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K. M. Chandy

2026-05-05T06:39:02Z

DilkhusOfficial: put up info

{{Short description|Indian Freedom Fighter, Indian politician (1921–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kizhakkayil Mathai Chandy
| image = File:Prof.K.M.Chandy.jpg
| caption = Prof. K. M. Chandy
| image_size =
| order = 8th
| office = Governor of Madhya Pradesh
| term_start = 30 December 1987
| term_end = 30 March 1989
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Motilal Vora]] [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Narayan Dutta Ojha]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor = [[Sarla Grewal]]
| term_start1 = 15 May 1984
| term_end1 = 30 November 1987
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = Arjun Singh Motilal Vora
| predecessor1 = [[B. D. Sharma]]
| successor1 = Narayan Dutta Ojha {{small|(Acting)}}
| order2 = 6th
| office2 = Governor of Gujarat
| term_start2 = 6 August 1983
| term_end2 = 26 April 1984
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| predecessor2 = [[Sharda Mukherjee]]
| successor2 = [[Braj Kumar Nehru]]
| order3 = 7th
| office3 = Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry
| term_start3 = 15 May 1982
| term_end3 = 5 August 1983
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor3 = R.N. Haldipur
| successor3 = [[Kona Prabhakara Rao]]
| office4 = President of the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| predecessor4 = [[K. C. Abraham]]
| successor4 = S. Varadarajan Nair
| term_start4 = January 1978
| term_end4 = May 1982
| office5 = Member of the [[Travancore State]] Legislature Assembly
| term_start5 = 1948
| term_end5 = 1951
| office6 = Member of the [[Travancore–Cochin]] Legislative Assembly
| majority =
| term_start6 = 1952
| term_end6 = 1957
| predecessor6 =
| successor5 =
| occupation = {{ hlist| [[Politician]] [[Professor]] ([[St. Thomas College, Palai]])}}
| alma_mater = [[St. Berchmans College]] [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Mariakutty Chandy|1939}}
| children = 10
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nickname =
| website = {{URL|http://www.kmchandy.org/}}
| footnotes =
| date = 11 July 2020
| source = http://www.kmchandy.org/
| birth_name = Kizhakkayil Mathai Chandy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|08|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]] {{small|''(Now in Kerala, India)''}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1998|09|07|1921|08|06|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lisie Hospital]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
}}

{{Indian name|Chandy|Kizhakkayil Mathai}}'''Kizhakkayil Mathai Chandy''' (6 August 1921 – 7 September 1998) was an Indian [[Freedom fighter]], [[Indian National Congress]] leader, Member of the [[Travancore–Cochin]] Legislative Assembly who also served as the [[Governor (India)|governor]] of the [[India]]n states of [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the Union Territory of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. From 1948 to 1951, he served as a member of the [[Travancore]] State Legislature. From 1952 to 1954, he served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A.]] in the [[Travancore-Cochin]] Legislative Assembly. He was also the former president of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee|Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC)]] and chairman of [[Rubber Board]].

He was elected unanimously to the [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|State Legislature]] after [[Independence of India|Independence]] at the age of 26 and he was re-elected in 1952 and 1954. Chandy was mainly responsible for the establishment and growth of many big co-operative institutions in [[Kerala]]. The first ever [[Indian Youth Congress (Socialist)|Youth Congress Unit]] was started by him in the year 1953. He founded the Meenachil Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank. He was also the [[Organizational founder|Founder]] of the Palai Co-operative Marketing Society. The Kerala State Rubber Marketing Federation was founded by him in 1971. He founded the Indian Rubber Growers Association in 1966. The present [[B. Tech|B. Tech. Course]] in [[rubber technology]] in the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|Cochin University]] is his brainchild. It was at his insistence that India joined the Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC). He led a large number of delegations from India to conferences of International Rubber Study Group, Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC), International Rubber Research Development Board held at [[London]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Bangkok]], [[Singapore]], etc. from 1972 to 1978.<ref name=Gov>{{cite web|title=Prof. K.M. Chandy|url=https://rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/honorable-governors/past-governor-details.aspx?PastGovernerId=uIfBz7leFSEhqkvrPWKcEA==|publisher=Rajbhavan Gujarat (Govt. of Gujarat)|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref>

== Early life ==

K. M. Chandy was born on 6 August 1921 at [[Palai]] in [[Kottayam]] District as the son of Mariyam and Mathai of the Kizhakkayil family. He had three younger brothers including Pala K.M. Mathew (Former [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member Of Parliament]]) and a sister.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Genealogy of Prof. K.M. Chandy|url=http://www.genealogy.rocksea.org/familygroup.php?familyID=F45&tree=roots|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=|website=Roots-The Kerala Christian Family Tree|publisher=}}</ref> He had his schooling in his home town [[Pala, Kerala|Palai]] and College education at [[St. Berchmans College|St. Berchmans College Changanacherry]] and [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]. He completed his [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in English Language and [[literature]] in 1942.

== Personal life ==
He was married to Mariakutty Chandy in the year 1939 at the age of 18. They have eight sons and two daughters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. K.M. Chandy(personal details)|url=http://www.genealogy.rocksea.org/getperson.php?personID=I490&tree=roots|publisher=Roots|accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref>

==Path into Politics and Advocacy==

Chandy's entry into the world of politics was marked by youthful zeal and an unwavering commitment to justice. During his tenure as an intermediate student at St. Berchman's College in [[Changanacherry]], he exhibited extraordinary leadership. At age of 17, he orchestrated a courageous student's strike protest. This protest was in response to a brutal lathi charge on students in [[Trivandrum]] who had gathered to express their support for [[Indian National Congress|State Congress]] leaders. He and a few of his companions though expelled from the College had to be taken back unconditionally following a mass [[Satyagraha]] at the college gates.

[[File:Tagore Academy.jpg|thumb| {{center|'''Tagore Academy'''}} ''Left to right:-'' [[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M. Chandy]] (3rd row, 3rd), [[K. R. Narayanan]] (2nd row, 7th), [[G. Ramachandran (social reformer)|Stalwart G. Ramachandran]](1st row, 4th), [[K. P. Hormis|K.P. Hormis]] (1st row, 3rd)]]As he pursued his Honours course in English literature at [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College]] [[Trivandrum]], Chandy played a pivotal role in the establishment of the "Tagore Academy". This institution, founded under the guidance of the esteemed Gandhian leader Shri [[G. Ramachandran (social reformer)|G. Ramachandran]], aimed to infuse education with nationalist ideals. They discussed [[Gandhian]] ideology, [[Indian nationalism|nationalism]], [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] literature and Tagore's poems. Mr. Chandy could manage to enroll several students, who were not involved in politics in Tagore Academy. [[K. R. Narayanan]] (Former [[President of India]]) was one among them.
Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] (Sir CP) was the Diwan of Travancore and he ruled the kingdom with iron fist.
The Diwan sensed the danger from the activity of the academy and banned "Tagore Academy" in 1942 due to its association with fostering patriotic sentiments among students and youth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leadership on Student Satyagraha|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoanIYDaTGQ&list=LL&index=73&t=10s|publisher=Asianet News Channel|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

==Involvement in the Freedom Movement==

The year 1946 marked a significant turning point in Chandy's life, as he immersed himself in the fervor of the freedom movement. Serving as the Secretary of the [[Meenachil]] Taluk Congress Committee, his ardor for political activism attracted the attention of the state government.

In mid-April 1946, Prof. K.M. Chandy received two orders from magistrates, one from the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] magistrate and the other from the [[Kottayam]] magistrate, both banning him from organizing public meetings and processions. Despite the orders, Prof. Chandy defiantly attended a protest meeting in [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]. Subsequently, another Congress meeting was convened in Pala. In July, Prof. Chandy, along with Mr. [[Kumbalathu Sanku Pillai]], Mr. [[C. Kesavan]], Mr. G. Nilakanta Pillai, Mr. [[Ponkunnam Varkey]], Mr. [[D. C. Kizhakemuri]], Mr. [[Cherian J. Kappan]], and Mr. Mathew Manniankadan, were arrested from [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]].

Prof. Chandy was arrested for violating prohibitory orders and was denied bail by the [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]] court. Subsequently, he was transferred to [[Kottayam]], where he remained in lockup until he obtained bail from the [[Kerala High Court|high court]]. However, after two weeks, he was arrested again under preventive custody rules and sent to [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Poojappura Central Jail]] in Thiruvananthapuram. Upon his arrival at the central jail, he found Congress leaders such as Mr. [[C. Kesavan]], Mr. [[Kumbalathu Sanku Pillai]], and Mr. G. Nilakanda Pillai already imprisoned. Prof. Chandy, being the youngest among the prisoners at only 24 years old, had the opportunity to interact closely with senior leaders during his imprisonment.

The authorities decided to bring Prof. Chandy to [[Kottayam]] to stand trial in court. He was kept in Kottayam Sub Jail for two months, sharing a cell with Mr. Thankappan and Mr. Sugunanthan, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala|Communist]] workers suspected of involvement in the [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising]]. They became friends, and Prof. Chandy had the chance to acquaint himself with several Communist leaders during his stay at [[Kottayam]] prison, including Mr. K.C. Mathew and Mr. [[P. S. Sreenivasan]]. In November, Prof. Chandy was convicted and sentenced to one and a half years in prison. He was then again moved to [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Thiruvananthapuram Central Jail]].

On 15 August 1947 [[India]] gained [[Independence Day (India)|independence]], and the prisoners along with Chandy celebrated this occasion in jail. However, since [[Travancore]] had not yet become part of [[independent India]], political prisoners were not released. After [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] secretly resigned and left the [[Travancore Kingdom]], all political prisoners were eventually released. Prof. K.M. Chandy regained his [[freedom]] in September 1947.

==Political Ascent and Legislative Journey==

The [[Travancore State Congress]] was established in February 1938 under the presidency of Shri [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]. Shri K.M. Chandy entered Travancore politics at the age of 17 in 1938. Along with other young Congress leaders, he advocated for joining the [[Dominion of India|Indian union]]. In September 1947, a new [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan]] formed a fifteen-member committee to draft a new Constitution for the state and propose the formation of a representative legislature. Shri Chandy proposed amending the objective to "a [[sovereign government]] elected by the people of Travancore."

When it was time to select Congress candidates for the new assembly, the [[Meenachil|Meenachil Taluk]] Congress committee suggested Mr.Chandy's name. Consequently, Shri K.M. Chandy was elected unopposed from the [[Poonjar]] constituency. On 14 March 1948 the first people's ministry of [[Travancore]] came into existence, with Shri. [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]] as the [[Travancore–Cochin|Prime Minister]]. The [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai|Pattom ministry]] lasted only eight months and resigned on 10 October 1948. A new ministry under Shri [[Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai|T.K. Narayana Pillai]] took oath on 23 October 1948.

In 1949, after the merger of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] princely states with the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]], the two existing assemblies were amalgamated into the [[Travancore-Cochin]] assembly, and on 1 July 1949 the new ministry with Shri [[Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai|T.K. Narayan Pillai]] as Chief Minister took office.
On 26 January 1952 the [[India|Indian Republican]] [[Constitution of India|constitution]] came into effect, leading to the reconstitution of legislative and parliamentary constituencies in Travancore-Cochin. In March 1952, [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|general elections]] for the newly constituted legislative assembly took place, and Prof. K.M. Chandy contested and was elected.
The Shri [[A.J. John]] ministry resigned on 23 September 1953, necessitating new general elections. In 1954, new [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|general elections]] were held, and Prof. Chandy contested from [[Meenachil]] constituency, winning with a comfortable majority of 6154 votes. He became the [[Chief Whip]] of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parliamentary party.

On 1 November 1956 the [[Kerala]] state was established. In March 1957, [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly election]] were held for the state assembly. Party asked Prof. Chandy to contest from [[Puliyannoor]] constituency. His detractors had taken it as an opportunity to defeat him. The big land owners and religious group had believed that the rise of Prof. Chandy would affect their [[feudal]] hegemony over the public. They all joined with the single [[Agenda-setting theory|agenda]] of defeating the progressive youth politician Prof. Chandy. The success of Prof. Chandy in this [[Pala, Kerala|area]] actually surprised them. Despite their concerted efforts, Prof. Chandy's surprising [[popularity]] in the area led to a closely contested [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|election]], which he lost by a margin of merely 600 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. K.M. Chandy(Travancore legislative History)|url=https://kmchandy.org|publisher=KM CHANDY FOUNDATION |accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

==Significant Contributions to Meenachil Taluk([[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]) and Social Advocacy==

Continuing his efforts for the welfare of [[Meenachil]] taluk, Prof. Chandy played a pivotal role in upgrading the current Pala [[government hospital]] to a Taluk hospital with enhanced facilities, including [[Civil surgeon]], [[Surgeon's assistant|Assistant surgeons]] and [[gynecologist]]. New facilities including pay wards had been built and [[X-ray]] imaging facility had been created in the hospital. One of Prof. Chandy's greatest accomplishments as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]] was constructing a [[bridge]] over the [[Meenachil River]], which significantly improved connectivity between north and south region for the [[Pala, Kerala|Pala town's]] residents. The major part of [[Pala, Kerala|Pala town's]] town had remained flooded during [[monsoon]] season. The town roads were raised to mitigate flooding.

Additionally, Prof. Chandy, along with [[Cherian J. Kappan]], initiated several [[Voluntary aided school|aided high schools]] in [[Meenachil]] taluk. He also facilitated the electrification of most parts of [[Meenachil]] taluk, thereby boosting its agricultural and commercial activities. The Pala market had been developed during his tenure. Shri K.M. Chandy was responsible for obtaining sanction and permission for starting Pala [[St. Thomas College, Palai|St.Thomas College]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. K.M. Chandy(St.Thomas College History)|url=https://www.stcp.ac.in/history_profile.php#:~:text=Founded%20in%201950%2C%20St.,their%20destinies%20in%20diverse%20spheres.|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>

His imprint extended beyond legislative duties to encompass membership in the inaugural State Planning Board. Additionally, he played a prominent part in the State Minimum Wages [[Advisory Board]], where he contributed to the formulation of equitable minimum wage standards across diverse industries. Long before the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC) was established, Chandy's pioneering efforts led to the organization and leadership of [[Trade Unions]] under the banner of "THOZHILALI".

==Influence on Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC)==

Chandy's commitment to the Congress Party was profound and enduring. His influence within the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] (KPCC) was instrumental in shaping the party's trajectory in the state. He embarked on a journey within the ranks of the KPCC in 1948, a journey that spanned decades and left an indelible mark on the party's history.
[[File:Prof.K.M.Chandy with Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M.Chandy]] along with [[K. Karunakaran]] having a conversation with [[Indira Gandhi]]]]

He assumed the mantle of [[General Secretary]] of the KPCC from 1963 to 1967, a period marked by his strategic vision and organizational acumen. Chandy's leadership was characterized by a commitment to democratic processes within the party, even in times when committee sizes were far more modest than they are today. He played a pivotal role in guiding the KPCC through challenges and charting a course aligned with the party's principles.

Chandy's dedication extended to financial stewardship as he assumed the role of [[Treasurer]] of the KPCC from 1967 to 1972. His ability to manage party finances with transparency and integrity bolstered the party's credibility among its supporters and the public at large.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kpcc leadership|url=https://kmchandy.org|publisher=KM CHANDY FOUNDATION |accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

==Reviving Congress in Kerala==

In January 1978, Chandy's indomitable spirit led him to resign from the [[Chairmanship]] of the [[Rubber Board]] to take up the monumental challenge of revitalizing the image of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] in Kerala. At a time when many had distanced themselves from [[Indira Gandhi]]'s leadership, Chandy undertook the arduous task of rejuvenating the party's fortunes. His visionary leadership played a pivotal role in the resurgence of the Congress in Kerala after a prolonged hiatus.

Under his stewardship, the Congress triumphantly returned to power in [[Kerala]], marking a significant victory for the party. This resurgence was a testament to Chandy's strategic prowess, organizational skills, and deep-rooted connection with the people of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Political Life of Prof.k.m chandy|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxGn25xPgKI&list=LL&index=71
|publisher=Manorama News Channel|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Prof.K.M.Chandy with Leaders of Kerala.jpg|thumb|[[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M.Chandy]] with leaders of [[Kerala]] including [[K. Karunakaran]]]]

[[File:Prof.K.M.Chandy with Kerala leaders and Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M.Chandy]] with [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Kerala]] Leaders]]

==Indira Gandhi's Vision and Trust==

[[File:K.M.Chandy.jpg|thumb|[[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M.Chandy]] is with [[Indira Gandhi]]]]
[[File:Indira gandhi in Kerala with Chandy.jpg|thumb|[[Indira Gandhi]] attending a procession with [[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M.Chandy]] during her visit in [[Kerala]]]]
[[File:Prof.K.M.Chandy and Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M.Chandy]] with [[Indira gandhi]] when she visited [[Kerala]]]]
[[File:Prof.K.M.Chandy in Conversation with Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M.Chandy]] and [[Indira Gandhi]] having a conversation]]

Throughout his tenure as a governor, Chandy remained true to his principles of transparency, accountability, and service. His ability to align his governance with the ideals of progress and social justice resonated deeply with Mrs. [[Indira Gandhi]]'s own vision for India. It was this alignment that led her to entrust him with these important responsibilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. K.M. Chandy's Connection with Indira Gandhi on Asianet News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoanIYDaTGQ&list=LL&index=73&t=10s|publisher=Asianet News Channel|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

==A Statesman's Path and the Role of Governor==

[[File:Prof.K.M Chandy with Mother Teresa.jpg|thumb|[[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M.Chandy]] in Conversation with [[Mother Teresa]]]]
Chandy's journey within the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] culminated in a role as a statesman. He was appointed as a governor by [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]].

===Pondicherry: Navigating a Unique Territory===

Taking on the role of [[Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry]] on 15 May 1982, Chandy stepped into the challenge of overseeing this [[Union Territory]]. With his characteristic dedication, he navigated the intricate landscape of governance, addressing the specific needs of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]'s populace and working towards the upliftment of the region.

===Gujarat: Guiding a Vibrant State===

On 6 August 1983 Chandy assumed the mantle of [[Governor of Gujarat]]. This role placed him at the helm of a dynamic and industrially significant state. During his tenure, he exhibited a keen understanding of Gujarat's diverse socio-economic fabric and guided the state towards progress and harmony.

