Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

2025 Punjab, India floods

2026-05-05T19:42:59Z

Dlife: made

{{Short description|Natural Disaster in Punjab, India}}
{{Being merged to|2025 India–Pakistan floods|discuss=Talk:2025 Punjab, Pakistan floods#Merge proposal|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox flood
| affected = [[Punjab, India]]
| duration = 20 August 2025
| fatalities = >55<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=2025-09-12 |title=Punjab Floods Death Count Rises To 55, Over 100 Relief Camps Operational |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/punjab-floods-death-count-rises-to-55-over-100-relief-camps-operational-9261429 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Floods kill 30 and submerge 1,400 villages in Indian state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg4g95y7pjo |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=BBC|language=en}}</ref>
| damages = Over 1,400 villages and more than 2.5 lakh acres of farmland flooded, ~3.54 million residents affected, 20,000 rescued.
| cause = Heavy Monsoon Rainfall, Cloud Bursts, Water Dams
| image = Indo-Pak Border during 2025 Floods.jpg
| caption = Flooding at Hussainwala Ganda Singh Wala near the international border during the 2025 flood
}}

In August 2025, around 1400 villages in more than 13 districts of [[Punjab, India]] faced a devastating [[flood]] crisis, regarded as the worst in nearly four decades since 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entire state declared flood-hit |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/entire-state-declared-flood-hit/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab floods: Over 1,000 villages affected, 11,330 persons evacuated |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-floods-over-1000-villages-affected-11330-persons-evacuated/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-29 |title=Punjab haunted by ghost of 1988: Hundreds died, bodies flowed into Pakistan, and an assassination |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ghost-of-1988-haunts-punjab-when-floods-killed-hundreds-led-to-an-assassination-101756396455145.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The floods, caused by unusually heavy [[monsoon]] rains in the upper catchment areas (particularly [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]), along with surplus water releases from several dams — notably [[Pong Dam|Pong]], [[Ranjit Sagar Dam|Ranjit Sagar]], and [[Bhakra Dam|Bhakra]] — which intensified flooding in downstream districts, particularly along the [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Sutlej]] rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain lashes several parts of flood-affected Punjab, heavy showers likely on Monday - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/rain-lashes-several-parts-of-flood-affected-punjab-heavy-showers-likely-on-monday/articleshow/123612076.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=m.economictimes.com | date=31 August 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=2025-08-28 |title=Flood situation remains grim in eight districts of Punjab; dams near capacity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/28/flood-situation-remains-grim-in-eight-districts-of-punjab-dams-near-capacity |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kimathi |first1=Sharon Kits |last2=Kimathi |first2=Sharon Kits |date=2025-08-29 |title=Sustainable Switch Climate Focus: Heavy rain hits Pakistan, Himalayas and India |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/sustainable-switch-climate-focus-heavy-rain-hits-pakistan-himalayas-india-2025-08-29/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Flood situation in Punjab: All about the state's rivers, dams and headworks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-flood-situation-state-rivers-dams-headworks-10214540/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab flood situation worsens as rain continues in many districts |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-flood-situation-worsens-as-rain-continues-in-many-districts/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=31 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The severely affected districts of Punjab were [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]], [[Ferozepur]], [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]] and [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]]. Other districts like [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]], [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]], [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]], [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]], [[Moga district|Moga]], [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]], [[Barnala]], [[Patiala]] and SAS Nagar (Mohali) also been heavily impacted by the floods suffering crop damage, displacement, and infrastructure loss.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Declared Disaster-Hit State: 30 Dead, 3.54 Lakh Affected By Flood Across 23 Districts |url=https://www.news18.com/india/punjab-declared-disaster-hit-state-30-dead-3-54-lakh-affected-by-flood-across-23-districts-9545508.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

These floods also affected the neighbouring states of Punjab in north India like [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pardesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[West Bengal]] and also in state of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab in Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bukhari |first1=Fayaz |last2=Shahzad |first2=Asif |last3=Das |first3=Krishna N. |last4=Shahzad |first4=Asif |last5=Das |first5=Krishna N. |date=2025-08-27 |title=Heavy rains hit Himalayas, spread havoc in India and Pakistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/heavy-rains-hit-himalayas-spread-havoc-india-pakistan-2025-08-27/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Vaishno Devi: Heavy rainfall causes floods in northern India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cp94eg1p7rvo |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At least 30 people killed in landslide as heavy rains batter northern India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/27/at-least-30-people-killed-in-landslide-as-heavy-rains-batter-northern-india |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2025-09-03 |title=IMD issues red alert in J&K, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and other states |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-rain-showers-red-alert-for-north-indian-states-updates-september-3/article70006986.ece |access-date=2025-09-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Abid |title=Has India 'weaponised water' to deliberately flood Pakistan? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/5/has-india-weaponised-water-to-deliberately-flood-pakistan |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Over 1,400 villages across Punjab were inundated, and more than 3,71,475 acres of farmland were submerged, particularly in districts such as [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]], [[Ferozepur]], [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Fazilka]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]] and [[Barnala district|Barnala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-03 |title=Flood damages rise in Punjab, govt says all 23 districts hit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/flood-damages-rise-in-punjab-govt-says-all-23-districts-hit/articleshow/123667306.cms |access-date=2025-09-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title=Punjab Floods Ravage 1,000+ Villages, Over 61,000 Hectares of Farmland Submerged |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/punjab-floods-ravage-1000-villages-over-61000-hectares-of-farmland-submerged |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-31 |title=Punjab's worst floods in nearly 4 decades: Crops on 3 lakh acres damaged; 1,018 villages submerged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabs-worst-floods-in-nearly-4-decades-crop-on-3-lakh-acres-lost-minister-blames-centre-for-aggravating-situation/articleshow/123608098.cms |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2025-08-30 |title=Punjab floods: Over 1,000 villages, affected; state minister blames Centre for worst deluge in 37 yrs |url=https://theprint.in/india/punjab-floods-over-1000-villages-affected-state-minister-blames-centre-for-worst-deluge-in-37-yrs/2732560/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The floods affected approximately 3.5 lakh residents in the state with more than 29 dead,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Punjab declares all 23 districts flood-hit: Crops damaged, 3.5 lakh people affected |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-declares-all-23-districts-flood-hit-crops-damaged-3-5-lakh-people-affected-10226930/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-02 |title=Punjab Flood Crisis: Heavy Rains Submerge 12 Districts, Over 2.5 Lakh Affected, 29 Dead; Rescue Efforts Ongoing - The Logical Indian |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/punjab-flood-crisis-heavy-rains-submerge-12-districts-over-2-5-lakh-affected-29-dead-rescue-efforts-ongoing/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> prompting large-scale evacuations, widespread disruption and school closures.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kimathi |first1=Sharon Kits |last2=Kimathi |first2=Sharon Kits |date=2025-08-29 |title=Sustainable Switch Climate Focus: Heavy rain hits Pakistan, Himalayas and India |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/sustainable-switch-climate-focus-heavy-rain-hits-pakistan-himalayas-india-2025-08-29/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=newsonair |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/flood-alert-in-punjab-over-20-villages-evacuated-ndrf-and-army-on-standby/}}</ref> About 30 km of fencing along the zero line on the Indo-Pak international border has been damaged. The BSF post near the Kartarpur Corridor is submerged, and BSF personnel have temporarily relocated to Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in [[Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency|Dera Baba Nanak]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-05 |title=Amid Punjab floods, Ravi river washes away 30 km of Indo-Pak border fence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-ravi-washes-away-30-km-of-indo-pak-border-fence-10231045 |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-05 |title=Floods damage 110 km of Indo-Pak border fence; 90 BSF posts inundated in Punjab, Jammu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/05/floods-damage-110-km-of-indo-pak-border-fence-90-bsf-posts-inundated-in-punjab-jammu |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Response and Relief Efforts ==

=== Rescue operations ===

* National and state-level agencies — [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]], SDRF, Army, BSF, and local NGO's and authorities—mounted extensive rescue operations. In Gurdaspur, the Army evacuated 27 individuals via helicopter airlift from Lassian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Vikas |title=Heroic Airlift: Army Rescues Dozens Amid Punjab Floods In Gurdaspur; Watch News24 - |url=https://news24online.com/india/heroic-airlift-army-rescues-dozens-amid-punjab-floods-in-gurdaspur-watch/622182/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> Around 11,330 persons were evacuated to safer places with the combined efforts of the Army, NDRF, BSF and the district authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab floods: Over 1,000 villages affected, 11,330 persons evacuated |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-floods-over-1000-villages-affected-11330-persons-evacuated/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Drones were deployed to deliver medicines and food in remote areas, and amphibious vehicles facilitated evacuations in Ramdas, Amritsar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-29 |title=Live blog: Monsoon 2025: No respite for India from rain havoc, five killed in Uttarakhand landslides |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/live-blog-monsoon-2025-no-respite-for-india-from-rain-havoc-landslides-floods |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> Relief camps provided shelter to thousands of displaced residents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=Punjab floods in numbers: 1,018 villages affected, 61,632 hectares of farmland submerged |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-floods-in-numbers-1018-villages-affected-61632-hectares-of-farmland-submerged-10221192/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* Civil and humanitarian involvement — Organisations like [[Khalsa Aid]], Global Sikhs, The Kalgidhar Trust, 5 Rivers Heart Association and many more initiated large-scale relief operations in districts like Gurdaspur, Kapurthala, Ferozepur, and Abohar, delivering essentials such as drinking water, ration, medical aid, and fodder for livestock.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panjab Floods 2025 |url=https://www.khalsaaid.org/projects/panjab/2025/panjab-floods-2025 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Khalsa Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-30 |title=NGOs, Sikh bodies lead relief, rescue efforts across state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ngos-sikh-bodies-lead-relief-rescue-efforts-across-state-101756496390439.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Political parties and local leaders were also active: the [[Aam Aadmi Party – Punjab|Aam Aadmi Party's]] youth and women wings distributed food and supplies, while the Rural Development Minister sent cattle feed to farmers in Fazilka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Flood: भयंकर बाढ़ के बीच आप की युवा और महिला विंग ने संभाला मोर्चा, प्रभावितों को पहुंचा रहे मदद |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/chandigarh/punjab-flood-aam-aadmi-party-youth-and-women-wing-leaders-distributes-food-items-to-affected-people-know-all/articleshow/123604141.cms |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-31 |title=Cattle feed sent from Ludhiana to flood-hit villages of Punjab's Fazilka; minister Tarunpreet Singh Sond dispatches trucklod. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/cattle-feed-sent-from-ludhiana-to-flood-hit-villages-of-punjabs-fazilka-minister-tarunpreet-singh-sond-dispatches-trucklod-/articleshow/123608358.cms |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab floods 2025: Shah Rukh Khan sends prayers and says, 'the spirit shall never break' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/punjab-floods-2025-shah-rukh-khan-sends-prayers-and-says-the-spirit-shall-never-break/articleshow/123678535.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=en-In |date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

* Indian Celebrities — Punjabi singers such as [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Satinder Sartaaj|Satinder Sartaj]], Mankirt Aulakh, [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Karan Aujla]], [[Ranjit Bawa]], [[Jass Bajwa|Jas Bajwa]], Harf Cheema, Resham Singh Anmol, [[Jasbir Jassi]], [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Jordan Sandhu]], [[Inderjit Nikku]], [[Ravinder Grewal]], [[Harjit Harman]], Hustinder, [[Tarsem Jassar]], Gulab Sidhu, R Nait, [[Preet Harpal]] and actors [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Nimrat Khaira]], [[Sunanda Sharma]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Ammy Virk]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Kapil Sharma]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and many other stars are continuously helping people in flood-affected villages by sending food, water and other essential items or financial assistance either personally or through their teams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrities, Sikh Groups, Volunteers Roll up Sleeves to Rebuild Flood-Ravaged Punjab |url=https://thewire.in/environment/celebrities-sikh-groups-volunteers-help-rebuild-flood-ravaged-punjab |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |editor=Bhattacharjee, Saptadeepa|date=2025-09-05 |title=Punjab floods: From Ammy Virk to Akshay Kumar, celebs come forward with aid help affected people |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/punjab-floods-from-ammy-virk-to-akshay-kumar-celebs-come-forward-with-aid-help-affected-people-2025-09-05-1006886 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrities come forward to aid in flood relief work |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/celebrities-come-forward-to-aid-in-flood-relief-work/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Government action and emergency measures ===

* Schools across Punjab were closed from August 27–30 and later this closure was extended along with colleges upto September 7, 2025 as a safety precaution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=All schools in Punjab shut for this week amid heavy rain, flooding |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-schools-shut-this-week-heavy-rain-flooding-10212809/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Punjab and Jammu schools closed due to heavy rains, floods and weather warnings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/punjab-and-jammu-schools-closed-due-to-heavy-rains-floods-and-weather-warnings-2777177-2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-03 |title=Punjab schools, colleges to remain closed till September 7 amid heavy rain, floods |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/punjab-schools-and-colleges-closed-till-september-7-due-to-severe-floods-2781226-2025-09-03 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* The state government, led by Chief Minister [[Bhagwant Mann]], conducted aerial surveys and ordered a special girdawari (damage assessment), promising full compensation for flood-related losses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Punjab CM Bhagwant Mann orders special Girdawari, assures full compensation for flood losses |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/punjab-cm-bhagwant-mann-orders-special-girdawari-compensation-for-flood-losses-667766.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab flood situation worsens: How 2025 horror mirrors 'once-in-a-1000-years' devastation of 1988 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/how-punjab-flood-crisis-mirrors-once-in-a-1000-years-devastation-of-1988-article-13498887.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829050610/https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/how-punjab-flood-crisis-mirrors-once-in-a-1000-years-devastation-of-1988-article-13498887.html |archive-date=2025-08-29 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=All schools in Punjab shut for this week amid heavy rain, flooding |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-schools-shut-this-week-heavy-rain-flooding-10212809/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Punjab and Jammu schools closed due to heavy rains, floods and weather warnings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/punjab-and-jammu-schools-closed-due-to-heavy-rains-floods-and-weather-warnings-2777177-2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* After the Punjab cabinet meeting on september 8, the Chief Minister of state announced that compensation of Rs 20,000 per acre will be given to the flood-affected farmers and Rs 4 lakh will be given to the families of those who have lost someone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-09 |title=Punjab CM Bhagwant Mann announces flood relief; aid for farmers, families of victims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/punjab-cm-bhagwant-mann-announces-flood-relief-aid-for-farmers-families-of-victims/articleshow/123770204.cms |access-date=2025-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2025 Uttarakhand flash flood]]
* [[2025 Punjab, Pakistan floods]]
* [[2025 India-Pakistan floods]]

== References ==
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2025 floods in Asia]]
[[Category:August 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Climate change in India]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2020s in Punjab, India]]
<references />
{{2025 floods}}
{{Disasters in India in 2025}}

Indian subcontinent

2026-05-03T22:43:03Z

Dlife: corrected intro also and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Physiographical region in South Asia}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{About|the physiographical region of Asia|the geographical subregion of Asia|South Asia}}
{{Redirect|The subcontinent|general usage of the term|Continent#Subcontinents}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox continent
|title = Indian subcontinent
|photo = [[File:Indian Subcontinent (orthographic projection).svg|250px]]
|photo_caption = Geopolitical coverage of the subcontinent
|image = {{Annotated image | float=none | caption=Topographic map of the subcontinent and surrounding regions (in {{color|Blue|Black}})| image=South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg | width=300 | height=300| image-top=0
| annotations =
{{Annotation|40|40|{{colored link|Black|Hindu Kush}}|font-size=7}}
{{Annotation|2|70|{{colored link|Black|Iranian Plateau|Iranian Plateau}}}}
{{Annotation|15|108|{{colored link|Black|Makran}}|font-size=8}}
{{Annotation|60|95|[[Indus River|Indus]]|font-size=8}}
{{Annotation|85|100|[[Thar Desert]]|font-size=7}}
{{Annotation|20|190|{{colored link|Black|Arabian Sea}}}}
{{Annotation|90|20|{{colored link|Black|Karakoram}}|font-size=9}}
{{Annotation|170|45|{{colored link|Black|Tibetan Plateau}}}}
{{Annotation|160|80|{{colored link|Black|Himalayas}}|font-size=9}}
{{Annotation|130|160|[[Deccan Plateau|Deccan Plateau]]|font-size=8}}
{{Annotation|235|102|[[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]|font-size=8}}
{{Annotation|160|98|[[Ganges]]|font-size=8}}
{{Annotation|240|115|{{colored link|Black|Indo-Burman Ranges|Indo-Burma       Range}}|font-size=9}}
{{Annotation|180|190|{{colored link|Black|Bay of Bengal}}}}
}}
|image_size = 250px
|image_caption =
|countries = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|[[List of sovereign states|7]]}}

| [[Bangladesh]]
| [[Bhutan]]
| [[India]]{{refn|group=note|Excluding:
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], close to the [[Malay Archipelago]].
* [[Ladakh]], [[Spiti]], and other areas which lie to the north of the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalayan Mountain Range]].
* Significant portions of [[northeast India]] which lie on the [[Geology of Myanmar#Indo-Burman Ranges|Indo-Burman Ranges]] (spanning [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Mizoram]]) as well as the [[Tibetan Plateau]] (northern [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Sikkim]])
|name="India"}}
| [[Maldives]]{{refn|group=note|As [[island country|island countries]], Maldives and Sri Lanka are sometimes not considered parts of the subcontinent, as they lack [[geographic contiguity]] with the mainland. They are considered parts of the region in [[cultural geography]] or geology instead.|name="Island country"}}
| [[Nepal]]{{refn|group=note|Excluding [[Upper Mustang]] and other areas which lie to the north of the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalayan Mountain Range]].|name="Nepal"}}
| [[Pakistan]]{{refn|group=note|Excluding:
* Significant landmasses from [[Balochistan, Pakistan|East Balochistan]] and western-most parts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (like the former [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]) which are situated on the [[Iranian Plateau]].
* Parts of [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Northern Areas]] (like [[Baltistan]]) which lie to the north of the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalayan Mountain Range]] (completely crammed towards the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] and minuscule fragments of the [[Hindu Kush]] northwards from the extreme border end near the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan).
|name="Pakistan"}}
| [[Sri Lanka]]{{refn|group=note|name="Island country"}}
}}
|list_countries =
|dependencies = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = [[Dependent territory|External]] (1)
| [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]{{refn|group=note|Administered by the United Kingdom, claimed by [[Mauritius]] as the [[Chagos Archipelago]].|name="BIOT"}} (United Kingdom)
}}
{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = [[List of territorial disputes|Disputed]] (1)
| [[Kashmir]]{{refn|group=note|{{Kashmir-note}}|name="Kashmir"}}
}}
|unrecognized =
|area = {{convert|4,440,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|languages = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|Official:}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Dzongkha]]
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Urdu]]
}}
|cities = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|10 largest cities}}
| framestyle = border:1px #aaa; background:#f5f5f5;
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Dhaka]]
| [[Karachi]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Lahore]]
| [[Bangalore]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
}}
|population = {{circa|1.9 billion}}
|time = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|''List:''}}
| [[Bangladesh Standard Time]] (BST)
| [[Bhutan Time]] (BTT)
| [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST)
| [[Time in Maldives|Maldives Time]] (MVT)
| [[Nepal Standard Time]] (NPT)
| [[Pakistan Standard Time]] (PST)
| [[Sri Lanka Standard Time]] (SLST)
}}
}}

The '''Indian subcontinent''' is a [[physiographic region]] of [[Asia]] below the [[Himalayas]] which projects into the [[Indian Ocean]] between the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west. It is now divided between [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=oed-indian-subcontinent1>{{citation|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter=Indian subcontinent (noun)|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1205710598|date=March 2025|doi=10.1093/OED/1205710598 |access-date=31 March 2025|quote=The part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, now divided between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.}} (subscription required)</ref> Although the terms ''Indian subcontinent'' and ''South Asia'' are often also used interchangeably to denote a wider region which includes, in addition, [[Bhutan]], the [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]], the ''Indian subcontinent'' term is more [[geophysical]], whereas ''South Asia'' is more [[geopolitical]].<ref name=oed-indian-subcontinent2>{{citation|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter=Indian subcontinent (noun)|publisher = Oxford University Press|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1205710598|date=March 2025|doi=10.1093/OED/1205710598 |access-date=31 March 2025|quote=(subsidiary remark) Also used with wider application to include Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. The term is roughly equivalent to South Asia, esp. in the wider use, although Indian subcontinent is sometimes considered to be more of a geophysical description, and South Asia more geopolitical.}}</ref> South Asia is also frequently defined to include [[Afghanistan]], which is not considered part of the subcontinent even in extended usage.<ref name=norwineplus>Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, ''The Third World: states of mind and being'', pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, {{ISBN|0-04-910121-8}} Quote: ""The term "South Asia" also signifies the Indian Subcontinent"" Raj S. Bhopal, ''Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies'', pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-19-856817-7}}; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka; Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, ''Asian Power and Politics'', pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, {{ISBN|0-674-04979-9}} Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism." Mark Juergensmeyer, ''The Oxford handbook of global religions'', pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-513798-1}} Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, ''Modern South Asia'', page 3, Routledge, 2004, {{ISBN|0-415-30787-2}}</ref>

==Name==
Historically, the region surrounding and southeast of the [[Indus River]] was often simply referred to as ''India'' in many historical sources. Even today, historians use ''India'' to denote the entire Indian subcontinent when discussing history up until the era of the [[British Raj]]. Over time, however, the term ''India'' evolved to refer to a distinct [[political entity]] that eventually became a nation-state.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica 2022 t419">{{cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=Indian subcontinent Map, Countries, Population, & History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indian-subcontinent |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the term ''[[Continent#Subcontinents|subcontinent]]'' signifies a "subdivision of a continent which has a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity" and also a "large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent".<ref>''[http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged]'', Merriam-Webster, 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2016; Quote: "a large landmass smaller than a continent; especially: a major subdivision of a continent
! e Indian subcontinent | "</ref><ref name="OED">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2016 |title=subcontinent - definition of subcontinent in English {{!}} Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/subcontinent |access-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102611/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/subcontinent |archive-date=20 December 2016 |quote=A large distinguishable part of a continent}}</ref> Its use to signify the Indian subcontinent is evidenced from the early twentieth century when most of the territory was either part of the [[British Empire]] or allied with them.<ref>Milton Walter Meyer, ''South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent'', pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, {{ISBN|0-8226-0034-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker Henry D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.236168/2015.236168.British-India?view=theater |title=British India With Notes On Ceylon Afghanistan And Tibet (1915) |date=1915 |pages=401}}</ref> It was a convenient term to refer to the region comprising both [[presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] and the [[princely state]]s.<ref>{{Cite OED |term=subcontinent |id=192528}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED |term=Indian subcontinent |id=94389}}</ref>

The term has been particularly common in the British Empire and its successors,<ref>Milton Walter Meyer, ''South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent'', pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, {{ISBN|0-8226-0034-X}} Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, ''The Third World: states of mind and being'', pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, {{ISBN|0-04-910121-8}} {{Cite book |last=Boniface |first=Brian G. |author2=Christopher P. Cooper |title=Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c46i9jr9mhgC&pg=PA344 |isbn=978-0-7506-5997-0}} Judith Schott & Alix Henley, ''Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society'', pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, {{ISBN|0-7506-2050-1}} Raj S. Bhopal, ''Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies'', pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-19-856817-7}} Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, ''Asian Power and Politics'', pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, {{ISBN|0-674-04979-9}} Mark Juergensmeyer, ''The Oxford handbook of global religions'', pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-513798-1}}</ref> while the term South Asia is the more common usage in Europe and North America as well as in most countries in [[South Asia]] itself sometimes.<ref>Judith Schott & Alix Henley, ''Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society'', pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, {{ISBN|0750620501}}</ref><ref>Raj S. Bhopal, ''Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies'', pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0198568177}}</ref> According to historians [[Sugata Bose]] and [[Ayesha Jalal]], the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia "in more recent and neutral parlance".<ref name=sugata>{{cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |author1-link=Sugata Bose |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayeha |author2-link=Ayesha Jalal |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1998 |title=Modern South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/3/mode/1up |publisher=Routledge |page=3 |isbn=0415307872}}</ref> [[Indology|Indologist]] Ronald B. Inden argues that the usage of the term ''South Asia'' is becoming more widespread since it clearly distinguishes the region from East Asia.<ref name=inden>Ronald B. Inden, ''Imagining India'', page 51, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, {{ISBN|1850655200}}</ref>

Since the [[Partition of India]], citizens of Pakistan (which became independent of British India in 1947) and Bangladesh (which became independent of Pakistan in 1971) often perceive the use of ''Indian subcontinent'' as offensive and suspicious because of the dominant placement of India in the term.<ref name="farmerplus" /> As such it is being increasingly less used in those countries.{{refn|group=note|For example, a history book intended for Pakistani B.A. students by K. Ali uses the term "Indo-Pakistan" instead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=K. |title=A New History of Indo-Pakistan up to 1526 |publisher=Aziz Publishers |year=1980 |edition=4th |location=Lahore}}</ref>|name="Indo-Pakistan"}} Meanwhile, many Indian analysts prefer to use the term because of the socio-cultural commonalities of the region.<ref name=farmerplus>B.H. Farmer, ''An Introduction to South Asia'', page 1, Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1983, {{ISBN|9780416726008}}, "The 'Indian sub continent' is a term that certainly recognises the dominant position of India in both area and population. Since the partition of Indian Empire, use of this term becomes offensive to the Pakistanis and the Bangladeshis." Jona Razzaque, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7E7al37aYBEC&pg=PA3 Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh]'', page 3, Kluwer Law International, 2004, {{ISBN|9789041122148}} "Yet, because citizens of Pakistan (which was carved out of India in 1947 and has had recurring conflicts with India since then) and of Bangladesh (which became separated from Pakistan by civil war in 1971) might find offensive the dominant placement of India in the term "Indian subcontinent", many scholars today prefer the more recently adopted designation 'South Asia.{{'"}} Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7KCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 Religions of South Asia: An Introduction]'', page 3, Routledge, 2006, {{ISBN|9781134593224}} S K Shah, ''India and Its Neighbours: Renewed Threats and New Directions'', page 26, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2017, {{ISBN|9789386367501}} "Indian analysts, who talk of the Indian sub-continent, wish to keep in mind, in their analyses, the common historical, political, religious and cultural heritage of these three countries. The term sub-continent is used less and less in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The political leadership and the policy-makers in these two countries do not wish to be reminded of this common heritage. Any highlighting of this common heritage by Indian analysts is viewed by them with suspicion—— as indicating a hidden desire to reverse history and undo the 1947 partition."</ref> The region has also been called the "Asian subcontinent",<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2014 |title=Humanity's global battle with mosquitoes |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/health-26724645 |first1=Lizzie |last1=Crouch |first2=Paula |last2=McGrath |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120003457/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-26724645 |archive-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kronstadt |first=K. Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETcz_5SzoMkC&pg=PT9 |title=Terrorist Attacks in Mumbai, India, and Implications for U. S. Interests |date=2011 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-2953-9 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> the "South Asian subcontinent",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Aijazuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC |title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach |date=2009 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-568-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ayesha Jalal |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes |url-access=registration |year=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=xiii |isbn=9780674028012}}</ref><ref>K. D. Kapur, ''Nuclear Non-proliferation Diplomacy: Nuclear Power Programmes in the Third World'', page 365, Lancers Books, 1993, {{ISBN|9788170950363}}|Daya Nath Tripathi (ed), ''Discourse on Indo European Languages and Culture'', page 193, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2005, {{ISBN|9788178271200}} </ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Akram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr36Gd1X_rcC&pg=PA183 |title=What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78254-415-9 |language=en}}</ref> as well as "India" or "[[Greater India]]" in the classical and pre-modern sense.<ref name="McLeod p1">{{cite book |author=John McLeod |title=The history of India |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-31459-4 |page=1}} Note: McLeod does not include Afghanistan in the Indian subcontinent or South Asia.</ref><ref name="norwineplus"/><ref name="mittal">{{Cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7KCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Religions of South Asia: An Introduction |last2=Thursby |first2=Gene |date=18 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59322-4 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kathleen M page 10">{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-KIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=The Changing Geography of Asia |last2=Chapman |first2=Graham P. |date=11 March 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-93384-6 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>

The sport of [[cricket]], introduced to the region by the British, is [[Cricket in the Indian subcontinent|notably popular]] in [[Cricket in India|India]], [[Cricket in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Cricket in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Cricket in Nepal|Nepal]], [[Cricket in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] and [[Cricket in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. Within a cricket context, these countries are sometimes referred to simply as ''the subcontinent'' e.g. "[[Australia national cricket team|Australia's]] tour of the subcontinent".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Khawaja in the subcontinent - unselectable to indispensable |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/usman-khawaja-in-the-subcontinent-unselectable-to-indispensable-border-gavaskar-trophy-1362704 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The term is also sometimes used adjectivally in cricket e.g. "subcontinental conditions".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subcontinent lessons for Australia's youngsters |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/subcontinent-lessons-for-australia-s-youngsters-770361 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A distinctly sub-continental wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/a-distinctly-sub-continental-wicket-232597 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Geology ==
{{See also|Indian plate|Himalayas#Geology}}
[[File:230 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png|thumb|right|[[Cimmeria (continent)|Cimmeria]], having rifted from Gondwana shown drifting towards Eurasia, closing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean above, opening the Neo-Tethys Ocean below, and carrying parts of what is today the [[Tibetan Plateau]]]]
[[File:Karakoram Kohistan Ladakh Gangdese Belt.jpg|thumb|right|The accretions of the [[Karakoram]], the Kohistan-Ladakh [[island arc]], and the [[Gangdese batholith|Gangdese belt]] to Eurasia preceded the final India-Eurasia collision. The stars mark the [[Syntaxis (geology)|syntaxis]]-causing obtrustions.]]

Before the [[Indian plate]] rifted from [[Gondwana]] and drifted northward toward Eurasia, two other landmasses, the [[Qiangtang terrane]] and [[Lhasa terrane]],{{refn|group=note|Terrane: "A far traveled crustal block accreted to a continent. Due to its remote origin, the terrane shows a different geological evolution compared to adjacent parts of the continent."{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=197}}}} had accreted to Eurasia.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The Qiantang and Lhasa terranes were part of the string of microcontinents [[Cimmeria (continent)|Cimmeria]], today constituting parts of [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] (including the [[Karakoram]]<ref name=karakoram-cimmerian>{{cite journal|first1=Andrea |last1=Zanchi|first2=Maurizio|last2=Gaetani|title=The geology of the Karakoram range, Pakistan: the new 1:100,000 geological map of Central-Western Karakoram|journal=Italian Journal of Geosciences|year=2011|volume=130|issue=2|pages= 161–262|doi=10.3301/IJG.2011.09|quote= The Tirich Boundary Zone is a complex assemblage of high grade metabasites and gneiss with small remnants of sub-continental peridotites, which separate East Hindu Kush from the Karakoram. Its emplacement has been related to the possible opening of a basin between the two blocks at the end of the Paleozoic, followed by its deformation during the collision of Karakoram with East Hindu Kush, dating to the end of Triassic or beginning of the Jurassic.}}</ref>), [[China]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Malaysia]], which closed the [[Paleo-Tethys Ocean]] above them and opening the Neo-Tethys Ocean between them and Gondwana, eventually colliding with Eurasia, and creating the [[Cimmerian Orogeny]].{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}}

After the Lhasa terrane had adjoined Eurasia, an active continental margin opened along its southern flank, below which the Neo-Tethys oceanic plate had begun to subduct. [[Magmatic activity]] along this flank produced the [[Gangdese batholith]] in what is today the [[Transhimalaya|Tibetan trans-Himalaya]]. Another subduction zone opened to the west, in the ocean basin above the Kohistan-Ladakh [[island arc]]. This island arc—formed by one oceanic plate subducting beneath another, its magma rising and creating continental crust—drifted north, closed its ocean basin and collided with Eurasia.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=173}} [[Ladakh]] is today in the Indian-administered region of [[Kashmir]] and [[Kohistan, Pakistan|Kohistan]] in the [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan, both on the Indian subcontinent.

The collision of India with Eurasia closed the Neo-Tethys Ocean.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} The suture zone (in this instance, the remnants of the Neo-Tethys subduction zone pinched between the two continental crusts), which marks India's welding to Eurasia, is called the [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]].{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} It lies north of the Himalayas. The headwaters of the [[Indus River]] and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] (later in its course, the [[Brahmaputra]]) flow along this suture zone.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} These two Eurasian rivers, whose courses were continually diverted by the rising Himalayas, define the western and eastern limits, respectively, of the Himalayan mountain range.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}}

== See also ==
* [[Arabian Peninsula]]
* [[India (Herodotus)]]
* [[Iranian Plateau]]
* [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Frisch|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Meschede|first2=Martin|last3=Blakey|first3=Ronald|title=Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-76503-5|doi= 10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2|year=2011}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links}}
{{South Asian topics}}
{{Continents of Earth}}
{{Regions of the world}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian subcontinent}}
[[Category:Indian subcontinent|*]]
[[Category:Toponyms for India]]
[[Category:South Asia]]
[[Category:Geology of Asia]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Continents]]

By-elections to the 18th Lok Sabha

2026-05-02T05:51:45Z

Dlife: starting some entry needs work - done

By-elections to the [[18th Lok Sabha]] are held to fill [[Casual vacancy|vacancies]] in [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India]] between 24 June 2024 and the [[next Indian general election]].

== Condition of by-election<ref name="google22">{{cite book |url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2096/1/a1951-43.pdf |title=The Representation of the People Act, 1951 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> ==
As per the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951|Representation of People Act, 1951]],<ref name="google3">{{cite book |url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2096/1/a1951-43.pdf |title=The Representation of the People Act, 1951 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> a seat in the parliament may fall vacant in the cases of

* death
* resignation
* [[defection]]
* ineligibility to hold office

A by-election is called for a vacant seat shall be called only when the date of vacancy is at least 1 year apart from the date of dissolution of the house.

A by-election is, by law, held within 6 months from the date of vacancy unless the [[Election Commission of India]] finds it impossible to conduct elections, in which case a government approval is required. Elections are also delayed due to unresolved petitions left in the court on validity of last election held.

== By-elections to the 18th Lok Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |State/UT
! rowspan="2" |Date of vacancy
! rowspan="2" |Cause of vacancy
! rowspan="2" |Date of election
! colspan="3" |Before
! colspan="3" |After
|-
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
!1
|[[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
|[[Kerala]]
|18 June 2024
|[[#Wayanad, Kerala|Resignation]]
|13 November 2024
|[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|[[Priyanka Gandhi]]<ref name="November bypoll result">{{Cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bypolls-election-results-2024-complete-list-of-winners-constituencies-16-states-1733369 |title=Bypoll Election Result: Complete List Of Winners Across 48 Assembly Seats, 2 Lok Sabha Constituencies |access-date=2025-11-23|date=2024-11-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123142857/https://news.abplive.com/elections/bypolls-election-results-2024-complete-list-of-winners-constituencies-16-states-1733369|archive-date=23 November 2024|website=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
!2
|[[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|26 August 2024
|[[#Nanded, Maharashtra|Death]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title=Nanded MP Vasant Chavan passes away at 64 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/vasant-chavan-death-news-nanded-mp-passes-away-at-64/articleshow/112792396.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|20 November 2024
|[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
|[[Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan]]<ref name="November bypoll result" />
|-
!3
|[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|25 September 2025
|[[#Basirhat, West Bengal|Death]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-25 |title=TMC Basirhat MP Sk Nurul Islam dies at 61 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tmc-basirhat-mp-sk-nurul-islam-dies-at-61/articleshow/113665623.cms |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |TBD
|[[Haji Nurul Islam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
| rowspan="3" |TBD
|
| rowspan="3" |TBD
|-
!4
|[[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|19 February 2026
|[[#Shillong, Meghalaya|Death]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-02-19 |title=Shillong MP Ricky Andrew J. Syngkon passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/shillong-mp-ricky-andrew-j-syngkon-passes-away/article70653220.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[Ricky AJ Syngkon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|
|-
!5
|[[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
|[[Assam]]
|18 March 2026
|[[#Nagaon, Assam|Resignation]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Assam assembly elections: MP Pradyut Bordoloi quits Congress after 30 years, gets offer from Himanta Biswa Sarma to join BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/pradyut-quits-cong-gets-offer-from-himanta-to-join-bjp/articleshow/129639799.cms |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Pradyut Bordoloi resigns as Nagaon MP, meets Amit Shah; likely to contest assembly polls |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/pradyut-bordoloi-resigns-from-congress-meets-amit-shah-likely-to-contest-assembly-polls20260318182755 |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=ANI}}</ref>
|[[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|
|}

== Cause of vacancies ==

=== [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]] ===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Wayanad by-election
| type = parliamentary
| seats_for_election = [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] constituency
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency#General elections 2024
| previous_year = 2024
| next_election =
| next_year = Next
| election_date = 13 November 2024
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| candidate1 = '''[[Priyanka Gandhi]]'''
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Priyanka Gandhi Vadra (7).jpg|bSize=240|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=80|oTop=20}}
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| popular_vote1 = '''6,22,338'''
| percentage1 = '''64.99%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 5.30%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Satyan mokeri DSC 0636.resized.JPG|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| candidate2 = [[Sathyan Mokeri]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India
| popular_vote2 = 2,11,407
| percentage2 = 22.08%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 4.01%
| turnout = 64.22% {{decrease}} 9.35%
| title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| before_election = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Priyanka Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| country = India
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Navya Haridas (politician) in 2024.jpg|bSize=240|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=80|oTop=20}}
| candidate3 = Navya Haridas
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| percentage3 = 11.48
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 1.51%
| popular_vote3 = 1,09,939
}}
As per section 33 (7) of the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951|Representation of People Act, 1951]], a member may contest from 2 constituencies but not represent both of them in the parliament. As [[Rahul Gandhi]] contested elections from [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Raebareli]] as well as [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]], he had to vacate one, which he decided to be Raebareli and hence resigned from Wayanad. Elections were expected to be held alongside other states in August but due to major landslides in the constituency, the elections got delayed till 13 November 2024.
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Wayanad by-election]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Priyanka Gandhi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,22,338|percentage=64.99|change={{increase}} 5.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Sathyan Mokeri]]|votes=2,11,407|percentage=22.08|change={{decrease}}4.01|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Navya Haridas|votes=1,09,939|percentage=11.48|change={{decrease}}1.51|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=5,406|percentage=0.57|change={{decrease}}0.5}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,10,931|percentage=42.9|change={{increase}}9.32|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,57,571|percentage=64.22|change={{decrease}}9.35|}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India|swing={{increase}} 5.3}}
{{Election box end}}

=== [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]] ===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Nanded by-election
| type = parliamentary
| seats_for_election = [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]] constituency
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Nanded Lok Sabha constituency#General elections 2024
| previous_year = 2024
| next_election =
| next_year = Next
| election_date = 20 November 2024
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| candidate1 = '''[[Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| popular_vote1 = '''5,86,788'''
| percentage1 = '''44.81%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 2.07%
| candidate2 = [[Santukrao Hambarde|Santukrao Marotrao Hambarde]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| popular_vote2 = 5,85,331
| percentage2 = 44.69%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 3.08%
| turnout = 67.81% {{increase}} 6.88%
| title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| before_election = [[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| country = India
| candidate3 = Avinash Vishvanath Bhosikar
| party3 = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
| percentage3 = 6.12%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 2.08%
| popular_vote3 = 80,179
}}

As the then representative [[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]] peacefully passed away<ref name=":02" /> of old age, his constituency fell vacant. By-elections were held on 20 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1316.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241123165051/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1316.htm |archive-date=2024-11-23 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=2024 Nanded by-election}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,86,788|percentage=44.81|change={{decrease}}2.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Santukrao Hambarde|Dr. Santukrao Marotrao Hambarde]]|votes=5,85,331|percentage=44.69|change={{increase}}3.08|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|candidate=Avinash Vishwanath Bhosikar|votes=80,179|percentage=6.12|change={{decrease}}2.08|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,911|percentage=0.22|change={{decrease}}0.10}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,457|percentage=0.12|change={{decrease}}5.15|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,09,620|percentage=67.81|change={{increase}}6.88|}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing={{decrease}}2.07}}
{{Election box end}}

=== [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]], [[West Bengal]] ===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Basirhat by-election
| type = parliamentary
| seats_for_election = [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]] constituency
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency#General elections 2024
| previous_year = 2024
| election_date = TBA
| title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| before_election = [[Haji Nurul Islam]]
| before_party = Trinamool Congress
| after_election = TBA
| country = India
}}

[[Haji Nurul Islam]], the then representative of [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat Lok Sabha Constituency]], failed to fight cancer which ultimately led to his death on 25 September 2024 at the age of 61.<ref name=":12" /> Due to pending election petition not answered yet by Calcutta High Court, the elections are delayed until High Court either gives a verdict or allows election to take place before the verdict.

=== [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] ===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Shillong by-election
| type = parliamentary
| seats_for_election = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]] constituency
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Shillong Lok Sabha constituency#General elections 2024
| previous_year = 2024
| election_date = TBA
| title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| before_election = [[Ricky AJ Syngkon]]
| before_party = Voice of the People Party
| after_election = TBA
| country = India
}}

[[Ricky AJ Syngkon]], the then representative of [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong Lok Sabha Constituency]], passed away on 19 February 2026 at 54 years of age due to suffering a cardiac arrest while playing football at the outskirts of his constituency.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-02-19 |title=Shillong MP Ricky Andrew J. Syngkon passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/shillong-mp-ricky-andrew-j-syngkon-passes-away/article70653220.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> By-election must take place no later than 18 August 2026.

=== [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]], [[Assam]] ===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Nagaon by-election
| type = parliamentary
| seats_for_election = [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]] constituency
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency#General elections 2024
| previous_year = 2024
| election_date = TBA
| title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| before_election = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = TBA
| country = India
}}

[[Pradyut Bordoloi]], the then representative of [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon Lok Sabha Constituency]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress]], defected to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. To avoid his suspension through [[Anti-defection law (India)|anti-defection law]], he resigned from the Lok Sabha right before his meeting with [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]] and senior BJP politician [[Amit Shah]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
[[Category:Lok Sabha by-elections]]
[[Category:2024 elections in India]]

Biju Govind

2026-05-02T05:48:55Z

Dlife: starting the details w/ sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Biju Govind
| image = Biju Govind.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|6|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kayamkulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = IJHS, [[Tangasseri]]
| occupation = [[Journalist]]
| spouse = Rajasree Govind
| children = 2
}}

'''Biju Govind''' is a [[Kerala]]-based [[journalist]] currently serving as the Chief of Bureau for [[The Hindu]] in [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/biju-govind/|title=Biju Govind : The Hindu|date=|publisher=}}</ref> In this capacity, he oversees news coordination across the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region. Throughout his career, he has reported extensively on a broad spectrum of critical issues, from [[Political activism in Kerala|political activism violence]] and communal unrest in [[North Kerala]] to the complex intersection of religion and civic life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/kerala-writer-sedition-case-no-author-will-be-charged-in-national-anthem-cases-says-pinarayi-vijayan-3165972.html|title=Kerala writer sedition case: No author will be charged in National Anthem cases, says Pinarayi Vijayan - Firstpost|date=20 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> A prolific writer, he frequently contributes analytical features and commentary on the State’s evolving political scape.

Govind first worked for the ''[[United News of India]]'' (UNI) in [[New Delhi]], reporting on the solitary protest of a Tibetan woman, Sonam Dekyi seeking the release of her son ([[Ngawang Choephel]]) who had been [[arrest]]ed by the [[Law enforcement in China|Chinese police]] on charges of [[espionage]] in 1997. He then joined ''[[The Indian Express]]'' in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and thereafter ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' out of [[Kochi]].

Govind later moved to ''[[The Hindu]]'', working from [[Kozhikode]], in June 2001. He now covers [[politics]], [[organized crime]], development issues of roads, [[infrastructure]], and [[realty]].
He has reported the [[Marad massacre|Marad]] riots that occurred between Hindu and Muslim communities in Kozhikode in 2002 and the massacre of nine fishermen again at the seaside village in 2003. He had also covered the [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary|Muthanga]] agitation of [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] tribes against the government in 2002.

