https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Dipayan+SainBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-30T21:23:21ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mreenal_Deshraj&diff=432685Mreenal Deshraj2023-10-06T02:59:30Z<p>Dipayan Sain: Created page with '{{Short description|Indian actress}} {{Infobox person | name = Mreenal Deshraj | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|08|02|df=yes}} | birth_place = Nagpur, Maharashtra | alma_mater = B.Com<br />Fashion Designing From National Institute of Fashion Technology | occupation = Actress | yearsactive = 2000-present | spouse = {{marriage|Ash...'</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Mreenal Deshraj<br />
| image = File:Mreenal during a event.jpg<br />
| caption = Mreenal deshraj during a event<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|08|02|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| alma_mater = B.Com<br />Fashion Designing From [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| yearsactive = 2000-present<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Ashim Matthan|2022}}<br />
| children = <br />
| module2 = <br />
| known_for = ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'', ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]''<br />
| partner = <br />
| relatives = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mreenal Deshraj''' (born 2 August 1978)<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Mreenal Deshraj! |url=https://urbanasian.com/featured/2016/08/happy-birthday-mreenal-deshraj/ |work=Urban Asian |date=2 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three day b'day celebrations for Mreenal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/three-day-bday-celebrations-for-mreenal/articleshow/6241199.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 August 2010}}</ref> is an Indian actress who works primarily in Hindi films and television.<ref>{{cite news |title=House arrest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/house-arrest/story-4tAtpkRsMcpZJSKT5JcbgL.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillay |first1=Neolin |title=Mreenal Deshraj on the change happening in Bollywood |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2022/08/mreenal-deshraj-on-the-change-happening-in-bollywood/ |work=Urban Asian |date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Razzaq |first1=Sameena |title=Mreenal Deshraj's alcoholic act inspired by Meena Kumari |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/070916/mreenal-deshrajs-alcoholic-act-inspired-by-meena-kumari.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |issue=07 September 2016}}</ref> She is best known for her role as Jahnvi Malhotra in the [[Star Plus]] show ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' and Rohini in the [[Colors TV]] show ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Mreenal Deshraj: The demands of the industry make me feel that I am living on the edge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mreenal-deshraj-the-demands-of-the-industry-make-me-feel-that-i-am-living-on-the-edge/articleshow/74563048.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abrol |first1=Somya |title=TV actress Mreenal Deshraj has been through her fair share of experiments to finally find contentment in her work |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141006/ttlife1.htm#2 |work=Tribune India |issue=06 October 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Mreenal was born in a Hindu family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Mreenal Deshraj talks about life after marriage |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/happy-times-417406 |work=Tribune India |issue=31 July 2022}}</ref> Mreenal graduated in Fashion Designing from [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.mreenal.com/about.html |website=www.mreenal.com}}</ref> She started learning acting from Prithvi Theatre. Mreenal married Ashim Matthan on 5 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive - Ishqbaaz fame Mreenal Deshraj: I'm 10 years older than my husband, so my in-laws were against the match initially |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ishqbaaz-fame-mreenal-deshraj-im-10-years-older-than-my-husband-so-my-in-laws-were-against-the-match-initially/photostory/93575377.cms?from=mdr |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=Exclusive! Ishqbaaaz actress Mreenal Deshraj gets engaged, will tie the knot soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ishqbaaaz-actress-mreenal-deshraj-gets-engaged-will-tie-the-knot-soon/articleshow/92128048.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillay |first1=Neolin |title=Mreenal Deshraj talks about supporting causes to make a change! |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2022/07/mreenal-deshraj-talks-about-supporting-causes-to-make-a-change/ |work=Urban Asian |date=22 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Mreenal started her career as an actor with theater veteran Nadira Babbar's play Ekjut. After seven plays, Mreenal got her first television role in the [[Balaji Telefilms]] show ''[[Kahin To Hoga]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jambhekar |first1=Shruti |title=Mreenal Deshraj's tough time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mreenal-deshrajamp39s-tough-time/articleshow/11167620.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2011}}</ref> As the negative character Shipra Arora, she soon became a household name. Later she appeared in ''[[Kabhi Aaye Na Judaai]]'', ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' and ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si (TV series)]]''<ref name="I am focussed and confident">{{cite news |last1=Mulchandani |first1=Amrita |title=I am focussed and confident: Mreenal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-focussed-and-confident-mreenal/articleshow/3018573.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 May 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2000, she got her first break in films, she played the supporting character of Hema in the film ''Dr Mukta''.<ref>{{cite news |title=I got married just 3 months back but people keep asking when I'll have a kid: Mreenal Deshraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-got-married-just-3-months-back-but-people-keep-asking-when-ill-have-a-kid-mreenal-deshraj/articleshow/94662150.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 October 2022}}</ref> After this, in the year 2005, she played the lead role in the film Gilli Gilli Aata and in 2006, she played a supporting role in ''[[Tathastu]]'' and the role of an office assistant in the film ''[[Vivah]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chavda |first1=Sanaya |title=Action stunts are interesting: Mreenal Deshraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/action-stunts-are-interesting-mreenal-deshraj/articleshow/5409935.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mreenal is happy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mreenal-is-happy/articleshow/3025080.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2008}}</ref> Mreenal had her breakthrough with the role of Sejal in ''[[Sujata (TV series)]]'' and Padmini in ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferrao |first1=Glacxy |title=Mreenal enjoys negative roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mreenal-enjoys-negative-roles/articleshow/3517994.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the year 2009, mreenal played supporting role in the film ''[[Runway (2009 film)]]'', along with episodic roles in the television serial ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=FERRAO |first1=GLACXY |title=Real ghost scares reel ghost |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/real-ghost-scares-reel-ghost/articleshow/3964046.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2009}}</ref> From 2011 to 2015, she played the role of Lead Antagonist in the serials ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]'' and ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Mreenal Deshraj back on small screen |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/mreenal-deshraj-back-on-small-screen-15392150 |work=Mid-day |date=20 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> along with this she did some episodic roles in ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adalat]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=Mreenal Deshraj: I have always chosen the wrong men in my life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mreenal-deshraj-i-have-always-chosen-the-wrong-men-in-my-life/articleshow/71335402.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 September 2019}}</ref> In 2016, mreenal played the character of Jahnvi Malhotra Singh in [[Ishqbaaaz]] which made her quite famous.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=Not just gym buddies, Mreenal Deshraj and Mrunal Jain are friends for life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/not-just-gym-buddies-mreenal-deshraj-and-mrunal-jain-are-friends-for-life/articleshow/73049863.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the year 2019, she played the lead antagonist in the third season of Naagin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=‘Ishqbaaaz’ fame Mreenal Deshraj to join the cast of ‘Naagin’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishqbaaaz-fame-mreenal-deshraj-to-join-the-cast-of-naagin/articleshow/67396446.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Television ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Serial<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|- <br />
| 2003-2007<br />
| [[Kahiin to Hoga]]<br />
| Shipra Arora<br />
| Lead Role<ref>{{cite news |title=Mreenal Deshraj, who has been a part of prominent shows, including Kahin Toh Hoga, Choti Si Zindagi, Ishqbaaaz and Naagin 3, shares excerpts from her journey |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mreenal-deshraj-who-has-been-a-part-of-prominent-shows-including-kahin-toh-hoga-choti-si-zindagi-ishqbaaaz-and-naagin-3-shares-excerpts-from-her-journey-405430 |work=Tribune India |issue=20 Jun 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2003-2004<br />
| [[Kabhi Aaye Na Judaai]]<br />
| <br />
| Supporting Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2004-2005<br />
| [[Pancham (TV series)]]<br />
| Lekha<br />
| Lead Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2004-2005<br />
| [[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]<br />
| Mreenal<br />
| Episodic Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2005-2007<br />
| [[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si (TV series)]]<br />
| <br />
| Supporting Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| [[Sujata (TV series)]]<br />
| Sejal<br />
| Lead Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2007-2009<br />
| [[Doli Saja Ke]]<br />
| Padmini<br />
| Lead Antagonist<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| [[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]<br />
| Kajri Varun Pratap Singh<br />
| Episodic Role<br />
|- <br />
| 2011-2012<br />
| [[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]<br />
| Revati<br />
| Lead Antagonist<br />
|-<br />
| 2013-2015<br />
| [[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]<br />
| Rani Uma Bhatiyani<br />
| Lead Antagonist<br />
|- <br />
| 2013-2014<br />
| [[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]<br />
| Mishka/Raksha<br />
| Episodic Role<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vijaya |title=Rucha Gujarati & Mreenal Deshraj in Adaalat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rucha-gujarati-mreenal-deshraj-in-adaalat/articleshow/18632393.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 February 2013}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| 2016-2017<br />
| [[Ishqbaaaz]]<br />
| Jahnvi Malhotra Singh<br />
| Supporting Lead<ref>{{cite news |title=Mreenal likes her role |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/mreenal-likes-her-role-268182 |work=Tribune India |issue=20 July 2016}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| 2017<br />
| [[Dil Boley Oberoi]]<br />
| Jhanvi Singh Oberoi<br />
| Supporting Lead<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]<br />
| Rohini<br />
| Lead Antagonist<ref>{{cite news |title=After bidding goodbye to 'Ishqbaaaz', Mreenal Deshraj to enter 'Naagin 3' as new 'naagin'! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/naagin-3-after-exiting-ishqbaaaz-actress-mreenal-deshraj-to-enter-as-new-naaginin-surbhi-jyoti-pearl-v-puri-starrer-colors-show-890424 |work=news.abplive.com |date=6 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Films ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col"| Year<br />
! scope="col"| Title<br />
! scope="col"| Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''Dr Mukta''<br />
| Hema<br />
| Supporting Lead<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Mreenal Deshraj - Networking Is Very Very Important. You Need to Have a Very Strong Support System, Who Will Be Your Pillar of Strength (Actor, India) |url=https://www.eatmy.news/2021/05/mreenal-deshraj-networking-is-very-very.html |work=Eat My News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| ''Gilli Gilli Atta''<br />
| <br />
| Lead Role<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |title=जानिए इस शोख चंचल हसीन अदाकारा मृणाल देशराज की सफलता का राज़ |url=https://www.nslivenews.com/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE/ |work=NS Live News |date=10 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| ''[[Tathastu]]''<br />
| <br />
| Supporting Role<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Mrinal Deshraj Movies List {{!}} Mrinal Deshraj Upcoming Movies {{!}} Films: Latest Movies - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/mrinal-deshraj/filmography/ |date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| ''[[Vivah]]''<br />
| Prem Staff Member<br />
| Supporting Role<br />
| <ref name="I am focussed and confident"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| ''[[Runway (2009 film)]]''<br />
| <br />
| Supporting Role<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Mreenal Deshraj at the movie Runway's completion bash at Hyatt Regency, Andheri - Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/runway-film-bash/articleshow/4069494.cms |work=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! width=5%|Year<br />
! width=30%|Award<br />
! width=29%|Category<br />
! width="20%" |Film<br />
! width=15%|Result<br />
! width=5%|Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| [[I Am Woman Awards]]<br />
| Woman of Substance Award<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai hosts an award ceremony that celebrates the inspiration of women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/city-sees-an-award-ceremony-that-celebrates-the-inspiration-of-women/articleshow/63971074.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 April 2018}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|1799507|name=Mreenal Deshraj}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshraj, Mreenal}}<br />
[[Category:1978 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-actor-stub}}</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanchore_district&diff=426472Sanchore district2023-09-07T14:09:23Z<p>Dipayan Sain: Formulated fresh article content.</p>
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<div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Sanchore}}{{Short description|District of Rajasthan in India}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sanchore district<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| map_caption = Location of Jalore district in Rajasthan<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Division<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pali division|Pali]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = 7 August 2023<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Sanchore]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| area_total_km2 = 2,996<br />
| population_total = 4,87,458<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 343041<br />
| registration_plate = (RJ46)<br />
| website = {{URL|https://sanchore.rajasthan.gov.in/}}<br />
| image_skyline = Sanchore district map.png<br />
| image_caption = Sanchore district map<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sanchore district''' is a [[Districts in India|district]] of [[Rajasthan]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in western [[India]]. The city of [[Sanchore]] is the administrative headquarters of the district. Total area of sanchore tehsil is 2,996 km² including 2,980.41 km² rural area and 16.00 km² urban area and has population of 4,87,458 (2011 census).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref>This district came into existence on August 7, 2023 by separating from [[Jalore district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=जालोर: सांचोर जिले की विधिवत हुई स्थापना,हवन के साथ संत महात्माओं का हुआ संबोधन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jalore/jalore-news-sanchore-district-was-duly-established-addressed-by-saints-with-havan/1815565 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=4 उपखंड और 4 तहसील के साथ बना सांचौर जिला:ओएसडी बनेंगे कलेक्टर, एसपी; जल्द खुलेंगे जिला लेवल के सभी ऑफिस |work=Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jalore/sanchore/news/sanchore-district-formed-with-4-subdivisions-and-4-tehsils-131638051.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Districts of Rajasthan}}{{Sanchore district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Thar Desert]]<br />
[[Category:Sanchore district]]<br />