===Madhya Pradesh: Championing Reform===

From 15 May 1984 to 30 March 1989, Chandy served as the [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]. Here, he embarked on a transformative journey to reform and rectify the [[educational system]]. His commitment to eliminating corrupt practices and ensuring the integrity of [[university]] examinations left an indelible mark on the state's academic landscape.

== Death ==

On 7 September 1998 Prof. K.M Chandy passed away, leaving behind a legacy that encompasses his contributions to [[co-operatives]], [[education]], [[politics]], and his roles as a [[governor]]. His life story, his contributions had an impact throughout [[Kerala]] and beyond.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. K.M. Chandy(Life History)|url=https://kmchandy.org|publisher=KM CHANDY FOUNDATION |accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

== Biographies ==

He couldn't complete his [[autobiography]] titled "Jeevitha Vazhiyorakazhchakal" due to his sudden death, but later it was published by [[Labour India|Labour (India) publications]] in 1999 after his death.

A [[biography]] on him titled "Varika Varika Sahajare" was written by Pala K.M. Mathew published by [[Current Books (Malayalam)|Current Books]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. K.M. Chandy|url=http://governor.mp.gov.in/chandy.aspx|publisher=Rajbhavan Madhya Pradesh (Govt. of Madhya Pradesh)|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three instances when Governors didn't buckle under pressure|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/three-instances-when-governors-didnt-buckle-under-pressure|accessdate=9 December 2019|publisher=National Herald India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Prof. KM Chandy (Freedom fighter, Congress leader, MLA, State Governor)| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlaCPwg0y8I}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bio-data of Prof.K.M Chandy|url=https://kmchandy.org/|accessdate=10 July 2020|publisher=Prof.K.M Chandy Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=K.M. Chandy award for best rubber grower|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/K.M.-Chandy-award-for-best-rubber-grower/article15781417.ece|accessdate=8 October 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Governors of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Governor of Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandy, Kizhakkeyil}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Governors of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Members of the Travancore–Cochin Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1952–1954]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1949–1952]]
[[Category:Presidents of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]

2006 Noida serial murders

2026-05-04T14:29:31Z

DilkhusOfficial: New

{{Short description|Series of crimes in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox serial killer
| name=Surinder Koli
| image=
| caption=
| other_names= Subhash Koli, Surendra Koli, Satish
| criminal_status= Released on 12 November 2025
| birth_date= {{Birth year and age|1970}}
| victims= 19+ suspected
| country= India
| states= [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| beginyear=8 February 2006
| endyear= 25 October 2006
| apprehended=27 December 2006
| conviction = [[Acquitted]]
| locations=D-5, Sector-31, [[Noida]] near [[Nithari Village]]}}

The '''2006 Noida serial murders''' (also '''Nithari serial murders''' or '''Nithari case''') occurred in the house of businessman Moninder Singh Pandher in Sector-31, [[Noida]] near [[Nithari]] village, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], between 2005 and 2006. Moninder Singh was convicted in two out of the five cases against him, and his servant Surinder Koli, who supposedly aided him, was convicted in 10 out of the 16 cases against him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/nithari-case-ghaziabad-cbi-court-awards-death-sentence-to-surinder-koli-his-tenth-conviction-so-far/articleshow/68235457.cms|title=Nithari case: Ghaziabad CBI court awards death sentence to Surinder Koli, his tenth conviction so far |first=Abhijay |last=Jha |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> Both were originally sentenced to [[capital punishment|death]], but in 2023, [[Allahabad High Court]] acquitted them citing lack of evidence. In November 2025, the Supreme Court upheld Koli's acquittal and ordered his release.<ref name="supremecourtacquittal">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Mausam |title=Nithari serial killings case: Supreme Court acquits Surinder Koli in last pending case. Here's what order said |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/nithari-serial-killings-case-supreme-court-acquits-surinder-koli-in-last-pending-case-heres-what-order-said-11762856753507.html |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

== Events leading to primary investigation ==
In December 2006, two Nithari village residents reported they knew the location of the remains of children who had gone missing in the previous two years:
the [[Water supply network|municipal water]] tank behind house D5, Sector-31, [[Noida]]. Both had daughters who were missing, and they suspected Surinder Koli, the domestic help at D5, was involved in the disappearances. The residents claimed they had been repeatedly ignored by local authorities; therefore, they sought the help of former [[Resident Welfare Association]] (RWA) President S C Mishra. That morning, Mishra and the two residents searched one of the residences and claimed to have found a decomposed hand, after which they contacted the police.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=215212 |title=We first fished out remains from drain |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=2006-12-30 |access-date=2007-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034101/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=215212 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Anxious parents of children missing in the last two years rushed to Nithari with photographs. Koli, under the alias Satish, later confessed to killing six children and a 20-year-old woman referred to as "Payal" after [[sexual assault|sexually assaulting]] them.<ref name="onkar">{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Onkar |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/29noida1.htm |title=Noida: Parents of missing children anxious |publisher=Rediff News |date=2006-12-29 |access-date=2007-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204234954/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/29noida1.htm |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The families of the missing children accused the police of negligence. Initially, some police officers, including Noida SP city, denied any criminal angle, asserted that the families had provided false information about the ages of the missing, and claimed that they weren't minors but instead were adults who left home after fighting with their parents. The residents also alleged that the police were [[Police corruption|corrupt]] and were paid to conceal information. Demands were made for an independent investigation. One of the residents asserted that the police were claiming credit for discovering the bodies when it was the residents who dug them up. The police denied having found 15 bodies, reiterating that they had discovered skulls, bones and other body parts, and said they were unable to give a figure for the number of victims. The victims' identities and number could only be established with [[DNA profiling|DNA tests]]. The police then sealed the house and did not allow news media near the site.<ref name="onkar" />

The [[Government of India|Central government]] tried to ascertain the facts behind the discovery of the skeletal remains and whether it had "inter-state ramifications".<ref name="ramifications">{{cite news |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/29noida2.htm |title=Do skeleton recoveries have inter-state ramifications? |publisher=Rediff News |date=2006-12-29 |access-date=2007-02-27}}</ref> Law and order are state matters, but the [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] asked for details about the magnitude of the crime.<ref name="ramifications" />

On 26 and 27 December respectively, Koli's employer, Moninder Singh Pandher, and Koli were taken into custody by the police in connection with the disappearance of "Payal". After Koli's confession, the police started digging up the nearby land area and discovered the children's bodies.<ref name="payalie">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/19965.html |title=Moninder, his cook were with Noida police before the remains were found |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=2007-01-04 |access-date=2007-03-08 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5bMF69QIe?url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Moninder%2C-his-cook-were-with-Noida-police-before-the-remains-were-found%09%09%09%09----/19965/ |archive-date=6 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Two policemen were suspended on 31 December for failing to take action despite being informed about a number of children missing, as angry residents charged the house of the alleged mastermind, demanding the removal of the [[Mulayam Singh Yadav|Mulayam Singh]] government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/31noida.htm |title=Noida serial killings: 2 cops suspended |access-date=2007-03-08 |author =Sagar Kulkarni |date=2006-12-31 |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref>

The situation at Nithari was aggravated as an angry mob of villagers fought with police, then pelting stones at each other, just outside the residence of the accused. The police also detained Pandher's maid Maya under suspicion that she lured women to the house. As more body parts were dug up near the premises, hundreds of local residents descended on the spot and alleged that there was an [[organ trade]] connection to the grisly killings of young children.<ref name="onkar" /> A doctor living close to the Pandher residence, Navin Choudhary, had been under police suspicion a few years prior in connection with an alleged kidney racket at his hospital. Searches were conducted throughout his properties, and the investigators found no evidence to support the claim.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/01noida.htm |title=Noida killings: Villagers clash with cops |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-01 |access-date=2007-03-08}}</ref>

== Primary investigation ==
On 1 January 2007, the [[Remand (court procedure)|remand]] magistrate granted the police custody of Pandher and Surinder Koli until 10 January 2007, as the investigators said that further interrogation was required to complete the recovery of victims' remains. The court also granted permission for [[Narco Analysis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/01noida1.htm |title=Police remand of Noida accused extended till January 10 |access-date=2007-03-08 |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref> On the same evening, police conducted a raid on Pandher's [[Chandigarh]] residence. His wife and son were interrogated about Pandher's habits. Police sources disclosed that their relationship with him was "strained", which was later found untrue. His behaviour was described as normal. A senior police inspector revealed that there would be a series of searches conducted at Pandher's [[Ludhiana]] farmhouse and nearby places. The recent child kidnapping cases in Chandigarh – Pandher's hometown – were re-opened, but nothing was found.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/19889.html |title=Police raid Moninder's house in Chandigarh |access-date=2007-03-08 |date=2007-01-02 |newspaper=The Sunday Express |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211073826/http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/19889.html |archive-date=11 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="highlevel">{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14361778 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222356/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14361778 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=High-level probe ordered into Noida murders |website=Sify News |date=2007-01-03 |access-date=2007-03-08}}</ref>

The next day, 15 of the 17 skeletons discovered in the village were identified. Ten of them were identified by Koli when he was confronted with the photographs of the missing children. Five others were identified by family members after being shown belongings recovered from the scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14361124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211207/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14361124 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=Noida killings: 15 skeletons identified |access-date=2007-03-08 |date=2007-01-02 |website=Sify News}}</ref> The [[torso]]s of the bodies were missing and the investigating team was looking into possibilities that the killings were motivated by illicit trade in human organs. The police said that there were at least 31 child victims.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14360930 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181741/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14360930 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=Organ trade twist to Noida horror, body parts missing |access-date=2007-03-08 |date=2007-01-02 |website=Sify News}}</ref>

Security was increased as police expected more disturbance, following two days of violence near Pandher's residence. In a press statement, [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Y. K. Sabharwal]] asserted that the investigation was at a preliminary level, and neither the courts nor the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) were involved at that point.<ref name="payalie" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/03noida.htm |title=We won't intervene in Noida killings: Supreme Court |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-03 |access-date=2007-03-08}}</ref>

=== Inquiry committee report ===
The [[Government of India|Central Government]], however, constituted a high-level inquiry committee to go into the police lapses, during the period of reporting and investigation. [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] said that he would await the report of the committee looking into the issue before making the decision on whether there should be a CBI probe into the matter. The committee was headed by the Joint Secretary, Women and Child Development Ministry, Manjula Krishnan. Under the terms of the reference,
* This committee would take stock of the efforts made by the Noida police in locating the children who went missing.
* It would assess the level of cooperation and assistance provided by the local administration, to locate the missing children and unite them with their families.
* It would go through the ''[[modus operandi]]'' and the motives of the accused.<ref name="highlevel" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14362085 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211912/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14362085 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=Centre sets up panel to go into Noida killings |website=Sify News |date=2007-01-03 |access-date=2007-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20089.html |title=Noida killings: Centre orders probe |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2007-01-04 |access-date=2007-03-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121007/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20089.html |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

The panel met the parents of the victims to record their statements even as the police determined that out of the 17 confirmed people killed, 10 were girls. Parents of eight of the sexually abused children were given compensation of Rs. 12 lakhs. The [[DNA]] samples from the human remains were sent to a forensic laboratory in [[Hyderabad]] for the identification of the victims while forensic samples were sent to the laboratory in [[Agra]] to determine the age, cause of death and other details. It was determined that "Payal" was the only adult victim identified, with all other 11 victims below the age of 10.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14361871 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211640/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14361871 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=UP govt panel meets victims' parents |website=Sify News |date=2007-01-03 |access-date=2007-03-08}}</ref> Seven of the eight families that had been provided compensation of Rs. 200,000 on 3 January 2007 returned their cheques in protest. However, the cheques were soon returned to them. They demanded houses and jobs in compensation as well.<ref name="highlevel" />

After pressure and public outcry, the [[Uttar Pradesh]] Government suspended two superintendents of police and dismissed six policemen for dereliction of duty. This action followed the report by the four-member committee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14362130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222311/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14362130 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=Noida serial killings: 6 policemen sacked |website=Sify News |date=2007-01-03 |access-date=2007-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20065.html |title=UP sacks six police personnel in Nithari case |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2007-01-04 |access-date=2007-03-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106022944/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20065.html |archive-date=6 January 2007}}</ref> On 17 January 2007 the inquiry committee submitted its reports indicting the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] for "gross negligence" in handling the cases of missing persons. The committee said that the local administration was negligent and irresponsible while dealing with the missing persons reports and did not rule out organ trade as a possible motive behind the killings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/17noida.htm |title=Nithari case: Central probe indicts UP cops |access-date=2007-07-16 |work=Rediff news }}</ref>

The two accused in the case were already in police custody while the skeletal remains of the young children were being unearthed from behind and in front of Pandher's residence. An [[First Information Report|FIR]] had been filed on 7 October 2006. Investigations revealed that Payal's [[cellphone]] was being used although the [[SIM card]] she owned remained inactive. Through digital surveillance, the investigators were able to track down a number of people and could finally reach the man who sold the phone. The [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaw]] cart puller affirmed that the phone belonged to someone from the Pandher residence. After the affirmation of the facts by the witness, Moninder Singh was called for interrogation, which subsequently revealed nothing. His aide and servant, Surinder Koli was picked up the next day and he confessed to killing the woman and dumping her body behind the house. The police started digging and henceforth recovered the skeletal remains of the missing children instead of Payal.<ref name="payalie" />

Nand Lal, the father of the girl – ''Deepika'' alias ''Payal'', alleged that the police had threatened and harassed him. He stated that it was because of the court intervention that the police officers registered the [[First Information Report|FIR]].

=== Suspicions of organ trade and cannibalism ===
The police initially suspected an organ trade angle as to the motive behind the murders and raided the house of a doctor who lived in the neighbourhood of the primary accused. A team of officials, accompanied by a team of forensic experts, went to pick up possible evidence for tests. The police revealed that the doctor had been accused of a similar crime in 1998, although the court had absolved him the same year. There was a second raid a few days later.<ref>{{cite web |title=Police raid Noida doctor's home |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/police-raid-noida-doctor-s-home/story-UpVcpAq315AQwcz5Z9YJoJ.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 September 2025 |language=en |date=6 January 2007}}</ref> The police were, however, cautious with the news reports suggesting the accused committed [[human cannibalism|cannibalism]] even before the [[polygraph]] tests had barely begun. They were "aghast" when they learned of media reports that one of the accused had confessed to the consumption of the victims' livers and other body parts. Such a possibility was not ruled out by the investigating team, considering the amount of brutality the duo had allegedly committed on the victims.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pradhan |first=Sharat |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/06noida6.htm |title=Noida police cautious about cannibalism theory |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-06 |access-date=2007-04-12}}</ref>

=== Brain mapping and narco analysis ===
The accused duo were brought to the Directorate of Forensic Sciences in [[Gandhinagar]] city in order to undergo [[brain mapping]] and [[polygraph]] tests on 4 January 2007<ref name="brain">{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/07noida.htm |title=Noida killers undergo brain-mapping tests |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-07 |access-date=2007-04-12}}</ref> and [[narco analysis test|narco analysis]] five days later.<ref name="narco">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/20558.html |title=Pandher undergoes narco-analysis |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2007-01-09 |access-date=2007-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211042134/http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/20558.html |archive-date=11 February 2007}}</ref> The police director told the scribes that both the accused had been cooperative during the tests and examinations. A senior director of the institute announced the conclusion of the extensive tests and declared that a conclusion had been drawn. Surinder Koli had confessed to the crimes and had given his employer a clean chit saying that he was unaware of Koli's actions. Surinder Koli also revealed that all deaths had taken place through strangulation. He would then rape them before taking the bodies to his personal washroom and dismembering them. Pandher was declared to be a womaniser and depressed.

== CBI investigation ==
After four days of discourse and mounting pressure from the [[Government of India]], the [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] decided to hand over the inquiry to the Central Bureau of Investigation. The notification came after the Department of Personnel and Training, which governs the CBI, sent a letter to the state government making a proper request for a probe by the agency in line with the prescribed norms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/09noida4.htm |title=UP issues notification for CBI probe into Noida killings |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-09 |access-date=2007-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/20559.html |title=Centre wants CBI probe request in proper format |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2007-01-10 |access-date=2007-04-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211042144/http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/20559.html |archive-date=11 February 2007}}</ref>

The two accused were taken to the CBI headquarters in Mumbai Jail on the night of 11 January 2007, a day before the investigation was to be transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14366697 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201021/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14366697 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=Pandher, Koli taken to undisclosed location |website=Sify News |date=2007-01-11 |access-date=2007-04-13}}</ref> The CBI continued its investigation and discovered three more skulls and human remains at the site of the serial killings. The investigators searched the drains outside the house and found three skulls, believed to be of the children, and several body parts, including parts of legs, bones, and torso. Several objects were found that are believed to belong to the victims. The exhibits were sealed and forwarded to forensic labs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/13noida.htm |title=Noida killings: 3 more skulls, other human remains found |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-13 |access-date=2007-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14368540 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930221005/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14368540 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=3 more skulls found near Pandher's house |website=Sify News |date=2007-01-13 |access-date=2007-05-18}}</ref>

The Central inquiry committee that investigated the serial killings discovered serious lapses on the part of the police in handling the cases of missing persons. The reports were incriminating and proclaimed that the local police failed in their duty to respond to complaints over the past two years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/13noida1.htm |title=Central enquiry committee report on Nithari on January 17 |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-13 |access-date=2007-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14368572 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223318/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14368572 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=Central committee report on Nithari on January 17 |website=Sify News |date=2007-01-13 |access-date=2007-05-18}}</ref>

The discovery of several [[polythene]] bags containing parts of human torsos led the investigators to conclude that it was unlikely that the accused had links to illegal organ trade. The CBI team discovered the bags in the drains outside the Pandher residence. After interrogating Surinder Koli, they came to a ''[[prima facie]]'' conclusion that "he is a [[psychopathy|psychopath]] used to carry out the killings". Interrogators also said that it was possible that Pandher had no role to play in the murders.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/14noida.htm |title=Nithari killings accused a psychopath: CBI |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-14 |access-date=2007-05-18}}</ref> The seized materials were sent to the laboratory for post-mortem, individualisation, and DNA extraction. The materials received from the Uttar Pradesh police were also forwarded for forensic examination. Some liquor bottles, a [[Double-barreled shotgun|double-barreled gun]], cartridges, mobile phones, photographs, photo albums and a blood-stained grill were handed over to the CBI for extensive examination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/15noida2.htm |title=CBI finds 40 bags of body parts in Nithari |access-date=2007-07-16 |work=Rediff News }}</ref> Preliminary investigations revealed that the bones were not more than two years old. The CBI also revealed that only 15 skulls had been found thus far, and not 17 as claimed by the state police.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14371117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930205239/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14371117 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-30 |title=Nithari bones not more than two years old |access-date=2007-07-16 |work=Sify news }}</ref>

A three-member CBI team questioned the kin of Surinder Koli in the [[Almora]] district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14371008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224713/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14371008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-27 |title=Noida killings: CBI questions Surendra's kin |access-date=2007-07-16 |work=Sify News }}</ref>

In November 2007, the Supreme Court notified the CBI concerning the case about the allegation by a relative of a victim that the investigating agency was trying to shield Moninder Singh Pandher, one of the key accused in the case.