Govind reported the infiltration of [[Maoists]] in the tri-junction of [[Tamil Nadu]], Karnataka and Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/maoists-find-trijunction-a-safe-haven/article3378980.ece|title=Maoists find tri-junction a safe haven|date=3 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> He has also reported about the [[Indian Mujahideen]] in [[Kerala]] and Islamist modules that recruited Muslim youths for Islamic State fighters in Syria.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin|}}
* [https://muckrack.com/biju-govind/bio Biju Govind's Biography | Muck Rack]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/13-missing-from-Kerala-suspected-to-have-joined-IS/article14479732.ece 13 missing from Kerala, suspected to have joined IS]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/im-plans-to-recruit-from-kerala/article7523501.ece Indian Mujahideen eyes Kerala youth]
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govind, Biju}}
[[Category:The Hindu journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

K. C. Veerendra Puppy

2026-04-29T13:51:49Z

Dlife: made

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox politician
|name = K. C. Veerendra
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency = [[Chitradurga Assembly constituency|Chitradurga]]
|term_start = 2023
|predecessor = [[G. H. Thippareddy]]
}}
'''K. C. Veerendra Puppy''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chitradurga Assembly constituency]] in [[Chitradurga district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K C Veerendra Puppy in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/k-c-veerendra-puppy-chitradurga-candidate-s10a099c012/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitradurga Assembly Karnataka Election 2023 Results Live: Chitradurga constituency Results, Winner list and vote share {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/chitradurga-1091 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524005858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/chitradurga-1091 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2025, he was arrested by the Enforcement Directorate for his alleged role in online money betting and for money laundering.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=Enforcement Directorate arrests Karnataka Congress MLA K.C. Veerendra in ‘illegal’ betting case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/enforcement-directorate-arrests-karnataka-congress-mla-kc-veerendra-in-illegal-betting-case/article69967917.ece |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Puppy is from [[Challakere]], Chitradurga district. His late father Kondlahalli was a farmer. He completed B.Com. in 1999 at HPPC Government First Grade College, which is affiliated with [[Kuvempu University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.C.Veerendra Puppy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- CHITRADURGA(CHITRADURGA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7927 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Puppy won from [[Chitradurga Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 122,021 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[G. H. Thippareddy]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a huge margin of 53,300 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Chitradurga Assembly Election results LIVE: KC Veerendra Puppy emerges victorious - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/chitradurga-election-results-live-fight-between-jds-congress-bjp-16641781.htm |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=Chitradurga: In Battle Of Turncoats, BJP MLA GH Thippareddy Take On Veerendra Pappy and Raghu Achar {{!}} Karnataka Constituency Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/chitradurga-assembly-constituency-watch-karnataka-election-2023-latest-news-congress-thippareddy-veerendra-pappy-raghu-achar-jds-bjp-article-100019359 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

On 23 August 2025, the [[Enforcement Directorate|Directorate of Enforcement]] arrested him from [[Gangtok]], Sikkim, in connection with his alleged role in a case involving, now illegal, offline and online betting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Anushka |date=23 August 2025 |title=Rs 12 Crore Cash, Cars With Same VIP Numbers: Congress MLA Arrested In Betting Racket |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-12-crore-cash-cars-with-same-vip-numbers-congress-mla-k-c-veerendra-puppy-arrested-in-illegal-betting-racket-9145008 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref> On 22 August, ED launched a raid at 31 locations and reportedly Rs.12 crores were recovered in cash and foreign currency.<ref name=":0" /> Raids were also held in [[Goa]] on some of the casino's including Puppy's Casino Gold, Ocean Rivers Casino and Big Daddy Casino.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Crime: ED Arrests Congress MLA Veerendra ‘Puppy’ in Betting Case, Rs 12 Crore Seized |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/ed-arrests-karnataka-congress-mla-veerendra-puppy-in-illegal-online-and-offline-betting-case-recover-rs-12-crore-in-cash-3694144 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In August 2025, the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025, was passed in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha cleared it the next day. The bill puts an end to online money gaming in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-21 |title=Online Gaming Bill 2025 passed in Lok Sabha: Ban on real money gaming; boost for esports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/123410053.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puppy, K. C. Veerendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Talat Ahmad

2026-04-26T15:09:37Z

Dlife: Starting The Article W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Indian Earth scientist and professor}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
| name = Talat Ahmad
| honorific_suffix = FNA FASc FNASc
| image = Prof Talat Amad in 2012.jpg
| image_size = 270 px
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = 14th [[Chairman]] of [[Governing body]] of [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]]
| term_start = 1 December 2021
| term_end = 30 November 2024
| predecessor = [[Professor|Prof]].Ashok Sahni
| successor = [[Shailesh Nayak]]
| office1 = 20th Vice-chancellor of [[University of Kashmir]]
| term_start1 = 6 August 2018
| term_end1 = 20 May 2022
| chancellor1 = * [[G. C. Murmu]]
* [[Manoj Sinha]]
| predecessor1 = Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi
| successor1 = [[Nilofer Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=Prof Nilofar Khan appointed as first woman V-C of Kashmir University |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/prof-nilofar-khan-appointed-as-first-woman-v-c-of-kashmir-university-101653000900021.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| office2 = 14th Vice-chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| term_start2 = 15 May 2014
| term_end2 = 6 August 2018
| chancellor2 = [[Najma Heptulla]]
| predecessor2 = [[Najeeb Jung]]
| successor2 = [[Najma Akhtar (academic)|Najma Akhtar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=MuslimMirror |date=2019-04-18 |title=Najma Akhtar is the new Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia , thanks to RSS |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/najma-akhtar-is-now-vice-chancellor-of-jamia-millia-islamia-thanks-to-rss/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Muslim Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref>
| office3 = 18th Vice-chancellor of [[University of Kashmir]]
| term_start3 = 1 June 2011
| term_end3 = 14 May 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Riyaz Punjabi|Professor Riyaz Punjabi]]
| successor3 = Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|12|23}}
| birth_place = [[Giridih]], [[Bihar]], India (present-day [[Jharkhand]], India)
| spouse = Nasrin Sedghi
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| profession = [[Geography|Geologist]]
}}

'''Talat Ahmad''' (born 23 December 1955) is an [[India]]n [[Earth scientist|Earth Scientist]], former [[Professor]] at the [[Academic department|Department]] of [[Geology]], [[University of Delhi]] and served as [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) Senior [[Scientist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=INSA :: Fellow Detail |url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/fellow_detail.php?id=P11-1532 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=insajournal.in}}</ref> He served as [[Chairman]] of [[Governing body]] which oversees [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]], [[Dehradun]] from 1 December 2021 (full charge from 1 June 2022) onwards and served the office till 30 November 2024 and thereafter as a member of [[Governing body]] (WIHG) from 1 December 2024 till 30 November 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governing Body – Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology |url=https://www.wihg.res.in/?page_id=251 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.wihg.res.in}}</ref>

Previously, he commenced his second stint as [[vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[University of Kashmir]] on 6 August 2018 and served the office till 20 May 2022.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Prof Talat Ahmad takes over as Vice Chancellor, Kashmir University|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/prof-talat-ahmad-takes-over-as-vice-chancellor-kashmir-university/292830.html|access-date=8 August 2018|newspaper=Daily Greater Kashmir|date=6 August 2018}}</ref> Before that, he served as [[vice chancellor|Vice Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], he resigned from the post a few months short of his full term.<ref>{{cite news|title=President accepts Talat Ahmad's resignation as Jamia Millia VC|url=https://news.careers360.com/president-accepts-talat-ahmads-resignation-jamia-millia-vc|access-date=8 August 2018|newspaper=News by Careers360|date=6 August 2018}}</ref> He was shortlisted by a committee constituted by the governor to shortlist a panel for the post.<ref>{{cite news|title=New KU VC: Search committee to interact with shortlisted candidates today|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar-city/new-ku-vc-search-committee-to-interact-with-shortlisted-candidates-today/290013.html|access-date=8 August 2018|newspaper=Daily Greater Kashmir|date=6 August 2018}}</ref> He had earlier taken over as [[vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[University of Kashmir]] from [[Riyaz Punjabi|Professor Riyaz Punjabi]] on 1 June 2011 and served there until the year 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prof Talat takes over as VC KU|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Jun/2/prof-talat-takes-over-as-vc-ku-59.asp|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Greater Kashmir|date=2 June 2011|agency=GKNN}}</ref> Prior to this, he was teaching [[Geology]] at the [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Delhi Faculty Member's Profile|url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=270&fmember=2503&cid=417|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

Ahmad was selected to serve a second term as [[Vice Chancellor]] [[University of Kashmir]] after he was selected by [[Governor]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Narinder Nath Vohra]] in his capacity as [[chancellor]] of the [[State University]].<ref>{{cite news|title=EDUCATION Prof. Talat Ahmed appointed new VC for KU, Manoj Dhar for JU|url=https://freepresskashmir.com/2018/07/25/prof-talat-ahmed-appointed-new-vc-for-ku-manoj-dhar-for-ju/|access-date=8 August 2018|newspaper=Free Press Kashmir|date=25 July 2018}}</ref> He was handed over charge by Professor Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi who had been serving as officiating [[vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] since October 2017 after his tenure was over.

During his first tenure, Ahmad was recommended for the position of [[vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]], [[University of Kashmir]] by a search committee headed by a former member of the Planning Commission, [[Abid Hussain|Prof. Abid Hussain]], former Indian ambassador to the US, and comprising Professor G. K. Chadha, CEO, [[South Asian University]] and former [[vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], and [[Seyed E. Hasnain|Prof. Seyed E. Hasnain]], an eminent scientist and former [[vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{citation|title=DU Professor Appointed as New VC of Kashmir University|url=http://www.edu-leaders.com/content/du-professor-appointed-new-vc-kashmir-university|access-date=29 January 2013|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313215907/http://www.edu-leaders.com/content/du-professor-appointed-new-vc-kashmir-university|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ahmad is the first [[vice chancellor]] to serve a second term and the second vice chancellor to be appointed from outside the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the past two decades. [[J. A. K. Tareen|Jalees Ahmad Khan Tareen]] was the first [[vice-chancellor]] from outside the state who ran the office from 2001 to 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=DU professor is Kashmir University Vice-Chancellor|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/du-professor-is-kashmir-university-vicechancellor/795097|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=25 May 2011|agency=Express News Service}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Ahmad was born and brought up in a small town of [[Giridih]], Jharkhand. His father was Moinuddin Ahmad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prof. Talat Ahmad Bereaved|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Jul/12/prof-talat-ahmad-bereaved-63.asp|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Greater Kashmir|date=12 July 2011}}</ref>

== Education ==

Ahmad did his schooling at Giridih Higher Secondary School. In 1972, he joined [[Aligarh Muslim University]] to pursue a BSc in [[geology]], which he completed in 1975. Subsequently, he pursued an MSc in [[geology]], which was awarded to him in 1977. He completed his M.Phil in Ore Petrology from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 1980. In 1985, he completed his PhD in Igneous Petrology from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].

He did a postdoctoral fellowship with [[University of Leicester]] during 1988–89 under a Government of India Fellowship and another from [[University of Cambridge]] under [[Natural Environment Research Council]] (NERC) during 1997–98.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr. Talat Ahmad is new VC of KU|url=http://www.earlytimesnews.com/newsdet.aspx?q=73594|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Early Times|date=24 May 2011}}</ref> In 1999–2000, he did another postdoctoral fellowship under Japanese Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) with [[Nagoya University]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=INSA Fellow Page|url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P11-1532|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==

[[File:Handover Takeover Meeting between Prof Talat Ahmad and Prof A M Shah May 2014.jpg|thumb|280px|A M Shah relieving Ahmad from his assignment as vice-chancellor on 14 May 2014]]
In 1979, Ahmad got selected in the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] and started working as a junior geologist with the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) and formally joined GSI in February 1980. He worked there for a year, but left it soon after as for him, it was more of a survey and less of research.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mushtaq|first=Souzeina|title=PROFESSOR TALAT AHMED|url=http://souzeinam.wordpress.com/tag/professor-talat-ahmed|publisher=wordpress.com|access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> Later, he worked as a [[Scientist]] with [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]], Dehra Dun from 16 July 1984 to 3 September 1989. Ahmad worked at the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, [[Dehra Dun]], as a scientist under DST for nineteen years (1984–2003).

He joined the Department of Geology, University of Delhi as a professor on 31 October 2003. There he started a project in central India and Rajasthan, in addition to research work in Himalayas. He got another project, Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) after coming to the valley of Kashmir.

He took over as [[vice-chancellor]] of [[University of Kashmir]] on 1 June 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prof Talat takes over as VC KU|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Jun/2/prof-talat-takes-over-as-vc-ku-59.asp|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Greater Kashmir|date=2 June 2011|agency=GKNN}}</ref>

On 29 April 2014, Ahmad was appointed as the [[vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], New Delhi. Pursuant to the permission of the chancellor of the university, Ahmad was relieved from the post by A M Shah, dean of academic affairs of the university. Ahmad joined Jamia Millia Islamia on 15 May 2014, taking over from officiating [[Vice-Chancellor]] Prof S M Sajid and thus succeeded [[Najeeb Jung]] after he was sworn in as the 20th lieutenant governor of Delhi in April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Najeeb Jung sworn-in as Delhi Lt. Governor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/najeeb-jung-swornin-as-delhi-lt-governor/article4900019.ece|access-date=14 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2018, Ahmad was appointed as [[vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of Kashmir University for the second time and served the office till 20 May 2022. Subsequently, he was nominated by Department of Science and Technology under the aegis of Government of India as [[Chairman]] of [[Governing body]] which oversees [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]], [[Dehradun]] on 1 December 2021 for a term of three years till 30 November 2024 and thereafter as a member of the [[Governing body]](WIHG) from 1 December 2024 till 30 November 2027. Also, he served as [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) Senior [[Scientist]].

== Research ==

Ahmad has over 65 research publications to his credit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prof Talat Ahmad awarded JC Bose fellowship|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Dec/23/prof-talat-ahmad-awarded-jc-bose-fellowship-42.asp|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Greater Kashmir|date=23 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. Talat Ahmad – Faculty Member Profile|url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=270&fmember=2503&cid=417|publisher=Delhi University|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> He has supervised several M.Phil. and PhD research studies at the University of Delhi and the Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Network|first=GK News|title=Prof Talat Ahmad awarded JC Bose fellowship|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Dec/23/prof-talat-ahmad-awarded-jc-bose-fellowship-42.asp|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Greater Kashmir|date=23 December 2011}}</ref>

He has been working on various sponsored projects, including Geochemical, Isotopic and Geochronological characterisation of Granotoids from the Central Indian Tectonic Zones (CITZ) and Central Indian Shear Zones (CISZ)-Constraints on Pre-cambrian Crystal Evolution, funded by Indo-Russian, ILTP Project, and Proterozoic mafic magmatism in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ): elemental and isotopic constraints on crystal evolution and geodynamics.<ref>{{cite web|last=Halla|first=Jaana|url=http://www.geologinenseura.fi/geologi-lehti/4-2011/Ahmad.pdf|title=Professor Talat Ahmad|publisher=The Geological Society of Finland|access-date=29 May 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000126/http://www.geologinenseura.fi/geologi-lehti/4-2011/Ahmad.pdf}}</ref>

== Fellowships and awards ==

Ahmad had the memberships of many was a recipient of the following fellowships and awards:

*Fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore
*Fellow of Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi
*Fellow of National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad<ref>{{cite web|title=Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences India|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=A|work=2009|publisher=National Academy of Sciences India|access-date=28 May 2013|archive-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040729/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=A}}</ref>
*National Mineral Award, from the Government of India in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=INSA Fellow Page|url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P11-1532|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>
*J C Bose National Fellowship 2011<ref>{{cite news|last=Network|first=GK News|title=Prof Talat Ahmad awarded JC Bose fellowship|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Dec/23/prof-talat-ahmad-awarded-jc-bose-fellowship-42.asp|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Greater Kashmir|date=23 December 2011}}</ref>
*[[S.M. Naqvi Gold Medal]] 2013<ref>{{cite web |title=S.M.Naqvi Gold Medal |url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/gsi/pages/view/sa_smngm |website=geosocindia.org |publisher=Geological Society of India |access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>

== Memberships and honours ==

Ahmad bore memberships of prestigious societies and was a recipient of many prestigious honours.<ref>{{cite web|title=University Faculty Details Page on DU Web-site|url=http://www.du.ac.in/fileadmin/DU/faculty/PDF/2503.pdf|publisher=University of Delhi|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

*Life member and executive committee member of Alumni Association of JNU (JNU, New Delhi)
*Life member of Mineralogical Society of India
*Honorary research associate of the department of geology, University of Leicester, UK
*Associate member, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology Society
*Member, editorial advisory board of the ''Indian Journal of Geochemistry''
*Member, advisory committee for DRS, Department of Geology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
*Member, expert panel for the Science and Engineering Research Council
*Member, National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) UGC
*Member, "Deep Continental Studies Programme" of the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi
*Convener, Vision Committee for Perspective Planning for the Academic Activities of Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi
*Regional coordinator, International Geological Correlation Programme, member, Working Group for Geology for the National Science Digital Library Under the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, CSIR
*Regional coordinator, International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) Project 516 on the "Geological anatomy of East and South East Asia"
*Member, editorial board for ''Indian Journal of Geology''
*Member, Working Group for Geology for the National Science Digital Library (NSDL) Under the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, CSIR, New Delhi
*Member, editorial board for Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences
*Member, Expert Group for 'Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA) National Facility at IIT Kharagpur' under the Science & Engineering Research Council, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi
*Member, editorial board for ''Journal of Virtual Explorer'', an electronic journal from Monash University, Australia. ISSN Number: 1441-8126 (Printed Journal); 1441-8142 (Online Journal) and 1441–8134 (CD-ROM Journal)
*Member, editorial board of the ''Journal of the Mineralogical Society of India''
*Member, editorial board of the ''Gondwana Geological Magazine''
*Member, editorial board of the ''Journal of the Geological Society of India''
*Member, editorial board Of the ''Journal of Earth System Science''
*Member, Expert Group for FIST North East, DST, New Delhi
*Member, Board of Research Studies for the Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Kashmir

== References ==

{{Reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=270&fmember=2503 Member page on Delhi University official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928230751/http://kashmiruniversity.net/cv/Prof.TalatAhmad.pdf CV on Kashmir University official website] (archived 28 September 2013)
* {{Official website|http://www.uok.edu.in/|University of Kashmir official website}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box
| before = Prof. Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi
| title = Vice Chancellor of the University of Kashmir
| years = 6 August 2018 – 20 May 2022
| after = [[Nilofer Khan]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{University of Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Talat}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Jharkhand]]

2008 Western India bombings

2026-04-23T23:20:50Z

Dlife: stub

{{Short description|Terror attacks in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox event
| title = 2008 western India bombings
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2008|09|29}}
| deaths = 6
| injuries = 101
| location = [[India]]
}}

{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
On 29 September 2008 three bombs exploded in the states of [[western India|Gujarat and Maharashtra]] of [[India]] killing 6 people and injuring over 100.<ref name=press>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/5-killed-80-injured-in-blasts-in-guj-maha-towns/367394/|title=06 killed, 80 injured in blasts in Gujarat, Mahashtra towns |date=29 September 2008|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 September 2008}}</ref> Two bombs went off in [[Malegaon]], Maharashtra, which killed nine people while another blast in [[Modasa]], Gujarat resulted in the death of one person.

[[National Investigation Agency]] initially accused 7 people, including former [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MP [[Pragya Singh Thakur]], and demanded punishment under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]]. However after later investigation, NIA acquitted all the suspects due to lack of evidence.

==Background==
India witnessed a surge in terror attacks since May 2008, when a [[13 May 2008 Jaipur bombings|series of blasts]] in [[Jaipur]] killed 63.<ref>{{cite news |last= Majumdar |first= Bappa |title= Unknown terror group claims responsibility |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/unknown-terror-group-claims-responsibility/story-iuinbeKkvLE0QSQOPLG2gO.html |work=Hindustan Times|date= 15 May 2008}}</ref> Since then, other major Indian cities including [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/nine-blasts-rock-bangalore-two-killed/69540-3.html |title=Nine blasts rock Bangalore | Chaos and {{sic|nolink=y|curiousity}} |date=25 July 2008 |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805034238/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/nine-blasts-rock-bangalore-two-killed/69540-3.html |archive-date=5 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ahmedabad]]<ref name="Deaths">{{cite web| title =Gujarat police release three sketches| work =[[The Hindu]]| publisher =Kasturi & Sons Ltd| date =6 August 2008| url =http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15625&Itemid=88| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081004152410/http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15625&Itemid=88| url-status =usurped| archive-date =4 October 2008| access-date =6 August 2008 }}</ref> and Delhi were targeted. On 29 September 2008, police in Ahmedabad, Gujarat foiled another terror attack when 17 bombs were found and defused.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7642937.stm |title=Police 'find 17 bombs' in Gujarat |publisher=BBC News |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081002144900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7642937.stm| archive-date= 2 October 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> However, a bomb exploded at a market packed with [[Muslim]]s breaking their [[Ramadan]] [[fasting|fast]], killing one and wounding 15.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26946171 |title=Explosion kills 1, wounds 15 in western India |agency=Associated Press |publisher= NBC News |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008}}</ref>

Another bomb placed near a Temple in [[Faridabad]] was found and defused.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bomb-found-in-Faridabad-defused-by-civilian/articleshow/3540338.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104120050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-29/india/27925521_1_bomb-faridabad-banke-bihari-temple |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Bomb found in Faridabad, defused by civilian |date=28 September 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2008}}</ref> Furthermore, the bombs were purportedly similar to those that [[27 September 2008 Delhi blast|exploded in Delhi]] two days before this attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Blasts-in-Maharashtra-Gujarat-8-killed/articleshow/3542011.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021220128/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-30/india/27950271_1_cylinder-delhi-blasts-mysterious-blasts |url-status=live |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=Blasts in Maharashtra, Gujarat; 8 killed |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008 |first1=Mateen |last1=Hafeez |first2=Yogesh |work=[[The Times of India]] |last2=Naik}}</ref>

The explosions in Malegaon and Modasa occurred on the eve of [[Navratri]], a major [[Hindu]] festival celebrated across India.<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=58462ebb-1d3d-42c5-962f-a93c44f86424&&Headline=Three+blown+dead%3a+This+terror+run+isn%E2%80%99t+over+yet |title=3 blown dead: This terror run isn't over yet |work=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003001737/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=58462ebb-1d3d-42c5-962f-a93c44f86424&&Headline=Three+blown+dead%3a+This+terror+run+isn%E2%80%99t+over+yet |archive-date=3 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Blast==
The Malegaon blast occurred near a hotel at Bhikku Chowk, Maharashtra. The bombs were allegedly fitted onto a [[Hero Honda]] motorcycle and rigged to detonate.<ref name="hindustantimes2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=e36f87dc-df91-4445-8fe3-79cfbaa4fc69&&Headline=Situation+remains+tense%3b+curfew+relaxed |title=Malegaon blast: Situation remains tense; curfew relaxed |work=Hindustan Times|date=30 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081004142124/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=e36f87dc-df91-4445-8fe3-79cfbaa4fc69&&Headline=Situation+remains+tense%3B+curfew+relaxed| archive-date= 4 October 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/blasts-in-maharashtra-gujarat-towns-4-dead/74634-3.html |title=Four dead in Guj, Maharashtra blasts |publisher=ibnlive.com |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002114844/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/blasts-in-maharashtra-gujarat-towns-4-dead/74634-3.html |archive-date=2 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Modasa]] blasts, resulting in the death of a 15-year-old boy as well as injuries to several others, was the result of a motorcycle bomb that detonated near a mosque at the Muslim-dominated Sukka Bazaar. The incident took place around 21:26 when special Ramadan prayers ([[tarawih]]) were being offered inside the mosque.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

===Aftermath===
IBN reported that after the blast a mob of 20,000 Muslims gathered near the blast site, following which the state of Maharashtra deployed the Reserve Police Force to prevent any mob violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/malegaon-mob-violence-postblast-patil-appeals-for-peace/74640-3.html |title=Malegaon: Mob violence post-blast, Patil appeals for peace |publisher=ibnlive.com |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081002112334/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/malegaon-mob-violence-postblast-patil-appeals-for-peace/74640-3.html| archive-date= 2 October 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> The police brought the situation under control after a brief clash with the mob.<ref name="hindustantimes2"/> Gujarat announced plans to deploy police in heavy numbers during the ''[[Garba (dance)|garba]]'' festivities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/security-concerns-wheel-in-drivein-garba-in-gujarat/74641-3.html |title=Security concerns wheel in drive-in Garba in Gujarat |publisher=ibnlive.com |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081004200312/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/security-concerns-wheel-in-drivein-garba-in-gujarat/74641-3.html| archive-date= 4 October 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Investigation==
[[Mumbai Police]] deployed [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti Terrorism Squad]] to assist the local investigating authorities in Malegaon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ats-team-to-investigate-blast-at-malegaon/story-KmIHYL9xOhyDhpqXxJe5lM.html |title=ATS team to investigate blast at Malegaon |work=Hindustan Times|date=2008-09-30 |access-date=3 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081004142119/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=e2b9f3a1-b55b-460a-8b60-e600256ece3d&ParentID=e36f87dc-df91-4445-8fe3-79cfbaa4fc69&&Headline=ATS+team+to+investigate+blast+at+Malegaon| archive-date= 4 October 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Police say that unsophisticated, crude bombs, identical to those that detonated in Delhi 3 days before, were used.<ref name="hindustantimes1"/> The investigation was led by Mumbai Anti Terrorism Squad chief [[Hemant Karkare]], who was later killed in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].

Police across India, especially in Delhi, received a number of [[hoax]] calls and SMSes, hampering the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/hoax-terror-calls-smses-give-cops-sleepless-nights/74642-3.html |title=Hoax terror calls, SMSes give cops sleepless nights |publisher=ibnlive.com |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=3 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081004200253/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/hoax-terror-calls-smses-give-cops-sleepless-nights/74642-3.html| archive-date= 4 October 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> On 5 October, police said they had arrested a man in connection to the bombings. [[Press Trust of India]] reported that further investigations were under way, with more arrests expected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200810/s2382370.htm|title=Man arrested over India blast |publisher=Radioaustralia.net.au |date=5 October 2008 |access-date=6 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081005234708/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200810/s2382370.htm| archive-date= 5 October 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

== Malegaon blasts ==
===Initial ATS Investigation under Hemant Karkare===
ATS arrested several suspects, including [[Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur]] and [[Lt. Col. Prasad Purohit]], alleging their links to a Hindutva outfit called [[Abhinav Bharat]]. Rarely seen as a terror case involving Hindu extremist groups, the investigation sparked the conception of the controversial "saffron terror" narrative.<ref>{{cite web | title=2008 Malegaon explosion: Not enough evidence to establish guilt | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2025/Aug/03/2008-malegaon-explosion-not-enough-evidence-to-establish-guilt? }}</ref>
===Procedural Lapses & Allegations of Abuse===
The court later observed numerous investigative flaws: The bike’s chassis/engine numbers were tampered with; [[forensic]] links to it were inconclusive. [[Crime scene contamination]] occurred due to [[mob violence]], and no DNA or ballistic evidence was collected under proper procedure. Police used phone taps and voice samples without [[statutory authorisation]]; electronic devices were not sealed properly, violating custodial rules. <ref>{{cite web | title=Court points out 5 loopholes in Malegaon 2008 blast investigations | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/court-points-out-5-loopholes-in-malegaon-2008-blast-investigations-2764487-2025-08-01 }}</ref>[[Narco-analysis]] reports and other scientific tests favorable to the accused were deliberately withheld from the chargesheet—found to be a major procedural failure<ref>{{cite web | title='Prosecution withheld narco reports favouring accused' | work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/prosecution-withheld-narco-reports-favouring-accused/articleshow/123051312.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

===Evidence of Coerced Confessions and Witness Retractions===
Testimony revealed that many witnesses, including [[Milind Joshirao]], were allegedly [[tortured]], threatened, or [[illegally detained]] until they named RSS figures like [[Yogi Adityanath]] and others. The court accepted that these statements were recorded under [[coercion]] and acknowledged thousands of witness statements turning hostile, undermining the prosecution’s credibility.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tortured, told to implicate Yogi, witness told court | work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/tortured-told-to-implicate-yogi-witness-told-court/articleshow/123051332.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
=== NIA investigation===
In April 2011, the [[National Investigation Agency ]](NIA) assumed control of the case and in 2016 filed a supplementary chargesheet, dropping MCOCA charges and diverging significantly from the ATS narrative.
NIA highlighted that confessions and many prosecutions under ATS were based on coerced statements and lacked corroboration.
<ref>{{cite web | title=2008 Malegaon explosion: Not enough evidence to establish guilt | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2025/Aug/03/2008-malegaon-explosion-not-enough-evidence-to-establish-guilt?utm_source=chatgpt.com }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
===Court Trial & Witness Examination===
From 2018 to November 2023, the court heard from 323 prosecution witnesses, of whom over 37 turned hostile. Final arguments concluded in April 2025. <ref>{{cite web | title=Timeline of events in 2008 Malegaon blasts case | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/07/31/bom12-mh-court-malegaon-blast-timeline.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
===Final Verdict (July 31, 2025)===
The Special NIA Court acquitted all seven accused, including [[Sadhvi Pragya Thakur]] and [[Lt. Col. Purohit]], stating the prosecution failed to prove conspiracy beyond reasonable doubt.
The court expressed deep concern over ATS misconduct: missing original documents, [[chain-of-custody]] violations, planting of evidence, and use of coercion during interrogations. <ref>{{cite web | title=2008 Malegaon Blast Verdict: Special NIA Court Flags Evidence Tampering, Recommends Action Against ATS Officers | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/2008-malegaon-blast-verdict-special-nia-court-flags-evidence-tampering-recommends-action-against-ats-officers?utm_source=chatgpt.com }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} Notably, ATS officers were recommended for inquiry due to suspicions of planting explosive traces (RDX) at accused’s residences.<ref>{{cite web | title=Malegaon blast Judgement highlights contradictions in probe by NIA and ATS | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/08/01/bom37-mh-court-malegaon-blast-judgment.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
The judge emphasised: “Suspicion cannot replace legal proof,” making clear that convictions require proper, reliable, and admissible evidence.
===Aftermath===
Acquitted accused like [[Sameer Kulkarni]] accused the ATS of manipulation, political conspiracy, and targeting Hindus unjustly during the Congress regime.
Former ATS officer Mehboob Mujawar claimed he had been ordered to falsely implicate figures like [[RSS]] Chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]] —a claim dismissed by the court due to being recorded under Section 313 and lacking corroboration. His statement was legally inadmissible, though it did not directly evaluate the truth of those claims.<ref>{{cite web | title='Was asked to arrest Mohan Bhagwat, instruction came directly from top', Ex-ATS officer on Malegaon case | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/was-asked-to-arrest-mohan-bhagwat-instruction-came-directly-from-top-ex-ats-officer-on-malegaon-case-1503465387.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

=== Modasa blasts ===
Union Textiles Minister, [[Shankersinh Vaghela]], came out with an allegedly scathing attack on the Gujarat government by saying it was not willing to nab the "real" culprits behind the blast even though the Congress MP from [[Sabarkantha]], [[Madhusudan Mistry]], had pointed a finger at probable suspects. He made the claim that the Gujarat Police had proved itself "useless" while it was heavily politicised in acting only on the orders issued by the Chief Minister's Office. He based this on the lack of arrests in Modesa, Gujarat, while Maharashtra police had already made arrests in the Malegaon case. With the connection to Hindu suspects in Malegaon, he said he too suspected a similar hand in these blasts. He further alleged, "This proves that terror knows no religion and that it was a matter of concern that so far it was only one-sided trend of targeting one community for suspicion and questioning."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/modasa-blast-vaghela-accuses-modi-govt-of-lacking-will-calls-police-useless/378435/ |title=Modasa blast: Vaghela accuses Modi govt of lacking will, calls police useless |publisher=Express India |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034949/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/modasa-blast-vaghela-accuses-modi-govt-of-lacking-will-calls-police-useless/378435/ |archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref>

In Gujarat, the Deputy Superintendent of Police, K.K. Mysorewala, who is heading the probe into the attack, said: "We have summoned some active ABVP members to record their statements to take our probe forward." He, however, refused to name those who have been summoned and the reason behind doing so. The Sabarkantha police have recorded statements from about 500-odd people until 28 October 2008.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Modasa-blast--ABVP-members-to-be-quizzed/378587 |title=Modasa blast: ABVP members to be quizzed |work=The Indian Express|date=28 October 2008 |access-date=28 October 2008}}</ref> On 31 October, he exonerated the Malegoan accused from involvement in the Gujarat blasts. He said, "We have interrogated all the five who are currently in the custody of Mumbai police in connection with the Malegaon blast. None of them, however, are involved in the Modasa blast."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Modasa-blast--Police-give-clean-chit-to-Sadhvi--others/380031 |title=Modasa blast: Police give clean chit to Sadhvi, others |work=The Indian Express|date=31 October 2008 |access-date=12 November 2008}}</ref>

On 7 November, it was reported that clues may be emerging. The origin of a readymade Printed Circuit Board (PCB) used in the timer circuit of the bomb may yield greater clues and lead to arrests. Unlike assembled PCBs, the manufacture of a readymade PCB can be tracked with the help of its specific manufacturing design and serial number. Experts in the Physics Department of the Directorate of Forensic Sciences (DFS) in the Gujarat capital of Gandhinagar say the readymade PCB consists of two Philips Integrated Circuits (ICs), and some capacitors and resistors mounted on a circuit board in a particular order.

An expert involved with the case said that as a result of such moves "We have short-listed the names of some companies that manufacture PCBs of these types. The list had also been handed over to the Sabarkantha police and they are trying to track the final recipient of the PCB under examination. Though this can be a difficult task, it is not impossible."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/readymade-printed-circuit-board-may-provide-clue-in-modasa-blast/382458/ |title=Readymade Printed Circuit Board may provide clue in Modasa blast |publisher=Express India |date=6 November 2008 |access-date=12 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224022547/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/readymade-printed-circuit-board-may-provide-clue-in-modasa-blast/382458/ |archive-date=24 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/malegaon-2008-blast-case-court-allows-exemption-to-pragya-thakur-as-a-last-chance-9281835/|title=Malegaon 2008 blast case: Court allows exemption to Pragya Thakur as a 'last chance'|date=20 April 2024 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-court-grants-bjp-mp-pragya-thakur-extension-citing-health-reasons-in-2008-malegaon-blast-case|title=Mumbai: Court Grants BJP MP Pragya Thakur Extension Citing Health Reasons In 2008 Malegaon Blast Case|publisher=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/16-years-on-victims-of-2008-malegaon-blast-await-justice-3210977 |title=16 years on, victims of 2008 Malegaon blast await justice|publisher=deccanherald}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of terrorist incidents in 2008]]
* [[Saffron terror]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.twocircles.net/2010feb14/batla_delhi_blasts_accused_urge_sc_club_cases_order_trials_delhi.html Batla, Delhi blasts accused urge SC to club cases, order trials in Delhi] – TCN News
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081031074150/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/gentemplate_generic.aspx?template=saffronterror Special: New face of terror]
*[http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/984-1.html#view_start Picture gallery of blast sites]

{{War on Terrorism}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat|Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Western India Bombings}}
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2008|Western India bombings]]
[[Category:2000s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 murders in India]]
[[Category:2008 mass murders]]
[[Category:September 2008 in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:September 2008 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2008 building bombings]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Hotel bombings in India]]
[[Category:Hindu terrorist incidents]]
[[Category:Motorcycle bombings in India]]
[[Category:Mosque bombings in India]]
[[Category:Mass murders in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Crime in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Marketplace attacks in India]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]
[[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]

Hadavu

2026-04-21T12:34:34Z

Dlife: made

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hadavu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Byndoor]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1158
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate = KA
| website = padukonevillage.in
}}

'''Hadavu''' is a village in the [[Byndoor]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]].

== Demographics ==
In 2011, Hadavu had a total population of 1158 people consisting of 710 male and 81 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 225.29 hecatres with a population density of 5.14 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 75.56% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2011, Hadavu had an employment rate of over 35.84%, 73.01% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" /> The primary source of livelihood for the village is agricultutre, primarily paddy cultivation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-22 |title=This picturesque village is in dire need of infrastructure |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/this-picturesque-village-is-in-dire-need-of-infrastructure/article61427089.ece |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
The village is close to [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] and is located along the [[Maravanthe|Trasi-Maravanthe]] beachfront. It is connected to the mainland via a narrow bridge across the [[Souparnika River|Souparnika]] near Maharajaswamy Varahaswamy Temple.<ref name=":0" />

As a result of the [[2019 Karnataka floods]], however, internal roads in the village have deteriorated and the village has been cut off from the mainland due to the collapse of the bridge leading to the village relying on boats to ferry them to the mainland.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Valavanur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:56:00Z

Dlife: Starting Some Article With Sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1957
| district = [[Viluppuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Viluppuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Viluppuram]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| name = Valavanur
| electors = 1,02,634
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1962
}}
'''Valavanur''' is a former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Viluppuram district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||K. M. Krishna Goundar|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||A. Govindasam Nayagar|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|61.39}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Valavanur<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Krishna Goundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,580 |percentage=54.88% |change=23.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Govindasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,718 |percentage=45.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,862 |percentage=9.76% |change=-20.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,298 |percentage=71.54% |change= 16.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,634 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -6.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Valavanur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Govindasam Nayagar |party=Independent politician |votes=31,836 |percentage=61.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Krishna Goundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,256 |percentage=31.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Alagappa |party=Independent politician |votes=3,769 |percentage=7.27% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,580 |percentage=30.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,861 |percentage=55.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,114 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.92|79.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]

{{Viluppuram-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Nagpur Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:01Z

Dlife: added a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagpur Central
| constituency_no = 55
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 55-Nagpur Central.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
| district = [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Pravin Datke]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =341,252
}}
'''Nagpur Central Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. It is one of the six assembly seats which make up [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. The Constituency Number is 55. This constituency is located in [[Nagpur district]]. The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008. It comprises parts of Nagpur Taluka, and Ward No. 66, 92 to 98, 109 to 119 and 121 to 129. of [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=257|accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagpur Central Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/nagpur-central.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 1967: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. J. Agrawal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Navalchandra Toksiya
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Bhausaheb Surve
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Yakub Kamar Khan
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Shoukat Rehman Qureshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Yashwant Narayan Bajirao
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Anees Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Vikas Shankarrao Kumbhare|Vikas Kumbhare]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Pravin Datke]]

|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nagpur Central">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nagpur Central |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1355.htm |access-date=7 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207073316/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1355.htm |archive-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pravin Datke]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,560 |percentage = 46.31% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bunty Baba Shelke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 78,928 |percentage = 40.36% |change={{decrease}}4.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Ganpati Punekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,302 |percentage = 11.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 603 |percentage = 0.31% |change={{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,632 |percentage = 5.95% |change= {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,172 |percentage = 57.49% |change= {{increase}}7.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,569}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 341,252|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vikas Kumbhare]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,692 |percentage = 46.99% |change={{decrease}}7.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bunty Baba Shelke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 71,684 |percentage = 44.50% |change={{increase}}13.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Sharique Patel |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 8,565 |percentage = 5.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,149 |percentage = 1.33% |change={{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharmendra Mandlik |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,971 |percentage = 1.22% |change={{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamlesh Harihar Bhagatkar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,614 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,008 |percentage = 2.49% |change= {{decrease}}21.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,511 |percentage = 50.74% |change= {{decrease}}4.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,089}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 324,233|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vikas Kumbhare]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 87,523 |percentage = 54.70% |change={{increase}}18.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anees Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 49,452 |percentage = 30.91% |change={{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anjikar Onkar Bhaurao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,535 |percentage = 3.46% |change={{decrease}}12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Kamil Ansari |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,818 |percentage = 3.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abha Bijju (Vijaykumar) Pande |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,449 |percentage = 2.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satish Namdevraoji Harde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,289 |percentage = 2.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrawan Tukaram Khapekar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,267 |percentage = 1.42% |change={{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 930 |percentage = 0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,071 |percentage = 23.79% |change= {{increase}}16.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,017 |percentage = 55.01% |change= {{increase}}3.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,996}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,716|ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}18.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vikas Kumbhare]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,312 |percentage = 36.47% |change={{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ramchandra Alias Raju Narendra Deoghare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,521 |percentage = 29.48% |change={{decrease}}20.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haji Gani Khan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 24,034 |percentage = 15.57% |change={{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Durugkar Ravindra Devidas |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,157 |percentage = 5.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Nanda Chandrabhan Parate |party=Democratic Secular Party |votes = 4,939 |percentage = 3.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Rushisao Parate |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,212 |percentage = 2.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Narayanrao Jammu |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,715 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,791 |percentage = 6.99% |change= {{decrease}}7.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,842 |percentage = 50.85% |change= {{decrease}}6.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,405}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 304,487|ref = |change= {{increase}}117.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anees Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,684 |percentage = 49.86% |change={{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dayashankar Chandrashekhar Tiwari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,401 |percentage = 35.69% |change={{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Rishisao Parate |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 8,530 |percentage = 10.72% |change={{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashraf Khan |party=Vidharbha Rajya Party |votes = 997 |percentage = 1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gupta Suman |party=Womanist Party of India |votes = 825 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Afzal Farooq |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 699 |percentage = 0.88% |change={{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,283 |percentage = 14.18% |change= {{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,584 |percentage = 56.73% |change= {{increase}}4.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,584}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,297|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anees Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,445 |percentage = 49.10% |change={{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vikas Kumbhare]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,189 |percentage = 38.82% |change={{increase}}11.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Irfan Ahmed Mohd Yakub Kamar |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,345 |percentage = 7.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bajirao Yeshwant Narayan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,361 |percentage = 1.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansod Rajendra Kashinath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,088 |percentage = 1.35% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,256 |percentage = 10.28% |change= {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,357 |percentage = 53.28% |change= {{decrease}}10.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,337}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,701|ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anees Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,975 |percentage = 35.40% |change={{increase}}3.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datke Prabhakar Vithobaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,528 |percentage = 26.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Ishwarsingh Paigwar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 17,443 |percentage = 17.65% |change={{decrease}}13.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Yashwant Bajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,534 |percentage = 11.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Hedaoo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,338 |percentage = 3.38% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,447 |percentage = 8.55% |change= {{increase}}8.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,109 |percentage = 64.14% |change= {{increase}}10.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,812}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,082|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bajirao Yashwant Narayan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 22,323 |percentage = 31.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anees Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,317 |percentage = 31.53% |change={{decrease}}7.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umesh Choube |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 10,135 |percentage = 14.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshpande Vinay Vishweswar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 7,738 |percentage = 10.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shakil Ahmed Pappubhai |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,385 |percentage = 3.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shamim Sadique |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 2,053 |percentage = 2.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangotri Lokman Tulshiram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,468 |percentage = 2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6 |percentage = 0.01% |change= {{decrease}}3.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,389 |percentage = 52.88% |change= {{decrease}}2.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,771}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,997|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shoukat Raheman Qureshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,927 |percentage = 38.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parshiwanikar Vasant Kawadooji |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 22,811 |percentage = 35.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mirza Azeem Baig |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 14,221 |percentage = 22.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Hasan Ali S. Usman Ali |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,991 |percentage = 3.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,116 |percentage = 3.28% |change= {{decrease}}24.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,109 |percentage = 55.42% |change= {{increase}}9.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,595}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,474|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}12.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Yakub Kamar Khan Mohammed Sardar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,838 |percentage = 51.30% |change={{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Samarth Manoharrao Nathusao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,058 |percentage = 23.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hedau Sukhman Upasrao |party=Janata Party |votes = 4,220 |percentage = 8.38% |change={{decrease}}27.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lanjwar Bhimshankar Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,182 |percentage = 8.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parmar Khemchand Mulchand |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 3,089 |percentage = 6.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baisware Bhola Garibdas |party=Independent politician |votes = 657 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,780 |percentage = 27.36% |change= {{increase}}22.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,766 |percentage = 46.36% |change= {{decrease}}26.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,367}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,514|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Surve Bhausaheb Sitaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,650 |percentage = 40.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Hedau |party=Janata Party |votes = 27,047 |percentage = 35.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shamim Sadique Mohammad Alimuddin |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 14,762 |percentage = 19.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Salim Ahmad Leader |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,112 |percentage = 1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Toksiya Navalchand Girdharilal |party=Independent politician |votes = 873 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,603 |percentage = 4.76% |change= {{decrease}}24.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,911 |percentage = 73.45% |change= {{increase}}11.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,682}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,718|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Navalchandra G. Toksiya |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,926 |percentage = 46.63% |change={{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagawantrao Gaikawad |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes = 11,238 |percentage = 17.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhaorao Laxman Rajurkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,950 |percentage = 12.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathinath N. Mishra |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 5,598 |percentage = 8.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gendlal Shankarrao Kature |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,763 |percentage = 5.86% |change={{decrease}}18.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Badruddin Subhan Kazi |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,771 |percentage = 4.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bindaprasad B. Kashyap |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,596 |percentage = 2.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,688 |percentage = 29.12% |change= {{increase}}13.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,632 |percentage = 62.02% |change= {{decrease}}5.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,175}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,818|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=M. J. Agrawal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,722 |percentage = 39.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. D. P. Meshram |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 15,155 |percentage = 24.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Surve |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,791 |percentage = 15.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=U. D. Choube |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,124 |percentage = 8.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. Jandkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,800 |percentage = 7.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. Motghare |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 2,452 |percentage = 3.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,567 |percentage = 15.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,597 |percentage = 69.58% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,452}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,280|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|21.155|79.081|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagpur]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Rohini Devasher

2026-04-07T16:52:44Z

Dlife: New basic info first draft

{{Short description|Indian contemporary artist (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Rohini Devasher
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = India
| education = College of Art, New Delhi Winchester School of Art, UK
| known_for = Contemporary art, printmaking, video art
| movement = Contemporary art
| notable_works = ''Parts Unknown'', ''Speculations from the Field''
| awards = Art India Skoda Breakthrough Artist Award (2012) Forbes Contemporary Artist of the Year (2014)
| website =
}}

'''Rohini Devasher''' is an Indian contemporary artist<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/03fuuzZ1jPvM8vhfSux1VM/23-young-artists-you-should-know.html|title=23 young artists you should know|last=Kuruvilla|first=Elizabeth|date=2016-12-16|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> known for her multimedia works that explore the intersections between art, science, astronomy, and ecology. Trained as a painter and printmaker, she combines drawing, video, and digital media to investigate natural systems, speculative futures, and the relationship between observation and imagination.

== Early life ==
Rohini Devasher received her MA in [[printmaking]] from the [[Winchester School of Art]] in the UK and her BFA in Painting from the College of Art in [[New Delhi]]. She was also the recipient of the Inlaks Fine Arts Award twice in the years 2007 and 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inlaksfoundation.org/inlaks-fineart-award.aspx|title=Inlaks Shivdasani Foundation|website=www.inlaksfoundation.org|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> She was further granted the Sarai Associate Fellowship in 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sarai.net/sarai-reader-09-projections/|title=Sarai Reader 09: Projections : s a r a i|website=sarai.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> instituted by the Centre for Study of Developing Societies, [[Delhi]]. Rohini is also a member of the Amateur Astronomers Association of Delhi (AAAD) in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/travel-in-time-with-artist-rohini-devasher-s-new-show-in-mumbai/story-LebSb5aambol4rYmF3jK2L.html|title=Travel in time with artist Rohini Devasher's new show in Mumbai|date=2016-08-29|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-09-16|language=en}}</ref>

In 2012, she was invited to a four-month residency this year at the Max Planck Institute in [[Berlin]], where she worked alongside leading research scientists exploring similar themes of astronomy and science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/news/features/features-feature26|title=Parts Unknown: Making the Familiar Strange {{!}} Max Planck Institute for the History of Science|website=www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de|language=en|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early years ===
Rohini Devasher worked at the [[India Habitat Centre]] prior to her M.A. in the UK and returned to work at the Khoj International Artists’ Association between 2005 and 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/931746/rohini-devasher-on-what-she-did-before-practicing-art-full|title=Rohini Devasher on What She Did Before Practicing Art Full-Time {{!}} Artinfo|work=Artinfo|access-date=2017-09-16|language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, Devasher opened her first solo ‘Breed’ at Project 88 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20160111-the-new-media-collective-rohini-devasher-chitra-ganesh-mithu-sen-neha-choksi-733464-2015-12-30|title=The engagement with new materials and ideas has made Indian art go global. Five artists who have redrawn borders.|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> The exhibition consisted of digital prints, drawings and videos. Devasher's works explored the possibilities contained within nature, where organisms are born, breed and multiply. Her other exhibitions include Deep Time that opened at Khoj International Artists’ Association and Project 88 in [[Mumbai]].

