commonname =
| abbreviation = ITBP
| logo = ITBP Logo.svg
| logocaption = Emblem of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag = ITBP Flag.svg
| flagcaption = Indo-Tibetan Border Police Flag
| motto = शौर्य दृढ़ता कर्म निष्ठा ''Shaurya'' ''Dridhata'' ''Karm Nishtha''
| mottotranslated = ''Valour'' ''Steadfastness and Commitment''
| mission =
| formedyear = {{start date and age|df=y|1962|10|24}}
| formedmonthday =
| preceding1 =
| employees = 89,432 active personnel<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf|title=MHA Annual Report 2016-2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| budget = {{INRConvert|11324.08|c|1}} (2026-27)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2026 |title=DEMAND NO. 51, Demands for Grants, 2026-2027, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe51.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2026 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| legalpersonality =
| nongovernment =
| country = India
| federal =
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 = Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act, 1992
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| chief1name = [[Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Director General]]
| unittype =
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| website = [https://itbpolice.nic.in itbpolice.nic.in]
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}

The '''Indo-Tibetan Border Police''' ('''ITBP''') is a [[Central Armed Police Forces|central armed police force]] in [[India]], under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. It is responsible for guarding [[Border guard|India's border]] with [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[China]]. It was formed in the aftermath of the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962.

==History==
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) was established 24 October 1962, following the [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Narender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xG4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA363 |title=Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, Structures and Doctrines |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-38009-2 |editor=Harsh V. Pant |pp=363–384 |chapter=Paramilitary forces and central armed police forces of India: Punching below their capabilities}}</ref> It was raised under the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] Act primarily to create a resistance force from among the civilian population against foreign encroachments and infiltration.<ref name=":1" /> It had a strength of 4 battalions and was deployed in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the areas of present-day [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":1" /> It collected intelligence and worked on improving Indian communication systems along the Chinese border.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} ITBP is said to have taken part in [[1965 Indo-Pakistani War|1965 Indo Pakistani War]] as well as the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo Pakistani war of 1971]].<ref name="j" />

In 1975, the charter of ITBP was changed and it was made responsible for the management of India's northern borders to guard against illegal movements across borders and the exploitation of borders by criminals.<ref name=":1" /> In 1978 the force was reorganized with 9 service battalions, 4 specialist battalions and 2 training centres. The raising officer of the ITBP was Lt Col. Nasib Singh of the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Natu (Retd) |first=Brigadier Vijay |title=Major General AV Natu, PVSM, MVC A Soldier's Soldier: Saviour of Poonch 1971 |year=2023}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2026}}

ITBP provided security services for the [[1982 Asian Games]] as well as [[7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[1983 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]].<ref name="j">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |title=Baptism by fire: Raised in first week of 1962 war, how ITBP has grown in size & special role |url=https://theprint.in/defence/baptism-by-fire-raised-in-first-week-of-1962-war-how-itbp-has-grown-in-size-special-role/1187238/#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16888871224594&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fdefence%2Fbaptism-by-fire-raised-in-first-week-of-1962-war-how-itbp-has-grown-in-size-special-role%2F1187238%2F |website=[[The Print]] |date=30 October 2022 |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820200118/https://theprint.in/defence/baptism-by-fire-raised-in-first-week-of-1962-war-how-itbp-has-grown-in-size-special-role/1187238/#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16888871224594&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fdefence%2Fbaptism-by-fire-raised-in-first-week-of-1962-war-how-itbp-has-grown-in-size-special-role%2F1187238%2F |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=January 2026}} In 1987, 6 more battalions of ITBP were raised to stop bank robberies in the state of Punjab, in the final stages of the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|insurgency in Punjab]].<ref name ='j'/> From 1989 to 2004, the ITBP also had a minor presence in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to combat the [[insurgency in Kashmir]].<ref name="j" />

In 1992, an ITBP Act was passed by the Parliament, making ITBP responsible for guarding the entire Indo-Tibetan border, 3,488 kilometres long from the [[Karakoram Pass]] in [[Ladakh]] to Jarep La in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":1" /> The rules of the ITBP act were framed in 1994.<ref name ='j'/> In 2004, ITBP replace the [[Assam Rifles]] in [[Sikkim]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It previously worked in cooperation with the Assam Rifles for patrolling the border. This decision was made on the basis of recommendations made by a committee set up in the aftermath of the 1999 [[Kargil War]] under the principle of "One Border, One Force".<ref name="j" />

== Organization ==
The ITBP is divided into 2 commands which are headed by an [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]] and 5 frontiers each headed by an [[Inspector General of Police]] (IG). These frontiers are further divided into 15 sectors each headed by a Deputy Inspector General (DIG).<ref name ='j'/>

It has 64 battalions (60 regular and 4 specialist), 17 training centres and 7 logistics establishments above 64 battalions include 2 rescue battalions which are deputed to the [[National Disaster Response Force]].<ref name ='j'/>

== Roles ==
The primary role of the ITBP is to patrol the 3,488-km [[India-China border]] from the [[Karakoram Pass]] in [[Ladakh]] to Diphu La in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], for which it has 32 battalions and 157 outposts. The border posts patrolled by ITBP are as high as 18,900 and vulnerable to high velocity [[storms]], snow blizzards, avalanches, and landslides, besides the hazards of high altitude and extreme cold, where the temperature dips up to minus 40-degree Celsius. The ITBP conducts long and short range patrols to keep an effective vigil on the inaccessible and uninhabited areas located near the border.<ref name ='j'/>

In peacetime, ITBP has the role of keeping vigil on ingress routes and prevent border violations, control trans-border crimes, illegal traffic and unauthorised civilian ingress and egress. It is tasked with coordination with the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB).<ref name=":1" /> In wartime, the force comes under the operational control of the [[Indian Army]], its role includes securing vital installations, law and order responsibilities along the border and any occupied areas, guarding infiltration routes, and acting as guides to the Army.<ref name=":1" />

Disaster rescue is the other major role of the ITBP. It is the first responder for natural disasters in the [[Himalayas]] and has 8 Regional Response Centres in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Northeast India]].

The force has undertaken numerous mountaineering expeditions. Its skiers have been national champions, who have competed in Winter Olympics. Its river rafters have created international history in rafting through the turbulent white waters of the Brahmaputra, the Indus and the Ganges. The Force has created a milestone by becoming the first Central Paramilitary Force to win the Best Marching Contingent Trophy in the Republic Day parades in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2011. It broke new ground in 1998 when it sent the first-ever police tableau of the country to participate in the Republic Day Parade. ITBP is at the forefront of a movement for the preservation of Himalayan [[Natural environment|environment]] and ecology.

ITBP had provided a [[quarantine]] camp at Chhawala in New Delhi for potentially infected persons during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] who were evacuated from [[Wuhan]]. It had also set up camps at its other locations in the country for further quarantine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-fights-corona-itbp-to-set-up-4-new-quarantine-sites/articleshow/74615255.cms|title=India fights coronavirus: ITBP to set up 4 new quarantine sites|date=March 13, 2020|first=Rohan|last=Dua|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313183731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-fights-corona-itbp-to-set-up-4-new-quarantine-sites/articleshow/74615255.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also been credited with running the world's largest Sardar Patel Covid Care Centre at SPCCC, Radha Soami Beas, Chhatarpur, New Delhi when it treated coronavirus patients during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/itbp-covid-centre-with-500-oxygen-beds-starts-in-delhi-over-110-admitted/articleshow/82262504.cms|title=ITBP COVID centre with 500 oxygen-beds starts in Delhi; over 110 admitted|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=26 April 2021 |access-date=29 March 2022|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329114045/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/itbp-covid-centre-with-500-oxygen-beds-starts-in-delhi-over-110-admitted/articleshow/82262504.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Chitkul border of India.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Chitkul Village, as seen from the road to the ITBP checkpost|alt=|right]]

ITBP has been involved in greening the Himalayan regions especially in Inner [[Himalayas]]. Being the only human presence in some areas close to China border, it has taken on itself the task of maintaining the delicate balance of flora and fauna.

ITBP has been involved in providing personal securities to VVIPs such as [[Murli Manohar Joshi|Murali Manohar Joshi]], [[Omar Abdullah]] and [[Mehbooba Mufti]] but [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] is considering to withdraw it from protection duties.

== Personnel ==
===Training===
ITBPs major training centre is located at [[Mussoorie]], in [[Uttarakhand]]. The Training Academy was established in 1976 and trains officers of the force. The training programme for Subordinate Officers of the force are conducted at '''Central Training College''', [[Alwar]] and '''Basic Training College''', Bhanu ([[Haryana]]). Specialised training programmes in rock craft, explosives handling etc. are also conducted here. Ace mountaineer and [[Padma Shri]] awardee, [[Harbhajan Singh (mountaineer)|Harbhajan Singh]], IG heads this institution. Keeping in view the evolving security scenario of the country, ITBP established a '''Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare (CIJW) School''' at an altitude of 6,000 feet in the heart of extremely tough Himalayan mountains, at Mahidanda in [[Uttarkashi]] district. The CIJW school (distinct from the premier CIJWS of the Indian Army) provides training to ITBP's men and officers in anti-[[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxal]] operations. Jungle warfare, handling of explosives, rock craft, survival in adverse conditions, unarmed combat, and guerrilla warfare are some of the subjects taught here. On account of demands for realistic anti-Naxal training the CIJW School of ITBP was shifted to [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]].

The training regime, formulated under the close supervision of Rajiv Mehta, IPS and executed on the ground by Sanjeev Raina, DIG is extremely demanding both mentally and physically, needing special preparation.
The presence of the force along the Indo-China border where it maintains vigil along the extremely difficult high altitude border area. The troops of the force keep a sharp eye on any violation of the border, trans-border smuggling, and affords a sense of security to the remotely located isolated settlements. The altitude where the troops are deployed range up to 18,800 feet and the temperature plummets to minus 30 degrees Celsius during winter with snowfall of more than ten feet.

The Himveers are taught to function effectively while always keeping in mind human rights and the codes of war which always guide their conduct.

The '''Basic Training Centre''' at Bhanu, Haryana; '''ITBP Academy''' at [[Mussoorie|Mussourie]] and the '''Mountaineering & Skiing Institute''' at [[Auli, India|Auli]] run the training programmes and conduct indoor and outdoor training activities, in pursuance of this mission.

ITBP is building a full-fledged recreation and training centre in [[Belgaum]] at Halbhavi. [[Belgaum]] provides the best climate for recreation and ITBP will relocate the personal and will have large family bases in Belgaum for its soldiers after high altitude stress.

Personnel of veterinary wing of ITBP are trained in yak handling and management, at [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]-National Research Institute on Yak. [[Yak]]s are used by ITBP for transportation and logistics.

The ITBP is trained in the '''Civil Medical Camp''' for [[disaster management]], and addressing [[Nuclear and radiation accidents|nuclear]], biological and chemical disasters.

It has also established a National Centre for Training in Search, Rescue & Disaster response at Bhanu, Haryana which is imparting training to personnel of ITBP and other Paramilitary / State Police Forces. There is also a training centre for dogs at Basic Training centre situated at Bhanu. The centre is known as NICD.

=== Ranks and insignia ===
;Officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (ITBP)}}
|}

;Personnel below officer rank
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (ITBP)}}
|}

===Community activities===
====Sports====
The ITBP organize an ice-hockey team which is considered one of the strongest in the country with many of its players also participating in the national team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indo-Tibet Border Police Defeat Army To Win Ladakh Ice Hockey Tournament|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indo-tibet-border-police-defeat-army-to-win-ladakh-ice-hockey-tournament-1984036|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413100734/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indo-tibet-border-police-defeat-army-to-win-ladakh-ice-hockey-tournament-1984036|url-status=live}}</ref> The team have won the [[Indian Ice Hockey Championship]] on at least three occasions, most recently in 2019.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Ladakh: ITBP wins National Ice hockey tournament|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/ladakh-itbp-wins-national-ice-hockey-tournament20190127162406/|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413095801/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/ladakh-itbp-wins-national-ice-hockey-tournament20190127162406/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Social work====
ITBP also conducts civic action programmes and Border Area Development Programmes for development of local population in the border areas and areas where the Force is deployed.It conducts a large number of civic action programmes in the remote border and terrorist affected areas to provide free and expert medical, health and hygiene care to the civilian population in remote villages.

ITBP is the only Central Armed Police Force in India, which has combatised stress counsellors in its field formations Including the ranks of Deputy Commandants ESC, Assistant Commandant-ESC, Inspector-ESC, Sub Inspector-ESC and Head Constable-ESC. These uniformed stress counsellors also play a major role in improving education for ITBP wards and the local children near ITBP Units. There are 21 ITBP public schools across the country run by ESC personnel of ITBP Police Force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/itbpschools.html |title=Home | Indo Tibetan Border Police, Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=2017-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927155942/http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/itbpschools.html |archive-date=27 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:Nathu La Pass - Indian Army Dancing with Civilians.jpg|thumb|305x305px|ITBP personnel interacting with civilians in Nathu La|alt=|right]]
ITBP schools are located in remote areas like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Leh and Sonipat, Dwarka Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/border-infrastructure-cause-for-concern-says-rajnath-singh-4871869/|title = Border infrastructure cause for concern, says Rajnath Singh|date = 3 October 2017|access-date = 8 February 2022|archive-date = 8 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220208074232/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/border-infrastructure-cause-for-concern-says-rajnath-singh-4871869/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-wants-5-districts-to-be-part-of-border-area-scheme/articleshow/48149167.cms|title=U'khand wants 5 districts to be part of border area scheme | Dehradun News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2015 |access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208074237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-wants-5-districts-to-be-part-of-border-area-scheme/articleshow/48149167.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arunachal24.in/itbp-organised-excursion-tour-for-border-area-students/|title=ITBP organised Excursion Tour for Border Area Students | Arunachal24|date=19 November 2019|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414230203/https://arunachal24.in/itbp-organised-excursion-tour-for-border-area-students/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1518452|title=School children from Kondagaon district of Chhattisgarh, call on Union Home Minister|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208074238/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1518452|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Himveer Wives' Welfare Association (HWWA) ===
Himveer Wives' Welfare Association is a welfare wing of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itbpolice.nic.in/HWWA.html|title=Himveer Wives Welfare Association|access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207082815/https://www.itbpolice.nic.in/HWWA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a non-profit organisation that works for welfare of spouses, children or any dependents of ITBP personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/16/dont-let-your-husband-remarry-itbp-tells-wives-of-its-troops-in-duty-book-1594201.html|title=Don't let your husband remarry, ITBP tells wives of its troops in duty book|access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207134224/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/16/dont-let-your-husband-remarry-itbp-tells-wives-of-its-troops-in-duty-book-1594201.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. The association aims to rehabilitate battle casualties and widows of those who are killed in action in the line of duty. Other than that, the association organises vocational training and empowers the beneficiaries. There are more than 88,000 members in the association. The association also works for the welfare of local population in the remote Himalayan region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/01/16/himveer-wives-welfare-assn-donate-to-villagers/|title=Himveer Wives Welfare Ass'n donate to villagers | the Arunachal Times|date=16 January 2020 |access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207133438/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/01/16/himveer-wives-welfare-assn-donate-to-villagers/|url-status=live}}</ref> The formal registration of the family welfare organization of ITBP named "Himveer Wives' Welfare Association" was done on 19 May 1998 in New Delhi. Its motto is ‘Development through active involvement’. It organises annual exhibitions to showcase rare products of Himalayan region, the profit of which is used for welfare of the families of ITBP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/itbp-should-expand-scope-of-wives-welfare-wing-maneka-gandhi/articleshow/49687470.cms|title=ITBP should expand scope of wives' welfare wing: Maneka Gandhi|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207133439/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/itbp-should-expand-scope-of-wives-welfare-wing-maneka-gandhi/articleshow/49687470.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/itbp-mela-inaugurated-12303|title=ITBP mela inaugurated|date=3 November 2012 |access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207133445/http://www.millenniumpost.in/amp/itbp-mela-inaugurated-12303|url-status=live}}</ref> It also honors ''Veer Naris'' (War Widows) on special occasions and provides them assistance when needed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/india/itbp-wives-body-hold-spl-felicitation-ceremony-at-hq.html|title=HWWA hold special felicitation programme|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313082817/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/india/itbp-wives-body-hold-spl-felicitation-ceremony-at-hq.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It organises its Raising Day every year and announces various welfare programmes for its members as well as conducts training programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/miss-universe-harnaaz-sandhu-grooves-with-police-families-at-a-event-hosted-by-itbp-465363|title=Miss Universe at HWWA Function|access-date=26 March 2022|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326121800/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/miss-universe-harnaaz-sandhu-grooves-with-police-families-at-a-event-hosted-by-itbp-465363|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/digital-awareness-classes-to-be-held-for-wives-of-slain-itbp-personnel/article65217760.ece|title=HWWA to organise digital awareness classes for veer naries|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 March 2022 |access-date=26 March 2022|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326121800/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/digital-awareness-classes-to-be-held-for-wives-of-slain-itbp-personnel/article65217760.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Line of duty deaths==
The Indo Tibetan Border Police has a relatively low number of fallen officers compared to the other [[Central Armed Police Forces]], as it is rarely involved in combat. Most of its [[line of duty death]]s are related to natural disasters.
* [[Assistant Commandant]] Ashok Kumar Rana was killed in 1998 at Chirwar, in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]] with terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir.
* [[Deputy Commandant]] Joy Lal, HC Khajan Singh, HC Shamsher Singh and CT Kailash Chand were killed in a land mine blast.
* [[Inspector]] Raj Kumar was killed in 1997 in a terrorist encounter in Wangam in Jammu and Kashmir, and was posthumously decorated.
* [[Constable]] Suresh Kumar was killed in December 1994 in an encounter with terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir, and was posthumously decorated.
* [[Constable]] Kishan Ram was killed in March 1994 in an encounter with terrorists in District Anantnag in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, and was posthumously decorated.
* Three members of the ITBP died in an attempt to climb [[Mount Everest]] during a [[1996 Everest Disaster|severe storm in 1996]].
* [[Constable]] Ajay Pathania and Roop Singh were killed during [[2008 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul]]. Both have been honoured with the Kirti Chakra on 15 August 2008.
* Six ITBP personnel died during rescue operations in flood hit Uttarakhand when the Mi-17V5 helicopter of IAF crashed due to bad weather in 2013.
* [[Assistant Commandant]] Shri Tikam Singh Negi died in April 2023 during the Special Mission while patrolling at [[Line of Actual Control]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/itbp-officer-killed-in-accident-during-lac-patrol-in-ladakh/articleshow/99262373.cms|title=ITBP Officer Killed in Accident During LAC Patrol in Ladakh|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=5 April 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827132850/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/itbp-officer-killed-in-accident-during-lac-patrol-in-ladakh/articleshow/99262373.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Honours and decorations ==
In the course of active duties, the force has earned a number of civil and service honours, and decorations.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of award
! Number
|-
| [[Padma Shri|Padma Shree]]
| 6
|-
| [[Kirti Chakra]]
| 2
|-
| [[Shaurya Chakra]]
| 6
|-
| [[Sena Medal]]
| 1
|-
| [[President's Police Medal for Gallantry]]
| 19
|-
| [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Gallantry]]
| 92
|-
| [[President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]
| 101
|-
| [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]]
| 292
|-
| Prime Minister's Life Saving Medal
| 86
|}

== See also ==
* [[Assam Rifles]]
* [[Border outpost]]
* [[Border Security Force]]
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
* [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police (Water Wing)]]
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
* [[National Security Guard]]
* [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]

== References ==
<ref>[http://ugctet.in/itbp-assistance-commandant-gd-ldce-result/1161 ITBP Assistant Commandant GD LDCE Result] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009152019/http://ugctet.in/itbp-assistance-commandant-gd-ldce-result/1161 |date=9 October 2014 }} UGCTET. Retrieved 9 October 2014.</ref>
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Indo-Tibetan Border Police}}
* {{official website}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{Border guards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1962 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Border guarding forces of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:China–India border]]

Sandesh Kadur

2026-02-11T07:00:44Z

DongXqz408: made the info added tags

{{Short description|Indian wildlife film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandesh Kadur
| image = Sandesh Kadur at Azim Premji Public Lecture Series on 30Jan2013 6737 cropped.JPG
| caption = Kadur in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|11|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bangalore
| website = http://www.sandeshkadur.com
| years active = 2002-present
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sandesh Kadur''' is an Indian wildlife film producer and [[Conservation photography|conservation photographer]] known for contributing to [[Planet Earth II|BBC Planet Earth II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/planet-earth-ii/biogs|title=BBC - Biographies - Media Centre|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 2024, he was appointed to the [[National Geographic Society]] board of trustees, considering<ref name="news.nationalgeographic.org">{{Cite web |title=Four New Trustees Appointed to National Geographic Society Board of Trustees |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.org/four-new-trustees-appointed-to-national-geographic-society-board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=news.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> his contribution to explorers and groundbreaking wildlife documentary films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Geographic names Sandesh Kadur as trustee |url=https://www.newindiaabroad.com/news/national-geographic-names-sandesh-kadur-as-trustee |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=New India Abroad |language=en}}</ref> Sandesh's films have been shown on various television networks including [[National Geographic Channel]], [[BBC]],<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|author=Sandesh Kadur|date=2009-09-05|title=BBC Two - Natural World, 2008-2009, The Mountains of the Monsoon|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gslkc|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> [[Discovery Channel]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-03-09|title=Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom|url=http://press.discovery.com/ekits/moowk8/template.cfm?page=episodes|publisher=Press.discovery.com|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> and [[Animal Planet]].

Sandesh is a Senior Fellow of The [[International League of Conservation Photographers]] (ILCP) and co-founder of [[Felis Creations]], a visual arts company based in [[Bangalore]], [[India]], which works on a variety of projects ranging from natural history documentaries to art and still photography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.felis.in/about|title=About - Felis Creations|website=www.felis.in|date=6 September 2022 }}</ref>

== Recognitions ==
* 2024 Appointed to the [[National Geographic Society]]'s board of trustees<ref name="news.nationalgeographic.org"/>

== Wildlife documentaries ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Series
!
!
!Network
!
!Title
!Film Festivals
!Award
|-
|2024
|[[Nilgiris - A Shared Wilderness]]
|Feature Documentary
|Director, Cameraman
|
|[[Felis Creations]]
|Nilgiris - A Shared Wilderness
|
|
|-
|2015
|India: Natures Wonderland<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/galleries/p027dkjp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004041506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/galleries/p027dkjp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2014|title=India: Natures Wonderland|date=|publisher=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
|TV series
|Cameraman
|[[BBC]]
|India: Natures Wonderland<ref name=":0" />
|India: Natures Wonderland<ref name=":0" />
|
|
|-
|2015
|Living with Big Cats
|TV series
|Cameraman
|[[Animal Planet]]
|Living with Big Cats
|Living with Big Cats
|
|
|-
|2014
|[[Wonders of the Monsoon]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/galleries/p027dkjp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004041506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/galleries/p027dkjp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2014|title=Wonders of the Monsoon|date=|publisher=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
|TV series
|Cameraman
|[[BBC]]
|[[Wonders of the Monsoon]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Wonders of the Monsoon]]<ref name=":1" />
|
|
|-
|2011
|Return of The Clouded Leopards
|Feature Documentary
|
|[[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]
|[[Felis Creations]]
|Return of The Clouded Leopards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://natgeotv.com.au/tv/return-of-the-clouded-leopards/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330234045/http://natgeotv.com.au/tv/return-of-the-clouded-leopards/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2012|title=Return Of The Clouded Leopards | Nat Geo Wild|date=|publisher=Natgeotv.com.au|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |
|-
|2011
|Secrets of [[Wild India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3282652.ece|title=Today's Paper / NATIONAL : 'Secrets of Wild India' bags award at International Wildlife Film Festival|author=P. Oppili|date=2012-04-05|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
|TV series
|Cameraman
|[[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]
|[[Icon Films]]
|Elephant Kingdom
|[[International Wildlife Film Festival: Montana]]
|Best Television Series
|-
|2009
|Secrets of King Cobra
|Feature Documentary
|Cameraman
|[[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]
|[[Felis Creations]]
|Secrets of King Cobra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/10591/behind-bite-side.html|title=Behind the bite side|author=DHNS|date=|publisher=Deccanherald.com|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
|Festival International du Film Animalier
|Award for Species Conservation
|-
|2008
|[[Natural World (TV series)|Natural World]]
|TV series
|Cameraman / Presenter
|[[BBC]]
|[[Icon Films]]
|[[The Mountains of the Monsoon|Mountains of the Monsoon]]<ref name="bbc" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gslkc|title=The Mountains of the Monsoon, 2008-2009, Natural World - BBC Two|website=BBC}}</ref>
|Chicago Intl’ Film Festival
|Silver Plaque - Cinematography
|}

==Books==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Publisher
!Awards
|-
|2013
|[[Himalaya: Mountains of Life]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayabook.com|title=HIMALAYA ! Mountains of Life|date=|publisher=Himalayabook.com|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
|[[Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment|ATREE]]
|
|-
|2005
|El Valle : The Rio Grande Delta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riograndebook.com/authors/sandesh-kadur/|title=Sandesh Kadur | EL VALLE|date=|publisher=Riograndebook.com|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
|[[Gorgas Science Foundation]]
|
|-
|2004
|Sahyadris: India's Western Ghats<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=3098|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116044531/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=3098|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 November 2012|title=Book Release - Sahyadris -India's Western Ghats|date=|publisher=Lokvani.com|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
|[[Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment|ATREE]]
|BANFF Mountain Book Festival - Finalist
|}

=== Publications ===
* 2013 [[BBC Wildlife Magazine]] March 2013 / Snake Charms
* 2013 [[BBC Knowledge]] August 2013 / Saving the Unicorn
* 2013 Nature's Best Photography / Indian Fol Pups
* 2013 Saevus March/April 2013 / Of Clouds and Silver Linings
* 2012 [[National Geographic Traveller]] September 2012 / Macro Photography
* 2012 [[BBC Wildlife Magazine]] August 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandeshkadur.com/flipbooks/Clouded%20Leopard/Clouded%20leopards%20proof.pdf |title=Cloud Pleasers |publisher=Sandeshkadur.com |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> / Cloud Pleases

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.sandeshkadur.com Sandesh Kadur official website]
* [http://www.felis.in Felis Creations official website]
* [http://www.nationalgeographic.co.in/explorers/bios/sandesh-kadur/ National Geographic Emerging Explorer]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02544td ''Planet Earth II'']
{{Authority control}}

{{National Geographic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadur, Sandesh}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian nature photographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Photographers from Karnataka]]

List of institutions of higher education in Chhattisgarh

2026-02-08T14:44:45Z

DongXqz408: brief cleaned up references for clarity also and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
This is an incomplete list of universities and colleges in [[Chhattisgarh]], India.