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<br />
{{India-stub}}<br />
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{{Improve categories}}</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testbook&diff=395153Testbook2023-07-16T15:08:54Z<p>Dipayan Sain: Added content.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Testbook<br />
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br />
| industry = E-learning<br />
| founded = January 2014<br />
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| area_served = India<br />
| key_people = {{Plain list |<br />
*Ashutosh Kumar<br>(Co-founder)<br />
*Narendra Agrawal<br>(Co-founder)<br />
*Manoj Munna<br>(Co-founder)<br />
*Praveen Agrawal<br>(Co-founder)<br />
}}<br />
| website = {{URL|https://testbook.com}}<br />
}}<br />
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'''Testbook''' is an Indian [[Educational technology|edutech]] company headquartered in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |title=This Startup Helps To Crack Government Job Exams |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/technology/this-startup-helps-to-crack-government-job-exams/355819 |access-date= |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IITians create simulation for SBI aspirants to bank on |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/iitians-create-simulation-for-sbi-aspirants-to-bank-on/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Founded in January 2014 by a group of [[IIT Bombay]] and [[IIT Delhi]] alumni, Testbook prepares students for various competitive exams<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘India has a scarcity of good teachers, e-learning can solve that’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/testbook-pass-e-learning-iit-bombay-5783576/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> such as [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]], [[Public service commissions in India|State PSC]], SBI PO, [[Institute of Banking Personnel Selection|IBPS PO]], [[Civil Services Examination|UPSC IAS Exam]], Engineering Recruitment Exams,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Testbook raises funding from S Chand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/testbook-raises-funding-from-s-chand/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Staff Selection Commission|SSC Exams]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Testbook launches SuperCoaching for govt job exam preparation |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/testbook-supercoaching-govt-job-exam-preparation-sarkari-naukri/2951364/ |access-date= |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiger Global-backed edtech Classplus invests in YouTube channel offering test prep courses |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/tiger-global-backed-edtech-classplus-invests-in-youtube-channel-offering-test-prep-courses-368811-2023-02-03 |access-date= |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=RUKHAIYAR |first=ASHISH |title=Testbook: An online resource for small-town job aspirants |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/small-town-job-aspirants-get-an-online-resource/article31077788.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Opening GATEs to public sector job aspirants: Testbook Co-founder |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/opening-gates-to-public-sector-job-aspirants-testbook-co-founder/1788044/ |access-date= |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Testbook was established in January 2014 by Ashutosh Kumar, Narendra Agrawal, Yadvendar Champawat, Abhishek Sagar, Manoj Munna, and Praveen Agrawal, all of whom are alumni of [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Iron Pillar leads Series B funding in ed-tech startup Testbook |url=https://www.vccircle.com/iron-pillar-leads-series-b-funding-in-ed-tech-startup-testbook |access-date= |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dev |first=Sudipta |title=How Testbook is helping 5 mn students to ace govt job exams |url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/industries/education/how-testbook-is-helping-5-mn-students-to-ace-govt-job-exams/64383/ |access-date= |website=Express Computer |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
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The company raised INR 1.5 crore (equivalent to under $250,000) in funding from LetsVenture and Ah! Ventures in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sainul K |first=Abudheen |title=Test prep site Testbook raises under $250K from LetsVenture, ah! Ventures, others |url=https://www.vccircle.com/test-prep-site-testbook-raises-under-250k-letsventure-ah-ventures-others |access-date= |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, Testbook secured series A funding from [[Matrix Partners]]. Prior to this, Testbook had also received funding from S. Chand and Utsav Somani of [[AngelList]], among other investors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Chand exits investment in start-up Testbook |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/s-chand-exits-investment-in-start-up-testbook/article65686044.ece |access-date= |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Testbook raised another INR 60 Cr ($8.3 Mn) from Iron Pillar.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Amit Raja |title=Testbook Raises $8.3 Mn Funding To Add More State-Level Exams |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/testbook-raises-8-3-mn-funding-to-add-more-state-level-exams/ |access-date= |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Nandita |title=Testbook raises INR 60 crore in a Series B funding led by Iron Pillar |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/testbook-raises-inr-60-crore-in-a-series-b-funding-led-by-iron-pillar-11578469247658.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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Testbook has partnerships with [[Educational institution|educational institutions]], including the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), [[IIT Madras]], [[IIT Ropar]], and [[IIT Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Testbook Partners With IITs For Job Preparation Training |work=[[Businessworld]] |url=https://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Testbook-Partners-With-IITs-For-Job-Preparation-Training/05-03-2021-383015/}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
* National Startup Awards in the Education & Skill Development Sector category awarded by [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] [[Piyush Goyal]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baliya |first=Rajkumar |title=National Startup Awards 2022 Winners List: All Categories |language=en-US |work=[[Gondwana University]] |url=https://gondwana.university/national-startup-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=}}</ref><br />
* Best Emerging Enterprise Enabling Employment in India award in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=India’s Fast Growth SMEs Honoured At BW Emerging Businesses |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/India-s-Fast-Growth-SMEs-Honoured-At-BW-Emerging-Businesses-/24-01-2022-418602 |access-date= |website=[[Businessworld]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://testbook.com}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian educational websites]]<br />
[[Category:Educational technology companies]]<br />
[[Category:Education companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Test preparation companies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2014]]</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minus_31:_The_Nagpur_Files&diff=394986Minus 31: The Nagpur Files2023-07-15T18:34:26Z<p>Dipayan Sain: Page initiated.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Minus 31: The Nagpur Files<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Pratik Moitro<br />
| story = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Charulata Maitra <br />
* Pratik Moitro<br />
}}<br />
| writer = Charulata Maitra <br />
| producer =<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Rucha Inamdar]] <br />
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/minus-31-the-nagpur-files-fame-raghubir-yadav-says-there-is-no-struggle-in-life-struggling-days-was-beautiful-2023-07-14|title=रघुबीर यादव ने सिखाया जिंदगी जीने का फलसफा, बोले- जीवन में संघर्ष जैसी कोई चीज नहीं|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref><br />
* Kaam Bhaari<br />
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] <br />
* Nisha Dhar <br />
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] <br />
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] <br />
* Shivankit Parihar <br />
* Ganesh Deshmukh <br />
* Debashish Naha <br />
* Ruturaj Wankhede <br />
}}<br />
| music = Udayan Dharmadhikari<br />
| cinematography = Sulabh Bangale <br />
| editing = Abhishek Sharma<br />
| studio = Orangepixel Studios Private Limited<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|07|21}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/minus-31-the-nagpur-files-trailer-released-the-soul-tremble-after-see-the-video-2023-07-12-974135|title=Minus 31-The Nagpur Files का ट्रेलर हुआ रिलीज, देख कांप जाएगी रूह|first1=Himanshi|last1=Tiwari|first2=India TV|last2=Hindi|website=India TV Hindi}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Minus 31: The Nagpur Files''' is an upcoming Indian thriller and mystery film produced by Orangepixel Studios Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/minus-31-the-nagpur-files-official-trailer-released-starring-raghubir-yadav/articleshow/101724565.cms|title=कोरोना के आसपास बुनी गई है 'मर्डर मिस्ट्री', दहला रहा 'माइनस 31 - द नागपुर फाइल्स' का ट्रेलर|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
''Minus 31: The Nagpur Files'' is produced by Orangepixel Studios Private Limited. The film is co-produced by Karan Vishal Konde, Nisheeta Keni, and Darshini Entertainment. It is directed by Pratik Moitro, with the story written by Charulata Maitra and Pratik Moitro. The screenplay and dialogues are by Charulata Maitra and Ankit Bhuptani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/minus-31-the-nagpur-files/movieshow/101511661.cms|title=Minus 31: The Nagpur Files|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
The film explores the failures of different systems, such as policing and healthcare, against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. It tells the story of a clumsy police officer encountering an intriguing suspect during a murder investigation. Additionally, the film showcases the underground hip-hop scene during times of crisis and highlights how people take advantage of difficult situations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.movietalkies.com/trailers/minus-31-the-nagpur-files-official-trailer/|title=Minus 31 The Nagpur Files Official Trailer - Movie Talkies|website=www.movietalkies.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Rucha Inamdar as Preksha Sharma<br />
* Raghubir Yadav as Anupam Sharma<br />
* Kaam Bhaari as Sandy<br />
* Rajesh Sharma as Dayanand Pande<br />
* Nisha Dhar as Preksha Meshram<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/minus-31-nagpur-files/ Minus 31 – The Nagpur Files Movie: Review | Release Date (2023) | Songs | Music | Images | Official Trailers | Videos | Photos | News - Bollywood Hungama]<br />
* [https://www.imdb.com/video/vi1890567961/ Minus 31-The Nagpur Files - Trailer of Movie Minus 31-The Nagpur Files]<br />
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/minus-31-the-nagpur-files/ET00363708 Minus 31: The Nagpur Files (2023) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in mumbai- BookMyShow]<br />
* [https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/28331/minus-31-the-nagpur-files/gallery/ Minus 31-The Nagpur Files Stills - Pictures]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone&diff=387819Cyclone2022-11-26T11:35:14Z<p>Dipayan Sain: Published a valuable reference.</p>
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<div>{{About|the meteorological phenomenon}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{short description|Large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low pressure}}<br />
[[File:Low pressure system over Iceland.jpg|thumb|300px|An extratropical cyclone near Iceland]]<br />
{{Weather}}<br />
<br />
In [[meteorology]], a '''cyclone''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|.|k|l|oʊ|n}}) is a large [[air mass]] that rotates around a strong center of low [[atmospheric pressure]], counterclockwise in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and clockwise in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] as viewed from above (opposite to an [[anticyclone]]).<ref name="AMSCcDef">{{cite web|title = Cyclonic circulation|author = Glossary of Meteorology| date=June 2000|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|url = http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cyclonic_circulation|access-date = 2008-09-17}}</ref><ref name="AMSCycDef">{{cite web|title = Cyclone|author= Glossary of Meteorology|publisher= [[American Meteorological Society]]|url = http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cyclone|access-date = 2008-09-17}}</ref> Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of [[low-pressure area|low pressure]].<ref name="BBCCycDef">{{cite web |author = BBC Weather Glossary |title = Cyclone|publisher= [[BBC]]|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/weatherwise/glossary/c.shtml|access-date = 2006-10-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060829214837/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/weatherwise/glossary/c.shtml |archive-date = 2006-08-29}}</ref><ref name="UCARCycDef">{{cite web|title = UCAR Glossary&nbsp;— Cyclone |publisher= University Corporation for Atmospheric Research|url = http://meted.ucar.edu/satmet/goeschan/glossary.htm#c |access-date = 2006-10-24}}</ref> The largest low-pressure systems are [[polar vortex|polar vortices]] and [[extratropical cyclone]]s of the largest scale (the [[synoptic scale]]). Warm-core cyclones such as [[tropical cyclone]]s and [[subtropical cyclone]]s also lie within the synoptic scale.<ref>National Hurricane Center (2012). [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.shtml Glossary of NHC terms.] Retrieved on 2012-08-13.</ref> [[Mesocyclone]]s, [[tornado]]es, and [[dust devil]]s lie within the smaller [[mesoscale meteorology|mesoscale]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=I. Orlanski|year=1975|title=A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=56|pages=527–530|issue=5|bibcode=1975BAMS...56..527.|doi=10.1175/1520-0477-56.5.527|doi-access=free}}</ref> Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low, and can pinch off from the base of the [[tropical upper tropospheric trough]] during the summer months in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Cyclones have also been seen on extraterrestrial planets, such as [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]], and [[Neptune]].<ref name = "Brand"/><ref name="WIZ">{{cite web|publisher=[[NASA]]|author=Samantha Harvey|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=hurricane|title=Historic Hurricanes|access-date=2008-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415120400/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=hurricane|archive-date=2008-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Cyclogenesis]] is the process of cyclone formation and intensification.<ref name="Arc">{{cite web|author=Nina A. Zaitseva |year=2006 |publisher=[[National Snow and Ice Data Center]] |url=http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/cyclogenesis.html |title=Cyclogenesis |access-date=2006-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830135741/http://www.nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/cyclogenesis.html |archive-date=2006-08-30 }}</ref> [[Extratropical cyclones]] begin as waves in large regions of enhanced mid-latitude temperature contrasts called [[baroclinity|baroclinic zones]]. These zones contract and form [[weather front]]s as the cyclonic circulation closes and intensifies. Later in their life cycle, extratropical cyclones [[occluded front|occlude]] as cold air masses undercut the warmer air and become cold core systems. A cyclone's track is guided over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the steering flow of the subtropical [[jet stream]].<br />
<br />
Weather fronts mark the boundary between two masses of air of different [[temperature]], [[humidity]], and [[density|densities]], and are associated with the most prominent [[meteorological phenomenon|meteorological phenomena]]. Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands of [[thunderstorm]]s and [[severe weather]], and may on occasion be preceded by [[squall line]]s or [[dry line]]s. Such fronts form west of the circulation center and generally move from west to east; [[warm front]]s form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded by [[Stratus cloud|stratiform]] [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and [[fog]]. Warm fronts move [[Geographical pole|poleward]] ahead of the cyclone path. Occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and often wrap around the storm center.<br />
<br />
