Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences

2023-10-06T11:21:58Z

DipikaKashyap:

{{Short description|Research institute in India}}

{{Infobox research institute|name=Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences|image=Centre_for_Nano_and_Soft_Matter_Sciences_(CeNS).png|established=1991; 31 years ago|research_field=[[Nanotechnology]], [[Soft matter]]|director=Dr BLV Prasad|city=[[Bengaluru, India]] (headquarters)|address=Cens New Campus, Shivanapura, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]|nickname=https://www.cens.res.in|operating_agency=[[Ministry of Science and Technology]], Government of India|website=[https://www.cens.res.in/ www.cens.res.in]}}

The '''Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences''' (CeNS) is an Indian [[research institute]] that works with the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-05-15 |title=Bengaluru-based researchers design photonic memory which can lead to developing highly-efficient computing systems |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-based-researchers-design-photonic-memory-which-can-lead-to-developing-highly-efficient-computing-systems/article66853699.ece |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2019-08-13 |title=Research facilities of CeNS at new campus |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/research-facilities-of-cens-at-new-campus/article29085054.ece |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS) was established in 1991 by [[Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar]]. In 2021, Dr BLV Prasad appointed as director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-06-03 |title=UoH Alumnus appointed Director of the DST-CeNS |url=https://telanganatoday.com/uoh-alumnus-appointed-director-of-the-dst-cens |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Research activities ==

=== Materials research ===
CeNS was involved in materials research, encompassing various length scales. exploration of a wide range of materials, metal and [[semiconductor nanostructures]], [[Liquid crystal|liquid crystals]], [[Gel|gels]], [[Membrane|membranes]], and [[Hybrid material|hybrid materials]]. CeNS made contributions to addressing the challenges posed by [[COVID-19]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CeNS surges ahead with COVID solutions & novel nano- and soft- functional materials. {{!}} Department Of Science & Technology |url=https://dst.gov.in/cens-surges-ahead-covid-solutions-novel-nano-and-soft-functional-materials |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dst.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Electrochromic smart window ===
In 2022, CeNS engineered a polymeric electrochromic smart window,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electrochromic Smart Window Provides High Performance at Low Cost |url=https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Electrochromic_Smart_Window_Provides_High/a68748 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.photonics.com}}</ref> as an alternative to costly conventional smart windows in contemporary architectural structures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quantum |first=Team |date=2023-02-05 |title=Cost-effective electrochromic smart window |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-tech/cost-effective-electrochromic-smart-window/article66472136.ece |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1991]]

Tsultrim Chonjor

2023-09-30T04:15:29Z

DipikaKashyap: Created page with '{{User sandbox}}  '''Tsultrim Chonjor''' also known as Chultim Chonjor is a social worker from Stongde village in Ladakh. <ref>https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/padma-shri-for-linking-zanskar-valley-with-darcha-207477</ref>'

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tsultrim Chonjor
| image =
| caption =
| othername = Chultim Chonjor
| birth_date = 1949
| birth_place = [[ Ladakh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| occupation = [[Social Worker]]
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| website =
}}
'''Tsultrim Chonjor''' also known as Chultim Chonjor is an Indian social worker from stongde village in [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1692337 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured Wadia in 2021, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his social work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/padma-shri-for-linking-zanskar-valley-with-darcha-207477|title=Padma Shri for linking Zanskar valley with Darcha : The Tribune India|accessdate=30 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Padma Awards 2021: Check full List of Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri winners |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/padma-awards-2021-check-complete-list-of-padma-vibhushan-padma-bhushan-padma-shri-recipients-1611738076-1 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

== Social work ==
From 1965 to 2000, He worked as Indian government employee in the state handicrafts department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=लद्दाख के सुलट्रिम चोंजोर ने संपत्ति बेचकर बना डाली 38 किलोमीटर सड़क, मिला पद्मश्री सम्मान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/jammu/tsultrim-chonjor-of-ladakh-built-38-km-road-by-selling-property-got-padma-shri |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> His dissatisfaction with the lack of road connectivity in the region prompted him to take action. Chonjor's social work began, when he started alone the construction of a 38-kilometer road stretch connecting Kargyak village in Ladakh's Zanskar valley to [[Darcha]] village in the tribal [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] via [[Shingo La|Shinku La]], in 2014 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social worker Chultim Chonjor awarded Padma Shri|access-date=2023-09-29 |website=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-social-worker-chultim-chonjor-awarded-padma-shri-2918997|language=en}}</ref> which cost him Rs 57 lakh of his own funds and he even sold his ancestral property to fund the road's construction. His got recognition from the [[Border Roads Organisation]], later they took responsibility for completing the road project.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tsultrim Chonjor|page=3
|url=https://www.hcipos.gov.in/docs/1636697347morning%20session%20-%20one%20pager%202021.pdf|website=hcipos.gov.in}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chonjor, Tsultrim}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Ladakhi people]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

Jasminder Singh

2023-09-24T13:18:44Z

DipikaKashyap: new article

{{short description|British billionaire businessman (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jasminder Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951|04}}
| birth_place = [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanganyika (now Tanzania)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| education =
| occupation = Businessman
| title = Chairman and CEO, [[Edwardian Hotels]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| known for = Founder, Edwardian Hotels
| boards =
| spouse = Amrit Singh
| children = 4
| website =
}}

'''Jasminder Singh''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE}} (born April 1951) is a British [[billionaire]] businessman.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web|title=The World's Billionaires: Jasminder Singh|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jasminder-singh/|website=Forbes|accessdate=26 January 2017}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' List in 2019, Singh is worth £1.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sunday-times-rich-list-2019-profiles-101-148-alan-sugar-dx9qlpwcp|title=Rich List 2019: profiles 101-148=, featuring Alan Sugar|last=Times|first=The Sunday|date=2019-05-12|access-date=2019-07-26|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jasminder Singh was born in April 1951,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/f3XYM2GPWmMUX4aSf7lB4H49Pk8/appointments |title=Jasminder SINGH - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House) |website=Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref> in [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanganyika (now Tanzania) in an [[Indians in Tanzania|Indian family]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Kuznetsov | first=Y. | title=Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad | publisher=[[World Bank]] | series=WBI development studies | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8213-6648-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVljf95z4AYC&pg=PA71 | access-date=24 September 2023 | page=71}}</ref><ref name="nriinternet1">{{cite web|url=http://nriinternet.com/NRIhotels/UK/Jasminder_Singh/index.htm |title=NRI, Jasminder Singh bought the prestigious Inter Continental May Fair London hotel |website=Nriinternet.com |date=23 February 2012 |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref> He is the son of Bal Mohinder Singh, and they moved to the UK from Kenya in 1973, and first ran a post office together.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tripathi |first=Shruti |url=http://www.londonlovesbusiness.com/londons-best/the-bollygarchs-meet-the-10-richest-indians-in-london/8102.article |title=The bollygarchs: meet the 10 richest Indians in London|website=LondonlovesBusiness.com |date=15 August 2014 |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Singh first worked as an accountant.<ref name="sundaytimeshighoctanerise">{{cite news|last1=McCall|first1=Alastair|last2=Watts|first2=Robert|title=High-octane rise of brothers' firm shows family value|work=The Sunday Times|date=7 May 2017|page=3}}</ref> He then began working in the hotel industry for his uncle.<ref name="sundaytimeshighoctanerise"/> Eventually, he was able to buy out his uncle.<ref name="sundaytimeshighoctanerise"/>

Through [[Edwardian Hotels]], of which he is the chairman and CEO, Singh owns or co-owns 12 luxury hotels in central London, under the Radisson Blu Edwardian brand, and the 404-room [[May Fair Hotel]].<ref name="Forbes" />

==Personal life==
Singh is married to Amrit Singh, an interior decorator, and they live in [[Tetworth Hall]],<ref name="Evening Standard">{{cite news |title=Court sets up in hotel for businessman's £50m legal fight with sons |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/court-sets-up-in-hotel-for-businessman-s-ps50m-legal-fight-with-sons-8961979.html |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=Evening Standard |date=25 November 2013}}</ref> a large country house near [[Ascot, Berkshire|Ascot]], and London.<ref name="Forbes" /><ref name="nriinternet1"/>

In November 2013, Jasminder's father 86-year-old Bal Mohinder Singh was taking legal action against his sons Jasminder, 62, and Herinder, 46, for about £50 million of Jasminder's reported wealth of £400 million.<ref name="Evening Standard"/><ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last1=Farmer |first1=Brian |title=High Court moves to hotel room as frail father sues sons |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/high-court-moves-to-hotel-room-as-frail-father-sues-sons-8963316.html |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=The Independent |date=26 November 2013}}</ref> All three families had lived together at Tetworth Hall, until Herinder fell out with Jasminder and left.<ref name="Independent"/> Due to the father's frail health, the hearing in November 2013 was taking place at the May Fair Hotel, rather than a normal courtroom.<ref name="Independent"/> In April 2014, Judge William Blackburne dismissed the claim which he said had been entered "in all good faith".<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |last1=Sonwalkar |first1=Prasun |title=UK Sikh loses 'tragic' case against millionaire sons |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/uk-sikh-loses-tragic-case-against-millionaire-sons/story-Sgtip2xxdejHRaL1IgkoaK.html |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 April 2014}}</ref>

His son Inderneel Singh, is managing director, of London's [[May Fair Hotel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Opinion/Columnists/Keith-Vaz/Inderneel-Singh,-Managing-Director,-May-Fair-Hotel,-London|title=Inderneel Singh, Managing Director, May Fair Hotel, London|website=Asian-voice.com|accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref>

==Honours==
In 2007, Singh was appointed Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) for services to the hotel industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edwardian.com/ourstory/leadership-en.html |title=Jasminder Singh | Edwardian Hotels London | Our Story |website=Edwardian.com |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jasminder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:British billionaires]]
[[Category:British hoteliers]]
[[Category:People from Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) donors]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from London]]
[[Category:Tanzanian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Tanzanian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Tanzanian people of Punjabi descent]]

{{England-business-bio-stub}}
{{London-stub}}

Sahotas

2023-09-15T03:43:02Z

DipikaKashyap: Created page with ' Sahotas are a U.K. based Bhangra/Rock/World music band that started in the City of Wolverhampton in the mid 1980s. The band is comprised of five brothers with a...'

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=January 2008}}
{{notability|Music|date=October 2013}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Sahotas
|image =
|caption =
|background = group_or_band
|alias = Kings of Bhangra
|origin = [[UK]]
|genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Fusion (music)|fusion]]
|occupation = [[Musical ensemble|Band]]
|years_active = 1987–{{As of|2007|alt=present}}
|label = [[Internalmusic]], [[IRS Records]], [[Multitone records]], [[Rough Trade Records]]
|website = http://www.transum.org/Sahotas/
http://www.internalmusic.co.uk }}

'''Sahotas''' were a [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] based [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]/[[rock music|Rock]]/[[World music]] band.<ref name="Sahotas Biography">{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Craig|title=Mr|url=http://mog.com/artists/bio/mn147702/sahotas|access-date=16 April 2011|newspaper=Mog.com|date=May 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320050011/http://mog.com/artists/bio/mn147702/sahotas|archive-date=20 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The band, started in Bilston, Wolverhampton in the mid-1980s, had a line-up of five brothers. They have released music in both [[English language|English]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. The lead singer was Surj Sahota, and the music director/producer was [[Mukhtar Sahota]].