[[File:Parts unknown.JPG|thumb|right|Parts Unknown at the exhibition]]

In 2012, Devasher participated in the inaugural Kochi [[Muziris]] Biennale curated by Krishnamachari Bose and [[Riyas Komu]]. In Aspinwall House, the main venue of the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kochimuzirisbiennale.org/rohini-devasher/|title=Rohini Devasher - Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016|date=2012-11-19|work=Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016|access-date=2017-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Rohini Devasher’s seven- channel video work, Parts Unknown was installed. Devasher chose to create fictive landscapes up north in Ladakh, at the site of the [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]] (IAO) in Hanle, one of the world’s highest sites for optical, infrared and gamma-ray telescopes, that draws astronomers as much for the severe terrain as for the dramatic skies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kochi-muziris-biennale-hosts-young-artists-124331-2012-12-13|title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale hosts young artists|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref>

=== Speculations from the Field ===
Speculations from the field opened at the Dr Bhau Daji Lad Museum, Byculla (E) and was curated by Tasneem Zakaria Mehta, the director of the museum, and Himanshu Kadam, senior assistant curator. The show explores existentialist themes by looking at the place of humans in the universe, and the idea of time interacting with the museum’s collection of fossils from the Jurassic Period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/go-back-in-time-with-a-new-exhibition-at-mumbais-bhau-daji-lad-museum/17566181|title=Go back in time with a new exhibition at Mumbai's Bhau Daji Lad museum|work=mid-day|access-date=2017-09-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/the-science-behind-artist-rohini-devashers-exhibition-in-mumbai/|title=The science behind artist Rohini Devasher's exhibition in Mumbai|website=Architectural Design {{!}} Interior Design {{!}} Home Decoration Magazine {{!}} AD India|date=19 September 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> The exhibition is a meditation on the intersection of deep sciences, geology and astronomy, art and perception. In the exhibition, Devasher also worked with the museum’s Philip’s Planisphere,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/4oLlxoz2xWKxtbjIBSAX0I/Science-time-and-Rohini-Devashers-art.html|title=Science, time, and Rohini Devasher's art|last=Ratnam|first=Dhamini|date=2016-09-07|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> made with embossed and gilded leather, from the early 20th century. The planisphere shows all the principal stars, and their position during every hour of the year. She has mapped the sky above the museum from the present to an imaginary future almost 20,000 years from the current year through 20 prints.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/travel-in-time-with-artist-rohini-devasher-s-new-show-in-mumbai/story-LebSb5aambol4rYmF3jK2L.html|title=Travel in time with artist Rohini Devasher's new show in Mumbai|date=2016-08-29|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-09-16|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2014, Devasher was named the Forbes Contemporary Artist of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/awards/artawards/winners.html|title=Winners - Art Awards 2014 :: FORBES INDIA|website=www.forbesindia.com|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> She was previously nominated and later announced as the recipient of the Art India Skoda Breakthrough Artist award in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.blouinartinfo.com/visual-arts/article/846012-the-skoda-prize-announces-the-breakthrough-artist-award|title=The Skoda Prize Announces the Breakthrough Artist Award Shortlist {{!}} Artinfo|work=Artinfo|access-date=2017-09-16|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devasher, Rohini}}
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Alumni of Winchester School of Art]]

Arvind Kumar (police officer)

2026-04-04T11:03:25Z

Dlife: stub

{{Short description|27th Director of the Intelligence Bureau, India}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arvinda Kumar
| office = [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| predecessor = [[Rajiv Jain]]
| successor = [[Tapan Deka]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|09|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bihar
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| term_start = 30 June 2019
| term_end = 30 June 2022
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| honorific_prefix = 27th [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau|Director]] of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (DIB)
| office2 = Vigilance Commissioner of the [[Central Vigilance Commission]](CVC)
| predecessor2 = [[Sharad Kumar (bureaucrat)]]
| successor2 = Praveen Vashista
| term_start2 = 3 August 2022
| term_end2 = 30 September 2024
}}

'''Arvind Kumar''' (born 30 September 1959) is a retired 1984 (37RR)<ref>{{Cite web|title=37RR: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|url=https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=380:1984-batch&catid=32&Itemid=170|website=[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]]}}</ref> batch Assam-Meghalaya cadre [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, and is a former [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/balakot-strategist-samant-goel-is-new-raw-chief-kashmir-expert-arvind-kumar-ib-director-1556415-2019-06-26|title=Balakot strategist Samant Goel is new RAW chief, Kashmir expert Arvind Kumar IB director
|date=2019-06-26|newspaper=India Today|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Arvind new IB chief, Goel to head RAW |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/arvind-new-ib-chief-goel-to-head-raw-541537 |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Hans India |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=27 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> the senior-most ranked IPS officer. After retirement, he was appointed as a Vigilance Commissioner of the [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC) on 3 August 2022 and served there till 30 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Suresh N Patel appointed CVC, ex-IB chief Arvind Kumar as vigilance commissioner | Suresh N Patel appointed CVC, ex-IB chief Arvind Kumar as vigilance commissioner | date=4 August 2022 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/040822/suresh-n-patel-appointed-cvc-ex-ib-chief-arvind-kumar-as-vigilance-co.html }}</ref>

Kumar joined the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] in 1991. On June 26, 2019, he was appointed the 27th director of the bureau, succeeding [[Rajiv Jain]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-intel-chiefs-appointed-arvind-kumar-is-intelligence-bureau-head-samant-goel-next-raw-chief-2059468|title=Arvind Kumar Is New Intelligence Bureau Head, Samant Goel Next RAW Chief|date=2019-06-26|newspaper=NDTV|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> He is a recipient of the [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service and consistent performance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kumar-to-head-ib-samant-goel-is-raw-chief/article28144135.ece|title = Balakot air strike planner named by the government as RAW chief|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 26 June 2019}}</ref>

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Rajiv Jain]]|title = [[Director of Intelligence Bureau (India)|Director of the Intelligence Bureau]] | years = (30 June 2019 to 30 June 2022) | after = [[Tapan Deka]]}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Arvind}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Directors of Intelligence Bureau (India)]]
[[Category:Netarhat Residential School alumni]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Madhepura district]]
[[Category:Bihar Police]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Sutanpha

2026-04-03T18:38:51Z

Dlife: Starting A Info With Sources

{{Short description|Ahom king from 1714 to 1744}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Siva Singha Sutanphaa
| title = [[Ahom dynasty|Swargadeo]] [[Chao Pha|Chaopha]] Rajadhiraja Swarganarajayandeva
| full name = Swarganripa Saumareswara Rajadhiraja Sri Sri Siva Singha Swarganarajayandeva
| image =
| image_size = 220
| caption = Siva Singha
| spouse = [[Phuleshwari]] [[Ambika, Bar Raja|Ambika]] Sarbeswari
| succession = [[Ahom dynasty|31st king of Ahom Kingdom]]
| reign = 27 August 1714 CE {{endash}} 14 December 1744 CE
| coronation = 27 August 1714
| predecessor = [[Sukhrungpha]]
| regent = [[Phuleshwari]] (1722{{endash}}1731) [[Ambika, Bar Raja|Ambika]] (1732{{endash}}1739) 
Sarbeswari (1739{{endash}}1744)
| successor = [[Sunenpha]]
| issue = Ugra Singha
| house = [[Tungkhungia Ahom kings|Tungkhungia]]
| father = [[Sukhrungpha]]
| mother = Keri
| signature = File:Royal seal of Siva Singha (cropped).jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]
| death_date = {{death_date|1744|12|14|df=y}}
| death_place =[[Ahom kingdom]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| signature_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Royal Seal]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]] ([[Shaktism]])
| dynasty = [[Ahom dynasty]]
}}
'''Sutanphaa''', also '''Siva Singha''' ({{Circa|?}} – 14 December 1744), was the 31st king of [[Ahom kingdom|Assam]] from the [[Ahom dynasty]] who reigned from (1714 to 1744 A.D.) He was the eldest son of his predecessor [[Rudra Singha]].

==Reign==

As per the death bed injunction of [[Rudra Singha]], he was succeeded by his eldest son. Siva Singha ascended the throne on the 20th day of Magh, and assumed the [[Ahom Dynasty|Ahom]] name Sutanphaa and the Hindu name of Siva Singha. He gave up Rudra Singha's plan to organize a confederacy of the [[raja]]s of Hindustan and to invade [[Bengal]] ([[Mughal Empire]]), but obeyed his father's injunction to become a disciple of Krishnaram Bhattacharjya (Nyayavagish), the [[Shakta]] priest from nearby [[Nabadwip]] in present-day [[West Bengal]]. He gave the management of the [[Kamakhya Temple]] to Krishnaram, who came to be known as Parbatiya Gosain, as his residence was on top of the Nilachal hill. Siva Singha accepted him as the royal priest and made a large number of land grants to temples and Brahmin priests.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=294}}</ref>

Siva Singha is said to have established such an elaborate system of [[espionage]] during his reign that he had accurate information of everything that was done or spoken in the kingdom.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=295}}</ref>

=== Dafla expedition ===
There was no war in his reign, except in January 1717 there was an expedition against the [[Dafla]]s of the northern hills, who had again taken to raiding the plains people. After they had been reduced to submission, an embankment was constructed along the foot of the hills inhabited by them as protection against future raids.{{sfn|Gait|1905|p=177}}

=== Bar Rajas ===
{{Ahom Dynasty}}
[[File:King Siva Singha and Queen Ambika riding in procession.jpg|center|thumb|King Siva Singha and Queen Ambika riding in procession]]
[[File:Assam Shiva Simha Squar coin.jpg|thumb|Coin of Siva Singha and [[Phuleshwari]] in Persian script. The legends read: ''obverse: Shivsingh shwah chickah jad chu mahar vaham begum pramatheswari shwah; sipithi (mudran gadgaon ১৫ basar, tarikh ১৬৫১)'']]
Siba Singha was a staunch [[Shakta]] and was greatly influenced by the Brahmin priests and astrologers. In 1722, his spiritual guides and astrologers predicted that his rule would shortly come to end in near future, due to the consequences of ''chatra-bhanga-yoga''. That he not only made many lavish presents to various temples and the Brahmins, in hope of conciliating the gods and averting the calamity but also endeavor to satisfy the alleged decree of fate by a subterfuge that greatly diminished his prestige in the eyes of his people. Therefore at the suggestion of Parvatiya Gosain, consented to endow his chief queen [[Phuleshwari]], a Nat by caste, with the supreme vest, who assumed the name [[Phuleshwari|Pramatheswari]] and the title of Bar Raja.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=294}}</ref>

Queen Phuleswari minted coins in the joint name of her and her husband where she used [[Persian people|Persian]] legend, the first of its kind in Assam. Phuleswari was more under the influence of the Brahmins, particularly the Parvatiya Gosain than the king. It is believed that this was instigated by Gosain and in her zeal for Sakta Hinduism, she attempted to make [[Shaktism]] the State religion. With this objective, she ordered the [[Vaishnava]] Gosains to worship the goddess Durga. She then forbade the worship of other deities and personally supervised the act of desecration of the Sonarijan camp. Learning that the Sudra Mahantas were strong Vaishnavites and opposed animal sacrifice, she held a [[Durga]] puja in the capital Rangpur and forced [[Moamoria]] and several other Gosains to offer oblations to the goddess and smeared sacrificial blood on their foreheads. The Moamarias never forgave this insult to their spiritual leader and it became one of the prime reasons that they broke out in an open rebellion about half a century later, which came to be known as the [[Moamoria rebellion]].<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=296}}</ref>

[[Phuleshwari]] in 1731 died while giving birth.<ref>{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=295}}</ref>
[[File:Queen Ambika with the heir-apparent.jpg|center|thumb|Bar Raja Ambika in court, sitting on her lap the Tipam Raja]]

The king then married her sister Draupadi, and made her the Bar Raja, after which she assumed the name of [[Ambika, Bar Raja|Ambika]]. [[Ambika, Bar Raja|Ambika]] had constructed the famous [[Sivasagar Sivadol|Sivasagar Siva doul]], at her patronage, the famous manuscript on elephantry [[Hastividyarnava]] was composed. She died in 1738. Then Siva Singha then married Endari or Akari-Gabharu, whom he made the Bar Raja, with the name of [[Sarbeswari]].<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=513}}</ref> The two successors of [[Phuleshwari]], Ambika and Sarbeswri wielded the same authority and power as her, but were however not as energetic as their predecessor in patronizing [[Saktism]].<ref>{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=88}}</ref>

==Religious proclivities==
[[File:Swargodeo Siva Singha grand coronation.jpg|thumb|Siva Singha with his [[Ahom Army|Army]]|left|217x217px]]
It was during his reign that Hinduism became the predominant religion among [[Ahom people|Ahoms]], and those who persisted in holding old tribal beliefs and customs came to be regarded as a separate degraded class.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=296}}</ref>

He made numerous temples and made large-number of land grants to Brahmanas, so that out of 48 copper plates recording land grants by all Ahom kings 19 of them belonged to him. He made an attempt to use Saktism as an counterforce against the growing power of [[Satras|Vaisnava Satras]]. Alongside he made support, provisions of [[Paik system|Paiks]], and land grants to the Brahman Satras as well.<ref>{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=88}}</ref>

''' Basudev Devalaya ''' (Assamese:বসুদেৱ দেৱালয়) in Balikaria, [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]] is an ancient [[Hindu temple]] and is dedicated to [[Vasudeva|Basudev]]. This temple was built by [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom King]] Sutanphaa.<ref name=kvk>{{Cite web|url=http://kvknalbari.nic.in/dist.html |website=Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nalbari|title= About Basudev Devalaya|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409121612/http://www.kvknalbari.nic.in:80/dist.html |archive-date=2020-04-09 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nalbari.assampanchayat.gov.in/home/-/asset_publisher/DJswxjISxL0g/content/historical-places|website=Historical places - NALBARI-Zilla Parishad|title=Historical places in Nalbari district|language=en|access-date=1 September 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Believed to have been built by the Ahom King, Siba Singha (1718-1744) '''Balilecha Kali Mandir''' at Ballilesha village is a living Sakti Peeth. There is an 18th inch high statute of Kali made of Asta Dhatu inside the temple. Though there were also Bishnu Doul and Shiva Daul, the carthquake of 1897 almost destroyed them. A Kali Pukhuri covering 8 Pura of land however still exists. It is situated in a beautiful location on river bank of Pagaldia about 7 km away south-east of Nalbari town.<ref>https://nalbari.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/271</ref>

===Art and literature===
[[File:Copper plate inscription of Siva Singha.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Copper plate inscription mentioning the supply of [[Paik system|Paiks]]]]
Siva Singha was a great patron of literature and music. His reign is considered the golden era of Assamese manuscripts, many notable manuscripts were written one of which was the [[Hastividyarnava]] which received royal patronage. Foreign musicians were invited into his country to instruct his own and the Monarch became the author of a large collection of pious songs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Wade, John Peter, An Account of Assam. |publisher=R. Sarmah, Assam |pages=141}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:Folio of Hastividyarnava glorifying Queen Ambika.jpg|Court depiction
File:Coin of Ahom queen Ambika devi.jpg|Full-rupee, inscribing Siva Singha and Ambika
File:Silver half rupee of Siva Simha.jpg|Half-Rupee, inscribing Siva Singha and Bar Raja Sarbeswari
File:Siva Singha1.jpg|King Siva Singha
File:Siva-1.JPG|Ahom king Siva singha holding bow and arrow
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ahom dynasty]]
* [[Ahom kingdom]]
* [[Phuleshwari]]
*[[Moamoria rebellion]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Baruah | first=Swarna Lata | title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy: A History of Assam from 1769–1826| publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi|year=1933}}
{{refend}}
*{{citation| first = S L| last = Baruah| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam| year = 1985| publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal}}
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
* {{Citation |last=Gogoi |first=Padmeshwar |title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms |publisher=Gauhati University |place=Guwahati |year=1968}}
* {{Citation |last=Gait | first=Edward | title=A History of Assam | publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co, Calcutta | year=1905}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutanphaa}}

[[Category:Ahom kings]]
[[Category:1744 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

Legacy of the British Raj

2026-04-02T05:15:54Z

Dlife:

{{Short description|Impact of 1858–1947 colonial rule in India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
[[File:British_empire_in_east.png|thumb|350x350px| {{Small|{{nowrap|1. {{Flag|Afghanistan}}}} • {{nowrap|2. {{Flag|Bhutan}}}} • {{nowrap|3. {{Flag|Nepal}} •}} {{nowrap| 4. {{Flag|Oman}} • 5. {{Flag|UAE}} • 6.
{{Flag|Yemen}} •}} {{nowrap|7.
{{Flag|Bahrain}} • 8. {{Flag|Qatar}} • 9.
{{Flag|Malaysia}} }} {{nowrap|10.
{{Flag|Singapore}} • 11. {{Flag|Brunei}} • 12.
{{Flag|India}} •}} {{nowrap|13.
{{Flag|Pakistan}} 14. {{Flag|Myanmar}}}} {{nowrap|15. {{Flag|Bangladesh}}}}}}<ref>Mandates and other territories aren't included in the map as they were the parts of the British Empire; not of the British Raj</ref>]]
[[British Raj]] left a significant impact on the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Middle East]], and through the region's role in the [[British Empire]], on the world. There are total of 15 countries that were part of the erstwhile British Raj, together as '''post-British Raj states.'''

Following the [[Partition of India|partition of the Raj]], the post-British Raj states and the international community ''[[de jure]]'' and ''[[de facto]],'' recognized [[India]] as the actual [[continuator state]] to the British Raj as a whole, because both the countries share a common rules and law in terms of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administration]], [[British Raj Army|army and asset formation]], religion, [[India and the United Nations|UN and UNSC membership and position]] etc. Other states (including [[Pakistan]]) were recognized only as successor states only in terms of land. All other 14 states, except India, are considered only successor states but not continuator states.

== History ==
{{See also|Britons in India}}

=== Colonial era ===
{{See also|Foreign relations of British India}}{{Quote box
| quote = The Indians will, I hope, soon stand in the same position towards us in which we once stood towards the Romans. [...] From being obstinate enemies, the Britons soon became attached and confiding friends; and they made more strenuous efforts to retain the Romans, than their ancestors had done to resist their invasion.
| author = [[Sir Charles Trevelyan]] (1838)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=David |date=2017-08-10 |title=The gift of civilisation: how imperial Britons saw their mission in India |url=https://theconversation.com/the-gift-of-civilisation-how-imperial-britons-saw-their-mission-in-india-80302 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>
| source =
| width = 270px
}}Colonial officials in [[British India]], faced with an unprecedented task in governing an unfamiliar and vast land, often referred back to their own European history to adjudge how to leave a positive legacy behind in India. In deciding and justifying policy, they often made references to the impact of the [[Roman Britain|Roman Empire in ancient Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-14 |title=In India, the British empire saw a future for the Greco-Roman civilisation |url=https://qz.com/india/1052639/in-india-the-british-empire-saw-a-future-for-the-greco-roman-civilisation |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

=== Contemporary era ===
Upon India's independence, British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] dubbed India the "Light of Asia", implying that it would act as a model of liberal democracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Misra |first=Maria |date=2003 |title=Lessons of Empire: Britain and India |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/45515/summary |journal=SAIS Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=133–153 |issn=1945-4724}}</ref> He described a variety of positive contributions made by the British to India's future, ranging from the economic to the societal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orders of the Day — Indian Independence Bill |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1947-07-10a.2441.0 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}</ref> India then further separated from British involvement in 1950 by [[Republic Day (India)|becoming a republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=How a British law to declare India independent in 1947 shaped its future |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/how-a-british-law-to-declare-india-independent-in-1947-shaped-its-future-13804287.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Economic impact ==
{{Main|Economy of India under the British Raj#Aftermath}}

{{See also|History of tea in India}}
The [[English language]] serves as a distinguishing feature in India's modern economic life, with Indian men who speak fluent English earning 34% higher hourly salaries than men who don't speak English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Timalsina |first=Tarun |date=2021-03-18 |title=Redefining Colonial Legacies: India and the English Language |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/redefining-colonial-legacies-india-and-the-english-language/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Harvard Political Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220004143/https://harvardpolitics.com/redefining-colonial-legacies-india-and-the-english-language/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Multiple images
| image1 = Map of Indian Railways, 1882.jpg
| image2 = 2005 Indian railways gauges-blank.png
| footer = The Indian railways in 1882 (left) and 2005
| total_width = 260
}}
Revenues from British trade with India played a significant role in funding the [[Industrial Revolution]] in UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British colonialism in India - The British Empire - KS3 History - homework help for year 7, 8 and 9. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zx8sf82#zcyq2v4 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The British-built [[Rail transport in India|railways]] transformed Indian society in a number of ways, allowing for new forms of transregional and international commerce to emerge. However, the British banned Indians from manufacturing their own locomotive technology in 1912; this meant that Indians had to re-learn this craft from the British after independence in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=JC |first=Anand |date=2023-08-14 |title=The truth about colonial railways: Did the British infrastructure really benefit India? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/the-truth-about-colonial-railways-did-the-british-infrastructure-really-benefit-india/articleshow/102691944.cms?from=mdr#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]], a state company in postcolonial India, is now one of the world's biggest employers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-27 |title=Twenty million Indians apply for 100,000 railway jobs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43551719 |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Ideological impact ==
{{See also|Partition of India#Perspectives|History of education in the Indian subcontinent#Colonial era|label 2=Colonial history of education in the Indian subcontinent}}

The Indian administrative apparatus was initially created by the British.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prevalence of Colonial Influence in India's Bureaucracy: Unraveling the Legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/beyond-the-headlines/prevalence-of-colonial-influence-in-indias-bureaucracy-unraveling-the-legacy-54081/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC), instituted in the colonial era, went on to serve as the foundation for legal codes passed by the British in several of their other colonies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-28 |title=377: The British colonial law that left an anti-LGBTQ legacy in Asia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57606847 |access-date=2025-02-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Sikh Rehat Maryada}}

Christianity began to be perceived negatively by many Indians during British rule, as it was seen as part of the imperialist project.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copland |first=Ian |date=2006 |title=CHRISTIANITY AS AN ARM OF EMPIRE: THE AMBIGUOUS CASE OF INDIA UNDER THE COMPANY, c. 1813–1858 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/christianity-as-an-arm-of-empire-the-ambiguous-case-of-india-under-the-company-c-18131858/4BF09969ACEA0C680083CEE9B857946E |journal=The Historical Journal |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1025–1054 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X06005723 |issn=1469-5103|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, aspects of Christianity, such as its emphasis on monotheism, [[History of Hinduism#Modern Hinduism (after c. 1850 CE)|influenced Hindu beliefs]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Anustup |date=2012-05-01 |title=The "Indian" Monotheism |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/boundary-2/article-abstract/39/2/111/55991/The-Indian-Monotheism?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Boundary 2 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=111–141 |doi=10.1215/01903659-1597907 |issn=0190-3659|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Christian pacifism]] also found indirect expression in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence movement]], with [[Gandhi]] having held an appreciation of Jesus and certain passages from the Bible.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellsberg |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HA6oAgAAQBAJ |title=Gandhi on Christianity |date=2013-12-03 |publisher=Orbis Books |isbn=978-0-88344-756-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Islamic legacies in India also came to be perceived more negatively, as the British, influenced by their European Christian history of conflict with Muslims and also seeking to justify their control of India, portrayed the [[Indo-Muslim period]] in a more negative light and made themselves out to be the saviours of the Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Prathama |date=2020-03-03 |title=Are communal riots a new thing in India? Yes, and it started with the British |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/are-communal-riots-a-new-thing-in-india-yes-and-it-started-with-the-british/374458/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In the aftermath of Partition, independent India's historians sought to downplay atrocities in the Indo-Muslim period to maintain communal harmony, though with the rise of [[Hindu nationalism]] in the 21st century, the negative aspects of the Indo-Muslim period came to be focused on to a disproportionate extent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Islam Become More Syncretic in India? An Interview With William Dalrymple |url=https://thewire.in/history/did-islam-become-more-syncretic-in-india-an-interview-with-william-dalrymple |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=2004-03-20 |title=Trapped in the ruins |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/mar/20/india.fiction |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Zinkin argues that certain British political ideologies took root even among Hindu nationalists in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which specifically emphasises Hindu traditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zinkin |first=Maurice |date=October 1995 |title=Legacies of the Raj |journal=Asian Affairs |type=Book Review |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=314–16 |doi=10.1080/714041289 |issn=0306-8374}}</ref><ref>Y. K. Malik and V. B. Singh, ''Hindu Nationalists in India: the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party'' (Westview Press, 1994), p. 14</ref>

== Geopolitical impact ==
{{See also|Asian relations with Northeast India#Myanmar|label 1=Myanmar's relations with Northeast India}}{{Multiple images
| image1 = Mughal Empire (orthographic projection).svg
| image2 = British India (orthographic projection).svg
| footer = Mughal India (left), British India (centre - including princely states), and present-day India (right)
| image3 = South Asia-India.svg
| total_width = 350
}}

One major change in India was the [[Political integration of India|rejection]] of its former separate [[princely state]]s; British India, which became the modern nations of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, encompassed more territory than its pan-Indian predecessor, [[Mughal India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tully |first=Mark |date=1998-07-01 |title=India: the British legacy fifty years on |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/714041349 |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=131–140 |language=EN |doi=10.1080/714041349|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The formation of British India and its frontiers was accompanied by a conscious policy of creating [[buffer state]]s that could shield against rivals such as the [[Russian Empire]]; this elevated the concept of buffer states to international vogue in the 1880s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malone |first1=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McwfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy |last2=Mohan |first2=C. Raja |last3=Raghavan |first3=Srinath |date=2015-07-23 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-106118-9 |language=en}}</ref>

British India's record of helping the British Empire expand plays a role in the deterioration of modern [[China–India relations]], as Chinese strategists were wary of postcolonial India attempting to resume an outsized role in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-16 |title=GMF – The New Great Game: Why the Bush administration has embraced India |url=http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=254 |access-date=2025-02-19 |archive-date=2008-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141747/http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=254 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Negative [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]] also trace back to the extension of British India's borders into [[Pashtunistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Mudasar |title=Pakistan -Afghan Relations: Historic Mirror |url=https://www.academia.edu/37796357}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{See also|Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army}}
The British introduced the idea of separating the political and military spheres of government into South Asia; however, this did not remain in effect in the post-independent Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=The British Roots Of Pakistan's Dysfunctional And Authoritarian Politics |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/09-Aug-2023/the-british-roots-of-pakistan-s-dysfunctional-and-authoritarian-politics |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout history, India had mainly faced threats of land-based invasion, which meant that it did not have a naval focus until the colonial era, when the British took steps to guard the maritime routes to India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Anirban |date=2023-06-01 |title=India's Role in the Indian Ocean Region and Its Links to the Indo-Pacific |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09735984231164457 |journal=Jadavpur Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–127 |doi=10.1177/09735984231164457 |issn=0973-5984|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Royal Indian Navy]]'s size was restricted during that time to reduce the chance of a mutiny; in the first few decades of India's independence, the [[Indian Navy]] was still dependent on the United Kingdom for training and support. However, lack of Western support during the Cold War then pushed India toward the Soviet Union for help in building its navy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-03-01 |title=Indian Navy Stands at a Crossroads |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1998/march/indian-navy-stands-crossroads |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=gateway |date=2016-08-11 |title=Partition 1947: the navy we didn't see |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/partition-1947-part-didnt-see/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Gateway House |language=en}}</ref> Only in the aftermath of the Cold War, during which India had been concentrated on land-based threats from its neighbours Pakistan and China and had been maintaining its [[Non-Aligned Movement|nonalignment policy]] in the Indian Ocean, did the Indian Navy become more important to the country's military planning.<ref name=":0" />

== Demographic impact ==
{{See also|Commonwealth diaspora}}{{Multiple image
| image1 = Map of the Indian Diaspora in the World.svg
| image2 = British Empire.png
| footer = The [[Indian diaspora]] (left) is substantially based in former British colonies (right); this influenced India to maintain ties to them through [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth membership]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerji |first=Arun Kumar |date=1981-10-01 |title=The Nehru-Menon legacy that still survives |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00358538108453543 |journal=The Round Table |language=EN |volume=71 |issue=284 |pages=346–352 |doi=10.1080/00358538108453543|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| total_width = 400
}}

Much of the roots of the modern [[South Asian diaspora]] can be traced to British India, as the British relied on merchants, [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]], and other groups of Indians to expand the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haitao |first=Jia |date=2020-01-01 |title=British colonial expansion with Indian diaspora: the pattern of Indian overseas migration |url=http://cjas.kapadokya.edu.tr/index.php/cjas/article/view/13/14 |journal=Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=56–81 |doi=10.38154/cjas.27 |issn=2717-7254|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Communal relations ===
{{See also|Hindi–Urdu controversy}}

The introduction [[Census in British India|of census-based demography]] and electoral politics in the colonial era, along with the increase in [[Reservation in India|reservation quotas]] for lower castes after independence, played a substantial role in defining religious and caste-based identities in modern India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-19 |title=Viewpoint: How the British reshaped India's caste system |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48619734 |access-date=2025-02-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=British Colonialism and Imperialism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0269.xml |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> Ideas around race, which were used in the colonial era to explain the vast European empires and the apparent long-term downfall of India, factored into the [[martial race]] theory and further social categorisations.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mohan |first=Jyoti |title=Legacies of Colonial Rule in India: How Race and Caste Continue to Divide Modern India |date=2024 |work=Handbook of Indian History |pages=363–383 |editor-last=Vemsani |editor-first=Lavanya |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1_16 |access-date=2025-02-19 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1_16 |isbn=978-981-97-6207-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The 1947 [[Partition of India]], cleaving the Muslim- and non-Muslim-majority regions of British India, resulted in 15 million people migrating between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan, which is the largest mass migration in human history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partition of 1947 continues to haunt India, Pakistan |url=https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/03/partition-1947-continues-haunt-india-pakistan-stanford-scholar-says |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=news.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref>

== Cultural impact ==
{{Main|Culture of British India|India-United Kingdom relations#Cultural relations|l2 = India-United Kingdom cultural relations}}

[[File:A_Cricket_fan_at_the_Chepauk_stadium,_Chennai.jpg|thumb|213x213px|A supporter of the [[Indian cricket team]] at a match. Cricket, a British-origin sport, has been described as a [[Cricket in South Asia|major unifying force in South Asia]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The unifying power of South Asian cricket |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/NAR/Articles/The-unifying-power-of-South-Asian-cricket2 |access-date=2024-05-07 |magazine=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]
The British colonisation of India influenced [[South Asian culture]] noticeably. The most noticeable influence is the English language which emerged as the administrative and lingua franca of India and Pakistan (and which also greatly [[Englishisation#South Asia|influenced]] the native South Asian languages; see also: [[South Asian English]])<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hodges |first1=Amy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txxQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education |last2=Seawright |first2=Leslie |date=2014-09-26 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6761-0 |language=en}}</ref> followed by the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|blend]] of native and gothic/sarcenic architecture. Similarly, the influence of the [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]] and culture can be seen on Britain, too; for example, many Indian words [[List of English words of Indian origin|entering]] the English language,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How India changed the English language |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150619-how-india-changed-english |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.bbc.com |date=22 June 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref> and also the adoption of [[South Asian cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket, curry and cups of tea: India's influence on Victorian Britain |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/cricket-curry-and-cups-of-tea/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=HistoryExtra |language=en}}</ref>

Modern Indian attitudes around sexuality have become more rigid since the colonial era due to the absorption of Victorian-era British Christian ideas around the modesty of the body.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-04 |title=A Point of View: The sacred and sensuous in Indian art |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26873149 |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Sport in the United Kingdom|British sports]] (particularly [[Field hockey|hockey]] early on, but then largely replaced by [[cricket]] in recent decades, with [[Association football|football]] also popular in certain regions of the subcontinent)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2017 |title=What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104013320/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2022 |title=World Cup 2022: How football fever is gripping cricket-crazy India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63645416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104013318/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63645416 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> were [[Sport in British India|cemented as part of South Asian culture]] during the British Raj, with the [[Traditional games of the Indian subcontinent|local games]] having been overtaken in popularity but also standardised by British influences.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Love |first1=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=26 February 2020 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=http://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231232121/https://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Elements of [[Indian physical culture]], such as [[Indian clubs]], also made their way to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heffernan |first=Connor |date=2022 |title=State of the Field: Physical Culture |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-229X.13258 |journal=History |language=en |volume=107 |issue=374 |pages=143–162 |doi=10.1111/1468-229X.13258 |issn=0018-2648}}</ref>

British archaeologists and cultural enthusiasts played a significant role during the colonial era in rediscovering and publicising some of India's pre-Islamic heritage, which had begun to disappear during the [[Indo-Muslim period]], as well as preserving some of the Mughal monuments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=2002-09-27 |title=When Buddha was sacked |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/sep/28/featuresreviews.guardianreview4 |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Masani |first=Zareer |date=2023-01-29 |title=How the British saved India's classical history |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-the-british-saved-indias-classical-history/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The Spectator |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Legacy of the British Empire]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Legacies|British India]]
[[Category:British India]]

Puja Tomar

2026-03-31T15:42:21Z

Dlife: New first page and citations.

{{Short description|Indian mixed martial artist}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Puja Tomar
| image =Puja Tomar 2024.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names = Cyclone
| nationality =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|12|25|df=y}} 
| birth_place = [[Budhana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| fighting_out_of = [[Bali]], Indonesia
| height = {{height|ft=4|in=9}}
| weight_lb = 115
| weight_class = [[Bantamweight (MMA)|Bantamweight]] (2013) [[Flyweight]] (2017) [[Strawweight (MMA)|Strawweight]] (2018–2020, 2022–present) [[Atomweight (MMA)|Atomweight]] (2021–2022)
| reach = 59 in<ref name="Tapology">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/57555-pooja-thomar|title=Puja Tomar ("The Cyclone") {{!}} MMA Fighter Page|website=Tapology|language=en|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref>
| style =
| stance = Orthodox
| team = Soma Fight Club
| rank =
| trainer =
| years_active = 2013, 2017–present
| mma_kowin = 6
| mma_subwin =
| mma_decwin = 3
| mma_koloss = 1
| mma_subloss = 4
| mma_decloss =
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc =
| occupation =
| relatives =
| sherdog = 148323
| updated =
}}

'''Puja Tomar''' (born December 25, 1993) is an Indian professional mixed martial artist who competes in the [[Strawweight (MMA)|strawweight]] division of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC). She has also competed in [[Matrix Fight Night]] and [[ONE Championship]].

==Background==
Tomar was born in Budhana village in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Puja Tomar?: The Next Rising Star Of Indian MMA |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/who-is-puja-tomar-the-next-rising-star-of-indian-mma |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> She began her martial arts training with wushu, eventually representing India at the [[World Wushu Championships|World Wushu Championship]]. Facing hardship from an early age, Tomar has often spoken publicly about societal stigma for girls in sports and how martial arts became a means of self-empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=UFC London: Puja Tomar says her parents didn't want her because she was a girl |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/mixed-martial-arts/articles/cp8lr0p6d0ro |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref>

==Mixed martial arts career==

===Early career===
Tomar turned professional in 2013 and competed in regional promotion, [[Super Fight League]], before she signed with [[ONE Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Puja
|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Puja-Tomar-148323 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Sherdog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मैं बेटी थी तो मरने के लिए छोड़ दिया... कौन हैं UFC फाइटर पूजा तोमर, रिंग आते ही मचाती हैं तबाही |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/i-was-a-daughter-so-i-was-left-to-die-india-ufc-fighter-puja-tomar-expressed-her-pain/articleshow/119239246.cms |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Navbharat Times}}</ref>

===ONE Championship===
In the ONE debut, Tomar faced Tiffany Teo on November 24, 2017, at [[2017 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Immortal Pursuit|ONE: Immortal Pursuit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2017-11-17 |title=ONE Championship: Immortal Pursuit Card Complete, Amir Khan Faces Adrian Pang in Co-Main Event
|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2017/11/17/one-championship-immortal-pursuit-card-complete-amir-khan-faces-adrian-pang-co-main-event/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> She lost the fight via armbar in round one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-24 |title=Tiffany Teo Targets ONE Gold After Submitting Puja Tomar
|url=https://www.onefc.com/news/tiffany-teo-targets-one-gold-after-submitting-puja-tomar/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tomar faced Jihin Radzuan on March 9, 2018, at [[2018 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Visions of Victory|ONE: Visions of Victory]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2018-02-07 |title=ONE Championship Announces Several Fights for Visions of Victory, Including Bouts Featuring Christian Lee and Agilan Thani
|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2018/02/07/one-championship-announces-several-fights-visions-victory-including-bouts-featuring-christian-lee-agilan-thani/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> She lost the fight via triangle choke in round two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2018-03-09 |title=ONE Championship: Visions of Victory Results
|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2018/03/09/one-championship-visions-victory-results/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tomar faced [[Priscilla Hertati Lumban Gaol]] on January 19, 2019, at [[2019 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Eternal Glory|ONE: Eternal Glory]]. She won the fight via split decision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-20 |title=Puja Tomar Stuns Indonesia With Split Decision Win
|url=https://www.onefc.com/news/puja-tomar-stuns-indonesia-with-split-decision-win/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tomar faced [[Stamp Fairtex]] on January 10, 2020, at [[2020 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: A New Tomorrow|ONE: A New Tomorrow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2019-12-04 |title=Full Card Announced for ONE Championship: A New Tomorrow
|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/12/04/full-card-announced-one-championship-new-tomorroq/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> She lost the fight via technical knockout in round one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-11 |title=Stamp Fairtex Finishes Puja Tomar With First-Round TKO
|url=https://www.onefc.com/news/stamp-fairtex-finishes-puja-tomar-with-first-round-tko/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Matrix Fight Night===
After released by ONE, Tomar faced Jojo Rajkumari on September 24, 2021, at Matrix Fight Night 6.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-20 |title=Indian atomweight Puja Tomar returns at Matrix Fight Night 6
|url=https://asianmma.com/indian-atomweight-puja-tomar-returns-at-matrix-fight-night-6/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Asian MMA |language=en}}</ref> She won the fight via split decision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=MFN 6 Results: Anshul Jubli remains undefeated, Jacky Gahlot wins co-main event
|url=https://lockerroom.in/blog/view/Matrix-Fight-Night-6-MFN-6-Results |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=LockerRoom India |language=en}}</ref>

Tomar faced Tenzin Pema on June 24, 2022, at Matrix Fight Night 9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Jojo Rajkumari, Puja Tomar set for Matrix Fight Night 9
|url=https://asianmma.com/jojo-rajkumari-puja-tomar-set-for-matrix-fight-night-9/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Asian MMA |language=en}}</ref> She won the fight via technical knockout in the first round.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=Matrix Fight Night 9 Results: Seth, Sanjeet and Jojo secure wins
|url=https://lockerroom.in/blog/view/Matrix-Fight-Night-9-MFN-9-Results |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=LockerRoom India |language=en}}</ref>

Tomar faced Bi Nguyen in a rematch for the inaugural [[Matrix Fight Night#MFN Women's Strawweight Championship|MFN Women's Strawweight Championship]] on November 18, 2022, at Matrix Fight Night 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Bi Nguyen faces Puja Tomar at Matrix Fight Night 10
|url=https://asianmma.com/bi-nguyen-faces-puja-tomar-at-matrix-fight-night-10/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Asian MMA |language=en}}</ref> She won the title via technical knockout in the round two.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19 |title=Matrix Fight Night 10 Results: Four New MFN Champions crowned at the event
|url=https://lockerroom.in/blog/view/mfn-10-results |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=LockerRoom India |language=en}}</ref>

In the first title defense, Tomar was scheduled to face Feier Huang on July 1, 2023, at Matrix Fight Night 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Full fight card released for Matrix Fight Night 12
|url=https://asianmma.com/full-fight-card-released-for-matrix-fight-night-12/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Asian MMA |language=en}}</ref> However, Huang pulled out for unknown reasons and was replaced by Anastasia Feofanova.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Puja Tomar faces Anastasia Feofanova at Matrix Fight Night 12
|url=https://asianmma.com/puja-tomar-faces-anastasia-feofanova-at-matrix-fight-night-12/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Asian MMA |language=en}}</ref> She won the fight via technical knockout due to corner stoppage in round four.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=MMA, Matrix Fight Night: Puja Tomar defeats Anastasia Feofanava to defend strawweight title
|url=https://scroll.in/field/1051958/mma-matrix-fight-night-puja-tomar-defeats-anastasia-feofanava-to-defends-strawweight-title |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Ultimate Fighting Championship===
On October 17, 2023, it was announced that Tomar signed with the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC), made her first Indian-born woman fighter in the promotion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-17 |title=UFC signs Puja Tomar, first India-born woman in promotion history
|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/10/ufc-news-puja-tomar-signs-first-india-woman |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tomar made her UFC debut against [[Rayanne dos Santos]] on June 8, 2024, at [[UFC on ESPN 57]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=First Indian Female UFC Fighter Puja Tomar Set for Octagon Debut |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/First-Indian-Female-UFC-Fighter-Puja-Tomar-Set-for-Octagon-Debut-193036 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Sherdog}}</ref> She won the fight via split decision, becoming the first Indian woman to win a bout in the UFC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2024-06-08 |title=UFC Louisville: Puja Tomar Wins Narrow Decision Over Rayanne Amanda |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/06/08/ufc-louisville-puja-tomar-wins-narrow-decision-over-rayanne-amanda/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> All 11 media outlets scored the bout in favor of dos Santos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Decisions |first=MMA |date=2024-06-08 |title=UFC Louisville: Puja Tomar vs. Rayanne dos Santos - Split Decision |url=http://mmadecisions.com/decision/14771/Puja-Tomar-vs-Rayanne-dos-Santos |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=MMA Decisions}}</ref>

Tomar faced Shauna Bannon on March 23, 2025, at [[UFC Fight Night 255]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2024-11-27 |title=Shauna Bannon Gets Puja Tomar at UFC London |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/11/27/shauna-bannon-gets-puja-tomar-at-ufc-london/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> She lost the fight via armbar in the third round.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Eddie |date=2025-03-22 |title=Shauna Bannon Scores First Finish Of UFC London Via Arm Bar |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2025/03/22/shauna-bannon-scores-first-finish-of-ufc-london-via-arm-bar/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tomar was scheduled to face Shi Ming on May 30, 2026 at [[UFC Fight Night 277]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's history maker Puja Tomar lines up third UFC fight, looks to bounce back|url=https://www.lowkickmma.com/indias-history-maker-puja-tomar-lines-up-third-ufc-fight-looks-to-bounce-back/|date=2026-03-17|access-date=2026-03-19|publisher=lowkickmma.com|author=Timothy Wheaton}}</ref> However, the pairing was pulled in order to serve as the featured bout of the [[Road to UFC Season 5#Episode 4|Road to UFC Season 5]] quarterfinals event a day earlier on May 29, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lowkickmma.com/road-to-ufc-queen-shi-ming-draws-puja-tomar-for-strawweight-showcase-in-macau/|title=Road to UFC queen Shi Ming draws Puja Tomar for strawweight showcase in Macau|publisher=lowkickmma.com|author=Timothy Wheaton|date=2026-03-31|access-date=2026-03-31}}</ref>

== Muay Thai career ==
===ONE Championship===
Tomar made her ONE Super Series debut against Bi Nguyen on September 6, 2019, at [[2019 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Immortal Triumph|ONE: Immortal Triumph]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-22 |title=Bi Nguyen faces Puja Tomar at ONE: 'Immortal Triumph'
|url=https://asianmma.com/bi-nguyen-faces-puja-tomar-in-muay-thai-match-at-one-immortal-triumph/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Asian MMA |language=en}}</ref> She lost the fight via split decision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title='Killer Bee' Swarms Puja Tomar With Stinging Performance In Vietnam
|url=https://www.onefc.com/news/killer-bee-swarms-puja-tomar-with-stinging-performance-in-vietnam/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==
===Mixed martial arts===
* '''Matrix Fight Night'''
** Matrix Fight Night Women’s Strawweight Champion (One time)

==Mixed martial arts record==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc=
| ko-wins= 6
| sub-wins=
| dec-wins= 3
| ko-losses= 1
| sub-losses= 4
| dec-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|9–5
|Shauna Bannon
|Submission (armbar)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Edwards vs. Brady]]
|{{dts|2025|March|23}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:22
|[[London]], England
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–4
|[[Rayanne dos Santos]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC on ESPN: Cannonier vs. Imavov]]
|{{dts|2024|June|8}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Louisville, Kentucky]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–4
|Anastasia Feofanova
|TKO (corner stoppage)
|Matrix Fight Night 12
|{{dts|2023|July|1}}
|align=center|4
|align=center|5:00
|[[Noida]], India
|{{small|Defended the [[Matrix Fight Night#MFN Women's Strawweight Championship|MFN Women's Strawweight Championship]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–4
|Bi Nguyen
|TKO (punches)
|Matrix Fight Night 10
|{{dts|2022|November|18}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:52
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|{{small|Return to Strawweight. Won the inaugural [[Matrix Fight Night#MFN Women's Strawweight Championship|MFN Women's Strawweight Championship]].}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–4
|Tenzin Pema
|TKO (punches)
|Matrix Fight Night 9
|{{dts|2022|June|24}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:20
|[[New Delhi]], India
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|5–4
|Jojo Rajkumari
|Decision (split)
|Matrix Fight Night 6
|{{dts|2021|September|24}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|{{small|Atomweight debut.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|4–4
|[[Stamp Fairtex]]
|TKO (punches and elbows)
|[[2020 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: A New Tomorrow|ONE: A New Tomorrow]]
|{{dts|2020|January|10}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:26
|[[Bangkok]], Thailand
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|4–3
|[[Priscilla Hertati Lumban Gaol]]
|Decision (split)
|[[2019 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Eternal Glory|ONE: Eternal Glory]]
|{{dts|2019|January|19}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Jakarta]], Indonesia
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|3–3
|Jihin Radzuan
|Submission (triangle choke)
|[[2018 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Visions of Victory|ONE: Visions of Victory]]
|{{dts|2018|March|9}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:23
|[[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|{{small|Strawweight debut.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|3–2
|Tiffany Teo
|Submission (armbar)
|[[2017 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Immortal Pursuit|ONE: Immortal Pursuit]]
|{{dts|2017|November|24}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:07
|[[Kallang]], Singapore
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|3–1
|[[Thulasi Helen]]
|TKO (punches)
|Super Fight League 2017: Highway to Hurt
|{{dts|2017|February|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:32
|[[New Delhi]], India
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|2–1
|Hannah Kampf
|Submission (armbar)
|Super Fight League 2017: Metro Mayhem
|{{dts|2017|February|3}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:01
|[[New Delhi]], India
|{{small|Flyweight debut.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–0
|Ishu Sood
|KO (punch)
|Super Fight League: Contenders 17
|{{dts|2013|October|19}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:24
|[[Nasik]], India
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Priyanka Kadam
|TKO (punches)
|Super Fight League: Contenders 16
|{{dts|2013|October|15}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:21
|[[Nasik]], India
|{{small|Bantamweight debut.}}
{{end}}

==See also==
* [[List of current UFC fighters]]
* [[List of female mixed martial artists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tomar, Puja}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Strawweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing sanshou]]
[[Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship female fighters]]
[[Category:Indian sanshou practitioners]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]

Gaviphosa

2026-03-27T10:41:25Z

Dlife: starting first info and citations - done

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Gaviphosa kera
| authority = Sankaran, 2021<ref name=WSC_g5908 />
| parent_authority = Sankaran, 2021<ref name=WSC_g5908 />
}}
'''''Gaviphosa''''' is a [[monotypic taxon|monotypic]] [[genus]] of south Asian [[ground spider]]s containing the single species, '''''Gaviphosa kera'''''. It was first described by P. M. Sankaran and J. T. D. Caleb in 2021,<ref name=Sank2021 /> and it has only been found in [[India]].<ref name=WSC_g5908 />

==References==
<references>

<ref name=WSC_g5908>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Gaviphosa Sankaran, 2021| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| access-date=2021-12-01| year=2021| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/5908| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>

<ref name=Sank2021>{{cite journal| author-last=Sankaran| author-first=P. M.| author2-last=Caleb| author2-first=J. T. D.| year=2021| journal=Zootaxa| title=On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: V. Genera ''Megamyrmaekion'' Reuss, 1834, ''Sosticus'' Chamberlin, 1922 and ''Gaviphosa'' gen. nov. (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)| volume=5040| issue=4| pages=539–564| doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5040.4.5| pmid=34811025| s2cid=244232311| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/16066| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

</references>

{{Taxonbar| from1=Q108750796| from2=Q108750810}}

[[Category:Monotypic Gnaphosidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]

{{Gnaphosidae-stub}}

Krushna Abhishek

2026-03-26T03:09:45Z

Dlife: quick update

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian (born 1983)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krushna Abhishek
| image = Krushna Abhishek 2024.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sharma in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|05|30}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Krushna Abhishek's 30th birthday party|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/krushna-abhisheks-30th-birthday-party/articleshow/20393963.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 May 2013|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424115505/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/krushna-abhisheks-30th-birthday-party/articleshow/20393963.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| birth_name = Abhishek Sharma
| years_active = 1996, 2002–present
| family = See [[List of Hindi film families#Ahuja Family (Govinda's Family)|Govinda family]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|television host}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kashmera Shah]]|2013}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kashmera-Krushna-secretly-got-married-in-July-2013/articleshow/45922557.cms|title=Kashmera, Krushna secretly got married in July 2013|agency=TNN|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 January 2015|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911033459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kashmera-Krushna-secretly-got-married-in-July-2013/articleshow/45922557.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| children = 2<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/comedian-krushna-abhishek-and-actress-kashmera-shah-are-now-parents-of-twins-lifetv-1021559-2017-06-30|title=Comedian Krushna Abhishek and wife Kashmera Shah are now parents to twins|date=18 January 2015|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603222740/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/top-stories/story/comedian-krushna-abhishek-and-actress-kashmera-shah-are-now-parents-of-twins-lifetv-1021559-2017-06-30|url-status=live}}</ref>
| module =
}}
'''Abhishek Sharma''' (born 30 May 1983), known professionally as '''Krushna Abhishek''', is an Indian actor, comedian, and television host. He is known for his humorous work in comedy shows on Indian television such as ''[[Comedy Circus]]'', ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]],'' ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]], [[The Great Indian Kapil Show]] and [[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]].'' He gained fame as a comedian after participating in several seasons of the ''Comedy Circus'' show on [[Sony TV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shekhar-suman-renuka-shahane-among-jhalak..-participants/721940/|title=Shekhar Suman, Renuka Shahane among 'Jhalak..' participants|date=8 December 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-date=11 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111152037/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shekhar-suman-renuka-shahane-among-jhalak..-participants/721940|url-status=live}}</ref> He also appeared in dance reality shows, including ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 3]]'' (2007) and ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4]]'' (2010).<ref name="tt">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/TV-actors-dominate-Jhalak-Dikhla-Jaa-4/articleshow/7064286.cms |title=TV actors dominate Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 4 |date=8 December 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212023408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/TV-actors-dominate-Jhalak-Dikhla-Jaa-4/articleshow/7064286.cms |archive-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His dance moves are inspired by his maternal uncle [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].