[[Tropical cyclogenesis]] describes the process of development of tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity, and are warm core.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tropical cyclogenesis |url=http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap13/trop_cyclogenesis.html |website=www-das.uwyo.edu |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref name = "AOML FAQ A7">{{cite web|publisher = [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|title = Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?|author = Stan Goldenberg|date = 2004-08-13|access-date = 2007-03-23|url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A7.html}}</ref> Cyclones can transition between extratropical, subtropical, and tropical phases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Clark |last2=Wood |first2=Kimberly M. |last3=Aberson |first3=Sim D. |last4=Archambault |first4=Heather M. |last5=Milrad |first5=Shawn M. |last6=Bosart |first6=Lance F. |last7=Corbosiero |first7=Kristen L. |last8=Davis |first8=Christopher A. |last9=Pinto |first9=João R. Dias |last10=Doyle |first10=James |last11=Fogarty |first11=Chris |last12=Galarneau |first12=Thomas J. |last13=Grams |first13=Christian M. |last14=Griffin |first14=Kyle S. |last15=Gyakum |first15=John |last16=Hart |first16=Robert E. |last17=Kitabatake |first17=Naoko |last18=Lentink |first18=Hilke S. |last19=McTaggart-Cowan |first19=Ron |last20=Perrie |first20=William |last21=Quinting |first21=Julian F. D. |last22=Reynolds |first22=Carolyn A. |last23=Riemer |first23=Michael |last24=Ritchie |first24=Elizabeth A. |last25=Sun |first25=Yujuan |last26=Zhang |first26=Fuqing |title=The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Cyclone Evolution and Direct Impacts |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=145 |issue=11 |pages=4317–4344 |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-17-0027.1 |bibcode=2017MWRv..145.4317E |s2cid=38114516 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/145/11/mwr-d-17-0027.1.xml |access-date=12 January 2021 |language=EN |issn=1520-0493}}</ref> Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to [[tornado]] formation.<ref name = "FoN"/> [[Waterspout]]s can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical [[wind shear]].<ref name = "NWS"/> In the Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans, a tropical cyclone is generally referred to as a [[hurricane]] (from the name of the ancient Central American deity of wind, [[Huracan]]), in the Indian and south Pacific oceans it is called a cyclone, and in the northwestern Pacific it is called a [[typhoon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A1.html |title=Frequently asked questions|work= Hurricane Research Division }}</ref><br />
The growth of instability in the vortices is not universal. For example, the size, intensity, moist-convection, surface evaporation, the value of potential temperature at each potential height can affect the nonlinear evolution of a vortex.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/03091929.2016.1269897|bibcode = 2017GApFD.111....1R|title = Influence of condensation and latent heat release upon barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of vortices in a rotating shallow water f-plane model| journal=Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics| volume=111| issue=1| pages=1–31|last1 = Rostami|first1 = Masoud| last2=Zeitlin| first2=Vladimir| year=2017|s2cid = 55112620|url = http://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01433707/file/Rostami2017_AOM_Moist_Convection_RSWmodel.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1002/qj.3292|bibcode = 2018QJRMS.144.1450R|title = An improved moist-convective rotating shallow-water model and its application to instabilities of hurricane-like vortices| journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society| volume=144| issue=714| pages=1450|last1 = Rostami|first1 = Masoud| last2=Zeitlin| first2=Vladimir| year=2018|s2cid = 59493137|url = http://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01755718/file/Improved_mcRSW_PrePrint.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Nomenclature==<br />
[[Henry Piddington]] published 40 papers dealing with [[tropical storms]] from Calcutta between 1836 and 1855 in ''[[The Journal of the Asiatic Society]]''. He also coined the term ''cyclone'', meaning the coil of a snake. In 1842, he published his landmark thesis, ''[[Laws of the Storms]]''.<ref name=imd-mm>{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
[[File:Post-Tropical Cyclone Nuri and Typhoon Haiyan surface analysis.png|thumb|right|Comparison between extratropical and tropical cyclones on surface analysis]]<br />
There are a number of structural characteristics common to all cyclones. A cyclone is a [[low-pressure area]].<ref name="FAQ eye">{{cite web|author=[[Chris Landsea]] and Sim Aberson|title=Subject: A11) What is the "eye"? How is it formed and maintained ? What is the "eyewall"? What are "spiral bands"?|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A11.html| date=August 13, 2004|publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|access-date=2009-12-28}}</ref> A cyclone's center (often known in a mature tropical cyclone as the [[eye (cyclone)|eye]]), is the area of lowest atmospheric pressure in the region.<ref name="FAQ eye"/> Near the center, the [[pressure gradient force]] (from the pressure in the center of the cyclone compared to the pressure outside the cyclone) and the [[force]] from the [[Coriolis effect]] must be in an approximate balance, or the cyclone would collapse on itself as a result of the difference in pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/wpe001/meteo/metoh8.pdf|title=The Atmosphere in Motion|publisher=[[University of Aberdeen]]|access-date=2011-09-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018224041/http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/wpe001/meteo/metoh8.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-18}}</ref><br />
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Because of the [[Coriolis effect]], the wind flow around a large cyclone is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D3.html|title=Subject: D3) Why do tropical cyclones' winds rotate counterclockwise (clockwise) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere?|access-date=2009-12-28|publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|author-link=Chris Landsea}}</ref> In the Northern Hemisphere, the fastest winds relative to the surface of the Earth therefore occur on the eastern side of a northward-moving cyclone and on the northern side of a westward-moving one; the opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/wfaqhur.htm|title=Are the winds on one side of a hurricane faster than on the other side?|series=Ask the Experts: Hurricanes|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=September 9, 2011|archive-date=October 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012204835/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/wfaqhur.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In contrast to low-pressure systems, the wind flow around high-pressure systems are clockwise ([[anticyclone|anticyclonic]]) in the northern hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.<br />
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==Formation==<br />
[[File:Baroclinicleafphasecyclogenesiscropped.gif|thumb|The initial extratropical low-pressure area forms at the location of the red dot on the image. It is usually perpendicular (at a right angle to) the leaf-like cloud formation seen on satellite during the early stage of cyclogenesis. The location of the axis of the upper level [[jet stream]] is in light blue.]]<br />
[[File:Hurricane profile.svg|thumb|Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a [[positive feedback loop]] over warm ocean waters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kerry Emanuel|url=http://wind.mit.edu/~emanuel/anthro2.htm|title=Anthropogenic Effects on Tropical Cyclone Activity|access-date=2008-02-25|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|author-link=Kerry Emanuel}}</ref>]]<br />
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{{main|Cyclogenesis|Tropical cyclogenesis}}<br />
Cyclogenesis is the development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere.<ref name="Arc"/> Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for several different processes that all result in the development of some sort of cyclone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclogenesis {{!}} meteorology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclogenesis |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=13 January 2021 }}</ref> It can occur at various scales, from the microscale to the synoptic scale.<br />
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Extratropical cyclones begin as waves along [[weather fronts]] before occluding later in their life cycle as cold-core systems. However, some intense extratropical cyclones can become warm-core systems when a [[warm seclusion]] occurs.<br />
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Tropical cyclones form as a result of significant convective activity, and are warm core.<ref name = "AOML FAQ A7"/> Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation.<ref name = "FoN"/> [[Waterspout]]s can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical [[wind shear]].<ref name="NWS">[[National Weather Service]] Key West [https://web.archive.org/web/20050211013703/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/eyw/HTML/spoutweb.htm summary of waterspout types]</ref> Cyclolysis is the opposite of cyclogenesis, and is the high-pressure system equivalent, which deals with the formation of [[high-pressure area]]s—[[Anticyclogenesis]].<ref name="CyclogenesisDef">{{cite web |publisher = [[American Meteorological Society]]|author= Glossary of Meteorology|title=Cyclogenesis |date = June 2000 |url = http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Cyclogenesis |access-date = 2009-12-28}}</ref><br />
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A surface low can form in a variety of ways. Topography can create a surface low. [[Mesoscale convective system]]s can spawn surface lows that are initially warm-core.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Raymond D. Menard |author2=J.M. Fritsch |title=A Mesoscale Convective Complex-Generated Inertially Stable Warm Core Vortex|journal=Monthly Weather Review|pages=1237–1261|volume=117|issue=6|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1237:AMCCGI>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1989MWRv..117.1237M |doi-access=free}}</ref> The disturbance can grow into a wave-like formation along the [[Surface weather analysis|front]] and the low is positioned at the crest. Around the low, the flow becomes cyclonic. This rotational flow moves polar air towards the equator on the west side of the low, while warm air move towards the pole on the east side. A cold front appears on the west side, while a warm front forms on the east side. Usually, the cold front moves at a quicker pace than the warm front and "catches up" with it due to the slow erosion of higher density air mass out ahead of the cyclone. In addition, the higher density air mass sweeping in behind the cyclone strengthens the higher pressure, denser cold air mass. The cold front over takes the warm front, and reduces the length of the warm front.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glenn Elert|year=2006|work=The Physics Factbook|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/RachelChu.shtml|title=Density of Air|access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref> At this point an [[occluded front]] forms where the warm air mass is pushed upwards into a trough of warm air aloft, which is also known as a [[trowal]].<ref>{{cite web|author=St. Louis University|url=http://www.eas.slu.edu/CIPS/Presentations/Conferences/NWA2002/Snow_NWA_02/tsld003.htm|publisher=[[National Weather Association]]|title=What is a trowal?|access-date=2010-01-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608235916/http://www.eas.slu.edu/CIPS/Presentations/Conferences/NWA2002/Snow_NWA_02/tsld003.htm |archive-date = June 8, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of a [[tropical cyclone]].<ref name="CYCDEF">{{cite web|author=Nina A. Zaitseva |year=2006 |url=http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/cyclogenesis.html |title=Definition for Cyclogenesis |publisher=National Snow and Ice Data Center |access-date=2006-10-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830135741/http://www.nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/cyclogenesis.html |archive-date=2006-08-30 }}</ref> The mechanisms by which tropical cyclogenesis occurs are distinctly different from those that produce mid-[[latitude]] cyclones. Tropical cyclogenesis, the development of a [[Tropical cyclone#Mechanics|warm-core]] cyclone, begins with significant [[convection]] in a favorable atmospheric environment. There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: <br />
# sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures,<ref>[http://www.thethermograpiclibrary.org/index.php?title=Fichier:Water_cooling.jpg Cyclon in a board]. thethermograpiclibrary.org</ref> <br />
# atmospheric instability, <br />
# high [[humidity]] in the lower to middle levels of the [[troposphere]]<br />
# enough [[Coriolis force]] to develop a low-pressure center<br />
# a preexisting low-level focus or disturbance<br />
# low vertical [[wind shear]].<ref name="A15">{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |title=Subject: A15) How do tropical cyclones form ? |publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]] |access-date=2010-01-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030639/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |archive-date=2009-08-27 |author-link=Chris Landsea }}</ref><br />
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An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shultz |first1=James M. |last2=Russell |first2=Jill |last3=Espinel |first3=Zelde |title=Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development |url=https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article/27/1/21/520830 |journal=Epidemiologic Reviews |access-date=13 January 2021 |pages=21–35 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxi011 |volume=27 |pmid=15958424 |doi-access=free }}</ref> with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones (at least Category&nbsp;3 intensity on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale]]).<ref>{{cite web|author = Chris Landsea|url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/climvari/table.html|title = Climate Variability table&nbsp;— Tropical Cyclones|publisher = [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]| access-date =2006-10-19|author-link = Chris Landsea}}</ref><br />
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==Synoptic scale==<br />
[[File:UK-Cyclone.gif|thumb|A fictitious synoptic chart of an extratropical cyclone affecting the UK and Ireland. The blue arrows between [[isobar (meteorology)|isobars]] indicate the direction of the wind, while the "L" symbol denotes the centre of the "low". Note the occluded, cold and warm [[Surface weather analysis|frontal boundaries]].]]<br />
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The following types of cyclones are identifiable in synoptic charts.<br />
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===Surface-based types===<br />
{{See also|Low-pressure area}}<br />
There are three main types of surface-based cyclones: [[Extratropical cyclone]]s, [[Subtropical cyclone]]s and [[Tropical cyclone]]s<br />
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====Extratropical cyclone====<br />
{{main|Extratropical cyclone}}<br />
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An '''extratropical cyclone''' is a [[Synoptic scale meteorology|synoptic scale]] [[Low-pressure area|low-pressure]] weather system that does not have [[tropical cyclone|tropical]] characteristics,<ref>{{cite web |title=Low Pressure System – an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/low-pressure-system |website=www.sciencedirect.com |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> as it is connected with [[Surface weather analysis|fronts]] and horizontal [[gradients]] (rather than vertical) in [[temperature]] and [[dew point]] otherwise known as "baroclinic zones".<ref name="ExtraLessonMillUni">{{cite web<br />
|title = ESCI 241 – Meteorology; Lesson 16&nbsp;– Extratropical Cyclones<br />
|author = DeCaria<br />
|publisher = Department of Earth Sciences, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania<br />
|date = 2005-12-07<br />
|url = http://www.atmos.millersville.edu/~adecaria/ESCI241/esci241_lesson16_cyclones.html<br />
|access-date = 2006-10-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060903093420/http://www.atmos.millersville.edu/~adecaria/ESCI241/esci241_lesson16_cyclones.html |archive-date = September 3, 2006}}</ref><br />
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"[[Extratropical]]" is applied to cyclones outside the tropics, in the middle latitudes. These systems may also be described as "mid-latitude cyclones" due to their area of formation, or "post-tropical cyclones" when a tropical cyclone has moved ([[Extratropical cyclone#Extratropical transition|extratropical transition]]) beyond the tropics.<ref name="ExtraLessonMillUni"/><ref name="ExtratropicalPhases">{{cite web<br />
|title = Synoptic Composites of the Extratropical Transition Lifecycle of North Atlantic TCs as Defined Within Cyclone Phase Space<br />
|author1=Robert Hart |author2=Jenni Evans |publisher = American Meteorological Society<br />
|year = 2003<br />
|url = http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/70524.pdf<br />
| access-date = 2006-10-03}}</ref> They are often described as "depressions" or "lows" by weather forecasters and the general public. These are the everyday phenomena that, along with [[anticyclone]]s, drive weather over much of the Earth.<br />