The band's music is very different from conventional Punjabi music, combining the [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] genre with pop, [[house music|house]], [[reggae]] and rock, focusing on vocal styles and sounds.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} This transfusion occurred during the apex of Bhangra Music in the 1980s and 1990s when there was an abundance of Live British Asian Music across the United Kingdom; and when British Asian Music sought to be recognised by the mainstream music industry. The Sahotas were at the forefront of seeking this recognition, performing live on [[Cilla Black]]'s ''[[Surprise, Surprise (TV series)|Surprise, Surprise]]'', ''[[Blue Peter]]'', ''[[8:15 from Manchester]]'' and ''[[Eggs 'n' Baker]]''. The Sahotas also joined [[Apache Indian]] on Carton TV's ''Soul Music'' and performed the soulful spiritual song "Urdaas" (''Prayer'').<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9y--e1btPQ0 Urdaas (Prayer)] at YouTube</ref>

The band were signed by [[Miles Copeland III]]'s [[EMI Records]], who at the time was [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]'s Manager. The single "Out of Reach"<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jBG9ZD9KC0 Out of Reach] at YouTube</ref> and the album ''Right Time'' reached the UK Top 100, the first for a British Asian artist. This was closely followed by a nationwide tour with reggae band [[Aswad (band)|Aswad]].

Sahotas toured in Africa, India, Pakistan, the US, Canada and Europe. Their hit songs include "Sahota Show Te Jake", "Hass Hogia",<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33pixDEIJ40 Hass Hogia] at YouTube</ref> "Mahi Di Udeek", "Gal Bangaee",<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5U-_-kBijk Gal Bangaee] at youTube</ref> "Akhian Samaal", "Dang Ditha", "Sach", "Ajaa Ajaa Ajaa", "Dil Wich Tu Vasdi" and "Heerie".

The Sahotas' accolades include 'Best Band', 'Best Live Band' and 'Band of the Millennium' in the UK Bhangra Music industry.<ref>{{cite web|last=lahi|first=Khalid|title=The Band of the Millennium|url=http://www.desiclub.com/desimusic/desimusic_features/music_article.cfm?id=66|publisher=Desiclub.com|access-date=18 April 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022141426/http://www.desiclub.com/desimusic/desimusic_features/music_article.cfm?id=66|archive-date=22 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Surj Sahota of the Sahotas / Press|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/surjsahota/press|website=Reverb Nation|access-date=27 April 2017|quote=endorsed by E Mag, which recently voted them as the Band of the Millennium in the UK Bhangra Music industry.}}</ref> They were awarded platinum and gold discs for album sales.

The band's last release was their 7th [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] album, ''Revolution'' in 2001; this album was a compilation of old hits released purely for the Indian and Pakistani music market.

Subsequently, the music producer from the band [[Mukhtar Sahota]] released a number of solo albums. Surj Sahota has worked with the band [[B21 (band)|B21]], Swedish Reggae band [[Urban Tribe]],<ref>[http://www.urbantribestockholm.com/default.aspx Urban Tribe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105202642/http://www.urbantribestockholm.com/default.aspx |date=5 January 2014 }}</ref> and [[Basil Gabbidon]], the founder of [[Steel Pulse]].

==Discography==
;Albums
{| border="3" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="2" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 2px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- bgcolor="#AACCDD" align="left"
! Year
! Title
! Record Label
|-
| 1987
| ''Gidha Pao''
| [[Multitone Records]]
|-
| 1988
| ''Sahota Beat''
| Multitone Records
|-
| 1989
| ''Aaja''
| Multitone Records
|-
| 1991
| ''Ishk''
| Multitone Records
|-
| 1995
| ''The Right Time''
| [[IRS Records]]/[[EMI]]
|-
|1997
| ''Decade''
| Kamlee Records
|-
| 1999
| ''Maa da Pyar''
| Kamlee Records
|-
| 1999
| ''Brotherhood'' ''Teri Meri Gal Ban Gayee''
| Envy Times Music ([[India]])
|-
| 2001
| ''Revolution'' ''Dil Vich Tu Vasdi''
| Envy [[Tips Industries Limited|Tips Music (India)]]
|}

;Extended plays
{| border="3" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="2" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 2px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- bgcolor="#AACCDD" align="left"
! Year
! Title
! Record Label
|-
| 1990
| ''Are You Feeling''
| [[Rough Trade Records|Rough Trade]]
|-
| 1995
| ''Suniye''
| Roma Music
|}

;Singles
{| border="3" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="2" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 2px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- bgcolor="#AACCDD" align="left"
! Year
! Title
! Record Label
|-
| 1994
| "Out of Reach"
| [[IRS Records]]/[[EMI]]
|-
| 2014
| "Holi Holi"
| Moviebox Records
|-
| 2014
| "Tu Mil Gayi"
| Moviebox Records
|}

==See also==
*[[Bhangra (music)]]
*[[List of bhangra bands|List of Bhangra Bands]]
*[[Multitone Records]]
*[[IRS Records]]
*[[Rough Trade Records]]
*[[Tips Industries Limited|Tips Music]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=58 World Music Central page on Sahotas]
* [http://www.transum.org/Sahotas/ Official Sahotas Website]
* [http://www.reverbnation.com/surjsahota Official Website: Surj Sahota of the Sahotas]

Decade release date 1 January 1999 https://www.amazon.com/Decade-Sahotas/dp/B0019C99I2?keywords=decade+The+Sahotas&qid=1536770221&sr=8-1-spell&ref=mp_s_a_1_1
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bhangra (music) musical groups]]
[[Category:Wolverhampton]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1987]]
[[Category:Musical groups from West Midlands (county)]]
[[Category:Desi musical groups]]

Vaishnavi Phalke

2023-09-08T10:49:42Z

DipikaKashyap: Introduced a new article.

'''Vaishnavi Vitthal Phalke''' (23 December 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaishnavi Phalke Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/vaishnavi-phalke-profile-5228 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women hockey team]]. She plays for Hockey Maharashtra in the domestic hockey tournaments. She plays as a defender.

== Early life ==
Vaishnavi hails from a farmers’ family in Satara district, Maharashtra. She learnt her basics at the Government Sports Academy in Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=It was a memorable debut in Cape Town, says Indian women’s hockey’s newest member Vaishnavi Phalke |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/india-womens-hockey-vaishnavi-phalke-debut-cape-town-ind-vs-south-africa-netherlands/article66484981.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Hockey career ==
In 2019, after a good performance at the 9th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship (A Division) at Kollam, Kerala, she was picked up for the Junior India camp. Then, she took part in the FIH Hockey Women's Junior World Cup 2021, Potchefstroom, South Africa where India finished fourth. She was called for the Senior India camp in September 2022. Later, she made her senior India debut in the South Africa tour in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |title=Hockey: Vaishanavi Phalke’s brace earns India a draw against resurgent South Africa |url=https://scroll.in/field/1042391/hockey-vaishanavi-phalkes-brace-earns-india-a-draw-against-resurgent-south-africa |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> She was named as the captain of the Junior India team for the under-23 5-Nations Tournament in Dublin, Ireland in July 2022.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phalke, Vaishnavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Maharashtra]]

Sardul Singh Guraya

2023-08-06T01:37:34Z

DipikaKashyap: A new article on Sardul Singh Guraya, SS Bhatnagar Prize winner

{{Short description|Indian biologist (1930–2012)}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sardul Singh Guraya
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Kot Majlas]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|7|8|1930|10|12}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| nationality =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Reproductive physiology]] | [[Cell biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Gorakhpur University]] | [[Population Council]] | [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] | [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]] | [[Punjab Agricultural University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] |International University Foundation }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Evolutionary significance of reproductive processes
| awards = 1973 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 1980 PAU Prize 1985 M. S. Randhawa Award [[Indian Council of Medical Research|1990 ICMR]] Basanti Devi Amir Chand Prize
}}
'''Sardul Singh Guraya''' (1930–2012) was an Indian biologist, known for his contributions in the fields of [[reproductive physiology]] and [[Developmental biology]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=316 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]].<ref name="Deceased fellow - Sardul Singh Guraya">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N80-0308 |title=Deceased fellow - Sardul Singh Guraya |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1973, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Sardul Singh Guraya was born on 12 October 1930 to Banta Singh Guraya and Nihal Kaur at [[Kot Majlas]] village in [[Gurdaspur district]] of Punjab in [[British India]].<ref name="Sardul Singh Guraya (1930–2012)">{{cite journal | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/103/07/0839.pdf | title=Sardul Singh Guraya (1930–2012) | author=S. K. Saidapur | journal=Current Science | date=10 October 2012 | volume=103 | issue=7 | pages=839–840}}</ref> He graduated in science (BSc hons) in 1954 from [[Punjab University, Chandigarh, India|Punjab University]] from where he also obtained his master's (MSc) and doctoral (PhD) degrees in 1956 and 1959 respectively and started his career as an assistant professor at [[Gorakhpur University]] in 1960. Two years later, he moved to the US and did his post doctoral studies at the [[Population Council]] from 1962 to 1964. Returning to India in 1965, he joined the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] as a pool officer and stayed at the council for one year till he returned to academics as the reader of [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]] (then known as Udaipur University) in 1966. His next move was as a professor to [[Punjab Agricultural University]] in 1971 where he served out his career till his superannuation in 1992; in between, holding the positions of the dean of the College of Basic Sciences and Humanities and of the director of ''Advance Regional Research Center in Reproductive Biology'' (an [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] sponsored initiative) from 1982 to 1991. During the course of his career, he secured a Doctor Science degree from Punjab University, Chandigarh in 1971.<ref name="Deceased fellow - Sardul Singh Guraya" />

Guraya was married to Surinder Kaur and the couple had two sons and a daughter. He died on 8 July 2012, at the age of 81.<ref name="Sardul Singh Guraya (1930–2012)" />

== Legacy ==
Guraya was known to have done pioneering research on ''genetical divergence of crops with different breeding systems'' which inaugurated a new school of thought on the subject.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | accessdate=15 September 2016 | pages=31}}</ref> His studies dealt with the correlation between the structure and function of reproductive organs and elucidated its evolutionary aspects, with special emphasis on the ovarian and testicular compartments.<ref name="Guraya1989">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Ovarian follicles in reptiles and birds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqTwAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Springer London, Limited|isbn=978-3-540-50416-0}}</ref><ref name="Guraya1997">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Ovarian Biology in Buffaloes and Cattle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPhFAAAAYAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Directorate of Information and Publication of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research}}</ref><ref name="Guraya1999">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Comparative Testicular Biology in Animals: Structure, Functions, and Intercellular Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65nwAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-066-3}}</ref> His findings on the developmental traits of crops was reported to have assisted in crop improvement with regard to disease resistance, productivity and grain quality. He published his research findings in several articles{{Refn|group=note|While many of Guraya's articles are co-written, majority of his books are single-author publications (please see bibliography).}} and over 10 books; [[PubMed]], an online article repository has listed 215 of his articles.<ref name="Guraya SS[au] on Pubmed">{{cite web | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Guraya%20SS%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50 | title=Guraya SS[au] on Pubmed | publisher=Pubmed | date=2016 | accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref> His body of work includes ''The Cell and Molecular Biology of Fish Oogenesis'',<ref name="Guraya1986">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=The Cell and Molecular Biology of Fish Oogenesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xM9T9bfhr4C|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-3-8055-4253-1}}</ref> ''Cellular and Molecular Biology of Gonadal Development and Maturation in Mammals: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications'',<ref name="Guraya1998">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Cellular and Molecular Biology of Gonadal Development and Maturation in Mammals: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bnwAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-540-63690-8}}</ref> ''Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology of Ovary in Mammals: Fundamental and Applied Aspects'',<ref name="Guraya2000">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology of Ovary in Mammals: Fundamental and Applied Aspects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sq7wAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-127-1}}</ref> ''Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology of Testis in Vertebrates: Trends in Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Regulation of Structure and Functions'',<ref name="Guraya2001">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology of Testis in Vertebrates: Trends in Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Regulation of Structure and Functions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0ZFAQAAIAAJ|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-165-3}}</ref> ''Cellular And Molecular Biology For Human'',<ref name="Guraya2007">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Cellular And Molecular Biology For Human|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skFC-ZgCewUC|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1968-9}}</ref> (all on [[Cell biology|Cell]] and [[Molecular biology]]), ''Biology of Spermatogenesis and Spermatozoa in Mammals'',<ref name="Guraya2011">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Biology of Spermatogenesis and Spermatozoa in Mammals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbuqoAEACAAJ|date=6 December 2011|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-71639-3}}</ref> ''Biology of Spermatogenesis and Spermatozoa in Mammals'',<ref name="Guraya2012">{{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Biology of Spermatogenesis and Spermatozoa in Mammals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DebrCAAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-71638-6}}</ref> ''Buffalo bull semen: morphology, biochemistry, physiology and methodology''<ref name="SidhuGuraya1985">{{cite book|author1=Kuldip Singh Sidhu|author2=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Buffalo bull semen: morphology, biochemistry, physiology and methodology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PVUAAAAYAAJ|year=1985|publisher=USG Publishers & Distributors}}</ref> (all on [[spermatogenesis]]) and ''Rodents: ecology, biology and control''.<ref name="ChopraKaur1996">{{cite book|author1=Girish Chopra|author2=Patwant Kaur|author3=Sardul S Guraya|title=Rodents: ecology, biology and control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6FFAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=R. Chand}}</ref> He was associated with national and international organizations such as [[World Health Organization]], [[UNESCO]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]], [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] and the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and served as the member of the council of [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) from 1986 to 1988. He was also a member of the editorial boards of ''Journal of Biosciences'', ''Himalayan Journal of Environment and Zoology'' and the journals of the INSA.<ref name="Deceased fellow - Sardul Singh Guraya" />