He has hosted ''[[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]]'', ''OMG! Yeh Mera India'', ''Comedy Nights Bachao'', and ''[[Comedy Nights Live]]'' shows on [[Sony TV]], [[History TV18]], and [[Colors TV]] respectively.

==Early life==
Abhishek Sharma was born on 30 May 1983 to Atma Prakash Sharma and Padma Sharma, in [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India. His mother, Padma, named him after her favourite actor [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. His ancestral family is from [[Dhami State|Dhami]], a village in [[Shimla district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला: अपने पैतृक गांव जाबरी पहुंचे हास्य कलाकार कृष्णा अभिषेक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/comedian-krishna-abhishek-reaches-his-native-village-jabri-shimla |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924120924/https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/comedian-krishna-abhishek-reaches-his-native-village-jabri-shimla |url-status=live}}</ref>

He has a sister [[Arti Singh]], an actress. [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] is his maternal uncle, they belong to the [[List of Hindi film families|Govinda Family]] of [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Krushna Abhishek reveals his real name is Abhishek Sharma: 'I had to change my name due to Abhishek Bachchan' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/krushna-abhishek-says-real-name-abhishek-sharma-changed-name-due-to-abhishek-bachchan-7923114/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202183837/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/krushna-abhishek-says-real-name-abhishek-sharma-changed-name-due-to-abhishek-bachchan-7923114/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2016 |title=Krushna Abhishek's father passes away after fighting cancer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/krushna-abhisheks-father-passes-away-after-fighting-cancer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009203153/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/krushna-abhisheks-father-passes-away-after-fighting-cancer/ |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Krushna Abhishek married his long time girlfriend [[Kashmera Shah]] in 2013 and they live in Mumbai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2020 |title=Govinda calls Krushna Abhishek's comments 'thoughtless': 'Washing dirty linen in public is a sign of insecurity' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/govinda-calls-krushna-abhishek-s-comments-thoughtless-washing-dirty-linen-in-public-is-a-sign-of-insecurity/story-0gH72PjcuPdlCdgcj4T1pJ.html |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184811/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/govinda-calls-krushna-abhishek-s-comments-thoughtless-washing-dirty-linen-in-public-is-a-sign-of-insecurity/story-0gH72PjcuPdlCdgcj4T1pJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They met at the sets of movie ''[[Aur Pappu Paas Ho Gaya]]''.

[[File:Krishna Abhishek and Kashmira Shah at the trailer launch of Govinda’s forthcoming movie ‘Aagaya Hero’.jpg|thumb|170px|Abhishek with wife [[Kashmera Shah]] at the trailer launch of ''[[Aa Gaya Hero]]'' in 2017]]

==Career==
He made his Hindi film debut with ''Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat'' (2002), and has acted in films like ''Hum Tum Aur Mother'' in 2005, ''[[Jahan Jaaeyega Hamen Paaeyega]]'' (2007), and ''Aur Pappu Pass Ho Gaya'' in the same year. Later he shifted to [[Bhojpuri film]]s. He played the lead in the TV series, ''Sautela'' ([[Doordarshan]]) in 2007.<ref name=inex>{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=221862 |last=Joshi |first=Nitin |title=Pro-file:Krishna Abhishek |date=12 February 2007 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-date= 5 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505091058/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=221862 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_we-are-in-a-deep-relationship_1075091|title=We are in a deep relationship|date=18 January 2007|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-date=25 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825095253/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_we-are-in-a-deep-relationship_1075091|url-status=live}}</ref>

He participated in various seasons of stand-up comedy show, ''[[Comedy Circus]]'', including, ''Comedy Circus 2'' (2008), ''Comedy Circus 3'' (2009), where he was a wild card entry in ''Comedy Circus 3'' (2009) with [[Sudesh Lehri]].

He participated in the celebrity couple dance-reality shows, starting with ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' ([[Nach Baliye#Nach Baliye 3|Season 3]]) (2007),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nach-baliye-3-ready-to-hit-screens/48992-8.html|title=Nach Baliye 3 ready to hit screens|date=20 September 2007|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024437/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nach-baliye-3-ready-to-hit-screens/48992-8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070826/asp/entertainment/story_8236298.asp|title=Shall we dance?|date=26 August 2007|work=The Telegraph|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629124217/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070826/asp/entertainment/story_8236298.asp|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar]]'' (2008) along with [[Kashmera Shah]] and eventually won the latter. He also appeared in a similar show, ''Jalwa Four 2 Ka 1'' (2008). In 2010, he participated in the dance reality show, ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' ([[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa#Season 4|Season 4]]) with choreographer [[Robin Merchant]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-out-of-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa/articleshow/7514474.cms|title=Ankita out of 'Jhalak Dikhlaa Jaa'|date=17 February 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526164231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-out-of-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa/articleshow/7514474.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Previously he had also appeared as a judge in the reality dance show on [[DD National]], ''[[Krazzy Kiya Re]]'', along with [[Sudha Chandran]].

As a celebrity couple, he and [[Kashmera Shah]] took part in the reality show ''Love Lock Up'' on [[UTV Bindass]] in February 2011,<ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Whats-next-for-Kash-Krushna/articleshow/7444470.cms|title=What's next for Kash-Krushna?|date=7 February 2011|agency=TNN|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104192337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-07/tv/28547777_1_kashmera-shah-house-arrest-surprise-visit|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> in which actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] played the role of peace maker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Priyanka-Chopra-On-love/articleshow/7424027.cms|title=Priyanka Chopra: On love|date=4 February 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 February 2011|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104192346/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-04/news-interviews/28365972_1_priyanka-chopra-saat-khoon-maaf-kashmera-shah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110168720&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=television&nid=83557 |title=Priyanka plays peacemaker between Krishna, Kashmera |publisher=NDTV |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206081938/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110168720&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=television&nid=83557 |archive-date= 6 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016, he hosted and performed in ''[[Comedy Nights Live]]'' show of Colors TV, produced by [[Vipul D. Shah]]. It replaced popularity declined ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'' (2013–16) of [[Kapil Sharma]]. Later when the show itself got replaced ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]'' (2015–17) he hosted it and did comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2016 |title=Comedy Nights With Kapil to be replaced by Comedy Nights Live |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/comedy-nights-with-kapil-to-be-replaced-by-comedy-nights-live/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202083537/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/comedy-nights-with-kapil-to-be-replaced-by-comedy-nights-live/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2017, he signed with Sony TV's [[The Drama Company]] show produced by Kapil Sharma's former longtime girlfriend [[Preeti Simoes]] and her sister Neeti Simoes.

In 2018, he joined the second season of ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' along with Sudesh Lehri,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bharti-singh-krushna-abhishek-the-kapil-sharma-show-5429870/|title=Bharti Singh and Krushna Abhishek to join The Kapil Sharma Show|date=1 November 2018|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203419/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bharti-singh-krushna-abhishek-the-kapil-sharma-show-5429870/|url-status=live}}</ref> whom he collaborated with in ''[[Comedy Circus]]'' as well, after the first season closed down due to Kapil Sharma's poor health and mid-air altercations with supporting actors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kapil Sharma Show: 'Sapna' Krushna Abhishek decides to walk away after seeing Remo D'Souza and his gang on stage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-kapil-sharma-show-sapna-krushna-abhishek-decides-to-walk-away-after-remo-dsouza-and-his-gang-on-stage/articleshow/79111039.cms|access-date=12 January 2022|website=The Times of India|date=8 November 2020 |language=en|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314112530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-kapil-sharma-show-sapna-krushna-abhishek-decides-to-walk-away-after-remo-dsouza-and-his-gang-on-stage/articleshow/79111039.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Shriya|date=13 October 2020|title=The Kapil Sharma Show: Krushna Abhishek once said NO to play the role of Sapna. Know why|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/the-kapil-sharma-show-krushna-abhishek-once-said-no-to-play-the-role-of-sapna-know-why-656513|access-date=12 January 2022|website=indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314112530/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/the-kapil-sharma-show-krushna-abhishek-once-said-no-to-play-the-role-of-sapna-know-why-656513|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, he starred in his new show ''[[Funhit Mein Jaari]]'' with Bharti Singh and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bharti-singh-krushna-abhishek-haarsh-limbachiyaa-new-show-6496248/|title=Bharti Singh and Haarsh Limbachiyaa to launch a show on SAB TV|website=The Indian Express|date=8 July 2020|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709020858/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bharti-singh-krushna-abhishek-haarsh-limbachiyaa-new-show-6496248/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, he launched the latest season of his [[History TV18|History TV18's]] [[Infotainment]] show ''<nowiki/>'OMG! Ye Mera India''' ({{Translation|OMG! This is my India}}). Till 2021, he has hosted 7 season of this show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OMG! Yeh Mera India |url=https://www.historyindia.com/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=HISTORY TV18 |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213230840/https://www.historyindia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, he and [[Kashmera Shah]] took part in a reality show called [[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment|''Laughter Chefs'']] on [[Colors TV|Colours TV]] hosted by [[Bharti Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2024 |title=Krushna Abhishek on doing Laughter Chefs: Kashmera and I wanted to work together, and it's been quite a while since we've worked together on television |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krushna-abhishek-on-doing-laughter-chefs-kashmera-and-i-wanted-to-work-together-and-its-been-quite-a-while-since-weve-worked-together-on-television/articleshow/110906677.cms |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role(s)
|-
|1996
|''[[Just Mohabbat]]''
|Vishal
|-
|2007
|''[[Nach Baliye#Nach Baliye 3|Nach Baliye 3]]''
|Contestant
|-
|2007
|''Sautela''
|Yogank
|-
|2008
|''[[Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar]]''
|Contestant
|-
|2008–2014
|''[[Comedy Circus]]''
|Various Characters
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
|''Jalwa Four 2 Ka 1''
|Contestant
|-
|''[[Krazzy Kiya Re]]''
|Judge
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
|''[[Comedy Ka Daily Soap]]''
|Host
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa#Season 4|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4]]''
|Contestant
|-
|2011
|''Love Lock Up''
| Guest
|-
|2013
|''[[Nadaniyaan]]''
|Narrator
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
|''[[Gangs of Haseepur]]''
|Contestant
|-
|''Mad in India''
|Host
|-
|''MAX Fully Deewana Contest''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/comic-relief-on-sony-max/|title=Comic relief on Sony Max|date=22 August 2014|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113090136/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/comic-relief-on-sony-max/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Various characters
|-
|''[[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]]''
|Host
|-
|''[[Badi Door Se Aaye Hain]]''
|Jugnu
|-
| 2014–15
|''[[Comedy Classes]]''
|Various characters
|-
| 2015
|''[[Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah]]''
|Host
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
|Various characters
|-
| 2016
|''[[Comedy Nights Live]]''
|Pappu Singh
|-
| 2016–present
|''OMG! Yeh Hai Mera India''
|rowspan="2" |Host
|-
|2017
|''India Banega Manch''
|-
|2017
|''Bittu Bak Bak'' || Teacher/Miss Rosy
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[The Drama Company]]''
|rowspan="2" | Various characters
|-
|2018–2023
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|-
|2019
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|Guest
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Funhit Mein Jaari]]''
| rowspan="2" |Various characters
|-
|2024–present
|''[[The Great Indian Kapil Show]]''
|-
|2024– present
|''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
| Contestant
|}

=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2002
|''[[Enge Enadhu Kavithai]]''
|Krishna
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat]]''
|Vicky
|[[Hindi]]
|-
|''Tohar Pyar Chahi''
|Abhay
| rowspan="9" |[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|-
|''Poojiha Charan Maai Baap Ke''
|Krishna
|-
|''Sathi Sanghatee''
|Gopi
|-
|''Devar Ji''
|Kishan
|-
|''Kahan Jaiba Najaria Churai Ke''
|
|-
|''Kahe Bansuriya Bajaye''
|
|-
|2006
|''Suhaag''
|Inspector Shankar Sinha
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2007
|''Hamaar Izzat''
|Krishna
|-
|''London Wali Se Neha Lagai Bo''
|
|-
|''Mumbai Che Pahune''
|
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|''[[Jahan Jaaeyega Hamen Paaeyega]]''
|Tony
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|''[[Aur Pappu Paas Ho Gaya]]''
|Pappu / Prince of Trikamgarh
|-
|''Sajnwa Anadi Sajania Khiladi''
|Raju
|Bhojpuri
|-
|''Pyaar Ke Rang Hazaar''
|Rahul
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|''Ayi Ayi Yaa Karoon Main Kya''
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2008
|''Naag Naagin''
|Vaibhav
| rowspan="2" |Bhojpuri
|-
|''De Da Piritiya Udhaar''
|Munna Bhaiya
|-
|''Seeta''
|Bhola
|[[Chhattisgarhi]]
|-
|''Gawanwa Le Ja Raja Ji''
|Shiv
| rowspan="2" |Bhojpuri
|-
|''Rang Barse Ganga Kinaar''
|Suraj
|-
|''8 PM: A Murder Mystery''
|Inspector Raja
|Hindi
|-
|2009
|''Hamar Rajau Daroga No. 1''
|Raju
|Bhojpuri
|-
|2012
|''[[Bol Bachchan]]''
| Ravi Shastri
| rowspan="12" |Hindi
|-
|2014
|''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]''
| Jugnu
|-
|2015
|''2 Chehare''
|Monty Bhandari/Babu
|-
|2016
|''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]''
| Mickey
|-
|2018
|''[[Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle]]''
| Raaj Chopra
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2019
|''Sharmaji Ki Lag Gai''
| Murli
|-
|''[[Time Nahi Hai]]''
| Magan
|-
|''[[Marne Bhi Do Yaaron]]''
|Samay / Time
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2020
|''[[O Pushpa I Hate Tears]]''
| Shyam
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film|Welcome to the Jungle}}
| {{TBA}}
|}

=== Dubbing roles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film title
!Actor
!Character
!Dub language
!Original language
!Original year release
!Dub year release
!Notes
|-
|''[[F3: Fun and Frustration]]''
|[[Varun Tej]]
|Varun Yadav
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2022
|2023
|
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
|[[Raghava Lawrence]]
|Pandian Sengottaiyan alias Vettaiyan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2023
|2023
|
|-
|[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title=Film trends: Actors are taking up dubbing work in B-town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/film-trends-actors-are-taking-up-dubbing-work-in-b-town/articleshow/112621263.cms |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|Leo Das / Parthiban (Parthi)
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2023
|2023
|
|-
|''[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Antony]]''
|[[S. J. Suryah]]
|Jackie Pandian and Madhan Pandian
|Hindustani
|Tamil
|2023
|2025
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:28%;"| Award
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:17%;"| Show/Movie
! style="width:10%;"| Result
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Times of India Film Awards|Times Of India Film Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Male)
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Bol Bachchan]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards|Apsara Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|-
|2014
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Comedy Circus]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Popular Comedy-Duo
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Comedy Circus]] (with [[Sudesh Lehri]])
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Most Entertaining Jury/Host (TV)-Non Fiction
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Comedy Nights Bachao]] (with [[Bharti Singh]])
|-
|2019
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[ITA Award for Best Actor - Comedy|Best Actor - Comedy]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]
|rowspan="3"{{won}}
|-
|2020
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[ITA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
|2021
|-
|2023
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Telly Award for Best Anchor|Best Anchor]]
| style="text-align: center;" |OMG! Yeh Mera India
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor - Popular (OTT)
| style="text-align: center;" |[[The Great Indian Kapil Show]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |Lions Gold Awards
| style="text-align: center;" |Evergreen Jodi
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]] (with [[Kashmera Shah]])
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Telly Awards 2025|Best Comedian]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[24th Indian Telly Awards|Fan Favorite Jodi – Non fiction]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]] (with [[Kashmera Shah]])
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Supporting Actor OTT (Comedy series)
| style="text-align: center;" |[[The Great Indian Kapil Show]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor Reality (Comedy – Non fiction)
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment|Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment (Season 2)]]
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web |title=Krushna Abhishek Asks Mama Govinda About Sunita Ahuja: 'Unko Kyu Nahi Laye? |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/krushna-abhishek-asks-mama-govinda-about-sunita-ahuja-unko-kyu-nahi-laye-aa-9142174.html |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|comedy|Bollywood}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{instagram|krushna30}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Comic Actor}}
{{Nach Baliye 3}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhishek, Krishna}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Reality show winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]
[[Category:Amitabh Bachchan imitators]]
[[Category:People from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Shimla district]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:Male actors from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Mumbai]]

Priya Hassan

2026-03-23T12:12:36Z

Dlife:

{{Short description|Indian actress, director and producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priya Hassan
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[National High School, Basavanagudi]]
| occupation = Actress, Director, Producer, Singer
| years_active = 2007–present
}}

'''Priya Hassan''' is an Indian actress, director, producer, and singer who predominantly works in the Kannada film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/priya-hassan#|title=Priya Hassan , Movies, Biography, Photos|website=chiloka.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hassan made her acting debut with ''Black & White'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-denied-award-priya-hasan-cries-foul-1673924 |title=Denied award, Priya Hasan cries foul|date=10 April 2012|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |access-date=2022-08-27 |archive-date=2022-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827223929/https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-denied-award-priya-hasan-cries-foul-1673924 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her first film that she directed and produced was ''[[Jambada Hudugi]]'', which had a low-key release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/jambada-hudugi-moves-court/articleshow/22061940.cms|title='˜Jambada Hudugi' moves court|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2023-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206133827/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/jambada-hudugi-moves-court/articleshow/22061940.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Her dual roles as a director and actor were appreciated by one critic who concluded that "Kannada fans should see and encourage a budding talent like Priya Hasan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/712-jambada-hudugi-review.html |title=Jambada Hudugi Movie Review |work=[[Chitraloka.com]] |date=2007-06-15 |accessdate=2022-08-23 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204235810/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/712-jambada-hudugi-review.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film reportedly run for a hundred days and later gained media attention for being the debut of [[Yash (actor)|Yash]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/712-jambada-hudugi-review.html|title=Jambada Hudugi Movie Review - chitraloka.com | Image|website=chitraloka.com|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204235810/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/712-jambada-hudugi-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hassan expected that the film would get a state award, but the film was denied of awards since she did not dub her own voice in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/feb/01/all-for-the-audience-127850.html|title=All for the audience|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816071404/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/feb/01/all-for-the-audience-127850.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She then directed, produced and starred in ''[[Bindaas Hudugi]]''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/GANDHINAGAR-GOSSIP/article15939401.ece|title=GANDHINAGAR GOSSIP|date=August 13, 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=August 16, 2022|archive-date=August 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816070415/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/GANDHINAGAR-GOSSIP/article15939401.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/priya-eega-bindaas-hudugi/articleshow/4041181.cms|title=Priya eega Bindaas Hudugi - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816070113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/priya-eega-bindaas-hudugi/articleshow/4041181.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding her performance, critic wrote that "Priya Hassan, who is brilliant in action and comic sequences, needs to improve her dialogue delivery".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bindas-hudugi/movie-review/6884049.cms|title=Bindas Hudugi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Bindas Hudugi by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Her next film as an actor was ''Smuggler'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/priya-hassan-goes-grey-for-her-big-screen-return/articleshow/61963992.cms|title=Priya Hassan goes grey for her big screen return - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816070416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/priya-hassan-goes-grey-for-her-big-screen-return/articleshow/61963992.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/smuggler-pits-me-as-an-action-star-priya-hassan/articleshow/61946366.cms|title=Smuggler pits me as an action star: Priya Hassan |website=The Times of India|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816070415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/smuggler-pits-me-as-an-action-star-priya-hassan/articleshow/61946366.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film began production in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/action-oriented-film-smuggler-launched/articleshow/15488213.cms|title=Action oriented film Smuggler launched|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2012|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> She played dual roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/priya-hassans-smuggler-is-an-action-film-502841.html|title=Priya Hassan's 'Smuggler' is an action film|date=August 29, 2012|website=News18|access-date=August 16, 2022|archive-date=August 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816071403/https://www.news18.com/news/india/priya-hassans-smuggler-is-an-action-film-502841.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding her performance, a critic noted that "Priya has tried hard to fit into the two characters that are contrasting, and her effort shows".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/smuggler/movie-review/61982064.cms|title=Smuggler Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Smuggler by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hassan married businessman S. Ramu on September 8, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya Hassan |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/priya-hassan.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Director, producer, and actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Title
! colspan="3"|Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Role
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! Director
! Producer
! Actor
|-
|2003||''Black & White''||{{no}}||{{no}}||{{yes}}||||
|-
|2007||''[[Jambada Hudugi]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{yes}}|| Priya || Kannada Film Industry Directors' Association - Best Debut Director<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2010||''[[Bindaas Hudugi]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||Devi ||
|-
|2017||''Smuggler''||{{no}}||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||Cyrus / Kathyayini||
|-
|}

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dheeraj Kumar (actor)

2026-03-21T11:15:39Z

Dlife: starting first bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| name = Dheeraj Kumar
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punjab]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| website =
| imagesize =
| yearsactive = 2015–present
| education = [[Panjab University]]
}}

'''Dheeraj Kumar''' is an Indian actor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title=Pollywood: 'If I can be an actor, anyone can,' says Dheeraj Kumar whose role in 'Warning' grabbed eyeballs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pollywood-dheeraj-kumar-actor-warning-8281305/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Waiting for rain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20170424-dheeraj-kumar-actor-punjabi-film-986197-2017-04-14 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-28 |title=Dheeraj Kumar starts working on 'Warning 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/dheeraj-kumar-starts-working-on-warning-2/articleshow/95818620.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is best known for his role Shinda in the film Warning. He also starred in the films like [[Rabb Da Radio]], [[Rocky Mental]], [[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]], [[Qissa Panjab|Qissa Punjab]], Criminal and Full Moon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-15 |title=I Recommend: ''If you are fan of Punjabi cinema watch 'Amaanat', 'Sajjan Singh Rangroot', 'Qissa Punjab{{'-}}'' says Dheeraj Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/i-recommend-if-you-are-fan-of-punjabi-cinema-watch-amaanat-sajjan-singh-rangroot-qissa-punjab-says-dheeraj-kumar/articleshow/75162296.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Kirti |title=Dheeraj Kumar begins the shoot of his first Web Series: Gulam Begum Aur Doraemon |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/dheeraj-kumar-begins-the-shoot-of-his-first-web-series-gulam-begum-aur-doraemon |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=pa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Diksha |date=2019-05-12 |title=Rupinder Gandhi Fame Actor Dheeraj Kumar Set To Play Lead Role In Amaanat |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/rupinder-gandhi-fame-actor-dheeraj-kumar-set-to-play-lead-role-in-amaanat |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=pa}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kumar was born and brought in Tambu Wala village, [[Muktsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":0" /> He is graduated in MA in music from [[Panjab University]].<ref name=":1" /> Later he also completed his M. A in theatre.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Kumar made his acting debut in 2015 with playing Harry in the film Rupinder Gandhi and in the same year, he acted in the film [[Qissa Panjab|Qissa Punjab]] as Heera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-22 |title=Exclusive! Did you know the look of Dheeraj Kumar's character in 'Qissa Punjab' was inspired by his father? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/did-you-know/exclusive-did-you-know-the-look-of-dheeraj-kumars-character-in-qissa-punjab-was-inspired-by-his-father/articleshow/76507401.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
In 2016, he acted in the film Asli Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=All About Actor & Director Dheeraj Kumar, Birthday Special |url=https://sirfpanjabiyat.com/all-about-actor-director-dheeraj-kumar-birthday-special/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=sirfpanjabiyat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> After this he worked in films [[Rabb Da Radio]] and [[Rocky Mental|Rockey Mental]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Sukhpal |title=Movie Review: Rabb Da Radio, Punjabi Movie |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/movie-review-rabb-da-radio-punjabi-movie |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Punjabi Mania |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rockey rocks |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/movie-review/rocky-rocks-454279 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>
In 2018, he appeared in [[Diljit Dosanjh]] starrer film [[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sajjan Singh Rangroot {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sajjan_singh_rangroot |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
Again he acted in the films [[Kaka Ji]], [[Rabb Da Radio 2]], Mitti Virasat Babbran Di, Amaanat.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Where is the story, KakaJi? |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/movie-review/where-is-the-story-kakaji-715711 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-12 |title=Amaanat: Dheeraj Kumar shares a new dialogue promo from the movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/amaanat-dheeraj-kumar-shares-a-new-dialogue-promo-from-the-movie/articleshow/72489378.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-11 |title='Mitti: Virasat Babbaran Di' trailer: Watch how the present generation follows the footsteps of the yesteryears unsung heroes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/mitti-virasat-babbaran-di-trailer-watch-how-the-present-generation-follows-the-footsteps-of-the-yesteryears-unsung-heroes/articleshow/70626665.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
In 2021, he came to limelight with playing character in Warning (series).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-22 |title=Warning 2: Dheeraj Kumar gears up to take the stage as 'Keepa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/warning-2-dheeraj-kumar-gears-up-to-take-the-stage-as-keepa/articleshow/107048410.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
Also he acted in films like [[Oye Bhole Oye]], Ik Sandhu Hunda Si, Kala Shehar, Criminal, Full Moon and Paune 9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Oye Bhole Oye Movie OTT Release Update: When and where to watch the comedy drama online? |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/entertainment/pollywood/160224/oye-bhole-oye-ott-platform-release-date-update.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Rozana Spokesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ik Sandhu Hunda Si' character poster: Dheeraj Kumar as Grewal gets the audience hooked with his intense look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/punjabi-movies-to-look-forward-to-in-2020/ik-sandhu-hunda-si-character-poster-dheeraj-kumar-as-grewal-gets-the-audience-hooked-with-his-intense-look/photostory/74203836.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dheeraj Kumar signs a new Punjabi movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/lockdown-tales-hukma-to-paani-ch-madhaani-punjabi-movies-announcements-that-are-helping-us-wait-for-better-days/kala-shehar-dheeraj-kumar-signs-a-new-punjabi-movie/photostory/78423354.cms |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paune 9 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/paune-9/movieshow/101940944.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" |''Year''
! scope="col" |''Movie''
!''Roles''
! scope="col" |''Notes''
! scope="col" |''Refs.''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''2015''
|''Rupinder Gandhi''
|''Harry''
|''Debut movie''
|
|-
|[[Qissa Panjab|''Qissa Punjab'']]
|''Heera''
|
|
|-
|''2016''
|''Asli Punjab''
|''Satti''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''2017''
|''[[Rabb Da Radio]]''
|''Hardeep''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rocky Mental]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''2018''
|''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]''
|''Dheera Singh''
|
|
|-
|''Rang Panjab''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |''2019''
|''[[Kaka Ji]]''
|''Randheer''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]''
|''Hardeep''
|
|
|-
|''Mitti: Virasat Babbaran Di''
|
|
|
|-
|''Amaanat''
|
|
|
|-
|''2020''
|''Ik Sandhu Hunda Si''
|''Grewal''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''2021''
|''Kala Shehar''
|
|
|
|-
|''Warning''
|''Shinda''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''2022''
|''Takhatgarh''
|
|
|
|-
|''Criminal''
|''Arjun''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''2023''
|''Paune 9''
|
|
|
|-
|''Rab Di Mehhar''
|''Iqbal''
|
|
|-
|''Full Moon''
|''Ehaan''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''2024''
|''[[Warning 2]]''
|''Keepa''
|
|
|-
|''[[Oye Bhole Oye]]''
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm7337605}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Dheeraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam

2026-03-20T07:36:20Z

Dlife: minor cleanup

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}

{{see also|List of Malayalam language authors|Malayalam Literary Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Sahitya Akademi Award for Malayalam
| awardname = Sahitya Akademi Award for Malayalam literature
| image = Sahitya Akademi Award - Surjit Patar.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for contributions to Malayalam literature
| awarded_for = Literary award in India
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| reward = {{INRConvert|1|l}}
| firstawarded = 1955
| lastawarded = 2024
| former name =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 68
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[R. Narayana Panickar]]
| award3_type = Most Recent winner
| award3_winner = [[K. Jayakumar]]
| website = {{Url|http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|Official website}}
| previous =
| next =
}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]''' is given each year, since 1955, by [[Sahitya Akademi]] ([[India]]'s National Academy of Letters), to Indian writers for their outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the 24 major Indian languages. The list of [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]] writers who have won the award is given below.<ref name="Kendra Sahitya Academy Awards (Malayalam)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |title=Kendra Sahitya Academy Awards (Malayalam) |publisher=Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524212356/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |archive-date=24 May 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akademi Awards (1955-2015)|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref>

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" 
|-
! Year
! Recipients
! Works
! Genre
! Image
|-
| 1955
| [[R. Narayana Panickar]]
| ''Bhasha Sahitya Charitram''
| History of Literature
| [[File:R._Narayana_Panickar.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1956
| [[I. C. Chacko, Illiparambil]]
| ''Paniniya Pradyotam''
| Commentary
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1957
| [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]
| ''[[Chemmeen (novel)|Chemmeen]]''
| Novel
| [[File:Thakazhi 1.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1958
| [[K. P. Kesava Menon]]
| ''Kazhinja Kaalam''
| Autobiography
| [[File:K._P._Kesava_Menon_(1937).jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1960
| [[Uroob]] (P. C. Kuttikrishnan)
| ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]''
| Novel
| [[File:Uroob.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1963
| [[G. Sankara Kurup]]
| ''Viswadarsanam''
| Poetry
| [[File:G.shankarakurup.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1964
| [[P. Kesava Dev]]
| ''Ayalkkar''
| Novel
| [[File:Kesavadev.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1965
| [[Balamani Amma|N. Balamani Amma]]
| ''Muthassi''
| Poetry
| [[File:Balamaniamma.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1966
| [[Kuttikrishna Marar|K. M. Kuttikrishna Marar]]
| ''Kala Jeevitham Thanne''
| Essays
| [[File:Kuttikrishnamarar.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1967
| [[P. Kunhiraman Nair]]
| ''Thamarathoni''
| Poetry
| [[File:P.kunhiraman nair.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1969
| [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]]
| ''Kavile Pattu ''
| Poetry
| [[File:Edasseri_Govindan_Nair.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1970
| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| ''[[Kaalam (novel)|Kaalam]]''
| Novel
| [[File:Mt vasudevan nayar.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1971
| [[Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon]]
| ''Vida''
| Poetry
| [[File:Vyloppilli.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1972
| [[S. K. Pottekkatt]]
| ''[[Oru Desathinte Katha]]''
| Novel
| [[File:Pottekkatt 1 choosetocount.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 1973
| [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]]
| ''Balidarsanam''
| Poetry
| [[File:Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri .jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1974
| [[Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup]]
| ''Kamasurabhi''
| Poetry
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1975
| [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
| ''Aksharam''
| Poetry
| [[File:Onv.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 1976
| [[Cherukad]]u (Cherukad Govinda Pisharodi)
| ''Jeevithappatha''
| Autobiography
| [[File:Cherukad Govinda Pisharodi.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1977
| [[Lalithambika Antharjanam|N. Lalithambika Antharjanam]]
| ''[[Agnisakshi (novel)|Agnisakshi]]''
| Novel
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1978
| [[Sugathakumari|B. Sugathakumari]]
| ''Ratrimazha ''
| Poetry
| [[File:Sugathakumari.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1979
| [[N. V. Krishna Warrier]]
| ''Vallatholinte Kavyasilpam ''
| Literary criticism
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1980
| [[Punathil Kunhabdulla]]
| ''[[Smaraka Silakal]]''
| Novel
| [[File:Punathil W.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1981
| [[M. K. Menon|Vilasini]] (M. K. Menon)
| ''[[Avakasikal]]''
| Novel
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1982
| [[V. K. N.]]
| ''Payyan Kathakal''
| Short stories
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1983
| [[S. Guptan Nair]]
| ''Thiranjedutha Prabandhangal''
| Essays
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1984
| [[Ayyappa Paniker|K. Ayyappa Paniker]]
| ''Ayyappa Panikkarute Kritikal ''
| Poetry
| [[File:Ayyapapanicker323.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1985
| [[Sukumar Azhikode]]
| ''Tathvamasi''
| Critical study
| [[File:Sukumar azhikode1.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 1986
| [[M. Leelavathy]]
| ''Kavitadwani''
| Critical study
| [[File:M. Leelavathy DS.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1987
| [[N. Krishna Pillai]]
| ''Prathipathram Bhashanabhedam''
| Literary criticism
| [[File:NKrishnaPillai.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1988
| [[E. Harikumar]]
| ''Dinosarinte Kutty''
| Short stories
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1988
| [[C. Radhakrishnan]]
| ''Spandamapinikale Nandi''
| Novel
| [[File:Radhakrishnan 2.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1989
| [[Olappamanna|Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad]]
| ''Nizhalana''
| Poetry
| [[File:Olamanna (Poet).jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1990
| [[O. V. Vijayan]]
| ''[[Gurusagaram]]''
| Novel
| [[File:O. V. Vijayan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1991
| [[M. P. Sankunni Nair]]
| ''Chhatravum Chamaravum''
| Criticism
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1992
| [[M. Mukundan]]
| ''[[God's Mischief|Daivathinte Vikruthikal]]''
| Novel
| [[File:M mukundan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1993
| [[N. P. Mohammed]]
| ''Daivathinte Kannu''
| Novel
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1994
| [[Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri]]
| ''Ujjayiniyile Rappakalukal''
| Poetry
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1995
| [[Thikkodiyan]] (P. Kunjananandan Nair)
| ''Arangu Kanatha Natan''
| Autobiography
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 1996
| [[T. Padmanabhan]]
| ''Gowri''
| Short stories
| [[File:T Padmanabhan.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 1997
| [[Anand (writer)|Anand]] (P. Satchidanandan)
| ''Govardhante Yatrakal''
| Novel
| [[File:Anand p sachidanandan-2.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1998
| [[Kovilan]] (V. V. Ayyappan)
| ''Thattakam''
| Novel
| [[File:Kovilan.jpeg|80px]]
|-
| 1999
| [[C. V. Sreeraman]]
| ''Sreeramante Kathakal''
| Short stories
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 2000
| [[R. Ramachandran (poet)|R. Ramachandran]]
| ''R. Ramachandrante Kavithakal''
| Poetry
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 2001
| [[Attoor Ravi Varma]]
| ''Attoor Ravi Varmayute Kavitakal''
| Poetry
| [[File:ആറ്റൂർ രവിവർമ്മ.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2002
| [[K. G. Sankara Pillai]]
| ''K.G. Sankara Pillayude Kavitakal''
| Poems
| [[File:K_G_sankarapillai.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2003
| [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sara Joseph]]
| ''[[Aalahayude Penmakkal]]''
| Novel
| [[File:Sara.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2004
| [[Paul Zachariah]]
| ''Zachariyayute Kathakal''
| Short Stories
| [[File:Paul zakariaDSC 0108.resized.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 2005
| [[Kakkanadan|G. V. Kakkanadan]]
| ''Jappana Pukayila''
| Short Stories
| [[File:Kakkanadan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2006
| [[M. Sukumaran]]
| ''Chuvanna Chinnangal''
| Short stories
| {{Dash}}
|-
| 2007
| [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]] (A. Sethumadhavan)
| ''Adayalangal''
| Novel
| [[File:Malayalam writer Sethu.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2008
| [[K. P. Appan]]
| ''Madhuram Ninte Jeevitham''
| Essays
| [[File:Kpappan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2009
| [[U. A. Khader]]
| ''Thrikottoor Peruma''
| Novelite
| [[File:U a khader.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2010
| [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
| ''Haimavatha Bhoovil''
| Travelogue
| [[File:MP VEERENDRAKUMAR DSC 0070.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 2011
| [[M. K. Sanu]]
| ''Basheer: Ekantha Veedhiyile Avadhoothan''
| Biography
| [[File:Prof M.K. Sanu DSW 1.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 2012
| [[K. Satchidanandan]]<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928231833/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf |date=28 September 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.</ref>
| ''Marannu Vecha Vasthukkal''
| Poems
| [[File:Sachidanandan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2013
| [[M. N. Paloor]]<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002741/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf |date=19 December 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>
| ''Kathayillathavante Katha''
| Autobiography
| {{Dash}}
|-
|2014
|[[Subhash Chandran]]<ref>[http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/30157 "Subhash Chandran bags Kendra Sahithya Academy award"]. ''[[Madhyamam]]''. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.</ref>
|''[[Manushyanu Oru Aamukham]]''
|Novel
|[[File:Novelist_Subhash_Chandran_from_Kerala,_India.jpg|80px]]
|-
|2015
|[[K. R. Meera]]<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/kr-meera-aarachaar-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-malayalam.html "KR Meera wins Kendra Sahitya Akademi award"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref>
|''[[Aarachaar]]''
|Novel
|[[File:KR Meera KLF-2016.JPG|80px]]
|-
|2016
|[[Prabha Varma]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/article16919199.ece "Sahitya Akademi award for poet Prabha Varma"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</ref>
|''Shyamamaadhavam''
|Poetry
|[[File:Prabhavarma_in_klf_2017.jpg|80px]]
|-
|2017
|[[K. P. Ramanunni]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/in-conversation-with-author-k-p-ramanunni/article22677697.ece |title='I am for universal brotherhood' |author=K. T. Rajagopal |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=thehindu.com |location=[[Trivandrum]] |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|''Daivathinte Pusthakam''
|Novel
|[[File:Kp_ramanunni_001.jpg|80px]]
|-
|2018
|[[S. Ramesan Nair]]<ref>Kolappan, B. (8 December 2018). [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-born-writer-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-for-malayalam-work/article25693691.ece "Tamil Nadu-born writer wins Sahitya Akademi Award for Malayalam work"]. ''The Hindu''. Chennai: thehindu.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</ref>
|''Guru Pournami''
|Poetry
|[[File:S._Ramesan_Nair_BNC.jpg|80px]]
|-
|2019
|[[V. Madhusoodanan Nair]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2019/12/18/shashi-tharoor-madhusoodanan-nair-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award.html |title=Shashi Tharoor, Madhusoodanan Nair win Sahitya Akademi Award |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|''Achan Piranna Veedu''
|Poetry
|[[File:V Madhusoodanan Nair.jpg|80px]]
|-
|2020
|[[Omchery N. N. Pillai]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces 2020 Odia, Malayalam awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sahitya-akademi-announces-2020-odia-malayalam-awards/article36079187.ece |website=The Hindu |date=24 August 2021 }}</ref>
|''Aakasmikam''
|Memoir
| {{Dash}}
|-
|2021
|[[George Onakkoor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=K. Sreenivasarao|date=30 December 2021|title=List of Winners - 2021|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards21.pdf|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|''Hrudayaragangal''
|Memoir
|[[File:Dr._George_Onakkoor.jpg|80px]]
|-
|2022
|[[M. Thomas Mathew]]<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award 2022">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2022/12/22/kendra-sahitya-akademi-awards.html |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
|''Asante Seethayanam''
|Criticism
|[[File:Prof Thomas Mathew W.jpg|80px]]
|-
|2023
|[[E. V. Ramakrishnan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakrabarty |first=Sreeparna |date=2023-12-20 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards for 2023 announced |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/sahitya-akademi-awards-for-2023-announced/article67658599.ece |access-date=2023-12-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|''Malayala Novelinte Deshakalangal''
|Study
|–
|-
|2024
|[[K. Jayakumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title=K Jayakumar wins Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Malayalam work 'Pingalakeshini' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Dec/19/k-jayakumar-wins-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-for-malayalam-work-pingalakeshini |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|''Pingalakeshini''
|Poetry
|[[File:K Jayakumar.JPG|80px]]
|-
|2025
|N.Prabhakaran
|Maayaamanushyar
|Novel
|
|}

'''Note:''' No awards in 1959, 1961, and 1968.

==See also==
* [[List_of_Malayalam_literary_awards#Kendra_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Children's_Literature_(Bal_Sahitya_Puraskar)|Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]]
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sahitya}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam, List of}}
[[Category:Malayalam-related lists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Sahitya Akademi Award winners|Malayalam]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary awards]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Kerala]]

Sheetal Devi

2026-03-13T00:18:58Z

Dlife: Starting Initial Biography From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian para-archer (born 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sheetal Devi
| image = Sheetal Devi in September 2024.jpg
| caption = Devi in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|1|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Loidhar, [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| highestranking = 1 (2023)
| pb = 703 (2024) 
1399 '''[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|WR PR]]''' (2024)
| sport = [[Para-archery classification|Para-archery]]
| event = [[Compound bow|Compound]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Compound bow|compound]] [[Para-archery classification|para-archery]]}}[[File:Archery pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCount
| total = yes
| [[Summer Paralympic Games|Paralympic Games]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| [[World Para Archery Championship|World Championships]]
| 1
| 2
| 1
| [[Asian Para Games]]
| 2
| 1
| 0
| [[Asian Archery Championships|Asian Championships]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Archery Championship|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Para Archery Championships|2025 Gwangju]]|[[2025 World Para Archery Championships – Women's individual compound open|Individual]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 World Para Archery Championships|2023 Plzeň]]|[[2023 World Para Archery Championships#Medal summary|Individual]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Para Archery Championships|2025 Gwangju]]|[[2025 World Para Archery Championships – Women's doubles compound open|Doubles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 World Para Archery Championships|2025 Gwangju]]|[[2025 World Para Archery Championships#Medal summary|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Archery at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Archery at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Archery at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Doubles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Archery Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Asian Archery Championships|2023 Bangkok]]|[[Asian Archery Championships|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 Asian Archery Championships|2023 Bangkok]]|[[Asian Archery Championships|Individual]]}}
}}

'''Sheetal Devi''' (born 10 January 2007) is an Indian [[Compound bow|compound]] [[Para-archery classification|para-archer]]. She won a bronze medal in the [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|mixed team compound]] event at the [[2024 Paralympics|2024 Paris Paralympics]], becoming the youngest Indian Paralympian medalist. She has won gold medals at all the major competitions including the [[World Para Archery Championship|World Championships]], [[Asian Archery Championships|Asian Championships]] and the [[Asian Para Games]]. She is the recipient of [[Arjuna Award]] in 2023.<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Sheetal Devi was born on 10 January 2007 in Loidhar, [[Kishtwar district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref name=":0" /> Devi was born with [[phocomelia]], a rare medical condition resulting in the absence of arms. She is the first and only female para-archery champion without upper limbs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=Asian Para Games: No arms? No problem for Asian para-archery champion Sheetal Devi |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/38754398/2022-asian-para-games-sheetal-devi-armless-archer-gold-medal |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, she came to the attention of the Indian Army's [[Rashtriya Rifles]] unit, which facilitated her participation in Operation Sadbhavana initiatives, providing opportunities to develop her skills. The unit supported her education and arranged medical assistance, including treatment in Bengaluru. During this period, she received support from Meghna Girish, actor Anupam Kher, and Preeti Rai of the NGO ''The Being You''. Upon her return to Jammu and Kashmir, the Rashtriya Rifles unit assisted in her enrolment at the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board Sports Complex. She later progressed in her sporting career from this training base.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=World's first armless woman archer gets her wings at army camp in Jammu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/armless-teen-archer-sheetal-devi-from-army-camp-to-world-championship-glory-101691132508387.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Indian para-archer Sheetal Devi with PM Modi in 2024.jpg|thumb|left|Sheetal Devi with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2024.]]