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Although extratropical cyclones are almost always classified as [[baroclinic]] since they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient within the [[westerlies]], they can sometimes become [[barotropic]] late in their life cycle when the temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with radius.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan N. Maue|year=2008|url=http://www.coaps.fsu.edu/~maue/cyclone_ch3.html|title=Chapter 3: Cyclone Paradigms and Extratropical Transition Conceptualizations|access-date=2008-06-15|publisher=[[Florida State University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510210146/http://www.coaps.fsu.edu/~maue/cyclone_ch3.html |archive-date=2008-05-10}}</ref> An extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from there into a tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warm waters sufficient to warm its core, and as a result develops central convection.<ref name = "AOML FAQ A7-2">{{cite web|author = [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|title = Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?|publisher = [[NOAA]]|access-date = 2006-07-25|url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A7.html}}</ref> A particularly intense type of extratropical cyclone that strikes during winter is known colloquially as a ''[[nor'easter]]''.<br />
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=====Polar low=====<br />
{{Main|Polar low}}<br />
[[File:Sea of Japan polar low 2009-12-20 0213Z.jpg|thumb|A polar low over the [[Sea of Japan]] in December 2009]]<br />
A '''polar low''' is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric [[low-pressure area|low-pressure system]] (depression) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main [[polar front]] in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Polar lows were first identified on the meteorological satellite imagery that became available in the 1960s, which revealed many small-scale cloud vortices at high latitudes. The most active polar lows are found over certain ice-free maritime areas in or near the Arctic during the winter, such as the Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Labrador Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Polar lows dissipate rapidly when they make landfall. Antarctic systems tend to be weaker than their northern counterparts since the air-sea temperature differences around the continent are generally smaller {{citation needed|reason=As far as I know, the Arctic and Antarctic oceans are both warmer than the air above, at about the freezing point, and the air over the ocean is generally colder in the Antarctic due to the katabatic winds sweeping off the continent}}. However, vigorous polar lows can be found over the Southern Ocean. During winter, when cold-core lows with temperatures in the mid-levels of the troposphere reach {{convert|-45|C|F}} move over open waters, deep convection forms, which allows [[polar low]] development to become possible.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tBa1DWYoDIC&pg=PA227|title=Polar lows: mesoscale weather systems in the polar regions|page=224|author1=Erik A. Rasmussen |author2=John Turner |year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=2011-01-27|isbn=978-0-521-62430-5}}</ref> The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than {{convert|1000|km|mi}} and exist for no more than a couple of days. They are part of the larger class of [[mesoscale meteorology|mesoscale]] weather systems. Polar lows can be difficult to detect using conventional weather reports and are a hazard to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and gas and oil platforms. Polar lows have been referred to by many other terms, such as polar mesoscale vortex, Arctic hurricane, Arctic low, and cold air depression. Today the term is usually reserved for the more vigorous systems that have near-surface winds of at least 17&nbsp;m/s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=E. A. Rasmussen |author2=J. Turner |year=2003|title=Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=612|isbn=978-0-521-62430-5}}</ref><br />
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====Subtropical====<br />
[[File:Alex 2016-01-13 1530Z.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Alex (2016)|Subtropical Storm Alex]] in the north Atlantic Ocean in January [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season|2016]]]]<br />
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{{main|Subtropical cyclone}}<br />
A '''subtropical cyclone''' is a weather system that has some characteristics of a [[tropical cyclone]] and some characteristics of an [[extratropical cyclone]]. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel.<ref name = "A6"/> As early as the 1950s, meteorologists were unclear whether they should be characterized as tropical cyclones or extratropical cyclones, and used terms such as quasi-tropical and semi-tropical to describe the cyclone hybrids.<ref>{{cite journal|author=David B. Spiegler|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/101/mwr-101-04-0380.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/101/mwr-101-04-0380.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Reply|access-date=2008-04-20|page=380|volume=101|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|issue=4|bibcode = 1973MWRv..101..380S |doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0380:R>2.3.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By 1972, the [[National Hurricane Center]] officially recognized this cyclone category.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=R. H. Simpson |author2=Paul J. Hebert |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1972.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1972.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972|access-date=2008-06-14|page=323|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|volume=101|issue=4|bibcode = 1973MWRv..101..323S |doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0323:AHSO>2.3.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Subtropical cyclones began to receive names off the [[Tropical cyclone naming|official tropical cyclone list]] in the Atlantic Basin in 2002.<ref name = "A6"/> They have broad wind patterns with maximum sustained winds located farther from the center than typical tropical cyclones, and exist in areas of weak to moderate temperature gradient.<ref name="A6">{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A6.html|title=Subject: A6) What is a sub-tropical cyclone?|access-date=2009-12-27|publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|author-link=Chris Landsea}}</ref><br />
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Since they form from extratropical cyclones, which have colder temperatures aloft than normally found in the tropics, the sea surface temperatures required is around 23&nbsp;degrees Celsius (73&nbsp;°F) for their formation, which is three degrees Celsius (5&nbsp;°F) lower than for tropical cyclones.<ref name="HistSubTropCyclones">{{cite web<br />
|title = A Fifty year History of Subtropical Cyclones<br />
|author = David Mark Roth<br />
|publisher = Hydrometeorological Prediction Center<br />
|date = 2002-02-15<br />
|url = http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/Subpreprint.pdf<br />
| access-date = 2006-10-04}}</ref> This means that subtropical cyclones are more likely to form outside the traditional bounds of the hurricane season. Although subtropical storms rarely have hurricane-force winds, they may become tropical in nature as their cores warm.<ref name = "AOML FAQ A6">{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea|publisher = [[NOAA]]|title = Frequently Asked Questions: What is a sub-tropical cyclone?|access-date = 2009-12-27|url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A6.html|author-link = Chris Landsea}}</ref><br />
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====Tropical====<br />
{{main|Tropical cyclone}}<br />
[[File:2017 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png|thumb|[[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]] summary map]]<br />
A '''tropical cyclone''' is a [[storm|storm system]] characterized by a [[low-pressure system|low-pressure]] center and numerous [[thunderstorm]]s that produce strong winds and flooding rain.<ref name="StackPath">{{cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/home/article/14192224/tropical-cyclone#:~:text=View%20Image%20Gallery-,A%20tropical%20cyclone%20is%20a%20storm%20system%20characterized%20by%20a,contained%20in%20the%20moist%20air. |website=www.laserfocusworld.com |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> A tropical cyclone feeds on heat released when moist air rises, resulting in [[condensation]] of [[water vapour]] contained in the moist air.<ref name="StackPath"/> They are fueled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as [[nor'easter]]s, [[European windstorm]]s, and [[polar low]]s, leading to their classification as "warm core" storm systems.<ref name="StackPath"/><ref name = "AOML FAQ A7"/><br />
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[[File:Cyclone Catarina from the ISS on March 26 2004.JPG|thumb|275px|left|[[Hurricane Catarina]], a rare [[South Atlantic tropical cyclone]] viewed from the [[International Space Station]] on March 26, 2004]]<br />
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The term "tropical" refers to both the geographic origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively in [[tropics|tropical]] regions of the globe,<ref name="laserfocusworld.com">{{cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/home/article/14192224/tropical-cyclone#:~:text=View%20Image%20Gallery-,A%20tropical%20cyclone%20is%20a%20storm%20system%20characterized%20by%20a,contained%20in%20the%20moist%20air |website=www.laserfocusworld.com |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> and their dependence on [[Air mass#Classification and notation|Maritime Tropical air masses]] for their formation. The term "cyclone" refers to the storms' cyclonic nature, with [[Clockwise and counterclockwise|counterclockwise]] rotation in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and clockwise rotation in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref name="laserfocusworld.com"/> Depending on their location and strength, tropical cyclones are referred to by other names, such as [[hurricane]], [[typhoon]], [[tropical storm]], [[cyclonic storm]], [[tropical depression]], or simply as a cyclone.<ref name="laserfocusworld.com"/><br />
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While tropical cyclones can produce extremely powerful winds and torrential rain, they are also able to produce high waves and a damaging [[storm surge]].<ref name="oxfo">{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/epirev/mxi011|pmid=15958424|author1=James M. Shultz |author2=Jill Russell |author3=Zelde Espinel |year=2005|title=Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development|journal=Epidemiologic Reviews|volume=27|pages=21–35|url=https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article-pdf/27/1/21/1395422/mxi011.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article-pdf/27/1/21/1395422/mxi011.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> Their winds increase the wave size, and in so doing they draw more heat and moisture into their system, thereby increasing their strength. They develop over large bodies of warm water,<ref name="AOML FAQ A15">{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea |title=Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form? |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=2006-07-26 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030639/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |archive-date=2009-08-27 |author-link=Chris Landsea }}</ref> and hence lose their strength if they move over land.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sim Aberson|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C2.html|title=Subject : C2) Doesn't the friction over land kill tropical cyclones?|access-date=2008-02-25}}</ref> This is the reason coastal regions can receive significant damage from a tropical cyclone, while inland regions are relatively safe from strong winds.<ref name="laserfocusworld.com"/> Heavy rains, however, can produce significant flooding inland.<ref name="laserfocusworld.com"/> Storm surges are rises in sea level caused by the reduced pressure of the core that in effect "sucks" the water upward and from winds that in effect "pile" the water up. Storm surges can produce extensive [[coastal flooding]] up to {{convert|40|km|mi}} from the coastline.<ref name="laserfocusworld.com"/> Although their effects on human populations can be devastating, tropical cyclones can also relieve [[drought]] conditions.<ref name="2005 EPac outlook">[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]. [http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/Epac_hurricane.html 2005 Tropical Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Outlook.] Retrieved on 2006-05-02.</ref> They also carry heat and energy away from the tropics and transport it toward [[temperate]] [[latitudes]],<ref name="laserfocusworld.com"/> which makes them an important part of the global [[atmospheric circulation]] mechanism. As a result, tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth's [[troposphere]].<ref name="laserfocusworld.com"/><br />
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Many tropical cyclones [[tropical cyclogenesis|develop]] when the atmospheric conditions around a weak disturbance in the atmosphere are favorable.<ref name="laserfocusworld.com"/> Others form when [[#Related cyclone types|other types of cyclones]] acquire tropical characteristics. Tropical systems are then moved by [[#Steering winds|steering winds]] in the [[troposphere]]; if the conditions remain favorable, the tropical disturbance intensifies, and can even develop an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]]. On the other end of the spectrum, if the conditions around the system deteriorate or the tropical cyclone makes landfall, the system weakens and eventually dissipates. A tropical cyclone can become extratropical as it moves toward higher latitudes if its energy source changes from heat released by condensation to differences in temperature between air masses.<ref name = "AOML FAQ A7"/> A tropical cyclone is usually not considered to become subtropical during its extratropical transition.<ref name=PadgetDecember2000>{{cite web|author = Padgett, Gary|url = http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2001/summ0012.htm|title = Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary for December 2000|year = 2001|access-date = 2006-03-31}}</ref><br />
<gallery><br />
File:Hurricane Maria 2017-09-19 2015Z.png|{{center|1=[[Hurricane Maria|Atlantic hurricane]]}}<br />
File:Patricia 2015-10-23 1730Z (Worldview).jpg|{{center|1=[[Hurricane Patricia|Pacific hurricane]]}}<br />
File:Haiyan Nov 7 2013 1345Z (Borderless).png|{{center|1=[[Typhoon Haiyan|Pacific typhoon]]}}<br />
File:Gonu 2007-06-04 0900Z.jpg|{{center|1=[[Cyclone Gonu|North Indian Ocean cyclone]]}}<br />
File:Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg|{{center|1=[[Cyclone Winston|South Pacific cyclone]]}}<br />
File:Inigo 2003-04-04 0255Z.jpg|{{center|1=[[Cyclone Inigo|Australian region cyclone]]}}<br />
File:Gafilo 2004-03-06 0655Z.jpg|{{center|1=[[Cyclone Gafilo|South-West Indian Ocean cyclone]]}}<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Upper level types===<br />
<br />
====Polar cyclone====<br />
{{main|Polar cyclone}}<br />
A '''polar''', '''sub-polar''', or '''Arctic cyclone''' (also known as a [[polar vortex]])<ref name = "glossvortex"/> is a vast area of low pressure that strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Halldór Björnsson |url=http://andvari.vedur.is/~halldor/HB/Met210old/GlobCirc.html |title=Global circulation |publisher=Veðurstofa Íslands |access-date=2008-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807132251/http://andvari.vedur.is/~halldor/HB/Met210old/GlobCirc.html |archive-date=2011-08-07 }}</ref> A polar cyclone is a low-pressure [[weather system]], usually spanning {{convert|1000|km|mi}} to {{convert|2000|km|mi}},<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garima |first1=Khera |title=A vortex of winds-Cyclones – Geography and You |url=https://geographyandyou.com/a-vortex-of-winds-cyclones/ |access-date=14 January 2021 }}</ref> in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis acceleration acting on the air masses moving poleward at high altitude, causes a counterclockwise circulation at high altitude. The poleward movement of air originates from the air circulation of the [[atmospheric circulation#Latitudinal circulation features|Polar cell]]. The polar low is not driven by convection as are tropical cyclones, nor the cold and warm air mass interactions as are extratropical cyclones, but is an artifact of the global air movement of the Polar cell. The base of the polar low is in the mid to upper troposphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, the polar cyclone has two centers on average. One center lies near Baffin Island and the other over northeast Siberia.<ref name="glossvortex">{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|url=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Polar_vortex|title=Polar vortex|access-date=2008-06-15|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> In the southern hemisphere, it tends to be located near the edge of the [[Ross ice shelf]] near 160 west longitude.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rui-Rong Chen |author2=Don L. Boyer |author3=Lijun Tao |title=Laboratory Simulation of Atmospheric Motions in the Vicinity of Antarctica|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|pages=4058–4079|volume=50|issue=24|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<4058:LSOAMI>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1993JAtS...50.4058C|doi-access=free}}</ref> When the polar vortex is strong, its effect can be felt at the surface as a westerly wind (toward the east). When the polar cyclone is weak, significant cold outbreaks occur.<ref>{{cite web|author=James E. Kloeppel|url=http://www.news.uiuc.edu/scitips/01/12weather.html |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] via the Internet Wayback Machine|title=Stratospheric polar vortex influences winter freezing, researchers say|access-date=2009-12-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011224094138/http://www.news.uiuc.edu/scitips/01/12weather.html |archive-date=2001-12-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