== Awards and honors ==
Guraya, who served as the national lecturer of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] from 1971 to 1976, was an emeritus scientist (1992–1996) and a professor emeritus (1996–2000) at the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]].<ref name="Deceased fellow - Sardul Singh Guraya" /> He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in 1973.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He received the PAU Prize in 1980, followed by the ''M. S. Randhawa Award for Best Book'' in 1985 and the Basanti Devi Amir Chand Prize of [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] in 1990.<ref name="Sardul Singh Guraya (1930–2012)" /> An elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm | title=NASI Fellows | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | accessdate=19 September 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528102550/http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm | archivedate=28 May 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> he was elected as a fellow by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1975<ref name="IAS Fellows - Sardul Singh Guraya">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Murty,_Dr_Bhyravabhotla_Radhakrishna | title=IAS Fellows - Sardul Singh Guraya | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref> and by the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1980. He was also a fellow of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]. His biography has been included in the volume 40 of the ''Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Indian National Science Academy'', published by INSA in 2013.<ref name="Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Indian National Science Academy">{{cite web | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DK645523321744187337475851371/details.html | title=Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Indian National Science Academy | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2013 | accessdate=19 September 2016 | pages=178}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author1=Kuldip Singh Sidhu|author2=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Buffalo bull semen: morphology, biochemistry, physiology and methodology|year=1985|publisher=USG Publishers & Distributors}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=The Cell and Molecular Biology of Fish Oogenesis|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-3-8055-4253-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Ovarian follicles in reptiles and birds|year=1989|publisher=Springer London, Limited|isbn=978-3-540-50416-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Girish Chopra|author2=Patwant Kaur|author3=Sardul S Guraya|title=Rodents: ecology, biology and control|year=1996|publisher=R. Chand}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Ovarian Biology in Buffaloes and Cattle|year=1997|publisher=Directorate of Information and Publication of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Cellular and Molecular Biology of Gonadal Development and Maturation in Mammals: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-540-63690-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Comparative Testicular Biology in Animals: Structure, Functions, and Intercellular Communication|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-066-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology of Ovary in Mammals: Fundamental and Applied Aspects|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-127-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology of Testis in Vertebrates: Trends in Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Regulation of Structure and Functions|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-165-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Cellular And Molecular Biology For Human|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1968-9}}
* {{cite book | title=Comparative Cellular and Molecular Biology in Ovary in Amphibians | publisher=IK International Publishing House | author=Sardul S Guraya | year=2011 | pages=132 | isbn=9789381141069}}
* {{cite book|author=Sardul S. Guraya|title=Biology of Spermatogenesis and Spermatozoa in Mammals|date=6 December 2011|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-71639-3}}

=== Articles ===
* {{cite journal | title=Lipids in the Human Oocyte | author=Sardul Singh Guraya | journal=Journal of Microscopical Science | year=1961 | volume=102 | issue=3 | pages=381–385}}
* {{cite journal | title=Mechanism of ovulation--an overview. | author=Guraya S. S., Dhanju C. K. | journal=Indian J Exp Biol | date=November 1992 | volume=30 | issue=11 | pages=958–967 | pmid=1293040}}
* {{cite journal | title=Effect of calmodulin-like protein from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) seminal plasma on Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase of purified plasma membrane of buffalo spermatozoa. | author=Sidhu K. S., Guraya S. S. | journal=Andrologia | date=January 1993 | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=25–28 | pmid=8427418| doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.1993.tb02677.x | s2cid=39943840 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Effect of LH and estradiol on in vitro maturation of hamster follicular oocytes. |author1=Kaur J. |author2=Guraya S. S. |author3=Sidhu K. S. | journal=Indian J Exp Biol | date=February 1994 | volume=32 | issue=2 | pages=44–45 | pmid=8045614}}
* {{cite journal | title=Induction of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis ) sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction in the excised reproductive tract of hamsters. |author1=Dhindsa J. S. |author2=Sidhu K. S. |author3=Guraya S. S. | journal=Theriogenology | date=September 1995 | volume=44 | issue=4 | pages=599–608 | pmid=16727757 | doi = 10.1016/0093-691x(95)00230-6 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Atropine and testosterone propionate induced atretic changes in granulosa cells of house rat (Rattus rattus) ovary. | author=Sharma R. K., Guraya S. S. | journal=Indian J Exp Biol | date=November 1997 | volume=35 | issue=11 | pages=1166–1169 | pmid=9567743}}

== See also ==
* [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
* [[Panjab University]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://encore.seals.ac.za/iii/encore_nmmu/plus/C__SGuraya,%20Sardul%20S.,1930-__Orightresult;jsessionid=D6466173C2C599DA600B0A0E72632DC3?lang=eng&suite=nmmu | title=Guraya, Sardul S.,1930- | publisher=Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University | work=Author search | date=2016 | accessdate=19 September 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/obituaries/83168617/sardul-singh-guraya-1930-2012 | title=Sardul Singh Guraya (1930-2012) | publisher=EBSCO Host Connection | work=Article listing | date=2016 | accessdate=19 September 2016}}{{dead link|date=November 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{cite web | url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85051817.html | title=Guraya, Sardul S., 1930- | publisher=Library of Congress | work=Author profile | date=2016 | accessdate=19 September 2016}}

{|
|{{Authority control}}
|}
{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guraya, Sardul Singh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Mohanlal Sukhadia University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Punjab Agricultural University]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
[[Category:UNESCO officials]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian scientific authors]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]

Jarnail Singh (referee)

2023-08-01T20:41:57Z

DipikaKashyap: create article Jarnail Singh

{{Short description|English football referee (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox football official
| name = Jarnail Singh
| image = Jarnail Singh.jpg
| caption = Jarnail Singh
| fullname = Jarnail Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|02|05}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| otheroccupation = [[Metropolitan Police]]
| years1 = ? –2004
| league1 = [[Conference South]]
| role1 = [[Referee (association football)|Referee]]
| years2 = 1999–2004
| league2 = [[The Football League|Football League]]
| role2 = [[Assistant referee (association football)|Asst. referee]]
| years3 = 2004–2010
| league3 = [[The Football League|Football League]]
| role3 = [[Referee (association football)|Referee]]
}}
'''Jarnail Singh''' (born 5 February 1962,<ref name="flprofile">[http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/RefereeProfilesDetail/0,,10794~628215,00.html Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417072957/http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/RefereeProfilesDetail/0%2C%2C10794~628215%2C00.html |date=17 April 2008 }}: [[The Football League]] official website. Retrieved on 24 March 2008</ref> in [[India]])<ref name="flinterview">[http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/Interviews/0,,10794~701925,00.html Other biographical detail]: from an interview at the Football League official website. Retrieved on 24 March 2008</ref> is a retired [[England|English]] [[association football]] [[Referee (association football)|referee]] of [[India]]n descent who officiated in [[the Football League]]. He moved to [[Wolverhampton]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], at a young age, and now lives in [[Hounslow]], [[Greater London]].<ref>[http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/reffixtures.php?refid=102 Place of residence confirmation] ([[Hounslow]]): ''SoccerFactsUK.co.uk'' website. Retrieved on 24 March 2008</ref> He has a full-time occupation in the [[Metropolitan Police]] in [[London]].<ref name="flinterview" /> Singh is also an ambassador for the [[Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.asianfootballnetwork.org.uk/case-studies/case-study.php?s=refereeing-jarnail-singh&cat=asian-football-coaches-referees | title=Case Studies - Jarnail Singh | publisher=asianfootballnetwork.ork.uk | accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> He was the first [[Sikh]] to be an English Football referee.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Sikhs-in-other-sports-countries-never-told-to-remove-turbans/articleshow/38939493.cms | title=Sikhs in other sports & countries never told to remove turbans | work=The Times of India| accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Singh took up refereeing in 1985,<ref name="flprofile" /> after taking his exam in order to improve his frequent outings as [[Official (sports)#Football (association)|club linesman]] for the youth team he managed.<ref name="flinterview" /> He progressed through lower leagues in the [[Wolverhampton]] area and then into the [[Conference South]] regionally,<ref>[http://www.soccerbase.com/refs2.sd?refid=810&seasonid=133 Conference South referee], until 2004 season: [[soccerbase]].com website. Retrieved on 24 March 2008.</ref> before being appointed as a [[The Football League|Football League]] [[Assistant referee (association football)|assistant referee]] in 1999. Whilst still a Conference referee, he was put in charge of an [[FA Vase]] [[semi-final]] first leg tie, between [[Oadby Town F.C.|Oadby Town]] and [[Brigg Town F.C.|Brigg Town]] on 22 March 2003,<ref>[http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=385317 FA Vase semi-final first leg], 2003: soccerbase.com website. Retrieved on 24 March 2008.</ref> and, shortly before his elevation to Football League referee for the [[2004–05 in English football|2004–05]] season,<ref name="flprofile" /> he was appointed to the middle for the [[Conference National#Past Conference winners|Football Conference Playoff]] semi-final first leg between [[Aldershot Town F.C.|Aldershot Town]] and [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] on 29 April 2004.<ref>[http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=421701 Football Conference Playoff semi-final first leg], 2004: soccerbase.com website. Retrieved on 24 March 2008.</ref>

His first match after his promotion was the [[Football League Two]] encounter between [[Bristol Rovers F.C.|Bristol Rovers]] and [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] at the [[Memorial Stadium (Bristol)|Memorial Stadium]] on 10 August 2004, in which he [[Misconduct (football)#Sending-off offences (red card)|sent off]] [[Colin Woodthorpe]] of Bury in the 65th minute.<ref>[http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=427811 First ever Football League match as referee], Bristol Rovers v. Bury, 2004: soccerbase.com website. Retrieved on 24 March 2008.</ref>

His final match before retirement was on 1 May 2010, refereeing a [[Football League One|League One]] game between [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]] versus [[Oldham Athletic F.C.|Oldham Athletic]] at [[Huish Park]] in [[Yeovil]]. Before the match he was unusually signing autographs and having photos taken with fans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yeovilexpress.co.uk/sport/8133322.Yeovil_Town_thank_referee_Jarnail_Singh/ |title=Yeovil Town thank referee Jarnail Singh |publisher=Yeovil Express |date=3 May 2010 |accessdate=9 December 2017 }}</ref>