After the efforts by the [[Indian Army]], Sheetal Devi caught the attention of coaches Abhilasha Chaudhary and Kuldeep Baidwan, who were impressed by her confidence and decided to begin her training. Although they initially considered using [[prosthetics]] to assist her, doctors advised that it was not possible in her case. Devi's ability to climb trees using only her legs had significantly developed her core strength, which became important in her training.<ref name =anmol/><ref name="sports.ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=How Sheetal Devi, India's First Female Armless Archer, Won Para Asiad Gold. Watch | Archery News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/archery/asian-para-games-archer-sheetal-devi-secures-gold-in-womens-individual-compound-4517980 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Finishes Paralympics With Historic Tally: Meet The Inspiring Medallists | Page 1 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/photogallery/lifes/india-finishes-paralympics-with-historic-tally-meet-the-inspiring-medallists/94096/1 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/arrow-of-hope-para-archer-sheetal-devi-s-journey-836661 |title=Video | Arrow Of Hope: Para Archer Sheetal Devi's Journey |language=en |access-date=13 September 2024 |via=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |first=Sports |date=1 December 2023 |title=The armless archer Sheetal Devi, who has captured the imagination of the country with her courageous journey and inspired everyone with her two gold and a silver medal in the Asian Para Games in Hangzhou. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/para-archery/article67595101.ece |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The coaches had never trained someone without arms for archery before. However, after researching and learning about [[Matt Stutzman]], an archer who uses his legs, they began her training. Within 11 months of training, Devi competed in the women's [[compound bow|compound bow event]] at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]],<ref name =anmol/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=Sheetal Devi: With three medals at Asian Para Games, 16-year-old armless archer from J&K is making waves |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/2-medals-at-asian-meet-16-year-old-from-jk-is-first-female-archer-without-arms-9001264/ |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2024 |title=Watch: Paris crowd erupts in awe as armless archer Sheetal Devi hits the bullseye |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/paris-paralympics-sheetal-devi-video-bullseye-crowd-commentators-delight-reaction-2591920-2024-09-01 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> where she won two gold medals for India.<ref name =anmol>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Sheetal Devi the armless archer की अद्भुत कहानी - हाथ नहीं है फिर भी जीते 3 मेडल |url=https://www.anmoll.com/news/sheetal-devi-the-armless-archer-first-indian-woman-to-win-2-asian-para-games-gold/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Anmoll |language=Hindi}}</ref> She secured gold in the mixed doubles and women's individual, in addition to a silver medal in the women's double compound event,<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=27 October 2023 |title=Armless archer Sheetal Devi first Indian woman to win 2 Asian Para Games gold as country's medal rush continues |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/armless-archer-sheetal-devi-first-indian-woman-to-win-2-asian-para-games-gold-as-countrys-medal-rush-continues/article67465316.ece |access-date=27 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="sports.ndtv.com"/> which moved her to the top of the para world archery rankings in the women's compound open category.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2023 |title=Sheetal Devi becomes World No. 1 Para Archer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/sheetal-devi-becomes-world-no-1-para-archer/articleshow/105569190.cms |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 9 January 2024, Devi received the [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (2020–2029)|Arjuna Award 2023]] from the President of India, [[Droupadi Murmu]] at Rashtrapati Bhavan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2024 |title=National Sports Awards 2023: Mohammed Shami, para-archer Sheetal Devi receive Arjuna awards - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/national-sports-awards-2023-mohammed-shami-para-archer-sheetal-devi-receive-arjuna-awards-watch/articleshow/106658464.cms |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=E. T. |date=9 January 2024 |title=Arjuna Awards 2023: Para-archer Sheetal Devi receives prestigious award from President Murmu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/arjuna-awards-2023-para-archer-sheetal-devi-receives-prestigious-award-from-president-murmu/videoshow/106674108.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> She became the youngest athlete to compete in women's para archery at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2024 |title=Paralympics 2024: Who is Sheetal Devi? 17-year-old scripts world record in archery |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/paralympics-2024-who-is-sheetal-devi-17-year-old-scripts-world-record-in-archery-101725012008888.html |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She surpassed the previous world record of 698 points in the ranking round with an impressive score of 703, qualifying for the 1/16 elimination round in the [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's individual compound open|women's individual compound open category]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=29 August 2024 |title=Sheetal sizzles, qualifies for the round of 16 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/sheetal-sizzles-qualifies-for-the-round-of-16/article68582774.ece |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Paralympics: Sheetal Devi leads Indian archers' impressive show in ranking round |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tennis/story/paralympics-sheetal-devi-india-archery-personal-best-ranking-round-2590417-2024-08-30 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Tanya |date=31 August 2024 |title=Jodie Grinham shoots into history with Paralympic archery bronze while pregnant |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/aug/31/jodie-grinham-shoots-into-history-with-paralympic-archery-bronze-success |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Despite being eliminated by just 1 point in the 1/8 elimination round,<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=1 September 2024 |title=Paris Paralympics: Sheetal Devi bows out, Sarita misses semis spot |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/paris-paralympics-sheetal-devi-bows-out-sarita-misses-semis-spot-1503338190.html |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2024 |title=Paralympics: Archer Sheetal loses pre-quarters, out of individual medal contention |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/paris-paralympics-2024-sheetal-devi-misses-out-quarterfinals-mariana-zuniga-2591527-2024-08-31 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> she overcame the setback by winning a bronze medal in the [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|mixed team compound open category]] alongside [[Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)|Rakesh Kumar]] at the 2024 Summer Paralympics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2 September 2024 |title=Indian duo of Sheetal Devi and Rakesh Kumar wins bronze |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/olympics/indian-duo-of-sheetal-devi-and-rakesh-kumar-wins-bronze/article68598563.ece |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=Paris Paralympics: With mixed team archery bronze, Sheetal Devi adds another chapter to glorious legacy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paris-paralympics-sheetal-devi-archery-bronze-medal-9546845/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>On 28 September 2025, Devi won gold at the [[2025 World Para Archery Championships|2025 World Para Archery Championships, Gwangju]] defeating [[Öznur Cüre|Oznur Cure]], the defending champion and the World No.1 by a scoreline of 146-143 becoming the first armless woman to be crowned champion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Perfection personified: At 18, Sheetal Devi fulfils her dream of becoming world champion |url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/46406101/perfection-personified-18-sheetal-devi-fulfils-dream-becoming-world-champion |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
===International===
*Best Youth Athlete of the Year 2023 by [[Asian Paralympic Committee]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Para Archer Sheetal Devi Wins Best Youth Athlete Of 2023 Honour At Asian Awards |website=[[The Chenab Times]] |date=27 November 2023 |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/11/27/para-archer-sheetal-devi-wins-best-youth-athlete-of-2023-honour-at-asian-awards/ |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sheetal Devi, India's 16-Year-Old Para Archery Champion, Wins Best Youth Athlete Of 2023 Honour At Asian Awards |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook (magazine)]] |date=26 November 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/sheetal-devi-india-s-16-year-old-para-archery-champion-wins-best-youth-athlete-of-2023-honour-at-asian-awards-news-332990 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
*Best Women Para Archer of the Year 2023 by [[World Archery]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2024 |title=Meet Sheetal Devi, Indian archer who became a Para archery sensation against all odds |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/meet-sheetal-devi-indian-archer-who-became-a-para-archery-sensation-against-all-odds/articleshow/112900075.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===National===
*[[Arjuna award]] (2023)<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=The Golden Girl of India Sheetal Devi receives Arjuna Award from President of India |website=[[India Today]] |date=9 January 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/sheetal-devi-arjuna-award-president-of-india-2486393-2024-01-09 |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Sheetal Devi Honoured With Arjuna Award: Well-Deserved Birthday Gift To World's No. 1 Para-Archer At 17 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/good-news/meet-sheetal-devi-para-archer-from-jk-honoured-with-arjuna-award-article-106664916 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.indianarchery.info/history Sheetal Devi and Rakesh Kumar] at [[Archery Association of India]]
* {{World Archery|48250/sheetal-devi|}}
* {{IPC}}
* [https://olympics.com/en/news/who-is-sheetal-devi-india-women-para-archer Sheetal Devi: The armless odds-defying wonder para archer] at [[Olympics.com]]
* [https://olympics.com/en/news/sheetal-devi-indian-para-archer-interview Sheetal Devi reveals her Olympic dreams and sacrifices] at Olympics.com
* [https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-archery-india-sheetal-devi-ranking-round Paris 2024 Paralympics: India's armless archer Sheetal Devi falls one point short of world record] at Olympics.com
* [https://www.paralympic.org/paris-2024/video/meet-india-sheetal-devi Meet India's Sheetal Devi] at [[Paralympic.org]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240908050210/https://shillongteerkhela.com/ Shillong teer]
* {{Instagram}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Sheetal Devi
|d = yes
|d-search = Q123210681
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Sports
}}

{{Paralympic medalists for India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Sheetal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian female archers]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People without hands]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in archery]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in archery]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Chantabbai

2026-03-10T12:43:00Z

Dlife: expanded content

{{short description|1986 Telugu comedy film by Jandhyala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chantabbai
| image = Chantabbai.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Jandhyala (filmmaker)|Jandhyala]]
| producer = Bheemavarapu Buchi Reddy
| writer = Jandhyala
| based_on = {{based on|''Chantabbai''|[[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]]}}
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Suhasini Mani Ratnam|Suhasini]] [[Jaggayya]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = [[Lok Singh]]
| editing = Gowtham Raju
| studio = Jyothi Art Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1986|8|22}}
| runtime = 134 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Chantabbai''''' ({{translation|The little chap}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Jandhyala]], starring [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], with [[Jaggayya]] and [[Mucherla Aruna]] in supporting roles. Based on [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]]'s novel of the same name, the film features music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Krishna |date=2020-08-22 |title=మెగాస్టార్ 'చంటబ్బాయి'కి 34 ఏళ్ళు! |trans-title=34 Years for Chiranjeevi's Chantabbai |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/megastar-chiranjeevi-chantabbai-movie-completed-34-years-51502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726163627/https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/megastar-chiranjeevi-chantabbai-movie-completed-34-years-51502 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te}}</ref>

Released on 22 August 1986, ''Chantabbai'' received critical acclaim but was commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-22 |title=Happy Birthday Chiranjeevi: 5 unconventional films of the actor that prove he can pull off any character |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-chiranjeevi-5-unconventional-films-of-the-actor-that-prove-he-can-pull-off-any-character/photostory/70779587.cms |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=G. Manjula Kumar |date=26 August 2003 |title=Aiming at an entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/aiming-at-an-entertainer/article28446792.ece |website=The Hindu |via=}}</ref> Despite its initial box office performance, the film later achieved [[Cult film|cult]] status and is regarded as a classic in Telugu comedy cinema.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Chiranjeevi: చిరంజీవి బర్త్ డే రోజున విడుదలైన మెగాస్టార్ ఏకైక చిత్రం తెలుసా.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/chiranjeevi-do-you-know-about-one-only-movie-released-on-his-birthday-here-are-the-details-ta-157995 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Zee News |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Panduranga "Pandu" Rao is an amateur detective employed at Universal Detective Agency in [[Visakhapatnam]], which is run and managed by Ramachandra Murthy. He considers [[James Bond]] as his idol, and models himself after him in terms of appearance and gives himself the name "James Pond". Neither the police nor his colleagues take Pandu seriously, including his assistant Ganapathi and the local police inspector Saumitri. Pandu harbours feelings for Jwala, a self-employed telephone cleaner. She considers him as a good friend, but does not take his professional abilities seriously.

Once, Jwala visits the house of a businessman to clean his telephone, but finds herself holding a hand gun instead of telephone receiver. She is accused of killing the businessman and theft of diamonds he possessed. Pandu takes up the case, but is interrupted by Murthy, who was appointed by the police to help them as a detective. Pandu refuses to give up and continues to investigate unofficially. Meanwhile, Jwala's friend Nischala, a surgeon, arranges her release on bail.

As a part of his investigation, Pandu calls Jwala to his office for an interrogation, which goes horribly wrong. However, Pandu gets to know that Jwala spotted a chocolate brown-coloured Maruti car parked outside the businessman's house on the day of murder. He notices Murthy using a similar car and contacting jewellers outside Visakhapatnam. Pandu grows suspicious, and spies on Murthy with Saumitri's help. They eventually catch Murthy confessing his crime to a jeweller and arrest him. Pandu is subsequently appointed as the head of Universal Detective Agency.

Upon Jwala's recommendation, Nischala approaches Pandu with a case: to find her missing paternal half-brother who was nicknamed Chantabbai (younger one). Chantabbai was born to Nischala's father Gangadharam and his love interest Sarmishta. Gangadharam was later coerced to marry Nischala's mother, who managed to keep them apart until her demise. With Gangadharam's health deteriorating severely, Nischala wants to bring Chantabbai before him and make him happy.

Pandu takes up the case and finds that Gangadharam's friend Ramkoti took care of Sarmistha and Chantabbai for a while. Upon investigating, Pandu learns that Ramkoti had two sons Kalyan and Pattabhi, and favoured the former. Pandu concludes that Kalyan is Gangadharam's son and introduces him to the family. Days later, Pattabhi comes to Gangadharam's house and claims to be Chantabbai.

Pandu finds himself challenged with the outcome and tries several ways to deduce the real heir. All of them fail due to several loopholes, but the results of a blood test manipulated by both makes Pandu believe that both of them are fraudsters. Gangadharam expels both from his house, and the brothers swear revenge. Meanwhile, Pandu and Jwala fall in love and plan for their marriage.

One day, Pandu learns from Nischala that Chantabbai's aunt Bala has arrived in Visakhapatnam for a family function. Pandu goes to meet Bala and learns that his mother was the Sharmistha whom Gangadharam loved. Realising that he is Chantabbai, Pandu recalls the hardships he faced as a child and how he was ostracized by the society for his illegitimate birth. Pandu refuses to return to Gangadharam's place as his son, unless the share of wealth he would inherit be donated to the orphanage he runs in the city. Nischala agrees to the condition and mediates.

Meanwhile, Kalyan and Pattabhi kidnap Pandu and demand ransom from Gangadharam. Pandu sends a letter explaining his plight and requests to save him. However, Ganapathi notices number '1' written on the sheet and starts reading the first letter of each word in the message together; they reveal an instruction to tell the kidnappers that he is not the real heir of Gangadharam.

Gangadharam executes the plan, and Pandu leads the brothers to a house. There, they notice Gangadharam playing cards with his friend, and proceed to kidnap him. However, Saumitri enters and arrests the brothers. The film ends with Gangadharam accepting Pandu as his son, and his marriage with Jwala.

== Cast ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as Panduranga Rao "James Pond" / Chantabbai
**K. Rajesh as young Chantabbai
*[[Suhasini Mani Ratnam|Suhasini]] as Jwala
*[[Mucherla Aruna]] as Dr. Nischala
*[[Suthivelu]] as Ganapathi, Pandu's assistant
*[[Allu Aravind]] as Pandu's assistant
*[[Jaggayya]] as A. Gangadharam, Nischala's father
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Pandu's Boss
*Bheema Raju as Inspector Saumitri
*[[Allu Rama Lingaiah|Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Kodandam, Jwala's father
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Krishna Murthy, a deaf man
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Vagdevi
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Kalyan
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Pattabhi
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as Bhattu, Cook
*Dham as Dama
*[[Potti Prasad]] as Newspaper editor
*Viswanatham
*[[Jayalalita]] as Nurse
*[[Krishnaveni (actress)|Krishnaveni]]
*[[Dubbing Janaki]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ali (comedian)]] as one of the students in school
}}

== Music ==

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Citation |title=Chantabbai Songs |url=https://gaana.com/album/chanttabbai |access-date=2024-11-03 |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref>
| all_music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| all_lyrics = [[Veturi]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Utharana Levandi Dhruva Nakshatram
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Atlanti Itlanti Heroni Kanu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 3:59
| title3 = Nenu Neekai Puttinanani
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Nenu Prema Pujari
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:19
}}

== Reception ==
Although ''Chantabbai'' did not fare well at the box office upon its release, it later became a cult classic, praised for its humour and Chiranjeevi's comedic performance. Initially, audiences did not embrace the film, as it differed from Chiranjeevi's usual action-hero roles. However, it gained significant popularity in repeat television screenings, where it became a hit.<ref name=":0" />

In 2016, Karthik Keramulu of ''Dailyo'' highlighted that the film was a casting coup, with Chiranjeevi—known for his action roles—playing a bumbling private detective in a full-length comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2016 |title=30 years on, why we must revisit Chiranjeevi starrer Chantabbai |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/chantabbai-chiranjeevi-telugu-cinema-revisit-james-pond/story/1/12458.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219073754/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/chantabbai-chiranjeevi-telugu-cinema-revisit-james-pond/story/1/12458.html |archive-date=19 December 2019 |website=DailyO}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The 2024 film ''[[Srikakulam Sherlock Holmes]]'' pays homage to ''Chantabbai'' with the tagline "Chantabbai Thaluka" ("Care of Chantabbai").<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-12-16 |title=Srikakulam Sherlockholmes trailer: A gripping whodunnit with a comical Vennela Kishore at the helm |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/16/srikakulam-sherlockholmes-trailer-a-gripping-whodunnit-with-a-comical-vennela-kishore-at-the-helm |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |date=20 December 2024 |title=Chiranjeevi: తెలుగులో డిటెక్టివ్ సినిమా అనగానే చిరంజీవి మూవీ గుర్తుకువస్తుంది, తాలూకా ఇప్పుడు ట్రెండింగ్: డైరెక్టర్ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/vennela-kishore-srikakulam-sherlock-holmes-director-mohan-about-chiranjeevi-chantabbai-movie-and-thaluka-trending-121734665040743.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=[[HT Media]] |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0245829|title=Chantabbai}}

{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jandhyala]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:1980s police comedy films]]
[[Category:1980s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s crime comedy films]]
[[Category:1980s comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:1986 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1986 comedy films]]

Kuntal Joisher

2026-03-06T15:55:59Z

Dlife: done

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox climber
| name = Kuntal Joisher
| image = Kuntal-Joisher-vegan-mountaineer.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| full_name = Kuntal Joisher
| birth_name =
| nickname =
| main_discipline =
| other_discipline =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1980|2|26}}
| birth_place = Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| nationality = Indian
| start_age =
| start_discipline =
| majorascents =Mt. [[Everest]], Mt. [[Lhotse]], Mt. [[Manaslu]], Mt. [[Denali]]
| partnerships =
| spouse = Dipti Joisher
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}
[[File:Kuntal mingma everest summit.jpg|thumb|Kuntal Joisher, and Mingma Tenji Sherpa on summit of Mt. Everest on 19 May 2016|313x313px]]
'''Kuntal Joisher''' (born 26 February 1980) is an Indian mountaineer based in Mumbai. On 15 May 2018, he stood on top of Mt. [[Lhotse]], the 4th highest mountain in the world at 8516 meters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-man-plants-a-flag-on-mt-lhotse-for-vegans/articleshow/64433502.cms|title=Maharashtra man plants a flag on Mt Lhotse for vegans - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/11-climbers-reached-summit-of-lhotse-today|title=11 climbers reached summit of Lhotse today {{!}} News - Dream Wanderlust|date=2018-05-15|work=Dream Wanderlust|access-date=2018-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/79-year-old-japanese-oldest-climber-to-scale-mt-lhotse-sherpa-climber-missing-on-mt-everest/|title=79-year-old Japanese oldest climber to scale Mt Lhotse; Sherpa climber missing on Mt Everest|date=2018-05-15|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=2018-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> During the course of the expedition, Joisher only consumed strictly vegan food, and used only vegan gear including a one-piece synthetic suit made completely from animal-free material, as well as mittens and gloves constructed devoid of down or leather.

He climbed [[Mount Everest]] from the south side on a completely [[plant-based diet]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.veganfirst.com/article/meet-kuntal-joisher-a-vegan-mountain-climber-who-conquered-mt-everest|title=Meet Kuntal Joisher: A Vegan Mountain Climber Who Conquered Mt. Everest|last=Mehta|first=Palak|work=Vegan First|access-date=2018-05-25|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://veganmagazin.de/2016/kuntal-joisher-vegan-mount-everest/|title=vegan "bis auf die spitze" kuntal joisher auf dem mount everest|date=2016-08-29|work=veganmagazin|access-date=2018-05-25|language=de-DE}}</ref> He reached the summit on 19 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/vegan-successfully-climbed-mount-everest/|title=You Won't Hear About it in the News, but a Vegan Successfully Climbed Mount Everest|website=One Green Planet|date=25 May 2016 |access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bt.dk/udland/hvorfor-doede-unge-maria-paa-verdens-hoejeste-bjerg-medier-spekulerer-i-overraskend|title=Hvorfor døde unge Maria på verdens højeste bjerg? Medier spekulerer i overraskende teori|website=www.bt.dk|date=24 May 2016 |access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2016/05/24/vegan-climber-dies-attempting-summit-mount-everest/|title=Woman Attempting to Prove Vegans Can Do Anything Dies Summiting Mt. Everest - OutdoorHub|website=OutdoorHub|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> He is also the first mountaineer to have climbed Mt. [[Manaslu]], the eighth highest mountain in the world, on a completely plant-based diet. He reached the summit on 1 October 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/31937-after-two-failed-attempts-kuntal-joisher-s-dream-of-climbing-the-everest-as-a-vegan-came-true.html|title=After Two Failed Attempts, This Man's Dream Of Climbing The Everest As A Vegan Came True|work=www.mensxp.com|access-date=2018-05-25|language=en}}</ref>

Joisher first went to Nepal in 1984 as a child and returned to Nepal several times for photography and climbing and says he regards Nepal as his "second home". Surviving an almost fatal avalanche during the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]], Joisher arranged a photo exhibition after his return and donated income he made from it to relief measures in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/nepal-still-new-to-the-culture-of-safety-among-adventure-companies/20150703.htm|title=Nepal still new to the culture of safety among adventure companies|website=Rediff|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> He says regarding his expedition, "it was important for me to send a message across the world that vegans can do it. I wanted to debunk every single myth around veganism."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lokaantar.com/en/articles/scaled-everest-debunk-every-single-myth-around-veganism/|title=I scaled Everest to debunk every single myth around veganism|date=2016-05-30|website=Lokaantar : in pursuit of facts|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> He reached the summit of [[Denali]] in June 2022.

==Early life==
Kuntal was born in [[India]] to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] (Bhanushali) family. He was raised as a vegetarian, and later turned vegan in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kuntaljoisher.com/about/|title=About Kuntal A Joisher}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhufoods.com/fearless-vegan-interview-first-vegan-scale-mt-everest-kuntal-joisher/|title=The Fearless Vegan – Interview with First Vegan to Scale Mt. Everest, Kuntal Joisher|publisher=BHU Foods}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-36361984|title=Is it more difficult for vegans to push themselves to physical extremes? - BBC News|work=BBC News |date=23 May 2016 |language=en-GB|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> He is an alumnus of [[USC Viterbi School of Engineering|USC Viterbi]], where he did his masters in Computer Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://viterbi.usc.edu/news/news/2015/mount-everest-avalanche-nepal-kuntal-joisher-mountain.htm|title=USC - Viterbi School of Engineering - A Summit of Courage|website=viterbi.usc.edu|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref>

== 2014 Everest attempt ==
In 2014, Joisher survived a failed attempt during which 16 [[Sherpa people|Sherpa climbing guides]] died in the [[Khumbu Icefall|Khumbu Icefall section]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mnn.com/health/fitness-well-being/blogs/everest-climber-captured-in-viral-video-was-on-a-vegan-mission|title=Everest climber captured in viral video was on a vegan mission|website=MNN - Mother Nature Network|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The accident was the largest accident in the Everest climbing history. In October 2014, Joisher became the first vegan and the second Indian [[civilian]] to summit [[Manaslu]] at 8163 m, the eighth highest mountain in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/01/he-dreamt-of-being-the-first-vegan-to-climb-mount-everest-from-nepal-then-the-earthquake-happened/|title=He dreamt of being the first vegan to climb Mount Everest from Nepal. Then the earthquake happened.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/why-the-only-thing-tougher-than-climbing-mt-everest-is-raising-the-fund-for-it/articleshow/46890443.cms|title=Why the only thing tougher than climbing Mt Everest is raising the fund for it - The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> A few months before his first Everest attempt, Joisher was called a "fitness star" in a [[The Times of India|Times of India]] article.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Superb-ways-to-be-fat-free/articleshow/28378493.cms|title=Superb ways to be fat-free - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref>

== 2015 Everest attempt ==
In an interview about his 2015 attempt, Joisher declared that his motivation to climb Everest was to disprove the notion that a vegan diet is nutritionally deficient,<ref name=":0" /> and wanted to use clothing and equipment not made from animal products.<ref name=":1" /> This attempt also saw Joisher reach for [[Crowdfunding|crowd funding]]; he offered to give away his Everest summit ice-axe to anyone who donated over [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Crowds-fund-underdogs-ticket-to-the-big-stage/articleshow/46902124.cms|title=Crowds fund underdog's ticket to the big stage - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> His attempt to be the first vegan to summit from the south side failed due to an avalanche that was caused by the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015 Nepal earthquake]], which resulted in 21 deaths.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2015/04/25/cfa47ee6-eb95-11e4-9a6a-c1ab95a0600b_story.html|title=17 reported dead in Mount Everest avalanche, but toll expected to rise|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> A video of the incident that featured Joisher went viral on YouTube receiving over 23 million hits.<ref name=":0" /> Joisher trekked with his fellow survivors for 3–4 days from [[Everest Base Camp|EBC]] to [[Lukla]] from where they were transported to Kathmandu by [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] helicopter. They then volunteered to assist relief work for the earthquake hit as they awaited the arrival of their gear. Joisher kneaded dough and cut vegetables for a kitchen that served [[puri bhaji]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/inside-nepal-escaping-the-avalanche-to-feed-puri-bhaji-to-quake-survivors/20150505.htm|title=Inside Nepal: Escaping the avalanche to feed puri-bhaji to survivors|website=Rediff|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> Joisher told NDTV "I'm certain I'll be back again next year".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/what-we-experienced-has-only-made-us-stronger-we-will-be-back-say-everest-base-camp-survivors-760461|title='What We Experienced Has Only Made Us Stronger. We Will be Back,' Say Everest Base Camp Survivors|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref>

== 2016 Everest successful summit ==
Joisher's 45-day Everest expedition culminated in his climbing the summit on 19 May 2016.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/mumbaikar-just-climbed-everest-vegan-210600082.html|title=This Mumbaikar just climbed Everest, and he's vegan|website=in.news.yahoo.com|access-date=2016-06-05}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joisher, Kuntal}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Plant-based diet advocates]]
[[Category:Indian veganism activists]]

Desh region

2026-03-06T12:40:59Z

Dlife:

{{Short description|Region in India}}
{{Distinguish|Khandesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2009}}

[[File:Paschim_Maharashtra.png|thumb|Desh Region in Maharashtra]]
'''Desh''' (also known as '''Paschim Maharashtra''' in Maharashtra) is a region adjacent to the [[Western Ghats]] between the [[Godavari River]] and [[Krishna River]], a part of [[Deccan Plateau]], in the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. The region is hilly and slopes towards the east, and is drained by the upper reaches of the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers and their tributaries.<ref name="cho">{{cite book|pages=52–54|title=Religions and communities of India|first=Pran Nath|last=Chopra|publisher=Vision Books|year=1982|isbn=978-0-85692-081-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Our Fellow Pilgrims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IXYAAAAMAAJ|page=65|author=Gregory Naik|publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Prakash|year=2000|isbn = 9788187886105|quote=The Deshastha Brahmins “Desha" is the name given to the territory of the valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari, and the Deccan Plateau. Hence this community is spread over the states of Maharashtra (especially in Kolhapur), Karnataka, and Andhra.}}</ref>

In the context of the history of Maharashtra, "Desh" is an abbreviation for "Maharashtra-desh", that historical region of the west-central [[Deccan Plateau]] that is called the [[Division of Pune]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=st52DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA253|page=253|title=Reconsidering the Impact of Climate Change on Global Water Supply, Use, and Management|author1=Rao|author2=Prakash|author3=Patil|author4=Yogesh|publisher=IGI Global|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Marathwada came to be called separately because it had been conquered by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] as part of the former [[Princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].

The Desh region was the birthplace and core of the [[Maratha Kingdom]], founded by [[Shivaji]] in the 17th century, and is home to a number of cities, like [[Satara (city)|Satara]] and [[Pune]], associated with the Maratha Empire history. The region came under [[British Raj|British]] rule in 1818, at the conclusion of the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. Most of the region was ruled directly by the British as part of the [[Bombay Presidency]], but several princely states, including [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Sangli]], and [[Kolhapur]], remained under Maratha rulers in [[subsidiary alliance]] with the British. Satara was annexed by the British in 1848. After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947, Bombay Presidency became the Indian state of [[Bombay state|Bombay]]. Bombay state was divided into the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat in 1960.

==Politics==
Politics in Paschim Maharashtra is linked with the [[cooperative]] movement. Most of the sugar cooperative factories in western Maharashtra work as power centers and play a major role in politics. [[Sangli]] District has a major political climate in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Merchant |first1=Minhaz |title=The economic and political influence of sugar cooperatives in Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19781031-the-economic-and-political-influence-of-sugar-cooperatives-in-maharashtra-823100-2014-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bavadam |first1=Lyla |title=An uneasy alliance |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30225053.ece |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=October 22, 2004 |location=Mumbai |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|19.55|76.|display=title}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Western Ghats}}

[[Category:Regions of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Ghaznavids

2026-03-06T05:42:11Z

Dlife: minor refine formatting per sources additionally and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Khandaan (1942 film)

2026-03-03T23:19:53Z

Dlife: General improvements to article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Khandaan
|image = Khandaan (1942 film).jpg
|alt =
|caption = Film poster
|director = [[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]]
|producer = Pancholi Pictures
|writer = [[Imtiaz Ali Taj]]
|screenplay =
|story = Imtiaz Ali Taj
|based_on =
|narrator =
|starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
* [[Noor Jehan]] [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]]
* [[M. Ajmal]]
* Ghulam Mohammed
* Ibrahim
}}
|music = [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]]
|editing = M.A.Latif
|studio = P.H.P Lahore
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|1942|04|25}}
|runtime = 2 hours 54 minutes
|country = British India
|language = Hindustani
|budget =
|gross =
}}
[[File:Khandan (1942).webm|thumb|{{lang|hi-latn|Khandaan}}]]
'''{{lang|hi-latn|Khandaan}}''' ({{translation|Family}}), also spelled as ''Khan Daan'', is a [[Bollywood films of 1942|1942]] [[muslim social]] [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]] (in his directorial debut) and produced by D.M. Pancholi,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upperstall.com/film/khandaan/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |author=Karan Bali|date=1 November 2019|website=Upperstall.com website|title=Film review of Khandaan (1942 film)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923055605/https://upperstall.com/film/khandaan/|archive-date=23 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="us">{{cite web | url=https://www.upperstall.com/people/ghulam-haider/ |author=Karan Bali|title=Ghulam Haider (a profile)|website=Upperstall.com website|date=16 April 2023|access-date=21 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530162431/https://upperstall.com/profile/ghulam-haider/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2024}}</ref> starring [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Noor Jehan]], Ghulam Mohammed and [[M. Ajmal]].<ref name=indiancine>[https://indiancine.ma/DOL/info Film review of Khandaan (1942 film) on indiancine.ma website] Retrieved 7 November 2020</ref>

It was written by author [[Imtiaz Ali Taj]] and made in Pancholi's [[Lahore]] studio. For the first time in [[British India]], there was a lot of "ahead of film release" publicity for this film. As a result, this became a much-awaited film for the Indian public and became a hit film when released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=147&catName=MTk0Mg==|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016214548/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=147&catName=MTk0Mg== |date=16 January 2012|archive-date=16 October 2013|website=BoxOffice India website|title=Top earners of 1942|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> Noor Jehan achieved an overnight stardom following the success of the film.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hN6mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|title=Bollywood: A History |page=239 |author=Mihir Bose|date=9 May 2008 |isbn=9789351940456 }}</ref> The film also established the career of director Rizvi and music composer Haider.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BksDAAAAMAAJ&q=Khandan+Shaukat |title=Perspective |volume=4 |publisher=Pakistan Publications |year=1971 |page=36}}</ref>

{{lang|hi-latn|Khandaan}} is among the few surviving films that hailed from the genre of [[Muslim social]] films and was produced in [[Lahore]], [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeeREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Evacuee Cinema: Bombay and Lahore in Partition Transit, 1940–1960 |isbn=978-1009151207 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author=Salma Siddique|date=16 February 2023 }}</ref>

==Plot==
A rich man is seduced by a gold-digging woman. When she later betrays him, the man kills her along with her new lover. He is arrested and sent to jail for a long time. When he is released, he finds employment as a gardener (not knowing that the employer is his own son) and becomes a father-figure to his employer's son Anwar and to Anwar's fiancée Zeenat. When he sees the young Anwar falling into the same kind of trap he had all those years ago, he does his best to prevent the tragedy of his own life from being repeated in Anwar's.

==Cast==
* [[Noor Jehan]] as Zeenat<ref name=indiancine/><ref name="us"/>
* [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Nargis<ref name=indiancine/>
* [[Moolchand]] as riding bicycles behind Noor Jehen's car
* Ghulam Mohammed as Amjad
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran Krisnan]] as Anwar<ref name="us"/>
* [[M. Ajmal]] as Iqbal<ref name=indiancine/>
* Ibrahim (''Heengwala'') as Akbar
* Durga Mota as Augustus
* Baby Akhtar as Najma<ref name=indiancine/>
* Nafees Begum as Mother
* G. N. Butt as Ramsaran
* M. Channi as Nisar

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]]<ref name=us/> and the lyrics by [[M. D. Taseer]], [[Nazim Panipati]] and [[D. N. Madhok]]. The playback singers include [[Noor Jehan]], [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]] and Nasim Akhtar. This film was a landmark movie for [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]] and [[Noor Jehan]] as well as the film director [[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]]. All three ended up becoming well-sought-after persons.<ref name="us"/><ref>[http://muvyz.com/moviepage/lh686810 Khandaan (1942 film) on MuVyz.com website] Retrieved 7 November 2020</ref>

1. "Mere Liye Jahan Mein Chaen Hai Naa Qaraar Hai" - [[Noor Jehan]]<ref name=indiancine/>

2. "Tu Kaunsi Badli Mein Mere Chand Hai Aaja" - Noor Jehan<ref name="us"/>

3. "Khelenge Hum Aankh Macholi" - Noor Jehan<ref name="us"/>

4. "Mere Baagh Ka Mali Phir Aagaya" - [[Shamshad Begum]]

5. "Maar Gayi Re Hamein Teri Nazaria" - Noor Jehan

6. "Udja Udja Panchhi Udja" - Noor Jehan & [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]]<ref name=indiancine/>

7. "Chalo Paniya Bharan Ko Chalein" – Shamshad Begum & Nasim Akhtar<ref name=indiancine/>

8. "Mere Mann Ka Panchhi Kyun Bole" – Noor Jehan

9. "Meri Ammi Ka Raj Bhala" - Shamshad Begum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0151200}}
* [https://indiancine.ma/DOL/info Khandan (1942)] on indiancine.ma
* [http://www.hindilyrics.net/profiles/ghulam-haider.html Ghulam Haider profile on hindilyrics.net website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003431/http://www.hindilyrics.net/profiles/ghulam-haider.html |date=5 December 2018 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandaan (1942 film)}}
[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1942 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1942 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghulam Haider]]

Jay Jay

2026-03-03T04:38:33Z

Dlife: small changes

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jay Jay
| image = Jay Jay poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Saran (director)|Saran]]
| writer = Saran
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| starring = [[R. Madhavan]] [[Priyanka Kothari|Amogha]] [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|11|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jay Jay''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Saran (director)|Saran]]. The film stars [[R. Madhavan]], [[Priyanka Kothari|Amogha]] and [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]], while [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Charle]], [[Dhamu]] and [[Malavika Avinash]] also play key supporting roles. Produced by V. Ravichandran of [[Aascar Films|Oscar Films]], the film had music scored by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] and is based on Hollywood film ''[[Serendipity (film)|Serendipity]]''.

== Plot ==
Jagan ([[R. Madhavan]]) is a carefree youth who stays with his friends in a room. He plays violin well and seeks every opportunity to help others, at the same time benefitting himself. His father ([[Delhi Ganesh]]) is an assistant of an unsuccessful politician, who works for two politician brothers. Their sister, Seema ([[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]]), has a crush on Jagan after he saves her from some goons. On the other hand, is Jamuna ([[Priyanka Kothari|Amogha]]). Jamuna is a very beautiful young woman who is from Kolkata. Her father is very protective of her. Jagan spots her at a book store and falls for her instantly only to be beaten up by her father shortly afterwards. Jamuna apologises to Jagan. Jagan, unable to forget her, goes to the bookstore again in hopes of seeing her. Jamuna buys a book, kisses it and starts writing her name, only to be interrupted by Jagan. Jagan only knows her name starts with J. They have a cup of coffee and Jagan shares his interest in marrying her. Jamuna, who deeply believes in destiny, writes her name and address in a 100rs bill and tells Jagan that if either of them get hold of the bill by 1 year, she would marry him. She then pays the waiter. When Jagan goes to the waiter to take back the bill, it is given away. Jamuna goes back to Kolkata and Jagan is lost. Jagan starts looking for the bill and his friends help him. Jamuna, who is in Kolkata get a proposal from her family friend, Guna([[Sashikumar Subramani|Shasikumar]]). She remembers Jagan's proposal and realises she has fallen in love with him. She also looks for the bill with the help of her cousin, Meera ([[Malavika Avinash]]).

Under spam circumstances, Jagan gets engaged to Seema who later realises the truth about Jagan look in for Jamuna. Jamuna gets hold of the bill while eating Pani Puri but the money is snatched by a petty thief. She breaks down and upon seeing this, Meera scolds her of abandoning Jagan in Chennai.

Seema gets hold of the book bought by Jamuna, who purposely leaves it at the cafe where they both met, in hopes it might reach Jagan. Seema gives it to Jagan who finds that Jamuna is from Bengal after seeing Bengali words in it. Jagan goes to Kolkata and Jamuna goes to Chennai with Meera, to confess to Jagan. Their trains cross each other at Vizag yet, they fail to meet. When in Kolkata, Jagan fails to find Jamuna. In Chennai, Jamuna finds Jagan's house. It is revealed that Meera is Jagan's friend as Jagan's sister and Meera share the same hostel. When Jamuna is left alone in Jagan's home, his father introduces another boy as Jagan. Jamuna leaves for Kolkata disappointed. After she leaves, the boy tells Meera the truth. She quickly informs Jamuna. But when she meets Jagan's father, his father tells her that he lied, fearing Jagan's life under the hands of the politician brothers.

Meera goes to Kolkata and tells Jamuna, who breaks down. In Chennai, Jagan finds the note. He happily tells Seema and her brothers oppose it. Meera and Jamuna comes to Chennai, and Guna sacrifices his love. Jagan learns that Jamuna is coming to Chennai. Seema's elder brother confronts him but her second elder brother happily wishes Jagan.

Jamuna and Jagan meet at the coffee shop again and unite.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Madhavan]] as Jagan alias Jay
*[[Priyanka Kothari]] as Jamuna (Credited as Amogha)
*[[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]] as Seema
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Jagan's father
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as KTM, Jagan's friend
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Jamuna's father
*[[Malavika Avinash]] as Meera, Jamuna's sister
*[[Ceylon Manohar]] as Parasuram, Seema's Elder Brother
*[[Adithya (actor)|Adithya Menon]] as Sivaram, Seema's Younger brother
*[[Manobala]] as Moorthy, Jamuna's family friend
*[[Charle]] as MLA Sattamuthu, Politician
*[[Dhamu]] as Oosi
*[[Sashikumar Subramani|Sashikumar]] as Guna, Moorthy's Brother
*[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] as Karuppatti, Parasuram's Henchman
*[[Balu Anand]] as Hostel Warden
*[[Sundar Raj]] as Politician
*[[Reema Sen]] as [[item number]]
*[[Suchitra]] as herself
* [[George Maryan|Mariyam George]] as a Worker in the Marriage Hall
}}

== Production ==
In late 2000, producer [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Ravichandran]] signed on [[Saran (director)|Saran]] to make a film titled ''J!J!'' with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in dual lead roles as the characters Jaishankar and Jesudas. The team were also ready to approach [[Aishwarya Rai]] to play the lead role, before the venture was shelved and the producer and director moved on to make a different film with the same title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Producer Ravichandran and his Midas touch |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/ravi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823204037/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/ravi.asp |archive-date=23 August 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> [[R. Madhavan]] was signed on and the film was later titled ''Jay Jay'', after the two lead characters Jagan and Jamuna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=9 July 2003 |title=Hit or miss? |url=http://chennaionline.com/reeltalk/07thjuly11th.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030820204630/http://chennaionline.com/reeltalk/07thjuly11th.asp |archive-date=20 August 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The film was said to feature [[Mandira Bedi]] in the lead role, though she was later left out for unknown reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandira Bedi and R Madhavan in ''JAY JAY'', Music: Bharadwaj |url=http://www.tfmpage.com/forum/7289.01.32.03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630030749/http://www.tfmpage.com/forum/7289.01.32.03.html |archive-date=30 June 2003 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=tfmpage.com}}</ref> Then Saran wanted to cast [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] for the role as they worked together before. But her unavailability led him to find another actress for the cast. [[Priyanka Kothari]] made her debut in the film under the stage name of Amogha, while the film also marked the debut of another heroine, [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]], who had already signed up to feature in [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]'s ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' at the time. ''Thappu Thaalangal'' [[Sundar Raj]], a popular Kannada actor, returned to the Tamil screen after a gap of 15 years, while [[Ceylon Manohar]] also too returned to acting after 23 years and played the main villain. [[Malavika Avinash]] of ''Anni'' fame and Giri from the ''Sahana'' serial also made their entry into the big screen, with Giri playing the role of Madhavan's friend. Bengali actress Sharmila Ghosh was also in the cast. [[Reemma Sen]], shot at the Visakhapatnam Railway Station with 40 models from Mumbai for a song in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Jay |url=http://previews.allindiansite.com/jay_jay.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915212526/http://previews.allindiansite.com/jay_jay.html |archive-date=15 September 2013 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=AllIndianSite.com}}</ref> Two further songs were picturised in Greece, with the team conducting shoots in the island of Milos and at Santornini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Jay (2003 Tamil film) |url=https://elinepa.org/jay-jay-2003-tamil-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513003856/https://elinepa.org/jay-jay-2003-tamil-film/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=elinepa.org}}</ref> A week's shoot was also held at the Institute for the Dumb and Deaf at Ramavaram, while multiple locations in Kolkata were chosen to depict a sequence in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=6 October 2003 |title=J! J! |url=http://chennaionline.com/location/jj.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212050509/http://chennaionline.com/location/jj.asp |archive-date=12 December 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Jay (2003) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000543 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322022032/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000543 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The audio was launched on 2 October 2003 at Sathyam Cinemas with [[K. Balachander]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] gracing the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/03102003-4.shtml|date=3 October 2003|website=Cinesouth|access-date=17 October 2024|title="Don't blames us for n(av) ovel ideas"-K.B|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211215013/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/03102003-4.shtml|archive-date=11 December 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2003 |title='Jay Jay' cassette released |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/music/filmsaudio/10jj.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214110254/http://www.chennaionline.com/music/filmsaudio/10jj.asp |archive-date=14 February 2008 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref> The songs "Unnai Naan" and "Kadhal Mazhaiye" became popular.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2003 |title='Jay Jay' a musical hit |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/music/filmsaudio/11jayjay.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214080019/http://www.chennaionline.com/music/filmsaudio/11jayjay.asp |archive-date=14 February 2008 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref> The song "May Maasam" was the first venture of [[Suchitra]] as a playback singer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old News Items |url=http://tfmpage.com/oldnews.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306051341/http://www.tfmpage.com/oldnews.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=tfmpage.com}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:07
| title1 = Unnai Naan
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Unnai Ninaikave
| extra2 = Reshmi
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Kaadhal Mazhaiye
| extra3 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Pengal Nenjai
| extra4 = [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length4 = 4:24
| title5 = Jee Boomba
| extra5 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
| length5 = 5:31
| title6 = May Maasam
| extra6 = [[Suchitra]]
| length6 = 4:55
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was originally slated to release on Deepavali but its release was postponed due to the presence of other releases on same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/01112003-4.shtml|title=Will 'Jay Jay' be a super hit?|date=1 November 2003|access-date=17 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211212055/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/01112003-4.shtml|archive-date=11 December 2003|website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film's plans to release on 7 November also failed and it eventually released on 14 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/03112003-3.shtml|title='Jay Jay' postponed once again!|date=3 November 2003|website=Cinesouth|access-date=17 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105034957/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/03112003-3.shtml|archive-date=5 November 2003}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews, with Malathi Rangarajan from [[The Hindu]] noting "Saran seems to have been carried away by the protracted route of the 100-rupee note and the hide and seek game between the lovers that he lets his screenplay go haywire".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=21 November 2003 |title="Jay Jay" |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/11/21/stories/2003112101090200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031126201810/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/11/21/stories/2003112101090200.htm |archive-date=26 November 2003 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Karthiga Rukmanykanthan of ''[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]'' noted, "The movie also reminds of ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' at many instances but ''Jay Jay'' has not made itself as poignant as this movie. The costumes and the music are the only consolation for the producer of this boring and fruitless movie".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rukmanykanthan |first=Karthiga |date=24 December 2003 |title=Film review : Coincidence in reel life |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2003/12/24/arts11.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813044859/http://www.dailynews.lk/2003/12/24/arts11.html |archive-date=13 August 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Music, songs and Madhavan’s performance are the highlights of the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=4 January 2004 |title=Jay Jay – Tamil (Nataraj, Poornima, Lavanya, Sri Balaji) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan042004/mr5.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040629073006/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan042004/mr5.asp |archive-date=29 June 2004 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''Kalki'' wrote hats off to director for creating fantasy characters, but with real emotions that stick to the mind without any pretense.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=30 November 2003 |title=ஜே! ஜே! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-11-30/page/n65/mode/2up |access-date=29 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Charan has done a fairly good job on re-working <nowiki>'</nowiki>''My Best Friend's Wedding''<nowiki>'</nowiki>, turning it into a fairly enjoyable <nowiki>'</nowiki>''Parthen Rasithen''<nowiki>'</nowiki>. This time the director has had to work on <nowiki>'</nowiki>''Serendipity''<nowiki>'</nowiki> and <nowiki>'</nowiki>''Training Day''<nowiki>'</nowiki> too (for the Pooja-Madhavan track). And blending these two films of different genres into one film is indeed a tough task! What keeps the film going are Madhavan's lively performance and the numerous twists and turns that prevent the hero and heroine from meeting and uniting".<ref>{{cite web |date=19 November 2003 |title=Jay Jay |url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov310.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211172450/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov310.asp |archive-date=11 December 2003 |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "Madhavan has delivered another disappointing fare. JJ or JAY is rehashed from Hollywood hit ''SERENDIPITY''. But the original had its moments and believable characters. This film lacks those essentially. One can’t understand why the talented Madhavan has been selecting films that don’t suit to his image".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/jj.html|title=JJ Disappoints|website=Indiainfo|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040215120412/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/jj.html|archive-date=15 February 2004}}</ref>

Despite the mixed reviews, the film ran for seventy five days across Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Prassana |date=24 January 2004 |title=Joining the big league |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/24/stories/2004012400170100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040422164356/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/24/stories/2004012400170100.htm |archive-date=22 April 2004 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was later dubbed and released under the same name in Telugu by producers Seetharam Reddy and Hema Babu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2004 |title=Tinsel track |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/14/stories/2004061400980200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616041456/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/14/stories/2004061400980200.htm |archive-date=16 June 2004 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Saran (director)}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saran (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Greece]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Santorini]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Aima