====TUTT cell====<br />
{{Main|Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex}}<br />
Under specific circumstances, upper level cold lows can break off from the base of the tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT), which is located mid-ocean in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer months. These upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices, also known as TUTT cells or TUTT lows, usually move slowly from east-northeast to west-southwest, and their bases generally do not extend below {{convert|20,000|ft|m}} in altitude. A weak inverted surface trough within the [[trade wind]] is generally found underneath them, and they may also be associated with broad areas of high-level clouds. Downward development results in an increase of [[cumulus cloud]]s and the appearance of a surface vortex. In rare cases, they become warm-core [[tropical cyclone]]s. Upper cyclones and the upper troughs that trail tropical cyclones can cause additional outflow channels and aid in their intensification. Developing tropical disturbances can help create or deepen upper troughs or upper lows in their wake due to the outflow jet emanating from the developing tropical disturbance/cyclone.<ref name="CLARK">{{cite web|author = Clark Evans|url = http://flhurricane.com/cyclone/showflat.php?Cat=0&Number=64429&an=0&page=0|title = Favorable trough interactions on tropical cyclones|publisher = Flhurricane.com|date = January 5, 2006|access-date = 2006-10-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061017001243/http://flhurricane.com/cyclone/showflat.php?Cat=0&Number=64429&an=0&page=0|archive-date = October 17, 2006|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="AMSPAPER">{{cite journal|author1=Deborah Hanley |author2=John Molinari |author3=Daniel Keyser |title = A Composite Study of the Interactions between Tropical Cyclones and Upper-Tropospheric Troughs|journal = [[Monthly Weather Review]]|publisher = [[American Meteorological Society]]|volume = 129|issue = 10|pages = 2570–84|doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:ACSOTI>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 2001MWRv..129.2570H |doi-access = free}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Mesoscale==<br />
The following types of cyclones are not identifiable in synoptic charts.<br />
<br />
===Mesocyclone===<br />
{{Main|Mesocyclone}}<br />
A '''mesocyclone''' is a [[vortex]] of air, {{convert|2.0|km|mi}} to {{convert|10|km|mi}} in diameter (the [[mesoscale meteorology|mesoscale of meteorology]]), within a [[convection|convective]] [[storm]].<ref name="MesocyloneDef">{{cite web|title=Mesocyclone|author=Glossary of Meteorology|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|url=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Mesocyclone|access-date=2006-12-07}}</ref> Air rises and rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction as low-pressure systems<ref name="skybrary.aero">{{cite web |title=Mesocyclone – SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Mesocyclone |website=www.skybrary.aero |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> in both northern and southern hemisphere. They are most often cyclonic, that is, associated with a localized low-pressure region within a [[supercell]].<ref name="skybrary.aero"/><ref>{{cite web|author=[[National Weather Service]] Forecast Office State College, Pennsylvania|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/ctp/features/2006/07_10/|title=Splitting Storm and Anti-cyclonic Rotating Mesocyclone in a Thunderstorm over Elk County July 10th, 2006|access-date=2008-06-15}}</ref> Such storms can feature strong surface winds and severe [[hail]].<ref name="skybrary.aero"/> Mesocyclones often occur together with updrafts in [[supercell]]s, where [[tornado]]es may form.<ref name="skybrary.aero"/> About 1,700 mesocyclones form annually across the United States, but only half produce tornadoes.<ref name="FoN">Forces of Nature. [http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/tornadoes/themesocyclone.shtml Tornadoes : the mesocyclone.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616154710/http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/tornadoes/themesocyclone.shtml}} Retrieved on 2008-06-15.</ref><br />
<br />
===Tornado===<br />
{{main|Tornado}}<br />
<br />
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tornado Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/ |website=NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory |access-date=13 January 2021 |language=EN-US}}</ref> in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Also referred to as twisters, a colloquial term in America, or cyclones, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology, in a wider sense, to name any closed low-pressure circulation.<br />
<br />
===Dust devil===<br />
{{main|Dust devil}}<br />
<br />
A [[dust devil]] is a strong, well-formed, and relatively long-lived whirlwind,<ref name="Dust Devils">{{cite web |title=Dust Devils |url=https://www.crystalinks.com/dustdevils.html |website=www.crystalinks.com |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> ranging from small (half a metre wide and a few metres tall) to large (more than 10 metres wide and more than 1000 metres tall).<ref name="Dust Devils"/> The primary vertical motion is upward.<ref name="Dust Devils"/> Dust devils are usually harmless, but can on rare occasions grow large enough to pose a threat to both people and property.<ref name="Dust Devils"/><br />
<br />
===Waterspout===<br />
{{main|Waterspout}}<br />
<br />
A waterspout is a columnar vortex forming over water that is, in its most common form, a non-[[supercell]] [[tornado]] over water that is connected to a [[cumuliform cloud]]. While it is often weaker than most of its land counterparts, stronger versions spawned by [[mesocyclones]] do occur.<br />
<br />
===Steam devil===<br />
{{main|Steam devil}}<br />
<br />
A gentle vortex over calm water or wet land made visible by rising water vapour.<br />
<br />
===Fire whirl===<br />
{{main|Fire whirl}}<br />
<br />
A fire whirl – also colloquially known as a fire devil, fire tornado, firenado, or fire twister – is a whirlwind induced by a fire and often made up of flame or ash.<br />
<br />
==Other planets==<br />
{{Main|Extraterrestrial vortex}}<br />
[[File:Mars cyclone.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Cyclone on Mars, imaged by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]]<br />
Cyclones are not unique to Earth. Cyclonic storms are common on [[gas giant|Jovian planets]], such as the [[Small Dark Spot]] on [[Neptune]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TCFAQ H6) Are there hurricanes on other planets ? |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/H6.html#:~:text=Subject%3A%20H6)%20Are%20there%20hurricanes%20on%20other%20planets%20%3F&text=There%20are%20no%20other%20planets,and%20Saturn%20exhibits%20such%20storms. |website=www.aoml.noaa.gov |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> It is about one third the diameter of the [[Great Dark Spot]] and received the nickname "Wizard's Eye" because it looks like an eye. This appearance is caused by a white cloud in the middle of the Wizard's Eye.<ref name="WIZ"/> [[Mars]] has also exhibited cyclonic storms.<ref name="Brand">{{cite web|author=David Brand|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/May99/mars.cyclone.deb.html|title=Colossal cyclone swirling near Martian north pole is observed by Cornell-led team on Hubble telescope|access-date=2008-06-15|publisher=[[Cornell University]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613133949/http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/May99/mars.cyclone.deb.html |archive-date = June 13, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jovian storms like the [[Great Red Spot]] are usually mistakenly named as giant hurricanes or cyclonic storms. However, this is inaccurate, as the Great Red Spot is, in fact, the inverse phenomenon, an [[anticyclone]].<ref name="HaydPlan">{{cite web<br />
|title = Jupiter's Great Red Spot<br />
|year = 2009<br />
|author = Ellen Cohen<br />
|publisher = Hayden Planetarium<br />
|url = http://haydenplanetarium.org/resources/ava/page/index.php?file=P0413jupispot<br />
|access-date = 2007-11-16<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808130633/http://haydenplanetarium.org/resources/ava/page/index.php?file=P0413jupispot<br />
|archive-date = 2007-08-08<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{stack|{{Portal|Weather|Tropical cyclones|Tornadoes}}}}<br />
{{col div}}<br />
* [[Tropical cyclone]]<br />
* [[Subtropical cyclone]]<br />
* [[Extratropical cyclone]]<br />
* [[Tornado]]<br />
* [[Storm]]<br />
* [[Atlantic hurricane]]<br />
* [[Australian region tropical cyclone]]<br />
* [[Space hurricane]]<br />
* [[Space tornado]]<br />
<br />
{{col div end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7s.html Fundamentals of Physical Geography: The Mid-Latitude Cyclone] – Dr. Michael Pidwirny, University of British Columbia, Okanagan<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830135741/http://www.nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/cyclogenesis.html Glossary Definition: Cyclogenesis] – The National Snow and Ice Data Center<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212114224/http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/cyclolysis.html Glossary Definition: Cyclolysis] – The National Snow and Ice Data Center<br />
* [http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/feature/wf261103.htm Weather Facts: The Polar Low] – Weather Online UK<br />
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A1.html NOAA FAQ]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014210735/http://clearlyexplained.com/nature/earth/disasters/cyclones/index.html Cyclones 'ClearlyExplained']<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205090126/http://cyclone.videohq.tv/ Cyclone Video Archive]<br />
* [http://emdat.be The EM-DAT International Disaster Database] by the [[Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters]]<br />
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{{Cyclones}}<br />
<br />
{{good article}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical cyclone meteorology]]<br />
[[Category:Types of cyclone| Cyclone]]<br />
[[Category:Weather hazards]]<br />
[[Category:Vortices]]</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_India&diff=387691Banking in India2022-01-04T13:13:31Z<p>Dipayan Sain: Designed a fresh article.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Brief account of Indian banking}}<br />
{{Redirect|Indian Banks|the historic house in the United States|Indian Banks (Simonson, Virginia)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Use Indian English}}<br />
<br />
Modern '''banking in India''' originated in the mid of 18th century. Among the first [[bank]]s were the [[Bank of Hindustan]], which was established in 1770 and liquidated in 1829–32; and the [[General Bank of India]], established in 1786 but failed in 1791.<ref name="Rungta1970">{{cite book|author=Radhe Shyam Rungta|title=The Rise of Business Corporations in India, 1851–1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ido8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA221|access-date=12 January 2015|year=1970|publisher=CUP Archive|page=221|id=GGKEY:NC1SA25Y2CB}}</ref><ref name="Mishra1991">{{cite book|author=H. K. Mishra|title=Famines and Poverty in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=467VlNK6YfUC&pg=PA197|access-date=12 January 2015|year=1991|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-374-8|page=197}}</ref><ref name="S2011">{{cite book|author=Muthiah S|title=Madras Miscellany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHtZG8beGy4C&pg=PT933|access-date=12 January 2015|year=2011|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-80032-84-9|page=933}}</ref><ref name=AdventModern1720>{{cite web|title=The Advent of Modern Banking in India: 1720 to 1850s|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/m-1720.html|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The largest and the oldest bank which is still in existence is the [[State Bank of India]] (SBI). It originated and started working as the [[Bank of Calcutta]] in mid-June 1806. In 1809, it was renamed as the [[Bank of Bengal]]. This was one of the three banks founded by a [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|presidency government]], the other two were the [[Bank of Bombay]] in 1840 and the [[Bank of Madras]] in 1843. The three banks were merged in 1921 to form the [[Imperial Bank of India]], which upon India's independence, became the [[State Bank of India]] in 1955. For many years, the presidency banks had acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors, until the [[Reserve Bank of India]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/The-Reserve-Bank-of-India%E2%80%99s-big-surprise/article16773630.ece|title=The Reserve Bank of India's big surprise|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref> was established in 1935, under the [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]].<ref name=EvoSBI>{{cite web|title=Evolution of SBI|url=https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/web/about-us/evolution-of-sbi|publisher=[[State Bank of India]]|access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=BF:Banks>{{cite web|title=Business Financing: Banks|url=http://business.gov.in/business_financing/banks.php|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1960, the State Banks of India was given control of eight state-associated banks under the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959. However the merger of these associated banks with SBI went into effect on 1 April 2017. In 1969, the [[Government of India]] [[nationalised]] 14 major private banks; one of the big banks was [[Bank of India]]. In 1980, 6 more private banks were nationalised.<ref name=BankExpansion1968>{{cite web|title=Social Controls, the Nationalisation of Banks and the era of bank expansion – 1968 to 1985|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/chro_1968.aspx|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> These nationalised banks are the majority of lenders in the [[Indian economy]]. They dominate the banking sector because of their large size and widespread networks.<ref name="Muraleedharan2009">{{cite book|author=D. Muraleedharan|title=Modern Banking: Theory And Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RX_dLGtIE3AC&pg=PA2|access-date=12 January 2015|year=2009|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3655-1|page=2}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into [[scheduled]] and non-scheduled banks. The scheduled banks are those included under the 2nd Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The scheduled banks are further classified into: nationalised banks; [[State Bank of India]] and its associates; [[Regional Rural Bank]]s (RRBs); foreign banks; and other Indian private sector banks.<ref name=BF:Banks/> The SBI has merged its Associate banks into itself to create the largest Bank in India on 1 April 2017. With this merger SBI has a global ranking of 236 on Fortune 500 index. The term commercial banks refers to both scheduled and non-scheduled commercial banks regulated under the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]].<ref name=BankOfficesCertainConcept>{{cite web|title=Directory of Bank Offices: Certain Concepts|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/certainconcepts.aspx|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Generally the supply, product range and reach of banking in India is fairly mature-even though reach in rural India and to the poor still remains a challenge. The government has developed initiatives to address this through the State Bank of India expanding its branch network and through the [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD) with facilities like [[microfinance]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Ancient India===<br />