He has refereed at international level taking charge of a friendly game between [[China national football team|China]] and [[United Arab Emirates national football team|UAE]] in October 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.worldfootball.net/referee_summary/jarnail-singh/3/1/freundschaft-2011/ | title=Jarnail Singh | publisher=worldfootball.net | accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref>

As a role model, [[The Football Association|The FA]] acknowledged the importance of his visibility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmcumeds/89/89we03.htm |title=Culture, Media and Sport Committee - Racism in Football. Written evidence submitted by The Football Association (The FA) |website=publications.parliament.uk |accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> In 2012, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the first Asian Football Awards supported by the Football Association and the anti-discrimination organisation, [[Kick It Out (organisation)|Kick It Out]].<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.thefa.com/news/governance/equality/2012/aug/asian-football-awards-2012 | title=Asian stars rewarded at Wembley | publisher=[[The Football Association]] |date=5 August 2012 |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Singh is employed by the Metropolitan Police as a [[Police Community Support Officer]] in London, and is married with two children, Sunny and Bhupsy Gill, who are now also qualified referees.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.com/referee/167/1 |title=refworld.com |access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529032249/http://www.refworld.com/referee/167/1 |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 13 August 2022, Sunny become the first British South Asian to referee an EFL fixture, since his father, for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2022/august/sunny-singh-gill-to-become-first-south-asian-to-referee-an-efl-fixture-in-over-a-decade/ |title=Sunny Singh Gill to become first British South Asian to referee an EFL fixture in over a decade |publisher=EFL |date=11 August 2022 |accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Soccerbase referee|810}}
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529032249/http://www.refworld.com/referee/167/1 |date=29 May 2010 |title=National Group Profile - Jarnail Singh at refworld.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jarnail}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:English football referees]]
[[Category:People from Hounslow]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from the London Borough of Hounslow]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Wolverhampton]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British police officers]]
[[Category:British sportspeople of Indian descent]]

Lamsal

2023-07-06T05:59:39Z

DipikaKashyap: Added a new entry to the collection.

'''Lamsal''' is a Nepalese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Arunima Lamsal]] (contemporary), Nepalese actress
* [[Laxman Lamsal]] (fl. 2018–present), Nepalese politician
* [[Naba Raj Lamsal]] (born 1969), Nepalese poet, journalist, and author

{{surname}}

[[Category:Nepali-language surnames]]

Lena Kaur

2023-06-03T12:14:38Z

DipikaKashyap: Created page with 'Lena Kaur is a British actress better known for her role as Leila Roy in Channel 4 soap Hollyoaks. She joined the cast June 2008'

{{Short description|British actress (b. 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lena Kaur
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1986}}
| birth_place = [[Huddersfield]], [[Yorkshire]], England
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2007–present
}}

'''Lena Kaur''' (born 1986) is a London-based British actress, perhaps best known for her role as [[Leila Roy]] in Channel 4 soap ''[[Hollyoaks]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-west-yorkshire-news/2008/05/01/a-rising-star-86081-20846355/ | title=A rising star! | work=[[Huddersfield Examiner]] | date=2008-05-01 | accessdate=2008-10-12 }}</ref>

==Career==

Lena Kaur grew up in [[Almondbury]] in [[Huddersfield]], [[West Yorkshire]] and is of Asian descent. She attended [[Almondbury High School and Language College|Almondbury High School]] and then New College which helped her achieve her dream of being an actress. She studied acting at [[Rose Bruford College]], [[Sidcup]], [[Kent]], graduating in 2007.<ref>http://www.bruford.ac.uk/alumni/graduate-voices.aspx Rose Bruford - Alumni Voices</ref>

Later that year she was part of the original cast of [[BBC Three]] comedy sketch show [[Scallywagga]], in which she played multiple characters. After successfully being cast as Leila Roy, she joined the cast of ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' in summer 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/H/hollyoaks/news/previous/08/04/080502_gallery_2.html |title=Laila - Rafi's Sister |work=[[Channel 4]] - [[Hollyoaks]] |date=2008-05-02 |accessdate=2008-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505043101/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/H/hollyoaks/news/previous/08/04/080502_gallery_2.html |archivedate=2008-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In August 2008, Lena Kaur praised ''Hollyoaks'' producer [[Bryan Kirkwood]] for not stereotyping [[Asian people|Asians]] on the programme. Speaking to ''Take 5'' magazine, she stated, "The storylines for me and [[Stephen Uppal|Stephen]] ([[Ravi Roy|Ravi]]) aren't being dictated by the colour of our skin. We're both British Asians in real life as well as in the show. We are both totally westernised. We've been brought up in Britain, so the storylines will reflect people like Stephen and me."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/a118881/hollyoaks-star-praises-lack-of-stereotypes.html |title=Hollyoaks star praises lack of stereotypes |publisher=Digital Spy |date=2008-08-04 |accessdate=2009-09-15 |first=Kris |last=Green}}</ref> Kaur announced her decision to leave to pursue new challenges in late 2009, and made her last appearance as Leila in January 2010.<ref>http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s13/hollyoaks/news/a186574/leila-roy-actress-quits-hollyoaks.html?rss Leila Roy actress quits Hollyoaks</ref>

In 2011 she appeared as [[List of Torchwood characters#Alicia Patel|Alicia Patel]] in ''[[Torchwood]]'s'' fourth series; ''[[Torchwood: Miracle Day]]'' airing on [[BBC One]] and US premium television network [[Starz (TV channel)|Starz]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Spotlight profile of Lena Kaur|url=http://www.spotlight.com/interactive/cv/F111109.html%20-%20LENA%20KAUR|publisher=[[The Spotlight (directory)|Spotlight]]|accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref>

In November 2016 she appeared in Stratford upon Avon at the Swan Theatre with the Royal Shakespeare Company in the Rover. (https://www.rsc.org.uk/the-rover/production-photos)

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Television
|-
! Year(s) !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2007–08 || ''[[Scallywagga]]'' || Ange/Various
|-
| 2008–10 || ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' || [[Leila Roy]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Torchwood: Miracle Day]]'' || [[List of Torchwood characters#Alicia Patel|Dr. Alicia Patel]]
|}

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/H/hollyoaks/cast/girls/leilaroy ''Leila Roy''] on the *[http://www.channel4.com/hollyoaks Hollyoaks website]
*{{IMDb name|2998070}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Lena}}
[[Category:Alumni of Rose Bruford College]]
[[Category:Actresses from Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Actresses from Huddersfield]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English voice actresses]]
[[Category:English soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British actresses of Asian descent]]

{{england-tv-actor-stub}}
{{england-stage-actor-stub}}
{{UK-tv-actor-1980s-stub}}

Paul Uppal

2023-06-03T11:41:31Z

DipikaKashyap: Created page with '== Paul Uppal == Paul Uppal, (born 1967) is a Conservative Party politician. Having been selected to fight the safe Liberal Democrat seat of Birmingham Ladywood...'

{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Paul Uppal
| image = Pauluppal.jpg
| honorific-suffix =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Wolverhampton South West]]
| parliament =
| predecessor = [[Rob Marris]]
| successor = [[Rob Marris]]
| term_start = 6 May 2010
| term_end = 30 March 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|06|14}}
| birth_place = [[Birmingham]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| spouse = Kashmir Matto
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| relations =
| children =3
| residence = [[Birmingham]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Warwick]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| website = [http://pauluppal.co.uk pauluppal.co.uk]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Paul Singh Uppal'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-251093;jsessionid=C1BDEE356434C52A97FE48D13A519143|title=Uppal, Paul Singh, (born 14 June 1967), Small Business Commissioner, since 2017|website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO}}</ref> (born 14 June 1967) is a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician from the United Kingdom.
He was the Member of Parliament for [[Wolverhampton South West (UK Parliament constituency)|Wolverhampton South West]] from the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]] to [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]]. Uppal attempted to win the seat back at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]]

On 20 December 2017, the government announced that he was to be the first [[Small Business Commissioner]].

==Early life==
Uppal was born in [[Birmingham]], to Surjit Singh Uppal, a magistrate, and Balbir Kaur on 14 June 1967. His parents are Sikhs of East African descent.<ref name=conservatives>[http://www.conservatives.com/People/Members_of_Parliament/Uppal_Paul.aspx Paul Uppal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518120454/http://www.conservatives.com/People/Members_of_Parliament/Uppal_Paul.aspx |date=18 May 2010 }}, Conservative Party website.</ref> He attended [[Harborne Hill Comprehensive School]] and then studied three [[A-level]]s in Politics, History and Sociology at [[Matthew Boulton College]]. He studied Politics and Sociology at the [[University of Warwick]].

He married his wife Kashmir, a lawyer, on 17 November 1991 in Derby. They have three children together. He holds a [[season ticket]] for [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] Football Club, and is a trustee of the second largest [[Gurudwara]] ([[Sikh]] Temple) in Wolverhampton.<ref name=conservatives/>

==Political career==
Uppal was selected as Conservative Party candidate for [[Birmingham Yardley]] less than three months before the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 general election]]. The seat was traditionally a Conservative-[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] marginal, but became a three-way marginal at the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 general election]] and a Labour-Liberal Democrat marginal since the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]], with the Conservatives pushed into an increasingly distant third place. Uppal came third in 2005, winning 2,970 votes, with Liberal Democrat [[John Hemming (politician)|John Hemming]] replacing the retiring Labour MP [[Estelle Morris]].

In February 2007, Uppal was selected as the Wolverhampton South West Conservative candidate in an [[Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary primaries|open primary]] held at [[Molineux Stadium]], in which all constituents were entitled to vote. The seat had once been a safe Conservative seat, held first by [[Enoch Powell]] from 1950 to 1974 and then by [[Nicholas Budgen]], but became a Labour marginal, held by [[Jenny Jones (Labour politician)|Jenny Jones]] in 1997. [[Rob Marris]] held it from 2001 onwards, though the Labour majorities gradually reduced at each election, Uppal won the seat from the incumbent Labour MP Rob Marris with 16,344 votes and a majority of 691.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Priti-Patel-is-UKs-first-Gujarati-woman-MP/articleshow/5905176.cms|title=Priti Patel is UK's first Gujarati woman MP|last=Ray|first=Ashis|date=8 May 2010|work=The Times of India|accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/election2010/results/constituency/f27.stm|title=Election results: Wolverhampton South West|work=BBC News|accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref>

In July 2010, he was elected Chairman of the All Party Urban Development Group. In October 2011, he voted against a referendum on the UK's membership of [[European Union]]. In September 2012, he was appointed [[Parliamentary Private Secretary|PPS]] to [[David Willetts]] at the [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]].

In the run up to the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], both Uppal, his main opponent Marris, and even [[UKIP]] agreed that immigration was no longer a key issue in the seat which was once held by the controversial MP [[Enoch Powell]].<ref name=amelia>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/29/immigration-enoch-powell-wolverhampton-south-west-jobs-economy-more-important|title=Immigration: in Enoch Powell's former seat jobs and the economy matter more|last=Gentleman|first=Amelia|work=The Guardian|date=29 April 2015|accessdate=1 May 2015}}</ref> Uppal highlighted the improvement in community relations whilst Marris expressed concern about zero-hour contracts, foodbanks and workers earning less than a living wage.<ref name=amelia/>

Uppal was narrowly defeated at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], when Marris regained the seat with a majority of 801. Uppal stood as a candidate in the same seat at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 snap general election]] and despite increasing his party's vote share by 3%, the Labour vote increased by 6.1%, and Uppal consequently lost by 2,185 votes.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130103053048/http://www.pauluppal.com/ Official website]
*{{UK MP links | parliament = stephen-barclay/4078 | publicwhip = paul_uppal | theywork = paul_uppal}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rob Marris]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Wolverhampton South West (UK Parliament constituency)|Wolverhampton South West]]|years=[[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]–[[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rob Marris]]}}
{{end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uppal, Paul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:British Sikhs]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British politicians of Punjabi descent]]

Simon Rivers

2023-06-03T10:51:07Z

DipikaKashyap: new article - stub

{{Short description|English actor}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Simon Rivers
| birth_name = Amardip Singh Nahal
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1978}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| television = ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]''
}}

'''Simon Rivers''' (born '''Amardip Singh Nahal''' in 1978) is an English actor, known for portraying the role of [[Kevin Tyler (Doctors)|Kevin Tyler]] in the [[BBC One|BBC]] soap opera ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]''.