== Victims ==
Payal was the only adult victim in the string of serial murders. Young girls constituted the majority of victims. [[Post mortem|Post-mortem]] reports of the 17 sets of skulls and bones recovered showed that 11 of the killed were girls. Doctors at Noida Government Hospital revealed that there was a "butcher-like precision" in the chopping of the bodies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/04noida6.htm |title=Butcher-like precision in Noida killings: Post-mortem |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-04 |access-date=2007-04-12}}</ref> The post mortem reports revealed that there had been a pattern in the killings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/04noida2.htm |title=Most Noida victims were girls; SIT to probe killings |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-01-04 |access-date=2007-03-08}}</ref> A gory revelation was made by the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] on 6 February 2007. It was also concluded that there were 19 skulls in all; 16 complete and 3 damaged. The bodies had been cut into three pieces before being disposed of by the servant. The CBI sources said that the manservant, after strangling the victims, severed their heads and threw them in the drain behind the house of his employer. Sources also revealed that he used to keep the [[viscera]] in a polythene bag before disposing of it in a drain, so as to prevent detection. The skulls and the other remains were forwarded to the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] for further profiling.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/06noida1.htm |title=Gory details of Nithari killings revealed |publisher=Rediff News |date=2007-02-06 |access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref> The crime scene examination, recovery and collection of human remains and exhibits and their detailed examination was carried out by experts from AIIMS and CFSL under the chairmanship and guidance of professor [[Tirath Das Dogra|T D Dogra]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://msl.rsmjournals.com/content/50/4/220.abstract |title=Identity of victims from fragmented and decomposed remnants by DNA profiling in a case of serial killings |author1=Anupuma Raina |author2=T D Dogra |author3=Antoon A Leenaars |author4=Bhuvnesh Yadav |author5=C Bhera |author6=Sanjeev Lalwani |author7=Lindsey Leenaars |journal=Med Sci Law |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=220–223 |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=2013-02-09 |doi=10.1258/msl.2010.010106 |pmid=21539291 |s2cid=42864047 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411181133/http://msl.rsmjournals.com/content/50/4/220.abstract |archive-date=11 April 2013|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Convictions ==
On 12 February 2009, both the accused—Moninder Singh Pandher and his domestic servant Surinder Koli—were found guilty of the 8 February 2005 murder of Rimpa Haldar, 14, by a special sessions court in [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]]. This verdict left the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) red-faced, as the CBI had earlier given a clean chit to Moninder Singh Pandher in all its chargesheets. Both the accused Moninder Singh Pandher and Surinder Koli were given the [[death sentence]] on 13 February 2009, as the case was classified as "rarest of rare".
* On 4 May 2010, Koli was found guilty of the 25 October 2006 murder of Arti Prasad, 7, and given a second death sentence eight days later.
* On 27 September 2010, Koli was found guilty of the 10 April 2006 murder of Rachna Lal, 9, and given a third death sentence the following day.
* On 22 December 2010, Koli was found guilty of the June 2006 murder of Deepali Sarkar, 12, and given a fourth death sentence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pandher-koli-held-guilty/422808/|title=Pandher, Koli held guilty}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Death-for-Pandher-Koli-in-Nithari-case/articleshow/4121835.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810234244/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-14/delhi/28055514_1_surender-koli-rimpa-halder-koli-in-nithari-case|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-08-10|title=Death for Pandher, Koli in Nithari case | first1=Abhinav |last1=Garg |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2009-02-14}}</ref>
* On 15 February 2011, the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence of Surinder Koli.<ref name="sc">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/SC-upholds-death-penalty-of-Nithari-serial-killer-Surinder-Koli/articleshow/7500679.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104195655/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-15/delhi/28544607_1_surinder-koli-rimpa-haldar-nithari|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-11-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=SC upholds death penalty of Nithari serial killer Surinder Koli | date=2011-02-15}}</ref>
* On 24 December 2012, Koli was found guilty of the 4 June 2005 murder of Chhoti Kavita, 5, and given a fifth death sentence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nithari-killings-serial-killer-surender-koli-gets-death-penalty-for-the-fifth-time/1049629/|title=Serial killer Surinder Koli gets death penalty for the fifth time | work=The Indian Express| date=2012-12-24}}</ref>

On 10 September 2009, the [[Allahabad High Court]] acquitted Moninder Singh Pandher and overturned his death sentence.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pandher-acquitted-in-a-nithari-case-kolis-sentence-upheld/article18442.ece|title=Pandher acquitted in a Nithari case; Koli's sentence upheld}}</ref> He was not named a main suspect by investigators initially but was summoned as co-accused during the trial. While Pandher was acquitted, the court at this time upheld the death sentence for Surinder Koli, his former domestic servant.<ref name="The Hindu" />

In February 2011, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the death sentence against both suspects. In July 2014, the [[President of India]] rejected the mercy petitions filed by Koli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mercy petitions of 6 Nithari Murder convicts rejected by President|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/mercy-petitions-of-6-nithari-murder-convicts-rejected-by-president/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> On 3 September 2014, the Court issued a death warrant against Koli in the Nithari case. On the evening of 4 September 2014, Koli was transferred to [[Meerut]] Jail because of the absence of hanging facilities at Dasna Jail, Ghaziabad. He was to be hanged on 12 September 2014. The Supreme Court stayed the death sentence for one week after a petition was filed for Koli. The court stopped Koli's hanging at a midnight hearing, saying an inordinate delay in execution was valid grounds for commutation.<ref name=HT-Nithari>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-03|title=Nithari killings: Surinder Koli given death penalty in 10th case|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/nithari-killings-surinder-koli-given-death-penalty-in-10th-case/story-eGoUjxox7WK9u2pLXAc5YI.html|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> But on 29 October 2014, the Supreme Court bench headed by the Chief Justice of India [[H. L. Dattu]] rejected the death sentence [[review petition]] stating that the court had not committed any error in judgement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/nithari-case-surinder-koli-s-plea-for-review-of-death-sentence-rejected-by-supreme-court-612937|title=Nithari Case: Surinder Koli's Plea for Review of Death Sentence Rejected by Supreme Court|author =A Vaidyanathan|date=28 October 2014|work=NDTV.com|access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>

On 28 January 2015, however, the High Court bench headed by Chief Justice D. Y. Chandrachud and Justice P. K. S. Baghel commuted Koli's death sentence to life imprisonment on the ground of "inordinate delay" in deciding his mercy petition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/5623986_Nithari-killings--Koli-s-death-sentence-commuted-by-HC.html|title=Site Under Construction|access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref> But in 2019, Koli was again given a death sentence in the 10th conviction.<ref name=HT-Nithari />

== Acquittal and release==

On 16 October 2023, 17 years after the crimes were discovered, Koli and Pandher were acquitted of all charges against them, after appeals filed by the two suspects. Both were acquitted by the Allahabad High Court due to a lack of convincing evidence other than the confessions of the accused.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nithari-serial-killings-case-allahabad-hc-acquits-koli-pandher/article67425911.ece|title=Nithari serial killings case: Citing shoddy probe, Allahabad HC acquits Koli, Pandher |first1=Ishita |last1=Mishra |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> The court declared:
{{Blockquote|The casual and perfunctory manner in which important aspects of arrest, recovery and confession have been dealt with are most disheartening, to say the least.... It appears to us that the investigation opted for the easy course of implicating a poor servant of the house by demonising him, without taking due care of probing more serious aspects of possible involvement of organised activity of organ trading.... Upon evaluation of the evidence led in this case, on the touchstone of fair trial guaranteed to an accused under Article 21, we hold that the prosecution has failed to prove the guilt of accused S.K. and Pandher beyond reasonable doubt, on the settled parameters of a case based on circumstantial evidence.<ref name="Hindu" />}}

The decision came as a shock for the victims' families who were hoping for justice. Pappu Lal, a security guard whose eight-year-old daughter was killed in the serial killings, said after the judgement: "We don't have this much money that we can keep fighting for justice for so many years." Durga Prasad, whose seven-year-old daughter was murdered, declared: "This court might have acquitted those monsters but there is a bigger court of God who will not spare them".<ref name="Hindu" />

On 11 November 2025, the Supreme Court acquitted Koli in the last remaining case; he was released the next day.<ref name="supremecourtacquittal"/><ref name="acquittalsc2">{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Aaratrika |title=Nithari killings: Supreme Court acquits prime accused Surendra Koli in last pending case, orders his release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nithari-killings-supreme-court-acquits-prime-accused-surendra-koli-in-last-pending-case/article70265652.ece |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=registration|date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

A [[BBC]] documentary on the case titled ''Slumdog Cannibal'' was released in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Purwar |first1=Krati |title=11 Real-Life Horrors That Lead to Hue and Cry; Docuseries You Can Watch on OTT |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/tv-ott/real-life-horrors-public-outrage-document-series-on-ott-article-250645 |website=Herzindagi |access-date=24 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 October 2023}}</ref> In 2017, an Indian documentary film titled ''The Karma Killings'' was released on [[Netflix]], directed by Ram Devineni.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=7 March 2021 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/noFRIyXY2ZhKh4p0re1X5M/The-Karma-Killings-revive-horrors-of-Nithari-in-cold-blood.html | title=The Karma Killings revive horrors of Nithari in cold blood | work=Mint | date=20 January 2017 | last=Sen | first=Rajyasree}}</ref>

The case was included as one of the cases in the bestselling book [[The Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers]] (2019) by [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]], the creator-producer of the hit TV show [[Savdhaan India]]. The book offered alternate viewpoints to the case, suggesting that the Noida Police botched the investigation and that Pandher and Koli were innocent; it also discussed the possibility of an organ-trafficking nexus. In 2023, much of this was corroborated when the Allahabad High Court acquitted Pandher and Koli, referring to a "botched up probe".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/nithari-killings-allahabad-high-court-acquits-surendra-koli-in-12-cases-moninder-singh-in-2-cases-2449517-2023-10-16 |title= Nithari Killings: Allahabad High Court acquits Surinder Koli, Moninder Pandher; says 'botched up probe'|website= timesofindia.com |date= 16 October 2023|access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>

The case was also covered in an episode of the [[true crime]] podcast titled ''The Desi Crime Podcast''<ref>{{cite web|url= https://open.spotify.com/episode/1Itpk0hBGE2zDDc4fbZM8z?si=9WnFWKZZTS6zroTYiesBKQ |title=15. Kill Cut Eat |website=Spotify |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> and an episode of ''[[RedHanded]]'' titled "Village of the Damned: The Nithari Child Murders".<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QftXodMMwGA |title=Village of the Damned: The Nithari Child Murders |website =Youtube |date=5 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> The 2011 Indian film ''[[Murder 2]]'' by [[Mohit Suri]] and starring [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] and [[Prashant Narayanan]] was inspired from this case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-08 |title=Murder 2 Plot Lifted From Korean flick? |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110179477&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=117381 |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174436/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110179477&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=117381 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2024, Netflix released a movie entitled ''[[Sector 36]]'', loosely based on the case.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vineeta |last=Kumar |title=Sector 36 review: A tough watch where Vikrant Massey and Deepak Dobriyal excel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sector-36-review-a-tough-watch-where-vikrant-massey-and-deepak-dobriyal-excel-netflix-film-review-2599073-2024-09-13 |website=[[India Today]] |date=13 September 2024 |access-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913114824/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sector-36-review-a-tough-watch-where-vikrant-massey-and-deepak-dobriyal-excel-netflix-film-review-2599073-2024-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gahlot |first1=Deepa |title=Sector 36 Review: Nightmarish |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sector-36-review/20240913.htm |website=Rediff |language=en |date=13 September 2024 |access-date=19 February 2025 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917150804/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/sector-36-review/20240913.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==

* {{slink|List of serial killers by country#India}}
* [[Elanthoor human sacrifice case]], another reported case of cannibalism in India

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112050058/http://english.ohmynews.com/ArticleView/article_view.asp?no=338176&rel_no=1 Serial Killings in Noida and Ipswich]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102523/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=January2007&file=World_News2007010415714.xml Panel to probe Noida serial killings]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6233175.stm BBC News – Tests on India killings accused]
* [http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=noidakillings&id=21061&callid=0 NDTV- Noida Serial Murder]
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/noida07.html?zcc=rl Rediff.com – Noida serial killings – Full coverage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223925/http://sify.com/news/fullcover.php?event_id=14361869 Sify.com – Noida killings – Full coverage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503012953/http://www.indianexpress.com/fullcoverage/58.html Indianexpress.com – Noida killings – Full coverage]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/womens-groups-oppose-death-for-koli/article6641613.ece Women's groups oppose death for Koli] 28 November 2014; Thehindu.com

[[Category:2006 murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Noida]]
[[Category:2000s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:Cannibalism in Asia]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in India]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Rape in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:Child abduction in India]]
[[Category:Rape trials]]
[[Category:Murder trials]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]

History of Poonch district

2026-05-03T15:56:46Z

DilkhusOfficial: put up a place - done

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Former region in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{about|the Poonch Jagir before 1947|the Indian portion|Poonch District, India|the Pakistani portion|Poonch District, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Poonch Jagir
| common_name = Poonch
| nation = [[Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision = [[Jagir]]
| era =
| year_start = 1846
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1947
| date_end = 22 October
| event_end = [[1947 Poonch Rebellion]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| p2 =
| s1 = Pakistan
| s2 = India
| flag_s1 = Flag of Pakistan.svg
| flag_s2 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag2 =
| image_flag =
| flag_type = {{ubl|Top: [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir]] (1846{{nbnd}}1936){{pb}}|Bottom: [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir]] (1936{{nbnd}}1953)}}
| image_coat =
| image_map = Jammu and Kashmir in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg
| image_map_caption = Poonch Jagir in the 1946 map of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 = 1846
| stat_pop1 =
| today = [[Poonch Division]], Pakistan, [[Poonch district, India]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Poonch jagir'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR21&dq=poonch+jagir&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_t5CQqMuNAxWDgv0HHTQ8Bm8Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=poonch%20jagir&f=false |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-621-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfnp|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=123}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Cabeiri deBergh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O39522tvQqQC&pg=PA39&dq=poonch+jagir&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_t5CQqMuNAxWDgv0HHTQ8Bm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=poonch%20jagir&f=false |title=Body of Victim, Body of Warrior: Refugee Families and the Making of Kashmiri Jihadists |date=2013-03-08 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95454-0 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Poonch district''',<ref>{{citation |last1=Ibrahim Khan |first1=Muhammad |title=The Kashmir Saga |page=63 |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCtuAAAAMAAJ |edition=Second |location=Mirpur |publisher=Verinag |orig-date=1965}}</ref> was a former [[Jagir|semi-autonomous]] region in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The territory was divided between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947, represented by the present-day [[Poonch Division]] of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Poonch District, India|Poonch District]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

The Sikh monarch, [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] captured the Poonch region in 1819 and gave it to the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] noble, Raja [[Dhian Singh|Dhyan Singh]], as a ''[[jagir]]'' (fief). After the death of Ranjit Singh, Dhyan Singh was murdered in Sikh intrigues, and the region was transferred to [[Gulab Singh]] as part of the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], which established Jammu and Kashmir as a princely state under [[British Paramountcy|British suzerainty]]. The jagir of Poonch continued among Dhyan Singh's descendants as a subsidiary fief of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1928, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir started encroaching into the internal administration of the Poonch Jagir and, by 1947, the status of Poonch was like a regular district of Jammu and Kashmir.

After the departure of the British in August 1947, the tribesmen of Poonch [[1947 Poonch rebellion|rebelled]], inviting Pakistani assistance and giving rise to the [[First Kashmir War]]. The war ended a year later with the region being divided between India and Pakistan.

== Geography ==
The Poonch Jagir in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was to the west of the [[Kashmir Valley]], lying between the [[Jhelum River]] in the west and the [[Pir Panjal Range]] in the east. It was bounded by the [[Muzaffarabad]] district in the north, and [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] and [[Rajouri]] districts in the south.

In 1947, the jagir was administered through four [[Tehsil|''tehsils'']] (sub-districts): Sudhanoti and Bagh in the west, and Haveli and Mendhar in the east.<ref>{{harvp|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=305}}</ref> The [[Poonch (town)|Poonch Town]], the headquarters of the district, was located in the Haveli tehsil.

The main river of the district is the [[Poonch River]] (also called "Poonch Tohi"). It originates in the Pir Panjal Range, and flows west-northwest till near the Poonch Town and then bends south, flowing into the Mirpur district. Near the Poonch Town, it is joined by [[Betar Nala]], which flows down from the northern part of the Haveli tehsil.

The [[Pir Panjal Pass]], in the southeastern corner of the district, represented a key travel route into the Kashmir Valley during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] times. It was accessed via [[Bhimber]] and [[Rajouri]], and then travelling up the valley of the Poonch River due east. Another route called [[Tosa Maidan]] route lay to the north of the Pir Panjal Pass. It was accessed through the valley of the [[Mandi River]], a tributary of Poonch.