The [[Vedas]] are the ancient Indian texts mention the concept of [[usury]], with the word ''kusidin'' translated as "usurer". The [[Sutra]]s (700–100 BCE) and the [[Jataka]]s (600–400 BCE) also mention usury. Texts of this period also condemned usury: [[Vasishtha]] forbade [[Brahmin caste|Brahmin]] and [[Kshatriya]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]s from participating in usury. By the 2nd century CE, usury became more acceptable.<ref name="Gottheil2013">{{cite book|author=Fred Gottheil|title=Principles of Economics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3cRDRxC-GQC&pg=PA417|access-date=11 January 2015|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-96206-9|page=417}}</ref> The [[Manusmriti]] considered usury an acceptable means of acquiring wealth or leading a livelihood.<ref name="Das1980">{{cite book|author=Santosh Kumar Das|title=The economic history of ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4njwI7BMVEC&pg=PA229|year=1980|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-307-0423-4|pages=229–}}</ref> It also considered money lending above a certain rate and different ceiling rates for different castes a grave sin.<ref name="Gregory1997">{{cite book|author=Chris A. Gregory|title=Savage Money: The Anthropology and Politics of Commodity Exchange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx47hMCIkuoC&pg=PA212|access-date=11 January 2015|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-90-5702-091-9|page=212}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Jatakas, [[Dharmashastras]] and [[Kautilya]] also mention the existence of loan [[deed]]s, called ''rnapatra'', ''rnapanna'', or ''rnalekhaya.''<ref name="Aquique1974">{{cite book|author=Md. Aquique|title=Economic History of Mithila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upBET7WbBxQC&pg=PA157|access-date=12 January 2015|year=1974|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-004-4|page=157}}</ref><ref name=EvolutionPayment>{{cite web|title=Evolution of Payment Systems in India|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=155|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501072135/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=155|archivedate=1 May 2011|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Later during the [[Maurya dynasty|Mauryan period]] (321–185 BCE), an instrument called ''[[Adesha#Mercantile usage|adesha]]'' was in use, which was an order on a banker directing him to pay the sum on the note to a third person, which corresponds to the definition of a modern [[bill of exchange]]. The considerable use of these instruments has been recorded{{citation needed}}. In large towns, merchants also gave [[letters of credit]] to one another.<ref name=EvolutionPayment/><br />
<br />
===Medieval Period===<br />
The use of loan deeds continued into the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal era]] and were called ''dastawez'' (in Urdu/Hindi). Two types of loans deeds have been recorded. The ''dastawez-e-indultalab'' was payable on demand and ''dastawez-e-miadi'' was payable after a stipulated time. The use of payment directives by royal treasuries, called ''barattes'', have been also recorded. There are also records of Indian bankers using issuing bills of exchange on foreign countries. The evolution of ''[[hundi]]s'', a type of credit instrument, also occurred during this period and remain in use.<ref name=EvolutionPayment/><br />
<br />
===Colonial era===<br />
During the period of British rule merchants established the Union Bank of Calcutta in 1829,<ref>{{citation|title=Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India|first=Blair B. |last=Kling|publisher=University of California Press|chapter=The Fall of the Union Bank|year=1976 |page=198|isbn=9780520029279|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVBKeqaYeVwC&pg=PA198}}</ref> first as a private joint stock association, then partnership. Its proprietors were the owners of the earlier Commercial Bank and the Calcutta Bank, who by mutual consent created Union Bank to replace these two banks. In 1840 it established an agency at Singapore, and closed the one at Mirzapore that it had opened in the previous year. Also in 1840 the Bank revealed that it had been the subject of a fraud by the bank's accountant. Union Bank was incorporated in 1845 but failed in 1848, having been insolvent for some time and having used new money from depositors to pay its dividends.<ref>Cooke, Charles Northcote (1863) ''The rise, progress, and present condition of banking in India''. (Printed by P.M. Cranenburgh, Bengal Print. Co.), pp.177–200.</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Allahabad Bank]], established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest [[Joint-stock company|Joint Stock bank]] in India, it was not the first though. That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863 and survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the [[Alliance Bank of Simla]].<br />
<br />
Foreign banks too started to appear, particularly in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], in the 1860s. [[Grindlays Bank]] opened its first branch in [[Calcutta]] in 1864.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shankar's Weekly|pages=2, 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6IcAQAAMAAJ&q=grindlays+bank+first+branch+in+calcutta+opened+in+year|access-date=24 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> The [[Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris]] opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1862; branches followed in [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], then a French possession. [[HSBC]] established itself in [[Bengal]] in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the [[British Raj|British Empire]], and so became a banking centre.<br />
<br />
The first entirely Indian joint stock bank was the [[Oudh Commercial Bank]], established in 1881 in [[Faizabad]]. It failed in 1958. The next was the [[Punjab National Bank]], established in [[Lahore]] in 1894, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest banks in India.<br />
<br />
Around the turn of the 20th century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion]], and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities.<br />
<br />
The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were also some exchange banks and a number of Indian [[Joint stock company|joint stock]] banks. All these banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade. Indian joint stock banks were generally under capitalised and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe, "In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old fashioned sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments."{{citation needed}}<br />
<br />
The period between 1906 and 1911 saw the establishment of banks inspired by the [[Swadeshi]] movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community. A number of banks established then have survived to the present such as [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[South Indian Bank|The South Indian Bank]], [[Bank of India]], [[Corporation Bank]], [[Indian Bank]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Canara Bank]] and [[Central Bank of India]].<br />
<br />
The fervour of Swadeshi movement led to the establishment of many private banks in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district]], which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara (South Kanara) district. Four nationalised banks started in this district and also a leading private sector bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as "Cradle of Indian Banking".{{citation needed}}<br />
<br />
The inaugural officeholder was the Britisher Sir Osborne Smith(1 April 1935), while C. D. Deshmukh(11 August 1943) was the first Indian governor. On 12 December 2018,Shaktikanta Das, who was the finance secretary with the Government of India, begins his journey as the new RBI Governor, taking charge from Urjit R Patel.<br />
<br />
During the [[First World War]] (1914–1918) through the end of the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945), and two years thereafter until the [[Partition of India|independence]] of India were challenging for Indian banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with banks simply collapsing despite the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities. At least 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Years !! Number of banks <br />that failed !! Authorised Capital<br /> ({{INR}} Lakhs) !! Paid-up Capital<br /> ({{INR}} Lakhs)<br />
|-<br />
| align="right"|1913 || align="right"|12 || align="right"|274 || align="right"|35<br />
|-<br />
| align="right"|1914 || align="right"|42 || align="right"|710 || align="right"|109<br />
|-<br />
| align="right"|1915 || align="right"|11 || align="right"|56 || align="right"|5<br />
|-<br />
| align="right"|1916 || align="right"|13 || align="right"|231 || align="right"|4<br />
|-<br />
| align="right"|1917 || align="right"|9 || align="right"|76 || align="right"|25<br />
|-<br />
| align="right"|1918 || align="right"|7 || align="right"|209 || align="right"|1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Post-Independence==<br />
During 1938–46, bank branch offices trebled to 3,469<ref name=EPWpostwar1949>{{cite journal| journal= Economic Weekly | url = http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1949_1/1/postwar_developments_in_banking_in_india.pdf |quote= the total number of bank branches registered a three-fold increase| title= Post-War Developments in Banking in India| date= 1 January 1949| pages= 17–18 | place= Mumbai | issn= 0012-9976|publisher= Sameeksha Trust}}</ref> and deposits quadrupled to {{INR}} 962 crore. Nevertheless, the [[partition of India]] in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[West Bengal]], paralysing banking activities for months. India's [[Partition of India|independence]] marked the end of a regime of the [[Laissez-faire]] for the Indian banking. The [[Government of India]] initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a [[mixed economy]]. This resulted in greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance. The major steps to regulate banking included:<br />
<br />
* The [[Reserve Bank of India]], India's central banking authority, was established in April 1935, but was nationalized on 1 January 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948 (RBI, 2005b).<ref name=RBIabout>{{cite web|access-date=2019-09-06 | title = Reserve Bank of India – About Us|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/AboutusDisplay.aspx| website= Reserve Bank of India }}</ref><br />
* In 1949, the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949|Banking Regulation Act]] was enacted, which empowered the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India.<br />
* The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two banks could have common directors.<br />
<br />
===Nationalisation in 1969 ===<br />
Despite the provisions, control and regulations of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], banks in India except the [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), remain owned and operated by private persons. By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry had become an important tool to facilitate the development of the [[Indian economy]]. At the same time, it had emerged as a large employer, and a debate had ensued about the nationalization of the banking industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/plan-for-social-control-of-banks/article21665627.ece|title=Plan for social control of banks|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]], expressed the intention of the [[Government of India]] in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled ''Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalization.''<ref name="Austin">{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Granville | title=Working a Democratic Constitution – A History of the Indian Experience |url=https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |location=New Delhi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust/page/n118 215] |isbn=0-19-565610-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-july-10-1969-pm-wants-selective-bank-take-over/article28333537.ece|title=From the Archives (July 10, 1969): P.M. wants selective bank take-over|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
Thereafter, the Government of India issued the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance, 1969 and [[Nationalization|nationalized]] the 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of 19 July 1969. These banks contained 85 percent of bank deposits in the country.<ref name="Austin" /> Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking) Bill,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-august-5-1969-bill-on-bank-nationalisation/article28815198.ece|title=From the Archives (August 5, 1969): Bill on Bank nationalisation|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and it received [[President of India|presidential]] approval on 9 August 1969.<br />
<br />
The following banks were nationalized in 1969:<br />
<br />
*[[Allahabad Bank]] (now Indian Bank)<br />
*[[Bank of Baroda]]<br />
*[[Bank of India]]<br />
*[[Bank of Maharashtra]]<br />
*[[Central Bank of India]]<br />
*[[Canara Bank]]<br />
*[[Dena Bank]] (now Bank of Baroda)<br />
*[[Indian Bank]]<br />
*[[Indian Overseas Bank]]<br />
*[[Punjab National Bank]]<br />
*[[Syndicate Bank]] (now Canara Bank)<br />
*[[UCO Bank]]<br />
*[[Union Bank of India]]<br />
*[[United Bank of India]] (now Punjab National Bank)<br />
<br />
===Nationalisation in 1980===<br />
A second round of nationalizations of six more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second round of nationalizations, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the banking business of India.<br />
<br />
The following banks were nationalized in 1980:<br />
<br />
*[[Punjab and Sind Bank]]<br />
*[[Vijaya Bank]] (Now Bank of Baroda)<br />
*[[Oriental Bank of Commerce]] (now Punjab National Bank)<br />
*[[Corporation Bank]] (now Union Bank of India)<br />
*[[Andhra Bank]] (now Union Bank of India)<br />
*[[New Bank of India]] (now Punjab National Bank)<br />
<br />
Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged [[New Bank of India]] with [[Punjab National Bank]].<ref name="AryaTandon2003">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMSR_5W7skcC&pg=PA369|title=Economic Reforms in India: From First to Second Generation and Beyond|author1=Parmatam Parkash Arya|author2=B. B. Tandon|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-435-5|pages=369–}}</ref> It was, at that time, the only merger between nationalised banks and resulted in the reduction of their number from 20 to 19. Until the 1990s, the nationalized banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy.{{Citation needed}}<br />
<br />
=== Liberalisation in the 1990s ===<br />
In the early 1990s, the then government embarked on a policy of [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Success of India's Liberalization in 1991|url=https://trends.ufm.edu/en/article/indias-liberalization-1991/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=UFM Market Trends|language=en-US}}</ref> licensing a small number of private banks.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=IndianMoney|last2=IndianMoney|title=List of Private Banks in India {{!}} IndianMoney|url=https://indianmoney.com/articles/list-of-private-banks-in-india|access-date=2021-09-09|website=indianmoney.com|language=en}}</ref> These came to be known as ''New Generation tech-savvy banks'', and included [[Global Trust Bank (India)|Global Trust Bank]] (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with [[Oriental Bank of Commerce]], [[IndusInd Bank]], [[UTI Bank]] (since renamed [[Axis Bank]]), [[ICICI Bank]] and [[HDFC Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ago|first=Mkdigestin #mgsc • 2 Years|title=Prowess of New Generation tech-savvy Private Banks in India|url=https://steemit.com/mgsc/@mkdigest/prowess-of-new-generation-tech-savvy-private-banks-in-india|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Steemit|language=en}}</ref> This move – along with the rapid growth in the [[economy of India]] – revitalised the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks.<br />
<br />
The next stage for the Indian banking has been set up, with proposed relaxation of norms for foreign direct investment. All foreign investors in banks may be given voting rights that could exceed the present cap of 10% at present.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Voting rights for foreign shareholders: Centre plans raising ceiling to up to 20 per cent amid cash crunch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/voting-rights-for-foreign-shareholders-centre-plans-raising-ceiling-to-up-to-20-per-cent-amid-cash-crunch-2867930/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 2019, Bandhan bank specifically, increased the foreign investment percentage limit to 49%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bandhan Bank hikes foreign investment limit to 49%|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bandhan-bank-hikes-foreign-investment-limit-to-49/articleshow/71906414.cms|access-date=2020-06-11}}</ref> It has gone up to 74% with some restrictions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bandhan Bank hikes foreign investment limit to 49%|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bandhan-bank-hikes-foreign-investment-limit-to-49/articleshow/71906414.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-09-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
The new policy shook the banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4–6–4 method (borrow at 4%; lend at 6%; go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks. All this led to the retail boom in India. People demanded more from their banks and received more.<br />
<br />
=== PSB Amalgamations in the 2000s and 2010s===<br />
<br />
====SBI====<br />
SBI merged with its associate bank [[State Bank of Saurashtra]] in 2008 and [[State Bank of Indore]] in 2010.<br />
<br />