==Universities==
In [[Chhattisgarh]] there is one [[Guru Ghasidas University|Central university]], thirteen state universities and eleven private universities (see table below to view detailed list of universities).

{| class="wikitable collapsible plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left; width:76%"
! style="width: 40%;" |University
! style="width: 15%;" |Location
! style="width: 10%;" |Type
! style="width: 10%;" |Established
! style="width: 20%;" |Specialization
! style="width: 05%;" class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
! scope="row" | Anjaneya University
| [[Raipur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2022
| General, Engineering, MBA
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anjaneyauniversity.ac.in/|title= Anjaneya University Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India|date=9 May 2022|website=anjaneyauniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Asian Academy of Film & Television (AAFT University of Media and Arts)
| [[Raipur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aaft.edu.in/|title=AAFT University of Media and Arts Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India|date=9 May 2022|website=aaft.edu.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Amity University, Raipur]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2014
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.amity.edu/ |work=amity.edu |access-date=1 April 2012|title=Amity University |publisher=Amity University}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2012
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bilaspuruniversity.ac.in/aboutUs.php |title=About The University – Bilaspur University, Bilaspur |work=bilaspuruniversity.ac.in
|access-date=19 February 2020|publisher=[[Bilaspur University]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ayush & Health Sciences University Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2009
| [[Healthcare science|Healthcare]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cghealthuniv.com/About.aspx|title=Ayush & Health Science University, Raipur|work=cghealthuniv.com|access-date=29 June 2011|publisher=Ayush and Health Sciences University of Chhattisgarh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704041123/http://www.cghealthuniv.com/About.aspx|archive-date=4 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shaheed Mahendra Karma Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Jagdalpur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2008
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bvvjdp.ac.in/AboutUs-TheUniversity.aspx |title= Bastar University |work=bvvjdp.ac.in |access-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=Bastar University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622085706/http://bvvjdp.ac.in/AboutUs-TheUniversity.aspx |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Durg]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2012
| Agriculture
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cgkv.ac.in/ |work=cgkv.ac.in |access-date=1 April 2012|title=Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya|publisher=Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]]
| [[Bhilai]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2004
| Technology
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csvtu.ac.in/about%20us.htm|title=Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University|work=csvtu.ac.in|access-date=29 June 2011|publisher=[[Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808123931/http://www.csvtu.ac.in/about%20us.htm|archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dr. C. V. Raman University]]
| [[Kota, Bilaspur|Bilaspur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2006
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cvru.ac.in/university_objectives.html |title=Dr. C. V. Raman University |work=cvru.ac.in |access-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=Dr. C. V. Raman University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709173829/http://cvru.ac.in/university_objectives.html |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hemchand Yadav Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Durg]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2015
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://durguniversity.ac.in/ |work=durguniversity.ac.in |access-date=29 June 2015|title=Durg University|publisher=Durg University}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |'''[[Guru Ghasidas University]]'''
| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| [[Central University, India|Central]]
| 1983 (2009{{Dagger}})
| General, Engineering
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ggu.ac.in/|title=Guru Ghasidas University|work=ggu.ac.in|access-date=29 June 2011|publisher=[[Guru Ghasidas University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812094959/http://www.ggu.ac.in/|archive-date=12 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hidayatullah National Law University]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2003
| [[Legal education|Legal]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hnlu.ac.in/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=49 |title=hnlu.ac.in – About HNLU |work=hnlu.ac.in |access-date=29 June 2011|publisher=[[Hidayatullah National Law University]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ICFAI University, Raipur
| [[Dhamdha]], [[Durg district|Durg]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2011
| General
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raipur |first=ICFAI University |title=> ICFAI top Private University in Chhattisgarh Raipur{{!}}Best Colleges in Bhilai |url=https://www.iuraipur.edu.in/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.iuraipur.edu.in |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1987
| Agriculture
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IGKV, Raipur |url=https://igkv.ac.in/web/igkv.aspx |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=igkv.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Khairagarh]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1956
| Music
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iksvv.com/ab.htm |title=Welcome to IKSVV |work=iksvv.com |access-date=29 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[ISBM University]]
| [[Gariaband]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2016
| General
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isbmuniversity.edu.in/about-isbm-university.php|title=ISBM University - PG Programs in India | PG Universities in India | ISBM Universities|website=www.isbmuniversity.edu.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[ITM University, Raipur|ITM University]]
| [[Naya Raipur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2014
| General
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itmuniversity.org/|title=Institute of Management & Research, B-School of Engineering, Ph.D & Banking Programs - ITM University - Raipur|website=www.itmuniversity.org}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kalinga University]]
| [[Naya Raipur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2005
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://kalingauniversity.ac.in/ |work=kalingauniversity.ac.in |access-date=1 April 2012|title=Kalinga University |publisher=Kalinga University}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[KK Modi University]]
| [[Durg]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkmu.edu.in/|title=Best Private University in Chhattisgarh, India | KK Modi University}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kushabhau Thakre Patrakarita Avam Jansanchar Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [[State University (India)|State]]
| 2004
| Journalism and Mass Communication
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktujm.ac.in/us.htm |title=Welcome to Kushabhau Thakre Patrakarita Avam Jansanchar Vishwavidyalaya |work=ktujm.ac.in |access-date=29 June 2011 |language=hi |publisher=[[Kushabhau Thakre Patrakarita Avam Jansanchar University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230028/http://www.ktujm.ac.in/us.htm |archive-date=11 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Maharishi University of Management and Technology]]
| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumt.com/introduction.html|title=About MUMT – Introduction|work=mumt.com|access-date=11 January 2016|publisher=[[Maharishi University of Management and Technology]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125062708/http://www.mumt.com/introduction.html|archive-date=25 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[MATS University]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2006
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.matsuniversity.ac.in/User/About-Mats.aspx |title=Mats University |work=matsuniversity.ac.in |access-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=[[MATS University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906075330/http://www.matsuniversity.ac.in/User/About-Mats.aspx |archive-date=6 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[O.P. Jindal University]]
| [[Raigarh]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2014
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.opju.ac.in/home/overview.html |title=O.P. Jindal University |work=opju.ac.in |access-date=28 April 2016|publisher=[[O.P. Jindal University]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1964
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.prsu.ac.in/about.htm |title=About The University – Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur |work=prsu.ac.in |access-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227164758/http://www.prsu.ac.in/about.htm|archive-date=27 February 2009|publisher=[[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pandit Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University]]
| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2004
| [[Distance education]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pssou.ac.in/pssou.htm|title=Pt. sundarlal sharma (Open) University Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur|work=pssou.ac.in|access-date=29 June 2011|publisher=[[Pandit Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002012620/http://www.pssou.ac.in/pssou.htm|archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sarguja University]]
| [[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2008
| General
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sua.nic.in/abus.htm|work=sua.nic.in|access-date=29 June 2011|title=Sarguja University|publisher=Sarguja University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915084358/http://www.sua.nic.in/abus.htm|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sruraipur.ac.in/sru/|title=Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University, Raipur Home page|website=sruraipur.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur|Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur]]
| [[Naya Raipur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2015
| Information Technology
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=NAYA RAIPUR |first=IIIT |title=IITNR |url=https://www.iiitnr.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=IITNR}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shaheed Nandkumar Patel University]], Raigarh (C.G.)
| [[Raigarh]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2020
| General
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaheed Nandkumar Patel Vishwavidyalaya, Raigarh - Shaheed Nandkumar Patel Vishwavidyalaya, Raigarh |url=https://snpv.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=snpv.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Mahatma Gandhi Udyanikee and Vanikee Vishwavidyalaya, Patan Durg (C.G.)
| [[Durg]]
| [[State University (India)|State]]
| 2020
| horticulture and forestry
|}

==General Degree Colleges==
* Anjaneya University,<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaneya University |url=https://anjaneyauniversity.ac.in/ |website=Anjaneya University |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Raipur, Chhattisgarh
* [[C.M. Dubey Postgraduate College, Bilaspur]]
* [[Durga Mahavidyalaya, Raipur]]
* [[Government Engineer Vishwesarraiya Post Graduate College]], Korba
* Govt. Bilasa Girls P.G. College, Bilaspur
* [[Govt. E. Raghvendra Rao P.G. Science College]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
* [[Govt. Jamuna Prasad Verma P.G. Arts and Commerce College, Bilaspur]]
* [[Government College, Dipka]]
* [[Government Minimata Girls College]], Korba
* [[Jyoti Bhushan Pratap Singh Law College, Korba]]
* [[Kamla Nehru College, Korba]]
* [[Kirodimal Govt. Arts and Science College]], [[Raigarh]]
* [[Modern College of Management and Information Technology]]
* [[G D Rungta College of Science & Technology]], [[Bhilai]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=GD Rungta College of Sciences & Technology {{!}} Bhilai | url=https://gdrcst.rungta.ac.in/ | access-date=2025-09-17 | website=gdrcst.rungta.ac.in}}</ref>
* St. Thomas College, Bhilai
* Govt.V.Y.T.P.G.Autonomous College, Durg
*Government Mukut Dhar Pandey College, Katghora, Chhattisgarh
*Government College, Karrtala
*Government College, Pali
*Government College, Barpali
*Government College, Bhaisma
* [[Govt. Gundhadhur Postgradute College, Kondagaon, Chhattisgarh]]
* [[GOVT. MAYURDHWAJ MAHADANI RAJA P.G. COLLEGE, CHAMPA, DIST.-JANJGIR-CHAMPA (C.G.)]]

==Engineering==
The engineering colleges in the state include:
[[Image:NIT Raipur1.jpg|thumb|200px|NIT Raipur]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai]]
* [[International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Raipur]]
* [[BIT-Durg|Bhilai Institute of Technology]], Durg
* [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Raipur]]
* [[Government Engineering College, Bilaspur]]
* [[Government Engineering College, Jagdalpur]]
* [[Government Engineering College Raipur|Government Engineering College, Raipur]]
* [https://www.vecambikapur.ac.in/ Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College, Ambikapur]
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Institute of Technology]], Durg
* [[Chhattisgarh Institute of Technology]], [[Rajnandgaon]]
* [[Christian College of Engineering & Technology]], [[Bhilai]]
* [[Disha Institute of Management and Technology, Raipur]]
* [[Institute of Technology, Guru Ghasidas University]]
* [[Institute of Technology, Korba]]
* [[Kirodimal Institute of Technology, Raigarh]]
* [[O.P. Jindal University]], [[Raigarh]]
* [[Rungta College Bhilai]]
* [[RUNGTA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY]], [[Bhilai]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://collegedunia.com/college/14800-rungta-college-of-engineering-and-technology-rcet-bhilai | title=Rungta College of Engineering and Technology, Bhilai: Courses, Fee, Ranking, Admission 2024, Placement }}</ref>
* [[Raipur Institute of Technology]]
* [[Shri Shankaracharya College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Bhilai]]
* [[Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Technology & Management]], [[Bhilai]]
* [[Shri Shankaracharya Engineering College]], [[Bhilai]]
* [[Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Professional Management and Technology]], [[Raipur]]
* [[Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Engineering & Technology]], [[Bhilai]]
* [[Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Technology, Naya Raipur]], [[Raipur]]
* [[Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Technology-II, Naya Raipur]], [[Bhilai]]
* [[Parthivi College of Engineering and Management, Sirsakala]], [[Bhilai]]
* Anjaneya University,<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaneya University |url=https://anjaneyauniversity.ac.in/ |website=Anjaneya University |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Raipur, Chhattisgarh

==Polytechnic==
* [[Government Polytechnic, Ambikapur]]
* [http://polysurajpur.ac.in/ Government Polytechnic, Surajpur]
* [[Government Polytechnic, Khairagarh]]
* [[Government Polytechnic, Korba]]
* [[Government Girls Polytechnic, Bilaspur]]
* [[Kirodimal Govt. Polytechnic, Raigarh]]
* [[Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Polytechnic College, Dhaneli Raipur]]

==Handloom==
* [[Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Champa]]

==Journalism and Mass communication==

* [[Chandulal Chandrakar Patrakarita Avam Jansanchar Vishwavidyalaya|Kushabhau Thakre Patrakarita Avam Jansanchar Vishwavidyalaya]]
* Anjaneya University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

==Dental colleges==
* [[New Horizon Dental College and Research Institute]]

==Pharmacy==

* [[Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya|Guru Ghasidas Central University]], Bilaspur
* Institute of Pharmacy PRSU, Raipur
* Shri Rawatpura Sarkar College of Pharmacy, Dhaneli
* Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research(RCPSR), Bhilai <ref>{{Cite web | title=Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research {{!}} Bhilai | url=https://rcpsr.rungta.ac.in/ | access-date=2025-09-17 | website=rcpsr.rungta.ac.in}}</ref>
* Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER), Bhilai

==Medical Colleges==
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur]]
* [[CCM Medical College, Durg]]
* [[Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences]], Bilaspur
* [[Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences]] and Associated Sardar Patel Hospital, [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
* [[Government Medical College, Raigarh]]
* [[Government Medical College, Rajnandgaon]]
* [[Late Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College, Jagdalpur]]
* [[Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur]]
* [[Raipur Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* RSDKS medical College Ambikapur

==Business Schools==
* [[Shivalik Institute of Management Education and Research]], [[Durg]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Raipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.sri.ac.in/ Shri Rawatpura Sarkar group]

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India by state or union territory|Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh-related lists|Education]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Chhattisgarh]]
[https://mukeshseo.com/ MukeshSEO]

Wall Street

2026-02-05T03:05:50Z

DongXqz408: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|Street in Manhattan, New York}}
{{about|the street in Lower Manhattan|the neighborhood commonly referred to as Wall Street|Financial District, Manhattan|the U.S. economy at large, for which "Wall Street" is commonly used as a metonym|Economy of the United States|other uses|Wall Street (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox street
| name = Wall Street
| former_names = {{native name|nl|Het Cingel}}
| image = Photos NewYork1 032.jpg
| image_size = 255px
| caption = The [[New York Stock Exchange Building]]'s [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]] facade (right) as seen from Wall Street, April 2005. [[23 Wall Street]], the former headquarters of financial firm [[J. P. Morgan & Co.]], is visible at the far left.
| map = {{Maplink-road}}
| map_size = 320
| maint =
| length_ft = 1,984
| length_round =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]
| junction =
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[South Street (Manhattan)|South Street]]
}}
[[File:Wall Street Sign (1-9).jpg|thumb|Street sign|upright=1.2]]
{{New Netherland}}

'''Wall Street''' is a street in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] of [[Lower Manhattan]] in New York City. It runs eight [[city block]]s between [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in the west and [[South Street (Manhattan)|South Street]] and the [[East River]] in the east with a length of just under 2,000 feet. The term "Wall Street" has become a [[Metonymy|metonym]] for the [[financial market]]s of the United States as a whole, the [[Financial services in the United States|American financial services industry]], New York–based financial interests, or the Financial District. Anchored by Wall Street, New York has been described as the world's principal [[fintech]] and [[financial center]].<ref name=WallStreetFintechlAndFinancialCapitalWorld>{{cite web |url=https://www.zyen.com/publications/public-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-37/ |title=GFCI 37 Rank |date=March 24, 2025 |publisher=Long Finance |access-date=March 24, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |title = New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website = Reuters |access-date = March 25, 2025 |last1 = Jones |first1 = Huw }}</ref>

The street was originally known in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as ''Het Cingel'' ("the Belt") when it was part of [[New Amsterdam]] during the 17th century. An actual city wall existed on the street from 1653 to 1699. During the 18th century, the location served as a [[slave market]] and [[Security (finance)|securities trading site]], and from 1703 onward, as the location of New York's city hall, which became [[Federal Hall]]. In the early 19th century, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly the latter predominated, and New York's financial industry became centered on Wall Street. During the 20th century, several [[early skyscrapers]] were built on Wall Street, including [[40 Wall Street]], once the world's tallest building. The street is near multiple [[New York City Subway|subway]] stations and [[Passenger terminal (maritime)|ferry terminals]].

The Wall Street area is home to the [[New York Stock Exchange]], the world's [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange]] by total [[market capitalization]], as well as the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]], and commercial banks and insurance companies. Several other stock and [[commodity]] exchanges have also been located in Lower Manhattan near Wall Street, including the [[New York Mercantile Exchange]] and other commodity futures exchanges, along with the [[NYSE American]]. Many brokerage firms owned offices nearby to support the business they did on the exchanges. The economic impacts of Wall Street activities extend worldwide.

==History==
===Early years===
[[File:Stad Amsterdam in Nieuw Nederland (City Amsterdam in New Netherland) Castello Plan 1660.jpg|thumb|The original city map, called ''the [[Castello Plan]]'', from 1660, showing the wall on the right side]]
[[File:Block-House and City Gate (foot of present Wall Street) 1674 New Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|Block-House and City Gate (foot of present Wall Street) 1674, New Amsterdam]]

In the original records of [[New Amsterdam]], the Dutch always called the street ''Het Cingel'' ("the Belt"), which was also the name of the original outer barrier street, wall, and canal of [[Amsterdam]]. After the English [[conquest of New Netherland]] in 1664, they renamed the settlement "New York" and in tax records from April 1665 (still in Dutch) they refer to the street as ''Het Cingel ofte Stadt Wall'' ("the Belt or the City Wall").<ref name="DORIS2017">{{Cite web |title=The Dutch & the English, Part 2: A Wall by Any Other Name |url=https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/2/23/the-dutch-the-english-part-2-a-wall-by-any-other-name |access-date=January 17, 2023 |website=NYC Department of Records & Information Services |date=February 23, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117190124/https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/2/23/the-dutch-the-english-part-2-a-wall-by-any-other-name |url-status=live }}</ref> This use of both names for the street also appears as late as 1691 on the Miller Plan of New York.<ref name="JS4oX">{{Cite web |title=The Dutch & the English Part 5: The Return of the Dutch and What Became of the Wall |url=https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/6/1/the-dutch-the-english-part-5-return-of-the-dutch-what-became-of-the-wall |access-date=January 17, 2023 |website=NYC Department of Records & Information Services |date=June 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117190134/https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/6/1/the-dutch-the-english-part-5-return-of-the-dutch-what-became-of-the-wall |url-status=live }}</ref> New York Governor [[Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick|Thomas Dongan]] may have issued the first official designation of Wall Street in 1686, the same year he issued a new charter for New York. Confusion over the origins of the name Wall Street appeared in modern times because in the 19th and early 20th century some historians mistakenly thought the Dutch had called it "de Waal Straat", which to Dutch ears sounds like [[Walloons|Walloon]] Street. However, in 17th century New Amsterdam, de Waal Straat (Wharf or Dock Street) was a section of what is today's [[Pearl Street (Manhattan)|Pearl Street]].<ref name="DORIS2017" />

[[File:Wall Street IRT 008c.JPG|thumb|New Amsterdam's wall depicted on tiles in the [[Wall Street Subway Station (IRT)|Wall Street subway station]]]]
The original wall was constructed under orders from Director General of the [[Dutch West India Company]] [[Peter Stuyvesant]] at the start of the first [[First Anglo-Dutch War|Anglo-Dutch war]] soon after New Amsterdam was incorporated in 1653.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dutch & the English, Part 1: Good Fences, a History of Wall Street |url=https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/2/9/the-dutch-the-english-part-1-good-fences-a-history-of-wall-street |access-date=January 17, 2023 |website=NYC Department of Records & Information Services |date=February 9, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117190133/https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/2/9/the-dutch-the-english-part-1-good-fences-a-history-of-wall-street |url-status=live }}</ref> Fearing an over land invasion of English troops from the colonies in [[New England]] (at the time [[Manhattan]] was easily accessible by land because the [[Harlem Ship Canal]] had not been dug), he ordered a ditch and wooden [[palisade]] to be constructed on the northern boundary of the New Amsterdam settlement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=David |date=January 15, 2019 |title=Was Wall Street Originally the Site of a 'Border Wall' Meant to Protect New Amsterdam? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/wall-street-border-wall/ |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Snopes |language=en |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123151816/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/wall-street-border-wall/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The wall was built of dirt and {{convert|15|ft|adj=on}} wooden planks, measuring {{convert|2,340|ft}} long and {{convert|9|ft}} tall<ref name="History.com Wall Street Timeline">{{Cite web|title=Wall Street Timeline: From a Wooden Wall to a Symbol of Economic Power|url=https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/wall-street-timeline|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=HISTORY|date=January 3, 2019|language=en|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105105733/https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/wall-street-timeline|url-status=live}}</ref> and was built using the labor of both [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|enslaved Africans]] and white colonists.<ref>[http://www.slaveryinnewyork.org/PDFs/White_New_Yorkers.pdf White New Yorkers in Slave Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601234634/http://www.slaveryinnewyork.org/PDFs/White_New_Yorkers.pdf |date=June 1, 2010 }} [[New-York Historical Society]]. Retrieved August 20, 2006. (PDF)</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/crash-selected-wall-street-chronology/ Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology] PBS Online. Retrieved August 8, 2011.</ref> In fact Stuyvesant had ordered that "the citizens, without exception, shall work on the constructions… by immediately digging a ditch from the East River to the North River, 4 to 5 feet deep and 11 to 12 feet wide..." And that "the soldiers and other servants of the Company, together with the free Negroes, no one excepted, shall complete the work on the fort by constructing a breastwork, and the farmers are to be summoned to haul the sod."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gehring |first=Charles |title=New York historical Manuscripts: Dutch. Volume V: Council minutes 1652–1654 |publisher=Genealogical Publ. |year=1983 |location=Baltimore |pages=69 |language=English}}</ref>

The first Anglo-Dutch War ended in 1654 without hostilities in New Amsterdam, but over time the "werken" (meaning the works or city fortifications) were reinforced and expanded to protect against potential incursions from [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], pirates, and the English.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |title=Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind |publisher=Penguin Random House UK |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-09-959008-8 |location=London |pages=360–361 |translator-last=Harari |translator-first=Yuval Noah |oclc=910498369 |author-link=Yuval Noah Harari |translator-last2=Purcell |translator-first2=John |translator-last3=Watzman |translator-first3=Haim |translator-link=Yuval Noah Harari |translator-link3=Haim Watzman}}</ref> The English also expanded and improved the wall after their 1664 takeover (a cause of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]), as did the Dutch from 1673 to 1674 when they briefly [[Reconquest of New Netherland|retook]] the city during the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], and by the late 1600s the wall encircled most of the city and had two large stone bastions on the northern side.<ref name="JS4oX" /> The Dutch named these bastions "Hollandia" and "Zeelandia" after the ships that carried their invasion force. The wall started at [[Hanover Square (Manhattan)|Hanover Square]] on Pearl Street, which was the shoreline at that time, crossed the Indian path that the Dutch called ''Heeren Wegh'', now called [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], and ended at the other shoreline (today's Trinity Place), where it took a turn south and ran along the shore until it ended at the [[Fort Amsterdam|old fort]]. There was a gate at Broadway (the "Land Gate") and another at Pearl Street, the "Water Gate".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dutch & the English, Part 3: Construction of the Wall (1653–1663) |url=https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/3/9/the-dutch-the-english-part-3-construction-of-the-wall-1653-1663 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=NYC Department of Records & Information Services |date=March 9, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119200633/https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/3/9/the-dutch-the-english-part-3-construction-of-the-wall-1653-1663 |url-status=live }}</ref> The wall and its fortifications were eventually removed in 1699—it had outlived its usefulness because the city had grown well beyond the wall. A new City Hall was built at Wall and [[Nassau Street (Manhattan)|Nassau]] in 1700 using the stones from the bastions as materials for the foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dutch & the English Part 5: The Return of the Dutch and What Became of the Wall |url=https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/6/1/the-dutch-the-english-part-5-return-of-the-dutch-what-became-of-the-wall |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=NYC Department of Records & Information Services |date=June 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117190134/https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/6/1/the-dutch-the-english-part-5-return-of-the-dutch-what-became-of-the-wall |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:New York slave market about 1730.jpg|thumb|New York's Municipal [[Slave markets and slave jails in the United States|slave market]], located at the foot of Wall Street on the East River, {{circa|1730}}]]