== Early history ==

===Ancient history===
When [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] invaded the lower Jhelum belt to fight Porus, the Jhelum valley region was known as ''Abhisara''.<ref name="Roy2009">{{citation|last=Roy|first=Kumkum|title=Historical Dictionary of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIUZjYEuqskC&pg=PA2|year=2009|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5366-9|pages=2–}}</ref> It is likely that the Kashmir Valley controlled this region. The Abhisaras submitted to the invader, along with [[Ambhi]] of [[Takshashila]] (Taxila), and the region was consolidated into the Alexander's empire.{{sfn|Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir|1994|pp=67-68}}

The ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' mentions Poonch under the name ''Paranotsa''. [[Xuanzang]] in the 7th century transliterated it as ''Pun-nu-tso''.{{sfn|Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir|1994|p=42}}

Based on the [[Mahabharata]] evidence,<ref>MBH 7.4.5; 7/91/39-40.</ref> and evidence from 7th century [[China|Chinese]] traveler [[Xuanzang]],<ref>Watters, Yuan Chawang, Vol I, p 284.</ref> the districts of Rajouri, Poonch and Abhisara had been under the sway of the Republican [[Kambojas]] during [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] times.<ref>''Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, p 133, 219/220, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; ''A History of India'', p 269-71, N. R. Ray, N. K. Sinha; ''Journal of Indian History'', p 304, [[University of Allahabad]]. Department of Modern Indian History, [[University of Kerala]] - 1921.</ref>

At the time of Xuanzang's visit, the Kashmir Valley controlled all the territories adjacent to it in the south and the west, including [[Taxila]], which is said to have been subjugated at a recent date.{{sfn|Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir|1994|p=117}}

===Sovereign State===
Around 850CE, Poonch became a sovereign state ruled by Raja Nar, who was a horse trader. According to ''Rajatrangani'', Raja Trilochanpal of Poonch gave a formidable resistance to [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmood Ghaznavi]] who invaded the region in 1020. Ghaznavi failed to enter Kashmir, as he could not capture the fort of Lohara (modern day [[Loran Valley|Loran]], in district of Poonch).<ref name=official/>

=== Kashmir Sultanate ===
Poonch came under the [[Kashmir Sultanate]] during late 15th century through the military campaigns of [[Malik Tazi Bhat]], a general of the Sultanate. He led military campaigns that resulted in the conquest and administration of several regions, including Poonch, [[Jammu]], [[Rajouri]], [[Bhimber]], [[Jhelum]], [[Sialkot]], and [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], from 1475 to 1487. Following its incorporation, Poonch was administered as a vassal state under the Kashmir Sultanate. Local rulers retained a degree of autonomy but were required to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Sultan and provide tribute and military support when necessary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmu |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qko_AAAAMAAJ&q=tazi+bhat+chiefs&redir_esc=y |title=A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320-1819 |date=1969 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

This arrangement persisted until the late 16th century, when the region came under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] influence. In 1596, Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] granted Siraj-ud-Din Rathore rulership over Poonch, marking the end of its vassalage under Kashmir.

===Mughal era===
In 1596, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]] made Siraj-Ud-Din Rathore the ruler of Poonch. During his second visit to Kashmir in 1592, [[Akbar]] had come through the Haji Pir Pass along with Jahangir (then Prince Salim), at which time Rathore had impressed them with his hospitality. Siraj-Ud-Din and his descendants ruled the Poonch area up to 1792: Siraj-Ud-Din Rathore (1596–1648), Fateh Mohammad Rathore (1648-1700), Abdul Razak Rathore (1700–1747), Mohammad Zaman Rathore (1747–1748), Asid Yaar Khan Kishtwari (1749–1760), Ali Gohar Rathore (1756–1760), Raja Rustam Rathore (1760–1786), Raja Shahbaz Rathore (1786–1792).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Durrani Empire===
Under the leadership of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]], the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Afghans]] conquered [[Kashmir]], taking advantage of the declining Mughal Empire. From 1752 to 1819, Poonch was under [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] rule. They ruled the region until 1819, when the [[Sikh Empire]] routed them from the [[Kashmir Valley]], and annexed parts of [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]] (eastern half). They subsequently lost rule in any remaining territories in [[Kashmir]].{{sfnp|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|pp=43–44}}<ref name="vogelhillstates">{{cite book |last1=Vogel |first1=J. Ph. |title=History Of The Panjab Hill States (Vol. 2) |date=1933 |pages=722 |quote=From A.D. 1752 to 1819, Punch, like the other Hill States, and especially those to the west of the Chinab, was under Durani rule|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43323}}</ref>

===Tribal Coalitions (1819–1832)===
In the western parts of Poonch (modern day [[Poonch Division|Poonch Division, AJK]]) the local tribes had entrenched themselves in the hills. The Muslim tribes of the region formed a defensive coalition against the Sikhs, at the head of which was the [[Sudhan]] tribe.<ref name="SarafPage77Hills">{{cite book |last1=Saraf |first1=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946 |date=1977 |publisher=Ferozsons |location=University of California |page=77 |url=https://ia803404.us.archive.org/24/items/part-i-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-1-1819-1946-by-yusuf-saraf/Part%20I%20-%20Kashmiris%20Fight--For%20Freedom%20vol%201%20%281819-1946%29%20by%20Saraf%20s.pdf |quote=Although Sikhs were able, to a large extent, to subdue Muslims of Kashmir valley, they did not succeed in fully subjugating the people living in hilly areas, particularly those in Poonch}}</ref>

After [[Gulab Singh]] received the chakla of [[Jammu division|Jammu]] as a ''jagir'' (autonomous territory), he made renewed attempts at conquering [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]], but the armies he raised were not large enough to defeat the resistance, and consequently he would face defeats before being forced to withdraw.<ref name="SarafPage85">{{cite book |last1=Saraf |first1=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946 |date=1977 |publisher=Ferozsons |location=University of California |page=85 |url=https://ia803404.us.archive.org/24/items/part-i-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-1-1819-1946-by-yusuf-saraf/Part%20I%20-%20Kashmiris%20Fight--For%20Freedom%20vol%201%20%281819-1946%29%20by%20Saraf%20s.pdf |quote=About the year 1832, Gulab Singh, who had already acquired the Chakla of Jammu as Jagir from Maharaja Ranjit Singh, made many attempts at the conquest of the district of Poonch, which was inhabited by martial tribes like the 'Sudhans'.}}</ref>

In 1832, [[Gulab Singh]] convinced [[Ranjit Singh]] to attack the coalition. Ranjit marched with an army of 60,000 troops alongside an assortment of hill cannons. The coalition made the decision to surrender, accepting the suzerainty of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] over Poonch.<ref name="SarafPage85Hostage">{{cite book |last1=Saraf |first1=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946 |date=1977 |publisher=Ferozsons |location=University of California |page=85 |url=https://ia803404.us.archive.org/24/items/part-i-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-1-1819-1946-by-yusuf-saraf/Part%20I%20-%20Kashmiris%20Fight--For%20Freedom%20vol%201%20%281819-1946%29%20by%20Saraf%20s.pdf |quote=Gulab Singh prevailed upon Ranjit Singh, mainly through the influence of his brothers Dhian Singh and Suchet Singh, to attack Poonch. Consequently, Ranjit Singh marched at the head of a force as large as sixty thousand equipped with a hundred and fifty pieces of ordinances which boomed day and night in the hills surrounding the territory. Instead of putting up a fight, the local leadership thought it advisable to make peace and accept the Maharaja's sovereignty in order to save their territory from the destruction that such a huge army with its artillery could have inflicted. Shamas Khan, the outstanding local leader, was taken a hostage and entrusted to the care of Dhian Singh.}}</ref>

== Sikh Empire (1819–1846) ==
In 1819 this area was captured by Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref name=official>{{citation |url=http://poonch.gov.in/Topmenu/history.html |title=History of Poonch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310133036/http://poonch.gov.in/Topmenu/history.html |archive-date=10 March 2016 |publisher=Official web site of the Poonch District (Jammu and Kashmir) |date=2016}}</ref> The Dogra brothers [[Gulab Singh]], [[Dhian Singh]] and [[Suchet Singh]] were influential in Ranjit Singh's court. In 1822, Ranjit Singh appointed Gulab Singh as the Raja of [[Jammu]] and, in 1827, appointed Dhyan Singh as the Raja of Bhimber, Chibbal and Poonch{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=63}} (covering the Mirpur and Poonch districts as of 1947).<ref>
[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-peep-into-bhimber/ A peep into Bhimber], Daily Excelsior, 6 November 2016.
</ref>
Dhyan Singh spent most of his time in Lahore, subsequently becoming the ''wajir'' (prime minister) in the Sikh court. Gulab Singh is said to have managed his jagirs on his behalf.{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=63}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|pp=31-40}}

In 1837, the hill tribes of Poonch, led by the [[Sudhan]]s launched a [[1837 Poonch Revolt|rebellion]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carmichael |first1=Smyth G. |title=The History Of Reigning Family of Lahore |chapter= The Soodhun Revolt|date=1847 |pages=205–212 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173352/page/n247/mode/1up }}</ref> They captured Sikh garrisons and defeated the son of Gulab Singh, Udham Singh, who had been sent to subdue the rebellion. Though the rebels captured the majority of Poonch, after Gulab Singh returned from his campaign against the [[Yusufzai]], he was able to incite treachery within the rebellion. Gulab Singh then attacked with an army of twenty-thousand which he had raised in [[Kahuta]], and after fierce fighting and aid of Sikh reinforcements, he captured key forts of the rebels and their leaders, flaying alive [[Sudhan]] ''[[sardar]]s'' Malli Khan and Sabz Ali Khan, executions of other commanders and notables from the rebellious tribes and killed the main leader of the rebellion, Shams Khan. Gulab Singh's forces caused devastation and massacres within captured rebel territory, due to which he faced controversy, particularly by the British, and obtained the reputation of a tyrant.{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=63}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|pp=31-40}}<ref name="Kashmiri Fight For Freedom">{{cite book |last1=Saraf |first1=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946 |date=1977 |publisher=Ferozsons |location=University of California |pages=85–89 |url=https://ia803404.us.archive.org/24/items/part-i-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-1-1819-1946-by-yusuf-saraf/Part%20I%20-%20Kashmiris%20Fight--For%20Freedom%20vol%201%20%281819-1946%29%20by%20Saraf%20s.pdf |quote=During our interview, the Maharaja volunteered an explanation of the grounds on which he had obtained the character of a cruel tyrant, saying that in the Suodan country, the people had not only put his garrisons to the sword but cut up many of the soldiers piece-meal and thrown their corpses to the dogs, that in punishment for such atrocities and prevention of them for the future, he had flayed three ring-leaders. He then said that he would request for the services of... ((I Vigne, p. 241. 2 Maulvl Mlr Alam p. 97)) an advisor, after arriving in Kashmir by whose counsel he would abide his conduct."}}</ref><ref>Carmichael Smyth, G. (1847). "The Soodhun Revolt." In ''The History of the Reigning Family of Lahore'' (pp. 205–212). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173352/page/n247/mode/1up Archive.org]. English.</ref>

After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh court fell into anarchy and palace intrigues took over. Dhyan Singh, Suchet Singh as well as Dhyan Singh's son Hira Singh were murdered in these struggles.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|loc=Chapters III, IV}} Poonch was confiscated by the Sikh Durbar on the grounds that the Rajas had rebelled against the state and handed it over to Faiz Talib Khan of [[Rajouri]].{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=121}}

== Jammu and Kashmir State (1846–1947) ==
After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) and the subsequent Treaties of [[Treaty of Lahore|Lahore]] and [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Amritsar]], the entire territory between the [[Beas River|Beas]] and the [[Indus River|Indus]] rivers was transferred to Gulab Singh, including Poonch. He was recognised an independent ruler, a ''maharaja'', of the newly created state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfn|Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role|1971|pp=52-53}} Gulab Singh reinstated the jagir of Poonch to Jawahir Singh, the eldest remaining son of Dhyan Singh.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=121}}

The brothers Jawahir Singh and [[Moti Singh (ruler)|Moti Singh]] were not satisfied. They put forward a claim to being independent rulers of Poonch, maintaining that they were entitled to a share in the 'family property' of all the territories controlled by Gulab Singh. The matter was adjudicated by [[Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet|Sir Frederick Currie]], the British Resident in Lahore, in 1852, who confirmed that Gulab Singh was indeed their suzerain. The brothers were to give the Maharaja Gulab Singh a horse with gold trappings every year and consult him on all matters of importance.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|pp=121-123}}{{sfn|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|p=48}} The House of Poonch however continued to contest this arrangement right up to 1940.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=232}}

In 1852, the brothers Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh quarrelled and the Punjab Board of Revenue awarded a settlement. Moti Singh was awarded the territory of the Poonch district, and Jawahir Singh that of the Mirpur district. Christopher Snedden remarks that Moti Singh's territory amounted to two-thirds of Dhyan Singh's estate.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=232}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=123}}

In 1859, Jawahir Singh was accused of 'treacherous conspiracy' by Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] (r. 1857–1885), who succeeded Gulab Singh. The British agreed with the assessment and forced Jawahir Singh into exile in [[Ambala]]. Ranbir Singh paid Jawahir Singh an annual stipend of Rs. 100,000 until his death, and confiscated his territory (the Mirpur district) afterwards because Jawahir Singh had no heirs.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=233}}

Moti Singh's son, [[Baldev Singh (ruler)|Baldev Singh]] contested this action claiming that the territory should return to him as the sole surviving descendant of Dhyan Singh. The British did not accept the claim saying that Jawahir Singh forfeited his territory when he agreed to the annual stipend.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=233}}

=== Autonomy disputes ===
After Maharaja Ranbir Singh was succeeded by [[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (r. 1885–1925), a 'Council of Administration' was imposed on Jammu and Kashmir by the British. The Council is said to have started encroaching on Poonch, egged on by Pratap Singh's brother Amar Singh. Complaints were made to the British, who continued the original line that Poonch was a feudatory of Jammu and Kashmir and so it was an internal affair of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=233}}

Raja Baldev Singh (r. 1892–1918), who succeeded Moti Singh, complained in 1895 that Jammu and Kashmir started referring to Poonch as a ''jagir'', whereas he maintained that it was a 'state'. This was apparently a very emotive issue for Baldev Singh and, subsequently, to the residents of Poonch. Baldev Singh's successor [[Sukhdev Singh (Raja of Poonch)|Sukhdev Singh]] (r. 1918–1927) and [[Jagatdev Singh]] (r. 1928–1940) continued the complaints. In 1927, the British resident in Kashmir Evelyn Howell got involved and he advised Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] that, while Poonch was clearly subsidiary to Jammu and Kashmir, it was only referred to as an ''illaqa'' in the original grant, not as a ''jagir''.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=233-234}}

Jagatdev Singh ascended as the Raja in 1928 at a young age, and the reigning Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] (r. 1925–1949), son of Amar Singh, imposed a ''sanad'' (instruction) on him. The ''sanad'' mentioned, among others, that Poonch was a ''jagir'' and implemented several encroachments on the administration of Poonch. Frictions continued. In 1936, Jagatdev Singh sent a 'memorial' to the [[Viceroy of India]], seeking a review of the relationship between Poonch and Jammu and Kashmir. The Government of India responded that, since Poonch was part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, all submissions should be made through the British Resident of Jammu and Kashmir government. The Resident stated that the order of 1928, eventually based on Currie's original award, definitely settled the status of Poonch as a 'subordinate Jagirdar of Kashmir'. Jagatdev Singh's claims were dismissed without further comment.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=234-236}}

With the death of Jagatdev Singh in 1940, his son [[Shiv Rattan Dev Singh]] became the new Raja while being a minor. Maharaja Hari Singh appointed a guardian, who was his military secretary, to look after the Raja's 'property'. The Raja's mother was prohibited from participating in the minority administration. In July 1940, a gathering of Poonch public passed a resolution expressing 'profound sorrow and deep indignation and resentment' at the Maharaja's proclamation and his description of Poonch as a ''jagir''. By 1945, the Maharaja's administration was deeply unpopular in Poonch, especially among the families of military servicemen, who contrasted it with that of their counterparts in [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=237-238}}

===Administration===
Until Jagatdev Singh's accession in 1928, the Poonch jagir was autonomous, except for the payment of a token tribute of Rs. 231 to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The jagir had its own officials, including a bureaucracy, police and a standing army of one company. It is said that the local officials, most of whom were Hindus, were disgruntled because their salaries were lower than in the rest of state. This led to inefficiency and corruption.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=29-31}}

The Raja of Poonch owned all the land in the jagir. The actual 'holders of land' were referred to as ''assamis'' (agents) of the Raja. In the 1930s, 40 percent of the earnings were collected as tax, amounting to Rs. 1 million. Whereas proprietary rights were granted to landholders elsewhere in Kashmir following the Glancy Commission recommendations in 1933, the Poonchis did not benefit from the reforms due to the jagir's autonomy. For some unknown reason, the residents of the Mendhar tehsil were granted ownership rights, which caused further resentment in the other tehsils.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=30-31}}

After 1928, Maharaja Hari Singh started encroaching on the administration of Poonch and, a dual system of rule was established. A resident administrator of the Maharaja was appointed in the Poonch jagir and further officials were loaned from the state. The Raja's courts had jurisdiction only in petty cases. All serious crimes were referred to the courts in Srinagar. The Raja of Poonch lost his prestige and power.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=29-30}}

The Maharaja also imposed additional taxes to generate his own revenue from the jagir. They included taxes on cattle and sheep, export/import taxes on items like soap and silk, and imaginative taxes on wives and widows. A 'horse tax' required a payment of 50 percent of the purchase price of a horse. Evidently, these taxes generated considerable resentment.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=30}}

===Economy===
Scholar [[Christopher Snedden]] states that, being a mountainous area, Poonch accorded small farms with poor soil, but had high costs of living. The Kashmiri tax burden made the situation worse. Many Poonchi men worked outside the jagir to alleviate the situation. They worked in Punjab, the railways, British Indian army and the British merchant navy in Bombay.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=28}} The army was an especially important employer. It was said that every male Muslim in the jagir was, had been or would be a soldier in the British Indian army. During [[World War I]], 31,000 men from Jammu and Kashmir served in the army, a great majority of them from Poonch. During [[World War II]], over 60,000 men from Poonch served in the army, while the rest of the state contributed only about 10,000 men. The physical proximity of Poonch to the military recruiting grounds in Punjab, such as [[Sialkot]] and [[Rawalpindi]], facilitated their enrolment. Poonchis enlisted as 'Punjabi Musalmans' and served in the [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]].{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=31}}{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=41}}

== Division of the Poonch Jagir ==
{{Main|1947 Poonch rebellion|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948}}
[[File:AJ&K Divisions.png|thumb|left|273x273px|[[Poonch Division]] of Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] (in green) in 1947]]
[[File:Jammu and Kashmir Poonch district.svg|thumb|right|273px|[[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; with [[Azad Kashmir]] territory to its left.]]