2026-03-03T02:31:53Z

Dlife: made

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Aima (Film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Rahul R Krishna
| writer = Renjith tr
| screenplay = Renjith tr
| story = Renjith tr
| based_on =
| producer = Shanmugam Ramasamy
| starring = {{Plain list| * Yunus Mohammed
* Shanmugam Ramasamy
*Elvin Mathew}}
| cinematography = Vishnu Kannan
| editing = Arun Raghav
| music = K R Rahul
| studio = Tamil Exotic Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|09|22}}{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Aima''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language thriller film written and directed by Rahul R Krishna. The film stars Yunus Mohammed, Shanmugam Ramasamy, Akhil Prabakaran, Elvin Mathew and Sisira Sebastian in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தமிழ்ச்செல்வன் |first=பெ ரமண ஹரிஹரன்,சக்தி |date=2023-09-24 |title=What to watch on Theatre & OTT: இந்த வாரம் வெளியாகியிருக்கும் திரைப்படங்கள்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/what-to-watch-on-theater-ott-list-of-movies-to-watch-this-september-fourth-week |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref> The film was produced by Shanmugam Ramasamy under the banners of Tamil Exotic Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |title=Read all Latest Updates on and about ஐமா |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/tags/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Yunus Mohammed as Adam Saint Joshep<ref>{{Cite web |title='ஐமா' த்ரில்லர் திரைப்படம் ரசிகர்களுக்குப் புதுமையான அனுபவத்தைக் கொடுக்கும்.. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/entertainment/movie/aima-thriller-is-directed-by-rahul-r-krishna-who-gives-a-new-experience-to-tamil-cinema/tamil-nadu20221101194043051051751 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ta}}</ref>
* Shanmugam Ramasamy as Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
* Elvin Mathew as Mariyam Alexandar
* Akhil Prabakaran
* Sisira Sebastian<ref>{{Cite news |title=AimaUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/aima/movieshow/96220530.cms |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Production ==
The [[Principal photography]] of the film was held in [[Kuttikkanam]], Kumuli, and [[Palakkad]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-20 |title=Aima, a survival thriller starring nine new comers! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aima-a-survival-thriller-starring-nine-new-comers/articleshow/95644312.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 19 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=இயக்குநர் பேரரசு வெளியிட்ட 'ஐமா' திரைப்பட முன்னோட்டம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/165192 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated two point five out of five and stated that "Director Rahul R. Krishna has tried to tell the story in Hollywood science fiction style."<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-09-21 |title=Aima |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/aima-27427 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001103429/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/aima-27427 |url-status=dead }}</ref>''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic wrote that "All in all, the film is shaping up to attract fans from all walks of life.".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஐமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://thinaboomi.com/2023/09/25/210112.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian rated two point five out of five and noted that "Decent Thriller"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deccan Chronicle ePaper |url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=17504461 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014163601/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=17504461 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt28999528}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{improve categories|date=October 2023}}

Boomer Uncle

2026-03-03T02:27:55Z

Dlife: starting basic stub basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Boomer Uncle
| image = Boomer Uncle.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Swadees MS
| writer = Thillairaja
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = Anbu Karthik K. Thillai
| starring = [[Oviya]] [[Yogi Babu]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Subash Dhandabani
| editing =
| music = Dharma Prakash Santhan Anebajagane
| studio = Anka Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|3|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Boomer Uncle''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[comedy film|comedy]] [[drama film]] directed by Swadees MS and starring [[Oviya]] and [[Yogi Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=Trailer of Yogi Babu & Oviya starrer 'Boomer Uncle' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trailer-of-yogi-babu-oviya-starrer-boomer-uncle/articleshow/106730735.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419193842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trailer-of-yogi-babu-oviya-starrer-boomer-uncle/articleshow/106730735.cms |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=First look of Yogi Babu & Oviya's Boomer Uncle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-yogi-babu-oviyas-boomer-uncle/articleshow/92705439.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419193838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-yogi-babu-oviyas-boomer-uncle/articleshow/92705439.cms |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{expand section|February 2025|date=February 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Oviya]] as Oviya
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Nesam
*[[Robo Shankar]] as Minor Kunju<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2022 |title=First look poster from Yogi Babu's 'Boomer Uncle' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-poster-from-yogi-babus-boomer-uncle/articleshow/93655307.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419194809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-poster-from-yogi-babus-boomer-uncle/articleshow/93655307.cms |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Yuhani Shree as Harini
*Satish Mohan
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] (special appearance)
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Nesam's father (special appearance)
*[[Lollu Sabha Seshu]] as Dawood
*[[Thangadurai (actor)|Tigergarden Thangadurai]] as Vallarasu
*[[Sona Heiden]]
*[[KPY Bala]] as Billa
*GP Muthu as Mamakutty
}}
A foreigner played the role of Amy.<ref name="T" />

== Production ==
After news that [[Vadivelu]] is returning to films in 2022 emerged, the film's title was changed from ''Contractor Nesamani'' to ''Boomer Uncle''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Title of Yogi Babu's Contractor Nesamani changed in honour of Vadivelu's comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-of-yogi-babus-contractor-nesamani-changed-in-honour-of-vadivelus-comeback/articleshow/92682422.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419193840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-of-yogi-babus-contractor-nesamani-changed-in-honour-of-vadivelus-comeback/articleshow/92682422.cms |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=Trailer of Yogi Babu & Oviya starrer 'Boomer Uncle' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trailer-of-yogi-babu-oviya-starrer-boomer-uncle/articleshow/95822315.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325100737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trailer-of-yogi-babu-oviya-starrer-boomer-uncle/articleshow/95822315.cms |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Boomer Uncle'' is a comedy misfire, a barrage of noise and frantic energy that fails to amuse".<ref name="T">{{Cite web |title=Boomer Uncle Movie Review : Boomer Uncle aims for absurdity, lands in exhaustion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/boomer-uncle/movie-review/108854682.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419193842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/boomer-uncle/movie-review/108854682.cms |archive-date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "Boomer Uncle has very little to offer in terms of entertainment and comes across as an insipid, poor comedy film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=Boomer Uncle Review: An Insipid Comedy Drama That Miserably Fails In Its Mission To Entertain |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/boomer-uncle-review-an-insipid-comedy-drama-that-miserably-fails-in-its-mission-to-entertain-review-108866133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403000838/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/boomer-uncle-review-an-insipid-comedy-drama-that-miserably-fails-in-its-mission-to-entertain-review-108866133 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinakaran]]'' wrote that "In a story that moves as a comedy gala, all the characters keep talking is boring. Subhash Dandapani's cinematography is colorful. The background score by Shanthan and Dharmaprakash carries the film. Yogi Babu's die-hard fans may laugh".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ranjith |date=31 March 2024 |title=பூமர் அங்கிள் விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/boomer_uncle_review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419193839/https://cinema.dinakaran.com/boomer_uncle_review/ |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Kollywood News | Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=ta}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''[[Thinaboomi]]'' wrote that "Without looking at any logic, this comedy gala performed with an army of comedy stars will definitely make the fans laugh till their stomachs hurt" and concluded that "''Boomer Uncle'' is a Hollywood comedy riot".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=பூமர் அங்கிள் விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/2024/04/02/223792.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419195343/https://www.thinaboomi.com/2024/04/02/223792.html |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Thina Bhoomi |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|23857200}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1957 Indian general election

2026-03-03T00:08:20Z

Dlife: fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1951–52 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1951–52
| next_election = 1962 Indian general election
| next_year = 1962
| election_date = 24 February – 14 March 1957
| seats_for_election = 494 of the 505 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|Eleven members were appointed, including six representing [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], two representing [[Anglo-Indians]], one representing Part B Tribal Areas in [[Assam]], one representing the [[Lakshadweep|Amindive, Laccadive and Minicoy Islands]] and one representing the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].}}
| majority_seats = 248

| image1 = Jawaharlal Nehru 1957 crop.jpg
| leader1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| seats1 = '''371'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 7
| popular_vote1 = '''57,579,589'''
| percentage1 = '''47.78%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 2.79[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{eppt|Communist Party of India}}
| leader2 = [[Ajoy Ghosh]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India
| seats2 = 27
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 11
| popular_vote2 = 10,754,075
| percentage2 = 8.92%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 5.63[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = Jayaprakash Narayan (cropped2).jpg
| leader4 = [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]
| party4 = Praja Socialist Party
| seats4 = 19
| popular_vote4 = 12,542,666
| percentage4 = 10.41%
| image5 = {{eppt|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
| leader5 = [[Debaprasad Ghosh]]
| party5 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| seats5 = 4
| popular_vote5 = 7,193,267
| percentage5 = 5.97%
| last_election5 = 3.06%, 3 seats
| swing5 = {{increase}} 2.91[[Percentage point|pp]]
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 1
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1957.svg
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| last_election1 = {{nowrap|44.99%, 364 seats}}
| registered = 193,652,179
| turnout = 45.44% ({{increase}} 0.57[[Percentage point|pp]])
| last_election2 = 3.29%, 16 seats
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| last_election4 = ''New''
| swing4 = ''New''
| seat_change4 = ''New''
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] between 24 February and 14 March 1957, the second elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] after independence. Elections to several state legislatures were held simultaneously.

Under the leadership of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[Indian National Congress]] easily won a second term in power, taking 371 of the 494 seats. They gained an extra seven seats (the size of the Lok Sabha had been increased by five) and their vote share increased from 45% to 48%. The INC received nearly five times more votes than the [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]], the second largest party. In addition, 19% of the vote and 42 seats went to [[Independent (politician)|independent candidates]], the highest of any Indian general election.

==Electoral system==
There were 494 seats elected using [[first past the post voting]]. Out of the 403 constituencies, 91 elected two members, while the remaining 312 elected a single member.<ref name="GE1957V1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India | page=5 | access-date=11 July 2015 | archive-date=20 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320181548/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GE1957V2">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_II_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-II | work=Election Commission of India | access-date=11 July 2015 | archive-date=6 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606155958/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_II_57_LS.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> The multi-seat constituencies were abolished before the next election.

The elections were overseen by [[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]], the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]], who used the existing election infrastructure to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] wrote "this general election cost the exchequer Rs45 million less than the previous one. The prudent Sen had safely stored the 3.5 million ballot boxes the first time round and only half a million additional ones were required."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy |date=2022 |publisher=Picador India |isbn=978-93-82616-97-9 |edition=10th anniversary edition, updated and expanded, first published in hardcover |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Conduct==
The first instance of [[booth capturing]] in India was recorded in 1957 in the General Elections of that year in Rachiyahi, in Begusarai's Matihani assembly seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Where-booth-capturing-was-born/articleshow/1020435.cms|title=Where booth capturing was born|work=The Times of India |date=14 February 2005 |access-date=21 September 2015|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Where-booth-capturing-was-born/articleshow/1020435.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-central-Bihar-development-runs-into-caste-wall/articleshow/49038630.cms|title=In central Bihar, development runs into caste wall|work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2015 |access-date=21 September 2015|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730185128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-central-Bihar-development-runs-into-caste-wall/articleshow/49038630.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013155812/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151010/jsp/bihar/story_47122.jsp#.VhikSeyqqko|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2015|title=Empty words in legend's forgotten village}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html|title=The myth of history's first booth capturing taking place in Begusarai's Rachiyahi|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012142036/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/the-myth-of-historys-first-booth-capturing-taking-place-in-begusarais-rachiyahi-1150034.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1957.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=57579589|seats1=371|sc1=+7
|party2=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes2=12542666|seats2=19|sc2=–2
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=10754075|seats3=27|sc3=+11
|party4=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes4=7193267|seats4=4|sc4=+1
|party5=[[Scheduled Castes Federation]]|votes5=2038890|seats5=6|sc5=+4
|party6=[[All India Ganatantra Parishad]]|votes6=1291141|seats6=7|sc6=+1
|party7=[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]]|votes7=1044032|seats7=2|sc7=–5
|party8=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes8=1032322|seats8=1|sc8=–3
|party9=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes9=924832|seats9=4|sc9=+2
|party10=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes10=751830|seats10=6|sc10=+3
|party11=[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]|votes11=665341|seats11=2|sc11=+1
|party12=[[Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party]]|votes12=501359|seats12=3|sc12=+2
|party13=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes13=460838|seats13=0|sc13=–3
|party14=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes14=308742|seats14=0|sc14=–3
|party15=[[Krishak Sramik Party|Praja Party]]|votes15=140742|seats15=0|sc15=0
|party16=Independents|votes16=23284249|seats16=42|sc16=+5
|row17=Appointed members{{efn|Six representing [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], two representing [[Anglo-Indians]], one representing Part B Tribal Areas in [[Assam]], one representing the [[Lakshadweep|Amindive, Laccadive and Minicoy Islands]] and one representing the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].}}|seats17=11|sc17=+1
|total_sc=+6
|electorate=193652179
|turnout=45.44
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9737&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
}}

===Results by state===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
!rowspan=3|State
!rowspan=3|Total seats
!colspan=10|Seats won
|-
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[All India Ganatantra Parishad|GP]]
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Scheduled Castes Federation|SCF]]
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Jharkhand Party|JKP]]
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |Others
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |Ind.
!class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" |App.
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Scheduled Castes Federation}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Others}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}};;" |
!
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
!43
|37
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|2
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Assam]]
!12
|9
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Bihar]]
!53
|41
|
|2
|
|
|6
|
|3
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Bombay State|Bombay]]
!66
|38
|4
|5
|
|5
|
|2
|4
|8
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Delhi]]
!5
|5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
!4
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kerala]]
!18
|6
|9
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
!6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|6
|-
![[Lakshadweep|Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
!36
|35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Madras State|Madras]]
!41
|31
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|8
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Manipur]]
!2
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Mysore State|Mysore]]
!26
|23
|
|1
|
|1
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[North-East Frontier Agency]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Orissa]]
!20
|7
|1
|2
|7
|
|
|
|
|3
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[East Punjab|Punjab]]
!22
|21
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Rajasthan]]
!22
|19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|3
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tripura]]
!2
|1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
!86
|70
|1
|4
|
|
|
|2
|
|9
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[West Bengal]]
!36
|23
|6
|2
|
|
|
|
|2
|3
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]]
!2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Total
!505
!371
!27
!19
!7
!6
!6
!4
!12
!42
!11
|-
! colspan="12" |
|-
| colspan="12" |Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200943/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf ECI]
|}

====Andhra Pradesh====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 4906044|seats1 = 37|sc1=+31
|party2 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes2 = 1144811|seats2 = 2|sc2=–4
|party3 = [[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]]|votes3 = 1044032|seats3 = 2
|party5 = Other parties|votes5 = 600686|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 1835800|seats6 = 2|sc6=–6
}}

====Assam====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 1184708|sw1 = +5.94 |seats1 = 9|sc1 = –2
|party2 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes2 = 457643|sw2 = –9.23 |seats2 = 2|sc2 = +1
|party4 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes4 = 235044|sw4 = New|seats4 = 0|sc4 = New
|party5 = Independents|votes5 = 415217|sw5 = +4.37 |seats5 = 1|sc5 = +1
|total_sc = 0
}}

====Bihar====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 4450208|sw1 = –1.30 |seats1 = 41|sc1 = –4
|party2 = [[Jharkhand Party]]|votes2 = 751830|sw2 = +0.10 |seats2 = 6|sc2 = +3
|party3 = [[Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party]]|votes3 = 501359|sw3 = +2.65 |seats3 = 3|sc3 = +2
|party4 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes4 = 2165462|sw4 = –2.83 |seats4 = 2|sc4 = –1
|party6 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes6 = 502707|sw6 = +4.62 |seats6 = 0|sc6 = 0
|party7 = Other parties|votes7 = 51416|sw7 = –6.00 |seats7 = 0|sc7 = –2
|party8 = Independents|votes8 = 1584894|sw8 = +2.76 |seats8 = 1|sc8 = 0
|total_sc = –2
}}

====Bombay====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 8156272|sw1 = –1.49 |seats1 = 38|sc1 = –2
|party3 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes3 = 1457203|sw3 = –11.45 |seats3 = 5|sc3 = +5
|party4 = [[Republican Party of India|Scheduled Caste Federation]]|votes4 = 1354475|sw4 = +3.65 |seats4 = 5|sc4 = +4
|party5 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes5 = 1055013|sw5 = +4.95 |seats5 = 4|sc5 = +4
|party6 = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes6 = 924832|sw6 = –1.48 |seats6 = 4|sc6 = +3
|party7 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes7 = 566008|sw7 = New|seats7 = 2|sc7 = New
|party8 = Other parties|votes8 = 136749|sw8 = –4.14 |seats8 = 0|sc8 = 0
|party9 = Independents|votes9 = 3109733|sw9 = +6.58 |seats9 = 8|sc9 = +5
|total_sc = +21
}}

====Kerala====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes1 = 2267888|seats1 = 9
|party2 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes2 = 2102883|seats2 = 6
|party4 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes4 = 438459|seats4 = 1
|party5 = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes5 = 308742|seats5 = 0
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 932274|seats6 = 2
}}

====Madhya Pradesh====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 3967199|sw1 = +0.47 |seats1 = 35|sc1 = +8
|party2 = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes2 = 373503|sw2 = +4.60 |seats2 = 1|sc2 = +1
|party3 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes3 = 1225735|sw3 = –2.38 |seats3 = 0|sc3 = 0
|party4 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes4 = 1062936|sw4 = +9.02 |seats4 = 0|sc4 = 0
|party6 = Other parties |votes6 = 376441|sw6 = –7.77 |seats6 = 0|sc6 = 0
|party7 = Independents|votes7 = 608408|sw7 = –3.94 |seats7 = 0|sc7 = –2
|total_sc = +7
}}

====Madras====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 5094552|sw1 = +10.13 |seats1 = 31|sc1 = +7
|party3 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes3 = 1101338|sw3 = +1.11 |seats3 = 2|sc3 = –1
|party4 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes4 = 399789|sw4 = –11.43 |seats4 = 0|sc4 = +0
|party5 = Independents|votes5 = 4355162|sw5 = +16.62 |seats5 = 8|sc5 = +8
|total_sc = –34
}}

====Mysore====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 3219014|sw1 = –13.42 |seats1 = 23|sc1 = +13
|party2 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes2 = 1082698|sw2 = –10.79 |seats2 = 1|sc2 = 0
|party3 = [[Republican Party of India|Scheduled Caste Federation]]|votes3 = 115214|sw3 = New|seats3 = 1|sc3 = New
|party5 = Other parties|votes5 = 228979|sw5 = |seats5 = 0|sc5 =0
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 1152535|sw6 = +9.52 |seats6 = 1|sc6 = +1
|total_sc = +15
}}

====Orissa====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 1776767|sw1 = –2.50 |seats1 = 7|sc1 = –4
|party2 = [[All India Ganatantra Parishad]]|votes2 = 1291141|sw2 = +2.85 |seats2 = 7|sc2 = +1
|party4 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes4 = 684023|sw4 = –1.44 |seats4 = 2|sc4 = +1
|party5 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes5 = 214903|sw5 = –0.93 |seats5 = 1|sc5 = 0
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 473656|sw6 = +2.02 |seats6 = 3|sc6 = +2
|total_sc = 0
}}

====Punjab====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 3682219|sw1 = +8.50 |seats1 = 21|sc1 = +5
|party2 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes2 = 1207600|sw2 = +11.77 |seats2 = 1|sc2 = +1
|party3 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3 = 1152672|sw3 = +10.45 |seats3 = 0|sc3 = 0
|party5 = Other parties|votes5 = 333630|sw5 = –23.32 |seats5 = 0|sc5 = –2
|party6 = Independents|votes6 = 807709|sw6 = –7.40 |seats6 = 0|sc6 = 0
|total_sc = +4
}}

====Rajasthan====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 2494094|sw1 = +12.23 |seats1 = 19|sc1 = +10
|party3 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3 = 518355|sw3 = +8.11 |seats3 = 0|sc3 = –1
|party4 = Other parties|votes4 = 356278|sw4 = –18.72 |seats4 = 0|sc4 = –4
|party5 = Independents|votes5 = 1280356|sw5 = –1.62 |seats5 = 3|sc5 = –3
|total_sc = +2
}}

====Uttar Pradesh====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 10599639|sw1 = –6.70 |seats1 = 70|sc1 = –11
|party3 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes3 = 3511157|sw3 = –2.50 |seats3 = 4|sc3 = +2
|party4 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes4 = 3385247|sw4 = +7.50 |seats4 = 2|sc4 = +2
|party5 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes5 = 383509|sw5 = +1.32 |seats5 = 1|sc5 = +1
|party6 = [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes6 = 98138|sw6 = –3.12 |seats6 = 0|sc6 = 0
|party7 = Independents|votes7 = 4918413|sw7 = +10.14 |seats7 = 9|sc7 = +7
|total_sc = 0
}}

====West Bengal====
{{Election results
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress]]|votes1 = 5031696|sw1 = +6.10 |seats1 = 23|sc1 = –1
|party2 = [[Communist Party of India]]|votes2 = 1985181|sw2 = +9.55 |seats2 = 6|sc2 = +1
|party4 = [[Marxist Forward Bloc]]|votes4 = 665341|sw4 = +1.85 |seats4 = 2|sc4 = +2
|party5 = [[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes5 = 590692|sw5 = –5.26 |seats5 = 2|sc5 = +2
|party6 = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes6 = 561741|sw6 = +1.11 |seats6 = 0|sc6 = –1
|party7 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes7 = 149351|sw7 = –4.51 |seats7 = 0|sc7 = –2
|party8 = Independents|votes8 = 1456098|sw8 = –4.51 |seats8 = 3|sc8 = +3
|total_sc = +2
}}

===Women performance in elections===
Based on the published data from the Election Commission of India (ECI) website.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India | page=5 | access-date=11 July 2015 | archive-date=20 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320181548/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
====Participation====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! rowspan=2|State/UT
! rowspan=2|Total seats
! colspan=2|Women contestants
! rowspan=2|Elected
! rowspan=2|Women contestants (%)
! rowspan=2|Elected (%)
|-
! Women
! Seats
|-
| Andhra Pradesh || 43 || 4 || 3 || 3 || 3.5% || 6.9%
|-
| Assam || 12 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 6.5% || 14.3%
|-
| Bihar || 53 || 7 || 7 || 5 || 3.7% || 9.4%
|-
| Bombay || 66 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 3.11% || 4.5%
|-
| Kerala || 18 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1.7% || 0
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 36 || 8 || 6 || 3 || 6.6% || 8.3%
|-
| Madras || 41 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 3.2% || 2.4%
|-
| Mysore || 26 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Manipur || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Orissa || 20 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||0
|-
| Punjab || 22 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1.3% || 4.5%
|-
| Rajasthan || 22 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Tripura || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 86 || 6 || 4 || 1 || 2.05% || 13.75%
|-
| West Bengal || 36 || 5 || 4 || 2 || 11.59% || 1.1%
|-
| Delhi || 5 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 14.8% || 20%
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''India''' || '''494''' || '''45''' || '''37''' || '''22''' || '''2.96%''' || '''4.45%'''
|}

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha]]
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*[[Booth capturing]]
*[[:Category:1957 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1957 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:February 1957 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:March 1957 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1957 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Mindi

2026-02-26T10:48:38Z

Dlife:

{{More sources needed|date=February 2024}}
{{other uses|Mindi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mindi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Visakhapatnam
| coordinates = {{coord|17.703980|N|83.211921|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 530012, 530015
| registration_plate = AP 32 and AP 33
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''Mindi''' is a suburb area in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindi, Visakhapatnam {{!}} Mindi Map, Pros & Cons, Photos, Reviews and Property Insights |url=https://housing.com/mindi-visakhapatnam-overview-P639fwncja20750m |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Housing |language=en}}</ref>

==Entertainment==
Globex Shopping Mall is at NH Road accessible here. There is a multiplex with 5 screens.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Showtimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/theatre/vizag/globex-cinema-gajuwaka/5981 |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Transport==
APSRTC buses are available here from city.

;[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] routes:
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Route Number
!Start
!End
!Via
|-
|38A
|Mindi
|RTC Complex
|BHPV, Airport, NAD Kotharoad, Birla Junction, Gurudwar
|-
|36
|Mindi
|Collector Office
|BHPV, Gajuwaka, Malkapuram, Scindia, Convent, Town Kotharoad, Jagadamba Centre
|-
|400M
|Mindi
|Arilova Colony
|BHPV, Gajuwaka, Malkapuram, Scindia, Railway station, RTC Complex, Maddilapalem, Hanumanthuwaka
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]

Divya Khosla Kumar

2026-02-19T08:10:48Z

Dlife:

{{short description|Indian actress and film director}}
{{Paid contributions|date=November 2025}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divya Khosla Kumar
| image = Divya Khosla Kumar.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2017
| birth_date =
| title = Divya Khosla Kumar's Profile
| birth_place = [[Delhi, India|Delhi]], India
| nationality =
| known for =
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|[[Film producer|Producer]]|Actress}}
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse = {{marriage |[[Bhushan Kumar]]|2005}}
| children = 1
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Kumar family|Kumar family]]
| education =
}}
'''Divya Khosla Kumar''' ([[née]] '''Khosla''') is an Indian model, actress, producer, and director who mainly works in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="pinkvilla1">{{cite news |title=Satyameva Jayate 2: Divya Khosla Kumar is very dedicated towards her craft says director Milap Milan Zaveri |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/satyameva-jayate-2-divya-khosla-kumar-very-dedicated-towards-her-craft-says-director-milap-milan-zaveri-942235 |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=16 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119032136/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/satyameva-jayate-2-divya-khosla-kumar-very-dedicated-towards-her-craft-says-director-milap-milan-zaveri-942235 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE! Divya Khosla Kumar To Make Debut In Telugu Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/exclusive-divya-khosla-kumar-to-make-debut-in-telugu-film-article-106561602 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> She has directed two films, the romantic comedy [[Yaariyan (2014 film)|''Yaariyan'']] (2014) and the romantic drama ''[[Sanam Re]]'' (2016), and has produced Hindi films and [[music video]]s.

Khosla started her career as a model and appeared in various music videos notably "Zid Na Karo Ye Dil Ka Mamla Hai" by Roop Johri and [[Kunal Ganjawala]] and [[Falguni Pathak]]'s "Aiyyo Rama"''.'' She made her acting debut with the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]'' and her Hindi cinema debut with the film [[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo|''Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo'']] (both 2004) before taking a hiatus from acting to focus on direction. On completion of a course in cinematography and editing, she directed several music videos before her directorial debut ''Yaariyan'' (2014) followed by ''Sanam Re'' (2016).

Khosla returned to acting in 2017 through the short film ''Bulbul'', and since 2021, has starred in the action thriller ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]'', the romantic drama ''[[Yaariyan 2]]'' (2023), the action thriller ''[[Savi (film)|Savi]]'' (2024), and this year's dark-comedy thriller ''[[Ek Chatur Naar]]'' (2025).

She is married to [[Bhushan Kumar]], the chairman and managing director of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

==Career==
===Debut, hiatus and work as director (2003–2016)===
Khosla started her career as a model and later appeared in a number of music videos. In 2003, she starred in the music video "Kabhi Yaadon Mein Aaun", sung by [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shalini |date=3 February 2017 |title=An ode to unconditional love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/An-ode-to-unconditional-love/article17178177.ece |access-date=30 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She also appeared with [[Salman Khan]] in the music video "Zid Na Karo Ye Dil Ka Mamla Hai", sung by Roop Johri and [[Kunal Ganjawala]].{{cn|date=August 2025}} Her acting debut was in the 2004 Telugu film [[Love Today (2004 film)|''Love Today'']], where she starred opposite [[Uday Kiran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=World would be so dry without women: 'Yaariyan' director Divya Khosla Kumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/Mar/31/world-would-be-so-dry-without-women-yaariyan-director-divya-khosla-kumar-2123921.html |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She also appeared in a music video "Aiyyo Rama" sung by [[Falguni Pathak]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2016 |title=12 Actors You Might Have Missed In Falguni Pathak Videos & What They're Up To Now |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/actors-in-falguni-pathak-videos/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225102057/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/actors-in-falguni-pathak-videos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she made her Hindi cinema debut with the film [[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo|''Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo'']], in which she portrayed Shweta, the wife of [[Major (India)|Major]] Rajeev Singh played by [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=World would be so dry without women: 'Yaariyan' director Divya Khosla Kumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/Mar/31/world-would-be-so-dry-without-women-yaariyan-director-divya-khosla-kumar-2123921.html |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Patcy N of [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] noted, "Divya Khosla doesn't have much to do and acts well in a few sequences."<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=24 December 2004 |title=Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo Review – Ab Tumhare Hawale is a muddle! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/24ab.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101183419/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/24ab.htm |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

She then took a long break from acting and focused on directing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I enjoy direction more than acting: Divya Khosla - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-enjoy-direction-more-than-acting-divya-khosla/1208676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221061442/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-enjoy-direction-more-than-acting-divya-khosla/1208676 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=15 July 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> After completing a course in cinematography and editing, Khosla directed music videos for Agam Kumar Nigam, [[Jermaine Jackson]], [[Tulsi Kumar]], and a few ad films. After directing 20 music videos, Khosla did her first directorial venture [[Yaariyan (2014 film)|''Yaariyan'']] in 2014 starring [[Himansh Kohli|Himansh Kohl]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2017 |title=Himansh Kohli: My dadi hit me with a chappal for locking lips in my movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/himansh-kohli-my-dadi-hit-me-with-a-chappal-for-locking-lips-in-my-movie/articleshow/59543508.cms |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film received negative reviews from critics but was a box office success.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-scripts-were-rejected-by-bhushan-reveals-divya-khosla-kumar-who-turns-director-with-yaariyan-1934841 My scripts were rejected by Bhushan, reveals Divya Khosla Kumar who turns director with 'Yaariyan'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218224305/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-scripts-were-rejected-by-bhushan-reveals-divya-khosla-kumar-who-turns-director-with-yaariyan-1934841|date=18 December 2013}}. ''DNA India'' (14 December 2013)</ref> Divya also choreographed five songs in the film, including "Baarish", "Meri Maa", "Love Me Thoda Aur", "Allah Wariya", and "Zor Lagake".<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/director-divya-khosla-kumar-choreographs-five-songs-for-yaariyan-175978-2014-01-07 Director Divya Khosla Kumar choreographs five songs for Yaariyan : Bollywood, News – India Today] . ''India Today''.intoday.in (8 January 2014). Retrieved 24 December 2015.</ref>

Her second directorial project was the romantic drama ''[[Sanam Re]]'' in 2016 .<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2017 |title=Why 'Sanam Re' is a story of love and self-discovery? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/why-sanam-re-is-a-story-of-love-and-self-discovery/articleshow/50933704.cms |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film starred [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Yami Gautam]], and [[Urvashi Rautela]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2016 |title=Sanam Re review: Yami Gautam, Pulkit Samrat's film is cliche-ridden |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sanam-re-movie-review-yami-gautam-pulkit-samrat/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film began production in December 2014 at Barog station in [[Shimla]]<ref>{{cite web |title=How Divya Khosla Kumar convinced Rishi Kapoor to play a grandfather's role in Sanam Re |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=How-Divya-Khosla-Kumar-convinced-Rishi-Kapoor-to-07122014101025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141208061801/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=How-Divya-Khosla-Kumar-convinced-Rishi-Kapoor-to-07122014101025 |archive-date=8 December 2014 |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> and was shot in [[Mumbai]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Shimla]], [[Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh|Kalpa]], [[Ladakh]], [[Tanakpur]], and various locations in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 August 2015 |title=Last schedule of Yami Gautam's 'Sanam Re' to be shot in Calgary |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/last-schedule-of-sanam-re-to-be-shot-in-calgary/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Return to acting (2017–present)===
[[File:IIFA 2017 Green Carpet (35586406953).jpg|thumb|Kumar at IIFA 2017]]

Khosla returned to acting in 2017 with the short film ''Bulbul'' also acting as the producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2018 |title=I did not grow up around films: Divya Khosla Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-did-not-grow-up-around-films-divya-khosla-kumar/story-BSLu10DQ9bcMHXT2r8i8OL.html |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Happy Birthday Divya Khosla Kumar: 5 films to watch on her birthday |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-divya-khosla-kumar-5-films-to-watch-on-her-birthday-15202751.htm |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, she starred opposite [[John Abraham]] in ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''.<ref name="rd:bh2">{{cite web |date=17 March 2021 |title=John Abraham starrer Satyameva Jayate 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-starrer-satyameva-jayate-2-release-2nd-october-2020-divya-khosla-kumar-leading-lady/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927101057/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-starrer-satyameva-jayate-2-release-2nd-october-2020-divya-khosla-kumar-leading-lady/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mamta Raut |date=20 November 2021 |title=Divya Khosla Kumar turns silver goddess, John Abraham keeps it casual at Bigg Boss 15 set |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/satyamev-jayate-2-divya-khosla-kumar-turns-silver-goddess-john-abraham-keeps-it-casual-bigg-boss-15-set-945501?amp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130125837/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/satyamev-jayate-2-divya-khosla-kumar-turns-silver-goddess-john-abraham-keeps-it-casual-bigg-boss-15-set-945501?amp |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> This film was the sequel to John's 2018 film of the same name. The film received negative reviews; however, the [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] noted, "Divya Khosla is pleasant and has a fairly prominent part to play in this otherwise male-dominated movie."<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2021 |title=Satyameva Jayate 2 Movie Review: John Abraham's SMJ2 is a tribute to 80s masala fare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/satyameva-jayate-2/movie-review/87896133.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124190419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/satyameva-jayate-2/movie-review/87896133.cms |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2019, Khosla appeared in the video song "Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi" by [[Neha Kakkar]], a remix of a song with the same name from the 1999 film ''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]'' .The new generation crosses 500 million views on YouTube In 2020, Divya featured in the video song "Teri Aankhon Mein" with [[Pearl V Puri|Pearl V. Puri]] has also crossed 500M Views on Youtube, sung by [[Darshan Raval]] and [[Neha Kakkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2020 |title=Teri Aankhon Mein song out: Divya Khosla Kumar and Pearl V Puri look perfect in the musical love story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/teri-aankhon-mein-song-out-divya-khosla-kumar-and-pearl-v-puri-look-perfect-in-the-musical-love-story-1729313-2020-10-07 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Khosla starred as Laadli Chibber Singh Katyal in [[Radhika Rao]]'s [[Romance film|romantic drama]]''[[Yaariyan 2]]''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=20 October 2023 |title=Yaariyan 2 Review: Collection Of Music Videos |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/yaariyan-2-review/20231020.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024022438/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/yaariyan-2-review/20231020.htm |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> A remake of the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' (2014) and a sequel to her directorial debut ''Yaariyan'',<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Yaariyan 2 movie review: A sparkling idea buried under stiff performances |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yaariyan-2-movie-review-a-sparkling-idea-buried-under-stiff-performances-13275462.html |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> her character Laadli was seen as a recovering [[thalassemia]] patient living with her mother in [[Shimla]], where her mother wants her to marry into a good family, but Laadli aspires to win a [[beauty pageant]] and build a career.<ref name=":02" /> During the trailer launch of the film, Khosla revealed that the role is based on her, and recalled the memories of her when the director cast her after seeing her audition in [[Delhi]] when she was just 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya Khosla Kumar BREAKS DOWN during 'Yaariyan 2' trailer launch {{!}} Etimes - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/divya-khosla-kumar-breaks-down-during-yaariyan-2-trailer-launch/videoshow/104003248.cms |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews. A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised Khosla's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Yaariyan 2 Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yaariyan-2-2/critic-review/yaariyan-2-2-movie-review/on-the-whole-yaariyan-2-is-a-decent-entertainer/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur from ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "''Yaariyan 2'' can be best described as a silly sequel to ''Yaariyan''. This isn't just a sequel but a remake of a Malayalam film, which was released in the same year as the first ''Yaariyan'', 2014 to be precise. There's a lot happening in the first paragraph itself."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vinamra Mathur |date=20 October 2023 |title=Divya Khosla Kumar, Meezaan Jafri, Priya Prakash Varrier's Yaariyan 2 review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yaariyan-2-movie-review-a-sparkling-idea-buried-under-stiff-performances-13275462.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020091610/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yaariyan-2-movie-review-a-sparkling-idea-buried-under-stiff-performances-13275462.html |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

Her 2004 film action thriller ''[[Savi (film)|Savi]]'', directed by [[Abhinay Deo]], focuses on the story of a woman who fights to save her family and others by standing up against the government and administration,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Amit |date=31 May 2024 |title=Savi Review: Divya Khosla Kumar, Anil Kapoor Starrer Is A Gripping Thriller |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-savi-review-divya-khosla-kumar-anil-kapoor-starrer-is-a-gripping-thriller-1691629 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> it also starred [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Harshvardhan Rane]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2024 |title=Divya Khosla On Savi - A Bloody Housewife For First Time: I've Not Done Anything Like This |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/divya-khosla-on-savi-a-bloody-housewife-for-first-time-ive-not-done-anything-like-this-exclusive-article-109857348 |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=Times Now News |language=en}}</ref> The film was released to positive reviews from critics,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=3 June 2024 |title='Luv Ki Arrange Marriage' trailer gets dropped, promises love, laughter, and chaos! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Jun/03/luv-ki-arrange-marriage-trailer-gets-dropped-promises-love-laughter-and-chaos |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> and was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2024 |title=Savi succeeds in her mission! The Divya Khossla starrer becomes a hit globally, collects Rs 17.81 crores |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/savi-succeeds-in-her-mission-the-divya-khossla-starrer-becomes-a-hit-globally-collects-rs-17-81-crores-13782726.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury of [[News18 India|''News18'']] wrote that "the film marks a revelation of sorts as it sees Divya hitting all the emotional notes right, a feat we haven't had the opportunity to witness in the past. She skillfully embodies a complex character, showcasing palpable depth in her portrayal of Savi's vulnerability and strength, creating a unique blend of fragility and fearlessness."<ref>{{cite news |title=Savi Review: Divya Khossla Surprises With Her Acting Chops, Anil Kapoor's Quirky Act Impresses |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/savi-review-divya-khossla-surprises-with-her-acting-chops-anil-kapoors-quirky-act-impresses-8910733.html |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=News18}}</ref> Abhishek Srivastava of [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] stated "Divya Khossla takes on the challenging role of ''Savi'', and her hard work is evident in her performance. She remains the focal point throughout the film."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Savi Movie Review : This jailbreak thriller showcases strong performances and offers engaging moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/savi/movie-review/110583319.cms |access-date=4 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She is set to appear in the Telugu film ''Hero Heeroine,'' directed by [[Suresh Krissna]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Divyah Khosla Kumar's Telugu-Hindi film 'Hero Heeroine' launched with first poster |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/divyah-khosla-kumars-telugu-hindi-film-hero-heeroine-launched-with-first-poster/article67772510.ece |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=1 February 2024 |title='It Is By Far My Most Challenging Role' Says Divyah Khosla on Hero Heeroine - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/it-is-by-far-my-most-challenging-role-says-divyah-khosla-on-hero-heeroine-exclusive-article-107321595 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Hero Heeroine: Prerna Arora's bilingual film starts filming in Hyderabad, makers release new poster |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-hero-heroine-filming-of-divyah-khosla-kumar-bilingual-film-commences-in-hyderabad-3076658/amp |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Bhushan Kumar, Divya Khosla at Success bash of 'The Dirty Picture' (21).jpg|thumb|Khosla with husband [[Bhushan Kumar]]]]

Khosla was born in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2013 |title=I came to Mumbai to achieve something and not to get married: Divya Khosla Kumar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-came-to-mumbai-to-achieve-something-and-not-to-get-married-divya-khosla-kumar/articleshow/27024589.cms |access-date=28 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418065103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-came-to-mumbai-to-achieve-something-and-not-to-get-married-divya-khosla-kumar/articleshow/27024589.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Aditi |title=दिव्या खोसला ने यारियां 2 की टीम के साथ सेलिब्रेट किया अपना बर्थडे, एक्टर पर्ल वी पुरी भी आए नजर - Divya Khosla celebrated her birthday with Pearl V Puri and the team of Yaariyan 2 |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-divya-khosla-celebrated-her-birthday-with-pearl-v-puri-and-the-team-of-yaariyan2-23221884.html |work=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]] |language=hi |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225100142/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-divya-khosla-celebrated-her-birthday-with-pearl-v-puri-and-the-team-of-yaariyan2-23221884.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Divyanshi |title=Divya Khosla Kumar celebrates birthday on Satyameva Jayate 2 sets, shares photos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/divya-khosla-kumar-celebrates-birthday-on-satyameva-jayate-2-sets-shares-photos-1742674-2020-11-20 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225100142/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/divya-khosla-kumar-celebrates-birthday-on-satyameva-jayate-2-sets-shares-photos-1742674-2020-11-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> She married [[Bhushan Kumar]] on 13 February 2005 at the [[Vaishno Devi|Maa Vaishno Devi]] shrine in [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Divya Khosla and Bhushan Kumar were married in Vaishno Devi Temple; check out their love story |work=India TV |url=https://www.indiatv.in/gallery/bollywood-images-divya-khosla-and-bhushan-kumar-were-married-in-vaishno-devi-temple-love-story-of-both-721390 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101182028/https://www.indiatv.in/amp/gallery/bollywood-images-divya-khosla-and-bhushan-kumar-were-married-in-vaishno-devi-temple-love-story-of-both-721390 |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple has a son born in October 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Son |date=14 October 2011 |title=Bhushan and Divya Kumar blessed with a boy |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1369140/Bhushan-Kumar-blessed-with-baby-boy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626181828/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1369140/Bhushan-Kumar-blessed-with-baby-boy |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2013 |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===As an actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004
|''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]''
|Parvatha Vardhini
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Have a look at the MULTI-talented and versatile Divya Khosla! |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/look-multi-talented-versatile-divya-112422926.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422105549/https://in.news.yahoo.com/look-multi-talented-versatile-divya-112422926.html |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |publisher=Yahoo! News |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo]]''
| Shweta Bhansali Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=World would be so dry without women: 'Yaariyan' director Divya Khosla Kumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/mar/31/world-would-be-so-dry-without-women-yaariyan-director-divya-khosla-kumar-2123921.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205052943/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/mar/31/world-would-be-so-dry-without-women-yaariyan-director-divya-khosla-kumar-2123921.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Sanam Re]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in the songs "Akkad Bakkad" and "Humne Pee Rakkhi Hain"
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Divya Khosla Kumar does a hot dance in 'Sanam Re' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Divya-Khosla-Kumar-does-a-hot-dance-in-Sanam-Re/articleshow/50640918.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=27 January 2017 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Divya-Khosla-Kumar-does-a-hot-dance-in-Sanam-Re/articleshow/50640918.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Bulbul''
|Bulbul
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/18/watch--bulbul-star-divya-khosla-kumar-finds-filmmaking-very-tough-1730328.html |title=WATCH | Bulbul star Divya Khosla Kumar finds filmmaking 'very tough' |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 December 2017 |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927084103/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/18/watch--bulbul-star-divya-khosla-kumar-finds-filmmaking-very-tough-1730328.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
|[[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Vidya Maurya Azad
|
|<ref name="rd:bh">{{cite web |date=17 March 2021 |title=John Abraham starrer Satyameva Jayate 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-starrer-satyameva-jayate-2-release-2nd-october-2020-divya-khosla-kumar-leading-lady/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927101057/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-starrer-satyameva-jayate-2-release-2nd-october-2020-divya-khosla-kumar-leading-lady/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''|''[[Yaariyan 2]]''
|Laadli Chibber
|
|<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pearl-v-puri-priya-varrier-meezaan-jafri-others-roped-yaariyan-2-release-summer-2023/|title=Divya Khosla Kumar, Pearl V Puri, and Meezaan Jafri roped for Yaariyan 2; film to release in Summer 2023|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 October 2022|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024052716/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pearl-v-puri-priya-varrier-meezaan-jafri-others-roped-yaariyan-2-release-summer-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''[[Savi (film)|Savi]]''
| Savi Sachdeva
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2024 |title=SAVI- A Bloody Housewife presents Anil Kapoor, Divya Khossla, Harshvardhan Rane like never before |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/abhinay-deos-savi-a-bloody-housewife-presents-anil-kapoor-divya-khossla-harshvardhan-rane-like-never-before-heres-the-teaser-13767782.html/amp |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| ''[[Ek Chatur Naar]]''
| Mamta Mishra
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Mashable News |title=Ek Chatur Naar Trailer: Divya Khossla & Neil Nitin Mukesh Try To Outsmart Each Other In New Comedy-Thriller |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/98952/ek-chatur-naar-trailer-divya-khossla-neil-nitin-mukesh-try-to-outsmart-each-other-in-new-comedy-thri |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=[[Mashable India]] |date=25 August 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jatadhara]]''
|Sitara
|Telugu-Hindi bilingual film
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudheer Babu starrer Jatadhara officially begins filming after Muhurat ceremony, Shilpa Shirodkar joins the cast |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/sudheer-babu-starrer-jatadhara-officially-begins-filming-after-muhurat-ceremony-shilpa-shirodkar-joins-the-cast-article-12941882.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Hero Heeroine}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Telugu-Hindi bilingual film; Filming
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Divyah Khosla Kumar's Telugu-Hindi film 'Hero Heeroine' launched with first poster |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/divyah-khosla-kumars-telugu-hindi-film-hero-heeroine-launched-with-first-poster/article67772510.ece |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=5 January 2024 |title=Divya Khosla Kumar Ventures into Telugu Cinema with the lead Role in 'Hero N Heroine' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/divya-khosla-kumar-ventures-into-telugu-cinema-with-the-lead-role-in-hero-n-heroine/articleshow/106575028.cms |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
! Ref
|-
|2014
|''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''
|Directorial debut
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Divya Khosla Kumar: It is not easy to be a filmmaker and it has nothing to do with my gender - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-divya-khosla-kumar-it-is-not-easy-to-be-a-filmmaker-and-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-my-gender/articleshow/80288597.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=15 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206232844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-divya-khosla-kumar-it-is-not-easy-to-be-a-filmmaker-and-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-my-gender/articleshow/80288597.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Sanam Re]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2016 |title=I don't miss acting: Sanam Re director Divya Khosla Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-don-t-miss-acting-sanam-re-director-divya-khosla-kumar/story-xXdNQYueOYanrGtGWKDHpN.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043328/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-don-t-miss-acting-sanam-re-director-divya-khosla-kumar/story-xXdNQYueOYanrGtGWKDHpN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2015
|''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''||||<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=Divya Khosla Kumar: The Stunner, the Producer, the Yummy Mummy |url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-divya-khosla-kumar-5343357-PHO.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=dailybhaskar |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205052938/https://www.bhaskar.com/national/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Bulbul''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramasubramanian |first=Uma |date=8 December 2017 |title=It was sad Kundan Shah left us, Bulbul is a tribute to him, says Divya Khosla Kumar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/081217/bulbul-is-a-tribute-to-kundan-shah.html |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]''||||
|-
|''[[Batla House]]''||||
|-
|''[[Marjaavaan]]''||||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotra-shares-first-look-poster-of-marjaavaan-the-film-will-also-star-tara-sutaria-see-pic/story-KZEho73DPAZg8D0lAjkZSN.html |title=Sidharth Malhotra shares first look poster of Marjaavaan, the film will also star Tara Sutaria. See pic |date=31 October 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101012342/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotra-shares-first-look-poster-of-marjaavaan-the-film-will-also-star-tara-sutaria-see-pic/story-KZEho73DPAZg8D0lAjkZSN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'' ||||
|-
|''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''||Netflix release||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ludo-trailer-abhishek-aditya-roy-kapur-rajkummar-pankaj-tripathi-others-lives-go-beyond-one-s-understanding-2850860 |title=Abhishek, Aditya Roy Kapur, Rajkummar, Pankaj Tripathi & others lives go beyond one's understanding |date=19 October 2020 |website=DNA |language=en-US |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021102146/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ludo-trailer-abhishek-aditya-roy-kapur-rajkummar-pankaj-tripathi-others-lives-go-beyond-one-s-understanding-2850860 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Indoo Ki Jawani]]''||||
|-
|''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Shubh Beginning To Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan |url=https://special.ndtv.com/kerala-floods-42/album-detail/a-shubh-beginning-to-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-98639 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]''|| Netflix release||
|-
|2023
|''[[Yaariyan 2]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2005
|[[Bollywood Movie Award]]
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|''[[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2011 |title=Bollywood Music & Fashion Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705085218/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2011 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Awards}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[66th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (as producer)
|''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations For The 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=Filmfare |date=28 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329154547/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Iconic Gold Awards]]
|Iconic Best Actress of the Year - Popular Choice
|''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Iconic Gold Awards 2022 held in Mumbai amid the presence of a galaxy of tinsel town celebrities - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/business/iconic-gold-awards-2022-held-in-mumbai-amid-the-presence-of-a-galaxy-of-tinsel-town-celebrities/ |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1539788}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|2037}}

{{Commons category|Divya Khosla Kumar}}

{{Divya Khosla Kumar}}
{{T-Series}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Divya Khosla}}
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian music video directors]]
[[Category:T-Series (company)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Everybody Says I'm Fine!