[[History of slavery in New York (state)|Slavery had been introduced]] to Manhattan in 1626, but it was not until December 13, 1711, that the New York City Common Council made a market at the foot of Wall Street the city's first official [[Slave markets and slave jails in the United States|slave market]] for the sale and rental of enslaved Africans and Indians.<ref>[http://maap.columbia.edu/place/22.html Slave Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306133627/http://maap.columbia.edu/place/22.html |date=March 6, 2013 }}. Mapping the African American Past, [[Columbia University]].</ref><ref>Peter Alan Harper (February 5, 2013). [https://www.theroot.com/how-slave-labor-made-new-york-1790895122 How Slave Labor Made New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131155200/https://www.theroot.com/how-slave-labor-made-new-york-1790895122 |date=January 31, 2021 }}. ''[[The Root (magazine)|The Root]].'' Retrieved April 21, 2014.</ref> The market operated from 1711 to 1762 at the corner of Wall and Pearl Streets, and consisted of a wooden structure with a roof and open sides, although walls may have been added over the years; it could hold approximately 50 people. New York's municipal authorities directly benefited from the sale of slaves by implementing taxes on every person who was bought and sold there.<ref>WNYC (April 14, 2015). [http://www.wnyc.org/story/nyc-acknowledge-its-slave-market-more-50-years/ City to Acknowledge it Operated a Slave Market for More Than 50 Years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128195859/https://www.wnyc.org/story/nyc-acknowledge-its-slave-market-more-50-years/ |date=November 28, 2020 }}. ''[[WNYC]].'' Retrieved April 15, 2015.</ref>

In these early days, local merchants and traders would gather at disparate spots to buy and sell shares and bonds, and over time divided themselves into two classes—auctioneers and dealers.<ref name="Geisst1997" /> In the late 18th century, there was a [[American sycamore|buttonwood]] tree at the foot of Wall Street under which traders and speculators would gather to trade securities. The benefit was being in proximity to each other.<ref name="usatoday20011024" /><ref name="History.com Wall Street Timeline" /> In 1792, traders formalized their association with the [[Buttonwood Agreement]] which was the origin of the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan04.html Today in History: January 4&nbsp;– The New York Stock Exchange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822201009/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan04.html |date=August 22, 2006 }} The Library of Congress. Retrieved August 8, 2011.</ref> The idea of the agreement was to make the market more "structured" and "without the manipulative auctions", with a commission structure.<ref name="Geisst1997" /> Persons signing the agreement agreed to charge each other a standard commission rate; persons not signing could still participate but would be charged a higher commission for dealing.<ref name="Geisst1997" />
[[File:New York City Hall 1789b.jpg|thumb|An engraving from 1855, showing a conjectural view of Wall Street, including the original Federal Hall, as it probably looked at the time of [[George Washington]]'s inauguration, 1789]]
In 1789, Wall Street was the scene of the United States' first presidential inauguration when [[George Washington]] took the oath of office on the balcony of [[Federal Hall]] on April 30, 1789. This was also the location of the passing of the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]. [[Alexander Hamilton]], who was the first Treasury secretary and "architect of the early United States financial system", is buried in the cemetery of [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], as is [[Robert Fulton]], famed for his [[steamboat]]s.<ref name="nyt20071014">{{cite news |author-link=Daniel Gross (journalist) |first=Daniel |last=Gross |title=The Capital of Capital No More? |work=The New York Times: Magazine |date=October 14, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/14/magazine/14wallstreet-t.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025255/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/14/magazine/14wallstreet-t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1863/12/23/news/a-monument-to-robert-fulton.html "A Monument to Robert Fulton"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318095609/https://www.nytimes.com/1863/12/23/archives/a-monument-to-robert-fulton.html |date=March 18, 2023 }} ''New York Times'', December 12, 1863</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:wall street 1867.jpg|thumb|View of Wall Street from corner of Broad Street, 1867. On the left is the sub-Treasury building, now the [[Federal Hall National Memorial]].]]

In the first few decades, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly, business predominated. "There are old stories of people's houses being surrounded by the clamor of business and trade and the owners complaining that they can't get anything done," according to a historian named Burrows.<ref name="nyt20010909">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE2DA1339F93AA3575AC0A9679C8B63|title=If You're Thinking of Living In/The Financial District; In Wall Street's Canyons, Cliff Dwellers|first=Aaron|last=Donovan|date=September 9, 2001|access-date=January 14, 2010|work=The New York Times: Real Estate|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108093054/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/09/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-financial-district-wall-street-s-canyons-cliff.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The opening of the [[Erie Canal]] in the early 19th century meant a huge boom in business for New York City, since it was the only major eastern seaport which had direct access by inland waterways to ports on the [[Great Lakes]]. Wall Street became the "money capital of America".<ref name="usatoday20011024">{{cite news |first1=Noelle |last1=Knox |first2=Martha T. |last2=Moor |title='Wall Street' migrates to Midtown |newspaper=USA Today |date=October 24, 2001 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2001/10/24/midtown.htm |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927204946/http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2001/10/24/midtown.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Historian Charles R. Geisst suggested that there has constantly been a "tug-of-war" between business interests on Wall Street and authorities in [[Washington, D.C.]], the capital of the United States by then.<ref name="Geisst1997">{{cite news |first=Charles R. |last=Geisst |title=Wall Street: a history : from its beginnings to the fall of Enron |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-19-511512-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDMmB3nEtL0C&q=geisst+wall+street+history+enron |access-date=January 19, 2010}}</ref> Generally during the 19th century Wall Street developed its own "unique personality and institutions" with little outside interference.<ref name="Geisst1997" />
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Wall Street Manhattan - George Bradford Brainerd.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Wall Street and [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]] {{circa}} 1870–87]]
In the 1840s and 1850s, most residents moved further uptown to [[Midtown Manhattan]] because of the increased business use at the lower tip of the island.<ref name="nyt20010909" /> The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] greatly expanded the northern economy, bringing greater prosperity to cities like New York which "came into its own as the nation's banking center" connecting "Old World capital and New World ambition", according to one account.<ref name="nyt20071014" /> [[J. P. Morgan]] created giant trusts and [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s [[Standard Oil]] moved to New York City.<ref name="nyt20071014" /> Between 1860 and 1920, the economy changed from "agricultural to industrial to financial" and New York maintained its leadership position despite these changes, according to historian Thomas Kessner.<ref name="nyt20071014" /> New York was second only to [[London]] as the world's financial capital.<ref name="nyt20071014" />

In 1884, [[Charles Dow]] began tracking stocks, initially beginning with 11 stocks, mostly railroads. He looked at average prices for these eleven.<ref name="sether">{{cite book |title=Dow Theory Unplugged: Charles Dow's Original Editorials and Their Relevance |first=Charles |last=Dow|editor=Laura Sether |publisher=W&A Publishing |date=March 30, 2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_0c6ETLK7EC&pg=PA2 |page=2 |isbn=978-1934354094}}</ref> Some of the companies included in Dow's original calculations were [[American Tobacco Company]], [[General Electric]], [[Laclede Gas Company]], [[National Lead Company]], [[Tennessee Coal & Iron]], and [[United States Leather Company]].<ref name="loc.gov">{{Cite web|title=DJIA: This Month in Business History (Business Reference Services, Library of Congress)|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/businesshistory/May/djia.html|access-date=November 17, 2020|website=www.loc.gov|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025115925/https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/businesshistory/May/djia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When the average "peaks and troughs" went up consistently, he deemed it a [[bull market]] condition; if averages dropped, it was a [[Bear Market|bear market]]. He added up prices, and divided by the number of stocks to get his [[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones average]]. Dow's numbers were a "convenient benchmark" for analyzing the market and became an accepted way to look at the entire [[stock market]]. In 1889 the original stock report, ''Customers' Afternoon Letter'', became ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. Named in reference to the actual street, it became an influential international daily business newspaper published in New York City.<ref>[http://www.dowjones.com/TheCompany/History/History.htm DOW JONES HISTORY&nbsp;– THE LATE 1800s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114143257/http://www.dowjones.com/TheCompany/History/History.htm |date=November 14, 2006 }} 2006 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved August 19, 2006.</ref> After October 7, 1896, it began publishing Dow's expanded list of stocks.<ref name="sether" /> A century later, there were 30 stocks in the average.<ref name="loc.gov" />

{{Further|Tumbridge & Co.}}

===20th century===
==== Early part ====
[[File:Wallstreetbmb.jpg|thumb|Wall Street bombing, 1920. Federal Hall National Memorial is at the right.]]

Business writer [[John Brooks (writer)|John Brooks]] in his book ''Once in Golconda'' considered the start of the 20th century period to have been Wall Street's heyday.<ref name="nyt20071014" /> The address of [[23 Wall Street]], the headquarters of [[J.P. Morgan & Co.|J. P. Morgan & Company]], known as ''The Corner'', was "the precise center, geographical as well as metaphorical, of financial America and even of the financial world".<ref name="nyt20071014" />

Wall Street has had changing relationships with government authorities. In 1913, for example, when authorities proposed a $4 stock [[transfer tax]], stock clerks protested.<ref>{{cite news |title=WALL STREET CLERKS FIGHT NEW STOCK TAX; Employes in Financial District, Including Waiters and Elevator Men, Enlisted in Movement. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 6, 1913 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/03/06/archives/wall-street-clerks-fight-new-stock-tax-employes-in-financial.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024192553/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/03/06/archives/wall-street-clerks-fight-new-stock-tax-employes-in-financial.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At other times, city and state officials have taken steps through tax incentives to encourage financial firms to continue to do business in the city. A post office was built at [[60 Wall Street]] in 1905.<ref>{{cite news |title=WALL STREET P.O. BRANCH.; Postmaster General Yields to Request of Financial District. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 14, 1905 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1905/03/14/archives/wall-street-po-branch-postmaster-general-yields-to-request-of.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726103800/https://www.nytimes.com/1905/03/14/archives/wall-street-po-branch-postmaster-general-yields-to-request-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[World War I]] years, occasionally there were fund-raising efforts for projects such as the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SHOW GIRLS MAKE WALL STREET RAID; They Invade Financial District and Sell Tickets for Soldiers' Relief. BROKERS HARD TO CATCH Party Welcomed at Morgan Offices, but No Sales Were Made There. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 27, 1916 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/07/27/archives/show-girls-make-wall-street-raid-they-invade-financial-district-and.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726103825/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/07/27/archives/show-girls-make-wall-street-raid-they-invade-financial-district-and.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 16, 1920, close to the corner of Wall and [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]], the busiest corner of the Financial District and across the offices of the [[23 Wall Street|Morgan Bank]], a [[Wall Street bombing|powerful bomb exploded]]. It killed 38 and seriously injured 143 people.<ref>Beverly Gage, ''The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2009; pp. 160–161.</ref> The perpetrators were never identified or apprehended. The explosion did, however, help fuel the [[Red Scare]] that was underway at the time. A report from ''[[The New York Times]]'':

{{blockquote|The tomb-like silence that settles over Wall Street and lower Broadway with the coming of night and the suspension of business was entirely changed last night as hundreds of men worked under the glare of searchlights to repair the damage to skyscrapers that were lighted up from top to bottom. ... The Assay Office, nearest the point of explosion, naturally suffered the most. The front was pierced in fifty places where the cast iron slugs, which were of the material used for window weights, were thrown against it. Each slug penetrated the stone an inch or two [{{convert|1-2|in|cm|0|disp=out}}] and chipped off pieces ranging from three inches to a foot [{{convert|3-12|in|cm|0|disp=out}}] in diameter. The ornamental iron grill work protecting each window was broken or shattered. ... the Assay Office was a wreck. ... It was as though some gigantic force had overturned the building and then placed it upright again, leaving the framework uninjured but scrambling everything inside.|1920<ref>{{cite news |title=Wall Street Night Turned Into Day |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 17, 1920 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/17/archives/wall-street-night-turned-into-day-huge-throngs-jam-financial.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108094614/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/17/archives/wall-street-night-turned-into-day-huge-throngs-jam-financial.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The area was subjected to numerous threats; one bomb threat in 1921 led to detectives sealing off the area to "prevent a repetition of the Wall Street bomb explosion".<ref>{{cite news |title=DETECTIVES GUARD WALL ST. AGAINST NEW BOMB OUTRAGE; Entire Financial District Patrolled Following AnonymousWarning to a Broker |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 19, 1921 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/19/archives/detectives-guard-wall-st-against-new-bomb-outrage-entire-financial.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030055444/https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/19/archives/detectives-guard-wall-st-against-new-bomb-outrage-entire-financial.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Regulation====
[[File:Crowd outside nyse.jpg|thumb|upright|A crowd at Wall and Broad Streets after the 1929 crash, with the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]] on the right. The majority of people are congregating in Wall Street on the left between the "House of Morgan" ([[23 Wall Street]]) and [[Federal Hall National Memorial]] (26 Wall Street).]]
September 1929 was the peak of the stock market.<ref name="The world in depression 1929–1939">The world in depression 1929–1939</ref> October 3, 1929, was when the market started to slip, and it continued throughout the week of October 14.<ref name="The world in depression 1929–1939" />
In October 1929, renowned [[Yale University|Yale]] economist [[Irving Fisher]] reassured worried investors that their "money was safe" on Wall Street.<ref name="guardian20050521">{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Elliott |title=Going for Brokers |newspaper=The Guardian |date=May 21, 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/21/featuresreviews.guardianreview11 |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092343/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/21/featuresreviews.guardianreview11 |url-status=live }}</ref> A few days later, on October 24,<ref name="The world in depression 1929–1939" /> stock values plummeted. The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|stock market crash of 1929]] ushered in the [[Great Depression]], in which a quarter of working people were unemployed, with soup kitchens, mass foreclosures of farms, and falling prices.<ref name="guardian20050521" /> During this era, development of the Financial District stagnated, and Wall Street "paid a heavy price" and "became something of a backwater in American life".<ref name="guardian20050521" />

During the [[New Deal]] years, as well as the 1940s, there was much less focus on Wall Street and finance. The government clamped down on the practice of buying equities based only on credit, but these policies began to ease. From 1946 to 1947, stocks could not be purchased "[[Margin (finance)|on margin]]", meaning that an investor had to pay 100% of a stock's cost without taking on any loans.<ref name="time19600808" /> However, this margin requirement was reduced four times before 1960, each time stimulating a mini-rally and boosting volume, and when the [[Federal Reserve]] reduced the margin requirements from 90% to 70%.<ref name="time19600808" /> These changes made it somewhat easier for investors to buy stocks on credit.<ref name="time19600808">{{cite magazine |title=STOCK MARKET MARGINS: The Federal Reserve v. Wall Street |magazine=Time Magazine |date=August 8, 1960 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869769,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022231011/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869769,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 22, 2007 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> The growing national economy and prosperity led to a recovery during the 1960s, with some down years during the early 1970s in the aftermath of the [[Vietnam War]]. Trading volumes climbed; in 1967, according to ''[[Time Magazine]]'', volume hit 7.5&nbsp;million shares a day which caused a "traffic jam" of paper with "batteries of clerks" working overtime to "clear transactions and update customer accounts".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Wall Street: Bob Cratchit Hours |magazine=Time Magazine |date=August 18, 1967 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841001,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215152500/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841001,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2008 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref>

In 1973, the financial community posted a collective loss of $245 million, which spurred temporary help from the government.<ref name="time19730924">{{cite magazine |title=WALL STREET: Help for Broke Brokers |magazine=Time Magazine |date=September 24, 1973 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907961,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018211248/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907961,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 18, 2008 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Reforms were instituted; the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities & Exchange Commission]] eliminated fixed commissions, which forced "brokers to compete freely with one another for investors' business".<ref name="time19730924" /> In 1975, the SEC threw out the [[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]'s "Rule 394" which had required that "most stock transactions take place on the Big Board's floor", in effect freeing up trading for electronic methods.<ref name="time19760830">{{cite magazine |title=WALL STREET: Banks As Brokers |magazine=Time Magazine |date=August 30, 1976 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918271,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111223136/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918271,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 11, 2005 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> In 1976, banks were allowed to buy and sell stocks, which provided more competition for [[stockbroker]]s.<ref name="time19760830" /> Reforms had the effect of lowering prices overall, making it easier for more people to participate in the stock market.<ref name="time19760830" /> Broker commissions for each stock sale lessened, but volume increased.<ref name="time19730924" />

The [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan years]] were marked by a renewed push for [[capitalism]] and [[business]], with national efforts to de-regulate industries such as [[telecommunications]] and [[aviation]]. The economy resumed upward growth after a period in the early 1980s of languishing. A report in ''[[The New York Times]]'' described that the flushness of money and growth during these years had spawned a [[drug culture]] of sorts, with a rampant acceptance of [[cocaine]] use although the overall percent of actual users was most likely small. A reporter wrote:

{{blockquote|The Wall Street drug dealer looked like many other successful young female executives. Stylishly dressed and wearing designer sunglasses, she sat in her 1983 Chevrolet Camaro in a no-parking zone across the street from the [[140 Broadway|Marine Midland Bank branch]] on lower Broadway. The customer in the passenger seat looked like a successful young businessman. But as the dealer slipped him a heat-sealed plastic envelope of cocaine and he passed her cash, the transaction was being watched through the sunroof of her car by Federal drug agents in a nearby building. And the customer&nbsp;— an undercover agent himself -was learning the ways, the wiles and the conventions of Wall Street's drug subculture.|Peter Kerr in ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1987.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Kerr |title=AGENTS TELL OF DRUG'S GRIP ON WALL STREET |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 18, 1987 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1DC153CF93BA25757C0A961948260 |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108122103/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/18/nyregion/agents-tell-of-drug-s-grip-on-wall-street.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

[[File:1 Wall Street.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[1 Wall Street]], at Wall Street and Broadway]]

In 1987, the stock market plunged,<ref name="usatoday20011024" /> and, in the relatively brief recession following, the surrounding area lost 100,000 jobs according to one estimate.<ref name="nyt19960128">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/nyregion/new-yorkers-ghosts-teapot-dome-fabled-wall-street-offices-are-now-apartments-but.html|title=NEW YORKERS & CO.: The Ghosts of Teapot Dome;Fabled Wall Street Offices Are Now Apartments, but Do Not Yet a Neighborhood Make|first=Michael|last=Cooper|date=January 28, 1996|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=January 14, 2010|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028135150/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/nyregion/new-yorkers-ghosts-teapot-dome-fabled-wall-street-offices-are-now-apartments-but.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since telecommunications costs were coming down, banks and [[brokerage firm]]s could move away from the Financial District to more affordable locations.<ref name="nyt19960128" /> One of the firms looking to move away was the NYSE. In 1998, the NYSE and the city struck a $900 million deal which kept the NYSE from moving across the river to [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]; the deal was described as the "largest in city history to prevent a corporation from leaving town".<ref>{{cite news |first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |title=City and State Agree to $900 Million Deal to Keep New York Stock Exchange |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 23, 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/23/nyregion/city-and-state-agree-to-900-million-deal-to-keep-new-york-stock-exchange.html?src=pm |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518044139/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/23/nyregion/city-and-state-agree-to-900-million-deal-to-keep-new-york-stock-exchange.html?src=pm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===21st century===
In 2001, the ''Big Board'', as some termed the NYSE, was described as the world's "largest and most prestigious stock market".<ref name="nyt20011012">{{Cite news|last=Berenson|first=Alex|date=October 12, 2001|title=A Nation Challenged: the Exchange; Feeling Vulnerable At Heart of Wall St.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/12/business/a-nation-challenged-the-exchange-feeling-vulnerable-at-heart-of-wall-st.html|access-date=March 22, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322204844/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/12/business/a-nation-challenged-the-exchange-feeling-vulnerable-at-heart-of-wall-st.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When the [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|World Trade Center was destroyed]] on [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001]], the attacks "crippled" the communications network and destroyed many buildings in the Financial District, although the buildings on Wall Street itself saw only little physical damage.<ref name="nyt20011012" /> One estimate was that 45% of Wall Street's "best office space" had been lost.<ref name="usatoday20011024" /> The NYSE was determined to re-open on September 17, almost a week after the attack.<ref name="nyt20010916">{{Cite news|last1=Eaton|first1=Leslie|last2=Johnson|first2=Kirk|date=September 16, 2001|title=After the Attacks: Wall Street; Straining to Ring the Opening Bell|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/16/us/after-the-attacks-wall-street-straining-to-ring-the-opening-bell.html|access-date=March 22, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125201924/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/16/us/after-the-attacks-wall-street-straining-to-ring-the-opening-bell.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time [[Rockefeller Group Business Center]] opened additional offices at [[48 Wall Street]]. Still, after September 11, the financial services industry went through a downturn with a sizable drop in year-end bonuses of $6.5 billion, according to one estimate from a state comptroller's office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/19/nyregion/neighborhood-report-lower-manhattan-at-job-lot-the-final-bargain-days.html|title=NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: LOWER MANHATTAN; At Job Lot, the Final Bargain Days|first=Bruce|last=Lambert|date=December 19, 1993|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=January 14, 2010|archive-date=January 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124083124/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/19/nyregion/neighborhood-report-lower-manhattan-at-job-lot-the-final-bargain-days.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

To guard against terrorist attacks in the area, Wall Street from Broadway to William Street, and Broad Street from Beaver to Nassau was permanently closed to vehicular traffic and pedestrianized. The intersection of Broad and Wall in front of the NYSE, is a now public square. Vehicle traffic is only allowed for local residents and those with permission from local businesses and the city and only after being subject to a security search. Authorities built concrete barriers, and found ways over time to make them more aesthetically appealing by spending $5000 to $8000 apiece on [[Bollard (traffic)|bollards]]. Parts of Wall Street, as well as several other streets in the neighborhood, were blocked off by specially designed bollards:

{{blockquote|... Rogers Marvel designed a new kind of bollard, a faceted piece of sculpture whose broad, slanting surfaces offer people a place to sit in contrast to the typical bollard, which is supremely unsittable. The bollard, which is called the Nogo, looks a bit like one of Frank Gehry's unorthodox culture palaces, but it is hardly insensitive to its surroundings. Its bronze surfaces actually echo the grand doorways of Wall Street's temples of commerce. Pedestrians easily slip through groups of them as they make their way onto Wall Street from the area around historic Trinity Church. Cars, however, cannot pass.|Blair Kamin in the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 2006<ref>{{cite news |first=Blair |last=Kamin |title=How Wall Street became secure, and welcoming |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=September 9, 2006 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-090806wallstreet-story,0,1233707.story |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418084350/http://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-090806wallstreet-story,0,1233707.story |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

''[[The Guardian]]'' reporter Andrew Clark described the years of 2006 to 2010 as "tumultuous", in which the heartland of America was "mired in gloom" with high unemployment around 9.6%, with average house prices falling from $230,000 in 2006 to $183,000, and foreboding increases in the national debt to $13.4 trillion, but that despite the setbacks, the American economy was once more "bouncing back".<ref name="guardian20101007">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Clark |title=Farewell to Wall Street: After four years as US business correspondent, Andrew Clark is heading home. He recalls the extraordinary events that nearly bankrupted America&nbsp;– and how it's bouncing back |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 7, 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/oct/07/farewell-to-wall-street-us-financial-crisis |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032919/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/oct/07/farewell-to-wall-street-us-financial-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref> What had happened during these heady years? Clark wrote:

{{blockquote|But the picture is too nuanced simply to dump all the responsibility on financiers. Most Wall Street banks didn't actually go around the US hawking dodgy mortgages; they bought and packaged loans from on-the-ground firms such as Countrywide Financial and New Century Financial, both of which hit a financial wall in the crisis. Foolishly and recklessly, the banks didn't look at these loans adequately, relying on flawed credit-rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's, which blithely certified toxic mortgage-backed securities as solid ... A few of those on Wall Street, including maverick hedge fund manager John Paulson and the top brass at Goldman Sachs, spotted what was going on and ruthlessly gambled on a crash. They made a fortune but turned into the crisis's pantomime villains. Most, though, got burned&nbsp;– the banks are still gradually running down portfolios of non-core loans worth $800bn.|''[[The Guardian]]'' reporter Andrew Clark, 2010.<ref name="guardian20101007" />}}

[[File:Trinity Church NYC 004b.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]] looking west on Wall Street]]

The first months of 2008 was a particularly troublesome period which caused [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] chairman [[Ben Bernanke]] to "work holidays and weekends" and which did an "extraordinary series of moves".<ref name="npr20080317">{{cite news |first1=Steve |last1=Inskeep |first2=Jim |last2=Zarroli |title=Federal Reserve Bolsters Wall Street Banks |publisher=NPR |date=March 17, 2008 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88379863 |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211740/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88379863 |url-status=live }}</ref> It bolstered U.S. banks and allowed Wall Street firms to borrow "directly from the Fed"<ref name="npr20080317" /> through a vehicle called the Fed's Discount Window, a sort of lender of last resort.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foster|first=Sarah|title=Fed's Discount Window: How Banks Borrow Money From The U.S. Central Bank|url=https://www.bankrate.com/banking/federal-reserve/discount-window-banks-borrow-from-fed/|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=Bankrate|date=September 30, 2019 |language=en-US|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020055/https://www.bankrate.com/banking/federal-reserve/discount-window-banks-borrow-from-fed/|url-status=live}}</ref> These efforts were highly controversial at the time, but from the perspective of 2010, it appeared the Federal exertions had been the right decisions.