==Life and career==
Born in [[Birmingham, West Midlands]] to [[Sikh]] parents who had immigrated from Punjab, India;<ref name=SunMer/> he speaks fluent [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. When he was five, his family moved to [[Berkshire]].<ref name=SunMer/> Undertaking a series of supporting roles, he took a two-year degree course at [[RADA]], followed by theatre work.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/leisure/theatre/4851878.Dancing_with_the_devil_at_Stratford_Circus/ |title=Dancing with the devil at Stratford Circus |newspaper=The Guardian |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926161954/http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/leisure/theatre/4851878.Dancing_with_the_devil_at_Stratford_Circus/ |archivedate=26 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Rivers stated that he changed his birth name, Amardip Singh Nahal, to the [[stage name]] Simon Rivers in order to "kick start his career".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p044vx50|title=Sikh actor changed name to get acting roles|work=[[BBC]]|date=16 August 2016|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> After taking parts in various television series, including ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'', he played Dr Ameer Mowad in the two series of the [[BBC Wales]] production, ''[[Crash (2009 TV series)|Crash]].'' In 2011, he began portraying the role of [[Dr. Kevin Tyler]] in the [[BBC One|BBC]] daytime soap ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]''. He departed the soap on 30 October 2014.<ref name=SunMer>{{cite news|url=http://www.sundaymercury.net/news/midlands-news/2011/05/03/doctors-star-simon-rivers-reveals-the-prejudice-he-suffered-for-being-a-brummie-66331-28782117/|title=Doctors star Simon Rivers reveals the prejudice he suffered - for being a Brummie|author=Roz Laws|newspaper=Sunday Mercury|date=3 May 2011|accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gtlf9|title=Kevin and Freya: Our first day|publisher=BBC Doctors|accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3654909}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers, Simon}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:English male stage actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Alumni of RADA]]
[[Category:British male actors of Asian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

{{England-actor-stub}}

Mandy Takhar

2023-06-03T10:22:08Z

DipikaKashyap: Created page with '{{Infobox person | name = Mandy Takhar | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = Wolverhampton, United Kingdom | occupation ...'

{{short description|British model and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mandy Takhar
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Wolverhampton]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[England]]
| other_names =
| nationality = British
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actress
*model}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| alma_mater = [[Kingston University]]
| height = 
| website =
| spouse =
| net_worth =
}}

'''Mandy Takhar''' is a [[British people|British]] actress who works in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], predominantly in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] with roles in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films as well.

==Early life==
Mandy Takhar was born and raised in the city of [[Wolverhampton]] in the [[UK]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Malik |first=Sunny |date=27 March 2012 |title=British Actress 'Mandy Takhar' makes her Bollywood debut |url=https://bollynewsuk.com/2012/03/27/british-actress-mandy-takhar-makes-her-bollywood-debut/ |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> She traces her roots to Maliana, a small village near [[Phagwara]] in [[Punjab, India]].<ref name="unplugged">{{cite news |last=Lakhi |first=Navleen |date=9 September 2012 |title=Mandy unplugged |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/mandy-unplugged/story-4dGmCcZo2FwfXjQgC89SoO.html |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref> She moved to [[London]] from her family home when she was 17, to study drama at the [[Kingston University]] and then left the UK in 2009 to work as an actor in the Indian film industry.<ref name="unplugged"/>

==Career==
Mandy moved to [[Mumbai]] and landed the role opposite renowned Punjabi singer [[Babbu Mann]] in the 2010 film, ''[[Ekam - Son of Soil]]''.<ref name="unplugged"/> She played the lead role opposite the superstar [[Gippy Grewal]] in the film ''[[Mirza - The Untold Story]]''. She played Sahiba in this modern adaptation of the love story of Mirza-Sahiba. Her portrayal of Sahiba got her nominated for the best actress at the [[PTC Punjabi]] Film Awards.

In 2013, she starred in ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'' a comedy alongside [[Amrinder Gill]] and [[Honey Singh]]. She played the role of a teacher and won hearts again and got the award for most prominent & popular face and youth Icon of 2012-2013 at the 6th Punjabi Film and Music Festival.<ref name="yash">{{cite news |date=5 December 2012 |title=Not everybody gets a Yash Raj launch: Mandy |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-05/news-interviews/35621235_1_punjabi-movie-mandy-takhar-punjabi-films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110182441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-05/news-interviews/35621235_1_punjabi-movie-mandy-takhar-punjabi-films |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Amritsar/Prem-Chopra-gets-lifetime-achievement-honour/SP-Article1-1038942.aspx |title=Prem Chopra gets lifetime achievement honour |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408122238/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Amritsar/Prem-Chopra-gets-lifetime-achievement-honour/SP-Article1-1038942.aspx |archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>

She made her debut in Tamil cinema with [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' starring [[Karthi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandy Takhar joins 'Biriyani' gang! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mandy-takhar-joins-biriyani-gang-news-tamil-mlfknIbeeba.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108022233/http://www.sify.com/movies/mandy-takhar-joins-biriyani-gang-news-tamil-mlfknIbeeba.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref> She won the award for best supporting actor at [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]].

In early 2017 she appeared in the Punjabi film [[Rabb Da Radio]].

In 2017 she co-hosted the [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]] with Sukhi Bart.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film star Mandy Takhar to host the BritAsia TV World Music Awards 2017! |url=https://britasia.tv/film-star-mandy-takhar-will-host-britasia-tv-world-music-awards-2017/ |accessdate=15 September 2020 |publisher=BritAsia TV |date=8 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=BAMA2017>{{cite news |title=BritAsia TV World Music Awards 2017 celebrated |url=https://www.newasianpost.com/britasia-tv-world-music-awards-2017/ |accessdate=20 August 2020 |work=New Asian Post |date=4 March 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Ekam – Son of Soil]]'' || Navneet || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|| with [[Babbu Maan]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Mirza – The Untold Story]]'' || Sahiba || Punjabi || With [[Gippy Grewal]] & [[Honey Singh]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bumboo]]'' || Pinky || [[Hindi]]|| Directed by Jagdish Rajpurohit
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Saadi Wakhri Hai Shaan]]'' || Jot || Punjabi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'' || Simmy || Punjabi || With [[Amrinder Gill]] & [[Honey Singh]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ishq Garaari]]'' || Miss Sweety || Punjabi || With [[Sharry Mann|Sharry Maan]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' || Maya || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Director Venkat Prabhu
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Sardaar Ji|Sardaarji]]'' || Jasmine || Punjabi||(Director Rohit Jugraj, Producer White Hill Productions) With [[Diljit Dosanjh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Picture: Craigdarroch Castle turns into little India |author=Reid, Michael D. |work=Times Colonist |date=31 October 2014 |url=http://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/big-picture-craigdarroch-castle-turns-into-little-india-1.1489979 |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Munde Kamaal De]]'' || Sonia || Punjabi||(Director [[Amit Prasher]]) With [[Amrinder Gill]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Ardaas (Film)|Ardaas]]'' || Binder || Punjabi || Directed by [[Gippy Grewal]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]'' || Guest appearance || Punjabi || Special appearance in "Poplin"
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' ||Audi Car Lady|| Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Rabb Da Radio]]'' || Naseeb Kaur|| Punjabi|| with [[Tarsem Jassar]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Khido Khundi]]'' || Laali ||Punjabi || with [[Ranjit Bawa]]
|-
| 2019 || ''Lukan Michi'' ||TBA || Punjabi|| with [[Preet Harpal]]
|-
| 2019 || ''Band Vaaje'' ||Billo || Punjabi|| with [[Binnu Dhillon]]
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Saak (film)|Saak]]'' ||Chann Kaur || Punjabi|| with [[Jobanpreet Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/punjabi-period-dramas-to-look-forward-in-2019/saak-two-days-ahead-of-the-release-mandy-takhar-shares-a-new-poster/photostory/70978437.cms |title=Saak: Two days ahead of the release, Mandy Takhar shares a new poster |work=The Times of India |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2021 || ''[[Yes I Am Student]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Yes I Am Student: The shoot of Sidhu Moose Wala's debut movie goes on the floor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/yes-i-am-student-the-shoot-of-sidhu-moose-walas-debut-movie-goes-on-the-floor/articleshow/70856241.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> || Reet || Punjabi || with [[Sidhu Moose Wala|Sidhu Moosewala]]
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Artist
!Music
!Lyrics
!Label
|-
|2020
|''Tod Da E Dil''
|[[Ammy Virk]]
|Avvy Sra
|[[Maninder Buttar]]
|Desi Melodies
|-
|2020
|''Dil Chahte Ho''
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|[[Payal Dev]]
|A.M Turaz
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="5%" | Year
! style="width:28%;" | Award
! style="width:30%;" | Category
! style="width:17%;" | Movie
! style="width:10%;" | Result
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align:center;" |[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Best Supporting Actress
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Sardaar Ji|Sardaarji]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2012-13
| style="text-align:center;" | 6th Punjabi Film and Music Festival
| style="text-align:center;" | Most Prominent & Popular Face and Youth Icon
| style="text-align:center;" |''--''
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2013
| style="text-align:center;" |[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Mirza – The Untold Story]]''
| {{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4029706}}
*{{Facebook|iMandyTakhar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Takhar, Mandy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Wolverhampton]]
[[Category:British film actresses]]
[[Category:British female models]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:British expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:European actresses in India]]
[[Category:Alumni of Kingston University]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century British actresses]]
[[Category:British actresses of Asian descent]]

Economic & Political Weekly

2023-05-24T15:59:43Z

DipikaKashyap: Page started.

#REDIRECT[[Economic and Political Weekly]]

Sat Bir Singh Khalsa

2023-03-17T17:56:12Z

DipikaKashyap: Created page with 'Sat Bir Singh Khalsa (born 1951) is a researcher in the field of body mind medicine, specializing in yoga therapy. Originally from Toronto, he earned his Ph.D....'

{{Infobox person
|image = Sat Bir Singh Khalsa.jpg
|image_caption = Sat Bir Singh Khalsa at University of Toronto
|name = Sat Bir Singh Khalsa
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1951|12|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| spouse = Siri Krishna Kaur
}}

'''Sat Bir Singh Khalsa''' is a researcher in the field of body mind medicine, specializing in yoga therapy. Originally from Toronto, he earned his Ph.D. at the [[University of Toronto]], where he also began his practice of [[Kundalini yoga|Kundalini Yoga]] under the tutelage of [[Yogi Bhajan]]. He is (since 2006) an Associate Professor of Medicine at [[Harvard Medical School]] Sat Bir Singh Khalsa serves as the Director of Yoga Research for [[Yoga Alliance]] and the Kundalini Research Institute, Research Associate at the Benson Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, and Research Affiliate of the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine.

==Research Studies==
Sat Bir Singh Khalsa has participated in numerous mind-body studies. His work has been published in more than eighty papers. He has conducted clinical research trials evaluating yoga interventions for insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic stress, and anxiety disorders and in both public school and occupational settings. Sat Bir Singh works with the International Association of Yoga Therapists to promote research on yoga and yoga therapy as the chair of the scientific program committee for the annual Symposium on Yoga Research and as editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Yoga Therapy. He is medical editor of the Harvard Medical School Special Report, An Introduction to Yoga and chief editor of the medical textbook The Principles and Practice of Yoga in Health Care (2016).