2026-02-19T01:12:19Z

Dlife: added references

{{short description|2001 film by Rahul Bose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Everybody Says I'm Fine!
| image = EverybodySaysI'mFine!cover.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rahul Bose]]
| writer = Rahul Bose
| producer = [[Vivek Vaswani]]
| starring = Rehaan Engineer [[Koel Purie]] Rahul Bose [[Pooja Bhatt]] [[Anahita Oberoi]] [[Boman Irani]]
| music = Zakir Hussain
| cinematography = Vikas Sivaraman
| editing = Suresh Pai
| distributor = Pinnacle Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|2001|09|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
}}
'''''Everybody Says I'm Fine!''''' is a 2001 Indian English-language [[drama film]], written and directed by [[Rahul Bose]] in his directorial debut.

The film premiered on 12 September 2001 at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]. For his work on ''Everybody Says I'm Fine!'', Bose was the runner-up to [[John Schlesinger]] for the Best Directorial Debut Award at the 2003 [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title= At the crossroads |author= Subhash K. Jha |newspaper= [[India Abroad]] |date= 9 May 2003 |quote=Rahul Bose, who won the second prize at the Palm Springs Festival for his directorial debut...}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revolves around a small group of elite Mumbaikars whose lives converge at a hairdresser's salon. Xen owns the salon and has a unique gift of [[telepathy|connecting with the minds]] of his clients and reading their thoughts while at work. Most of his customers maintain a facade of normality in order to gain semblance and hide their tumultuous lives to some extent.

As backdrop to Xen's ability, it is revealed that as a young boy, he witnessed the death of his parents in a freak accident at a recording studio, where nobody could hear his cries for help through the sound-proof booth as he saw the flames rising. Ever since, Xen's life plunged into some sort of forced silence. Xen uses his gift to help most of his clients, notably Tanya, whose private life is being indecently probed into by another one of his customers, Misha. Xen manages to get the dirt on Misha, who is a secret cocaine addict, and more unsavory details surface where it comes to knowledge that Misha has even gotten some children at the orphanage she works at addicted to it. Xen slips the information to Tanya without her knowledge, who then confronts Misha with it when Misha becomes a little too inquisitive in Tanya's personal affairs.

Xen is however, clueless in his own silence, and to add to it, he is unable to probe into the mind of one of his customers, Nikki/Nikita, who comes to the salon one day and asks him to cut off all her long hair. He begins to develop feelings for her, sensing some form of distress in her being, unable to reach her but somehow wanting to help.

Later, as Xen serves one of his regulars, a respectable businessman, Mr. Mittal, it transpires that the married Mr. Mittal is busy planning a liaison with another woman. More facts slowly unfold to reveal Mr Mittal is, in fact, Nikki's father, and Nikki has been subjected to an incestuous relationship. Enraged, on gradually learning the truth straight from the thoughts of his client, Xen strikes a heavy blow to Mr. Mittal's head, killing him, and later disposing of the body.

The death of her father triggers in Nikki a sudden response, and she crumbles to the ground in Xen's arms. He is now engulfed in her disconcerting train of thoughts, disjointed, and echoing her torment of many years. The final scene of the film shows Xen waking the next morning to find the silence in his life is now beyond him, and he can hear, as clearly and wholly as the next human being. Nikki embraces him; the mutual catharsis has made them both more wholesome beings.

== Cast ==

* Rehan Engineer as Xen
* [[Koel Purie]] as Nikita "Nikki"
* [[Rahul Bose]] as Rage
* [[Pooja Bhatt]] as Tanya
* [[Anahita Uberoi]] as Misha
* [[Boman Irani]] as Resomon Mittal

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Everybody Says I'm Fine
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">July 2002</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 52:21
| label = [[Universal Music Group|Universal]]
| producer =
| prev_title = Remember Shakti: Saturday Night in Bombay (Live)
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = Selects
| next_year = 2002
}}
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[tabla]] player [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]. Released by [[Universal Music Group|Universal]], it was the first Indian soundtrack to feature [[Carlos Santana]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Sounding Fine |author= Nyay Bhushan |newspaper= Billboard |date= 20 July 2002 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_AsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Everybody Says I'm Fine" || [[Carlos Santana]], Sanjay Swamy, Piyush Kanojia, [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]] and [[Taufiq Qureshi]]
|-
| 2 || "Zindagi" || [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], Ram Shankar, Ravi Khote, Dominique Manuel, Piyush Kanojia, Salim Merchant and Taufiq Qureshi
|-
| 3 || "Secret Key" || Samantha Edwards and George Brooks
|-
| 4 || "Somewhere" || Rahul Bose, George Brooks, Piyush Kanojia, Salim Merchant and Taufiq Qureshi
|-
| 5|| "Tanya's Theme" || [[Ganesh and Kumaresh]]
|-
| 6 || "The Search" || [[Talat Aziz]], Piyush Kanojia, Sali Merchant and Taufiq Qureshi
|-
| 7 || "Everybody Says I'm Fine (Club Edit)" || Carlos Santana, Sanjay Swamy, Piyush Kanojia, Salim Merchant and Taufiq Qureshi
|-
| 8 || "Zindagi (Classic)" || Ram Shankar
|-
| 9 || "Listen to Your Heart" || Black Church Gospels
|-
| 10 || "Secret Key (The Kiss)" || [[Ustad Sultan Khan]] and George Brooks
|-
| 11 || "Somewhere (Sweetness)" || Zakir Hussain and Ronu Mazumdar
|-
| 12 || "Discovery" || Zakir Hussain, Piyush Kanojia, Saleem Merchant and Taufiq Qureshi
|-
| 13 || "I'm Free" || Salim Merchant
|-
| 14 || "Everybody Says I'm Fine (C's Magic)" || Carlos Santana and Sanjay Swamy
|-
| 15 || "Zindagi (Club Edit)" || [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], Ram Shankar, Ravi Khote, Dominique Manuel, Piyush Kanojia, Salim Merchant and Taufiq Qureshi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0296621|title=Everybody Says I'm Fine}}
*''[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/every-body-says-i-am-fine/ Everybody Says I'm Fine]'' at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:2001 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about child sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films about telepathy]]
[[Category:2001 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language drama films]]

M. B. Chetti

2026-02-08T11:55:27Z

Dlife: expanded content

{{short description|Indian academic administrator}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. M. B. Chetti
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|07|01|df=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabsindia.org/profiles/chetti.html|title= N B S india}}</ref>
| birth_place = Rukmapur, [[Yadgir]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation =
| father =
| mother =
| known for = [[Educationist]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://www.uasd.edu/index.php/university/2015-12-02-02-10-03}}
| awards =
}}

''' M. B. Chetti ''' is a Vice Chancellor of [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uasd.edu/index.php/university/2015-12-02-02-10-03|title= Vice Chancellor}}</ref> He was former Assistant Director General, Education Division of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabsindia.org/profiles/chetti.html|title= N B S india}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chetti, M. B.}}
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Damodar River

2026-01-31T01:27:34Z

Dlife: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|River in Jharkhand and West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox river
| image = Damodar River 1.jpg
| image_alt = Damodar River in the lower reaches of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau; Amulya Pratap Singh]] in dry season
| image_caption = Damodar River in the lower reaches of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in dry season
| subdivision_type1= Country
| subdivision_name1= India
| subdivision_type2= Location
| subdivision_name2= [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]]
| length = {{convert|592|km|abbr=on}}
| mouth_location = [[Hooghly River]], [[Howrah district]], [[West Bengal]]
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|296|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{citation| title = Damodar Basin Station: Rhondia| publisher = UNH/GRDC| url = http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2854050.html}}</ref>
| source1_location = [[Chulhapani]], [[Latehar district]], [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], [[Jharkhand]]
| tributaries_left = [[Barakar River|Barakar]], [[Konar River|Konar]], [[Jamunia River|Jamunia]], [[Nunia River|Nunia]]
| tributaries_right= [[Sali River (West Bengal)]]
| map = Damodar Map.jpg
| map_alt = Damodar Map
| map_caption = Damodar Map
}}
'''Damodar River''' (Pron: /ˈdʌmoˌdaː/) is a river flowing across the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]]. The valley is rich in [[Natural resources of India|mineral resources]] and is known for large-scale [[Mining in India|mining]] and [[Economy of India|industrial]] activity. It was also known as the '''Sorrow of Bengal'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qna.rediff.com/questions-and-answers/river-damodar-is-called-sorrow-of-bengal-because-i/22849400/answers/22849402 |title=River Damodar is called Sorrow of Bengal because it (A) Causes maximum soil erosion (B) Gets flooded often causing havoc (C) Forms number of dangerous waterfalls (D) is not a perennial river - Rediff Questions & Answers |access-date=2013-10-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131022133126/http://qna.rediff.com/questions-and-answers/river-damodar-is-called-sorrow-of-bengal-because-i/22849400/answers/22849402 |archive-date=2013-10-22 }}</ref> because of the [[Floods in India|ravaging floods]] it caused in the plains of West Bengal. The construction of several [[List of dams and reservoirs in India|dams]] on the Damodar and its [[Tributary|tributaries]] has helped control some of the flooding.

==Etymology==
Damodar means "rope around the belly", derived from [[Sanskrit]] दाम (dama) "rope" and उदर (udara) "belly". Damodar is also another name given to the [[Hindu deities|Hindu god]] [[Krishna]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pika |title=Tales, Tanks, and Temples: The Creation of a Sacred Center in Seventeenth-Century Bengal |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |date=2002 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=193–222 |doi=10.2307/1178971 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178971 |issn=0385-2342|url-access=subscription }}</ref> because his foster-mother, [[Yashoda]], had tied him to a large urn.<ref name = "chattopadhyay">Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, pp. 21- 26, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

== Course ==
The Damodar is a rain-fed river. It originates in Khamarpat Hill on Chotanagpur Plateau in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen Singh |first=Dhruv |title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects |date= |publisher=Springer Hydrogeology |others= |year=2018 |location=Singapore |pages=259}}</ref> It travels {{Convert|368|miles|km|abbr=on}} before joining the [[Hooghly River]] in [[Howrah district|Howrah]], in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Damodar River {{!}} river, India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Damodar-River |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Tributaries==
Damodar River has a number of tributaries and subtributaries, such as [[Barakar River|Barakar]], [[Konar River|Konar]], [[Bokaro River|Bokaro]], Haharo, [[Jamunia River|Jamunia]], Ghari, Guaia, Khadia and Bhera.<ref name = "chattopadhyay"/><ref name = sabharwal>Sabharwal, L.R., I.F.S., Conservator of Forests, Bihar, Notes as part of Appendix IV to ''Report of the Damodar Flood Enquiry Committee'', 1943, republished in ''Rivers of Bengal'', a compilation, Vol III, 2002, p. 236, West Bengal District Gazetteers, Government of West Bengal</ref> The Damodar and the Barakar trifurcate the Chota Nagpur plateau. The rivers pass through hilly areas with great force, sweeping away whatever lies in their path. Two bridges on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] near Barhi in Hazaribagh district were torn down by the Barakar: the great stone bridge in 1913 and the subsequent iron bridge in 1946.<ref>[[John Wardle Houlton|Sir John Houlton]], ''Bihar the Heart of India'', 1949, p. 117, Orient Longmans Ltd.</ref>

==River of Sorrows==
The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an average annual rainfall of around {{convert|1400|mm|in|abbr=on}}, almost all of it in the monsoon months between June and August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm |title=Damodar Valley |access-date=2008-05-25 |work=About the Region – Damodar Basin |publisher=Ministry of Environments and Forests |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182506/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> The huge volume of water that flows down the Damodar and its tributaries during the monsoons used to be a fury in the upper reaches of the valley. In the lower valley it used to overflow its banks and flood large areas.

Damodar River was earlier known as the "River of Sorrows"<ref>Bose, Dr. N.K., ''The Problems of Damodar'', Appendix IV to ''Report of the Damodar Flood Enquiry Committee'', 1943, republished in ''Rivers of Bengal'', a compilation, Vol III, 2002, p. 204</ref> as it used to flood many areas of [[Bardhaman]], [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]], [[Howrah]] and [[Medinipur district|Medinipur]] districts.

The floods were virtually an annual ritual. In some years the damage was probably more. Many of the great floods of the Damodar are recorded in history — 1770, 1855, 1866, 1873–74, 1875–76, 1884–85, 1891–92, 1897, 1900, 1907, 1913, 1927, 1930, 1935 and 1943. In four of these floods (1770, 1855, 1913 and 1943) most of Bardhaman town was flooded.

In 1789 an agreement was signed between [[Bardhaman Raj#Kirtichand Rai|Maharaja Kirti Chand]] of [[Bardhaman Raj|Burdwan]] and the [[East India Company]] wherein the Maharaja was asked to pay an additional amount of {{INRconvert|193.721|k|to=USD GBP|year=1789}} for the construction and maintenance of embankment to prevent floods. However, these ran into dispute and in 1866 and 1873, ''The Bengal Embankment Act'' was passed, transferring the powers to build and maintain embankment to the government.

[[File:Damodar River.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Krishak Setu over the Damodar River, near Bardhaman]]
[[File:Damodar dhanbad-bokaro.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Damodar River between Dhanbad and Bokaro]]

So great was the devastation every year that the floods passed into folklore, as the following [[Bhadu (festival)|Bhadu]] song testifies:

::''We have sown the crops in Asar''
::''We will bring Bhadu in Bhadra.''
::''Floods have swollen the Damodar''
::''The sailing boats cannot sail.''
::''O Damodar! We fall at your feet''
::''Reduce the floods a little.''
::''Bhadu will come a year later''
::''Let the boats sail on your surface.''
[[File:Damodar River in its upper reaches.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Damodar in its upper reaches]]

==Damodar Valley==
The Damodar Valley is spread across [[Hazaribagh District|Hazaribagh]], [[Ramgarh District|Ramgarh]], [[Latehar District|latehar]], [[Dhanbad District|Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro District|Bokaro]] and [[Chatra District|Chatra]], Ranchi districts in [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bardhaman District|Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]] districts in [[West Bengal]] and partially covers [[Palamu District|Palamu]], [[Ranchi District|Ranchi]], [[Lohardaga District|Lohardaga]] and [[Dumka District|Dumka]] districts in Jharkhand and [[Howrah District|Howrah]], [[Bankura District|Bankura]] and [[Purulia District|Purulia]] districts in West Bengal with a command area of {{convert|24235|km2|mi2}}.

The Damodar valley is rich in coal. It is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country. Massive deposits are found in the central basin spreading over {{convert|2883|km2|mi2}}. The important coalfields in the basin are [[Jharia]], [[Raniganj Coalfield|Raniganj]], [[West Bokaro Coalfield|West Bokaro]], [[East Bokaro Coalfield|East Bokaro]], [[Ramgarh Coalfield|Ramgarh]], [[South Karanpura Coalfield|South Karanpura]] and [[North Karanpura Coalfield|North Karanpura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm |title=Mineral Resources and Coal Mining |access-date=2010-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815182912/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm |archive-date=2011-08-15 }}</ref>

The Damodar Valley is one of the most industrialised parts of India. Three integrated steel plants ([[Bokaro Steel Plant|Bokaro]], [[IISCO Steel Plant|Burnpur]] and [[Durgapur Steel Plant|Durgapur]]) of [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL) and other factories are in the valley.

===Damodar Valley Corporation (D.V.C.)===
{{Main|Damodar Valley Corporation}}

Several [[dam]]s have been constructed in the valley, for the generation of [[hydroelectric]] power. The valley is called “the [[Ruhr]] of India”. [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], popularly known as DVC, came into being on July 7, 1948, by an Act of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] (Act No. XIV of 1948) as the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvcindia.org/dvcact.htm |title=Damodar Valley Corporation |access-date=2008-05-25 |work=Infrastructure – DVC Act |publisher=Damodar Valley Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526104828/http://www.dvcindia.org/dvcact.htm |archive-date=2008-05-26 }}</ref> It is modeled on the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvcindia.org/dvcformation.htm |title=Damodar Valley Corporation |access-date=2008-05-25 |work=Infrastructure – Formation |publisher=Damodar Valley Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526104841/http://www.dvcindia.org/dvcformation.htm |archive-date=2008-05-26 }}</ref>
[[File:Rundiha weir.jpg|thumb|[[Randiha]][[weir]] on lower Damodar]]
The initial focus of the DVC were flood control, irrigation, generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, eco-conservation and afforestation, as well as job creation for the socio-economic well-being of the people residing in and around areas affected by DVC projects. However, over the past few decades, power generation has gained priority. Other objectives of the DVC remain part of its primary responsibility. The dams in the valley have a capacity to moderate peak floods of {{convert|250000|to|650000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}. DVC has created irrigation potential of {{convert|3640|km2|mi2}}.
[[File:Damodar River Beach Burdwan.jpg|alt=Damodar River Beach At Sadarghat Burdwan|thumb|300px|left|Damodar River Beach Burdwan]]
The first dam was built across the [[Barakar River]], a tributary of the Damodar river at [[Tilaiya]] in 1953. The second one was built across the [[Konar River]], another tributary of the Damodar river at [[Konar Dam|Konar]] in 1955. Two dams across the rivers Barakar and Damodar were built at [[Maithon]] in 1957 and [[Panchet]] in 1958. Both the dams are some {{convert|8|km|mi|0}} upstream of the confluence point of the rivers. These four major dams are controlled by DVC. [[Durgapur Barrage]] was constructed downstream of the four dams in 1955, across the Damodar river at Durgapur, with head regulators for canals on either side for feeding an extensive system of canals and distributaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvcindia.org/activitiesgeneration.htm |title=Damodar Valley Corporation |access-date=2008-05-25 |work=Generation – Overview |publisher=Damodar Valley Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517111812/http://www.dvcindia.org/activitiesgeneration.htm |archive-date=2008-05-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvcindia.org/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |title=Damodar Valley Corporation |access-date=2008-05-25 |work=Generation – Overview – Dams and Barrages |publisher=Damodar Valley Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515015807/http://www.dvcindia.org/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |archive-date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> In 1978, the government of Bihar (that was before the formation of the state of Jharkhand) constructed the [[Tenughat Dam]] across the Damodar river outside the control of DVC.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apfm.info/pdf/case_studies/cs_india.pdf | title = The Associated Programme On Flood Management | access-date = 2008-05-25| work = Case Study -- India: Flood Management – Damodar River Basin | publisher = World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> It proposes constructing a dam across the Barakar river at Belpahari in Jharkhand state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/03/10/stories/1410566k.htm |title=DVC plans to double capacity |access-date=2008-05-25 |last=Dutta |first=Indrani |publisher=The Hindu Business Line 10 March 2001 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323021013/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/03/10/stories/1410566k.htm |archive-date=2008-03-23 }}</ref>

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Damodar Valley}}
{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|22|17|N|88|05|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]

Bacholi, Belagavi

2026-01-28T06:52:35Z

Dlife: done

{{one source|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bacholi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belagavi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Bacholi''' is a village in [[Khanapur]] taluka of [[Belgaum district|Belagavi district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. According to the 2011 Census, Bacholi had a population of 1,959, with 972 males and 987 females.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Bacholi Village (Population, Area, Nearby Villages) – Census 2011 Data
|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/597844
|website=VillageInfo.org
|access-date=27 January 2026
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belagavi district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}

Nilambur

2026-01-27T20:15:28Z

Dlife: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nilambur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = ''The Teak Town''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nilambur: A Visual And Sensory Delight in Kerala|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/nilambur-a-visual-and-sensory-delight-in-kerala-3698525/|last=Chowdary|first=Charu|date=24 June 2019|access-date=4 June 2021|work=www.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=A teak museum in the forests of Nilambur|url=https://www.asianage.com/life/travel/111117/a-teak-museum-in-the-forests-of-nilambur.html|last=|date=11 November 2017|access-date=4 June 2021|work=Asian Age}}</ref>
| settlement_type = [[Town]] / [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Great Horn Bill 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A resort at Nilambur
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Kerala]]##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|16|37|N|76|13|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name3 = Nilambur
| area_total_km2 = 30.79
| government_type = [[Municipal Council (India)|Municipal council]]
| governing_body = Nilambur Municipality
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Padmini Gopinath ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairperson
| leader_name1 = Shoukath ali Koomanchery ([[IUML]])
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Malappuram_municipalities">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |title=Malappuram census handbook}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 400
| population_total = 46366
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Malappuram_municipalities"/>
| postal_code = 679329, 679330
| registration_plate = KL-71
| website = {{URL|https://nilamburmunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
| leader_name2 = [[Aryadan Shoukath]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title2 = [[Nilambur Assembly constituency|MLA]]
}}
'''Nilambur''' ({{IPA|ml|n̪ilɐmbuːr|lang}}) is a major town, a municipality and a Taluk in the [[Malappuram district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is located close to the [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiris]] range of the [[Western Ghats]] on the banks of the [[Chaliyar River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India: Search Details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=715572 |website=censusindia.gov.in |date=2011 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> This place is also known as 'Teak Town' because of the abundance of Nilambur teaks, which is a variety of a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. Unlike many municipalities of India, Nilambur is covered with large amounts of vegetation, making it very scenic.
[[File:Coconut Tree - Flickr - sajinrajknilambur.jpg|thumbnail|Nilambur]]
In the British records, Nilambur and its surroundings are collectively described as ''Nilambur Valley''.<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref> The bank of river Chaliyar at Nilambur region is also known for natural [[gold]] fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=61|title=Mineral Deposits in Kerala}}</ref> Explorations done at the valley of the river Chaliyar in Nilambur has shown reserves of the order of 2.5 million cubic meters of placers with 0.1 gram per cubic meter of gold.<ref name="geographymalappuram">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website= censusindia.gov.in |title=Physical divisions of Malappuram |pages = 21–22}}</ref> The hilly forested area of Nilambur [[Tehsil|Taluk]] forms a portion of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] of rich biodiversity. Nilambur is located about {{cvt|90|km}} west of [[Ooty]] and {{cvt|48|km}} southwest of [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] town, and {{cvt|27|km}} northeast of [[Manjeri]], on [[Ooty]]-[[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]]-Nilambur-[[Kozhikode|Calicut]] road.

The {{cvt|2554|m}} m high [[Mukurthi]] peak, which is situated in the border of [[Nilambur Taluk]] and [[Ooty]] Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in [[South India]] as well as the third-highest in Kerala after [[Anamudi]] ({{cvt|2696|m|disp=sqbr}}) and [[Meesapulimala]] ({{cvt|2651|m|disp=sqbr}}), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the [[Idukki district]]. The {{cvt|2383|m}} high [[Anginda peak]], which is located closer to [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]-[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]-[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] district border is the second-highest peak. [[Vavul Mala]], a {{cvt|2339|m|disp=sqbr}} high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], and [[Thamarassery]] Taluk of [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] districts, is the third-highest point of elevation in the district. The Nilambur Taluk has several small and medium-sized tributaries of Chaliyar river.

[[UNESCO]] has included Nilambur in its Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC) in recognition of its outstanding efforts to make lifelong learning a reality for all at the local level.<ref name="UNESCO-GNLC">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Global Network of Learning cities - Nilambur, India|url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/learning-cities/nilambur|access-date=29 November 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

==Etymology==
It is believed that Nilambur was derived from Nilambapuri, the old name of Nilambur Kingdom.

== History ==
[[File:Nilambur teak forest 3740.JPG|thumbnail|Conolly's plot, Nilambur]]
[[File:Nilambur Teak Garden.jpg|thumbnail|[[Teak Museum]]]]
The teaks for the construction of ''[[Uru (boat)|Uru]]'', a kind of ships those were used for maritime trade through [[Beypore]] port, were usually taken from Nilambur Teak Forests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amartya.de/beypore1.htm|title=Ship building in Beypore|website=amartya.de|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051616/http://www.amartya.de/beypore1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The oldest teak plantation of the world in the Conolly's plot is just {{cvt|2|km|spell=in}} from the town. It was named in memory of [[Henry Valentine Conolly]], the then Malabar district collector.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Oldest teak plantation, Conolly's Plot, to reopen after maintenance|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/travel-news/oldest-teak-plantation-conolly-s-plot-to-reopen-after-maintenance-kerala-nilambur-teak-plantations-1.1942105|date=2017-05-16|access-date=2020-10-12|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> [[Teak Museum]] at Nilambur is maintained by the [[Kerala Forest Research Institute]] which was established for the memory of the oldest known Teak plantation in the world. The town is also famous for [[Nilambur Kingdom|Nilambur Kovilakam]], where the ''Nilambur Rajas'' resided and ruled the land.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A road trip to Nilambur Kovilakam|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/travel-blog/a-road-trip-to-nilambur-kovilakam-1.4204082|last=Sasi Kumar|date=2019-10-17|access-date=2020-10-12|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> ''Nilambur Rajas'' were vassals to the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorins of Calicut]], based at Nilambur.

The [[Nilambur–Shoranur line]] is among the shortest as well as picturesque [[broad gauge]] railway lines in India.<ref name="The Nilambur news">{{cite web|url=http://nilamburnews.com/m_train.htm|title=The Nilambur news|publisher=Kerala Tourism|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920133828/http://nilamburnews.com/m_train.htm|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was laid by the British in colonial era for the transportation of ''Nilambur Teak'' logs into United Kingdom through [[Kozhikode]]. During British rule, Nilambur's chief importance laid in producing teaks. In the old administrative records of the [[Madras Presidency]], it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844.<ref name="Mbsp">{{cite book |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0023302_The_Madras_Presidency_1881_1931.pdf |title=The Madras Presidency (1881-1931) |last=Boag |first=GT |publisher=Government of Madras |location=Madras |year=1933 |page=63 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609102848/https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0023302_The_Madras_Presidency_1881_1931.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nilambur Teak is the first forest produce to get its own [[Geographical indication|GI]] tag.<ref>{{Cite news|title=First for forest produce, GI tag for Nilambur teak|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/first-for-forest-produce-gi-tag-for-nilambur-teak/articleshow/62320961.cms|last=T Ramavarman|date= 1 January 2018|access-date=30 October 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 2nd September 2022, Nilambur joined the [[UNESCO]] Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC).<ref name="UNESCO-GNLC-date">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities: 77 new members from 44 countries|url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-global-network-learning-cities-77-new-members-44-countries|access-date=29 November 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

== Civic administration ==
<mapframe text="Nilambur Municipality" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q16135735"}</mapframe>

===[[2020 Kerala local body elections|Nilambur Municipality]] Election 2020===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|title=Nilambur Municipality election 2020|access-date=2020-12-11|website=lbtrend|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party symbol !! Number of Councillors
|-
| 02 || Independents || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 14
|-
| 02 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || 09
|-
| 03 || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ||[[File:UDF logo.png|50px]]|| 09
|-
| 04 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ||[[File:BJP election symbol.svg -783x768.png|50px]] || 01

|}

== Connectivity ==
[[File:Nilambur 03902.JPG|thumbnail|A road in Nilambur]]
[[File:Amal College of Advanced Studies main block.JPG|thumb|The main block of Amal college of Advanced studies in Nilambur]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Municipal Bus Stand, Nilambur.jpg|thumb|Jawaharlal Nehru Municipal Bus Stand at Nilambur]]
Nilambur is well connected to other parts of the Kerala and other parts of the country by road and rail networks. Kozhikode-Nilambur-Gudalur ([[State Highway 28 (Kerala)|SH 28]]) road which is a major interstate highway runs through the heart of Nilambur. Other State highways such as [[State Highway 39 (Kerala)|SH 39 (Perumbilavu - Nilambur Road)]] and [[State Highway 73 (Kerala)|SH 73 (Valanchery - Nilambur Road)]] also serves this town. Construction for [[Hill Highway (Kerala)|Hill Highway]] is ongoing here. There are also wide and good quality direct road towards [[Kakkadampoyil]] of Kozhikode district from here. There is a large fleet of government and private buses and other transports serving this town. There is a [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] sub depot which serves the area operating both interstate and intrastate Public bus transport. This town is also served by a railway station called [[Nilambur Road railway station|Nilambur road]] which is the terminus of [[Nilambur–Shoranur line|Nilambur–Shoranur railway line]]. This railway station connects this town to other parts of India as it has regular trains which leads to [[Shoranur Junction railway station|shoranur junction]] which is the largest railway station of Kerala state.

The [[Nilambur–Nanjangud line]] is a proposed railway line, which connects Nilambur with the districts of [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]], and [[Mysore district|Mysore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kerala-govt-inks-deal-on-joint-venture-with-railways/articleshow/53978367.cms |website=The Times of India |title= Nilambur-Nanjandgud way to be realised |date= 2 September 2016 |access-date= 26 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nilambur teak set to enter elite club of products with GI tag|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Nilambur-teak-set-to-enter-elite-club-of-products-with-GI-tag/article17280134.ece|last=Muringatheri|first=Mini|date=10 February 2017|access-date=24 January 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The nearest International Airport is [[Calicut International Airport]] at Karipur which is 44.50 km from Nilambur.

==Nilambur Taluk==
[[File:Map of Malappuram District (April 2021).svg|thumbnail|Nilambur Taluk, in the eastern region of [[Malappuram district]], is located in the rich biodiversity of [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]]]
'''Nilambur Taluk''', also known as '''Eastern Eranad Taluk''', comes under [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala|Perinthalmanna revenue division]] in [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="mlp">{{Cite web|url=https://malappuram.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Villages, Taluks, and Revenues divisions that make up Malappuram district |website=Official website of Malappuram district}}</ref> Its [[headquarters]] is the town of Nilambur.<ref name="mlp"/> Nilambur Taluk contains Nilambur Municipality and a few [[Gram panchayat]]s.<ref name="mlp"/> Most of the administrative offices are located in the Mini-Civil Station at Nilambur. The position of Nilambur Taluk in [[Malappuram district]] is shown below:
{{Malappuram Labelled Map}}
Nilambur Taluk is the largest Taluk in Kerala. It is composed of 21 villages.<ref name="mlp"/> Since most of Nilambur is the jungle and hilly area, this Taluk has the least population density in the district.<ref name="Malappuram_municipalities"/> Several tributaries of [[Chaliyar]] River flow through Nilambur Taluk. Nilambur, [[Wandoor]], [[Edakkara]], [[Mambad]], [[Kalikavu]], and [[Karuvarakundu]], are some major towns in Nilambur Taluk.<ref name="Malappuram_municipalities"/> Nilambur Taluk is bounded by [[Silent Valley National Park]] to south, [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri mountain]] ranges and [[Pandalur taluk|Pandalur]], [[Gudalur taluk|Gudalur]], [[Ooty]], and [[Kundah taluk|Kundah]] Taluks of [[Nilgiris district]] to east, [[Wayanad district]] and [[Thamarassery]] Taluk of [[Kozhikode district]] to north, and [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]] and [[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]] Taluks to west.<ref name="Malappuram_municipalities"/> The villages included in the Taluk are:
* [[Vazhikkadavu]]
* Nilambur
* Kattumunda
* [[Edakkara]]
* [[Pullipadam]]
* [[Karulai]]
* [[Chungathara]]
* [[Thiruvali]]
* [[Karuvarakundu]]
* [[Amarambalam]]
* [[Mampad]]
* Kurumbalangode
* [[Akampadam]]
* [[Tuvvur]]
* [[Porur, Malappuram|Porur]]
* [[Vellayur]]
* [[Kalikavu]]
* [[Kerala Estate]]
* [[Pothukal]]
* [[Moothedam]]
* [[Wandoor]]
* [[Chokkad]]
* [[Elambilakode]]<ref name="mlp"/>

== Places of Interest ==
[[File:Chaliyar River at Nilambur.jpg|thumb|View of [[Chaliyar]] river at Nilambur]]
[[File:Teak Forest @ Canolly Plote, Nilambur - panoramio (6).jpg|thumbnail|Teak forest at Conolly's plot]]
* [[Teak Museum|Nilambur Teak Museum]]
* Conolly's Plot
* Bungalow Hill
* [[Nilambur Kingdom|''Nilambur Kovilakam'']]
* [[Adyanpara Falls]]
* [[Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[New Amarambalam Reserved Forest]]
* [[Mukurthi]] peak
* [[Vavul Mala]]
* [[Anginda peak]]
* [[Munderi (Malappuram)|Munderi]] Seed farm
* [[Nedumkayam|Nedumkayam Rain Forests]]
* [[Silent Valley National Park]]
* ''Chaliyar Mukku''

===Teak Museum===
{{main article|Teak Museum}}
The oldest teak plantation in the world is at Conolly's plot. It has the [[Teak Museum]] close by.

===Nilambur-Shoranur Railway line===
{{See also|Nilambur–Shoranur line}}
[[File:DR0050DSC 7079.jpg|thumbnail|[[Nilambur–Shoranur line]]]]
The [[Nilambur–Shoranur line]] is among the shortest as well as picturesque [[broad gauge]] railway lines in India.<ref name="The Nilambur news"/> The railway line is surrounded by teak trees. It was laid by the British in colonial era for the transportation of ''Nilambur Teak'' logs into United Kingdom through [[Kozhikode]].

===Silent Valley National Park===
{{main article|Silent Valley National Park}}

{{see also|Attappadi}}
Silent Valley National Park is located near [[Karuvarakundu]] in Nilambur Taluk. It is located in the rich biodiversity of [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]. [[Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[New Amarambalam Reserved Forest]], and [[Karulai|Nedumkayam]] Rainforest in Nilambur Taluk of [[Malappuram district]], [[Attappadi]] Reserved Forest in [[Mannarkkad]] Taluk of Palakkad district, and [[Mukurthi National Park]] of [[Nilgiris district]], are located around Silent Valley National Park. [[Mukurthi]] peak, the fifth-highest peak in South India, and [[Anginda peak]] are also located in its vicinity. [[Bhavani River]], a tributary of [[Kaveri River]], and [[Kunthipuzha River]], a tributary of [[Bharathappuzha]] river, originate in the vicinity of Silent Valley. The [[Kadalundi River]] has also its origin in Silent Valley. The waterfalls like Keralamkundu are also located in [[Karuvarakundu]].

===Nadukani Churam===
A [[Ghat Roads|Ghat road]] connects Nilambur with [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] and [[Ooty]] of the neighbouring [[Nilgiris district]]. It is located at [[Vazhikkadavu]] in the eastern end of Nilambur Taluk and Malappuram district.

===Vavul Mala===
{{main article|Vavul Mala}}

Several waterfalls and hillstations are located in the [[Gram panchayat]]s around Vavul Mala ([[Urangattiri]], [[Edavanna]] etc.).

==Notable people==
* [[P. V. Abdul Wahab]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Aryadan Muhammed]], former minister of [[Kerala]]
* [[P. V. Anvar|P V Anvar]], ex [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Nilambur
* [[Aryadan Shoukath]], film director
* [[Asif Saheer]], footballer
* [[Gopinath Muthukad]], Magician and motivational speaker
* [[Krishnachandran]], Actor, playback singer and dubbing artist
* [[M. Swaraj]], politician and Former MLA from [[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura Constituency]]
* [[Nilambur Ayisha]], actress
* [[Nilambur Balan]], actor
* [[KM Asif]], cricketer
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rashin Rahman]], actor
* [[Sankaran Embranthiri]], musician
* [[Zeenath]], actress

==See also==
* [[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Nilambur-Shoranur railway line]]
* [[Nilambur railway station]]
* [[Nilambur–Nanjangud line]]
* [[Teak Museum]]
* [[Nilambur Kingdom]]
* [[List of villages in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of desoms in Malappuram district (1981)]]
* [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Nilambur}}
{{wikivoyage|Nilambur}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nilambur.lsgkerala.gov.in/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Kerala panchayat election 2020]

{{Navboxes
| title = Articles Related to Nilambur
| list =
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Malappuram district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Populated waterside places in India]]

1995 kidnapping of western tourists in Kashmir

2026-01-15T01:20:19Z

Dlife: quick update

{{Short description|1995 kidnapping in Kashmir}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1995 kidnapping of western tourists in Kashmir
| location = [[Pahalgam|Liddarwat]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| date = {{start date|1995|07|4|df=yes}}
| type = [[Kidnapping]], [[hostage taking]]
| victims = 6
| perpetrators = [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]] ([[Al-Faran]])
| numparts = 40
| motive = Release of Harkat-ul-Ansar leaders and other militants
| website = {{URL|1=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199507040010|2=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199507040010}}
}}
Six western tourists and their two guides were kidnapped in the Liddarwat area of [[Pahalgam]] in the [[Anantnag district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India on 4 July 1995 by forty militants from the [[Kashmiri separatist movement|Kashmiri Islamist militant organisation]] [[Harkat ul-Ansar|Harkat-ul-Ansar]],{{Efn|name=groups}}<ref>[https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199507040010 Incident Summary] at the [[Global Terrorism Database]].</ref> under the pseudonym of [[Al-Faran]],<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Al Faran |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Al+Faran |website=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]] |publisher=[[WordNet]], [[Princeton University]]}}</ref> in order to secure the release of Harkat leader [[Maulana Masood Azhar|Masood Azhar]] and other militants.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/world/fifth-tourist-kidnapped-in-kashmir.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink Fifth Tourist Kidnapped in Kashmir], ''[[The New York Times]]'', (9 July 1995)</ref>

When their demands were not met, Norwegian Hans Christian Ostrø was beheaded on 13 August 1995. American John Childs managed to escape on 17 August, while the rest have never been found, but are presumed dead by the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] issuing [[death certificate]]s for the four on 28 January 2003.

==Background==
In 1989, Kashmiri militants<ref name=":3" /> began an [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|armed insurgency]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":3">[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/14/world/kashmiri-rebels-decapitate-captive-norwegian-tourist.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink Kashmiri Rebels Decapitate Captive Norwegian Tourist], ''[[The New York Times]]'', (14 August 1995)</ref> [[Harkat ul-Ansar|Harkat-ul-Ansar]] (HuA),{{Efn|Harkat-ul-Ansar was the merger of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] in 1993. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen had split from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami 1985 but re-united, they split again in 1998. [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]] was formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen by [[Masood Azhar]] in 2000.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/harakat-ul-mujahedeen Harakat-ul-Mujahedeen]. [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]]. [[Foreign Service Institute]]. [[Stanford University]].</ref>|name=groups}} an anti-Indian militant group under the similar pseudonym of Al-Hadid, had already perpetrated the [[1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India]] in [[Delhi]], led by [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] to secure the release of HuA leaders. Sheikh was caught and ultimately imprisoned at the [[Tihar Jail]] in Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/ahmed-omar-saeed-sheikh |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[Counter Extremism Project]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Saroj Kumar |date=2020 |title=Ilyas Kashmiri through the Prism of HuJI, HuA, HuM, JeM, Brigade 313 and al Qaeda |url=https://www.academia.edu/44824474 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3704948 |s2cid=240721894 |issn=1556-5068|doi-access=free }}</ref> HuA then began using the pseudonym of Al-Faran and also committed a bus hijacking in Hapatnar in [[Anantnag district]] under that name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Faran |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=1463 |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref>

==Kidnapping==
The six victims included two British tourists, Keith Mangan of [[Middlesbrough]] and Paul Wells of [[Blackburn]]; two [[United States|Americans]], John Childs of [[Simsbury, Connecticut]], and Donald Hutchings of [[Spokane, Washington]]; a German student, Dirk Hasert (14 August 1969–{{Circa|1995}}); and a [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] actor, Hans Christian Ostrø (1968-13 August 1995). Mangan's and Hutchings' wives were left behind by the kidnappers as their husbands were abducted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Middlesbrough hostage Keith Mangan abducted in Kashmir 20 years ago today|url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-hostage-keith-mangan-abducted-9584023|publisher=Gazettelive.co.uk|date=4 July 2005|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='New age of terror' has Spokane link|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2014/dec/21/new-age-of-terror-has-spokane-link/#/0|publisher=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|date=21 December 2014|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref>

A note released by the kidnappers a day after the kidnappings read, "Accept our demands or face dire consequences. We are fighting against anti-Islamic forces. Western countries are anti-Islam, and America is the biggest enemy of Islam."<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B1FF8395C0C728FDDAB0994D1494D81&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIndia Hijacking Revives Saga of Kashmir Kidnappings in '95], ''[[The New York Times]]'', (31 December 1999)</ref> John Childs managed to escape and was rescued four days later.<ref name=nyt>[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/10/nyregion/american-tricks-captors-in-kashmir-and-bolts-to-freedom.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink American Tricks Captors in Kashmir and Bolts to Freedom], ''[[The New York Times]]'', (10 July 1995)</ref> Ostrø was beheaded by his abductors and his body was found near Pahalgam on 13 August 1995.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/14/world/kashmiri-rebels-decapitate-captive-norwegian-tourist.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink Kashmiri Rebels Decapitate Captive Norwegian Tourist], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 14 August 1995</ref> His body was taken to [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]], New Delhi, where a postmortem was conducted by Professor [[Tirath Das Dogra|T. D. Dogra]], who established that the beheading was the cause of death, and reported that the words "Al Faran" were carved onto his chest.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/09/reviews/980809.09steint.html Kidnapped book review], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 August 1998</ref> The kidnappers demanded the release of [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] militant [[Maulana Masood Azhar]] who had been imprisoned by India and 20 other prisoners. Several national and international organisations issued appeals to Al-Faran to release the tourists. Representatives of the embassies of the victims' countries also visited Kashmir frequently to seek their release, without success. In December 1995, the kidnappers left a note that they were no longer holding the men hostage.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/13/world/worry-rising-for-hostages-seized-in-india.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink Worry Rising For Hostages Seized in India], ''[[The New York Times]]'', (13 December 1995)</ref> Mangan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-hostage-keith-mangan-abducted-9584023|title=Middlesbrough hostage Keith Mangan abducted in Kashmir 20 years ago today|date=4 July 2015}}</ref> Wells, Hutchings, and Hasert have never been found and are presumed to have been killed.

In May 1996, a captured militant told Indian investigators and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents that he had heard that all four hostages had been shot dead on 13 December 1995, nine days after an operation by Indian security forces that killed four of the original hostage-takers, including the man said to have been leading them, Abdul Hamid Turki.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report: Spokane man killed in India : m.kitsapsun.com : Kitsap, Washington, News, Business, Homes, Jobs, Cars & Information |url=http://m.kitsapsun.com/news/1996/Dec/23/report-spokane-man-killed-in-india/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713154404/http://m.kitsapsun.com/news/1996/Dec/23/report-spokane-man-killed-in-india/ |archivedate=13 July 2011 |url-status=live |accessdate=13 July 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/06/world/no-answers-for-wife-of-us-hostage-in-kashmir.html?pagewanted=1 | work=The New York Times | first=John F. | last=Burns | title=No Answers for Wife of U.S. Hostage in Kashmir | date=6 July 1997}}</ref> Journalists [[Adrian Levy]] and Catherine Scott-Clark claim however, in their book ''The Meadow'', that the remaining hostages were sold from Al-Faran to Ghulam Nabi Mir, also known as Azad Nabi, who held them for months before shooting them dead on 24 December 1995.<ref>{{cite news|title=IndoPak: New book claims India-backed group killed kidnapped Kashmir tourists|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-03/indopak-new-book-claims-india-backed-group-killed-kidnapped-kashmir-tourists|publisher=[[Public Radio International]]|date=3 April 2012|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref> Ghulam Nabi Mir was at the time leader of pro-Indian Islamic guerrilla group Muslim Mujaheddin, a faction of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], who organized themselves into the [[All Jammu & Kashmir Patriotic Peoples Front|Patriotic Peoples Front]] in 1995 or 1996 to contest local elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jammu & Kashmir - Political Parties|url=http://www.peacekashmir.org/jammu-kashmir/political-parties.htm|publisher=peacekashmir.org|accessdate=31 March 2018|archive-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124104445/http://www.peacekashmir.org/jammu-kashmir/political-parties.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jolt to counter insurgency|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01072001/13.htm|publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]]|date=1 July 2001|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Top counter-insurgent killed in J&K|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/16jk1.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=16 June 2001|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Al-Faran has been determined to be a pseudonym of [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]];<ref name=":1" />{{Efn|name=groups}} however HuA has denied having any ties to it.<ref name="Nabi">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/04/19/did-pro-india-militias-kill-western-tourists-in-kashmir/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000509/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/04/19/did-pro-india-militias-kill-western-tourists-in-kashmir/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2012|title=Did pro-India militias kill Western tourists in Kashmir?|work=[[Reuters]]|date=18 April 2012|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref>

==Rescue attempt==
According to the US-based [[Terrorism Research Center]], Norwegian [[Forsvarets Spesialkommando]] (FSK) made an attempt to locate and rescue the Norwegian hostage Ostrø. "In 1995, a small force from the unit was deployed in the [[Kashmir]] region of [[India]] in an attempt to find and free a Norwegian citizen who was held hostage and later beheaded by the Al-Faran guerrillas." The attempt was not successful. The [[Terrorism Research Center]] presented the information about FSK's missions in Kashmir without prejudice. The [[Norwegian Ministry of Defence]] has never admitted such an action had taken place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/artikkel.php?artid=1588113|title=-Spesialkommandoen skulle befri Osterø}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The kidnappings were widely covered by western press and helped bring terrorism in [[Kashmir]] to the international communities attention. Donald Hutchings' wife Jane Schelly made repeated trips to the region to try to get some answers in vain.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/06/world/no-answers-for-wife-of-us-hostage-in-kashmir.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink No Answers for Wife of U.S. Hostage in Kashmir], ''[[The New York Times]]'', (6 July 1997)</ref> In 1997, Indian police exhumed a body that was initially thought to be of [[United Kingdom|British]] tourist Paul Wells.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jan-06-mn-51354-story.html Exhumed Body Is of British Hostage, India Confirms], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', (6 January 2000)</ref> However, subsequent forensic tests showed that the body did not belong to any of the tourists.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/692434.stm Tests dispute Kashmir body identity], [[BBC]], (27 March 2000)</ref> [[Masood Azhar]] was subsequently released in exchange for passengers aboard hijacked [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] along with [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]]. Sheikh was arrested in 2002 and was later tried and convicted for the kidnapping and beheading of [[Daniel Pearl]] in [[Karachi, Pakistan]].