By 2010, Wall Street firms, in Clark's view, were "getting back to their old selves as engine rooms of wealth, prosperity and excess".<ref name="guardian20101007" /> A report by Michael Stoler in ''[[The New York Sun]]'' described a "phoenix-like resurrection" of the area, with residential, commercial, retail and hotels booming in the "third largest business district in the country".<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Stoler |title=Refashioned: Financial District Is Booming With Business |newspaper=New York Sun |date=June 28, 2007 |url=http://www.nysun.com/real-estate/refashioned-financial-district-is-booming-with/57476/ |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806133239/https://www.nysun.com/real-estate/refashioned-financial-district-is-booming-with/57476/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Day 14 Occupy Wall Street September 30 2011 Shankbone 47.JPG|thumb|The [[left-wing populist]] 2011 [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement in [[Zuccotti Park]], New York City.]]
At the same time, the investment community was worried about proposed legal reforms, including the ''Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act'' which dealt with matters such as credit card rates and lending requirements.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jill |last=Jackson |title=Wall Street Reform: A Summary of What's In the Bill |publisher=CBS News |date=June 25, 2010 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wall-street-reform-a-summary-of-whats-in-the-bill/ |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018235232/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20008835-503544.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The NYSE closed two of its trading floors in a move towards transforming itself into an electronic exchange.<ref name="nyt20071014" /> Beginning in September 2011, the [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement, disenchanted with the financial system, protested in parks and plazas around Wall Street.<ref name="Moynihan 2011">{{cite web | last=Moynihan | first=Colin | title=Wall Street Protest Begins, With Demonstrators Blocked | website=City Room | date=September 27, 2011 | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/wall-street-protest-begins-with-demonstrators-blocked/ | access-date=March 22, 2023 | quote=Throughout the afternoon hundreds of demonstrators gathered in parks and plazas in Lower Manhattan. They held teach-ins, engaged in discussion and debate and waved signs with messages like "Democracy Not Corporatization" or "Revoke Corporate Personhood." | archive-date=March 22, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322204843/https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/wall-street-protest-begins-with-demonstrators-blocked/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

On October 29, 2012, Wall Street was disrupted when New York and New Jersey were inundated by [[Hurricane Sandy]]. Its {{convert|14|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} storm surge, a local record, caused massive street flooding nearby.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sandy-keeps-financial-markets-closed-tuesday/|title=Sandy keeps financial markets closed Tuesday|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=October 30, 2012|access-date=May 16, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618160806/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sandy-keeps-financial-markets-closed-tuesday/|url-status=live}}</ref> The NYSE was closed for weather-related reasons, the first time since [[Hurricane Gloria]] in September 1985 and the first two-day weather-related shutdown since the [[Blizzard of 1888]].

==Architecture==
[[File:Federal Hall and George Washington statue in New York City.JPG|thumb|right|[[Federal Hall National Memorial]]]]
[[File:USA-NYC-New York Stock Exchange.JPG|thumb|right|Detail of [[New York Stock Exchange Building]]]]

Wall Street's architecture is generally rooted in the [[Gilded Age]].<ref name="nyt20010909" /> The older skyscrapers often were built with elaborate facades, which have not been common in corporate architecture for decades. There are numerous landmarks on Wall Street, some of which were erected as the headquarters of banks. These include:
* [[Federal Hall National Memorial]] (26 Wall Street), built in 1833–1842. The building, which previously housed the [[United States Custom House (New York City)|United States Custom House]] and then the [[Subtreasury]], is now a [[national monument (United States)|national monument]].<ref name="White 2010" />{{Rp|18}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/66000095.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/66000095.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Historic Structures Report: Federal Hall|date=October 15, 1966|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}} {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0047.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0047.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=United States Custom House|date=December 21, 1965|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}} {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0887.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0887.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Federal Hall Interior|date=May 27, 1975|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref>
* [[55 Wall Street]], erected in 1836–1841 as the four-story Merchants Exchange, was turned into the United States Custom House in the late 19th century. An expansion in 1907–1910 turned it into the eight-story [[Citibank|National City Bank]] Building.<ref name="White 2010" />{{Rp|17}}<ref>{{cite web|date=November 30, 1999|title=Historic Structures Report: National City Bank Building|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/72000872.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/72000872.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=February 17, 2020|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]}} {{cite web|date=December 21, 1965|title=National City Bank Building|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0040.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0040.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=February 17, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}} {{cite web|date=January 12, 1999|title=National City Bank Building Interior|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1979.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1979.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=February 17, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}</ref>
* [[14 Wall Street]], a 32-story skyscraper with a 7-story stepped pyramid, built in 1910–1912 with an expansion in 1931–1933. It was originally the [[Bankers Trust]] Company Building.<ref name="White 2010" />{{Rp|20}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1949.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1949.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Bankers Trust Building|date=June 24, 1997|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref>
* [[23 Wall Street]], a four-story headquarters built in 1914, was known as the "House of Morgan" and served for decades as the [[J.P. Morgan & Co.]] bank's headquarters and, by some accounts, was considered an important address in American finance. Cosmetic damage from the 1920 [[Wall Street bombing]] is still visible on the Wall Street side of this building.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/72000874.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/72000874.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Historic Structures Report: 23 Wall Street Building|date=June 19, 1972|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}} {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0039.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0039.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=J. P. Morgan & Co. Building |date=December 21, 1965|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref>
* [[48 Wall Street]], a 32-story skyscraper built in 1927–1929 as the Bank of New York & Trust Company Building.<ref name="White 2010" />{{Rp|18}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/03000847.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/03000847.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Historic Structures Report: Bank of New York & Trust Company Building|date=August 28, 2003|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}} {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2025.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2025.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Bank of New York & Trust Company Building|date=October 13, 1998|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref>
* [[40 Wall Street]], a 71-story skyscraper built in 1929–1930 as the [[Manhattan Company|Bank of Manhattan Company]] Building; it later became the Trump Building.<ref name="White 2010" />{{Rp|18}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/00000577.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/00000577.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Historic Structures Report: Manhattan Company Building|date=June 16, 2000|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}} {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1936.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1936.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Manhattan Company Building|date=December 12, 1995|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref>
* [[1 Wall Street]], a 50-story skyscraper built in 1929–1931 with an expansion in 1963–1965. It was previously known as the [[Irving Trust]] Company Building and the Bank of New York Building.<ref name="White 2010">{{Cite aia5}}</ref>{{Rp|20}}<ref>{{cite web|date=March 6, 2001|title=1 Wall Street Building|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2029.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2029.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=February 17, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}</ref>
* [[75 Wall Street]], built in 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Curry |first=Lynne |date=March 12, 1987 |title=British companies find it hard to cut big South African stakes |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1987/0312/fmark12.html |access-date=February 27, 2022 |issn=0882-7729 |quote=Barclays has just completed new headquarters on Wall Street |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227041618/https://www.csmonitor.com/1987/0312/fmark12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was built to be the U.S. headquarters of [[Barclays]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salpukas |first=Agis |date=April 12, 1984 |title=Barclay's Will Build a Headquarters on Wall St. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/12/business/barclay-s-will-build-a-headquarters-on-wall-st.html |access-date=February 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226193445/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/12/business/barclay-s-will-build-a-headquarters-on-wall-st.html |url-status=live }}</ref> although several firms leased space in the building after it opened.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Feldman |first=Amy |date=July 27, 1997 |title=Barclays may have found new home |volume=13 |issue=30 |page=9 |id={{ProQuest|219149470}} |magazine=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> It was converted in 2006–2009 into a [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] building with [[Condominium (living space)|condominium]]s and a hotel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachmechi |first=Natalie |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Hakimian sells off Andaz Wall Street hotel |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/hakimian-organization-sells-andaz-wall-street-hotel |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=Crain's New York Business |language=en |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226033908/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/hakimian-organization-sells-andaz-wall-street-hotel |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[60 Wall Street]], built in 1988.<ref name="White 2010" />{{Rp|17}} It was formerly the J.P. Morgan & Co. headquarters<ref>{{cite news|last=Barbanel|first=Josh|date=September 10, 1985|title=Instead Of Leaving, Morgan Bank To Buy a Tower on Wall St.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/10/nyregion/instead-of-leaving-morgan-bank-to-buy-a-tower-on-wall-st.html|access-date=April 11, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035622/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/10/nyregion/instead-of-leaving-morgan-bank-to-buy-a-tower-on-wall-st.html|url-status=live}}</ref> before becoming the U.S. headquarters of [[Deutsche Bank]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/06/nyregion/deutsche-bank-is-moving-to-lower-manhattan-tower.html|title=Deutsche Bank Is Moving To Lower Manhattan Tower|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 11, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=December 6, 2002|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028065451/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/06/nyregion/deutsche-bank-is-moving-to-lower-manhattan-tower.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the last remaining major investment bank headquarters on Wall Street.

Another key anchor for the area is the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]] at the corner of [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]]. It houses the [[New York Stock Exchange]], which is by far the [[List of stock exchanges|world's largest stock exchange]] per [[market capitalization]] of its listed companies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/2013_WFE_Market_Highlights.pdf |title=2013 WFE Market Highlights |publisher=World Federation of Exchanges |access-date=March 25, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327112731/http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/2013_WFE_Market_Highlights.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lc_ny_overview.html |title=NYSE Listings Directory |access-date=June 23, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621174531/http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lc_ny_overview.html |archive-date=June 21, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/global-stock-market-capitalization-chart-2014-11?IR=T|title=The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=March 26, 2017|archive-date=January 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126114852/http://www.businessinsider.com/global-stock-market-capitalization-chart-2014-11?IR=T|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.zacks.com/new-york-stock-exchange-largest-stock-market-world-5426.html|title=Is the New York Stock Exchange the Largest Stock Market in the World?|work=Finance - Zacks |access-date=March 26, 2017|archive-date=January 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126160825/http://finance.zacks.com/new-york-stock-exchange-largest-stock-market-world-5426.html|url-status=live}}</ref> at US$28.5&nbsp;trillion as of June 30, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NYSE Total Market Cap|url=https://www.nyse.com/market-cap|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=www.nyse.com|archive-date=February 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070521/https://www.nyse.com/market-cap|url-status=live}}</ref> City authorities realize its importance, and believed that it has "outgrown its [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] temple at the corner of Wall and Broad streets", and in 1998, offered substantial tax incentives to try to keep it in the Financial District.<ref name="usatoday20011024" /> Plans to rebuild it were delayed by the September 11 attacks.<ref name="usatoday20011024" /> The exchange still occupies the same site. The exchange is the locus for a large amount of technology and data. For example, to accommodate the three thousand people who work directly on the exchange floor requires 3,500 kilowatts of electricity, along with 8,000 phone circuits on the trading floor alone, and {{convert|200|mi}} of [[fiber-optic cable]] below ground.<ref name="nyt20010916" />

==Importance==
[[File:NYC_Downtown_Manhattan_Skyline_seen_from_Paulus_Hook_2019-12-20_IMG_7347_FRD.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=see caption|The [[FiDi (Manhattan)|Financial District]] of [[Lower Manhattan]] including Wall Street, the world's principal [[financial center]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/|title= New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index|website= Reuters|date= March 24, 2022|access-date= June 25, 2022|last1= Jones|first1= Huw|archive-date= June 11, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220611064943/https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/|url-status= live}}</ref>]]

===As an economic engine===
====In the New York economy====
Finance professor Charles R. Geisst wrote that the exchange has become "inextricably intertwined into New York's economy".<ref name="nyt20011012" /> Wall Street pay, in terms of salaries and bonuses and taxes, is an important part of the economy of New York City, the [[Tri-State area (NY-NJ-CT)|tri-state metropolitan area]], and the [[Economy of the United States|United States]].<ref name="nyt20080726" /> Anchored by Wall Street, New York City has been called the world's most economically powerful city and leading [[financial center]].<ref>See: * {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-survey-banks/new-york-surges-ahead-of-brexit-shadowed-london-in-finance-survey-idUSKBN1ZQ0BE|title=New York surges ahead of Brexit-shadowed London in finance: survey|first=Huw|last=Jones|publisher=Reuters|date=January 27, 2020|access-date=January 27, 2020|archive-date=January 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127114217/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-survey-banks/new-york-surges-ahead-of-brexit-shadowed-london-in-finance-survey-idUSKBN1ZQ0BE|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-survey-markets/united-states-top-britain-second-in-financial-activity-think-tank-idUSKCN1LK2TM|title=United States top, Britain second in financial activity: think-tank|first=Huw|last=Jones|publisher=Thomson Reuters|date=September 4, 2018|access-date=September 4, 2018|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031103124/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-survey-markets/united-states-top-britain-second-in-financial-activity-think-tank-idUSKCN1LK2TM|url-status=live}} * {{cite news |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/03/sorry-london-new-york-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/386315/ |title=Sorry, London: New York Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City |first=Richard |last=Florida |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |date=March 3, 2015 |access-date=March 25, 2015 |quote=Our new ranking puts the Big Apple firmly on top. |archive-date=March 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314002727/http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/03/sorry-london-new-york-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/386315/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/top-8-cities-by-gdp-china-vs-the-us-2011-8 |title=Top 8 Cities by GDP: China vs. The U.S. |publisher=Business Insider, Inc |date=July 31, 2011 |access-date=October 28, 2015 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016233339/http://www.businessinsider.com/top-8-cities-by-gdp-china-vs-the-us-2011-8 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/news-and-events/pal-advises-passengers-come-airport-early-2/ |title=PAL sets introductory fares to New York |publisher=Philippine Airlines |access-date=March 25, 2015 |archive-date=March 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327052843/http://www.philippineairlines.com/news-and-events/pal-advises-passengers-come-airport-early-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-28-explore-data/gfci-28-rank/ GFCI 28 Rank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104141441/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-28-explore-data/gfci-28-rank/ |date=November 4, 2020 }} Accessed September 26, 2020.</ref> As such, a falloff in Wall Street's economy could have "wrenching effects on the local and regional economies".<ref name="nyt20080726" /> In 2008, after a downturn in the stock market, the decline meant $18 billion less in taxable income, with less money available for "apartments, furniture, cars, clothing and services".<ref name="nyt20080726">{{cite news |first=Patrick |last=McGeehan |title=City and State Brace for Drop in Wall Street Pay |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 26, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/nyregion/26pay.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024221802/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/nyregion/26pay.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Estimates vary about the number and quality of financial jobs in the city. One estimate was that Wall Street firms employed close to 200,000 persons in 2008.<ref name="nyt20080726" /> Another estimate was that in 2007, the financial services industry which had a $70 billion profit became 22 percent of the city's revenue.<ref name="nyt20090223">{{cite news |first=Patrick |last=McGeehan |title=After Reversal of Fortunes, City Takes a New Look at Wall Street |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 22, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/nyregion/23wall.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024004341/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/nyregion/23wall.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another estimate (in 2006) was that the financial services industry makes up 9% of the city's work force and 31% of the tax base.<ref>{{cite news |first=Heather |last=Timmons |title=New York Isn't the World's Undisputed Financial Capital |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 27, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/27/business/worldbusiness/27london.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029172402/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/27/business/worldbusiness/27london.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An additional estimate from 2007 by [[Steven Malanga|Steve Malanga]] of the [[Manhattan Institute]] was that the securities industry accounts for 4.7 percent of the jobs in New York City but 20.7 percent of its wages, and he estimated there were 175,000 securities-industries jobs in New York (both Wall Street area and midtown) paying an average of $350,000 annually.<ref name="nyt20071014" /> Between 1995 and 2005, the sector grew at an annual rate of about 6.6% annually, a respectable rate, but that other financial centers were growing faster.<ref name="nyt20071014" /> Another estimate, made in 2008, was that Wall Street provided a fourth of all personal income earned in the city, and 10% of New York City's tax revenue.<ref>{{cite news |first=Patrick |last=McGeehan |title=As Financial Empires Shake, City Feels No. 2 on Its Heels |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 12, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/13/nyregion/13rivalry.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028043325/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/13/nyregion/13rivalry.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of private sector jobs in New York City, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of the city's tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt7-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt7-2014.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=The Securities Industry in New York City |first1=Thomas P.|last1=DiNapoli|first2=Kenneth B.|last2=Bleiwas |date=October 2013 |access-date=July 30, 2014}}</ref>

The seven largest Wall Street firms in the 2000s were [[Bear Stearns]], [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[Citigroup]], [[Goldman Sachs]], [[Morgan Stanley]], [[Merrill Lynch]] and [[Lehman Brothers]].<ref name="nyt20080726" /> During the recession of 2008–10, many of these firms, including Lehman, went out of business or were bought up at firesale prices by other financial firms. In 2008, Lehman filed for bankruptcy,<ref name="guardian20101007" /> [[Bear Stearns]] was bought by [[JPMorgan Chase]]<ref name="guardian20101007" /> forced by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]],<ref name="npr20080317" /> and [[Merrill Lynch]] was bought by [[Bank of America]] in a similar shot-gun wedding. These failures marked a catastrophic downsizing of Wall Street as the financial industry goes through restructuring and change. Since New York's financial industry provides almost one-fourth of all income produced in the city, and accounts for 10% of the city's tax revenues and 20% of the state's, the downturn has had huge repercussions for government treasuries.<ref name="nyt20080726" /> New York's mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] reportedly over a four-year period dangled over $100 million in tax incentives to persuade Goldman Sachs to build a 43-story [[headquarters]] in the [[Financial District (Manhattan)|Financial District]] near the destroyed World Trade Center site.<ref name="nyt20090223" /> In 2009, things looked somewhat gloomy, with one analysis by the [[Boston Consulting Group]] suggesting that 65,000 jobs had been permanently lost because of the downturn.<ref name="nyt20090223" /> But there were signs that Manhattan property prices were rebounding with price rises of 9% annually in 2010, and bonuses were being paid once more, with average bonuses over $124,000 in 2010.<ref name="guardian20101007" />

====Versus Midtown Manhattan====
A requirement of the New York Stock Exchange was that brokerage firms had to have offices "clustered around Wall Street" so clerks could deliver physical paper copies of stock certificates each week.<ref name="usatoday20011024" /> There were some indications that midtown had been becoming the locus of financial services dealings even by 1911.<ref>{{cite news |title=WALL STREET BANKS CONNECTING UPTOWN; Financial District Notes This as American Exchange National Buys Into the Pacific. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 27, 1911 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/05/27/archives/wall-street-banks-connecting-uptown-financial-district-notes-this.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030154328/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/05/27/archives/wall-street-banks-connecting-uptown-financial-district-notes-this.html |url-status=live }}</ref> But as technology progressed, in the middle and later decades of the 20th century, computers and telecommunications replaced paper notifications, meaning that the close proximity requirement could be bypassed in more situations.<ref name="usatoday20011024" /> Many financial firms found that they could move to [[Midtown Manhattan]], only {{convert|4|mi|km|0|spell=in}} away,<ref name="nyt20010909" /> and still operate effectively. For example, the former investment firm of [[Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette]] was described as a ''Wall Street firm'' but had its headquarters on [[Park Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Heidi N. |last=Moore |title=DLJ: Wall Street's Incubator |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=March 10, 2008 |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2008/03/10/the-little-bank-that-was-wall-streets-incubator/ |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726103746/https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2008/03/10/the-little-bank-that-was-wall-streets-incubator/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A report described the migration from Wall Street:

{{blockquote|The financial industry has been slowly migrating from its historic home in the warren of streets around Wall Street to the more spacious and glamorous office towers of Midtown Manhattan. Morgan Stanley, J.P. Morgan Chase, Citigroup, and Bear Stearns have all moved north.|source=''USA Today'', October 2001.<ref name="usatoday20011024" />}}

Nevertheless, a key magnet for the Wall Street remains the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]]. Some "old guard" firms such as [[Goldman Sachs]] and [[Merrill Lynch]] (bought by [[Bank of America]] in 2009), have remained "fiercely loyal to the Financial District" location, and new ones such as [[Deutsche Bank]] have chosen office space in the district.<ref name="usatoday20011024" /> So-called "face-to-face" trading between buyers and sellers remains a "cornerstone" of the NYSE, with a benefit of having all of a deal's players close at hand, including [[Investment banking|investment bankers]], [[lawyer]]s, and [[accountant]]s.<ref name="usatoday20011024" />

====In the New Jersey economy====
{{main|Wall Street West}}
After Wall Street firms started to expand westward in the 1980s into [[New Jersey]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Winston |title=On the Jersey City Docks, Wall St. West |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/28/nyregion/on-the-jersey-city-docks-wall-st-west.html |access-date=June 28, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 28, 1988 |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406213209/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/28/nyregion/on-the-jersey-city-docks-wall-st-west.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the direct economic impacts of Wall Street activities have gone beyond New York City. The employment in the financial services industry, mostly in the "back office" roles, has become an important part of New Jersey's economy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scott-Quinn |first=Brian |title=Finance, investment banking and the international bank credit and capital markets : a guide to the global industry and its governance in the new age of uncertainty |date=July 31, 2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke |isbn=978-0230370470 |page=66 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dv9TrTcZeGQC}}</ref> In 2009, the Wall Street employment wages were paid in the amount of almost $18.5 billion in the state. The industry contributed $39.4 billion or 8.4 percent to the New Jersey's [[gross domestic product]] in the same year.<ref name="njfinance">{{cite web |title=Finance |url=http://www.nj.gov/njnextstop/home/finance/ |work=New Jersey Next Stop ... Your Career |publisher=State of New Jersey |access-date=June 29, 2013 |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173747/https://www.nj.gov/njnextstop/home/finance/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The most significant area with Wall Street employment is in [[Jersey City]]. In 2008, the "Wall Street West" employment contributed to one third of the [[private sector]] jobs in Jersey City. Within the Financial Service cluster, there were three major sectors: more than 60 percent were in the [[Security (finance)|securities industry]]; 20 percent were in [[bank]]ing; and 8 percent in [[insurance]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Your Gateway to Opportunity, Enterprise Zone Five Year Strategic Plan 2010 |url=http://www.jcedc.org/Pages/JerseyCity%20UEZ_Economics.pdf |publisher=Jersey City Economic Development Corporation |access-date=June 29, 2013 |archive-date=October 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028234728/http://www.jcedc.org/Pages/JerseyCity%20UEZ_Economics.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Additionally, New Jersey has become the main technology infrastructure to support the Wall Street operations. A substantial amount of securities traded in the United States are executed in New Jersey as the [[data center]]s of electronic trading in the U.S. equity market for all major stock exchanges are located in [[North Jersey|North]] and [[Central Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bowley |first=Graham |title=The New Speed of Money, Reshaping Markets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/business/02speed.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=June 29, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 1, 2011 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195546/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/business/02speed.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NASDAQ OMX Express Connect |url=http://www.nasdaqtrader.com/content/Productsservices/trading/CoLo/ExpressConnect_factsheet.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nasdaqtrader.com/content/Productsservices/trading/CoLo/ExpressConnect_factsheet.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=NASDAQ OMX |access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> A significant amount of securities [[Clearing (finance)|clearing]] and [[Settlement (finance)|settlement]] workforce is also in the state. This includes the majority of the workforce of Depository Trust Company,<ref>{{cite web |title=DTC Operations Move to Newport, New Jersey |url=http://www.dtcc.com/downloads/legal/imp_notices/2012/dtc/ope/0481-12.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dtcc.com/downloads/legal/imp_notices/2012/dtc/ope/0481-12.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=The Depository Trust Company |access-date=June 29, 2013 |date=September 10, 2012}}</ref> the primary U.S. securities [[Depository bank|depository]]; and the [[Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregory |first=Bresiger |title=DTCC Moves Most Operations to NJ |url=http://www.tradersmagazine.com/news/dtcc-moves-most-operations-to-nj-110623-1.html |access-date=June 29, 2013 |newspaper=Traders Magazine |date=December 14, 2012 |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901130140/http://www.tradersmagazine.com/news/dtcc-moves-most-operations-to-nj-110623-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> the parent company of National Securities Clearing Corporation, the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation and Emerging Markets Clearing Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clearing Agencies |url=https://www.sec.gov/divisions/marketreg/mrclearing.shtml |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=June 29, 2013 |archive-date=March 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326175221/https://www.sec.gov/divisions/marketreg/mrclearing.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Having a direct tie to Wall Street employment can be problematic for New Jersey, however. The state lost 7.9 percent of its employment base from 2007 to 2010 in the financial services sector in the fallout of the [[subprime mortgage crisis]].<ref name="njfinance" />