Following a merger process,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/50cZxIsB9vMOJKae2UGl0M/SBI-units-discussed-consolidation-with-parent-bank-unions.html|title=SBI merger: India may soon have a global Top 50 bank|first=Aparna|last=Iyer|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630191358/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/50cZxIsB9vMOJKae2UGl0M/SBI-units-discussed-consolidation-with-parent-bank-unions.html|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/five-associate-banks-to-merge-with-sbi/article8612665.ece|title=Five associate banks to merge with SBI|access-date=1 July 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621001933/http://www.thehindu.com/business/five-associate-banks-to-merge-with-sbi/article8612665.ece|archive-date=21 June 2016|url-status=live|last1=Saha|first1=Manojit}}</ref> the merger of the 5 remaining associate banks, (viz. [[State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur]], [[State Bank of Hyderabad]], [[State Bank of Mysore]], [[State Bank of Patiala]], [[State Bank of Travancore]]); and the [[Bharatiya Mahila Bank]]) with the SBI was given an in-principle approval by the Union Cabinet on 15 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/sbi-merges-with-5-associates-new-entity-set-to-enter-worlds-top-50-banks-list/286525/ |title=SBI merges with 5 associates: New entity set to enter world's top 50 banks list |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830174049/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/sbi-merges-with-5-associates-new-entity-set-to-enter-worlds-top-50-banks-list/286525/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> This came a month after the SBI board had, on 17 May 2016, cleared a proposal to merge its five associate banks and Bharatiya Mahila Bank with itself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/cabinet-okays-merger-of-associates-with-sbi/article8732405.ece |title=Cabinet okays merger of associates with SBI |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830174050/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/cabinet-okays-merger-of-associates-with-sbi/article8732405.ece |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 February 2017, the Union Cabinet approved the merger of five associate banks with SBI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/ahead-of-merger-with-sbi-associate-sbt-to-raise-up-to-rs-600-crore/articleshow/57222287.cms |title=Ahead of merger with SBI, associate SBT to raise up to Rs 600 crore |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219021652/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/ahead-of-merger-with-sbi-associate-sbt-to-raise-up-to-rs-600-crore/articleshow/57222287.cms |archive-date=19 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> An analyst foresaw an initial negative impact as a result of different pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/u4u9tx6Pt3MkwEP1g8CnTK/Who-benefits-from-merger-of-SBI-associates.html |title=Who benefits from merger of SBI, associates? |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830172033/https://www.livemint.com/Money/u4u9tx6Pt3MkwEP1g8CnTK/Who-benefits-from-merger-of-SBI-associates.html |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbis-merger-could-see-the-banking-behemoth-leapfrogging-into-the-global-top-50/articleshow/58617431.cms |title=SBI's merger could see the banking behemoth leapfrogging into the global top 50 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830172033/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbis-merger-could-see-the-banking-behemoth-leapfrogging-into-the-global-top-50/articleshow/58617431.cms |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live |last1=Gupta |first1=Deepali }}</ref> The merger went into effect from 1 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sbi-five-associate-banks-bmb-merge-with-sbi/article17757316.ece |title=Five associate banks, BMB merge with SBI |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401125350/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sbi-five-associate-banks-bmb-merge-with-sbi/article17757316.ece |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:SBI Mumbai LHO.jpg|thumb|alt=SBI Mumbai LHO.|State Bank of India ''[[Mumbai]]'' LHO]]<br />
<br />
====BOB====<br />
On 17 September 2018, the Government of India proposed the amalgamation of [[Dena Bank]] and [[Vijaya Bank]] with erstwhile [[Bank of Baroda]], pending (namesake) approval from the boards of the three banks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/bank-of-baroda-vijaya-bank-and-dena-bank-to-be-merged/articleshow/65844142.cms|title=Bank of Baroda, Vijaya Bank and Dena Bank to be merged|work=The Economic Times|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] and the boards of the banks approved with the merger on 2 January 2019. Under the terms of the amalgamation, Dena Bank and Vijaya Bank shareholders received 110 and 402 equity shares of the Bank of Baroda, respectively, of face value {{INR}}2 for every 1,000 shares they held. The amalgamation became effective from 1 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijaya Bank, Dena Bank amalgamation with BoB is effective from April 1; here's the share exchange plan |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/banks/vijaya-bank-dena-bank-amalgamation-bob-effective-april-1-share-exchange-plan/story/320823.html |website=Business Today |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
====PNB====<br />
On 30 August 2019, [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] announced that the [[Oriental Bank of Commerce]] and [[United Bank of India]] would be merged with [[Punjab National Bank]], making PNB the second largest PSB after SBI with assets of {{INRConvert|17.95|lc}} and 11,437 branches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bank Merger News: Government unveils mega bank mergers to revive growth from 5-year low |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-unveils-mega-bank-mergers-to-revive-growth-from-5-year-low/articleshow/70911359.cms |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=10 public sector banks to be merged into four |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pnb-obc-and-united-bank-to-be-merged-nirmala-sitharaman-1567158678718.html |website=Mint |access-date=30 August 2019 |language=en }}</ref> MD and CEO of UBI, Ashok Kumar Pradhan, stated that the merged entity would begin functioning from 1 April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Merged entity of UBI, PNB, OBC to become operational from April 1, 2020 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/banks/merged-entity-of-ubi-pnb-obc-to-become-operational-from-april-1-2020/story/379073.html |website=Business Today |access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Merged entity of UBI, PNB, OBC to become operational from 1 April next year |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/merged-entity-of-ubi-pnb-obc-to-become-operational-from-1-april-next-year-1568481571774.html |website=Mint |access-date=14 September 2019 |language=en }}</ref> The Union Cabinet approved the merger on 4 March 2020. PNB announced that its board had approved the merger ratios the next day. Shareholders of OBC and UBI will receive 1,150 shares and 121 shares of Punjab National Bank, respectively, for every 1,000 shares they hold.<ref name="Three banks announce merger ratios">{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Shayan |title=Three banks announce merger ratios |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/two-anchor-banks-pnb-union-bank-of-india-disclose-merger-ratios-11583413469591.html |website=Livemint |access-date=6 March 2020 |language=en }}</ref><br />
The merge came into effect since 1 April 2020. Post merger, Punjab National Bank has become the second largest public sector bank in India<ref name="Merger">{{cite news |title=Merger of 10 public sector banks to come into effect from today: 10 points |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/merger-of-10-public-sector-banks-to-come-into-effect-from-today-10-points-11585632469446.html |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=Livemint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Canara Bank====<br />
On 30 August 2019, [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] announced that [[Syndicate Bank]] would be merged with [[Canara Bank]]. The proposal would create the fourth largest PSB trailing SBI, PNB, BoB with assets of {{INRConvert|15.20|lc}} and 10,324 branches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government unveils mega bank mergers to revive growth from 5-year low<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-unveils-mega-bank-mergers-to-revive-growth-from-5-year-low/articleshow/70911359.cms |access-date=30 August 2019|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="livemint.com"/> The Board of Directors of Canara Bank approved the merger on 13 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canara Bank board gives approval for merger with Syndicate Bank |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/banks/canara-bank-board-gives-approval-for-merger-with-syndicate-bank/story/378909.html |website=Business Today |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PSU Bank merger: Canara Bank board approves merger with Syndicate Bank; key things to know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/psu-bank-merger-canara-bank-board-approves-merger-with-syndicate-bank-key-things-to-know/1705359/ |website=The Financial Express |access-date=13 September 2019 }}</ref> The Union Cabinet approved the merger on 4 March 2020. Canara Bank assumed control over Syndicate Bank on 1 April 2020 with Syndicate Bank shareholders receiving 158 equity shares in the former for every 1,000 shares they hold.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=S. I. |title=Syndicate Bank, Oriental Bank gain on Cabinet nod for merger of 10 PSBs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/select-psbs-gain-on-government-nod-for-merger-of-10-banks-into-4-120030500347_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=6 March 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Union Bank of India====<br />
On 30 August 2019, [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] announced that [[Andhra Bank]] and [[Corporation Bank]] would be merged into [[Union Bank of India]]. The proposal would make Union Bank of India the fifth largest PSB with assets of {{INRConvert|14.59|lc}} and 9,609 branches.<ref>{{cite web | title=Government unveils mega bank merger to revive growth from 5-year low |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-unveils-mega-bank-mergers-to-revive-growth-from-5-year-low/articleshow/70911359.cms |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="livemint.com"/> The Board of Directors of Andhra Bank approved the merger on 13 September.<ref>{{cite news |title=Andhra Bank board okays merger with UBI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/andhra-bank-board-okays-merger-with-ubi/article29411194.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 September 2019 |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andhra Bank board okays merger with Union Bank of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/andhra-bank-board-okays-merger-with-union-bank-of-india/articleshow/71117490.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=13 September 2019 }}</ref> The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] approved the merger on 4 March, and it was completed on 1 April 2020.<ref name="Three banks announce merger ratios"/><br />
<br />
====Indian Bank====<br />
On 30 August 2019, [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] announced that Allahabad Bank would be merged with [[Indian Bank]]. The proposal would create the seventh largest PSB in the country with assets of {{INRConvert|8.08|lc}}.<ref name="The Times of India 2019">{{cite web | title=Bank Merger News: Government unveils mega bank mergers to revive growth from 5-year low - India Business News | website=The Times of India | date=30 August 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/government-unveils-mega-bank-mergers-to-revive-growth-from-5-year-low/articleshow/70911359.cms | access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="livemint.com"/> The Union Cabinet approved the merger on 4 March 2020. Indian Bank assumed control of Allahabad Bank on 1 April 2020.<ref name="Three banks announce merger ratios"/><br />
<br />
=== Rescue of private and co-operative banks (2020s)===<br />
====Yes bank====<br />
In April 2020, RBI enlisted SBI to rescue the troubled lender [[Yes Bank]], in the form of investment with assistance from other lenders viz., [[ICICI Bank]], [[HDFC Bank]] and [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]. SBI went on to own 48% share capital of Yes bank, which it later diluted to 30% in an FPO in the following months.<br />
<br />
====Lakshmi Vilas Bank====<br />
In November 2020, RBI asked [[DBS Bank India]] Limited (DBIL) to take over the operations of the private sector bank [[Lakshmi Vilas Bank]] whose net worth has turned negative, following mismanagement and two failed merger attempts with [[NBFC]]s. DBS India's then having just 12 branches benefited by LVB's 559 branches. In a first of a kind move, Tier- II bond holders have been asked by RBI to write off their holdings in LVB.<br />
<br />
====Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative Bank====<br />
In January 2022, RBI asked [[Unity Small Finance Bank]] Limited (Unity SFB) to take over the operations of the private sector bank [[Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative Bank]] (PMC), following mismanagement and one failed merger attempts with [[NBFC]]/[[Small finance bank|SFBs]]. Unity SFB then was being created by Centrum Finance and payment provider [[BharatPe]] to absorb the liabilities of the scam hit bank. In a first of a kind move, RBI allowed an established cooperative bank to merge into a then being created SFB.<br />
<br />
===Regional Rural banks revamp===<br />
With a new policy effected in late 2010, the RRBs which served a smaller locality spanning a few districts, were merged into a state level entity following the merger of nationalised banks and their equity in RRBs getting sequentially higher. This eliminated the existential competition and cooperation between RRB's and essentially making them a subsidiary bank of the promoter nationalised bank with state equity.<br />
<br />
==Current period==<br />
<br />
{{Main|List of banks in India|l1=List of Banks in India}}<br />
<br />
The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks. All banks included in the Second Schedule to the [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]] are Scheduled Banks. These banks comprise Scheduled Commercial Banks and Scheduled Co-operative Banks. Scheduled Co-operative Banks consist of Scheduled State Co-operative Banks and Scheduled Urban Cooperative Banks.<br />
<br />
In the bank group-wise classification, IDBI Bank Ltd. is included in the category of other public sector bank.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Growth of Banking in India of Scheduled Commercial Banks<ref name="rbiPublication20131121"/><br />
! rowspan="2"|Indicators<br />
!! colspan="9"|31 March of<br />
|-<br />
! 2005 !! 2006 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013<br />
|-<br />
| Number of Commercial Banks || align="right"|284 || align="right"|218 || align="right"|178 || align="right"|169 || align="right"|166 || align="right"|163 || align="right"|163 || align="right"|169 || align="right"|151<br />
|-<br />
| Number of Branches || align="right"|70,373 || align="right"|72,072 || align="right"|74,653 || align="right"|78,787 || align="right"|82,897 || align="right"|88,203 || align="right"|94,019 || align="right"|102,377 || align="right"|109,811<br />
|-<br />
| Population per Banks <small>(in thousands)</small> || align="right"|16 || align="right"|16 || align="right"|15 || align="right"|15 || align="right"|15 || align="right"|14 || align="right"|13 || align="right"|13 || align="right"|12<br />
|-<br />
| Aggregate Deposits || align="right"|{{INRconvert|17002|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|21090|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|26119|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|31969|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|38341|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|44928|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|52078|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|59091|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|67504.54|b}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bank Credit || align="right"|{{INRconvert|11004|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|15071|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|19312|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|23619|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|27755|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|32448|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|39421|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|46119|b}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|52605|b}}<br />
|-<br />
| Deposit as percentage to [[Gross national product|GNP]] <small>(at factor cost)</small> || align="right"|62% || align="right"|64% || align="right"|69% || align="right"|73% || align="right"|77% || align="right"|78% || align="right"|78% || align="right"|78% || align="right"|79%<br />
|-<br />
| Per Capita Deposit || align="right"|{{INRconvert|16281}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|19130}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|23382}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|28610}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|33919}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|39107}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|45505}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|50183}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|56380}}<br />
|-<br />