Sat Bir Singh Khalsa's papers explore the application of yoga as therapy for mental health conditions, including insomnia, performance anxiety, drug addiction, depression, and as a predictor of low body mass and low medication usage.<ref>https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/59415</ref>

==Media and Public Speaking==
Sat Bir Singh Khalsa is often hired to speak about his research world wide, to share his research findings with the general public, government and NGOs, schools, universities and corporations alike.

==General Publication==
* Sat Bir Singh Khalsa. (2009). "Kundalini Yoga as Therapy: A Research Perspective," chapter in Kundalini Rising: Exploring the Awakening of Kundalini. Boulder Colorado, Sounds True, Inc.

==Link to Research Articles==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/medicine/Services/oshercenter/default.aspx Brigham and Women's Hospital]
*[http://www.iayt.org/ International Association of Yoga Therapists]
*[http://www.kundaliniresearchinstitute.org/ Kundalini Research Institute]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalsa, Sat Bir Singh}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:Converts to Sikhism]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sleep researchers]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:American yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:American people of Canadian descent]]

Arts and entertainment in India

2022-08-25T13:32:00Z

DipikaKashyap: Finished writing a new contribution.

'''Arts and architecture in India''' have had their course shaped by a synthesis of indigenous and foreign influences that have consequently shaped the course of the arts of the rest of Asia, since ancient times. Arts refer to [[Indian art|paintings]], [[Indian architecture|architecture]], [[Indian literature|literature]], [[Music of India|music]], [[Indian classical dance|dance]], [[languages of India|languages]] and [[Cinema of India|cinema]]. In early India, most of the arts were derived [[Vedic civilization|Vedic]] influences. After the birth of contemporary [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Sikhism]] arts flourished under the patronage of kings and emperors. The coming of [[Islam]] spawned a whole new era of Indian architecture and art. Finally the British brought their own Gothic and Roman influences and fused it with the Indian style. They have a culture infusion in their art.

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of India}}
[[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, India.jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] is widely considered to be the best example of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] and is one of the most well-known monuments in the world.]]

The earliest production in the [[Indus Valley civilization]] was characterised by cities and houses where religion did not seem to play an active role. The Buddhist period is primarily represented by three important building types- the Chaitya Hall (place of worship), the [[Vihara]] (monastery) and the [[Stupa]] (hemispherical mound for worship/ memory) - exemplified by the caves of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] and the monumental [[Sanchi]] [[Stupa]]. The [[Jainism|Jaina]] temples are characterised by high levels of detail that can be seen in the [[Dilwara Temples]] in [[Mt. Abu]]. Early beginnings of Hindu temple architecture have been traced to the remains at [[Aihole]] and [[Pattadakal]] in present-day [[Karnataka]], and have [[Vedic altars]] and late Vedic temples as described by [[Pāṇini]] as models. Later, as more differentiation took place, the Dravidian/ Southern style and or the Indo-Aryan/ Northern/ Nagara style of temple architecture emerged as dominant modes, epitomized in productions such as the [[Brihadeeswara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]], and the [[Sun Temple]], [[Konark]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116173646/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/246 |title=Sun Temple, Konârak |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2015-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403190240/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/246/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the arrival of [[Islam]], a new style of architecture known as [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] emerged combining traditional Indian and Islamic elements. The earliest examples include the [[Qutb Minar complex|Qutb complex]], a series of monuments built by successive sultans of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 |title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2018-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127002942/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Mughal architecture|architecture]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] includes the [[Red Fort]], [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra Fort]], [[Humayun's Tomb|Humayun's tomb]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] and [[Fatehpur Sikri]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 |title=Humayun's Tomb, Delhi |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2019-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527102431/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 |title=Taj Mahal |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2021-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315231759/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With colonization, a new chapter began. Though the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and the French were influencers, it was the English who had a lasting impact. The architecture of the colonial period varied from the beginning attempts at creating authority through classical prototypes to the later approach of producing a supposedly more responsive image through what is now termed [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture- a mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945 |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2018-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127020843/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the introduction of [[Modern Architecture]] into India and later with Independence, the quest was more towards progress as a paradigm fuelled by [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]vian visions. The planning of [[Chandigarh]]- a city most architects hate/love- by [[Le Corbusier]] was considered a step towards this. Later as modernism became less popular in the West and new directions were sought for, there was a movement in India toward architecture rooted in the Indian context. This direction called [[Critical Regionalism]] is exemplified in the works of architects such as [[B. V. Doshi]], [[Charles Correa]], etc. Apart from this, the advent of globalisation and economic development since the 90s, has spawned a collection of modern IT campuses and skyscrapers, and as economic reform accelerates, metropolitan areas are gaining futuristic skylines.

;Various examples of Indian architecture
<gallery>
Image:Madurai-tank.jpg| Typical [[South India]]n temple gopuram (temple gate) built almost a millennium ago, but as tall as a modern mid-rise.
Image:victoria-kolkata.jpg|[[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], a specimen of British Indian architecture, which incorporated European [[Indo-Saracenic|gothic]], Persian saracenic and traditional Indian architecture.
Image:Ellora cave16 003.jpg| The massive [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] Hindu and Buddhist temples were not constructed, but in fact carved out of solid rock from the top to the bottom.
Image:Sanchi2.jpg|The Great Buddhist Stupa at [[Sanchi]] is the oldest existing structure in India, aside from the [[Indus Valley civilization]] ruins, and a [[World Heritage Site]].
Image:Goldener Tempel Amritsar 2022-11-21 4.jpg|The [[Harimandir Sahib]], known popularly as the [[Golden Temple]], is a sacred shrine for Sikhs.
Image:Bombay-Stock-Exchange.jpg|Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers, location of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is an example of 1980s Indian architecture.
</gallery>

==Literature==
{{Main|Indian literature}}
[[Image:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] won the [[Nobel prize]] for literature. It is the first Nobel prize won by Asia.]]
Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. India has 22 officially recognized [[Languages of India|languages]], and a huge variety of literature has been produced in these languages over the years. In Indian literature, [[Oral literature|oral]] and written forms are both important. [[Hindu]] literary traditions dominate a large part of Indian culture. Apart from the [[Vedas]] which are a sacred form of knowledge, there are other works such as the Hindu epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'', treatises such as [[Vaastu Shastra]] in architecture and town planning, and [[Arthashastra]] in political science. Devotional Hindu drama, poetry and songs span the subcontinent. Among the best known are the works of [[Kalidasa]] (writer of the famed Sanskrit play [[Shakuntala]]) and [[Tulsidas]] (who wrote an epic Hindi poem based on the Ramayana, called [[Raamcharitmaanas]]).

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature has been in existence for more than 2500 years. [[Tolkaappiyam]] has been credited as its oldest work, whereas the exact origins of [[Thirukkural]] is unknown. The golden age of Tamil literature was during the [[Sangam period]], roughly 1800 years ago. The classic works of this period are [[Cilappatikaram]], [[Manimekalai]], and Sivakasinthamani. Tamil literature is known for its secular traditions, although its authors had strong religious beliefs. [[Thirukkural]] is considered to be the greatest of Tamil works. [[Kannada]] literature is probably the third oldest in Indian literature next to [[Sanskrit literature]] and [[Tamil literature]]. The earliest reported work in Kannada literature dates back to the fifth century. The first available literary in Kannada is [[Kavirajamarga]], written in the eighth century by Amoghavarsha Nrpatunga. [[Hindi literature]] started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like [[Avadhi]] and [[Brij]]. The most famous figures from this period are [[Kabir]] and [[Tulsidas]]. In modern times, the ''Khadi'' dialect became more prominent and a variety of literature was produced in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]].

The most renowned Bengali writer is Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who received the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]]. In the last century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] but also in English. India's only native-born Nobel laureate in literature was the [[Bengal]]i writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]], but VS Naipaul, a diaspora Indian novelist born in Trinidad, also won the Nobel in 2001. Other major writers who are either Indian or of Indian origin and derive much inspiration from Indian themes are [[R. K. Narayan]], [[Vikram Seth]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Raja Rao]], [[Amitav Ghosh]], [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]], [[Mukul Kesavan]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Nayantara Sehgal]], [[Anita Desai]], [[Ashok Banker]], [[Shashi Deshpande]], [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], and [[Bharati Mukherjee]].

==Music==
{{Main|Music of India}}
Indian music includes multiple varieties of [[folk music|folk]], [[popular music|popular]], [[pop music|pop]], and [[Indian classical music|classical music]]. India's classical music tradition, including [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani music]], has a history spanning millennia and, developed over several eras, remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of religious inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India is made up of several dozen [[ethnic group]]s, speaking their own [[language]]s and [[dialect]]s. Alongside distinctly [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinental]] forms there are major influences from [[Persian traditional music|Persian]], [[Arab music|Arab]] and [[Music of the United Kingdom|British music]]. Indian genres like [[filmi]] and [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] have become popular throughout the United Kingdom, [[South Asia|South]] and [[East Asia]], and around the world.

Indian stars now sell records in many countries, while [[world music]] fans listen to the roots music of India's diverse nations. American [[soul music|soul]], [[rock and roll|rock]] and [[hip hop music]] have also made a large impact, primarily on Indian pop and filmi music. Other highly popular forms are [[ghazal]], [[qawwali]], [[thumri]], [[dhrupad]], [[dadra]], [[bhajan]], [[kirtan]], [[Shabda|shabad]], and [[gurbani]].

[[Filmi]] music is often said to have begun in 1931, with the release of Ardeshir M. Irani's [[Alam Ara]] and its popular soundtrack. In the earliest years of the Indian cinema, filming was generally Indian (classical and folk) in inspiration, with some Western elements. Over the years, the Western elements have increased, but without completely destroying the Indian flavour. Most of the Indian movies are musicals and feature elaborate song and dance numbers. There is constant work for pop music composers — or music directors, to use the Indian term. Movie soundtracks are released as tapes and CDs, sometimes even before the movie is released.

==Dance==
{{Main|Indian classical dance|Indian folk dances}}
Indian classical dance is performed in different styles. Its theory can be traced back to the [[Natya Shastra]] of [[Bharata Muni]], a sage from Tamil Nadu (400 BC). The Natya Shastra is the most important ancient treatise on [[classical Indian dance]]. It is also called the fifth [[Veda]] in reference to the foundation of Hindu religion and philosophy, from which sprang the related South Indian musical tradition of [[Carnatic music]]. Its various current forms include [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Odissi]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Mohiniaattam]], [[Kathak]] and [[Sattriya dance|Sattriya]].

'''Bharatanatyam''' is a classical [[dance]] form originating in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is thought to have been created by Bharata Muni. In ancient times Bharatanatyam was performed by [[mandir]] (Hindu temple) [[Devadasi]]s. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharatanatyam dance postures [[karana dance|karana]]s.

'''Odissi''' is one of the oldest surviving forms of dance, with depictions of Odissi dancing dating back as far as the 1st century BC. Like other forms of Indian classical dance, the Odissi style traces its origins back to antiquity. Dancers are found depicted in bas-relief in the hills of Udaygiri (near [[Bhubaneswar]]) dating back to the 1st century BC. The [[Natya Shastra]] speaks of the dance from this region and refers to it as Odra-Magadhi.

'''Kathakali''' (''katha'' for [[Narrative|story]], ''kali'' for [[performance]] or [[Play (theatre)|play]]) is a form of dance-[[drama]]. It originated in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]] over 500 years ago. It is a spectacular combination of drama, dance, music and ritual. Characters with vividly painted faces and elaborate costumes re-enact stories from the [[Hindu]] epics, [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]].