====Competing financial centers====
{{Main|Financial center}}

Of the street's importance as a financial center, ''[[New York Times]]'' analyst [[Daniel Gross (journalist)|Daniel Gross]] wrote:

{{blockquote|In today's burgeoning and increasingly integrated global financial markets&nbsp;— a vast, neural spaghetti of wires, Web sites and trading platforms&nbsp;— the N.Y.S.E. is clearly no longer the epicenter. Nor is New York. The largest mutual-fund complexes are in [[Valley Forge, Pennsylvania|Valley Forge, Pa.]], [[Los Angeles]] and [[Boston]], while trading and money management are spreading globally. Since the end of the cold war, vast pools of capital have been forming overseas, in the Swiss bank accounts of Russian oligarchs, in the Shanghai vaults of Chinese manufacturing magnates and in the coffers of funds controlled by governments in Singapore, Russia, [[Dubai]], [[Qatar]] and Saudi Arabia that may amount to some $2.5 trillion.|Daniel Gross in 2007<ref name="nyt20071014" />}}

An example is the alternative trading platform known as [[BATS Global Markets|BATS]], based in [[Kansas City]], which came "out of nowhere to gain a 9 percent share in the market for trading United States stocks".<ref name="nyt20071014" /> The firm has computers in the [[U.S. state]] of [[New Jersey]], and only two salespeople in New York City; the remaining 33 employees work in a center in Kansas.<ref name="nyt20071014" />

===In the public imagination===
====As a financial symbol====
{{Financial markets}}
Wall Street in a conceptual sense represents financial and economic power. To Americans, it can sometimes represent elitism and power politics, and its role has been a source of controversy throughout the nation's history, particularly beginning around the [[Gilded Age]] period in the late 19th century. Wall Street became the symbol of a country and economic system that many Americans see as having developed through trade, capitalism, and innovation.<ref>Fraser (2005).</ref>

The term "Wall Street" has become a [[metonym]] for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the [[Financial services in the United States|American financial services industry]], or New York–based financial interests.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Kimberly|last=Amadeo|title=Learn how Wall Street works|url=https://www.thebalance.com/introduction-to-wall-street-for-beginners-358143|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=The Balance|language=en|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030170755/https://www.thebalance.com/introduction-to-wall-street-for-beginners-358143|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Wall%20Street Merriam-Webster Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012142345/http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Wall%20Street |date=October 12, 2007}}, retrieved July 17, 2007.</ref> Wall Street has become synonymous with financial interests, often used negatively.<ref name="Kuttner2010">{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Kuttner |title=Zillions for Wall Street, Zippo for Barack's Old Neighborhood |website=Huffington Post |date=August 22, 2010 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-kuttner/zillions-for-wall-street-_b_690541.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104046/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-kuttner/zillions-for-wall-street-_b_690541.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] from 2007 to 2010, Wall Street financing was blamed as one of the causes, although most commentators blame an interplay of factors. The U.S. government with the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]] bailed out the banks and financial backers with billions of taxpayer dollars, but the bailout was often criticized as politically motivated,<ref name="Kuttner2010" /> and was criticized by journalists as well as the public. Analyst [[Robert Kuttner]] in the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' criticized the bailout as helping large Wall Street firms such as Citigroup while neglecting to help smaller community development banks such as Chicago's [[ShoreBank]].<ref name="Kuttner2010" /> One writer in the ''Huffington Post'' looked at [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] statistics on robbery, fraud, and crime and concluded that Wall Street was the "most dangerous neighborhood in the United States" if one factored in the $50 billion [[fraud]] perpetrated by [[Bernie Madoff]].<ref>{{cite web |first=B. Jeffrey |last=Madoff |title=The Most Dangerous Neighborhood in the United States |website=Huffington Post |date=March 10, 2009 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/b-jeffrey-madoff/the-most-dangerous-neighb_b_173667.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=July 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714071415/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/b-jeffrey-madoff/the-most-dangerous-neighb_b_173667.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

When large firms such as [[Enron]], [[WorldCom]], and [[Global Crossing]] were found guilty of fraud, Wall Street was often blamed,<ref name="guardian20050521" /> even though these firms had headquarters around the nation and not in Wall Street. Many complained that the resulting [[Sarbanes–Oxley Act|Sarbanes–Oxley]] legislation dampened the business climate with regulations that were "overly burdensome".<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Altman |title=Other financial centers could rise amid crisis |work=The New York Times: Business |date=September 30, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/business/worldbusiness/30iht-glob01.1.16579561.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101031817/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/business/worldbusiness/30iht-glob01.1.16579561.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Interest groups seeking favor with [[Washington, D.C.|Washington lawmakers]], such as car dealers, have often sought to portray their interests as allied with ''Main Street'' rather than ''Wall Street'', although analyst Peter Overby on ''[[National Public Radio]]'' suggested that car dealers have written over $250 billion in consumer loans and have real ties with ''Wall Street''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Overby |title=Car Dealers May Escape Scrutiny Of Consumer Loans |publisher=NPR |date=June 24, 2010 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128068332 |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108093556/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128068332 |url-status=live }}</ref>

When the [[United States Treasury]] bailed out large financial firms, to ostensibly halt a downward spiral in the nation's economy, there was tremendous negative political fallout, particularly when reports came out that monies supposed to be used to ease credit restrictions were being used to pay bonuses to highly paid employees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hard Times, But Big Wall Street Bonuses |publisher=CBS News |date=November 12, 2008 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hard-times-but-big-wall-street-bonuses/ |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010153413/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/12/earlyshow/main4595179.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Analyst [[William D. Cohan]] argued that it was "obscene" how Wall Street reaped "massive profits and bonuses in 2009" after being saved by "trillions of dollars of American taxpayers' treasure" despite Wall Street's "greed and irresponsible risk-taking".<ref>{{cite news |first=William D. |last=Cohan |title=You're Welcome, Wall Street |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 19, 2010 |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/19/youre-welcome-wall-street/ |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809003309/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/19/youre-welcome-wall-street/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Washington Post]]'' reporter Suzanne McGee called for Wall Street to make a sort of public apology to the nation, and expressed dismay that people such as [[Goldman Sachs]] chief executive [[Lloyd Blankfein]] hadn't expressed contrition despite being sued by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] in 2009.<ref name="wp20100630">{{cite news |first=Suzanne |last=McGee |title=Will Wall Street ever apologize? |newspaper=Washington Post |date=June 30, 2010 |url=http://views.washingtonpost.com/leadership/guestinsights/2010/06/wall-street-and-the-noble-art-of-the-apology.html |access-date=January 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023144613/http://views.washingtonpost.com/leadership/guestinsights/2010/06/wall-street-and-the-noble-art-of-the-apology.html |url-status=live }}</ref> McGee wrote that "Bankers aren't the sole culprits, but their too-glib denials of responsibility and the occasional vague and waffling expression of regret don't go far enough to deflect anger."<ref name="wp20100630" />

[[File:60 Wall Street building.jpg|thumb|upright|right|US headquarters of [[Deutsche Bank]] at [[60 Wall Street]] in 2010]]
But chief banking analyst at [[Goldman Sachs]], Richard Ramsden, is "unapologetic" and sees "banks as the dynamos that power the rest of the economy".<ref name="guardian20101007" /> Ramsden believes "risk-taking is vital" and said in 2010:

{{blockquote|You can construct a banking system in which no bank will ever fail, in which there's no leverage. But there would be a cost. There would be virtually no economic growth because there would be no credit creation.|Richard Ramsden of Goldman Sachs, 2010.<ref name="guardian20101007" />}}

Others in the financial industry believe that they have been unfairly castigated by the public and by politicians. For example, [[Anthony Scaramucci]] reportedly told President [[Barack Obama]] in 2010 that he felt like a [[piñata]], "whacked with a stick" by "hostile politicians".<ref name="guardian20101007" /> The financial misdeeds of various figures throughout American history sometimes casts a dark shadow on financial investing as a whole, and include names such as [[William Duer (Continental Congressman)|William Duer]], [[James Fisk (financier)|Jim Fisk]] and [[Jay Gould]] (the latter two believed to have been involved with an effort to collapse the U.S. gold market in 1869) as well as modern figures such as [[Bernard Madoff]] who "bilked billions from investors".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/walking-tours-nyc-11759.html|title=Walking Tours of NYC|first=T.L.|last=Chancellor|date=January 14, 2010|access-date=January 14, 2010|publisher=USA Today: Travel|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005153339/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/walking-tours-nyc-11759.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition, images of Wall Street and its figures have loomed large. The 1987 [[Oliver Stone]] film ''[[Wall Street (1987 film)|Wall Street]]'' created the iconic figure of [[Gordon Gekko]] who used the phrase "greed is good", which caught on in the cultural parlance.<ref name="nyt20090908" /> Gekko is reportedly based on multiple real-life individuals on Wall Street, including corporate raider Carl Icahn, disgraced stock trader Ivan Boesky, and investor Michael Ovitz.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chen|first=James|title=Who Is Gordon Gekko?|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gordon-gekko.asp|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=Investopedia|language=en|archive-date=November 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119052043/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gordon-gekko.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, Stone commented how the film had had an unexpected cultural influence, not causing them to turn away from corporate greed, but causing many young people to choose Wall Street careers because of the film.<ref name="nyt20090908">{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Arango |title=Greed Is Bad, Gekko. So Is a Meltdown. |work=The New York Times: Movies |date=September 7, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/movies/08stone.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035921/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/movies/08stone.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A reporter repeated other lines from the film: "I'm talking about liquid. Rich enough to have your own jet. Rich enough not to waste time. Fifty, a hundred million dollars, Buddy. A player."<ref name="nyt20090908" /> Wall Street firms have, however, also contributed to projects such as [[Habitat for Humanity]], as well as done food programs in [[Haiti]], trauma centers in [[Sudan]], and rescue boats during floods in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Emily |last=Wax |title=Wall Street Greed? Not in This Neighborhood |newspaper=Washington Post |date=October 11, 2008 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/10/AR2008101002937.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108092705/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/10/AR2008101002937.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====In popular culture====
[[File:Wall Street & Broadway.JPG|thumb|upright|Street sign for Wall Street at the corner with Broadway, in front of [[1 Wall Street]]]]
* [[Herman Melville]]'s classic short story "[[Bartleby, the Scrivener]]" (first published in 1853 and republished in revised edition in 1856) is subtitled "A Story of Wall Street" and portrays the alienating forces at work within the confines of Wall Street.
* Many events of [[Tom Wolfe]]'s 1987 novel ''[[The Bonfire of the Vanities]]'' center on Wall Street and its culture.
* The film ''[[Wall Street (1987 film)|Wall Street]]'' (1987) and its sequel ''[[Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps]]'' (2010) exemplify many popular conceptions of Wall Street as a center of shady corporate dealings and [[insider trading]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094291/ IMDb entry for Wall Street] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722232330/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094291/ |date=July 22, 2018 }} Retrieved August 19, 2006.</ref>
* In the ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, the [[Ferengi]] are said to make regular pilgrimages to Wall Street, which they worship as a holy site of commerce and business.<ref>[[11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager)]]</ref>
* In 1997, [[The Beatnuts]] filmed the music video for "[[Off the Books]]" with [[Big Pun]] and [[Cuban Link]] on Wall Street, which was directed by [[Chris Robinson (director)|Chris Robinson]].
* On January 26, 2000, the band [[Rage Against the Machine]] filmed the music video for "[[Sleep Now in the Fire]]" on Wall Street, which was directed by [[Michael Moore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rage Against The Machine Shoots New Video With Michael Moore |work=MTV News |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1433553/20000128/rage_against_the_machine.jhtml |last=Basham |first=David |date=January 28, 2000 |access-date=September 24, 2007 |archive-date=March 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313230512/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1433553/20000128/rage_against_the_machine.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The New York Stock Exchange closed early that day, at 2:52&nbsp;p.m.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSE special closings since 1885 |url=https://www.nyse.com/pdfs/closings.pdf |access-date=September 24, 2007 |archive-date=September 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925210452/http://www.nyse.com/pdfs/closings.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In the 2012 film ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'', [[Bane (DC Comics)|Bane]] attacks the [[Gotham City]] Stock Exchange. Scenes were filmed in and around the New York Stock Exchange, with the J.P. Morgan Building at Wall Street and Broad Street standing in for the Exchange.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.movie-locations.com/movies/d/Dark-Knight-Rises.php|title=Filming Locations for Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises (2012), with Christian Bale, in New York, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, the UK and India.|first=Tony|last=Reeves|access-date=March 28, 2020|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126161840/https://www.movie-locations.com/movies/d/Dark-Knight-Rises.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The 2013 film ''[[The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)|The Wolf of Wall Street]]'' is a [[black comedy|dark comedy]] about [[Jordan Belfort]], a New York stockbroker who ran [[Stratton Oakmont]], a firm from [[Lake Success, New York]], that engaged in securities fraud and corruption on Wall Street from 1987 to 1998.

====Personalities associated with the street====
Many people associated with Wall Street have become famous; although in most cases their reputations are limited to members of the [[brokerage firm|stock brokerage]] and banking communities, others have gained national and international fame. For some, like hedge fund manager [[Ray Dalio]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ray Dalio|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ray-dalio/|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=June 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606093421/http://www.forbes.com/profile/ray-dalio/|url-status=live}}</ref> their fame is due to skillful investment strategies, financing, reporting, legal or regulatory activities, while others such as [[Ivan Boesky]], [[Michael Milken]] and [[Bernie Madoff]] are remembered for their notable failures or scandal.<ref>[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2009/1/2009_1_52.shtml John Steele Gordon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102180816/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2009/1/2009_1_52.shtml |date=January 2, 2010}} "Wall Street's 10 Most Notorious Stock Traders," ''American Heritage'', Spring 2009.</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Pier 11 at Wall Street ferry.JPG|thumb|right|Pier 11]]
With Wall Street being historically a commuter destination, a plethora of transportation infrastructure has been developed to serve it. [[Pier 11/Wall Street|Pier 11]] near Wall Street's eastern end is a busy terminal for [[New York Waterway]], [[NYC Ferry]], [[New York Water Taxi]], and [[SeaStreak]]. The [[Downtown Manhattan Heliport]] also serves Wall Street.

There are three [[New York City Subway]] stations under Wall Street:
* [[Wall Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|Wall Street station]] at [[William Street (Manhattan)|William Street]] ({{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh Brooklyn}})<ref name="submap">{{NYCS const|map}}</ref>
* [[Wall Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|Wall Street station]] at [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] ({{NYCS trains|Lexington south}})<ref name="submap" />
* [[Broad Street station (BMT Nassau Street Line)|Broad Street station]] at [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]], with an entrance at Wall Street ({{NYCS trains|Nassau south}})<ref name="submap" />

No bus route runs on Wall Street. The two routes intersecting are the {{NYC bus link|M15|M15 SBS|prose=y}} on Water Street and the downtown {{NYC bus link|M55}} on Broadway.

From 1934 to the mid-1980s, [[Wall Street Skyport]] served as a seaplane base that was primarily used by suburban commuters.

==See also==
{{Portal|New York City|Business and economics|Banks}}
* [[Main Street]]
* [[K Street (Washington, D.C.)]]
* [[American business history]]
* [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
* [[Economy of New York City]]
* [[List of financial districts|List of Financial Districts]]
* [[Wall Street Historic District (Manhattan)]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Other sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Atwood, Albert W. and Erickson, Erling A. "Morgan, John Pierpont, (April 17, 1837&nbsp;– March 31, 1913)," in ''Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 7'' (1934)
* Caplan, Sheri J. ''Petticoats and Pinstripes: Portraits of Women in Wall Street's History''. Praeger, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-4408-0265-2}}
* Carosso, Vincent P. ''The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854–1913.'' Harvard University Press, 1987. 888 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-0-674-58729-8}}
* Carosso, Vincent P. ''Investment Banking in America: A History'' Harvard University Press (1970)
* [[Ron Chernow|Chernow, Ron]]. ''The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance'', (2001) {{ISBN|0-8021-3829-2}}
* Fraser, Steve. ''Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life'' HarperCollins (2005)
* Geisst, Charles R. ''Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron.'' Oxford University Press, 2004. [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104746636 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701235439/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104746636 |date=July 1, 2012 }}
* Jaffe, Stephen H. & Lautin, Jessica. ''Capital of Capital: Money, Banking, and Power in New York City, 1784–2012'' (2014)
* Moody, John. ''The Masters of Capital: A Chronicle of Wall Street'' Yale University Press, (1921) [https://archive.org/details/mastersofcapitaljohn00moodiala online edition]
* Morris, Charles R. ''The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy'' (2005) {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8134-3}}
* Perkins, Edwin J. ''Wall Street to Main Street: Charles Merrill and Middle-class Investors'' (1999)
* [[Robert Sobel|Sobel, Robert]]. ''The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market'' (1962)
* Sobel, Robert. ''The Great Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1920s'' (1968)
* Sobel, Robert. ''Inside Wall Street: Continuity & Change in the Financial District'' (1977)
* [[Jean Strouse|Strouse, Jean]]. ''Morgan: American Financier.'' Random House, 1999. 796 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-0-679-46275-0}}
* Finkelman, Paul. ''Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the present.'' Oxford University Press Inc, (2009)
* Kindleberger, Charles. ''The world in Depression 1929–1939.'' Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, (1973)
* [[John Steele Gordon|Gordon, John Steele]]. ''[[The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000]]''. Scribner, (1999)
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{attached KML|display=title,inline}}
{{Wikiquote}}
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List of accolades received by Haider (film)

2026-01-31T12:13:46Z

DongXqz408: Creating A Info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Haider'' (film)}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
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| image1 = Shahid Kapoor promoting Haider.jpg
| image2 = Tabu promoting De De Pyaar De.jpg
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| width1 = 380
| width2 = 431
| height1 = 500
| height2 = 500
| footer = The performances of [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] garnered critical acclaim and they both received several awards.
}}

''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'' is a 2014 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] crime-drama film directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], and produced by Bhardwaj and [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]].<ref name="crew">{{cite web|title=Haider (2014) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/677639 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408073711/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/677639 |archive-date= 8 April 2015 }}</ref> The film stars [[Shahid Kapoor]] as the eponymous protagonist, and co-stars [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], and [[Irrfan Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Movie review by Anupama Chopra: Haider is deeply stirring |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/moview-review-by-anupama-chopra-haider-is-deeply-stirring/article1-1270825.aspx |access-date=4 October 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002174021/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/moview-review-by-anupama-chopra-haider-is-deeply-stirring/article1-1270825.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2014 }}</ref> Bhardwaj wrote the dialogues for the film, and co-wrote the screenplay with [[Basharat Peer]].<ref name="crew"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Bhatia |first=Ritika |title=Basharat Peer: The man who scripted Haider |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/basharat-peer-the-man-who-scripted-haider-114103000877_1.html |access-date=23 April 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=1 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103025613/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/basharat-peer-the-man-who-scripted-haider-114103000877_1.html |archive-date= 3 January 2015 }}</ref> Bhardwaj also composed the [[Haider (soundtrack)|music]] and [[Gulzar]] wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |title=Haider: Vishal Bhardwaj took months to compose Bismil |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Haider-Vishal-Bhardwaj-took-months-to-compose-Bismil/articleshow/43401686.cms |access-date=15 April 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514103651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Haider-Vishal-Bhardwaj-took-months-to-compose-Bismil/articleshow/43401686.cms |archive-date=14 May 2015 }}</ref> The film is a modern-day adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Hamlet]]'', and tells the story of Haider who searches for his missing father during the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir conflict of 1995]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Vashisht |first=Sunanda |title=Haider is not the only story of Kashmir |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-haider-is-not-the-only-story-of-kashmir-2024038 |access-date=15 April 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=7 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220084047/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-haider-is-not-the-only-story-of-kashmir-2024038 |archive-date=20 December 2014 }}</ref>

Produced on a budget of {{INRConvert|240|m}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Bang Bang vs Haider is Not a 'Clash of the Titans'|work=NDTVMovies.com |date=29 September 2014 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-bang-bang-vs-haider-is-not-a-clash-of-the-titans-672374|publisher=[[NDTV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027151540/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-bang-bang-vs-haider-is-not-a-clash-of-the-titans-672374|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> ''Haider'' was released on 2 October 2014, and grossed {{INRConvert|690|m}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Worldwide Collections of Haider |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/391 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616215352/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/391 |archive-date=16 June 2015 }}</ref> The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories, with particular praise for its direction, performances of Shahid Kapoor and Tabu, music and production design. As of June 2015, the film has won 36 awards.

At the [[62nd National Film Awards]], ''Haider'' earned five awards, more than any other film at the ceremony, including [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay (Dialogues)]] (both Bhardwaj).<ref name="nfa15">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |title=62nd National Film Awards' winners: 'Haider' wins five, Kangana Ranaut's 'Queen' two |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 March 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325062007/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |archive-date=25 March 2015 }}</ref> ''Haider'' also won five awards at the [[60th Filmfare Awards]] ceremony, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Shahid Kapoor), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Menon), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Tabu).<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |title='Queen' Rules India's Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/queen-rules-indias-filmfare-awards-768890 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=31 January 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306053905/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/queen-rules-indias-filmfare-awards-768890 |archive-date= 6 March 2015 }}</ref> It also received nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] at the ceremony.<ref name="ffnom">{{cite news|title=Nominations for the 60th Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=19 January 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110120443/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html |archive-date=10 January 2016 }}</ref> At the 2015 [[Screen Awards]], ''Haider'' received nominations for [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]], and won five awards, including [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="screen1">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120115-screen-awards-2015-live/ |title=Highlights: 21st Life OK Screen Awards: Shahid Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra win Best Actor, 'Queen' Best Film |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |work=The Indian Express |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125840/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120115-screen-awards-2015-live/ |archive-date=14 January 2015 }}</ref><ref name="screen2">{{cite web|title=Nominations for 21st Annual Life OK Screen Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7752 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 January 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711235814/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7752 |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref> ''Haider'' also won nine awards at the [[16th IIFA Awards|16th ceremony]] of the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], including [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]].