After independence in 1947, there was a [[1947 Poonch rebellion|rebellion]] in the [[Poonch Division|western part]] of the-then Poonch district. The rebels led by [[Sardar Ibrahim Khan]], sought support from the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which provided arms, and then launched an [[Pakistani tribal invasion of Kashmir|invasion]] of its own using [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Pashtun tribals]]. In response, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir joined India, and the conflict turned into an [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistani War]].

When a ceasefire was effected, the Poonch district was split across the two countries. The former capital city, [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], came under the [[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Indian Poonch district]], which included the southern part of the Haveli tehsil and the whole of Mendhar tehsil.

A new capital at [[Rawalakot]] was eventually established by Pakistan in the [[Poonch Division|Pakistani Poonch district]], which included the northern part of the Haveli tehsil and the whole of Bagh and Sudhanoti tehsils. The district itself was eventually converted into a 'Poonch Division' and divided into four separate districts: [[Bagh District|Bagh]], [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]], [[Sudhanoti District|Sudhanoti]], and [[Haveli District|Haveli]].
{{clear left}}
== Rulers ==
They held the title of Raja-i-Rajgan [[Raja]] Kalan Bahadur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=Manohar Lal |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_State_The_m/8TpuAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State |date=1980 |publisher=Kashmir History Publications |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banga |first=Indu |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_and_His_Times/zYMeAAAAMAAJ? |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh and His Times |date=1980 |publisher=Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref> Below is the list of rulers and titular rulers:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_States_in/qPYvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=198–203 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Name
! Notes
! Reign began
! Reign ended
|-
! 1
| [[Dhian Singh]]
| Received Poonch and Mirpur as jagir from [[Ranjit Singh]].
| 1827
| 1843
|-
! 2
| Hira Singh
| Dhian Singh's son, also served in Lahore Durbar.
| 1843
| 1844
|-
! 3
| Jawahir Singh
|
| 1844
| 1859
|-
!4
|[[Moti Singh (ruler)|Moti Singh]]
|
|1859
|1892
|-
!5
|[[Baldev Singh (ruler)|Baldev Singh]]
|
|1892
|1918
|-
!6
|Sukh Dev Singh
|
|1918
|1927
|-
!7
|Jagat Dev Singh
|
|1927
|1940
|-
!8
|[[Shiv Rattan Dev Singh]]
|
|1940
|1967
|-
!9
|Raman Dev Singh
|
|1967
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Bamzai |first=P. N. K. |author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&pg=PA13 |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-31-0 |ref={{sfnref|Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir|1994}}}}
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |number=4 |year=1961 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.2307/2049956 |jstor=2049956 |url=http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210807/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-15 }}
* {{cite book |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |author-link=K. M. Panikkar |title=Gulab Singh |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |ref={{sfnref|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}}}}
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai |author-link=Mridu Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Bawa Satinder |title=Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=5 |number=1 |year=1971 |pages=35–59 |jstor=311654 |ref={{sfnref|Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role|1971}} |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00002845}}
* {{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}

==External links==
* Present day districts on OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8192015#map=8/33.644/74.581 Bagh], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8199078#map=8/33.644/74.581 Haveli], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8191016#map=8/33.644/74.581 Poonch (Pakistan)], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8198049#map=8/33.644/74.581 Sudhanoti], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1944922#map=8/33.644/74.581 Poonch (India)]

[[Category:Poonch District| ]]
[[Category:History of Kashmir]]
[[Category:History of Indian districts]]
[[Category:Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Poonch District, Pakistan]]

Mridula Warrier

2026-05-03T06:00:04Z

DilkhusOfficial: new

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mridula Warrier
| native_name =
| image = Mridulawarrier.png
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|05|03}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Dr.Arun Warrier|2013}}
| birth_place = [[Koyilandy]], [[Kerala]], India
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]], [[Hindustani music]]
| years_active = 2007 {{endash}} present
}}

'''Mridula Varier''' is a South Indian [[playback singer]] from [[Koyilandy]], [[Kerala]]. She started her career as a playback singer in the [[Malayalam]] movie ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'' in 2007. She has also recorded songs for [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. She has won the prestigious Kerala State Award in 2023 and Special Jury Award in 2014 .<ref name="SifyNews">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929134253/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalpana-raghavendra-wins-idea-star-singer-season-5-news-malayalam-lj0laQgjafd.html Article on Sify Movies]</ref><ref name="TheHinduArticle" /><ref name="TheHinduNewsISSwinner">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/rotary-award-for-singer/article2516723.ece |title=Rotary award for singer |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112072704/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/rotary-award-for-singer/article2516723.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==

Mridula Varier was born to P. V. Ramankutty Varier and M. T. Vijayalakshmy in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]. At the age of four, she started learning music and participated in music contests with her brother Jaideep Varier. She completed her [[bachelor's degree]] in Electronics Engineering from KMCT College of Engineering in 2009.<ref name="TheHinduArticle"/>

==Personal life==

She married Dr. Arun Varier on 7 January 2013. She has a daughter named Maithreyi Varier born on 11 June 2016 .{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==Career==

===Television contests===
She started participating in television music contests right from school days. In 2004, she participated in ''Saptaswarangal'', a musical contest on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], and was awarded the first runner-up. In 2005, she participated in ''Onnam Raagam'', a musical contest on [[Doordarshan]] and won the first prize.<ref name="TheHinduArticle">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sparkling-success/article4948654.ece |title=Sparkling success |work=The Hindu |date=24 July 2013 |accessdate=28 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204838/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sparkling-success/article4948654.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010 she won 1st Runner Up title in season five of ''Idea Star Singer''.

===Reality shows===
{{Small|''Source''}}<ref name="TheHinduArticle"/>

*2004 - ''Sapthaswarangal'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] - 1st Runner Up.
*2005 - ''Onnam Raagam'' on [[Doordarshan]] - Winner.
*2005 - ''Gandharvasangeetham'' on [[Kairali TV]] - Winner.
*2006 - ''Super Star'' on [[Amrita TV]] - 3rd Runner Up.
*2007 - ''Star of Stars'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] Plus - Winner.
*2010 - ''[[Idea Star Singer]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] - 1st Runner Up.
*2022 -2024 ''[[Top Singer (TV series)]]'' on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]- Judge

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=July 2023}}
'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:'''
* 2013 - Special Jury Award - Singing (Movie : [[Kalimannu]] & Song : Laali Laali)<ref>{{cite web |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/181428828726830/241092759427103 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |url=https://www.facebook.com/mjayachandran.official/photos/a.181529245383455.1073741828.181428828726830/241092759427103/?type=1&relevant_count=1 |title=M Jayachandran on Facebook |via=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralatv.in/2014/04/kerala-state-film-awards-2014/ |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2014 Announced - Complete Winners List |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419211634/http://www.keralatv.in/2014/04/kerala-state-film-awards-2014/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2022 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Singer]] (Movie : [[Pathonpatham Noottandu]] & Song : Mayilpeeli Ilakunnu)

'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]:'''
* 2023 - Best Female Playback Singer - [[Malayalam]] (Movie : [[Pathonpatham Noottandu]] & Song : Mayilpeeli Ilakunnu)

'''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]:'''
* 2014 - Best Female Playback Singer - [[Malayalam]] (Movie : [[Kalimannu]] & Song : Laali Laali)
* 2023 - Best Female Playback Singer - [[Malayalam]] (Movie : [[Pathonpatham Noottandu]] & Song : Mayilpeeli Ilakunnu)

'''[[Asianet Film Awards]]:'''
* 2014 - Best Female Playback Singer 2013 for [[Kalimannu]] (Song-Laali Laali)

'''Mazhavil Music Awards:'''
* 2023 - Best Female Playback Singer - (''Movie : [[Sundari Gardens]] & Song : Madhura Jeevaragam'' and ''Movie : [[Pathonpatham Noottandu]] & Song : Mayilpeeli Ilakunnu'')

'''[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]:'''
* 2023 - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] - (Movie : [[Kirkkan]] & Song : Kalame)

'''[[Vanitha Film Awards]]:'''
* 2014 - Best Female Playback Singer 2013 for [[Kalimannu]] (Song-Laali Laali)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/ttk-prestige-vanitha-film-awards-shobhana-prithviraj-win-best-actor-actress-awards |title=TTK Prestige-Vanitha Film Awards: Shobhana, Prithviraj win best actor, actress awards |website=kerala9.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107110208/http://kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/ttk-prestige-vanitha-film-awards-shobhana-prithviraj-win-best-actor-actress-awards |archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref>

'''Other awards''':
* 2011 - Rotary Club of Calicut - Rotary Vocational Excellence Award for Music<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/rotary-award-for-singer/article2516723.ece |title=Rotary award for singer - KERALA - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112072704/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/rotary-award-for-singer/article2516723.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2012 - Aimfill - Inspire Film Awards - Best Female Singer 2012(Oh Marimayan ) for [[Ivan Megharoopan]]
* 2013 - CACSS (Creative Arts and Cultural Service Sangam) Film Awards 2013 - Best Female Singer 2012 for [[916 (film)]] and [[Ivan Megharoopan]]
* 2013 - Nana Film Awards 2013 - Best Female Playback for [[Kalimannu]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* 2014 - CERA BIG Malayalam Music Awards (92.7 BIG FM) - Most Promising Singer 2013 for [[Kalimannu]] and [[Vishudhan]]
* 2014 - [[JaiHind TV]] Film Awards'14 - Best Female Singer for [[Kalimannu]] (Song-Laali Laali)
* 2014 - Swaralaya-Eenam Awards'14
* 2014 - [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] Film Awards'14 - Best Female Singer for [[Kalimannu]] (Song-Laali Laali)
* 2014 - KANNUR VISION & SMARTSA CREATION PRESENTS MIR FILM AWARDS 2013 - Best Female Singer for [[Kalimannu]] (Song-Laali Laali)
* 2014 - [[Amrita TV]] Film Awards'14 - Best Female Singer for [[Kalimannu]] (Song-Laali Laali)
* 2015 - Expatriates Film and Arts Awards "EFA Awards 2015" - "Voice of the Year" for Best Singer of the year 2014.
* 2017 - 3rd edition of Indywood Film Carnival 2017 "Best Singer-Female"
* 2019 - [[Satyajit Ray]] Film Society International Short Film Awards "Best Singer-Female"
* 2019 - ACV JOHNSON MUSIC AWARDS 2019 "Best Duet" for [[Ira (film)]] (Song-Oru Mozhi Oru Mozhi Parayam)
* 2020 - Lions Club International District 318e Film Awards "Youth Icon-2020"

==Discography==

=== As composer ===

====Albums====
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
!Year !! Title !! Composer !! Composer !! Language
|-
| 2020 || ''Thraana''|| Mridula || Santhosh Varma || [[Malayalam]]
|-
|}

=== As Playback Singer ===

===Malayalam===

{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! '''No''' !! Song !! Film !! Music !! Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007 ||1|| Oru Vakkum Mindathey || [[Big B (film)|''Big B'']] || Alphonse Joseph || Alphonse Joseph
|-
||2|| Oh Maariya || [[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|''Goal'']]|| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || [[Job Kurian]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012 ||3|| Chenthaamara theno || [[916 (film)|''916'']] || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
||4|| Kannanthali Kaaviley || ''Ezham Sooryan''|| [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Nikhil]]
|-
||5|| O marimayan kaviyalle || ''[[Ivan Megharoopan]]'' || [[Sharreth]] || [[Krishnachandran]]
|-
|rowspan="11"|2013 ||6|| Oru Mezhuthiriyude || ''[[Vishudhan]]''|| [[Gopi Sunder]] || [[Shahabaz Aman]]
|-
||7|| Moolivarunna || ''[[Nadan]]''|| [[Ouseppachan]] || [[Sreeram]]
|-
||8|| Pookaitha Chendupol Oru || ''[[Good Bad & Ugly]]'' || [[M.G.Sreekumar]] || [[Sachin Warrier]]
|-
||9|| Aliveni churulveni || ''[[Kadhaveedu]]''|| [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
||10|| Parayatha Vaakin || ''Mugham Moottikal''|| Prem Kumar Vatakara || [[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
||11|| Ee Veiyil Kaalam || ''Mukham Moottikal''|| Prem Kumar Vatakara || [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||12|| Mazhaye thoomazhaye<ref name="TOImusicReview">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/music-reviews/Pattam-Pole/articleshow/23904667.cms |title=Pattam Pole - Music review on Times Of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 October 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122165507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/music-reviews/Pattam-Pole/articleshow/23904667.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> || [[Pattam Pole|''Pattam pole'']] || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
||13|| Lalee lalee<ref name="TimesOfIndiaNews">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/M-Jayachandran-launches-Youtube-Channel/articleshow/23359987.cms M Jayachandran launches YouTube Channel - Times Of India]</ref> || ''[[Kalimannu]]''|| [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Sudeep Kumar]]
|-
||14|| Illathalam Kaimarumbol || ''[[God for Sale]]'' || [[Afzal Yusuf]] || [[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
||15|| Aalolam thenolum || ''[[Ithu Pathiramanal]]'' || [[Afzal Yusuf]] || [[Najim Arshad]]<ref name="IExpressNews">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/visually-challenged-music-composer-afzal-yusuff--on-a-roll/1170812/ |title=News on Indian Express |date=18 September 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112151913/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/visually-challenged-music-composer-afzal-yusuff--on-a-roll/1170812 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
||16|| Vaanam chuttum megham || ''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]'' || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
|rowspan="10"|2014 ||17|| Ee Mizhikalin || ''[[Ormayundo Ee Mukham]]'' || [[Shaan Rahman]] || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
||18|| Nanamulla Kannil || ''Mithram''|| K A Latheef || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
||19|| Kaithappoo Madathe || ''Mizhi Thurakku''|| [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
||20|| Kulirumma Nalki Ean || ''Day Night Games''|| Jinosh Antony || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
|-
||21|| Assalumundiriye || ''Polytechnic''|| [[Gopi Sunder]] || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
||22|| Kanmaniye Nee Chirichaal || ''Garbhasreeman''|| [[Ouseppachan]] || [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
||23|| Minnum Neelakannineyo || ''Ulsaha Committee''|| [[Bijibal]] || Kabeer
|-
||24|| Mazhayil Nirayum || ''Parankimala''|| [[Afzal Yusuf]] || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
||25|| Manjin Kurumbu || ''Alice a True Story''|| [[Bijibal]] || [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
||26|| Kashmeerile Rojapoove || ''[[Salaam Kashmier]]'' || [[M Jayachandran]] || [[M Jayachandran]]
|-
|rowspan="10"|2015 ||27|| Kumudum Poove || [[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||28|| Antha Purathile || [[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Ranjini Jose]], [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]
|-
||29|| Chantham Thelinju || ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]'' || [[Ouseppachan]] || Rahul R Nath
|-
||30|| Ilakalil Pularveyil || ''One Day''|| Anil Bhaskar || [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||31|| Ambazham Thanalitta || ''Oru IInd Class Yathra''|| [[Gopi Sunder]] || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
||32|| Mizhikalil Eeran || ''Oru New Generation Pani''|| Karthik Prakash || [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||33|| Hridyathin Niramayi || ''[[100 Days of Love]]'' || [[Govind Menon]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
||34|| Mazhamukhile || ''Saaradhi''|| [[Gopi Sunder]] || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
||35|| Mazhathornnoru Ponkinavin || ''Ennu Swantham Elanjikkavu PO''|| Parthasaradhi || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
||36|| Manjupeyume || [[Mili (2015 film)|''Mili'']] || [[Gopi Sunder]] || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016 ||37|| Nilave Nilave || ''Celebration''|| Shibu Sukumaran || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
||38|| Vellikkolussin || [[Mr. Perfect (film)|''Mr. Perfect'']] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
|rowspan="6"|2017 ||39|| Etho Mukil Thumbil || ''Maithili Veendum Varunnu''|| Nisanth Thapasya|| [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|-
||40|| Hooriya || ''Jannath''|| R A Shafeer|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||41|| Karalin Irulin || ''Stethoscope''|| Sivaganga|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||42|| Aalolam || ''Himalayathile Kashmalan''|| Aravind Chandrasekhar|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||43|| Kannadaykalle || ''Thank You Vey Much''|| Reju Joseph|| Reju Joseph
|-
||44|| Ora Jupuju || ''Take It Easy''|| Jithu Thampuran || [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|2018 ||45|| Oru Mozhi Oru Mozhi Parayam || [[Ira (film)|''Ira'']] || [[Gopi Sunder]]|| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
||46|| Ethoru Sooryan || ''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' || Vishnu Mohan Sithara|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||47|| Maanathe || ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' || Sreenath Sivasankaran|| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
||48|| Ariyathe En Mizhikalil ||''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]'' || S. Sankar's|| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
||49|| Ee Varantha Neela || ''Ente Sakhavu''|| [[Nikhil Prabha]]|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||50|| Thaane Mizhiyoram || ''Samadhanathinte Vellaripravukal''|| Arun Kumaran|| [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
||51|| Irumizhiyil || ''Thenichayum Peerangipadayum''|| Thej Mervin|| [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
||52|| Sagara Thirakal || ''[[Sakhavinte Priyasakhi]]'' || Harikumar Hare Ram|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|2019 ||53|| Omanathinkal || ''Children's Park''||Arun Raj || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
||54|| Kannathumbi || ''Children's Park''|| Arun Raj || [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Rimi Tomy]]
|-
||55|| Etho Rappoovil || ''Thelivu''|| Kallara Gopan || [[P Jayachandran]]
|-
||56|| Vellimukil Chilludanjatho || ''[[Evidey]]''|| [[Ouseppachan]] || [[Nikhil Mathew]], Amal Antony, Reena Murali
|-
||57|| Chandaminangiya Malayude || ''[[Evidey]]''|| [[Ouseppachan]] || [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Nikhil Mathew]], Amal Antony, Reena Murali
|-
||58|| Virunnu Vannu Madhavam || ''Thureeyam''|| Sibu Sukumaran|| [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
||59|| Nallidaya || ''Thakkol''|| [[M Jayachandran]] || Nivas
|-
||60|| Aalam Niranjulla || ''[[Neeyum Njanum]]'' || Vinu Thomas|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2020 ||61|| Rathrimazha || ''Porkkalam''|| Sunil Pallippuram || [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
||62|| Manassake || ''Story 48 Hours''|| Raavan|| [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
||63|| Kannaram Pothi || ''Bhoomiyile Manohara Swakaryam''|| Sachin Balu|| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
||64|| Enthinen Pranayame || ''Bhoomiyile Manohara Swakaryam''|| Sachin Balu|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021 ||65|| Aayiram Thara Deepangal || ''STAR''|| [[Ranjin Raj]] || [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||66|| Peeli Vakakal || ''Janvi''|| Ram Surendar|| [[K. S. Harisankar]]
|-
||67|| Aarunee Aarunee || ''Maddy enna Madhavan''|| [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]|| Jazil
|-
|rowspan="5"|2022 ||68|| Vellamadichavare || ''MAAHI''|| Raghupathi || [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||69|| Madhura Jeeva Ragam || ''[[Sundari Gardens]]''|| [[Alphons Joseph]]|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||70|| Paaduvaan || ''[[Sundari Gardens]]''|| [[Alphons Joseph]]|| [[Alphons Joseph]]
|-
||71|| Sooryamsame || ''[[Sundari Gardens]]''|| [[Alphons Joseph]]|| [[Solo artist|Solo]]
|-
||72|| Mayilpeeli Ilakunnu || ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]''|| [[M. Jayachandran ]]|| [[K. S. Harisankar]]
|-
|rowspan="11"|2023 ||73|| Neeyo Njano || ''Mindiyum Paranjum''|| [[Sooraj S. Kurup]] || [[Sooraj S. Kurup]]
|-
||74|| Neehaaram || ''Enthada Saji''|| William Francis || Arshad Rahim
|-
||75|| Amma|| ''Divorce''|| Sachin Balu|| Smitha Ambu
|-
||76|| Midhunam Madhuram|| [[Anuragam (2023 film)]]|| Joel Johns|| [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
||77|| Nerukayil Nin Nerukayil|| ''Neeraja''|| Sachin Shankor Mannath|| Sachin Shankor Mannath
|-
||78|| Kaalame|| ''Kirkkan''|| Manikandan Ayyappa|| [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]]
|-
||79|| Urumaal Thunnalizhakalaayu|| ''Munna''|| Sibu Sukumaran|| Vijesh Gopal
|-
||80|| Madhuvarnna Pynkili|| ''Munna''|| Sibu Sukumaran|| Vijesh Gopal & Ranjith Sridhar
|-
||81|| Mindaathe Thammil|| ''Rahel Makan Kora''|| [[Kailas Menon]]|| Arvind Nair
|-
||82|| Chendumulla|| ''Ohh Cinderella''|| [[M. G. Sreekumar]]|| [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
||83|| Mouna Sundari|| ''[[Marivillin Gopurangal]]''|| [[Vidyasagar (composer)]]|| [[Karthik (singer)]]
|-
|rowspan="7"|2024 ||84|| Varminnal || ''Raastha''|| Avin [[Mohan Sithara]] || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
||85|| Orupon Chimizhile|| ''Oraparakallyanavishesham''|| Harikumar Hareram|| Sunil Kumar
|-
||86|| Vellaram Kannulla Mane|| ''Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda Kruthye''|| Saajan Madhav|| [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
||87|| Neeharam Nilamazhayil|| ''Guardian Angel''|| Ram Surendar|| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
||88|| Kathileeran|| ''[[Thankamani (film)]]''|| William Francis|| V. Devanand
|-
||89|| Khalbile Thene|| ''Kuruvi Pappa''|| Pradeep Tom|| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
||90|| Azhakaayi Ente Arikil|| ''Oru Smart Phone Pranayam''|| Prasanth Mohan MP|| Sreekanth Hariharan
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Music !! Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="1"|2016 ||''Kadhal Kolluthadi'' || [[Ennul Aayiram]] || [[Gopi Sunder]] || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
|2019 ||''Mukkuthi Mukkuthi'' || [[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]] || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
|2022 ||''Nee Yaaro'' || Thudikkum Karangal (2022) || Y Raghav Prasad || [[Anand Aravindakshan]]
|}