'''Kuchipudi''' is a classical dance form from [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], a state of [[South India]]. Kuchipudi is the name of a small village in the Divi Taluq of [[Krishna district]] that borders the [[Bay of Bengal]] and with resident [[Brahmin]]s practising this traditional dance form, it acquired the present name.


'''Mohiniaattam''' is a traditional dance from the South Indian state of Kerala. [[Mohini]] is an [[Apsaras]] in the Hindu mythology and aattam in [[Malayalam]] means dance. So Mohiniaattam essentially means "dance of the enchantress". The theme of Mohiniaattam is love and devotion to god. The costume worn by the dancers are typically white coloured kasavu [[saree]] with golden borders.

The '''Kathak''' dance form arose from the [[Vaishnava]] devotees dancing to the episodes from [[Krishna]]'s life. Originally a Northern Indian temple dance, it was transformed to a court dance in the [[Mughal era]]. The new Muslim influence brought with it certain changes to the dance form: what had been a largely devotional practice now became more a courtly entertainment.

The '''Sattriya''' dance is believed to be a creation of the great [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] ([[bhakti]]) guru [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] considered the lead architect of Assamese [[literature]] and [[culture]]. He created this magnificent Sattriya dance to accompany the ''Ankiya Naat'' (a form of Assamese one-act play, another creation of Sankardeva) which was usually performed in ''Satras'' (Assamese monasteries). Since the dance developed and grew within the ''Satras'', it is named after these religious institutions.

'''Folk dances''' are performed for every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, a wedding and festivals. The dances are very focused on gestures, postures, and expressions. The dances burst with verve and vitality. Men and women perform some dances exclusively, while in some performances men and women dance together. On most occasions artists sing the main lyrics and are accompanied by instruments. Each form of dance has a specific costume. Most costumes are flamboyant with extensive jewels.

'''Bhangra''' is a form of music and dance that originated in the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] region of [[India]]. [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] dance began as a folk dance conducted by [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] farmers to celebrate the coming of [[Vaisakhi]], a [[sikh]] festival. The specific moves reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This musical art further became synthesized after the partition of India, when refugees from different parts of the Punjab shared their folk dances with individuals who resided in the regions they settled in. This hybrid dance became Bhangra. The dance started from just one move and evolved later on. It has been popularized by Punjabi artists from the [[Sikh]] communities, with which it is now commonly associated.[1] Today, [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] dance survives in different forms and styles all over the globe – including pop music, film soundtracks, collegiate competitions and even talent shows.

'''Thirayattam''' is a ritual performing dance of south malabar region (kozhikode and malappuram Dt:) in [[Kerala]] state. In [[Malayalam]] language, the word "Thirayattam" refers to a 'colourful dance'. This vibrant Ethnic art form blend of dance, instrumental music, drama, facial and body makeup, martial art and ritualistic Function. [[Thirayattam]] enacted in courtyards of sacred groves and village shrines, during Thirayattam festival.<ref>"Thirayattam" ( Folklore Text- malayalam, Moorkkanad peethambaran),State Institute of language, Kerala. {{ISBN|978-81-200-4294-0}}</ref>

== Drama ==
{{Main|Theatre in India}}
<gallery widths="180" heights="200">

File:Kathakali -Play with Kaurava.jpg|[[Kathakali]] one of the classical theatre forms from [[Kerala, India]]
File:Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|''[[Rasa lila]]'' theatrical performance in [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri dance style]]
File:Akrura1.jpg|[[Yakshagana]] An Ancient dance drama of [[Tulunadu]].
File:Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 6635 June 11, 2017.jpg|[[Koodiyattam]] performer ''Kapila Venu''
File:A still from play 'Nati Binodoni'.jpg|A still from play 'Nati Binodoni', Bengali Jatra Theatre. [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] is a popular folk-theatre form of [[Bengali theatre|Bengali]] and Odia Theatre.
</gallery>
Indian drama and theatre has a long history alongside its music and dance. [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]'s plays like [[Shakuntala]] and [[Meghadoot]]a are some of the older dramas, following those of Bhasa. [[Kutiyattam]] of Kerala, is the only surviving specimen of the ancient Sanskrit theatre, thought to have originated around the beginning of the [[Common Era]], and is officially recognised by [[UNESCO]] as a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. It strictly follows the [[Natya Shastra]].<ref>{{cite book
| title = Nātyakalpadrumam|page=6
| author = Māni Mādhava Chākyār
| publisher = Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi
| year = 1996
|title-link=Nātyakalpadrumam
|author-link=Māni Mādhava Chākyār
}}</ref> Nātyāchārya [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]] is credited for reviving the age old drama tradition from extinction. He was known for mastery of [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa Abhinaya]]. He started to perform the Kalidasa plays like ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntala]]'', ''[[Vikramorvaśīya]]'' and ''[[Mālavikāgnimitra]]''; Bhasa's ''[[Swapnavāsavadatta]]'' and ''[[Pancharātra]]''; [[Harsha]]'s ''[[Nagananda]]''.<ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/natyacharya/articles K. A. Chandrahasan, ''In pursuit of excellence '' (Performing Arts)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113105921/https://sites.google.com/site/natyacharya/articles }}, "[[The Hindu]]", Sunday 26 March 1989</ref><ref>''Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work'' (film- English), Kavalam N. Panikar, [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], New Delhi, 1994</ref>

==Shadow Play==
{{Main|Shadow play#India}}
[[File:Tholpavakoothu Image.jpg|thumb|A scene from [[Tholpavakoothu]] shadow play.]]
Shadow puppets are an ancient part of India's culture and art, particularly regionally as the ''keelu bomme'' and ''[[Tholu bommalata]]'' of [[Andhra Pradesh]], the ''[[Togalu gombeyaata]]'' in [[Karnataka]], the ''charma bahuli natya'' in [[Maharashtra]], the ''[[Ravana chhaya]]'' in [[Odisha]], the ''[[Tholpavakoothu]]'' in [[Kerala]] and the ''thol bommalatta'' in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shadow puppet play is also found in pictorial traditions in India, such as temple mural painting, loose-leaf folio paintings, and the narrative paintings.<ref>Lopes, Rui Oliveira. (2016) "A new light on the shadows of heavenly bodies. Indian shadow puppets: from still paintings to motion pictures". Religion and the Arts, vol. 20, no. 1-2, pp. 160-196. DOI: 10.1163/15685292-02001008</ref> Dance forms such as the [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] of [[Odisha]] literally mean "shadow".<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia|last=Claus|first=Peter J.|author2=Sarah Diamond |author3=Margaret Ann Mills |year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-415-93919-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |pages=108–110 }}</ref> The shadow theatre dance drama theatre are usually performed on platform stages attached to [[Hindu temple]]s, and in some regions these are called ''Koothu Madams'' or ''Koothambalams''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Beth Osnes| title= Acting: An International Encyclopedia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335 |year=2001| publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-0-87436-795-9|pages= 152, 179–180}}</ref> In many regions, the puppet drama play is performed by itinerant artist families on temporary stages during major temple festivals.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> Legends from the Hindu epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' dominate their repertoire.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> However, the details and the stories vary regionally.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arjun Appadurai|author2=Frank J. Korom|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j68pRNtezAC&pg=PA379 |year=1991|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1337-8|pages=379–391}}</ref><ref>Stuart Blackburn (1998), ''Looking Across the Contextual Divide: Studying Performance in South India'', South Asia Research, Volume 18, Issue 1, pages 1-11, Quote: "If performance is the cultural organisation of behaviour, it is interesting that these cultural forms vary so widely from area to area. To return to south India, tales are told and songs sung throughout the region, but the same is not true for long narrative singing (epic and the like), or for dance, or for drama; even masks, so widespread in Kerala and other parts of south India, are not significant in Tamil culture."</ref>

During the 19th century and early parts of the 20th century of the colonial era, Indologists believed that shadow puppet plays had become extinct in India, though mentioned in its ancient Sanskrit texts.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> In the 1930s and thereafter, states Stuart Blackburn, these fears of its extinction were found to be false as evidence emerged that shadow puppetry had remained a vigorous rural tradition in central Kerala mountains, most of Karnataka, northern Andhra Pradesh, parts of Tamil Nadu, Odisha and southern Maharashtra.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> The Marathi people, particularly of low caste, had preserved and vigorously performed the legends of Hindu epics as a folk tradition. The importance of Marathi artists is evidenced, states Blackburn, from the puppeteers speaking Marathi as their mother tongue in many non-Marathi speaking states of India.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544">{{cite book|author=Stuart Blackburn |editor=Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond and Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA543 |year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|pages=543–544}}</ref>

{{Listen
| filename = Tholpavakooth at Kollam.ogv
| title = A shadow play in Kerala
| description = Ramayana legend, with audience response (45 seconds)
| format = [[Ogv]]
| pos = left
}}
According to Beth Osnes, the ''[[tholu bommalata]]'' shadow puppet theatre dates back to the 3rd century BCE, and has attracted patronage ever since.<ref>{{cite book|author=Beth Osnes|title=Acting: An International Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335 |year=2001| publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-0-87436-795-9|page=335}}</ref> The puppets used in a ''tholu bommalata'' performance, states Phyllis Dircks, are "translucent, lusciously multicolored leather figures four to five feet tall, and feature one or two articulated arms".<ref name="Dircks2004p110">{{cite book|author=Phyllis T. Dircks|title=American Puppetry: Collections, History and Performance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVQd4UD7k40C&pg=PA110 |year=2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1896-1|page=110}}</ref> The process of making the puppets is an elaborate ritual, where the artist families in India pray, go into seclusion, produce the required art work, then celebrate the "metaphorical birth of a puppet" with flowers and incense.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Bell|title=Puppets, Masks, and Performing Objects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUrt2TWsHNIC |year=1999|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-52293-9|pages=146–147}}</ref>

The ''tholu pava koothu'' of Kerala uses leather puppets whose images are projected on a backlit screen. The shadows are used to creatively express characters and stories in the ''[[Ramayana]]''. A complete performance of the epic can take forty-one nights, while an abridged performance lasts as few as seven days.<ref name="Osnes2001p335">{{cite book|author=Beth Osnes|title=Acting: An International Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335 |year=2001| publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-0-87436-795-9|pages=335–336}}</ref> One feature of the ''tholu pava koothu'' show is that it is a team performance of puppeteers, while other shadow plays such as the ''wayang'' of Indonesia are performed by a single puppeteer for the same ''Ramayana'' story.<ref name="Osnes2001p335"/> There are regional differences within India in the puppet arts. For example, women play a major role in shadow play theatre in most parts of India, except in Kerala and Maharashtra.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> Almost everywhere, except Odisha, the puppets are made from tanned deer skin, painted and articulated. Translucent leather puppets are typical in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, while opaque puppets are typical in Kerala and Odisha. The artist troupes typically carry over a hundred puppets for their performance in rural India.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/>

== Sculpture ==
{{main|Sculpture in India}}
First sculptures in India date back to the [[Indus Valley civilization]], where stone and bronze carvings have been discovered. This is one of the earliest instances of sculpture in the world. Later, as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] developed further, India produced some of the most intricate bronzes in the world, as well as unrivalled temple carvings. Some huge shrines, such as the one at [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] were not actually constructed using blocks, but instead carved out of solid rock, making them perhaps the largest and most intricate sculptures in the world.

During the 2nd to 1st century BCE in far northern India, in what is now southern [[Afghanistan]] and northern Pakistan, sculptures became more explicit, representing episodes of the Buddha's life and teachings. Although India had a long sculptural tradition and a mastery of rich iconography, the Buddha was never represented in human form before this time, but only through some of his symbols. This may be because [[Gandhara]]n Buddhist sculpture in modern Afghanistan displays [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Persia]]n artistic influence. Artistically, the Gandharan school of sculpture is said to have contributed wavy hair, drapery covering both shoulders, shoes and sandals, acanthus leaf decorations, etc.