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Refs|References}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Asian Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| [[9th Asian Film Awards|25 March 2015]]
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite news|title=The Asian Film Awards Nominees |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/03/24/the-asian-film-awards-nominees/ |date=24 March 2015 |access-date=16 April 2015 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428084823/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/03/24/the-asian-film-awards-nominees/ |archive-date=28 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Production Designer
| {{Sort|Chakraborty|Subrata Chakraborty}}, Amit Ray
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="9" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| rowspan="9"| 18 December 2014
| Most Entertaining Film
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |<ref name="bigstar14">{{cite web|title=Big Star Entertainment Awards Nominations List 2014 |url=http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |access-date=30 December 2014 |publisher=[[Reliance Broadcast Network]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216084934/http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |archive-date=16 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor (Film) – Male
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Film – Female
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|{{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Director (Film)
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Dancer – Male/Female
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Film – Male
|{{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Film – Male
| {{Sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Thriller film
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shraddha Kapoor]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="9" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="9"| [[60th Filmfare Awards|31 January 2015]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |<ref name="ffnom"/> <ref name="ff15">{{cite news|title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete list of winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203081332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |archive-date= 3 February 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{Sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Gulzar]] (for song "Bismil")
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
| {{Sort|Chakraborty|Subrata Chakraborty}}, Amit Ray
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{Sort|Ahluwalia|[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
| {{Sort|Koyeri|[[Shajith Koyeri]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| 24 February 2015
| Best Background Score
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web|last=James |first=Anu |title=GiMA Awards 2015: Shahid Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor, AR Rahman, Other Celebs Attend the Ceremony |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gima-awards-2015-shahid-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-ar-rahman-other-celebs-attend-ceremony-624479 |access-date=16 April 2015 |date=25 February 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024754/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gima-awards-2015-shahid-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-ar-rahman-other-celebs-attend-ceremony-624479 |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Goswami |first=Parismita |title=GiMA Awards 2015: Ankit Tiwari, Alia Bhatt and Others Nominated; Complete List of Nominees |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gima-awards-2015-ankit-tiwari-alia-bhatt-others-nominated-complete-list-nominees-623619 |access-date=16 April 2015 |date=16 February 2015 |work=International Business Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217074141/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gima-awards-2015-ankit-tiwari-alia-bhatt-others-nominated-complete-list-nominees-623619 |archive-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=GIMA Over The Years Film Music Nominees |url=http://gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php |access-date=16 April 2015 |publisher=[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205084651/http://gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php |archive-date= 5 February 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Rekha Bhardwaj]]}} (for song "Aaj Ke Naam")
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| {{Sort|Singh|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]}} (for song "Bismil")
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Gulzar]] (for song "Bismil")
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Film Album
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="14" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="14"| [[16th IIFA Awards|7 June 2015]]{{efn|The awards in the technical categories were announced on 22 April 2015. The presentation for the awards in the technical category was held on 5 June 2015, and the main award ceremony took place on 7 June 2015.<ref name="iifa"/>}}
| [[IIFA Award for Best Movie|Best Movie]]
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="14" |<ref name="iifa">{{cite news|title=Shahid Kapoor's 'Haider' wins big at IIFA technical awards |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shahid-kapoor-s-haider-wins-big-at-iifa-technical-awards-2079740 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=22 April 2015 |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613095559/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shahid-kapoor-s-haider-wins-big-at-iifa-technical-awards-2079740 |archive-date=13 June 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title='2 States', 'Haider' lead IIFA 2015 nominations, Aamir and SRK pitted for best actor |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-2-states-haider-lead-iifa-2015-nominations-aamir-and-srk-pitted-for-best-actor-2077364 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417151252/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-2-states-haider-lead-iifa-2015-nominations-aamir-and-srk-pitted-for-best-actor-2077364 |archive-date=17 April 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title='Queen' wins top honours at IIFA |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/queen-wins-top-honours-at-iifa-115060800067_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132306/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/queen-wins-top-honours-at-iifa-115060800067_1.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{Sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{Sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
| {{Sort|Singh|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]}} (for song "Bismil")
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{Sort|Ahluwalia|[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]
| {{Sort|Koyeri|[[Shajith Koyeri]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Re-Recording|Best Sound Re-Recording]]
| {{Sort|Changmai|Debajit Changmai}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
| {{Sort|Chakraborty|Subrata Chakraborty}}, Amit Ray
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]]
| {{Sort|Singh|Preetisheel Singh}}, Clover Wootton
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|rowspan="5"| [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|27 February 2015]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| [[Gulzar]] (for song "Bismil")
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=7th Mirchi Music Awards Nominations |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/bollywood/2014/nomination.php |publisher=[[Mirchi Music Awards]] |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213105428/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/bollywood/2014/nomination.php |archive-date=13 February 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=7th Mirchi Music Awards Winners |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/bollywood/2014/winners.php |publisher=Mirchi Music Awards |access-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508051637/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/bollywood/2014/winners.php |archive-date= 8 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}} (for song "Bismil")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shraddha Kapoor]]}} (for song "Do Jahaan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Raag Based Song
| "Jhelum"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Background Score of the Year
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| [[62nd National Film Awards|3 May 2015]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref name="nfa15"/> <ref>{{cite web
|title=62nd National Film Awards for 2014 (Press Release)
|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf
|work=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
|date=24 February 2015
|access-date=25 March 2015
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123148/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf
|archive-date= 2 April 2015
}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{Sort|Singh|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]}} (for song "Bismil")
|{{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| {{Sort|Adhana|Suresh Adhana}} (for song "Bismil")
|{{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{Sort|Ahluwalia|[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rome Film Festival]]
| 26 October 2014
| People's Choice Award in the Mondo Genre
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Haider wins People's Choice Award at Rome Film Festival |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/ |access-date=8 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161059/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/ |archive-date= 8 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" | [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="12" | 14 January 2015
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="12" |<ref name="screen1"/> <ref name="screen2"/> <ref>{{cite news|title=21st Annual Life OK Screen Awards nominations |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/ |access-date=8 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161059/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/ |archive-date= 8 January 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Crowd Favourites |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/crowd-favourites/ |access-date=5 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103205031/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/crowd-favourites/ |archive-date= 3 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor – Popular Choice]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{Sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Villain|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
| {{Sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]]
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}, [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|{{won}}
|-
| LifeOK Hero Award (Male)
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{Sort|Kunmar|Pankaj Kumar}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| {{Sort|Chakraborty|Subrata Chakraborty}}, Amit Ray
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Choreography
| {{Sort|Adhana|Suresh Adhana}} (for song "Bismil")
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" | [[Star Guild Awards]]{{efn|Also known as Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch: Was Salman Khan joking or just being rude? |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-was-salman-khan-joking-or-just-being-rude/381843-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=3 January 2015 |date=29 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606195109/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-was-salman-khan-joking-or-just-being-rude/381843-8-66.html |archive-date= 6 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Film Producers Guild of India |title=Star Guild Awards |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/ApsaraAwards2012/about |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309222807/https://www.youtube.com/user/ApsaraAwards2012/about |archive-date= 9 March 2016 }}</ref>}}
| rowspan="11" |12 January 2015
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7757 |title=Winners of 10th Renault Star Guild Awards |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113031302/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7757 |archive-date=13 January 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/star-guild-awards-2015-queen-pk-lead-nominations-724735 |title=Star Guild Awards 2015: Queen, PK Lead Nominations |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114114955/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/star-guild-awards-2015-queen-pk-lead-nominations-724735 |archive-date=14 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Irrfan Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
| {{Sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{Sort|Singh|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]}} (for song "Bismil")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}, [[Basharat Peer]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}} (for song "Bismil")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{Sort|Koyeri|[[Shajith Koyeri]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | 15 December 2014
| [[Stardust Award for Film of the Year|Film of the Year]]
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |<ref name="stardustwins">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7635 |title=Winners of Stardust Awards 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215100048/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7635 |archive-date=15 December 2014 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7612/ |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107084431/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7612/ |archive-date= 7 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Dream Director|Dream Director]]
| {{Sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actor in a Drama|Best Actor in a Drama]]
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama|Best Actress in a Drama]]
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shraddha Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male|Star of the Year – Male]]
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Shahid Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| {{Sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Gulzar]] (for song "Bismil")
| {{nom}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2014]]

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3390572/awards?ref_=tt_awd Accolades for ''Haider''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haider}}
[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film]]

Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal

2026-01-08T22:48:36Z

DongXqz408: made the details from scratch

{{short description|Indian supernatural horror television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Supernatural]] [[Horror film|Horror]] [[Fantasy]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = [[Yash A Patnaik]]
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme = Ishq Mein Hua Ghayal...Ghayal!
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Reenam Jain, Aashish Rego
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 89
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Yash A Patnaik|Mamta Patnaik}}
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 21-63 minutes
| company = Beyond Dreams Entertainment [[Inspire Films]]
| network = [[Colors TV]] [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2023|02|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|07|12|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal''''' ({{Translation|''Wounded in Your Love''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] fantasy television series that aired from 13 February 2023 to 9 June 2023 on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-the-vampire-diaries-with-werewolves-netizens-react-to-ishq-mein-ghayal--news-250070|title='The Vampire Diaries' With Werewolves: Netizens React To 'Ishq Mein Ghayal'|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=January 2023 }}</ref> From 12 June 2023 to 12 July 2023, the show exclusively streamed on [[JioCinema]]. An adaptation of the successful American series ''[[The Vampire Diaries]]'',<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-karan-kundrra-tere-ishq-mein-ghayal-is-one-of-my-toughest-shows-ive-got-bruises-cuts-and-it-has-been-gruelling/photostory/97761253.cms | title=Exclusive – Karan Kundrra: Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal is one of my toughest shows, I've got bruises, cuts and it has been gruelling | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> produced by [[Yash A Patnaik]] and Mamta Patnaik under the banner of Beyond Dreams Entertainment and [[Inspire Films]], it stars [[Karan Kundrra]], [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] and [[Reem Shaikh]] in main roles respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/gashmeer-mahajani-i-was-offered-the-show-at-jhalak-finale-23269240 | title=Gashmeer Mahajani: I was offered the show at Jhalak finale | date=7 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/reem-shaikh-admits-being-heartbroken-talks-about-her-new-show-tere-ishq-mein-ghayal-exclusive-2332640-2023-02-09 | title=Reem Shaikh admits being 'heartbroken', talks about her new show Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal | Exclusive }}</ref>

==Plot==
Many years ago, Avantika plead to her werewolf lover Tej to make her a werewolf like him, so they could be together, to which Tej refused. Eventually Tej was shot and killed. Avantika vowed that someday a lover would come to fulfill their incomplete love story.

Years later, Eisha Sharma, is still grieving from the loss of her parents. She met Armaan Oberoi, a werewolf. Eisha felt a connection between her and Armaan. Armaan's brother Veer, also a werewolf, wanted Eisha as she looked exactly like his lover Kavya, also a werewolf, who was burned to death by a villager. Armaan wanted Eisha as he is in love with her. Whereas Veer wants Eisha to take revenge on Armaan, as he believes Armaan is the reason for Kavya's death.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] as Armaan Oberoi: A 123 year old werewolf turned by Kavya; Veer's brother; Daksh and Raima's half-brother; Sikander’s step-brother; Tina's best friend; Eisha's ex-boyfriend (2023) (Dead)
* [[Reem Shaikh]] as
** Eisha Sharma: Sudha and Vyom's daughter; Angira, Viaan's cousin and adoptive sister; Laksh and Armaan's ex-girlfriend; Veer's girlfriend; Mehek and Cherry's best friend; Amar Sharma's descendant. (2023)
** Kavya: A 500+ year old werewolf who manipulated both Armaan and Veer to be her lovers for her own benefit; Eisha and Sudha's ancestor (2023)
* [[Karan Kundrra]] as Veer Oberoi: A 122 year old werewolf turned by Armaan; Armaan's brother; Daksh and Raima's half-brother; Sikander’s step-brother; Kavya's former love interest; Eisha's boyfriend (2023)

===Recurring===
*[[Rrahul Sudhir]] as Sikandar: Daksh and Raima's half-brother; Armaan and Veer's step-brother (2023) (Dead)
* [[Pooja Singh]] as Malini: Eisha's adoptive aunt; Vihaan's aunt; Sameer's love interest (2023) (Dead)
* Kunal Khosla as Vihaan Sharma: Eisha's cousin; Sara and Ahana's former love-interest; Amar Sharma's descendant; Mehek's boyfriend (2023)
* [[Vaishnavi Dhanraj]] as Mehek Roy: A Yogini; Eisha's childhood best friend; Arundhti's granddaughter; Cherry, Lakshya, Sara, Armaan, Veer and Maahir's friend; Chandrika's great-granddaughter; Vihaan's girlfriend (2023)
* [[Nalini Negi]] as Cherry Diwaan - Eisha and Mehek's best friend; Maaya's daughter; Lakshay's ex-girlfriend; Sara and Vihaan's friend; a werewolf turned by Kavya; Mahir's girlfriend (2023)
* [[Vishal Nayak]] / [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Vikram Oberoi - Armaan and Veer's father (2023) (Flashback)
* [[Priya Bathija]] as Mrs. Oberoi - Vikram's wife; Armaan and Veer's mother (2023)
* [[Nimai Bali]] as Mayor Kumar Damania: A Mahishi; Taruneema's husband; Mahir's father; Maya's friend (2023) (Dead)
* Smriti Tarun Khanna as Taruneema Kumar Damania: Mayor's wife; Mahir's mother (2023)
* Nidhi Shetty as Sara - A normal girl who gets turned into a werewolf by Veer; Lakshya's sister; Viaan's ex-love interest; Anita's daughter (2023)(Dead)
* Prabhat Chaudhary as Lakshya - Sara's brother; Mehek, Maahir and Viaan's friend; Eisha and Cherry's ex-boyfriend; Anita's son (2023)
* Pratik Parihar as Vicky - A werewolf turned by Ahana; Mehek's love interest later killed by Armaan (2023)(Dead/Cameo Role)
* Roma Navani as ACP Maaya Diwaan - A police officer; Cherry's mother; Mayor's friend (2023)
* Kavita Vaish as Arundhati Roy - A Yogini; Mehek's grandmother; Chandrika's granddaughter (2023)(Dead)
* Gauri Singh - as Izaa, Caretaker of the Oberoi Mansion (2023) (Cameo Role)
* Megha Prasad as Tina - A 350 years old werewolf; Armaan's friend; Kartik's girlfriend (2023) (Dead)
* [[Meherzan Mazda]] / [[Fahad Ali]] as Mahir Damania: Mayor and Taruneema's son, a Mahish; Cherry's boyfriend (2023) / (2023)
* Nikhil Arya as Sameer Acharya - A new history teacher of Landsale college; Sudha's ex-husband; Eisha's step-father; Malini's love-interest (2023)
* Nidhi Sisodiya as Chandrika Ghosh - A former Yogini and Soul; Arundhti's grandmother; Mehek's ancestor (2023)(Cameo Role)
* Nisha Agarwal as Nikita - A Yogini; Veer's friend (2023)(Cameo Role) (Dead)
* Aditi Rawat as Ahana - Viaan's new love interest; a werewolf (2023) (Dead)
* Gultesham Khan as Kartik - a werewolf; Tina's boyfriend (2023)(Cameo Role)
* [[Shardul Pandit]] as Adi: a werewolf turned by Ahana (2023)(Cameo Role)
* [[Shilpa Saklani]] as Sudha: Sameer's ex-wife; a werewolf turned by Veer; Eisha's biological mother; Kavya's descendant (2023) (Dead)
* [[Kamya Panjabi]] as Nandini: a 400 year-old werewolf; Ahana's mother; Amar Sharma's former love-interest (2023)(Dead)
* Subodh Verma as Amar Sharma: Nandini's former love interest and Eisha and Vihaan's great-grandfather; Vyom's grandfather (2023)(Flashback)
* [[Navina Bole]] as Anita: Lakshya and Sara's mother (2023)
* Suchita Sinha as Trisha Gupta: Sudha's friend (2023)(Dead/Cameo)
* [[Bakhtiyaar Irani]] as Vyom Sharma: Eisha's biological father & adoptive uncle; Vihaan's uncle ; Sudha's ex-Boyfriend; Amar Sharma’s grandson (2023)(Dead)
*[[Krip Suri]] as Daksh Oberoi: Raima’s brother; Sikandar, Armaan and Veer's half-brother (2023)
*Ankit Gulati as Bheem, a Mahish (2023)
*Sonam Arora as Mrs. Oberoi: Sikander, Daksh and Raima's mother; Armaan and Veer's step-mother; Vikram Oberoi's First wife (2023)(Dead)
*Rakshita Khanna as Raima Oberoi: Sikander,Armaan and Veer's half-sister; Daksh's Sister; Vikram Oberoi's only daughter, a bhediya (2023)

===Cameo appearances===
* [[Arjun Bijlani]] as Tej: A werewolf, Avantika's lover; Armaan and Veer's cousin (2023)
* [[Niyati Fatnani]] as Avantika: Tej's lover; Cherry' s grandmother; Maya's mother (2023)
* [[Nia Sharma]] as Dancer (2023)

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Karan Kundrra]] as Veer, [[Reem Shaikh]] as Isha and [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] as Armaan were signed as the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/karan-kundrra-gashmeer-mahajani-and-reem-shaikh-to-be-seen-together-in-ishq-mein-ghayal--news-250521|title=Karan Kundrra, Gashmeer Mahajani, And Reem Shaikh To Be Seen Together In 'Ishq Mein Ghayal'|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>

[[File:Karan-Kundrra-Reem-Sameer-Shaikh-and-Gashmeer-Mahajani-snapped-on-the-sets-of-Tere-Ishq-Mein-Ghayal-in-Film-City.jpg|thumb|left|[[Karan Kundrra|Karan]] with [[Reem Shaikh|Reem]] and [[Gashmeer Mahajani|Gashmeer]] snapped on sets]]

The series also features [[Arjun Bijlani]] and [[Niyati Fatnani]] in cameo appearances.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/entertainment/niyati-fatnani-and-arjun-bijlani-shoot-under-extreme-cold-for-upcoming-show-bhediya-ishq-aur-junoon-6664669.html | title=Niyati Fatnani and Arjun Bijlani Shoot Under Extreme Cold for Upcoming Show 'Bhediya Ishq Aur Junoon' | date=21 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/arjun-bijlani-enjoys-a-fun-banter-with-bhediya-co-star-karan-kundrra-shares-a-peek-into-his-mussoorie-trip/articleshow/96302895.cms | title=Arjun Bijlani enjoys a fun banter with Bhediya co-star Karan Kundrra; shares a peek into his Mussoorie trip | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> In May 2023, [[Rrahul Sudhir]] to join the show as Sikander Oberoi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doshi|first=Hasti|date=2 May 2023|title=Rrahul Sudhir to enter Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal, actor says, 'Somehow I gravitate towards playing grey characters'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rrahul-sudhir-to-enter-tere-ishq-mein-ghayal-actor-says-somehow-i-gravitate-towards-playing-grey-characters/articleshow/99936027.cms|access-date=15 May 2023|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Development===
The series was announced by Beyond Dreams Entertainment and [[Inspire Films]] for [[Colors TV]] in December 2022. The series is an adaptation of ''[[The Vampire Diaries]]''. Initially titled "''Bhediya – Ishq Aur Junoon''", later changed to "''Ishq Mein Ghayal''" and launched with the title "''Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal''".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/niyati-fatnani-shares-bts-pics-with-arjun-bijlani-ahead-of-their-new-show-bhediya-ishq-aur-junoon-1204276 | title=Niyati Fatnani shares BTS pics with Arjun Bijlani ahead of their new show 'Bhediya Ishq Aur Junoon' | date=21 December 2022 | access-date=10 February 2023 | archive-date=10 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210082307/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/niyati-fatnani-shares-bts-pics-with-arjun-bijlani-ahead-of-their-new-show-bhediya-ishq-aur-junoon-1204276 | url-status=dead }}</ref> From 12 June 2023, the show exclusively streamed on [[JioCinema]] with title <nowiki>''</nowiki>''Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal-Aage Badhayenge Ishq Ki Dastaan<nowiki>''</nowiki> ''.

===Filming===
In December 2022, [[principal photography]] commenced in [[Dehradun]], with some initial sequences shot at [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/5-things-to-know-about-gashmeer-mahajani-reem-shaikh-and-karan-kundrras-show-bhediya-ishq-aur-junoon-1204407 | title=5 Things to know about Gashmeer Mahajani, Reem Shaikh and Karan Kundrra's show Bhediya Ishq Aur Junoon | date=22 December 2022 | access-date=10 February 2023 | archive-date=25 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225024009/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/5-things-to-know-about-gashmeer-mahajani-reem-shaikh-and-karan-kundrras-show-bhediya-ishq-aur-junoon-1204407 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-kundrra-starts-shooting-for-thriller-fantasy-show-ishq-me-ghayal/articleshow/96883986.cms | title=Karan Kundrra starts shooting for thriller fantasy show 'Ishq Me Ghayal' | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Reception==
[[India Today]] noted its poor makeup and VFX and stated that ''"There should have been an eerie aura attached to the plot, but honestly, the fight scenes as well as the shapeshifting scenes gave us the laughs, thanks to poor VFX."'' but also noted that ''"If there was someone who actually went beyond and gave a great performance, it was Karan Kundrra. He was simply realistic and we loved watching him."''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/ishq-mein-ghayal-review-even-karan-kundrra-couldnt-save-this-werewolf-drama-2335558-2023-02-16 | title=Ishq Mein Ghayal review: Even Karan Kundrra couldn't save this werewolf drama }}</ref> [[Mid-day]] - Gashmeer Mahajani and Reem Sameer Sheikh make an honest effort to elevate the script with their performances; While Mahajani doesn’t manage to ace the semi-transformation (where only their eyes and facial expressions change), he is spot-on in the emotional ''"scenes"''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/tere-ishq-mein-ghayal-review-a-cringe-affair-at-best-23272682 | title=Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal Review: A cringe affair at best | newspaper=Mid-Day | date=28 February 2023 }}</ref>

The series was reviewed by Gursimran Kaur Banga for ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tere-ishq-mein-ghayal-review-karan-kundrra-gashmeer-mahajani-and-reem-shaikh-make-the-fantasy-thriller-look-convincing/articleshow/97915573.cms | title=Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal Review: Karan Kundrra, Gashmeer Mahajani and Reem Shaikh make the fantasy thriller look convincing | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Colors TV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/tere-ishq-mein-ghayal/ ''Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal''] on [[Colors TV]]
* {{IMDb title|26547433}}
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/tere-ishq-mein-ghayal/211371 ''Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal''] on [[Voot]]

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television series about werewolves]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Gowardhan Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:12:24Z

DongXqz408: made new info needs work!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gowardhan
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1962
| electors = 68,975
| mla = Rambahau Chinkaji Salve
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Gowardhan Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Rambahau Chinkaji Salve || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gowardhan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Rambahau Chinkaji Salve |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,206 |percentage = 36.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kachruji Muadhaji Jumde |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 6,388 |percentage = 22.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Vidhoba Sable |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,869 |percentage = 17.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonaji Puniaji Jadhao |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 5.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharmraj Vyankatesh Tayde |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,461 |percentage = 5.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhikya Kadtya Jogdand |party=Independent politician |votes = 954 |percentage = 3.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,818 |percentage = 13.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,950 |percentage = 37.02% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,975 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Victor Banerjee

2026-01-03T08:07:09Z

DongXqz408:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1946)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Victor Banerjee
| image = Victor Banerjee at the Closing Ceremony of the North East Films, during the 44th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2013), in Panaji (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Banerjee in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1946|10|15}}
| birth_place = Jalalpur, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1977–present
| spouse = Maya Bhate Banerjee
| children = 2
| website =
| honors = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)
}}
'''Victor Banerjee''' (born 15 October 1946) is an Indian actor who appears in English, [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] language films. He has worked with directors such as [[Roman Polanski]], [[James Ivory]], Sir [[David Lean]], [[Jerry London]], [[Ronald Neame]], [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Mrinal Sen]], [[Shyam Benegal]], and [[Montazur Rahman Akbar]]. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for the film ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award, in 2022 for his contribution to [[Film|cinema]] by the Indian Government in the field of art.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2022|title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|access-date=26 January 2022|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2022|title=Padma Honours: Victor Banerjee To Receive Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri For Sonu Nigam|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/padma-honours-victor-banerjee-to-receive-padma-bhushan-padma-shri-for-sonu-nigam-2729611|access-date=26 January 2022|website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
While in Calcutta, Banerjee performed in plays. He also performed during his time in Bombay.