===Kannada===
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Music !! Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="1"|2015 ||''Kelamma Chinnamma'' || [[Mandya to Mumbai]] || [[Charan Raj]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
|2021
|''Ambaari Prema''
|Premam Poojyam
|Dr. Raghavendra BS
|[[Armaan Malik]]
|-
|}

===Telugu===
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Music !! Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="1"|2019 ||''Mukkera Mukkera'' || [[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]] || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
|}

===TV serials===
{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Year !! Serial !! Channel !! Song !! Music !! Co-singers
|-
| 2017 || [[Vanambadi (TV series)]]|| [[Asianet (TV channel)]]|| Chenkadali Koombinullil || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
| 2018 || Swathi Nakshatram Chothi ||[[Zee Keralam]]|| Mylanchi Monjulla, Maanathe Mettilu || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
| 2021 || [[Pranayavarnangal (TV series)|Pranayavarnangal]] ||[[Zee Keralam]]|| Mazhanananja Ravil || [[Alphons Joseph]] || [[Arvind Venugopal]]
|-

|}

===Albums===
{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Year !! Album !! Song !! Co-singer(s) !! Music !! Lyrics
|-
| 2023 || Ninavai-Oru Kutti Pranayakadha || Oru Pattu Padan|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] ||Dr. Anas Kareem || Dr. Girish Udinukkaran
|-
| 2023 || Maleyam (Krishna Devotional) || Oru Nokku Kananayi|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] ||Arjun V Akshaya || Dr. Thaara Jeyashankar
|-
| 2022 || Vishudha Kurunnukal || Thumanjin Kudilayi || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || JM(Jackson Mathew) ||JM(Jackson Mathew)
|-
| 2022 || Christian Devotional || Orikkal Orikkal|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] ||Ps Tigi George || Ps Tigi George
|-
| 2022 || Short Film - Section 34 || Thiraye Thiraye || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Midhun Malayalam || Sandeep Sudha
|-
| 2022 || Marian Devotional Song || Nanmz Niranja Mathave || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Jose M Thomas || Jose M Thomas
|-
| 2022 || WCD - Govt. of Kerala Project || Sukrithamayi || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || V R Ranjith || K V Sabarimani
|-
| 2022 || Hindu Devotional Song || Thrukkayyil Venna Tharam || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Premkumar Mumbai || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan
|-
| 2022 || Nin Sanidhyam En Sangeetham|| Abhouma Sangeetham || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Annie Thankachan || Annie Thankachan
|-
| 2022 || Onam Song || Thumbakal Thusharamenthum || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Bharanikavu Ajayakumar || Bharanikkavu Premkrishna
|-
| 2021 || Nakshathrappookal - Christmas Song || Thoomanju Thookum || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Salgin Kalapura || Sumod Cheriyan
|-
| 2021 || Onam Album || Kakkappoovinu|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || [[Mohan Sithara]] || Sethumadhavan
|-
| 2021 || Red FM Malayalam || Kanavazhikalil|| [[K. S. Harisankar]] || [[Alphons Joseph]] || Dhanya Suresh
|-
| 2021 || Christian Devotional Song || Snehathin Uravidam|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Anish Koothattukulam || Anish Koothattukulam
|-
| 2021 || Rajeevam - Hindu Devotional || Enne Nee Ariyilla|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sudheer Warrier || P V Narayanan
|-
| 2021 || Tamil Single Album || Manasukkulla|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Thrissur Ravivarma || Anoop Warrier
|-
| 2021 || Onam Song || En Kanave|| [[Najim Arshad]] || Sony Varghese || Shiju S Vismaya
|-
| 2021 || Poem : Vediyettu Veezhunna Pranayam || Pranayathinu ennum pakaram|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sachin Shankor Mannath || [[Madhu Vasudevan]]
|-
| 2021 || Onam Song || Onathumpee|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sudheer Warrier || Girija G Warrier
|-
| 2021 || Christian Devotional Song || Daivanae Nin Adiyanitha|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Celine Chacko || Celine Chacko
|-
| 2020 || Marian Devotional Song || Chandrodayam Ne Chandraodayam|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Fr Mathew Payyappilly || Rosina Peety
|-
| 2020 || Christian Devotional Song || Ente Mizhikal Niranjeedumbol|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Joseph George || Siby Aloommoottil
|-
| 2020 || Christmas Song || Aaba Pithavin Ponnunni|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Ram Surendar || Jithesh Chemparathy
|-
| 2020 || Christian Devotional Song || Enneshu Naadha|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Pranam Kamlakhar || Amchal Pavithran
|-
| 2020 || Lord Shiva Devotional Song || Vaikundadipane || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Venu Anchal || T R Pratheep Kumar
|-
| 2020 || Nizal Pole - Holycommunion Song || Melle Onnu Kannadachal|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Fr Mathew Payyappilly || Fr Mathew Payyappilly
|-
| 2019 || Kurushil Ninakayi - Album || Anayam || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Dellish Vamattam || Dellish Vamattam
|-
| 2018 || Christian Devotional Song || En Priyane || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Binoj Mani || Binoj Mani
|-
| 2018 || Madhava Geethika || Radhe Ganasyama || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sayooj Balakrishnan || Rajesh Kurumathur
|-
| 2018 || Christian Devotional Song || Karunya Deepame || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || George Mathew || Jojo Alex
|-
| 2018 || Christian Devotional Song || Yahovaye Njan || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Rev George John || Rev George John
|-
| 2017 || Oru Kavitha Pole || Kaatharayam Gopika|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sandeep Karunakaran || Sandeep Karunakaran
|-
| 2017 || Amen || Kanneerunangiya|| [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Nelson Peter || Joel Pandaraparambil
|-
| 2017 || Album Song || Nakshathramai || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || SZainul Abid || Rathnabooshan Kalarikkal
|-
| 2016 || Ponnavani Pattukal|| Thumbee Vaa|| [[P. Jayachandran]] || S R Suraj || Syam Enath
|-
| 2016 || Prakasham|| Pulariyil Viriyum|| Solo || Ajay Joseph || Fr.Antony Paul Keerampilly
|-
| 2016 || Romantic Song|| Ormakal Ormakal|| [[G. Venugopal]] || Rajesh Raman || G.Nisikanth
|-
| 2015 || Akalee- Romantic Album || Aaro Etho Ravil || [[Najim Arshad]] || Jithin J Menon || Jithin J Menon
|-
| 2015 || Music Mojo - KappaTV || Kannodu || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || [[Job Kurian]] || Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan
|-
| 2015 || EESOW-Christian Devotional || Nin Viralal Onnu Thodan || [[Biju Narayanan]] || Nelson Peter || Manoj Elavungal
|-
| 2015 || REVIVE-Christian Devotional || Karunyadeepame || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || George Mathew Cheriyathh || Jojo Alexander
|-
| 2014 || Nirapournnami || Pattu moolunnorammaye || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sivaraman Nagalasherry || Suryasanu
|-
| 2014 || Gazal Album : Neeyallenkil Mattaraanu Sakhee || Mandhasameeranai Charathananjathum || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || [[Umbayee]] || [[East Coast Vijayan]]
|-
| 2014 || Sparsam-God Album|| Nirathinkal Va Vave || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Fr.Shinto Edassery CST || Fr.Shinto Edassery CST
|-
| 2014 || Sparsam-God Album|| Kanmani Vaayo Kanmani Nee || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Fr.Shinto Edassery CST || Fr.Shinto Edassery CST
|-
| 2014 || Onam with Eenam|| Kanavilum Kanavilumraasa|| Jaideep Varier || Rajesh Raman || G.Nisikanth
|-
| 2014 || Akale|| Aaro Etho Raavil || [[Najim Arshad]] || Jithin J Menon || Jithin J Menon
|-
| 2014 || Maayathe|| Thaanirangumo Pranayame || [[Najim Arshad]] || Ronnie Raphael || Joboy Olattupuram
|-
| 2014 || Shruthinandanam || Aduadu Aduadu || [[G. Venugopal]] || Deepankuran || Unknown
|-
| 2014 || Kannaente Munnil || Parvanamem || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Lalu Sukumaran || Ushanth Thavath
|-
| 2014 || Symphony of Love || Kavitha Moolunna Thooval || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Michaell Jose || Michael Jose
|-
| 2014 || Kalabhacharthu || Ida Nenchileriyunna || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Perumthuruthu Madhv || Unknown
|-
| 2014 || Kalabhacharthu || Kalabhacharthaniyuma || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Perumthuruthu Madhv || Unknown
|-
| 2014 || Njanum Neeyum || Nizhalum Nilavum || [[Vijay Yesudas]] || Suresh Vasudev || Rajesh Kanjirampara
|-
| 2014 || Thozhukayyode || Ayi Girinandini || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Santhosh Varma || [[East Coast Vijayan]]
|-
| 2014 || Thozhukayyode || Adharam Madhuram || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Santhosh Varma || [[East Coast Vijayan]]
|-
| 2014 || Thozhukayyode || Harinarayana Govinda || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Santhosh Varma || [[East Coast Vijayan]]
|-
| 2014 || Kadaksham || Amme Churakulangara || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sarath Mohan || Sarath Mohan
|-
| 2014 || Kadaksham || Eka Devi || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sarath Mohan || Sarath Mohan
|-
| 2014 || Pranayaraagam || Unknown || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Anshad Thrissur || Jaleel K Bava
|-
| 2014 || Pranayam Ee Sangeetham || Unknown || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sarath Mohan || Sarath Mohan
|-
| 2013 || En Naadhane || Maanathoru || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Sarath Mohan || Sarath Mohan
|-
| 2013 || Mazhanilavu || Unknown || [[Najim Arshad]] || [[Afzal Yusuf]] || Asha Sabeena
|-
| 2013 || Vazhimara Pookal || Katte Pookatte || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || Ramesh || L.V. Babu
|-
| 2013 || Jesus Forever || Gethsemane || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || K J Stanley || Dr Sebastian Mankoottathil
|-
| 2013 || Light Music[[Doordarshan]] || Manasiinte Manathu || Reju Joseph || [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]] || Chittoor Gopi
|-
| 2013 || Light Music[[Doordarshan]] || Aadhya Mazha Thumba || [[Solo (music)|Solo]] || [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]] || [[P. K. Gopi]]
|-
| 2013 || Light Music[[Doordarshan]] || Thrikkakara Appante || Reju Joseph || [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]] || Thankan Thiruvattar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warrier, Mridula}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Padala Aruna

2026-05-01T13:45:19Z

DilkhusOfficial: Started new page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

Padala Aruna (born 1957) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aruna Padala(TDP):Constituency- GAJAPATHINAGARAM(VIZIANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=1651 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She was a former three-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. She was an MLA from [[Gajapathinagaram]] representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]] from 1989 to 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-01-30 |title=Padala Aruna quits Telugu Desam Party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/padala-aruna-quits-telugu-desam-party/article33705853.ece |access-date=2026-04-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was a former Minister for Women and Child Welfare.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Koppara |date=2021-01-30 |title=Former minister Padala Aruna quits TDP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/former-minister-padala-aruna-quits-tdp-669460 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Aruna is from [[Vizianagaram]]. She was a graduate from a college affiliated with [[Andhra University]]. She married Ramunaidu.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Aruna started her political life in 1987 following the reservation for women by NT Rama Rao and became mandal chairperson in Bondapalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garrepally |first=Rajashekhar |date=2021-01-31 |title=చంద్రబాబుపై సీనియర్ నేతల అసంతృప్తి: టీడీపీకి మాజీ మంత్రి అరుణ రాజీనామా |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/andhra-pradesh/former-minister-padala-aruna-resigned-for-tdp-286598.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Telugu One India |language=te}}</ref> She was first elected as an MLA winning the [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency]] representing the Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Andhra Pradesh 1989 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1989/andhra-pradesh/86/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1989/andhra-pradesh/86/27 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> She retained the seat for Telugu Desam winning the [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Gajapathinagaram 1994 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1994/andhra-pradesh/gajapathinagaram/27/17652/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1994/andhra-pradesh/gajapathinagaram/27/17652/116 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> She regained the seat in [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] for Telugu Desam, which lost the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999 Assembly election]]. In January 2021, she quit the Telugu Desam Party.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aruna, Padala}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]

Statebank, Mangalore

2026-04-30T14:42:11Z

DilkhusOfficial: started new info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Statebank, Mangalore''' is a locality<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=403022|title=Mangaluru: Narrow escape - Private bus dashes into shop at State Bank|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> in [[Mangalore]] which is also the heart of [[Mangalore]].

The 1907 Mangalore town map shows "Madras Bank" at the same location as StateBank, while the bus stand seems to be erstwhile Basel Mission shops.