The pink sandstone sculptures of Mathura evolved during the Gupta period (4th to 6th century) to reach a very high fineness of execution and delicacy in the modeling. Newer sculptures in [[Afghanistan]], in stucco, schist or clay, display very strong blending of Indian post-Gupta mannerism and Classical influence, Hellenistic or possibly even Greco-Roman. Meanwhile, elsewhere in India, less anatomically accurate styles of human representation evolved, leading to the classical art that the world is now familiar with, and contributing to Buddhist and Hindu sculpture throughout Asia. If you would like more information on this topic please let us recommend.

;A selection of Indian sculptures of various ages and styles
<gallery>
Image:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg
Image:Bronzes-Chola-2.jpg
Image:VajraMudra.JPG
Image:Bronzes-Chola-background_retouch.jpg
Image:Shivajistatue.JPG
Image:13th century Ganesha statue.jpg
Image:Siva_and_Parvati.jpg
Image:Ellora Kailash temple Shiva panel.jpg
Image:Bhudevi.jpg
Image:Shiva and Uma 14th century.jpg
Image:Khajuraho8.jpg
Image:Ellora cave16 001.jpg
</gallery>

== Painting ==
{{Main|Indian painting}}
The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of [[pre-historic]] times, the [[petroglyph]]s as found in places like [[Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]], and some of them are older than 5500 BC. Such works continued and after several millennia, in the 7th century, carved pillars of [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], [[Maharashtra]] [[States and territories of India|state]] present an example of Indian paintings, and the colors, mostly various shades of red and orange, were derived from minerals. Thereafter, frescoes of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and Ellora caves appeared. India's [[Buddhist]] literature is replete with examples of texts which describe that palaces of kings and aristocratic class were embellished with paintings, but they have not survived. But, it is believed that some form of art painting was practiced in that time.

Indian Art was given a new lease of life by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in early 19th century when the new [[government]] required painters to document Indian life and times. The English School paintings, as these new art were called had seen the emergence of India's greatest artists of all times [[Raja Ravi Verma]]. Other important artists of the Colonial period include [[Jamini Roy]], [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], [[Ramkinkar Baij]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. After independence, Indian art became more diverse and artists like [[M. F. Husain]], [[F. N. Souza]], [[Subodh Gupta]], [[Devajyoti Ray]], Sudip Roy,<ref name=dna12>{{cite news |title=Florence Biennale: Sudip Roy wins award for Christ, Gandhi, Teresa-Trilogy |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/plumage/florence-biennale-sudip-roy-s-wins-award-for-for-christ-gandhi-teresa-trilogy |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=February 6, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203213733/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/plumage/florence-biennale-sudip-roy-s-wins-award-for-for-christ-gandhi-teresa-trilogy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paresh Maity]] and [[Bose Krishnamachari]] earned international recognition.

;Indian art, ancient and medieval
<gallery>
Image:Indischer Maler um 1650 (I) 001.jpg
Image:Meister des Rasikapriyâ-Manuskripts 002.jpg
Image:Daudia 001.jpg
Image:Indischer_Maler_des_6._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg
</gallery>

==Cinema==
{{Main|Cinema of India}}
India is a major regional center for [[film|cinema]]. The Indian film industry is the second largest in the world (1200 movies released in the year 2002). Each of the larger jrods supports its own film industry: [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Odia language|Odia]]. The Hindi/Urdu film industry, based in [[Mumbai]], formerly ''Bombay'', is called [[Bollywood]] (a melding of [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] and Bombay). Similar neologisms have been coined for the Kannada (Karnataka State) film industry ([[Sandalwood cinema|Sandalwood]]) based on Karnataka being known for Sandalwood, Tamil film industry ([[Kollywood]], from the Kodambakkam district of [[Chennai]]) and the Telugu film industry ([[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]]). Tollygunge is a [[metonym]] for the Bengali film industry, long centered in the Tollygunge district of [[Kolkata]]. The Bengali language industry is notable as including the director [[Satyajit Ray]], an international filmmaker and a winner of many awards, among them the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award), the [[Légion d'honneur]] (France), and the Lifetime achievement [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]. Odia film industry is known as [[Cinema of Odisha|Ollywood]] and it has a history of film making since 1936. The Bollywood industry is usually the largest in terms of films produced and box office receipts, just as Urdu/Hindi speakers outnumber speakers of other Indian languages within India.

== Radio ==
{{main|Radio in India}}
Radio broadcasting was, until recently a government monopoly under the Directorate General of [[All India Radio]]—established in 1936 and since 1957 also known as Akashvani—a government-owned, semicommercial operation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. From only six stations at the time of independence, All India Radio's network had expanded by the mid-1990s to 146 AM stations plus a National Channel, the Integrated North-East Service (aimed at tribal groups in northeast India), and the External Service. There are five regional headquarters for All India Radio: the North Zone in New Delhi; the North-East Zone in Guwahati, Assam; the East Zone in Calcutta; the West Zone in Bombay; and the South Zone in Madras. All India Radio covers 99.37% of India's populace.

The government-owned network provides both national and local programs in Hindi, English, and sixteen regional languages. Commercial services, which were inaugurated in 1957, are provided by [[Vividh Bharati]] Service, headquartered in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/go-gaga-with-vividh-bharatis-golden-year/49854-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605020559/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/go-gaga-with-vividh-bharatis-golden-year/49854-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |title=Go gaga with Vividh Bharati's golden year |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> [[Vividh Bharati]], which accepts advertisements, broadcasts from thirty-one AM and FM stations in the mid-1990s.

India has an extensive network of medium wave and shortwave stations. In 1994 there were eighty-five FM stations and seventy-three shortwave stations that covered the entire country. The broadcasting equipment is mostly Indian made and reaches special audiences, such as farmers needing agroclimatic, plant protection, and other agriculture-related information. The number of radio receivers increased almost fivefold between 1970 and 1994, from around 14 million to nearly 65 million. Most radios are also produced within India.

The foreign broadcast service is a function of the External Services Division of All India Radio. In 1994 seventy hours of news, features, and entertainment programs were broadcast daily in twenty-five languages using thirty-two shortwave transmitters. The principal target audiences are listeners in neighbouring countries and the large overseas Indian community.

Satellite Radio was introduced to the Indian market in 2000 by [[WorldSpace]], a Washington-DC based company. Currently WorldSpace beams 30 channels comprising music, news, and regional channels, a subscriber in India pays {{Indian Rupee}} 1,200 per annum. In addition, some premium channels are available at an extra cost. This service requires special receivers which are often subsidized by world space.

Recently The Department of Space (DoS) indicated it is exploring the possibility of setting up a multi-media satellite platform that would include satellite radio, video and data channels.

== Television ==
{{Main|Television in India}}
Television service is available throughout the country. [[Doordarshan]] is a government-owned broadcaster established in 1959 and a part of All India Radio until 1976. It operates of one national network and seven regional networks. In 1992 there were sixty-three high-power television transmitters, 369 medium-power transmitters, seventy-six low-power transmitters, and twenty-three transposers. Regular satellite transmissions began in 1982 (the same year colour transmission began).
By 1994 some 6 million people were receiving television broadcasts via satellite, and the number was expected to increase rapidly throughout the rest of the decade. Cable television was even more prolific, with an estimated 12 to 15 million subscribers in 1994. Besides Doordarshan, [[Zee TV]]—an independent station broadcasting from Mumbai since 1992—uses satellite transmissions. In fact, because Doordarshan is the only network that is permitted to broadcast television signals domestically, [[Zee TV]] and other entrepreneurs broadcast their Indian-made videotapes via foreign transmitters. Other networks joining the fray are [[Cable News Network]] (1990); Asia Television Network (1991); Hong Kong-based [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star TV]] (1991); Jain TV, near Bombay (1994); EL TV, a spin-off of Zee TV in Bombay (1994); HTV, an affiliate of the [[Hindustan Times]] in New Delhi (1994); and [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], a [[Tamil language]] service in Chennai (1994). In a communications breakthrough in July 1995, Doordarshan agreed, for a US$1.5 million annual fee and 50 percent of advertising revenue when it exceeds US$1.5 million, to allow CNN to broadcast twenty-four hours a day via an Indian satellite. regional, and local service. The number of television sets increased from around 500,000 in 1976 to 9 million in early 1987 and to around 47 million in 1994; increases are expected to continue at around 6 million sets per year. More than 75 percent of television sets were black and white models in 1992, but the proportion of colour sets is increasing annually. Most television sets are produced in India.

===Major events===

===Professional events===
* Lakme Fashion Week
* Ponds [[Femina Miss India]]
* [[Global Festival of Films on Peace and Spirituality]]

===Amateur events===
* Culfests in India

== Sport ==
{{Main|Sport in India|Traditional games of India}}

== References ==
* {{Country study}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Arts|Society}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/international/asian/india/resources/india-culture.html Culture: India] — Arts and entertainment related links at the [[Library of Congress]]

{{Life in India}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Arts in India| ]]
[[Category:Entertainment in India]]

Sikhism in Niue

2022-02-27T07:39:44Z

DipikaKashyap: Finished writing a new addition.

#REDIRECT [[Niue#Religions]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-06-02T20:19:27Z

DipikaKashyap: /* Adarsh Ray */ new section

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-25T06:12:00Z

DipikaKashyap:

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}
[[Category:Pending AfC submissions]]

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-25T06:10:56Z

DipikaKashyap:

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-25T06:06:20Z

DipikaKashyap: +Category:Pending AfC submissions:

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T15:07:13Z

DipikaKashyap: Adarsh Ray first update

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T15:04:42Z

DipikaKashyap: Adarsh Ray first update

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T15:03:11Z

DipikaKashyap: Adarsh Ray

{{subst:submitdraft}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

== Adarsh Ray ==

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

{{subst:submitdraft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

== Adarsh Ray ==

{{subst:submitdraft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T15:01:29Z

DipikaKashyap: /* Adarsh Ray */ new section

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

== Adarsh Ray ==

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

{{subst:submitdraft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

== Adarsh Ray ==

{{subst:submitdraft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T15:01:10Z

DipikaKashyap:

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T14:59:09Z

DipikaKashyap: /* Adarsh Ray */ new section

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T14:58:16Z

DipikaKashyap: Adarsh Ray first update

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T14:56:24Z

DipikaKashyap: Adarsh Ray first update

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T14:54:51Z

DipikaKashyap: Adarsh Ray first update

{{subst:submitdraft}}
{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T14:52:38Z

DipikaKashyap: Adarsh Ray first update

{{subst:submitdraft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Adarsh Ray
| image = [[File:Adarsh Ray image 6109-01~1.jpg|thumb|Adarsh Ray]]
| caption = Indian Music Artist Adarsh Ray
| birth_date = 24 February 1999
| birth_place = [[Panisagar]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Author]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

'''Adarsh Ray'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Ray|url=https://g.co/kgs/mvh32C/|language=en|date=8 May 2021|website=Google|access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> is a popular Bengali Music Producer. He started his youtube career in the year of 2017.He is one of the first edm music producer from Tripura.
==Career==
He started his youtube channel Adarsh Ray in the year of 2017 when he started Recreating Bengali and Hindi Songs in the year of 2017, till 2020 he becomes popular in his state Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Home Studio to Millions of Audience, Adarsh Ray is changing Tripura's Music Industry.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/from-home-studio-to-millions-of-audience-adarsh-ray-is-changing-tripuras-music-industry-23172837/|language=en|date=11 May 2021|website=Mid-Day|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10582844}}

Draft:Adarsh Ray

2021-05-24T14:39:10Z

DipikaKashyap: Adarsh Ray first update