He has a daughter who was a [[Visual effects|VFX]] supervisor for 16 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/04/jul/26Victor.asp|title=Victor Banerjee's daughter walks a different road - bollywood news : glamsham.com|website=www.glamsham.com|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Art aficionado ===
Banerjee established The Calcutta Art Gallery in the late 1970s which was the first commercial art gallery in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta becomes new vogue-city in business of art, Bengal painters emerge from the shadows |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19891115-calcutta-becomes-new-vogue-city-in-business-of-art-bengal-painters-emerge-from-the-shadows-816708-1989-11-14 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=India Today |date=15 November 1989 |language=en}}</ref>

==Film career==
In 1984, Banerjee portrayed Dr. Aziz Ahmed in [[David Lean]]'s film of ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]'', bringing him to the attention of western audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/The-return-of-Victor-Banerjee/articleshow/100227.cms|title=The return of Victor Banerjee - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 July 2003 |access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref> He was nominated for a [[BAFTA Award]] for the role in 1986, and won the [[Evening Standard British Film Award]] and [[NBR Award]] (National Board Review, USA) for it. In April 1985, Banerjee received the "Show-a-Rama Award" from the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] as "New International Star."{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

He acted in [[Merchant Ivory Productions]] ''[[Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures]]'', [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' and ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' and in [[Mrinal Sen]]'s ''Mahaprithivi''. On the set of [[Gunday]] starring [[Priyanka Chopra]], Banerjee has said that he feels "all work is a challenge and therefore fun."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/i-have-a-kitchen-to-run-victor-banerjee-defends-his-brief-role-in-gunday-669126.html|title=I have a kitchen to run: Victor Banerjee defends his brief role in 'Gunday'|website=News18|date=18 February 2014|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>

He was also cast in the critically acclaimed role of God in the 1988 production of the [[York Mystery Plays]], by director [[Steven Pimlott]]. He was the first Asian to play a lead role in British Theatre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schafer |first=Elizabeth |title=Theatre and Christianity |date=2019 |publisher=Macmillan International, Higher Education Red Globe Press |isbn=978-1-352-00557-8 |series= |location=London |pages=53}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (1977, dir. Satyajit Ray) (English Title: The Chess Players) - Prime Minister
* ''[[Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures]]'' (1978, dir. James Ivory)
* ''[[Dui Prithibi (1980 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' (1980, dir. Piyush Bose)
* ''[[Pikoo]]'' (1981, dir. Satyajit Ray)
* ''[[Kalyug (1981 film)|Kalyug]]'' (1981, dir. Shyam Benegal)
* ''[[Jaipur Junction]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Arohan (film)|Arohan]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Doosri Dulhan]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Protidan]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Tanaya]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' (1984, dir. Satyajit Ray) (English Title: The Home and the World)
* ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]'' (1984, dir. David Lean) - Aziz
* ''Pratigya'' (1985)
* ''Pratikar'' (1987)
* ''Ekanta Apon'' (1987)
* ''[[Foreign Body (1986 film)|Foreign Body]]'' (1986, dir. [[Ronald Neame]])
* ''[[Dadah Is Death]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Aagoon]]'' (1988, Dir. Self)
* ''[[Madhuban (1984 film)|Madhuban]]''(1984, Dir. Ajoy Kar)
* ''[[Debota]]'' (1989)
* ''Aakrosh'' (1989)
* ''Byabodhan''(1990)
* ''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]'' (1996, dir.[[Prabhat Roy]])
* ''[[Mahaprithibi]]'' (1991, dir. [[Mrinal Sen]])
* ''[[Bitter Moon]]'' (1992, dir. [[Roman Polanski]])
* ''[[True Adventures of Christopher Columbus]]'' (1992, TV Series)
* ''[[Moner Moto Mon]]'' (1998, dir. [[Montazur Rahman Akbar]]) ([[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]; also known as ''Raja Rani'' in India)
* ''[[Dada Thakur (2001 film)]]''
* '' Manush keno Beiman '' (2002)
* ''[[Deva (2002 film)]]''
* ''[[Antarghaat]]'' (2002, Dir. Tathagata Bhattacherjee)
* ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Joggers' Park (film)|Joggers' Park]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Bow Barracks Forever]]'' (2004, dir. [[Anjan Dutt]])
*''[[Bandhan (2004 film)]]''
* ''[[Parinam (2005 film)]]''
* ''Yatna'' (2005)
* ''[[It Was Raining That Night (2005 film)|It Was Raining That Night]]'' (2005)
* ''[[My Brother... Nikhil]]'' (2005)
* ''Amavas'' (2005)
* ''[[Home Delivery (film)|Home Delivery]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Bradford Riots]]'' (2006) (TV)
* ''[[Ho Sakta Hai]]'' (2006)
* ''[[The Bong Connection]]'' (2006, dir. [[Anjan Dutt]])
* ''[[Bandhu (2007 film)]]''
* ''[[Chaurahen]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Apne]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Tahaan]]'' (2008) (dir. [[Santosh Sivan]])
* ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008) (dir. [[Ram Gopal Varma]])
* ''[[Sobar Upore Tumi]]'' (2009) (dir. [[F. I. Manik]])
* ''[[Gumshuda]]'' (2010) (dir. Ashoke Viswanathan)
* ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot (film)|Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]'' (2011) (dir. [[Nitish Roy]])
* ''[[Meherjaan]]'' (2011) (dir. Rubaiyat Hossain)
* ''[[Delhi in a Day]]'' (2012) (dir. Prashant Nair)
* ''[[Ekhon Nedekha Nodir Xhipare]]'' (2012) ([[Cinema of Assam|Assamese film]]; dir. Bidyut Kotoky)
* ''Tor Naam'' (2012)
* ''[[Shabdo]]'' (2013) ([[Kaushik Ganguly]])
* ''[[Kagojer Nouka]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Shantiniketan-e]]'' (2013) (dir. Ashoke Viswanathan)
* ''[[Gunday]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'' (2014) (dir. Mrityunjay Devvrat)
* ''[[Jeeya Jurir Xubax]]'' (2014) ([[Cinema of Assam|Assamese film]]; dir. Sanjib Sabhapandit)<ref name="hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-struggle-still/article5922106.ece | title=A struggle still | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=17 April 2014 | access-date=22 August 2014 | author=Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah | location=Delhi}}</ref>
* ''[[Unfreedom]]'' (2014) (dr. [[Raj Amit Kumar]])
* ''[[Chakra (2016 film)|Chakra]]'' (2016) (dir. [[Zubeen Garg]])
* ''[[Fever (2016 film)|Fever]]'' (2016)
* ''Dev Bhoomi'' (2016) (dir. Goran Pascaljevic) Won Best Picture Award at the Bari International Film Festival in Italy
* ''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]'' (2016) (dir. [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]])
* ''[[Pensando en el]]''
* ''[[The Answer (2018 film)|The Answer]]'' (2018). Starred as Paramahansa Yoganand, the film won a record 17 major International Awards & 48 Nominations.
* ''[[High Life (2018 film)|High Life]]'' (2018) (English language film)
* ''[[Joseph – Born in Grace]]'' (2019) dir [[Susant Mishra]]
* ''Sannyasi Deshonayok'' (2020)
* ''[[Raktabeej]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Raktabeej 2]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Roi Roi Binale (film)|Roi Roi Binale]]'' (2025) (dir. Rajesh Bhuyan)
{{div col end}}

==Awards and nominations==

=== Civilian Awards ===
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)|2022]] — '''[[Padma Bhushan]]''' — India's third highest civilian award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2022|title=Padma Awards 2022 List: CDS General Bipin Rawat among recipients; Full List of Padma Awards winners |url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/padma-awards-2022-list-1647860792-1 |access-date=22 March 2022|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

=== Film awards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Film
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
! [[39th British Academy Film Awards|1986]]
| [[BAFTA Awards]]
| ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref name=BAFTA>{{cite web |url=http://awards.bafta.org/explore?year=1986&type=film+ |title=Awards Database: Search our record of winners & nominees, Year of Presentation: 1986, Award: Film |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
! 1986
| rowspan="2"|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''
| rowspan="2"|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
! 1997
| ''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
! 1985
| [[Evening Standard British Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
! [[National Board of Review Awards 1984|1984]]
| [[National Board of Review Awards]]
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083457/http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=1984 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures :: Awards for 1984]</ref>
|-
! [[32nd National Film Awards|1985]]
| [[National Film Awards]]
| ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/85_32ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014151919/https://www.dff.nic.in/images/Documents/85_32ndNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Political career==
Banerjee unsuccessfully contested the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 Lok Sabha election]] in [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He got 89,155 votes and stood third.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PC: Calcutta North West 1991|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detail/4978/9/10|access-date=6 November 2020|website=Indiavotes.com}}</ref>

As an active member of the BJP, he was critical of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]'s order to shoot the Karsevaks who had once climbed the [[Babri Masjid]] prior to its [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Victor |title=A CHRISTENING IN BLOOD |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-christening-in-blood/cid/938331 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

He has been highly critical of what he called [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]'s pacifist attitude to terrorism exported from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Victor Banerjee Slams Navjot Singh Sidhu |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/victor-banerjee-slams-navjot-singh-sidhu-119030900334_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=9 March 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0051856}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Victor Banerjee
|list =
{{Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Actor}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Victor}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors from Dehradun]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:People associated with Shillong]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]

List of awards and nominations received by Salman Khan

2026-01-01T11:33:29Z

DongXqz408: fixes

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''Salman Khan awards and nominations'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Salman Khan at People's Choice Awards 2012.jpg|250px]]
|-
| Khan at [[People's Choice Awards India|People's Choice Awards]] in 2012
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" width=100%
! colspan=3 style="background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;" | Awards & Nominations
|-
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[National Film Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|0}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards]]
|{{won| 2}}
|{{nom|18}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Screen Awards]]
|{{won| 3}}
|{{nom|15}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Stardust Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|14}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|{{won|8}}
|{{nom|12}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Other Awards
|{{won|32}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;International recognitions
|{{won|14}}
|{{nom|0}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;'''Total number of wins and nominations'''
|-
|{{yes2|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''74'''}}
|{{nom|'''78'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|Footnotes]]
|}

[[Salman Khan]] is an Indian actor and film producer. He began his acting career with ''[[Biwi Ho To Aisi]]'' but it was his second film ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' in which he acted in a lead role that garnered him acclaim. Khan has starred in several commercially successful films, such as ''[[Saajan]]'' (1991), ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994), ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995), ''[[Judwaa]]'' (1997), ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'' (1998), ''[[Biwi No.1]]'' (1999), and ''[[Hum Saath Saath Hain]]'' (1999), having appeared in the highest-grossing film 10 separate years during his career, a record that remains unbroken.<ref>[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2043&nCat=box_office_news DABANGG Is 17th ALL TIME BLOCKBUSTER]. [[Box Office India]]. Retrieved 25 May 2011.</ref>

In 1999, Khan won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his extended guest appearance in ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998). In 2011, he won the [[Screen Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in ''[[Dabangg]]'' and in 2012, he won the [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor Popular Choice]] for his performances in ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' and ''[[Dabangg 2]]''. Eight of the films he has acted in, have accumulated gross earnings of over {{INRConvert|100|c}} worldwide.<ref name="GROSS">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat= |title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated 11/5/2012 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |accessdate=11 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102223818/http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat= |archivedate=2 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="world">{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |accessdate=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat= |archivedate=5 November 2013 }}</ref> He played leading roles in five consecutive blockbusters including ''[[Dabangg]]'', ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'', ''[[Bodyguard (Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'', ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'', and ''[[Dabangg 2]]''. In 2018, he won Best Actor for his performance in ''Sultan'' at Tehran International Sports Film Festival. He has starred in more than 80 [[Hindi films]] and thus far<ref>{{cite web |url= http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5175&nCat |title= Salman Khan Number 1-10 Today |publisher= boxofficeindia.com |date= 6 December 2012 |accessdate= 2013-01-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130722040819/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5175&nCat |archive-date= 22 July 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> has established himself as a leading actor of Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/SALMAN-KHAN-Hail-Bollywood-s-new-king/Article1-920785.aspx |title=SALMAN KHAN: Hail Bollywood's new king |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=28 August 2012 |accessdate=2013-01-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826151520/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/SALMAN-KHAN-Hail-Bollywood-s-new-king/Article1-920785.aspx |archivedate=26 August 2013 }}</ref>

==National Film Awards==
{{Main articles|National Film Awards}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
|[[59th National Film Awards|2012]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|''[[Chillar Party]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[63rd National Film Awards|2016]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|{{Won}}
|}

==Filmfare Awards==
{{Main articles|Filmfare Awards}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| 1990
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]''
|{{won}}
|-
| 1990
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1996
|''[[Karan Arjun]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| 1997
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1999
|Best Actor
|''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2000
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|''[[Biwi No.1]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor
|''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2006
|Best Performance in a Comic Role
|''[[No Entry]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2011
| rowspan="3" |Best Actor
|''[[Dabangg]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2012
|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2013
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2017
|''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==Screen Awards==
{{Main articles|Star Screen Award}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| 1996
|rowspan="5"|[[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Karan Arjun]]''
|rowspan=8 {{nom}}
|-
| 1999
|''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]''
|-
| 2000
|''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|-
| 2004
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
| 2005
|''[[Garv]]''
|-
| 2009
|[[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]] (along with Katrina Kaif)
|''[[Yuvvraaj]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor (Popular Choice)]]
|''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''
|-
|Jodi of the Decade (along with Aishwarya Rai)
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
|Best Actor
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dabangg]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Actor (Popular Choice)
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| 2012
|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' & ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
|Best Actor
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|Best Actor (Popular Choice)
|''[[Ek Tha Tiger]] & Dabangg 2''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2015
|''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|2016
|rowspan="4"|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|-
|Best Actor
|-
|Best Jodi (along with Kareena Kapoor)
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{won}}
|}

==IIFA Awards==
{{Main articles|IIFA Awards}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| 2000
|rowspan="4"|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
| 2004
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
| 2005
|''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
|-
| 2008
|''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
|Habitat Humanity Ambassadorship
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|Best Actor
|''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| 2011
|''[[Dabangg]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|Hottest Pair (along with Kareena Kapoor)
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| 2017
| [[Sultan (2016 film)|''Sultan'']]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|}

==Zee Cine Awards==
{{Main articles|Zee Cine Awards}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1999
| rowspan="6"|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor - Male|Best Actor]]
|''[[Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai]]''
| rowspan="9" {{nom}}
|-
|''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|2000
|''[[Biwi No.1]]''
|-
|''[[Hum Saath Saath Hain]]''
|-
| 2004
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
| 2005
|''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
|-
| 2006
| [[Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Supporting Role- Male|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[No Entry]]''
|-
| 2011
| rowspan="4"|Best Actor
|''[[Dabangg]]''
|-
| 2012
|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
|-
| 2013
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|-
|Best Film
|-
| 2017
| Best Actor
| ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
|}

==Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards==
{{Main articles|Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| 2008
| Jodi Of the Year (along with [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]])
|''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]''
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| 2011
| rowspan="2"|[[Apsara Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
|''[[Dabangg]]''
|-
| 2012
|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{won}}
|}

==Stardust Awards==
{{Main articles|Stardust Awards}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| 2004
| rowspan="7"|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year - Male|Star of the Year - Male]]
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
| rowspan="6" {{nom}}
|-
| 2005
|''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
|-
| 2006
|''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya]]'' & ''[[Kyon Ki]]''
|-
| 2007
|''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]''
|-
| 2009
|''[[Yuvvraj]]''
|-
| 2010
|''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
| rowspan="2"|''[[Dabangg]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Thriller/Action Actor|Best Thriller/Action Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2012
| Star of the Year - Male
|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' & ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Drama Actor|Best Drama Actor]]
|''Bodyguard''
| rowspan="7" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Comedy/Romance Actor|Best Comedy/Romance Actor]]
|''Ready''
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Chillar Party]]''
|-
| 2013
| Best Thriller/Action Actor
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dabangg 2]]'' & ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''
|-
|
| rowspan="3"|Star of the Year - Male
|-
| 2014
|''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' & ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Film of the Year|Best Film of the Year]]
|''Bajrangi Bhaijaan''
| {{won}}
|}

==BIG Star Entertainment Awards==
{{Main articles|BIG Star Entertainment Awards}}[[File:Salman Khan BSE11.jpg|thumb|upright|Khan at ''Big Star Entertainment Awards'', 2011]]
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010
| Film Actor of Decade (Male)
| {{n/a}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Film Actor - Male|Most Entertaining Film Actor - Male]]
|''[[Dabangg]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|2011
| rowspan="4"|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Role
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining On-Screen Couple (along with [[Kareena Kapoor]])
| {{won}}
|-
|Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Role
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Comic Role
|''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2012
| Most Entertaining Television Reality Show Host
|''[[Bigg Boss (Season 6)]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Film Actor - Male
| rowspan="4"|''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Role
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Role
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Role
| {{won}}
|-
| 2013
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
| 2014
|''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'' & ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
|-
| rowspan="6"|2015
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Role
| rowspan="2"|''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Drama Role
|-
| Most Entertaining Film Actor - Male
|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' & ''Prem Ratan Dhan Payo''
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Social Role
| rowspan="3"|''Bajrangi Bhaijaan''
|-
| Most Entertaining Social Film
|-
| Most Entertaining Film
|}

== Other awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
| 1999
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Actor|Bollywood Movie Award for Best Actor]]
|''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2002
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Most Sensational Actor|Bollywood Movie Award for Most Sensational Actor]]
|''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2004
| Bollywood Movie Award for Best Actor
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
| Rajiv Gandhi Award for Outstanding Achievement in Entertainment
|{{n/a}}
| rowspan="32" {{won}}
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards|ITA Best Anchor]]
| rowspan="3"|''[[Dus Ka Dum]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
|[[Indian Telly Awards|ITA Best Anchor]]
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITAA Best Anchor - Game/Quiz Show]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
| Aaj Tak Movie Masala Awards
| rowspan="2"|''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[AXN]] Action Awards
|-
| rowspan="6"|2011
| rowspan="5"|''[[Dabangg]]''
|-
| Aaj Tak Awards - Best Actor
|-
| Bhaskar Bollywood Awards - Action Hero Of The Year Male
|-
| Bhaskar Bollywood Awards - Most Extraordinary Performance of the Year
|-
| Airtel Super Star Awards Unique Andaaz
|-
| Colors Golden Petal Awards for Most Chahita Personality
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="8"|2012
| ETC Bollywood Business Award for Most Profitable Actor
| rowspan="2"|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
|-
| Bhaskar Bollywood Awards for Most Seductive Body (Male)
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards India|People's Choice Awards India Favorite Movie Actor]]
| rowspan="4"|''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards India|People's Choice Awards India Favorite Movie Action Actor]]
|-
| Masala Award Box Office Star Of The Year (Male)
|-
| Airtel Super Star Awards Most Romantic Jodi (along with Kareena Kapoor)
|-
| Airtel Super Star Awards Super Star Hero
|{{n/a}}
|-
| ETC Bollywood Business Award - Most Profitable Actor
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| IAA Leadership Awards for Brand Endorser of the Year (Male)
|{{n/a}}
|-
| Lions Favorite Philanthropic NGO in India for Being Human
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|2014
| Times Celebex Awards - Star of the Year
|{{n/a}}
|-
| Times Celebex Awards - Most Searched Online
|{{n/a}}
|-
| Times Celebex Awards - Most Popular in Print media
|{{n/a}}
|-
| Times Celebex Awards - Box Office King
|{{n/a}}
|-
| Star Box Office Award - Mr. Money Bags
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="6"|2016
| ETC Bollywood Business Award - Highest Grossing Male Actor
| rowspan="6"|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|-
| ETC Bollywood Business Award - Highest Grossing Film
|-
| ETC Bollywood Business Award - The 300 crore club
|-
| DMA Awards 2016 - Marketing Innovation Award (Social)
|-
| Times Of India Film Award For Best Film
|-
| Times Of India Film Award For Best Actor (Critics)
| {{nom}}
|}

==International recognitions==
* 2004 - 7th Best Looking Man in the World - People Magazine, USA
* 2008 - Wax Statue in London's Madame Tussauds Museum.
* 2010 - Sexiest Man Alive - People Magazine, India.
* 2012 - Wax Statue in New York's Madame Tussauds Museum
* In August 2012, he was voted no.3 "India's Greatest Actor" in [[NDTV]] poll.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/top-5-greatest-actors-of-all-time-ndtv/ | title=Top 5 greated actors of all time | date=29 August 2012 | publisher=Indicine | accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref>
* In August 2013 India's Most Searched Celebrity Online.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-01/news/40963135_1_salman-khan-tha-tiger-actress-anushka-sharma | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806020302/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-01/news/40963135_1_salman-khan-tha-tiger-actress-anushka-sharma | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 August 2013 | title=Salman Khan tops India's most searched celeb list online | publisher=The Economic Times | accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref>
* In 2014 he topped the Forbes India chart in terms of both fame and revenue.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/salman-khan-tops-beats-shah-rukh-khan/185687 | title=Salman Khan Tops And Beats Shah Rukh Khan | date=13 December 2014 | accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>
* He ranked 71 in the 'Celebrity 100 : The World's top paid entertainers' by the Forbes Magazine, USA. He was the only Indian in the list with earnings worth $33.5 million.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/salman-khan-amitabh-bachchan-on-forbes-rich-list-no-shah-rukh-khan-776645 | title=Salman Khan Makes it to Forbes Rich List, Shah Rukh Khan Doesn't | publisher=NDTV Movies | date=30 June 2015 | accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref>
* He was ranked 7th in the first global list of the World's Highest Paid Actors in 2015 by the Forbes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/emjl45mmei/7-salman-khan/|title=Salman Khan was ranked 7th in the Forbes first global list of the World's Highest Paid Actors in 2015| work=Forbes | accessdate=4 August 2015}}</ref>
* In 2016 he was ranked as No. 7 on the World's Most Handsome Faces list on worldstopmost.com
* In a poll conducted by Ormax Media, Salman Khan was named as the 'Most Popular Bollywood Star', a distinction he has achieved for 5 consecutive years starting from 2010 to 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=
http://www.moviesdoctor.com/news/salman-khan-beats-shah-rukh-khan-and-aamir-khan-for-consecutive-5-years/ | title=Salman Khan beats Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan for consecutive 5 years | accessdate=18 October 2015 | archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20151020021859/http://www.moviesdoctor.com/news/salman-khan-beats-shah-rukh-khan-and-aamir-khan-for-consecutive-5-years/ | archive-date=20 October 2015 | url-status=
dead }}</ref>
*In 2018 he won Best Actor for his performance in Sultan at Tehran International Sports Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salman Khan's 'Sultan' wins big at Tehran International Sports Film Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/salman-khans-sultan-wins-big-at-tehran-international-sports-film-festival/article22490698.ece |website=The Hindu |accessdate=1 September 2019 |language=en-IN |date=22 January 2018}}</ref>
*In 2019 ranked 3rd the chart of India's Most Trusted Personality in list of Actors.<ref><link href="https://www.adgully.com/big-b-is-india-s-most-trusted-personality-tra-research-85806.html?amp=1" rel="amphtml" ></ref><ref><link rel="canonical" href="https://cornerpapes.com/2019/05/21/rajinikanth-is-south-indias-most-trusted-personality-2019-tra-research/" /></ref>
*In 2020 ranked 2nd TRA Most Desired Personalities list <ref><link href="https://www.adgully.com/old-is-gold-says-tra-s-most-desired-personality-list-2020-90895.html?amp=1" rel="amphtml" ></ref><ref><link rel="canonical" href="https://retropoplifestyle.com/old-is-gold-says-tras-most-desired-personality-list-2020/" /></ref>

==See also==
* [[Salman Khan filmography]]
* [[List of accolades received by Bodyguard|List of accolades received by ''Bodyguard'']]
* [[List of accolades received by Dabangg|List of accolades received by ''Dabangg'']]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0006795|Salman Khan|section=awards}}

{{Salman Khan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Salman}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]
[[Category:Salman Khan|Awards]]

Zawlbûk

2025-12-14T11:14:26Z

DongXqz408: made some article w/ sources.

{{Short description|Traditional bachelorsʼ quarters of the Mizo people}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Zawlbuk.JPG|thumb|right| A reconstructed model of Zawlbûk at [[Reiek]]]]

'''{{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}}''' ({{IPAc-en|z|ɔː|l|ˈ|b|uː|k|,_|z|ɒ|l|-}}; {{ety|lus|zâwl|flat||bûk|hut}}) was a traditional [[bachelors]]ʼ quarters of the [[Mizo people]], predominantly of the [[lushei tribe|Luseis]] living in [[Mizoram]], [[India]].<ref name=Bhat>{{cite book|author= Bhatia L |title=Education and Society in a Changing Mizoram: The Practice of Pedagogy |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6iyPrnkHAcC |isbn =978-1136198052 |publisher= Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, US }}</ref> It was prominently the largest house in the [[tribe|tribal]] village, and it was customary for every village to have it constructed in the middle of the habitation. Even though its basic use was as a [[tribal youth dormitory|dormitory]] for all unmarried men of the village, it was much more a [[social institution]] where [[education]], [[entertainment]], [[professional development|skill]] and [[personal development]]s, and [[security]] of the tribal community were (almost) entirely centred. It also served as a resting place for guests, travelers and visitors.<ref name=parr>{{cite book|author= Parry NE |title= Lushai Custom: A Monograph on Lushai Customs and Ceremonies |year= 1928 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZsJAQAAIAAJ |pages=8–12 |edition=1988 reprint |asin=B0000E866X|publisher= Tribal Research Institute, Aizawl, India}}</ref><ref name=chat>{{cite book|author= Chatterji N |title= Zawlbuk as a Social Institution in the Mizo Society |year= 1975 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VcQJAQAAIAAJ |pages=1–35 |asin =B0000D5MQN |publisher= Tribal Research Institute, Aizawl, Mizoram, India }}</ref><ref name=pill>{{cite journal|author=Pillai SK|year=1999 |title= Winds of change in the bamboo hills: Learning from a Mizo way of life| journal= India International Centre Quarterly |volume=26|issue=2 |pages=125–137|jstor=23005664}}</ref>
[[File:An image of a Zawlbuk.jpg|thumb|An image of {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} between 1890 and 1913]]

==Architecture==
[[File:Zawlbuk interior.JPG |thumb|right| An interior design of {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}}. A big log of wood at the bottom is ''bawhbel'', a fireplace is at the centre, a horizontal opening at far end is ''bahzar'' just above ''dawvan''.]]
{{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} was always located at the centre of the village, in close proximity to the [[Tribal chief|chief]]'s residence. Since its basic purpose was to house all the bachelors of the village, it was dominantly the largest house. The size did vary from village to village depending on the size of the community. It was constructed through [[community service|social work]] using [[timber]]s and [[thatch]] from the nearby forest.<ref name=pach>{{cite book|author=Pachuau R |title= Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography |year=2009|pages=5–6|isbn = 978-8172112646 |publisher= Northern Book Centre, India}}</ref> The timber forming the central pole is especially large to support most of the structure and is called ''tlung''. From this were extended a sloping roof and floor with support structures. The floor and walls were made of cracked [[bamboo]], and the roof was made entirely of thatch. It had no special entrance as the entire front was open. However, the front had a small platform or [[verandah]] with a bamboo wall hanging from the roof up to about 5 ft, making the entrance quite low. Usually to the right of this area was reserved for the stockpile of [[firewood]].<ref name=sen>{{cite web |author=Sena T |title=Zawlbuk leh mipa naupang |language=lus |trans-title=Zawlbuk and the boys |date=15 November 2012 |url=http://www.vanglaini.org/articles/14806-zawlbuk-leh-mipa-naupang |work=Vanglaini |access-date=2013-04-20 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The space around this verandah was called ''awkpaka'', which was delimited by one (or two) massive log of wood, at about 2 ft high, spanning the whole breadth of the entrance. This was known as ''bawhbel'' (or ''pawmpual'' to the southerners) and was an off-limit to the rest of the population, women, children, married men, and even the [[royal family|royalty]] and the council. The interior was simply a spacious empty room practically without any furniture, other than a [[fireplace]] at the very centre. The back wall was made into a small platform known as ''dawvan'' about 6 ft wide and 1 ft high from the floor. The entire floor served as a [[wrestling]] (which was predominantly the nightly activity) arena and the sleeping area, and is called ''buanzawl''. Just above was the ''bahzar'' which could be opened towards the outside as a big window.<ref name=deka>{{cite web |author= Deka, Ankur |title= Zawlbuk, the pillar of modern Mizo society |url= http://www.india-north-east.com/2012/06/zawlbuk-pillar-of-modern-mizo-society.html | work=North East India |publisher=India-north-east.com |access-date=2013-04-20}}</ref>

==Social structure==

Lodging in {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} was a type of [[conscription|compulsory commitment]] in which male members of the community above 15 years of age must enter and remain there until they get married. However, residence was limited to night life only, and residents had their meals at home, and performed all personal and family chores during the day. All internal management and activities were highly democratic and entirely decided by the lodgers, and no external interference was allowed, even from the chief and the village council.<ref name=parr/><ref>{{cite book|author=Sinha H |title=Bureaucracy and Rural Development in Mizoram |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX3-_ZG2ElwC |pages=63–64 |isbn = 978-8180698309|publisher=Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, India}}</ref> Only bachelors, visitors, guests and the Val Upa were allowed.