In simple words State Bank is what [[Kempegowda Bus Station|Majestic]] area is to [[Bangalore]]. [[Mangalore]]'s city bus station is also situated in State Bank. Almost all the city buses in Mangalore have State Bank as the destination location, which is why it is common for one to see "State Bank" written in bus route display of most of the private and [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=City Bus from Statebank to Mangalore Junction Station - Mangalore Forum - TripAdvisor|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/ShowTopic-g297630-i8641-k8054395-City_Bus_from_Statebank_to_Mangalore_Junction_Station-Mangalore_Karnataka.html|access-date=2016-10-05|website=www.tripadvisor.in}}</ref>

This place would have inherited this name as the main branch of [[State Bank of India]] of [[Mangalore]] region is located at Old Port Road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/State-Bank-of-India-SBI-Mangalore-Main-Branch-Port-Road-will-celebrate-the-occasion-of-reaching-Rs-1000-crore-business-level-on-Saturday-This-branch-is-also-the-only-branch-of-SBI-outside-Bangalore-City-limits-in-the-state-having-reached-the-business-level-of-Rs-1000-Crore-/articleshow/11048447.cms|title=State Bank of India (SBI), Mangalore Main Branch, Port Road will celebrate the occasion of reaching Rs 1,000 crore business level on Saturday. This branch is also the only branch of SBI outside Bangalore City limits in the state having reached the business level of Rs 1,000 Crore. - Times of India|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref>

== Bus stand ==
State bank has city bus stand,
Service bus stand

{| class="wikitable"
|+State Bank bus stand
!Platform no
!Route
!Destination
!Frequency
|-
|1A
|[[Agumbe]] (express)
|[[Thirthahalli]]
[[Shivamogga]]
|15 mins
|-
|1B
|[[Udupi]] (express)
|[[Kundapura]]
Kollur
[[Manipal]]
Hebri
|1 min
|-
|2A
|[[Surathkal]]
|Mulki
Padubidri
Kinnigoli
|5mins
|-
|2B
|[[Kateel]]
|Kinnigoli
Mulki
Belman
|10 mins
|-
|3A
|Mulki (express)
|Karkala
Sringeri
Koppa
|10 mins
|-
|3B
|Kaikamba
|Kinnigoli
Moodabidre
Polali
|5 mins
|-
|4A
|Moodabidre (express)
|Karkala
Sringeri
Naravi
|10 mins
|-
|4B
|Neermarga
|BCroad FarangiPete
|15 mins
|-
|5A
|BC Road(express)
|Belthangadi
Uppinangadi
Vittal
|20 mins
|-
|5B
|BC Road(express)
|Puttur
Sullia
|20 mins
|-
|6A
|Mudipu
|Inoli
BCroad
Vittal
|5 mins
|-
|6B
|Talapadi
|Kanyana
Uppala
Kasaragod
|10 mins
|-
|7A
|Carstreet
Ladyhill
|Urwastore
Shediguri
|1min
|-
|7B
|Carstreet
Ladyhill
|Urwastore
Kunjathabail
|1min
|-
|8A
|Lalbag
KSRTC
|Kunjathabail
Bondel
|1min
|-
|8B
|Mallikatte
Nanthoor
|Shaktinagar
Neermarga
|1min
|-
|9A
|Kankanadi
Padil
|Bajal
Adyar
|1min
|-
|9B
|Bolara
Kankanadi
|Bajal
Kumpala
|5 min
|-
|10A
|Kulur
Surathkal
|Katipalla
Jokkkatte
|1 min
|-
|10B
|Kavoor
Kaikamba
|Bajpe
Polali
|5 mins
|-
|11A
|Thokkottu
Ullala
|Talapadi
Someshwara
|1 min
|-
|11B
|Kuttar
Konaje
|Pavoor
Inoli
|1 min
|-
|}

== Fish Market ==
Busy fresh fish and dry fish Market operated by Mogaveera community

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Localities in Mangalore]]

Oligodon travancoricus

2026-04-29T19:22:57Z

DilkhusOfficial: Started new article

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Travancore Kukri Snake.jpg
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |author3=Deepak, V. |year=2013 |title=''Oligodon travancoricus'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172700A1369529 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172700A1369529.en |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
| taxon = Oligodon travancoricus
| authority = [[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1877
}}

'''''Oligodon travancoricus''''', the '''Travancore kukri snake''', is a species of snake in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]].<ref name="ReptileDB">{{cite web |title=Oligodon travancoricus|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Oligodon&species=travancoricus |website=The Reptile Database |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> It is found in India.<ref name="ReptileDB" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3350552}}

[[Category:Oligodon|travancoricus]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1877]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Henry Beddome]]

{{Oligodon-stub}}

Pankaj Mithal

2026-04-24T19:20:58Z

DilkhusOfficial: Started info

{{Short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Autobiography|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pankaj Mithal
| office = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 6 February 2023
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = 40th Chief Justice of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start1 = 14 October 2022
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[Uday Umesh Lalit]]
| office2 = Chief Justice of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]
| term_end1 = 5 February 2023
| office3 = Judge of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start2 = 4 January 2021
| term_end2 = 13 October 2022
| term_end3 = 3 January 2021
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator2 = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
| office4 =
| term_start3 = 7 July 2006
| appointer3 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator3 = [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|6|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Mary's Academy, Meerut]] [[University of Allahabad]] [[Meerut College]]
| image = Justice Pankaj Mithal.jpg
| successor1 = [[Augustine George Masih]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde]]
| predecessor2 = {{ubl|[[Gita Mittal]]|[[Rajesh Bindal]] (acting)}}
| successor2 = [[Ali Mohammad Magrey]]
}}
'''Pankaj Mithal''' (born 17 June 1961) is a [[judge]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and a former [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Rajasthan High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orders of appointment of Shri Justice Pankaj Mithal, Chief Justice, Rajasthan High Court as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India (04.02.2023) |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2023/02/2023020441.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204135056/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2023/02/2023020441.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |title=[BREAKING] Central government notifies transfer of Justice Pankaj Mithal as Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/central-government-transfer-justice-pankaj-mithal-chief-justice-rajasthan-hc |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=11 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Pankaj Mithal Appointed 40th Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/justice-pankaj-mithal-appointed-40th-chief-justice-of-rajasthan-high-court |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref> Previously, he has also served as the [[Chief Justice]] of the [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]] and [[Judge]] of the [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Pankaj Mithal (Sr. Judge, Lko.) |url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=112 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, on 17 June 1961, into a family of lawyers. He received his early education at [[St. Mary's Academy, Meerut]], which is affiliated to the Indian School Certificate (I.S.C.) Board. He joined the B.Com. (Honours) at the University of Allahabad and graduated in 1982. Later, he joined [[Meerut College]] for his legal studies and obtained his law degree from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]], Meerut. He is now living in [[New Delhi]], Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pankaj Mithal |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/pankaj-mithal/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Family history ==
His grandfather, Babu Brij Nath Mithal, was a lawyer of western U.P. He was the Honorary Head of the law department at the Meerut College. The Boys Hostel of the law department at Meerut College was named 'B.N.M. Hostel' (Brij Nath Mithal Hostel) in his honour.

His uncle Sri Raghuvar Dayal Mithal (1910-1981) and the eldest son of Brij Nath Mithal were also stalwarts of the Meerut Bar who dominated the civil side for over four decades. He was offered Judgeship of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad twice, but he declined it for personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sucheta |date=2023-06-17 |title=Know Thy Judge {{!}} Supreme Court of India: Justice Pankaj Mithal |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/06/17/know-your-judge-justice-pankaj-mithal-supreme-court-of-india-legal-news/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

His father, Justice Narendra Nath Mithal (6 April 1930 – 7 April 1996) was also a leading civil lawyer of the District Court, Meerut. He served as the District Government Counsel (Civil) for several years before being elevated to the Bench at the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in the year 1978. He was among the few persons who were directly elevated to the Bench from the District Bar. He served as a Judge of High Court of Judicature at Allahabad from 14 December 1978 to 8 April 1992.

== Career ==
He was enrolled in the Bar Council of Uttar Pradesh in 1985 and started practising at the High Court as an advocate.

He served as the Standing Counsel for the Uttar Pradesh Awas Evam Vikas Parishad and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra. He was elevated to the Bench as an Additional Judge on 7 July 2006 and was later made a permanent Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad on 2 July 2008.

He was the Chairman of [[La Martinière College, Lucknow]] (both boys' and girls' wings).

He was elevated as [[Chief Justice]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]] on 4 January 2021. He was transferred as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]] on 14 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rohmetra |first=Neeraj |date=15 December 2020 |title=Justice Pankaj Mithal likely to take over as CJ J&K HC |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/justice-pankaj-mithal-likely-to-take-over-as-cj-jk-hc/ |work=Daily Excelsior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nisar |first=Naqshab |title=Justice Pankaj Mithal takes oath as Chief Justice of J&K and Ladakh HC |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/justice-pankaj-mithal-takes-oath-cj-jk-ladakh-hc-831792 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220039/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/justice-pankaj-mithal-takes-oath-cj-jk-ladakh-hc-831792 |archive-date=2021-01-16 |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=IBTimes India |language=en}}</ref>

The Governor of Uttar Pradesh nominated Justice Mithal twice as a member of the Executive Council of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidhyapith, Varanasi, and presently, the Governor of U.P. has nominated him as a member of the Executive Council of Choudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut.

He was elevated as [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]] on 6 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five New Supreme Court Judges |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/the-five-new-supreme-court-judges/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2023-02-06 |title=Five New Supreme Court Judges Take Oath; Working Strength Rises To 32, With 2 Vacancies |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/five-new-supreme-court-judges-take-oath-working-strength-rises-to-32-with-2-vacancies-220815 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=112 Profile of ''Justice Pankaj Mithal'']

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{authority control}}

* https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/chief-justice-pankaj-mithal-jammu-kashmir-high-court-oath-taking-ceremony-167944

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mithal, Pankaj}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian solicitors]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]

Ratan Singh (Bharatpur politician)

2026-04-20T09:48:32Z

DilkhusOfficial: Started a biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ratan Singh Jatav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|2|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nagar, Bharatpur
| constituency = [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Bharatpur]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 2009-2014
| predecessor = [[Vishvendra Singh]]
| successor = [[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Smt.Premlata
| children = 5
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=4404
}}

'''Ratan Singh Jatav''' (born 1 February 1947) is an Indian politician who was a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Rajasthan]]. His educational qualification is B. E. He is elected from [[Indian National Congress]] political party. He was elected as Member of Parliament for the first time in 2009 elections.<ref>[http://www.jeetegakaun.in/general_elections_2009/parliamentary_constituencies/rajasthan/bharatpur/congress/ratan_singh.php Ratan singh elected in 2009 as M.P.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227082217/http://www.jeetegakaun.in/general_elections_2009/parliamentary_constituencies/rajasthan/bharatpur/congress/ratan_singh.php |date=27 February 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4404 View here detailed Profile of the MP]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ratan}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Vishwas Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:44:02Z

DilkhusOfficial: started a article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vishwas Nagar
|state=Delhi
|district=[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
|mla=[[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
|party=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| loksabha_cons = [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|established=1951
|type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 59
}}

''' Vishwas Nagar Assembly constituency''' is a [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituency, which is situated in Shahdara. Vishwas Nagar, Shahdara is a locality in North East Delhi.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election!!Name!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Madan Lal Gaba
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Naseeb Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Vishwas Nagar<ref name="Vishwas Nagar Assembly Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Vishwas Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025: Vishwas Nagar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/vishwas-nagar |accessdate=1 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301191716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/vishwas-nagar |archivedate=1 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Vishwas Nagar">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Vishwas Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0559.htm |accessdate=1 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301191709/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0559.htm |archivedate=1 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
| votes = 72,141
| percentage = 57.7
| change = {{increase}}5.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Deepak Singla
| votes = 47,099
| percentage = 37.67
| change = {{decrease}}1.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rajiv Chaudhary
| votes = 3,627
| percentage = 2.9
| change = {{decrease}}3.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 1,047
| percentage = 0.84
| change = {{increase}}0.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 25,042
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = BJP
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Vishwas Nagar<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
|votes = 65,830
|percentage = 52.57
|change = {{increase}}7.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Deepak Singla
| votes = 49,373
| percentage = 39.42
| change = {{increase}}2.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Gurcharan Singh Raju
| votes = 7,881
| percentage = 6.29
| change = {{decrease}}9.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 854
| percentage = 0.68
| change = {{increase}}0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dileep Gautam
| votes = 739
| percentage = 0.59
| change = {{decrease}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,457
| percentage = 13.15
| change = {{increase}}5.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,25,335
| percentage = 62.65
| change = {{decrease}}6.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +7.42
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Vishwas Nagar<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3878-delhi-2015/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2015 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
|votes = 58,124
|percentage = 45.15
|change = +7.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Dr Atul Gupta
| votes = 47,966
| percentage = 37.26
| change = +11.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Naseeb Singh]]
| votes = 20,634
| percentage = 16.03
| change = -15.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Girish Choudhary
| votes = 854
| percentage = 0.66
| change = -0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 499
| percentage = 0.39
| change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 10,158
| percentage = 7.89
| change = +1.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,28,869
| percentage = 68.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +7.16
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Vishwas Nagar <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=59 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
| votes = 44,801
| percentage = 38.00
| change = -3.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Naseeb Singh]]
| votes = 37,002
| percentage = 31.38
| change = -19.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Dr Atul Gupta
| votes = 30,388
| percentage = 25.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Usha Suryan
| votes = 3,221
| percentage = 2.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sudesh Kumar Jain
| votes = 1,652
| percentage = 1.40
| change = -4.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shaukat Ali
| votes = 166
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vijay Kumar Sharma
| votes = 87
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 591
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,799
| percentage = 6.61
| change = -3.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 117,999
| percentage = 67.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = -3.01
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Vishwas Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Naseeb Singh]]
| votes = 48,805
| percentage = 51.09
| change = -10.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Om Prakash Sharma
| votes = 39,176
| percentage = 41.01
| change = +7.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Narendra Kumar Pandey
| votes = 5,823
| percentage = 6.10
| change = +2.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Desh Bhakt Party
| candidate = Deepak Gupta
| votes = 528
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudesh Kumar Jain
| votes = 350
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Kumar
| votes = 172
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kamar Ahmad
| votes = 144
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Singh
| votes = 143
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Shah
| votes = 92
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Sawarn Shakti Party
| candidate = Sanjay Sharma
| votes = 89
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Mahender Kumar Verma Advocate
| votes = 86
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Brahmjit
| votes = 68
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Girjesh Bahadur Singh
| votes = 51
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,629
| percentage = 10.08
| change = -17.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 95,527
| percentage = 58.7
| change = -5.68
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -10.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Vishwas Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Naseeb Singh]]
| votes = 48,897
| percentage = 61.55
| change = +13.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Madan Lal Gaba
| votes = 26,948
| percentage = 33.92
| change = -13.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rakesh Tyagi
| votes = 2,852
| percentage = 3.59
| change = +1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vijay Sharma
| votes = 265
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ramesh Kumar
| votes = 101
| percentage = 0.13
| change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| candidate = Narendra Kumar Agarwal
| votes = 97
| percentage = 0.12
| change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Mangal Singh
| votes = 88
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Nasruddin
| votes = 86
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Amar Chand Jain
| votes = 56
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha
| candidate = Virender Kushwaha
| votes = 53
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 21,949
| percentage = 27.63
| change = +26.90
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 79,443
| percentage = 53.02
| change = +7.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +13.37
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Vishwas Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Naseeb Singh]]
| votes = 30,380
| percentage = 48.18
| change = +9.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dr Ved Vyas Mahajan
| votes = 29,924
| percentage = 47.45
| change = -3.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Narender Kumar
| votes = 1,500
| percentage = 2.38
| change = +1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Surinder Kumar
| votes = 621
| percentage = 0.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Chand
| votes = 159
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = J P Sugan
| votes = 157
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal (Jai)
| candidate = Mahmood Khan
| votes = 86
| percentage = 0.14
| change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| candidate = Rajan Moudgil
| votes = 81
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Ajay
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Rajiv Krantikari Congress
| candidate = Satish Garg
| votes = 56
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ramesh Kumar
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 456
| percentage = 0.73
| change = -11.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 63,060
| percentage = 45.39
| change = -20.14
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -9.65
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Vishwas Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Madan Lal Gaba
| votes = 27,711
| percentage = 50.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Abjit Singh Gulati
| votes = 21,151
| percentage = 38.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Ram Singh Thekedar
| votes = 4,519
| percentage = 8.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kamal Jeet
| votes = 471
| percentage = 0.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Desh Bhakt Party
| candidate = Surinder Kumar Ralli
| votes = 451
| percentage = 0.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Om Prakash
| votes = 105
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Braham Jeet
| votes = 81
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Daulat Ram
| votes = 67
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jitender Kumar
| votes = 67
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal (Jai)
| candidate = Ajab Singh Bagri
| votes = 53
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party
| candidate = Sant Tara Singh
| votes = 46
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prakash Bisht
| votes = 38
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinod Kumar Bansal
| votes = 28
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Manjeet Singh
| votes = 25
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Sunil Mehta
| votes = 24
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress
| candidate = Kishori Lal
| votes = 21
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Kumar
| votes = 19
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satish Chand
| votes = 18
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gurmeet Singh
| votes = 6
| percentage = 0.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,560
| percentage = 11.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 54,901
| percentage = 65.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.662|77.296|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Motiullah Nazish

2026-04-18T02:08:26Z

DilkhusOfficial: entry

{{Short description|Indian Urdu-language poet and writer (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = Maulana
| name = Motiullah Nazish
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Mohammed Motiullah
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dewan Bazar, [[Cuttack]], Odisha (formerly Orissa), India
| occupation = Essayist, critic, author, poet, teacher
| genre = Poetry, prose writing, criticism, composition, teaching
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = B.A., Fazil-e-Hadith, Fazil-e-Urdu (M.A.)
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Utkal University]]|[[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya|Wardha University]], Maharashtra}}
| period = Modernism
| movement =
| notable_works =
| awards = Amjad Najmi Award (2022)
| years_active = 1989–present
}}

'''Motiullah Nazish''' (born 25 November 1958) is an Indian Urdu-language poet, writer and educator, known for his contributions to Urdu prose and criticism. A founding member of the [[Odisha Urdu Academy]], he has worked to promote Urdu literature and [[education in Odisha]]. His notable works include ''Aks-e-Baseerat, Odisha Mein Urdu Nasr Nigari'', and ''Odisha Ke Mujahideen-e-Azadi''.