[[Amjad Farooqi]], accused of being one of the kidnappers, was reported killed in [[Pakistan]] in September 2004.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130223203138/http://southasiaanalysis.org/paper1129 Paper]}}. South Asia Analysis Group.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/655/html |title=Al-Qaida and the Pakistani Harakat Movement: Reflections and Questions about the pre-2001 Period | Rassler | Perspectives on Terrorism |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410175916/http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/655/html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ghazi Baba]], Pakistani militant, suspected of involvement in the kidnapping
*[[1994 kidnappings of western tourists in India]]
*[[Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland]], [[Denmark|Danish]] and Norwegian tourists killed by Islamists in Morocco in 2018
*[[Beheading in Islamism|Beheading in Islam]]
*[[Islamic terrorism]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* "Erneut Urlauber in Kaschmir vermisst", [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]], 12 July 1995.
* "Entführer in Kaschmir drohen erneut mit Geiselmord". [[Associated Press|Associated Press Worldstream]], 11 July 1995.
* Qaiser Mirza, "American Flees Captors in Kashmir", [[Chicago Sun-Times]], 10 July 1995.
* "Kaschmir-Geiseln wurden in Dorf gesichtet", [[Associated Press]], 31 December 1995.
* "Indien. Ein Grab im Dschungel", [[Focus (German magazine)|Focus Magazin]], 30 December 1996.
* "Western Hostages probably killed, says top Indian security official", Associated Press, 27 November 1998.
* Qaiser Mirza, "Kashmir police say skeleton may be of a foreign hostage", Associated Press, 25 October 2000.
* "Indian police exhume body, believed to be of Western hostage", [[BBC World|BBC Summary of World Broadcasts]], 27 October 2000.
* "Kashmir issues death certificates for Western hostages kidnapped in 1995", Global News Wire – Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, 28 January 2003.
* Izhar Wani, "American Beheading in Iraq revives memories of similar execution in Kashmir", [[Agence France-Presse|Agence France Presse]], 12 May 2004.
* Qaiser Mirza, "Kashmiri Separatists Kill One Western Hostage, Threaten Other Four", Associated Press, 13 August 1995.
* [http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/dirk-hasert--geisel-in-kaschmir,10810590,8989934.html Dirk Hasert, Geisel in Kaschmir.] ''[[Berliner Zeitung]]'', 16 August 1995.
* [http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/seit-einem-jahr-schweigen-die-entfuehrer-in-kaschmir-warten-auf-ein-zeichen,10810590,9208450.html Warten auf ein Zeichen / Seit einem Jahr schweigen die Entführer in Kaschmir.] ''Berliner Zeitung'', 27 November 1996.
* {{Cite news|title=American tricks captors in Kashmir and bolts to freedom|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/10/nyregion/american-tricks-captors-in-kashmir-and-bolts-to-freedom.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1995-07-10|access-date=2021-12-08|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=Doreen|last=Carvajal}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.vg.no/i/7l03gv|title=-Spesialkommandoen skulle befri Osterø|work=[[vg.no]]|language=nb|date=23 September 2001|access-date=8 December 2021}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.tb.no/5-76-1455614|title=(+) Janne Hoem får Hans Christian Ostrøs minnepris: – Han satte uforglemmelige spor|last=Vatn|first=Vegar|work=Tønsbergs Blad|language=no|date=23 November 2020|access-date=8 December 2021}}

==External links==
*[https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199507040010 Incident Summary] at the [[Global Terrorism Database]]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/a/auerbach-ransom.html Ransom, The Untold Story of International Kidnapping by Ann Hagedorn Auerbach- Chapter 1]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091019112049/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01aug09/edit.htm#3 In memory of Hans Christian Ostro], [[Daily Excelsior]], (9 August 2001)
*[http://www.subcontinent.com/research/sapra_documents/tr_1996_03_001_s.html Al Faran and the Hostage Crisis in Kashmir], SAPRA India Foundation, (10 March 1996)
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/578369.stm Profile: Maulana Masood Azhar], [[BBC]], (16 December 2002)
*[http://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/kaschmir_aid_154846.html ''Kaschmir: Terror im Paradies''.], [[FOCUS Online]], (28 August 1995)
*[http://rhein-zeitung.de/on/97/11/17/topnews/kaschmir.html Kaschmirgeiseln: Seit zweieinhalb Jahren entführt], [[Rhein-Zeitung]] (17 November 1997)
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mdr.de/mdr-info/3136230.html|title=''8. Juli 1995: Dirk Hasert in Kaschmir entführt''|date=6 July 2006}} [[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|MDR.DE]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kidnapping Of Western Tourists In Kashmir}}
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1990s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1995 murders in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 1995]]
[[Category:July 1995 crimes]]
[[Category:July 1995 in India]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Hostage taking in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rao administration]]
[[Category:Kidnappings by Islamists]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Islamism-related beheadings]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 1995]]
[[Category:Attacks on tourists in Kashmir]]

Pulakode

2026-01-11T19:58:45Z

Dlife:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pulakode
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6456
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 6XXXXX
| registration_plate = KL-
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Pulakode ''' is a village in [[Thrissur district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Pulakode had a population of 6456 with 3114 males and 3342 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulakode Village Population - Talappilly - Thrissur, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627752-pulakode-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

West Delhi district

2026-01-05T15:36:52Z

Dlife: Starting Some Location With Sources

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = West Delhi district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Delhi|District of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Delhi districts.png
| mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6608|N|77.1008|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rajouri Garden]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 129
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 219
| population_total = 2,543,243
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1100xx<ref>{{cite web |url= https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/West/ |title= West Delhi |website= indiapincodes.net}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| leader_title = [[List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name = [[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]]
| website = {{url|https://dcwestrev.delhi.gov.in/}}
}}
'''West Delhi district''' is one of the 11 administrative districts of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] in [[India]]. Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions, [[Patel Nagar]], [[Rajouri Garden]] and [[Punjabi Bagh]]. West Delhi is bound by the districts of [[North West Delhi]] to the north, [[North Delhi]] and [[Central Delhi]] to the east, [[South West Delhi]] to the south, and [[Jhajjar District]] of [[Haryana]] state to the west. Major residential and commercial areas of Delhi like [[Janakpuri]], [[Uttam Nagar]] and [[Tilak Nagar, New Delhi|Tilak Nagar]] are located in West Delhi.

West Delhi has an area of {{cvt|129|sqkm}}, with a [[population density]] of nearly 14,000 persons per km2 (about 36,000 per sq mi). The population of 2,543,243 consists of 1,356,240 males and 1,187,003 females. Children between 0–6 years are 203,528 (109,526 boys and 94,002 girls). In 2001, the literacy rate for West Delhi was above 83% (87.85% of males and 77.99% of females).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/2008-09/demographic_profile.pdf |title= Chapter 3: Demographic Profile |website= Economic Survey of Delhi, 2008–2009 |publisher= Statement 3.6. Government of Delhi| page= 25 |via= delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in |access-date= 2025-12-28}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] West Delhi has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,543,243,<ref name= districtcensus>{{cite web |url= https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/912/download/36516/DH_2011_0700_PART_A_DCHB_NCT_OF_DELHI.pdf |title= District Census Handbook: NCT Delhi |website= censusindia.gov.in |publisher= [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |year= 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230728190550/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/912/download/36516/DH_2011_0700_PART_A_DCHB_NCT_OF_DELHI.pdf |archive-date= 2023-07-28 |access-date= 2025-12-28}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web| title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |website= cia.gov | publisher= [[Central Intelligence Agency]]| place= US | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Kuwait 2,595,62}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data| publisher= Census Bureau| website= 2010.census.gov| place= US |access-date=30 September 2011| quote = Nevada 2,700,551}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 169th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 19625 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name= districtcensus /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 18.91%.<ref name=districtcensus/> West Delhi has a [[sex ratio]] of 876 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 87.12%. 2,536,823 (99.75%) of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 14.80% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in West Delhi district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: NCT Delhi| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11371/download/14484/DDW07C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India| access-date= }}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Delhi|Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|10.69}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|5.89}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Delhi|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Delhi|Jainism]]|pink|0.45}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.18}}}}
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of West Delhi district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 75.46 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value2 = 14.52 |color2 = pink
|label3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value3 = 1.66 |color3 = Gold
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 1.32 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] |value5 = 1.06 |color5 = firebrick
|label6 = Others |value6 = 5.98 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 75.46% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 14.52% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 1.66% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] 1.32% [[Urdu]] and 1.06% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: NCT Delhi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10201/download/13313/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0700.XLSX |website= censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref>

The ethnic [[Punjabis]], which is mostly [[Hindi-speaking]], constitutes over 60% of West Delhi's population.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-punjabi-vote-bank-back-with-bjp-after-favouring-aap-for-10-years-9830994/ |title= Delhi’s Punjabi vote bank back with BJP after favouring AAP for 10 years |work= The Indian Express |date= February 19, 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Districts of Delhi]]
* [[Bali Nagar]]
* [[Kirti Nagar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi/Western Delhi}}
* [http://dcwestrev.delhigovt.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = West Delhi district
|North = [[North West Delhi district]]
|Northeast = [[North Delhi district]]
|East = [[Central Delhi district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[South West Delhi district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Jhajjar district]], [[Haryana]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Delhi}}


[[Category:Districts of Delhi]]
[[Category:West Delhi district| ]]

Tamil Indonesians

2026-01-01T23:37:17Z

Dlife: Starting A Info.

{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tamil Indonesians இந்தோனேசியத் தமிழர்
| image = [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vrouwen in de Hindoe tempel Sri Mariamman TMnr 20018360.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Tamil devotees in Mariamman Temple, Medan.
| population = 75,000 (1996)
| popplace = [[North Sumatra]], [[Jakarta]], [[Aceh]], [[Riau]], [[Riau Islands]] and [[Bali]]
| langs = {{Flatlist|
* [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
| rels = '''Predominantly''' [[Hinduism]] '''Minorities''' [[Christianity]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Buddhism]]
| related-c = {{Flatlist|
* [[Indian Indonesians]]
* [[Tamil Malaysians]]
}}
}}
{{Tamils}}
'''Tamil Indonesians''' are persons from [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Tamil people|Tamil]] ancestry living in Indonesia. Majority of them live in [[Medan]] in [[North Sumatra]] while there are small community in other parts of the country such as [[Jakarta]], [[Aceh]], [[Riau]], [[Riau Islands]] and [[Bali]].<ref name="TAMIL">""[http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/indonesia.htm Tamils - a Trans State Nation, Indonesia]", Tamilnation.org, 15 August 2011.</ref> It is estimated that there are around 25,000 [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|PIOs/NRIs]] living in Indonesia of which the Indian expatriate community registered with the Embassy and Consulate in Medan numbers around 30,000.

==History==

===Pre-colonial era===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Tamil-arbeiders uit India in Medan Deli Sumatra TMnr 10001396.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|A group of Tamil workers were brought from India by the Dutch for working on plantation sectors in Medan, 1920s.]]
[[File:Straat in de Klingalese Kamp in Padang, RP-F-F01149-EW.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Indian settlement in [[Padang]], the settlers mainly are Tamil descent, circa 1900s]]
Tamils have a long history in Indonesia. After [[Rajendra Chola I]]'s attack on [[Srivijaya Empire]] in 1024–1025, there was a noticeable increase in Tamil economic activity in [[Southeast Asia]], including Indonesia. One of direct consequence of [[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I|Chola invasion]] was the emergence of Kota Cina, an ancient trading town currently located in northern Medan.

Their presence has been recorded in [[Lobu Tua Inscription]] dating from 1088 about [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Five Hundred Lords of Ayyanuruwar]], a Tamil merchant guild in [[Barus]], an ancient port town currently located in [[Central Tapanuli Regency]], North Sumatra. The inscription itself is written in Tamil, and Barus was called ''Varocu'' by them. The Tamils residing permanently or temporarily in Barus were mainly traders or craftsmen by profession. Some of them were migrated to Karoland and Kota Cina, and assimilated with local Karo people. The clan (''merga'') Sembiring is believed to have a connection with the Tamils. Many of its sub-mergas, like Colia, Berahmana, Pandia, Meliala, Depari, Muham, Pelawi and Tekan, are clearly of South Indian origin. Some scholars cited that some aspects of Karo tradition are believed to have been influenced from [[Tamil culture]], such as disposing of the dead and ''urung'' (village federation, thought to be influenced from medieval Tamil society).<ref>{{cite journal| pages=367–409| title=The Trans-Sumatra Trade and the Ethnicization of the 'Batak'| year=2002| last1=Andaya| first1=Leonard Y.| journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde| volume=158| issue=3| doi=10.1163/22134379-90003770| s2cid=153410250| doi-access=free}}</ref>

Another evidence of Tamil presence is the Suruaso Inscription, dating from the 14th century. The inscription was found in [[Tanah Datar Regency]] ([[West Sumatra]]), and written in two languages, [[Old Malay]] and Tamil. The Tamils were also assimilated with [[Acehnese people]], and many of them have physical resemblance to that of Tamils. However, they do not practice Tamil culture or speak Tamil language anymore.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

===Dutch colonial period===
Tamils from India were brought to Indonesia by the [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]] in the early build-up of the plantation industry in the 1830s.<ref name="TAMIL"/> Agents visited villages in South India and tempted poor uneducated Tamils to come to "Tanah Deli" (Sumatra) and were promised easy work with good pay.

After they arrived in Indonesia, they were used for hard labor and housed in simple huts. Most of them worked for the Dutch company, ''Deli Maatschappij'' under harsh conditions. A small number of Tamils returned to India after their contract expires. At the end of the 1940s, many Tamils got an opportunity to return and left, but about 5,000 to 10,000 Tamils remained in North Sumatra, mainly in Medan, but also in [[Lubuk Pakam]] ([[Deli Serdang Regency]]), [[Tebing Tinggi]], and [[Binjai]].

===World War II and Independence===
After [[World War II]] and the country's independence from the Dutch, many Tamils left the plantations and they often used cow carts as transport. These vehicles became their tools for making a living. Some even bought abandoned Japanese military vehicles, which they used to transport sand and building material for building projects. Other Tamils have specialized in spice trading at the markets and a few become contractors and government officials.

Many Tamil Indonesians have remained in North Sumatra except for a few hundred families in [[Jakarta]] and the Tamils who went to [[Sigli]] in [[Pidie Regency]], [[Aceh]] in an early stage.

==Relations with other groups==
Tamil Indonesians always had a harmonious relationship with other ethnic groups in North Sumatra, as the cultural and economic background do not differ too much.
As for [[interracial marriage]]s, not until the last two generations did Tamil Indonesians began to intermarry with other ethnic groups.

==Organizations==
[[File:Tusuk Tubuh Thaipusam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Thaipusam]] celebration in [[Medan]], [[North Sumatera]], [[Indonesia]], 2016. The devotee piercing the skin, tongue or cheeks with [[Vel]] as symbol of honoring to the Tamil God of [[Murugan]]]]
In August 2011, more than 400 Tamil Indonesians gathered in [[Jakarta]] to form a new association, the Indonesia Tamil Sangam (ITS).<ref>"[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/15/tamil-community-forms-new-cultural-association.html-01 Tamil community forms new cultural association]", ''The Jakarta Post'', 15 August 2011.</ref> The ITS is a nonprofit, social and cultural organization dedicated to the welfare of the Tamil-speaking community living in Indonesia and it will organize [[Tamil language]] classes and establish a Tamil library in Jakarta.

Other than Indonesian Tamil Sangam, there are some religious-based Tamil organizations, such as:
* Perhimpunan Kuil Shri Mariamman (Shri Mariamman Temple Association).
* Adi-Dravida Sabah.
* Muda-mudi Buddha Tamil (Tamil Buddhist Youths).
* South Indian Moslem Foundation and Welfare Committee.
* Atma Jyothi - Indonesia Hindu-Tamil Association.
* Love Medan Indians, Social Concern, Medan Tamil Less-fortunate kids, teens and youths education and careers.
* Holy Trinity Church, Medan Christian Ministry amongst and to the Tamils and Indians.
* Annai Velangkanni Shrine, Tamil Catholic Spiritual Pilgrimage.

==Population==
{{main article|Kampung Madras}}
It is not known for exactly how many Tamils in Indonesia are, as post-1930 censuses do not include ethnical category. According to A. Mani (1980), there were 18,000 Tamils in North Sumatra in 1930. It is estimated that there were 75,000 Tamils in 1996 with religion percentage are 78% Hindus, 11% Buddhists, 5.5% Muslims and 4.5% Christians.

==Notable Tamil Indonesians==
* [[Charles Tambu]] - Indonesian Politician.
* [[D. Kumaraswamy]] - [[Hindu]] reformer and Tamil community leader in Indonesia.
* [[Kimmy Jayanti]] - Indonesian actress and model.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indotamilsangam.com/ இந்தோனேசியத் தமிழ்ச் சங்கம் - Indonesia Tamil Sangam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228205741/http://www.indotamilsangam.com/ |date=2011-12-28 }}
{{Indians in Indonesia}}
{{Tamil Diaspora}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Sri Lankan diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Indonesia}}

[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Indonesia|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora by country|Indonesia]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Asia|Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesian people of Tamil descent|*]]

Xenophrys zunhebotoensis

2025-12-18T04:15:23Z

Dlife: Starting Basic Details V1...

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2023 |title=''Megophrys zunhebotoensis'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T135879A166112666 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T135879A166112666.en |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Xenophrys zunhebotoensis
| authority = (Mathew & Sen, 2007)
| synonyms = ''Megophrys zunhebotoensis'' Mathew & Sen, 2007
}}

'''''Xenophrys zunhebotoensis''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Megophryidae]] from [[Nagaland]], India, where it is known only from a single site in Nguti (Sukhalu), [[Zunheboto District]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Xenophrys zunhebotoensis'' Mathew and Sen, 2007 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Megophryidae/Megophryinae/Xenophrys/Xenophrys-zunhebotoensis |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org |archive-date=2022-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903154300/https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Megophryidae/Megophryinae/Xenophrys/Xenophrys-zunhebotoensis |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28039883}}

[[Category:Xenophrys|zunhebotoensis]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2007]]

{{Megophryidae-stub}}

Koothattukulam

2025-11-24T12:53:28Z

Dlife: formatting fix

{{Short description|Municipality in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koothattukulam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.8648|N|76.5956|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Muvattupuzha taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 23.18
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 17,253
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881011/20 |title=Koothattukulam Population}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686662
| area_code = 0485
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| registration_plate = KL-17
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Thodupuzha]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Piravom (State Assembly constituency)|Piravom]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
| website = https://koothatukulammunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Koothattukulam junction, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|Koothattukulam Junction]]

'''Koothattukulam''' is a [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality of Kerala]] state, India<ref>{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> in the [[Ernakulam district]]. It is {{convert|32|km|1|abbr=on}} south of the district headquarters in [[Thrikkakara]] and about {{convert|156|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Koothattukulam has a population of 17,253 people, and a population density of {{convert|755|/sqkm|abbr=on}}. It is at the junction of Ernakulam, Kottayam, and Idukki districts, in the foothills of the Western Ghats and is part of the Keezhmalanad region.

The town comprises five main localities: Koothattukulam, Vadakara, Paittakulam, Kizhakombu and [[Edayar]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

== Notable people ==
*[[Mary John Koothattukulam]], Malayalam language poet
*[[C. J. Thomas]] (1918–1960), an Indian playwright and critic of [[Malayalam literature]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

Vasudeva III

2025-10-29T19:59:38Z

Dlife:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Vasudeva III Circa 360-365 AD.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Coinage of Vasudeva III, c. 360-365 CE. King standing facing, head left, holding trident and banner, altar before; symbols around / Goddess [[Ardoksho]] seated facing.]]
'''Vasudeva III''' was possibly the son of [[Vasudeva II]] and a ruler of the [[Kushan Empire]] c. 360-365 CE.

==Reign==
By the reign of Vasudeva III, the Kushan Empire had declined into insignificance. In the west the [[Sasanian Empire]] was a threat, and in the east local native people had regained their independence.<ref name="Prakash1971">{{cite book|author=Buddha Prakash|title=Evolution of heroic tradition in ancient Panjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqU5AQAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Punjabi University|page=53}}</ref>

==Disputed existence==
Existence of Vasudeva III has been disputed,<ref name="Mukherjee1978">{{cite book|author=Bratindra Nath Mukherjee|title=Kushāṇa coins of the Land of the Five Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVhmAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Indian Museum|page=53}}</ref> as has been the existence of his supposed father Vasudeva II.<ref name="MitterwallnerGrowse1986">{{cite book|author1=Gritli von Mitterwallner|author2=Frederic Salmon Growse|title=Kuṣāṇa Coins and Kuṣāṇa Sculptures from Mathurā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uufVAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of U.P., Lucknow|page=38}}</ref> No [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] evidence supports his existence.<ref name="Rosenfield1967">{{cite book|author=John M. Rosenfield|title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA112|year=1967|publisher=University of California Press|page=112|id=GGKEY:0379L32LPNJ}}</ref>

It has also been proposed, from [[numismatic]] evidence, that there may have been another Kushan ruler with the same name and [[regnal number]] as Vasudeva III.<ref name="Shrava1985">{{cite book|author=Satya Shrava|title=The Kushāṇa Numismatics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1EaAAAAYAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Praṇava Prakāshan|page=223}}</ref>

{{Kushans}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Kushan Empire|Kushan Ruler]]
| years =
| before = [[Vasudeva II]]
| after = [[Vasudeva IV]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasudeva 03}}
[[Category:Kushan monarchs]]
[[Category:3rd-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Asian people whose existence is disputed]]

{{india-royal-stub}}

L. P. Vidyarthi

2025-10-19T04:05:55Z

Dlife: done

{{Short description|Indian anthropologist (1931–1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = L. P. Vidyarthi
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|02|28|df=y}}
| education = [[Lucknow University]] 
[[University of Chicago]] ([[PhD]])
| occupation = [[Anthropology|Anthropologist]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|12|01|1931|02|28|df=y}}
}}

'''Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi''' (28 February 1931 – 1 December 1985) was an Indian [[Anthropologist]] known for his work on the anthropology of religion and pioneering studies on the sacred complex in Indian society.

==Education==
Vidyarthi holds a master’s degree in [[anthropology]] from [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]], having studied under D. N. Majumdar. In 1958, he earned a Ph.D. from the [[University of Chicago]] under the supervision of [[Robert Redfield]] and [[McKim Marriott]]. His doctoral dissertation was titled ''The Sacred Complex of a Traditional City of Northern India''.<ref name="Indian Anthropologist2">{{cite journal |date=June 1987 |title=Obituary : Professor Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi (1930 - 1985) |journal=Indian Anthropologist |publisher=Indian Anthropological Association |volume=17 |issue=1 |jstor=41919557}} {{closed access}}</ref><ref name="Current Anthropology2">{{cite journal |date=December 1966 |title=Ph. D. Dissertations in Anthropology |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=625 |jstor=2740146}} {{closed access}}</ref><ref name="Singer19862">{{cite journal |last=Singer |first=Milton |author-link=Milton Singer |date=1 July 1986 |title=Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi (Obituary) |journal=[[Contributions to Indian Sociology]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=302–304 |doi=10.1177/006996686020002011 |s2cid=145408576 |via=[[SAGE Publishing]]}} {{closed access}}</ref>

== Career ==
He began his academic career as a Professor at [[Ranchi College]] (then affiliated with [[Bihar University]]), serving there from 1953 to 1956. He later joined [[Ranchi University]] as a Professor of Anthropology, teaching from 1958 to 1968, and became the head of the Anthropology Department in 1968, a position he held until he died in 1985.<ref name="Indian Anthropologist2" />

== Death ==
Vidyarthi died on December 1, 1985.<ref name="Singer19862" />

== Works ==

Vidyarthi encouraged Indian social scientists to study scriptures like the [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], and [[Puranas]] to understand India's social and cultural realities. He emphasized the importance of Indian thinkers such as [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], and [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] for their focus on spiritual humanism and universal love.

In 1951, he studied the [[Malto people|Maler tribe]], exploring their ecological practices and spiritual beliefs. He introduced the "Nature-Man-Spirit Complex," which highlights the interplay of nature, human activities, and spirituality. He also developed the concept of the [[Sacred complex|Sacred Complex]], analyzing sacred sites like [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] through "sacred geography," "sacred performances," and "sacred specialists."

=== Books ===
* ''The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya'', 1961
* ''The Maler: The Nature-Man-Spirit Complex in a Hill Tribe'', 1963
* ''Art and Culture of North East India'', 1986
* ''Leadership in India'', 1967
* ''The Tribal Culture of India'', 2000
* ''Rural Development in South Asia'', 1982

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gbooks-author|Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyarthi, L. P.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ranchi University]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]

Joan Bondurant

2025-09-26T22:36:36Z

Dlife: slightly refined content

{{Short description|American political scientist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Joan Bondurant
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|12|18}}
| birth_place = [[Great Bend]], [[Kansas]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|09|12|1918|12|18}}
| death_place = [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]]<ref name=squat06/>
| residence =
| citizenship = [[Americans|American]]
| fields = [[Political science]], [[civil resistance]], [[nonviolent revolution]]
| workplaces = [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[University of the Pacific (United States)|University of the Pacific]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Michigan]]
| doctoralbbb_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| awards =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}
'''Joan Valerie Bondurant''' (December 18, 1918 – September 12, 2006) was an American political scientist and former spy for the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) during [[World War II]].<ref name=squat06>{{cite news|last=Squatriglia|first=Charles|title=Joan Bondurant -- spy, authority on Gandhi <nowiki>[obituary]</nowiki>|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Joan-Bondurant-spy-authority-on-Gandhi-2551226.php|access-date=18 June 2013|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=21 September 2006}}</ref> She is best known as the author of ''Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict'' (1958), a book on [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhian]] political philosophy.

==Early life and intelligence work==

Bondurant was born on 16 December 1918 in [[Great Bend]], [[Kansas]].<ref name=squat06/><ref name=jbbdate>{{cite web |last=AncientFaces |title=Joan V Bondurant (1918 - 2006) |url=http://www.ancientfaces.com/person/joan-v-bondurant/84232515|publisher=AncientFaces|access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> She was gifted in the piano, and graduated from the [[University of Michigan]] with a degree in music.<ref name=squat06/>

When World War II broke out, she learned Japanese, and was sent to work for the OSS in India, arriving in [[New Delhi]] in May, 1944.<ref name=mcintosh98>{{cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Elizabeth P.|title=Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS|year=1998| publisher=Naval Institute Press| location=Annapolis, MD| isbn=9781557505989 |oclc=38042887 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wHWT3WT_rYC&q=%22Joan+Bondurant%22+spy&pg=PA188-IA13}}</ref>{{rp|189}}

==Scholarly career and later life==
While in India, she met [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and became interested in his [[nonviolent]] approach to politics. Returning to the US, Bondurant obtained a doctoral degree in political science at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (1952).<ref name=jbdisser>{{cite book |last=Bondurant |first=Joan V. |title=Gandhian satyagraha and political theory: an interpretation |year=1952 |publisher=Thesis (Ph.D. in Political Science)--University of California, Berkeley) |location=Berkeley, CA |oclc=21684829}}</ref> She then published ''Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict'' (1958), a widely reviewed and influential book on Gandhian politics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Horace |author-link=Horace Alexander |title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, by Joan V. Bondurant<nowiki>]</nowiki> |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |date=April 1960 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=215–216 |jstor=2612055 |publisher=(Royal Institute of International Affairs|doi=10.2307/2612055 }}</ref><ref name=foreignaffairs58>{{cite journal |last=Anonymous |title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, by Joan V. Bondurant<nowiki>]</nowiki> |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |year=1958–1959 |volume=37 |pages=516}}</ref><ref name=heimsath59>{{cite journal |last=Heimsath |first=Charles H. |title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, by Joan V. Bondurant<nowiki>]</nowiki> |journal=[[Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] |date=July 1959 |volume=324 |pages=197–198|doi=10.1177/000271625932400183 |s2cid=144648173 }}</ref>

Later, she took a job teaching at [[University of the Pacific (United States)|University of the Pacific]].<ref name=squat06/>

Her collection of personal and research papers was given to the Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation of River Campus Libraries at the University of Rochester in 2012 and was opened to researchers in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/papers-of-world-war-ii-spy-friend-of-mahatma-gandhi-now-fully-available-to-the-public-133382/|title=Papers of World War II spy, friend of Mahatma Gandhi now fully available to the public - NewsCenter|date=2015-12-31|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref>

==Selected works==
*{{cite book |last=Bondurant|first=Joan V.|title=Conquest of violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |edition=New Revised |isbn= 9780691022819 |oclc=17385168}}
**{{cite book |last=Bondurant|first=Joan V.|title=Conquest of violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict |year=1958 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |edition=1st |oclc=154176074}}
*{{cite book |last=Fisher|first=Margaret Welpley |title=The Indian experience with democratic elections |year=1956 |publisher=University of California|location=Berkeley, CA |oclc=989639 |author2=Joan V. Bondurant}}
*{{cite book |last=Fisher|first=Margaret Welpley |title=Indian approaches to a socialist society |year=1956 |publisher=Institute of International Studies, University of California|location=Berkeley, CA |oclc=845127212 |author2=Joan V. Bondurant}}
*{{cite book|last=Bondurant |first=Joan V. |title=Sketches of India, with forty-one photographic illustrations |year=1946 |publisher=Craft Press |location=Ann Arbor, MI|oclc=4579134}}

==See also==
*[[Gene Sharp]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=b5cF63jx-k4C Sketches of India] (autobiographical work of first India trip, with many photos)
*[http://www.bondurant-family.org/BFA/History/Entries/2009/12/1_Joan_Bondurant__WWII_Spy_and_Scholar_on_India_%26_Nonviolence.html At Bondurant family website]
*[http://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/4909 Finding aid for the Joan V. Bondurant Papers, 1918-2003], Rare Books Special Collections & Preservation Department, University of Rochester.

{{Gandhi|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bondurant, Joan}}
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:American political philosophers]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:World War II spies for the United States]]
[[Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:University of the Pacific (United States) faculty]]
[[Category:University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni]]
[[Category:People from Great Bend, Kansas]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]

Sri Gur Sobha

2025-09-15T03:03:01Z

Dlife: Starting Initial Details With Sources...

{{Short description|Sikh text}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox book
| image = Folio 31 of a Sri Gur Sobha manuscript, circa 19th century.jpg
| caption = Folio of a ''Sri Gur Sobha'' manuscript, circa 19th century
| name = Sri Gur Sobha
| language =
| genre = [[Sikhism]]
| published =
| author = Sainapati
| country =
| pub_date = 1711
}}
{{Sikh literature}}

'''''Sri Gur Sobha''''', also known as '''''Sri Gur Sobha Granth''''', is a poetic literary work written by the [[Kavi Darbar|court-poet]] Sainapati that covers the life of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and the establishment of the [[Khalsa]] order.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sainapati |first=Chandra Sain |title=Sri Gur Sobha (Sainapati): English Translation |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |year=2014 |isbn=9788185815350 |location=Chandigarh |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Kulwant}}</ref><ref name=":322" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2004 |isbn=817380530X |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |location=Patiala |pages=236–238}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Khalsa: Sikh and Non-Sikh Perspectives |publisher=Manohar |year=2004 |isbn=9788173045806 |pages=35 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> It is one of the ''[[Gurbilases]]''.<ref name=":322" /> The overarching motif of the work consists of praise of the tenth guru.<ref name=":02" />

== Description ==
The title of the text translates to "radiance of the guru".<ref name=":9" /> It was the first text of the Gurbilas genre and it narrates the life of Guru Gobind Singh and the establishment of the Khalsa order.<ref name=":322" /><ref name=":9" /> The text was written in Gurmukhi in a language that is described as a mixture of [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] and [[Punjabi language|eastern Punjabi]] that is Sanskritized.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=vii}}<ref name=":02" /> Its content has been described as partly eulogizing and partly historical.<ref name=":02" /> According to Sikh scholar J. S. Grewal, the Sri Gur Sobha is based "partly on personal observation and partly on hearsay and poetic imagination."<ref name=":1" /> Within the work, certain historical events are described through poetry, such as specific battles that the Sikhs fought, Mughal in-fighting, diplomacy between the Sikhs and the Mughals, and the assassination attempt on the guru's life at [[Nanded]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref name=":02" /> Thus, the work has historiographical significance.<ref name=":02" /> The work contains references to particular terms, such as ''misl'', which it uses to describe a military unit, which helps our understanding of the meaning particular vocabulary held at the time.<ref name=":02" />

=== Chapters ===
The work is divided into twenty chapters or cantos.<ref name=":02" /> Six out of twenty of the cantos directly eulogizes the Sikh guru or the Khalsa, with many of the rest of the cantos also containing laudatory lines.<ref name=":02" /> The name of each chapter and its general contents being as follows:<ref name=":02" />

# ''Panth Pragās Barnan'' – opens with introductory stanzas, gives a list of the ten Sikh gurus, and states that the reason Guru Gobind Singh established the Khalsa Panth was based upon a divine order.<ref name=":02" />
# ''Teg Pragās'' – describes the [[Battle of Bhangani]].<ref name=":02" />
# ''Rājan Het Saṅgrām'' – describes the [[Battle of Nadaun]].<ref name=":02" />
# battles with Khanzada and Hussain Khan<ref name=":02" />
# ''Bachan Pragās'' – end of the ''[[masand]]'' system and establishment of the Khalsa order.<ref name=":02" />
# ''Bachan Bichār'' – describing the paragon Khalsa.<ref name=":02" />
# ''Rahit Pragās'' – explaining the ''[[modus vivendi]]'' of the Khalsa, known as ''[[rehat]]''.<ref name=":02" />
# [[First Battle of Anandpur (1704)|First battle of Anandpur]]<ref name=":02" />
# Battle of Nirmohgarh<ref name=":02" />
# [[Battle of Basoli|Battles of Basoli]] and Kalmot<ref name=":02" />
# [[Second siege of Anandpur|Second battle of Anandpur]]<ref name=":02" />
# [[battle of Chamkaur]]<ref name=":02" />
# ''Kalā Pragās'' – covering the [[Guru Gobind Singh Marg]], when the tenth guru escaped from [[Chamkaur Sahib|Chamkaur]] and is travelling through the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa region]], containing the [[battle of Muktsar]] and the ''[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]]'' epistle.<ref name=":02" />
# ''Kīchak Mār'' – journey toward the south and the battle of Baghaur.<ref name=":02" />
# ''Zikr Bādshāhī'' – [[Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)]]<ref name=":02" />
# ''Mulāqāt Bādshāh Kī'' – meeting with Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]].<ref name=":02" />
# ''Sāhibzādā kā Judh ar Zikr Rāh Kā'' – travels through [[Rajasthan]] and a skirmish at [[Chittorgarh]].<ref name=":02" />
# ''Jotī Jot Samāvaṇā'' – [[Joti Jot|death]] of Guru Gobind Singh<ref name=":02" />
# ''Agam Pragās'' – author's opinion on the future of the Khalsa<ref name=":02" />
# ''Sarb Upamā'' – obeisance to the all-pervading divine<ref name=":02" />

== History ==
This text was completed by the [[Kavi Darbar|court poet]] Sainapati in 1711.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Hasrat |first=B. J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2004 |isbn=817380530X |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |location=Patiala |pages=179–181}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=McLeod |first=William Hewat |date=11 August 2024 |title=Sikh literature |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sikh-literature |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Sainapati was a [[Kavi Darbar|patron poet]] of the Sikh guru.<ref name=":322" /> Whilst the author does not give his actual name or his pen-name in the work, the author can be identified through comparative analysis with works such as ''Chanakya Niti'' and ''Sri Sain Sukh'', which were written by Sainapati.<ref name=":02" />

Two manuscripts of the work were kept in the collection of the [[Sikh Reference Library]] at the [[Golden Temple]] complex in Amritsar but were lost in the events of [[Operation Blue Star]] in 1984.<ref name=":02" />

=== Dating ===
The text itself claiming it was written on [[Bhadon]] ''sudi'' 15, 1758 [[Vikram Samvat|Bk.]], corresponding to 6 September 1701 in the Gregorian calendar.<ref name=":02" /> However, since the work contains stories of Guru Gobind Singh's life from after 1701 and until his death in 1708, it is believed that 1701 is when the first draft of the Sri Gur Sobha was prepared by Sainapati, with the author working on it overtime until it was finished in 1711.<ref name=":02" /> According to Gurmukh Singh, Sainapati was enlarging the initial draft overtime in-order to produce the final work.<ref name=":02" />

=== Publishing ===
The text fell into obscurity until it was rediscovered by [[Akali Kaur Singh Nihang|Akali Kaur Singh]] and published by Bhai Nanak Singh Kirpal Singh Hazuria, Amritsar, in December 1925.<ref name=":02" /> [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]] brought out another edition of the text that was published by the Punjabi University, Patiala in 1967.<ref name=":02" />

== Translation ==
The text was translated into English by Kulwant Singh in 2014.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sikh literature]]

Domni

2025-09-08T17:19:08Z

Dlife: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2025}}
'''Domni''' is a dance performed in [[West Bengal]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Folk Forms of West Bengal |url=https://ftcc.wbicad.in/folk-forms/folk-drama.php |website=Folk & Tribal Cultural Centre |publisher=Information & Cultural Affairs Deptt., Govt. of West Bengal}}</ref>

This dance form is mainly based on drama. Roles of husbands, wives, mothers, greedy moneylenders, peasant, etc. are main characters in this.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Dance in India}}
[[Category:Dances of India]]
[[Category:Performing arts in West Bengal]]
{{india-dance-stub}}

Darbili

2025-08-30T11:57:06Z

Dlife: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Darbilhi]]

6th Goa Assembly

2025-08-13T23:44:13Z

Dlife: created new pg needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = 6th Goa Assembly
| foundation = 2012
| disbanded = 2017 
| preceded_by = [[5th Goa Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[7th Goa Assembly]]
| legislature = [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| coa_pic = Emblem of India.svg
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| new_session =
| leader1_type = Speaker
| leader1 = [[Anant Shet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/shet-elected-new-speaker/|title=Shet elected new Speaker|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=6671|title=Shet elected Speaker; Monseratte couple absent|publisher=}}</ref>
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 = [[Vishnu Wagh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sant-andre-mla-mla-vishnu-wagh-was-on-thursday-elected-as-the-deputy-speaker-of-goa-legislative-assembly/|title=sant andre mla MLA Vishnu wagh was on Thursday elected as the deputy speaker of Goa Legislative Assembly|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=6689|title=Mauvin stands up with Cong, Wagh elected Dy Speaker|publisher=}}</ref>
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 2012
| leader3_type = Leader of the House
| leader3 = [[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 2014
| leader4_type = Leader Of Opposition
| leader4 = [[Pratapsingh Rane]]
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election4 = March, 2012

| members = 40
| structure1 = File:Goa Legislative Assembly 2012 structure.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
{{Color box|#FF9933|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (21) 
{{Color box|#00BFFF|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (7) 
{{Color box|#9933CC|border=darkgray}} [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]] (3) 
{{Color box|#FFFF19|border=darkgray}} [[Goa Vikas Party|GVP]] (1) 
{{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} [[Goa Su-Raj Party]] (1)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Now-Mickky-joins-Goa-Su-Raj-Party/articleshow/56264474.cms|title=Now, Mickky joins Goa Su-Raj Party | Goa News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> 
{{Color box|#DDDDDD|border=darkgray}} [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (5)
{{Color box|#235545|border=darkgray}} [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]] (2) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-leader-madkaikar-resigns-from-goa-assembly-ahead-of-polls-joins-bjp/story-hd8DakoJA09X4BKNfcrFXN.html|title=Congress leader Madkaikar resigns from Goa assembly ahead of polls, joins BJP|date=22 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/dec/16/congress-leader-mauvin-godinho-resigns-from-goa-assembly-1549749.html|title=Congress leader Mauvin Godinho resigns from Goa Assembly|publisher=}}</ref>

| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly election, 2012|3 March 2012]]
| next_election1 = [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|4 February 2017]]
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place =
| website = [http://goaassembly.gov.in/index.php Goa Assembly]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Sixth Goa Assembly''' (term : 2012-2017) was the [[unicameral]] legislature of the state of [[Goa]] in western [[India]]. It consists of 40 members. In charge of the budget, the Assembly appropriates money for social programs, agricultural development, infrastructure development, etc. It is also responsible for proposing and levying taxes.

The Assembly met in the Goa State Legislative Assembly Complex in [[Porvorim]], [[Bardez]].

==Leaders==
{|class="wikitable"
!Position
!Name
|-
! Governor
|[[Mridula Sinha]]
|-
! Chief Minister
|[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
|-
! Deputy Chief Minister
| [[Francis Dsouza]]
|-
! Speaker
|[[Anant Shet]]
|-
! Deputy Speaker
| [[Vishnu Wagh]]
|}

==Goa Assembly Name==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Mandrem]]
|[[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]
|[[Pernem]]
|[[Siroda]]
|[[Panaji]]
|[[Navelim]]
|-
|[[Bicholim]]
|[[Marcaim]]
|[[Tivim]]
|[[Mormugao]]
|[[Margao]]
|St. Andre
|-
|[[Mapusa]]
|[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco Da Gama]]
|[[Siolim]]
|[[Dabolim]]
|[[Taleigao]]
|[[Cuncolim]]
|-
|[[Saligao]]
|[[Cortalim]]
|[[Calangute]]
|[[Nuvem]]
|[[Benaulim]]
|[[Cumbarjua]]
|-
|[[Porvorim]]
|[[Curtorim]]
|[[Aldona]]
|[[Fatorda]]
|[[Santa Cruz, Goa|Santa Cruz]]
|[[Velim, Goa|Velim]]
|-
|[[Maem]]
|[[Quepem]]
|[[Sanquelim]]
|[[Curchorem]]
|[[Poriem]]
|[[Sanvordem]]
|-
|[[Valpoi]]
|[[Sanguem]]
|[[Priol]]
|[[Canacona]]
|-
|}

==Composition==
<section begin=Results />{{election table|title=Composition of the Sixth [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" |Party
! scope="col" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |[[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| 21
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak]]
| 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| 9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |[[Goa Vikas Party]]
| 2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |[[Independent politician|Independents]]
| 5
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; font-weight:bold"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |Total
| 40
|}<section end=Results />

==Members==
The following is the list of MLAs in the Sixth Goa Legislative Assembly after the 2012 election.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of MLAs by constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="3" |Member
|-
! #
! Name
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|1
| [[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]]
|[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2
| [[Pernem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Pernem]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|3
| [[Bicholim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Bicholim]]
|[[Naresh Sawal]]
| style="background:#ddd;"|
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|4
| [[Tivim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Tivim]]
|[[Kiran Kandolkar]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|5
| [[Mapusa (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mapusa]]
|[[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|6
| [[Siolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siolim]]
|[[Dayanand Mandrekar]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|7
| [[Saligao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Saligao]]
|[[Dilip Parulekar]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|8
| [[Calangute (Goa Assembly constituency)|Calangute]]
| [[Michael Lobo (politician)|Michael Lobo]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|9
| [[Porvorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Porvorim]]
| [[Rohan Khaunte]]
| style="background:#ddd;"|
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|10
| [[Aldona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Aldona]]
| [[Glenn Ticlo]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|11
| [[Panaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
|[[Manohar Parrikar]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|12
| [[Taleigao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Taleigao]]
| [[Jennifer Monserrate]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|13
| [[St. Cruz (Goa Assembly constituency)|Santa Cruz]]
| [[Atanasio Monserrate]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|14
| [[St. Andre (Goa Assembly constituency)|St. Andre]]
|[[Vishnu Wagh]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|15
| [[Cumbarjua (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cumbarjua]]
| [[Pandurang Madkaikar]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|16
| [[Maem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Maem]]
|[[Anant Shet]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|17
| [[Sanquelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanquelim]]
| [[Pramod Sawant]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|18
| [[Poriem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Poriem]]
| [[Pratapsingh Rane]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|19
| [[Valpoi (Goa Assembly constituency)|Valpoi]]
| [[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|20
| [[Priol (Goa Assembly constituency)|Priol]]
|[[Deepak Dhavalikar]]
| style="background:#93c;"|
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
|21
| [[Ponda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Ponda]]
|[[Lavoo Mamledar]]
| style="background:#93c;"|
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
|22
| [[Siroda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siroda]]
|[[Mahadev Naik]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|23
|[[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]]
|[[Sudin Dhavalikar]]
| style="background:#93c;"|
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
|24
| [[Mormugao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mormugao]]
| [[Milind Naik (politician)|Milind Naik]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|25
| [[Vasco Da Gama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vasco da Gama]]
| [[Carlos Almeida (politician)|Carlos Almeida]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|26
| [[Dabolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Dabolim]]
| [[Mauvin Godinho]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |27
| rowspan="2" | [[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]]
| [[José Matanhy de Saldanha|Matanhy Saldanha]] (dead)
| rowspan="2" style="background:#f93;" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Alina Saldanha]]
|-
|28
| [[Nuvem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Nuvem]]
|[[Francisco Pacheco (politician)|Francisco Pacheco]]
| style="background:#f96;"|
|[[Goa Vikas Party]]
|-
|29
| [[Curtorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curtorim]]
| [[Aleixo Lourenco]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|30
| [[Fatorda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Fatorda]]
| [[Vijai Sardesai]]
| style="background:#ddd;"|
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|31
| [[Margao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Margao]]
| [[Digambar Kamat]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|32
| [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Benaulim]]
| [[Caetano Silva (politician)|Caetano Silva]]
| style="background:#f96;"|
|[[Goa Vikas Party]]
|-
|33
| [[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim]]
|[[Avertano Furtado]]
| style="background:#ddd;"|
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|34
| [[Cuncolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cuncolim]]
|[[Subhash Rajan Naik]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|35
| [[Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Velim]]
|[[Benjamin Silva]]
| style="background:#ddd;"|
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|36
| [[Quepem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Quepem]]
| [[Chandrakant Kavlekar]]
| style="background:#00bfff;"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|37
| [[Curchorem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curchorem]]
| [[Nilesh Cabral]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|38
| [[Sanvordem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanvordem]]
|[[Ganesh Gaonkar]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|39
| [[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]]
|[[Subhash Phal Desai]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
| [[Canacona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Canacona]]
|[[Ramesh Tawadkar]]
| style="background:#f93;"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

===By-election===
After the death of incumbent MLA of [[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]] Matanhy Saldanha, his wife Alina Saldanha was elected unopposed from [[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]] on 25 May. Other candidates withdrew from the contest. She was given her husband's ministerial portfolio as forest minister.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-09|title=Alina Saldanha Inducted in Goa Cabinet|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=139859|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820000257/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=139859|archive-date=2016-08-20|access-date=|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/goa/alina-saldanha-to-be-inducted-into-goa-cabinet-on-june-8_779573.html|title=Alina Saldanha to be inducted into Goa Cabinet on June 8|date=June 3, 2012|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/alina-saldanha-inducted-into-goa-cabinet-112060800458_1.html|title=Alina Saldanha inducted into Goa cabinet|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=June 8, 2012|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/ Goa Legislature official site]

{{Goan elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Goa Topics}}

[[Category:Terms of the Goa Legislative Assembly|6]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2012–2017| ]]