===Organisation===
{{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} had a structured organisation. The residents were entirely of young men, typically of above 15 years of age, properly titled ''tlangvâl''; and the leader of the members was ''vâl-upa'' who monitored all the activities. The ''vâl-upa'' was specifically appointed by the village chief and council.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Tiwari BK, Tynsong H, Lynrah MM, Lapasam E, Deb S, Sharma D |year=2013 |title= Institutional arrangement and typology of community forests of Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland of North-East India| journal= Journal of Forestry Research |volume=24|issue=1 |pages=179–186|doi= 10.1007/s11676-013-0337-x|bibcode=2013JFoR...24..179T |s2cid=5795017 |url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/handle/123456789/12820 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In the evenings they were accompanied by boys, generally of age between 6 and 15, who were known as ''thingfawm naupang'', or simply ''thingfawm'', which means their sole responsibility was to collect firewood for the {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} the ''thingfawm naupang'' had to report themselves each time they collected and placed them at the ''thingfawm bawm while saying "Hei, ka keuh aw."'' because each of them were assigned specific amounts of firewood, and they had to know that they fulfilled their tasks.The ''thingfawm'' boys were restricted from participating in the main activities of the ''tlangval'', though they were allowed to play around and join their merrymaking. The ''thingfawm'' team had a designated leader referred to as ''hotu'', who was a young member of ''tlangval'' and whose duty was to record and report the services of each boy; absence or abstinence was a severe offence punishable by any measure.The most common punishment was doubling or tripling the amount assigned.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hanjabam SS |year=2008 |title= The Youth Panorama of Northeast India| journal= Asia Europe Journal |volume=5|issue=4 |pages=557–571|doi= 10.1007/s10308-007-0151-1 |s2cid=154438273 }}</ref> A ''thingfawm'' boy, once found to have an adequate [[pubic hair]], would be inducted as a permanent lodger and would remain so until his marriage. However, a ''thingfawm naupang'' can be exempt from gathering firewood if he touches a shot animal for it requires enough bravery as the animal could have been faking death and attacked anyone near it. Another way is to cut off the tail of a shot tiger. Cutting off the tail of a shot tiger was the only way of proving its death, so it also required great bravery and courage, for if the tiger was still alive, the tiger would have mauled to death the nearest living being. For selection of lodging, as tradition went, the longest pubic hair was plucked from him and if it could coil around the stem of a traditional [[tobacco pipe]], the candidate was declared an eligible lodger, hence became a ''tlangvâl''.<ref name=parr/><ref name=eden>{{cite web |author= Edenthara |title= Kalchar leh tunlai |language= lus |trans-title= Culture and modern times |work= Mizo Khawvel |url= http://www.mizokhawvel.com/2009/03/kalchar-leh-tunlai.html |access-date= 2013-04-20 |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094420/http://www.mizokhawvel.com/2009/03/kalchar-leh-tunlai.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> Regular activities include singing [[folk song]]s, [[wrestling]], and [[narration|story telling]].<ref name=chat/><ref name=nun>{{cite book|author=Nunthara C |title= Mizoram: Society and Polity |year=1996 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC |isbn = 978-8173870590 |publisher=Indus Publishing, India}}</ref> In front of the {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} were three heavy round stones, each of varying weights called ''chawilung''. The first one weighs around 10-15 kg, the second one weighs 20-30 kg and the third one is approx. 50 kg or more. The young men would compete against each other in carrying the stones. To carry the stones, one has to hug the stone and use their forearm and wrists in helping them lift the stones. Another popular activity is the [[Insuknawr]] and the insai hrui pawh in which the participants try to drag each other by crawling while being tied to each other with a rope.

===Impact and value===

{{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} was much more than a simple dormitory for regular overnight stay, it was a centre of village education, defense, discipline and development. It was strictly a social institution where all forms of [[arts and crafts]], [[physical training]], and [[moral education]] were taught and learned.<ref name=pach/> It was practically a [[social network]] by which all sorts of information were conveyed, from news to family squabbles. It was a kind of oral [[library]] where [[indigenous knowledge]] was shared and inculcated to new generations.<ref name=zama>{{cite web |author= Zama MCh |title= The intangible as cultural heritage |date= 1 June 2012 |url= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+intangible+as+cultural+heritage.-a0297337912 |work= Marg, A Magazine of the Arts |publisher= The Free Library |access-date=2013-04-20}}</ref> It also served as rendezvous in times of [[social conflict]]s, disasters and wars.<ref name=nun/> One of the principles behind such gathering is clearly for safety of the entire village, as all the most able men are readily called in action. Hence it was also a form of [[military barracks]]. It was particularly important as the village lives were frequently interrupted by [[wild beasts]] and [[invasion|enemy invasions]].<ref name=Bhat/> In addition, it was a convenient lodging for male guests of the {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}}-age from other villages. In fact it is now recognised as the cultural epitome in the Lusei society.<ref name=sai>{{cite web|author=Sailo L|title=Zawlbuk kha a va lo ropui em!|language=lus|trans-title=How significant was the Zawlbuk!|date=15 September 2011|url=http://www.vanglaini.org/articles/11145-zawlbuk-kha-a-va-lo-ropui-em|work=Vanglaini|access-date=2013-04-20}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Decline and dissolution==

Even though the advent of [[Christianity]] at the end of 19th century could be attributed as the major force in weakening of {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} stronghold on Mizo culture, the ensuing inevitable socio-political changes including the rise of [[education in Mizoram]] and [[politics]], compounded by the [[british imperialism|British rule]], caused cultural upheaval. The beginning of [[formal education]] and mass conversion to Christianity indeed changed the course of [[ethnic identity]] which ultimately led to the abandonment of {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}}.<ref name=sai/> The status of {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} suffered a fatal blow when the power of the traditional [[chieftainship]]s was stripped off and governmental administration was set up by the British.<ref name=pill/><ref name=eden/> For once in the Mizo society, [[social stratification|social division]] disappeared and religious activities no longer encouraged the bachelors' dormitories and their [[paganism|pagan]] lifestyle.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Strom D |year=1980 |title= Christianity and Culture Change among the Mizoram| journal= Missiology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages= 307–317|doi= 10.1177/009182968000800304 |s2cid=145307476 }}</ref> Ironically enough, N.E. Parry, an [[english people|English]] Superintendent (1924–28) of Lushai Hills, realising its crucial role in the Mizo society, made an attempt to revive it in 1926 by compelling all villages to rebuild their {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}}, but to no avail. By then social and religious evolutions had already outpaced the usefulness or the need.<ref name=zama/>

On 1 January 1938 the successor Superintendent, Anthony Gilchrist McCall, convened a public meeting at Thakthing, Aizawl, on the subject of continuing the official order of reviving {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}}. The public decided that the institution was no longer compatible with formal education, Christianity and government system. Hence, McCall resolved to end {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}}.<ref>{{cite web |author= Lalthangliana B |title= Zawlbuk tawp dan|language=lus |trans-title=The end of Zawlbuk|date= 21 July 2010 |url= http://zotuithiang-thulehhla.webnode.com/news/zawlbuk-tawp-dan/| work=Zotui Thiang Thu-Hla |access-date=2013-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Lalthangliana B |title= Zawlbuk tawp dan|language=lus |trans-title=The end of Zawlbuk|date= 2010 |url= http://lawrkhawm.com/index.php?page=4920| work=Lawrkhawm |access-date=2013-06-07}}</ref>

==In other cultures==
{{Main|Tribal youth dormitory}}
The origin of {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} is clouded in uncertainty and is not exclusive to the Luseis. A close [[clan]] [[Hmar people]] of [[Manipur]] used to have exactly the same, which they call, ''Buonzawl'' or ''Sier''.<ref name=pul>{{cite web |author= Pulamte JH |title= Buonzawl - A Youth Dormitory |work= hmar.org |url= http://www.hmar.org/article/buonzawl-a-youth-dormitory |access-date= 2013-04-20 |archive-date= 2 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131002022035/http://hmar.org/article/buonzawl-a-youth-dormitory |url-status= dead }}</ref> In fact the dormitory institution is quite common among the different tribal communities of India, but with slight variations, and not as prominent or influential as those in Mizo society. In the [[Northeast India]], [[karbi people|Karbis]], the [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwas]], the [[mishing people|Mishings]], and the [[dimasa people|Dimasas]] of [[Assam]], various tribes of [[naga people|Nagas]] of [[Nagaland]], the [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] of Manipur, some other ethnic tribes of [[Tripura]], the [[garo people|Garos (Nokpanti)]] of [[Meghalaya]] and the [[Galo tribe|Abors (Nosup)]] and [[Mising people|Miris (Torang)]] [[Arunachal Pradesh]] had this type of dormitory institution. Other Indian tribals such as the [[oraon people|Oraon (Dhumkaria)]] and [[munda people|Munda (Gitic or Gittera)]] of [[Jharkhand]], and the [[Kalari]]s of [[Kerala]] also had similar system.<ref>{{cite web|author=Krishna M|title=The Zawlbûk was similar to the old 'Kalaris' of Kerala|date=27 September 2012|work=Ground Report|url=http://www.groundreport.com/Opinion/The-Zawlbuk-was-similar-to-the-old-Kalaris-of-Kera/2948267|access-date=2013-04-21}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://zawlbuk.wordpress.com/hringnun/ Welcome to Zawlbuk: What is Zawlbuk?]
*[http://mizoram.nic.in/about/zawlbuk.htm Zawlbuk by National Informatics Centre, Mizoram State Centre]
*[http://www.neblog.in/2012/06/zawlbuk-pillar-of-modern-mizo-society.html North East India: Zawlbuk – Pillar of Modern Mizo Society]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
*[http://mizobamboo.nic.in/people.htm Bamboo Development Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502165758/http://mizobamboo.nic.in/people.htm |date=2 May 2012 }}
*[http://buonzawl.blogspot.in/ Buonzawl blog]

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Culture of Mizoram]]
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:History of Mizoram]]

Inderbal Singh Bawa

2025-12-01T17:48:09Z

DongXqz408: Creating bio - done

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=July 2025}}
{{infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]
| birth_date = May 25, 1947
| death_date = October 13, 1987 (aged 40)
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_place = [[Sri Lanka]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|IND}}
| serviceyears = 1967 — 1987
| rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| servicenumber = IC-17621P
| unit = [[1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)|5 Gorkha Rifles]]
| commands = *[[Commanding Officer|CO]] 4/5 GR (FF)
| battles = *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
*[[Operation Pawan]]{{KIA}}
| awards = [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Military Academy]]
| spouse = Smt Lily Bawa
| children = [[Colonel]] Tejinder Bawa
}}

'''Inderbal Singh Bawa''', {{small|[[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]}} was an [[Indian Army]] officer who was [[killed in action]] in [[Operation Pawan]]. He posthumously received the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] award for gallantry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-31 |title=New Army chief's old bond stays intact |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-army-chiefs-old-bond-stays-intact/articleshow/39325125.cms |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra Lt.Col.Inderbal Singh Bawa - Gateway to Sikhism |url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/mahavir-chakra-ltcolinderbal-singh-bawa/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.allaboutsikhs.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231180633im_/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/assets/uploads/citation_mvc/IC_17621_MVC_169.JPG |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bawa was born in [[Lucknow]] on 25 May 1947 to Dr. HS Bawa. He completed his education from DAV Higher Secondary School, [[Shimla]]. Later he joined [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-11 |title=Fighting for India in a foreign land |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-military-army-digest-stories-6063976/lite/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Military career==
Bawa was commissioned in the 5 Gorkha Regiment on 11 June 1967. As a young officer, he took part in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Gorkha Rifles Archives |url=https://honourpoint.in/portfolio-tag/5-gorkha-rifles/page/3/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Honourpoint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bawa was deployed to [[Sri Lanka]] to take part in [[Operation Pawan]]. Upon getting deployed, he quickly joined the battle and led his unit from the front. His unit had cleared [[LTTE]] hideouts at several places of [[Sri Lanka|Northern Sri Lanka]].

On 13th October 1987, Bawa's unit was assigned the task to safely rescue trapped soldiers of [[Sikh Light Infantry|13 Sikh Light Infantry]] and [[Para (Special Forces)|10 Para Commando SF]] stuck at [[Kondavil]]. Bawa led his unit to join the mission. However while completing the mission, a heavy exchange of fire occurred between Indian forces and militants. Subsequently, a bullet hit him and he was [[killed in action]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Col Inderbal Singh Bawa MVC |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/lt-col-inderbal-singh-bawa-mvc/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Honourpoint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Triennial National Convention in Panchkula: War widows share sacrifices beyond the battlefield |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/triennial-national-convention-in-panchkula-war-widows-share-sacrifices-beyond-the-battlefield-101710619385182.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414045401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/triennial-national-convention-in-panchkula-war-widows-share-sacrifices-beyond-the-battlefield-101710619385182.html |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aneja |first=Atul |date=2020-05-30 |title=Know the Gurkha regiment, pillar of India's security for decades |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/gurkha-regiments-military-bonding-beyond-borders/article31711750.ece |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Maha Vir Chakra==
For Bawa's gallantry action, he was awarded with [[Maha Vir Chakra]], India's second highest gallantry award. Bawa's [[Maha Vir Chakra]] reads as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1458 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> 
{{Blockquote|{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''LIEUTENANT COLONEL INDERBAL SINGH BAWA''' 
'''4/5 GORKHA RIFLES (IC 17621)'''}}
Deployed in Sri Lanka as part of the operation of the Indian Peace Keeping Force, Lieutenant Colonel lnder Bal Singh Bawa landed with his battalion at Palai on 11 October 1987 and went immediately into battle with the task of clearing the Axis Vasavilan-Urgmpurai-Jaffna Fort. The militants desperately contested the advance from strongly fortified positions. The officer contained, bypassed, and reduced each position, inflicting heavy casualties on the militants. He personally led his command and was a sustained inspiration to his men. The battalion was again detailed to extricate 13 Sikh Light Infantry and 10 Para Commando teams from the Kondavil North East area. Lieutenant Colonel Bawa again led his battalion through the heavily fortified territory, linked up with the above force, and successfully extricated them on 13 October 1987. In this effort, a militant suicide squad sprayed him with a hail of bullets and he died fighting gallantly.
Lieutenant Colonel lnder Bal Singh Bawa displayed conspicuous bravery and vital leadership in the face of frenzied militants.}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bawa, Inderbal}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Lieutenant colonels]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]

National Highway 73 (India)

2025-11-16T05:13:57Z

DongXqz408: Creating Article.

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 73
| length_km = 317
| image = Dakshina Kannada mountain pass 1.jpg
| image_notes = NH 73 crossing [[Charmadi|Charmadi Ghat]]
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=line
| id=Q27559926| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 73}}
| map_custom =yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Mangaluru]]
| junction =
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Tumakuru]]
| destinations =
| states = [[Karnataka]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 72
| next_route = 74
}}

'''National Highway 73''' (NH 73) is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]]. This highway runs in the Indian state of Karnataka. It starts from sea port city of [[Mangaluru]] ( Mangalore) and ends at [[Tumakuru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> Even though named as national highway the road is narrow and prone to landslips and falling of trees in Charmady [[ghat]] section of [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="NH 73">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/charmadi-ghat-road-to-remain-closed-till-september-14/articleshow/70682264.cms|title=Charmadi Ghat Road to remain closed till September 14|newspaper= Times of India|date=15 August 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> This highway was previously part of national highways 48, 234 and 206 but subsequent to rationalisation of national highway numbers of India by Gazette notification on 5 March 2010 it was changed to National Highway 73.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|location=New Delhi|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204094735/https://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
The national highway 73 ( NH-73) connects towns of Mangaluru, [[Bantwal]] [[Beltangady]], [[Ujire]], [[Charmadi]], [[Kottigehara]], [[Mudigere]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Halebeedu]], [[Javagal]], [[Banavara]], [[Arasikere]], [[Tiptur]], [[Kibbanahalli]], [[Nittur]], [[Gubbi]] and Tumakuru in the state of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|66|country=IND}} Terminal near Mangaluru.
: {{jct|NH|75|country=IND}} near Bantval
: {{jct|NH|173|country=IND}} near Mudigere
: {{jct|NH|373|country=IND}} near Belur
: {{jct|NH|69|country=IND}} near Banavara
: {{jct|NH|150A|country=IND}} near Kibbanahalli
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Tumakuru.

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[Ghat Roads]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3255381 NH 73 on OpenStreetMap]

{{commons category|NH 73 (India)}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH73 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Transport in Tumkur]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Gaana Rajas

2025-11-09T09:36:08Z

DongXqz408: made basic post w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Dance group}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gaana Rajas
| image = File:Gaana_Rajas_Logo.jpeg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| alias =
| origin =
| genre = [[Gaana]]
| years_active = {{start date|2012}}–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = 
| current_members = * Jeya Raveendran<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thamarai.com/news-details/450854450/gaana-rajas-make-it-to-the-next-round.html |title=Gaana Rajas make it to the next round |website=Thamarai |accessdate=21 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907151004/http://www.thamarai.com/news-details/450854450/gaana-rajas-make-it-to-the-next-round.html |archivedate=September 7, 2013 }}</ref>
* Prito Itiacandy<ref name=":0" />
* Tivyan Wigneswaran<ref name=":0" />
* Mayuri Vijay<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
* Neethu Haridas<ref name=":0" />
* Vidhya Yogarajah<ref name=":0" />
* Rakhee Visavadia <ref name="getwestlondon" /><ref name=":0" />
* Rajni Ghir <ref name="ilfrec" /><ref name=":0" />
| past_members =
}}
'''Gaana Rajas''' is a [[Gaana]] dance group.<ref name="bosco">{{cite web | url=http://www.charlesbosco.com/BoscoStudios/?artist=gaana-rajas | title=Gaana Rajas - Bosco Studios | accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> They came to the semi-finals of [[Got to Dance]].<ref name="bosco" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://transtamils.com/gaana-rajas-sky1s-got-to-dance-semi-finalists/ |title=Gaana Rajas – Sky1’S Got To Dance Semi-Finalists |publisher=News of the Transtamils |date=2 July 2013 |accessdate=21 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321065755/http://transtamils.com/gaana-rajas-sky1s-got-to-dance-semi-finalists/ |archivedate=21 March 2014 }}</ref>

== History ==
Gaana Rajas was formed by people aged between 21 and 27, who met while participating in university dance competitions.<ref name="ilfrec">{{cite web | url=http://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/news/news/redbridge_member_of_gaana_rajas_talks_of_surreal_experience_on_got_to_dance_after_elimination_1_1971088 | title=Redbridge member of Gaana Rajas talks of ‘surreal’ experience on Got To Dance after elimination | publisher=Ilford Recorder | date=9 March 2013 | accessdate=21 March 2014 | author=Earnshaw, Jessica}}</ref>
The group were contestants in the dance reality show [[Got to Dance]] in 2012.<ref name="getwestlondon">{{cite web | url=http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/local-news/pinner-dancer-makes-big-tv-5970801 | title=Pinner dancer makes big TV impact | publisher=getwestlondon | date=31 January 2013 | accessdate=21 March 2014 | author=Black, Caitlin}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | url=http://www.lincoln.ox.ac.uk/uploads/files/Lincoln%20Imprint%202013%20for%20web.pdf | title=Lincoln College News | journal=Lincoln College News | date=September 2013 | pages=22 | archive-date=2013-10-18 | access-date=2014-03-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018065403/http://www.lincoln.ox.ac.uk/uploads/files/Lincoln%20Imprint%202013%20for%20web.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
They performed at the ''Under the Stars'' event in [[Newham]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newham.gov.uk/Pages/News/Crowds-flock-to-Under-the-Stars.aspx | title=Crowds flock to Under the Stars | publisher=Newham London | date=19 August 2013 | accessdate=21 March 2014 | archive-date=21 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321065301/http://www.newham.gov.uk/Pages/News/Crowds-flock-to-Under-the-Stars.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Members ==
Gaana Rajas was made of 10 members when they competed in Got to Dance in 2012.<ref name="getwestlondon" />
* Jeya Raveendran
* Prito Itiacandy<ref name=":0" />
* Tivyan Wigneswaran<ref name=":0" />
* Mayuri Vijay<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Neethu Haridas<ref name=":0" />
* Vidhya Yogarajah<ref name=":0" />
* Rakhee Visavadia<ref name=":0" /><ref name="getwestlondon" />
* Rajni Ghir <ref name=":0" /><ref name="ilfrec" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dance groups]]
[[Category:Reality dancing competition contestants]]
[[Category:Performing groups established in 2012]]

Papiya Adhikari

2025-11-01T23:01:26Z

DongXqz408: reworked layout as per guidelines for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Papiya Adhikari Dey
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = Papiya Adhikari
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Politician}}
| years_active = 1985–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Tamal Kanti Dey
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2021–present)
}}
'''Papiya Adhikari Dey''' is an Indian actress and politician who works primarily in the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] and [[Indian television drama|television]]. She is also a prominent [[Jatra (theatre)|''Jatra'']] personality.

==Career==
Adhikari was born in [[Kolkata]], in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/celebs/bengali/papiya-adhikari/articleshow/23096956.cms |title=Papiya Adhikari |website=photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> In 1985, she first acted in ''Sonar Sansar'', a movie directed by Ratish De Sarkar. She got the break through after playing the lead role in ''Soshane Kandche Lakkhi''. Adhikari received best actress award from the [[Government of West Bengal]] for this performance.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

She played the role of heroin as well as supporting part in number of Bengali films. Adhikari is also active in small screen and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] tele-serials like Gachkouto, Chokher Tara Tui and Gangster Ganga.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/papiya-adhikari-joins-the-cast-of-gangster-ganga/articleshow/69582982.cms |title=Papiya Adhikari joins the cast of Gangster Ganga - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=30 May 2019 |language=en |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2017/06/25/colors-bangla-new-serial-gachkouto-journey-of-a-girl-in-search-of-her-identity/ |title=Colors Bangla New Serial Gachkouto {{!}} Sholoanabangaliana Portal |last=Bangaliana |first=Sholoana |language=en-US |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901160626/http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2017/06/25/colors-bangla-new-serial-gachkouto-journey-of-a-girl-in-search-of-her-identity/ |archive-date=1 September 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Political career==
She joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 17 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2021-02-17 |title=BJP Press Conference: বিজেপিতে সৌমিলি, পাপিয়া |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/west-bengal-election-2021-soumili-and-papia-joins-the-party-in-bjp-press-conference-802265 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actors Yash Dasgupta, Papia Adhikari, Tramila Bhattacharya join BJP ahead of West Bengal polls |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/actors-yash-dasgupta-papia-adhikari-tramila-bhattacharya-join-bjp-ahead-of-west-bengal-polls-9317611.html |date=18 February 2021 |website=Firstpost }}</ref> She contested in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Uluberia Dakshin Assembly constituency|Uluberia Dakshin constituency]] but lost.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAPIA DEY (ADHIKARY) |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=653 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Note
|-
|1985
| ''Sonar Sansar''
|
|-
|
| ''Pratigna''
|
|-
|1987
| ''Swarnamoir Thikana''
|
|-
|
| ''Mouna Mukhar''
|
|-
|
| ''Agaman''
|
|-
|
| ''Pratik''
|
|-
|
| ''Pathe Jete Jete''
|
|-
|
| ''Nishi Badhu''
|
|-
|
| ''Abhisar''
|
|-
|
| ''[[Pratisodh (2004 film)]]''
|
|-
|
| ''Pati Param Guru''
|
|-
|
| ''Rajar Meye Parul''
|
|-
|
| ''Sampradan''
|
|-
|
| ''Mayer Adar''
|
|-
|
| ''[[Shanka]]''
|
|-
|
| ''[[Hanshi Khushi Club]]''
|
|-
|
| ''Rose Crazy Rose''
|
|-
|
| ''Probahini''
|
|-
|
| ''Kintu Galpo Noy''
|
|-
|
| ''Babli''
|
|-
|
| ''Moner Majhe Tumi''
|
|-
|
| ''[[Sotoroi September]]''
|
|-
|
| ''Ami Jajabor''
|
|-
|1989
| ''Bidhir Bidhan''
|Bengali/Odia film
|-
|1989
| ''Sansar''
|
|-
|1989
| ''Michha Maya Sansara''
|Odia film
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3778218}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhikari, Papiya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}