| Per Capita Credit || align="right"|{{INRconvert|10752}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|13869}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|17541}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|21218}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|24617}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|28431}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|34187}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|38874}} || align="right"|{{INRconvert|44028}}<br />
|-<br />
| Credit Deposit Ratio || align="right"|63% || align="right"|70% || align="right"|74% || align="right"|75% || align="right"|74% || align="right"|74% || align="right"|76% || align="right"|79% || align="right"|79%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially [[retail banking]], mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M&As, takeovers, and asset sales.<br />
<br />
In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed [[Warburg Pincus]] to increase its stake in [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] (a private sector bank) to 10%. This was the first time an investor was allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them.<br />
<br />
In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks' loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parinda.com/news/crime/20070918/2025/icici-personal-loan-customer-commits-suicide-after-alleged-harassment-recov |title=ICICI personal loan customer commits suicide after alleged harassment by recovery agents |publisher=Parinda.com |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403062824/http://www.parinda.com/news/crime/20070918/2025/icici-personal-loan-customer-commits-suicide-after-alleged-harassment-recov |archive-date=3 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/30/stories/2008063057470300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704005747/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/30/stories/2008063057470300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2008 |title=Karnataka / Mysore News: ICICI Bank returns tractor to farmer's mother |access-date=28 July 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatime.com/2007/11/07/icicis-third-eye/ |title=ICICI's third eye: It's Indiatime |publisher=Indiatime.com |access-date=28 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225120114/http://www.indiatime.com/2007/11/07/icicis-third-eye/ |archive-date=25 February 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
By 2013 the Indian Banking Industry employed 1,175,149 employees and had a total of 109,811 branches in India and 171 branches abroad and manages an aggregate deposit of {{INRconvert|67504.54|b|to=USD EUR}} and [[Credit (finance)|bank credit]] of {{INRconvert|52604.59|b|to=USD EUR}}. The net profit of the banks operating in India was {{INRconvert|1027.51|b|to=USD EUR}} against a turnover of {{INRconvert|9148.59|b|to=USD EUR}} for the [[financial year]] 2012–13.<ref name="rbiPublication20131121">{{cite web |url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0STR191113FL.pdf | title=Statistical Tables Related to Banks in India – Reserve Bank of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Pradhan Mantri Jan - Dhan Yojana (Accounts Opened As on 12.01.2015).png|thumb]]<br />
[[Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana]] ({{lang-hi|प्रधानमंत्री जन धन योजना}}, {{lang-en|Prime Minister's People Money Scheme}}) is a scheme for comprehensive [[financial inclusion]] launched by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], in 2014.<ref name="pib-en-109113">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=109113 | title=Prime Minister to Launch Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana Tomorrow | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India | date=27 August 2014 | access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref> Run by [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Financial Services|Department of Financial Services]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], on the inauguration day, 1.5 Crore (15 million) bank accounts were opened under this scheme.<ref name="ET-28-aug-14">{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/pm-jan-dhan-yojana-launched-aims-to-open-1-5-crore-bank-accounts-on-first-day/articleshow/41093413.cms | title=PM 'Jan Dhan' Yojana launched; aims to open 1.5 crore bank accounts on first day | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=28 August 2014 | access-date=28 August 2014 | author=ET Bureau}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-28-aug-14">{{cite web | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-modi-banks-idINKBN0GS1P320140828 | title=Modi: Banking for all to end "financial untouchability" | work=Reuters| date=28 August 2014 | access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref> By 15 July 2015, 16.92 crore (169.2 [[million]]) accounts were opened, with around {{INR Convert|20288.37|c}} were deposited under the scheme,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pmjdy.gov.in/account-statistics-country.aspx |title=Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana &#124; Department of Financial Services &#124; Ministry of Finance |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723175356/http://pmjdy.gov.in/account-statistics-country.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which also has an option for opening new bank accounts with zero balance.<br />
=== Payment Banks ===<br />
<br />
[[Payments bank]] is a new model of banks conceptualized by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). These banks can accept a restricted deposit, which is currently limited to [[₹]]2 lakh per customer. These banks may not issue loans or credit cards, but may offer both current and savings accounts. Payments banks may issue ATM and debit cards, and offer net-banking and mobile-banking. The draft guidelines for licensing of payments banks in the private sector were formulated and released for public comments on 17 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=31646|title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases}}</ref> The banks will be licensed as payments banks under Section 22 of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]], and will be registered as [[public limited company]] under the [[Companies Act, 2013]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/you-cant-have-a-21st-century-india-with-19th-century-institutions-amitabh-kant/47241/1|title=You can't have a 21st century India with 19th century institutions: Amitabh Kant {{!}} Forbes India|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-24}}<br />
{{!}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
=== Small finance banks ===<br />
{{Main|Small finance bank}}<br />
To further the objective of financial inclusion, the RBI granted approval in 2016 to ten entities to set up small finance banks. Since then, all ten have received the necessary licenses. A small finance bank is a niche type of bank to cater to the needs of people who traditionally have not used scheduled banks. Each of these banks is to open at least 25% of its branches in areas that do not have any other bank branches (unbanked regions). A small finance bank should hold 75% of its net credits in loans to firms in priority sector lending, and 50% of the loans in its portfolio must be less than {{currency|25|INR}} lakh (US${{To USD|2500|IND|round=yes}},000).<ref name="RBIabout_PrivateIndian">{{Cite web|title=Financial Intermediaries Private – Indian Banks|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=Indian.htm|access-date=2019-09-06|website=Reserve Bank of India|series=About Us}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Banking codes and standards ==<br />
{{Main|Banking Codes and Standards Board of India|l1=The Banking codes and standards Board of India}}<br />
<br />
The Banking Codes and standards Board of India is an independent and autonomous banking industry body that monitors banks in India.To improve the quality of banking services in India S S Tarapore (former deputy governor of RBI) had the idea to form this committee.<br />
<br />
==Data Breaches==<br />
<br />
===2016 Indian Banks data breach===<br />
{{main|2016 Indian Banks data breach}}<br />
A huge data breach on debit cards issued by various Indian banks was reported in October 2016. It was estimated 3.2 million debit cards were compromised. Major Indian banks- [[State Bank of India|SBI]], [[HDFC Bank]], [[ICICI]], [[Yes Bank]] and [[Axis Bank]] were among the worst hit.<ref name="et-20oct2016">{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/3-2-million-debit-cards-compromised-sbi-hdfc-bank-icici-yes-bank-and-axis-worst-hit/articleshow/54945561.cms | title=3.2 million debit cards compromised; SBI, HDFC Bank, ICICI, YES Bank and Axis worst hit | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=20 October 2016 | access-date=20 October 2016| last1=Shukla | first1=Saloni | last2=Bhakta | first2=Pratik }}</ref> Many users reported unauthorised use of their cards in locations in [[China]]. This resulted in one of the India's biggest card replacement drive in banking history. The biggest Indian bank State Bank of India announced the blocking and replacement of almost 600,000 debit cards.<ref name="et-2">{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/security-breach-sbi-blocks-over-6-lakh-debit-cards/articleshow/54933861.cms | title=Security breach: SBI blocks over 6 lakh debit cards | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=20 October 2016 | access-date=20 October 2016| last1=Iyer | first1=Satyanarayan }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Banks}}<br />
* [[History of banking]]<br />
* [[Institute of Banking Personnel Selection]]<br />
* [[Indian rupee|Indian Rupee]]<br />
* [[Private-sector banks in India]]<br />
* [[Public sector banks in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Banking Frontiers magazine, being published since 2002<br />
* ''The Evolution of the State Bank of India (The Era of the Imperial Bank of India, 1921–1955)'' (Volume III)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.rbi.org.in/ Reserve Bank of India]<br />
*[https://thebossmonk.com/business/story-of-indian-banking-failure/ Indian Banking Failure]<br />
<br />
{{Economy of India}}<br />
{{Banking in India}}<br />
{{Asia topic|Banking in}}<br />
{{India topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Banking]]<br />
[[Category:Banking in India| ]]</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&diff=15411Indian Secular Front2021-03-02T05:13:15Z<p>Dipayan Sain: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Political party in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|abbreviation = ISF <br />
|president = [[Naushad Siddiqui]]<br />
|secretary = [[Srimon Soren]]<br />
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|15}}<br />
|founder = [[Pirzada Abbas Siddique]]<br />
|headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|ideology = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Islamic Radicalism]]<br />
*[[Sunni Islamism]]<br />
}}<br />
|position = [[Far right]]<br />
|alliance = [[Left parties]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Indian Secular Front''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''ISF''') is a political party formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title="Want To Be Kingmaker": Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}</ref> This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats<br />
|date=18 Feb 2021}}</ref> and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls<ref>{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front's Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a 'secular front' against BJP & Trinamool have date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front's Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> However, the Congress leader [[Anand Sharma]] slammed the party's decision and calls it "painful and shameful".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-02|title=West Bengal polls 2021: Congress' Anand Sharma calls tie-up with Indian Secular Front 'painful and shameful' - India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-polls-2021-congress-anand-sharma-calls-tie-up-with-indian-secular-front-painful-and-shameful-9362811.html|date=1 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The party will be contesting the upcoming West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 30 seats.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-benghit a wall in Bengal|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|access-al-assembly-elections-2021-30-seat-deal-with-leftsays-indian-secular-front-cleric-abbas-siddiqui/cid/1807955|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties]]<br />
<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&diff=15363Indian Secular Front2021-03-02T01:30:48Z<p>Dipayan Sain: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Political party in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|abbreviation = ISF <br />
|president = [[Naushad Siddiqui]]<br />
|secretary = [[Srimon Soren]]<br />
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|15}}<br />
|founder = [[Pirzada Abbas Siddique]]<br />
|headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|ideology = [[Radical Islamism]]<br />
[[Sunni Islamism]]<br />
[[Far Right]]<br />
|political position = [[Far Right]]<br />
|alliance = Left Front Parties<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Indian Secular Front''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''ISF''') is a political party formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title="Want To Be Kingmaker": Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}</ref> This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats<br />
|date=18 Feb 2021}}</ref> and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls<ref>{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front's Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a 'secular front' against BJP & Trinamool have hit a wall in Bengal|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front's Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> The party will be contesting the upcoming West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 30 seats.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-30-seat-deal-with-leftsays-indian-secular-front-cleric-abbas-siddiqui/cid/1807955|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties]]<br />
<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&diff=15362Indian Secular Front2021-03-02T01:22:16Z<p>Dipayan Sain: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Political party in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|abbreviation = ISF <br />
|president = [[Naushad Siddiqui]]<br />
|secretary = [[Srimon Soren]]<br />
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|15}}<br />
|founder = [[Pirzada Abbas Siddique]]<br />
|headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|ideology = [[Radical Islamism]]<br />
[[Sunni Islamism]]<br />
[[Far Right]]<br />
|alliance = Left Front Parties<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Indian Secular Front''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''ISF''') is a political party formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title="Want To Be Kingmaker": Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}</ref> This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats<br />
|date=18 Feb 2021}}</ref> and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls<ref>{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front's Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a 'secular front' against BJP & Trinamool have hit a wall in Bengal|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front's Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> The party will be contesting the upcoming West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 30 seats.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-30-seat-deal-with-leftsays-indian-secular-front-cleric-abbas-siddiqui/cid/1807955|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties]]<br />
<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]</div>Dipayan Sainhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&diff=15240Indian Secular Front2021-03-01T17:41:30Z<p>Dipayan Sain: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Political party in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|abbreviation = ISF <br />
|president = [[Naushad Siddiqui]]<br />
|secretary = [[Srimon Soren]]<br />
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|15}}<br />
|founder = [[Pirzada Abbas Siddique]]<br />
|headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|ideology = [[Radical Islamism]]<br />
[[Sunni Islamism]]<br />
<br />
[[Far Right]]<br />
|Alliance = Congress-Left<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Indian Secular Front''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''ISF''') is a political party formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title="Want To Be Kingmaker": Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}</ref> This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats<br />
|date=18 Feb 2021}}</ref> and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls<ref>{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front's Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a 'secular front' against BJP & Trinamool have hit a wall in Bengal|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front's Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> The party will be contesting the upcoming West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 30 seats.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-30-seat-deal-with-leftsays-indian-secular-front-cleric-abbas-siddiqui/cid/1807955|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties]]<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]</div>Dipayan Sain