== Early life and education ==
Motiullah Nazish was born on 25 November 1958 in Dewan Bazar, [[Cuttack]], Odisha, to Muhammad Azad Khan and Qudrat-un-Nisa.{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=90}}

He received both secular and religious education. His religious studies were completed at Jamia Miftahul Uloom, [[Jalalabad, Shamli|Jalalabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and he benefited from the spiritual guidance of [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Asad Madani]], and Qari Ameer Hasan in the Sufi traditions of Qadriya, Chishtiya, Suhrawardiya, and Naqshbandiya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karamat |first=Karamat Ali |author-link=Karamat Ali Karamat |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mere-muntakhab-pesh-lafz-karamat-ali-karamat-ebooks |title=Mere Muntakhab Peshlafz |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2021 |edition=1st |location=[[Daryaganj]], Delhi |page=390 |language=ur |trans-title=My selected forewords}}</ref> He holds a B.A. degree, along with Fazil-e-Hadith and Fazil-e-Urdu (equivalent to M.A.).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahmani |first=Sayeed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/ek-shayar-ek-ghazal-shora-e-karam-ka-tarufi-majmua-saeed-rahmani-ebooks |title=Ek Shayer, Ek Ghazal (Shu'ara-e-Kirām ka ta'ārufi majmoo'a) |date=April 2007 |publisher=Akhbar-e-Orissa Publishers |edition=1st |location=Dewan Bazar, Cuttack |page=90 |language=ur |trans-title=One Poet, One Ghazal (Introductory collection of poets)}}</ref>

== Career ==
Since 1978, Nazish has been engaged in teaching and learning activities. He is the principal of Madrasa Makram-ul-Uloom Husainiya, Odia Bazaar, Cuttack. From 1981, he has been serving as a government school teacher in Urdu and Persian. Currently, he is the Head Molvi (Senior Teacher) at [[Ravenshaw Collegiate School]], Cuttack.{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=227}}

=== Institutional affiliations ===
Nazish is the founding General Secretary of the All Odisha Urdu Teachers Association and one of the founding members of the [[Odisha Urdu Academy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October–December 2024 |editor-last=Rahmani |editor-first=Saeed |editor2-last=Desnavi |editor2-first=Syed Nafees |title=Gosha-e-Muhammad Motiullah Nazish |url=https://archive.org/details/a-bit-from-quarterly-adabi-mahaz-cuttack-oct-dec-2024 |journal=Quarterly Adabi Mahaz |language=ur|volume=17|issue=74|publisher=Office of Adabi Mahaz|location=Dewan Bazar, Cuttack |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-06 |title=Urdu academy put on the backburner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/urdu-academy-put-on-the-backburner/articleshow/54707661.cms |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has also served as a member of the Odisha State Haj Committee and the Odisha State Board of Madrasa Education. In addition, he is the Vice President of the Urdu Writers Guild and Jamiat Ulema-e-Odisha (A) and has also served as the General Secretary (Nazim-e-'Umūmi) of Jamiat Ulema-e-Odisha.{{sfn|Nazish|2023|p=335}}{{sfn|Rahmani|2007|p=91}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/kul-hind-taleemi-karwan-rahat-abrar-ebooks-1|title=Kul Hind Ta'leemi Karwān|trans-title=All India Educational Caravan|last=Abrar|first=Rahat|publisher=U.P Raabta Committee|year=1996|location=Aligarh|page=64|language=ur}}</ref>

He also established two madrasas in Cuttack, one in Odia Bazaar and the other in Kaisar Nagar. He played a pivotal role in establishing the Muslim Welfare Society in CDA (New Cuttack).{{sfn|Rahmani|2007|p=91}}

=== Contributions to Urdu education in Odisha ===
Nazish has contributed to curriculum development for Urdu and Persian textbooks from Grade 1 to Grade 10, including grammar and textbooks for the Diploma in Elementary Education.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nazish|first=Motiullah|title=Odisha Ke Mujahideen-e-Azadi|trans-title=The Freedom Fighters of Odisha|url=|date=2023|chapter=Author's Biographical Sketch|publisher=[[Odisha Urdu Academy]]|location=Sanskriti Bhavan (Museum Complex), BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar|language=ur|page=335}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rahmani|Desnavi|2024|p=12}}

His book ''Aks-e-Baseerat'' has been included in the Fazil-e-Urdu syllabus of the Odisha State Madrasa Education Board and the +3 (Urdu Honours) curriculum of [[Utkal University]].{{sfn|Nazish|2023|p=335}}{{Sfn|Rahmani|Desnavi|2024|p=12}}

=== Awards and honours ===
Nazish has been honored for his contributions to education, literature, and social welfare. These include the Odisha Swabhiman Award (1988), Sama Institute Award (2008), and the Minority Community Development Society Award (2011). He was also awarded the Najmi Academy Award in 2016 and was recognized by Sada-e-Odisha in 2019.{{sfn|Nazish|2023|p=336}}{{Sfn|Rahmani|Desnavi|2024|p=12}}

On 30 November 2022, he received the Amjad Najmi Award from the Odisha Urdu Academy in Bhubaneswar.<ref name="Sambad">{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=1 December 2023 |editor-last=Patnaik |editor-first=Soumya Ranjan |editor-link=Soumya Ranjan Patnaik |title=୨୦ ବର୍ଷ ପରେ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଉର୍ଦୁ ଏକାଡେମୀ ପୁରସ୍କାର |trans-title=Odisha Urdu Academy Award after 20 years |url=https://m.sambadepaper.com/imageview_16965_187006_4_72_01-12-2023_7_i_1_sf.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Sambad]] |language=or |location=Cuttack |volume=40 |issue=56 |page=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204171826/https://m.sambadepaper.com/imageview_16965_187006_4_72_01-12-2023_7_i_1_sf.html |archive-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

== Literary contributions ==
Nazish's literary journey began in 1989. Although he is better known as an essayist, he has also composed poetry, primarily ghazals and devotional works such as naats and hamds. His essays, spanning themes of criticism, religion, science, history, and sociology, are published in Urdu and Odia journals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nazish|first=Motiullah|title=Odisha Mein Urdu Nasr Nigari|trans-title=Urdu Prose Writing in Odisha|url=|date=2018|publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy|location=Sanskriti Bhavan (Museum Complex), BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar|language=ur|pages=227–228}}</ref>{{sfn|Rahmani|2007|p=76}}

[[Karamat Ali Karamat]] (1936–2022) writes:{{sfn|Karamat|2021|p=393}}
{{blockquote|Motiullah Nazish's essays showcase diverse themes, including literary criticism, linguistics, religious issues, and biographical sketches of notable personalities within and beyond Odisha.}}

Nazish significantly contributed to advancing the tradition of documenting Urdu poets from Odisha, bringing it up to 2021. This work built upon the efforts initially carried out by Karamat and Hafizullah Newalpuri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nazish|first=Motiullah|title=Kashkol-e-Urdu Adab|url=https://archive.org/details/a-bite-from-kaskol-e-urdu-adab_202501 |year=2021|chapter=Overview of Kashkol-e-Urdu Adab by [[Karamat Ali Karamat]]|pages=32–33|publisher=Educational Publishing House|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Books ===
Nazish wrote several works in poetry, criticism, and analytical writing, including:<ref name="Haqqani">{{cite web|last=Al Qasmi|first=Haqqani|title=Farogh-e-Adab: Odisha Urdu Academy ka Qabil-e-Qadr Risala|trans-title="Farogh-e-Adab": A valuable magazine of Odisha Urdu Academy|url=https://qindeelonline.com/udishas-urdu-academy-urdu-magazine/|date=8 January 2022|access-date=27 January 2024|website=qindeelonline.com|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Sabir">{{Cite journal |last=Sabir |first=Halim |date=19 August 2023 |editor-last=al-Haque |editor-first=Muhammad Wasim |title=Aks-e-Mutala'a |url=https://archive.org/details/aks-e-mutalaa-by-haleem-sabir |journal=Akhbar-e-Mashriq |publication-place=Kolkata |volume=44 |issue=223}}</ref>
* ''Hidayat-e-Haj'' (Guidance on Hajj, in Urdu and [[Odia language|Odia]])
* ''Aks-e-Baseerat'' (Collection of Critical Essays<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sisugoswami |first=Kabitanjali |url=https://hkmsl.gov.in/pdf/bibliography/Odisha_Bibliography_Vol-7-582017.pdf |title=Odisha State Bibliography |date=January 2017 |publisher=Harekrushna Mahtab State Library |editor-last=Sisugoswami |editor-first=Kabitanjali |edition=1st |volume=7 |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |pages=180, 204, 299, 390–391 |language=en |editor-last2=Behera |editor-first2=Rudra Prasad |editor-last3=Nayak |editor-first3=Ganeswar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605065934/https://hkmsl.gov.in/pdf/bibliography/Odisha_Bibliography_Vol-7-582017.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>) – 2007
* ''Aks-e-Tahzeeb'' (Essays on Islamic Sociology) – 2015
* ''Odisha Mein Urdu Nasr Nigari'' ({{translation|Essays on Prose Literature of Odisha}}) – 2018
* ''Aks-e-Muashra'' (Essays on Islamic Sociology) – 2019
* ''Kashkol-e-Urdu Adab'' (Essays on Literature and Prose Poetry) – 2020
* ''Odisha Ke Mujahideen-e-Azadi'' ({{translation|The Freedom Fighters of Odisha}}, Historical Biographies) – 2023
* ''Nida-e-Waqt'' (Poetry Collection) – 2023
* ''Makhzan-e-Urdu Adab''

== See also ==
* [[Amjad Najmi]]
* [[Abdul Mateen Jami]]
* [[Hafizullah Newalpuri]]
* [[Karamat Ali Karamat]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazish, Motiullah}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Urdu-language writers]]

Tarana Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:27Z

DilkhusOfficial: started a pg!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tarana
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 214
| map_image = 214-Tarana.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Mahesh Parmar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Anil Firojiya]]
}}
'''Tarana''' is one of the 230 assembly constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] a central Indian state. Tarana is also part of [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/tarana.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Tarana (SC) Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Lakshminarayan Jain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Nagulal Malviya
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2 |Durga Prasad Suryavanshi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Govind Parmar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Madhav Prasad Shastri]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Babulal Malviya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Tarachand Goyal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Rodmal Rathore]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Anil Firojiya]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahesh Parmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarana<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahesh Parmar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:75819}}
|percentage = 49.25
|change = +0.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tarachand Goyal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73636}}
|percentage = 47.83
|change = +1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagdish Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:1738}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change = +0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:913}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = -0.79
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2183}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153953}}
|percentage = 82.03
|change = +1.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarana<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020072333/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahesh Parmar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:67778}}
|percentage = 48.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anil Firojiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:65569}}
|percentage = 46.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kailash Narvariya
|votes = {{formatnum:1347}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1940}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2209}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:140081}}
|percentage = 80.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Ujjain]]
* [[Tarana (Madhya Pradesh)|Tarana]]
* [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{City of Ujjain}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.34|76.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Ujjain]]
[[Category:Ujjain district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Sabarmati Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:49Z

DilkhusOfficial: Started new page

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sabarmati
| mla = [[Harshad Patel (politician) | Harshad bhai Ranchhodbhai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:279208}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 55
}}

'''Sabarmati''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district and is one of the seven assembly seats which make up the [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) Villages – Kali (M), Ranip (M), Chandlodiya (M).
# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 15.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1962
| Shamalbhai Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 1975
| [[Babubhai Jashbhai Patel|Babubhai Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 1980
| Kokilaben Vyas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| 1985
| Bharat Ghadavi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1990
| [[Narhari Amin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 1995
| rowspan=2|[[Yatinbhai Oza]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1998
|-
| 2001^
| [[Narhari Amin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Jitendrabhai Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Gita Patel]]
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2|Arvind Patel Dalal<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Harshad Patel (politician)|Harshadbhai Ranchhodbhai Patel]]
|}

^By Poll

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Sabarmati Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Harshad Patel (politician) | Harshad bhai Ranchhodbhai]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=120202|percentage=76.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dineshsinh Ganpatsinh Mahida|party=Indian National Congress|votes=21518|percentage=13.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jasvant Thakor<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Assembly elections 2022: AAP releases list of 12 candidates. Read here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-aap-releases-list-of-12-candidates-read-here-11665913787737.html |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=mint |date=16 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=10590|percentage=6.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2275|percentage=1.45|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=98,684|percentage=63.01|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:274943}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Sabarmati<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arvindkumar Gandalal Patel
|votes = 1,13,503
|percentage = 67.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Jitubhai Babubhai Patel
|votes = 44,693
|percentage = 26.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Valjibhai Odharbhai Desai
|votes = 1,865
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Ashok Deendayal Sharma
|votes = 1,324
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Maheshkumar Kanjibhai Makwana
|votes = 784
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,856
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 68,810
|percentage = 41.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,66,936
|percentage = 65.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Sabarmati]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arvindkumar Gandalal Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,07,036
|percentage = 70.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharatkumar Govindlal Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 39,453
|percentage = 25.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bipin Kantilal Panchal
|party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|votes = 1,943
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Dr. Mukul Sinha
|party = [[New Socialist Movement|NSM]]
|votes = 1,860
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Devendra Danabhai Parmar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,527
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 67,583
|percentage = 44.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,819
|percentage = 70.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.08|72.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Derapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:27Z

DilkhusOfficial: adding article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Derapur
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|type = SLA
|constituency_no = 284
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|district = [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Ghatampur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatampur]]
|established = 1957
|abolished = 2012
|reservation = None
}}
'''Derapur''' was a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was in existence from 1957 to 2012.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> After the delimitation exercise, which resulted in dissolution of this constituency, it came to be known as [[Rasulabad Assembly constituency|Rasulabad]] and Sikandra Assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-dehat/derapur/news/bhagwandin-kushwaha-was-a-four-time-mla-from-sikandra-he-himself-used-to-go-among-the-people-without-holding-the-public-court-129347772.html|title=एक विधायक जो करते थे रोडवेज बस से सफर:भगवानदीन कुशवाहा चार बार रहे सिकंदरा से विधायक, जनता दरबार न लगाकर खुद जाते थे लोगों के बीच |website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Shiva Ram<ref name="election1957">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3242-uttar-pradesh-1957/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3244-uttar-pradesh-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Nityanand Pandey]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3246-uttar-pradesh-1967/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name="election1969">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Ram Pal Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/rampal-singh-yadav-who-tore-ramcharit-manas-called-as-ramayan-fad-yadav/articleshow/97436171.cms|title=रामायण फाड़ यादव को जानते हैं क्या? यूपी में पहली बार नहीं हो रहा है Ramcharitmanas पर विवाद |website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=4|[[Bhagwandin Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Devendra Singh (politician)|Devendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ram Das Pal
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Devendra Singh (politician)|Devendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Kamlesh Kumar Pathak
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Mahesh Chandra<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Kanpur Dehat district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Kanpur Dehat district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Prabir Kumar Ghosal

2026-04-13T04:51:17Z

DilkhusOfficial:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Prabir Kumar Ghosal''' (born 1957)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Prabir Kumar Ghosal (Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)):Constituency- Uttarpara (Hooghly) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=804 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Uttarpara Assembly constituency]] in [[Hooghly district]]. He was elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Uttarpara Assembly Constituency 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/uttarpara-1915432990 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2021.

== Early life and education ==
Ghosal is from [[Konnagar]], Hooghly district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Ajit Kumar Ghosal. He completed his graduation at a college affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1980. His wife runs the family business.

== Career ==
Ghosal was elected in the Uttarpara Assembly constituency representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He polled 84,918 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Srutinath Praharaj of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 12,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Uttarpara Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Uttarpara assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/uttarpara-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-uttarpara-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9155591.htm |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Later in January 2021, he resigned from two Trinamool party posts but remained as a primary member. However, he shifted to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and contested the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] on the BJP ticket. He polled 57,889 votes and lost to [[Kanchan Mullick]] of the Trinamool Congress, by a margin of 35,989 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarpara Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/uttarpara-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=West Bengal results: Most TMC turncoats let BJP down as Mamata pulls off a stunning victory |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/west-bengal-results-most-tmc-turncoats-let-down-bjp-as-mamata-pulls-of-a-stunning-victory-7299142/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Mullick, a first timer, polled 93,878 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Uttarpara Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Uttarpara Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-uttarpara-constituency-185.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosal. Prabir Kumar}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Goswami

2026-04-11T16:24:46Z

DilkhusOfficial: adding article

{{About|the [[surname]]|the social group|Gossains|other uses|Gossain}}'''Goswami''' is an Indian surname and honorific title<ref name=nb>{{Citation |last=Bond |first=N. |title=Exploring pilgrimage and religious heritage tourism experiences. |date=January 2015 |work=Religious tourism and pilgrimage management: an international perspective |pages=118–129 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780645230.0118 |access-date=2024-09-28 |place=UK |publisher=CABI |doi=10.1079/9781780645230.0118 |isbn=978-1-78064-523-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref> used by [[Brahmin]]s<ref name=nb/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pushtimarg |url=https://archive.org/stream/Pushtimarg/APrestigiousPathToGraceClassModernityAndFemaleReligiosityInPustimargVaisnavism_djvu.txt |title=Pushtimarg |pages=v}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saha |first=Shandip |date=2004-01-01 |title=Creating a Community of Grace: A History of the Pusti Marga in Northern and Western India (1493-1905) |url=https://www.academia.edu/9013858 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32182/page/n135/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A History Of Dasnami Naga Sanyasis |pages=110}}</ref> and Hindu [[Asceticism|ascetics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giri |first=Madhu |date=2019-12-22 |title=Cultural Crisis of Caste Renouncer: A Study of Dasnami Sanyasi Identity in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/mef/article/view/33588 |journal=Molung Educational Frontier |volume=9 |pages=91–108 |doi=10.3126/mef.v9i0.33588 |issn=2542-2596|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870 |date=1988-05-19 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |language=en}}</ref> The term is sometimes also pronounced as, [[Gosains]], Gosine, [[Gossain]], [[Gosain]], Gossai, and Gosavi.

==Notables==
Notable people with the surname or title Goswami include:
*[[Six Goswamis of Vrindavana]]
*[[Abhishek Goswami]], Indian cricketer
*[[Abir Goswami]], Indian actor
*[[Alpana Goswami]], Indian actress
*[[Anay Goswamy]], cinematographer
* [[Amar Goswami]] (1945–2012), Indian journalist and Hindi fiction writer
* [[Anil Goswami]], Union Home Secretary of India
*[[Anjali Goswami]], Honorary Professor of paleobiology at University College London
*[[Arup Kumar Goswami]], Indian judge, chief justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court
* [[Arnab Goswami]], Indian television journalist
*[[Ashokpuri Goswami]], Gujarati poet and writer
*[[B. N. Goswamy]], Indian art critic, art historian
* [[Bhairavi Goswami]], model
* [[Bindiya Goswami]], actress
* [[Brindaban Goswami]], Indian politician
*[[Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami]], founder of the religious organization Sri Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti
*[[Bhakti Vijnana Goswami]], Gaudiya Vaishnava guru and a leader
*[[Bhupendra Nath Goswami]], Indian meteorologist, climatologist
*[[Bijoy Krishna Goswami]], Hindu social reformer and religious figure
*[[Chuni Goswami]], Indian professional footballer
* [[Dharendra Yogi Goswami]], Indo-American scholar, inventor
*[[Dulal Chandra Goswami]], Indian politician
*[[Debashish Goswami]], Indian mathematician
*[[Debabrata Goswami]], Indian chemist
*[[Dinesh Chandra Goswami]], scientist, author
*[[Dinesh Goswami]], Indian politician
* Acharya Dr. [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj]] Goswami, Indian classical singer, composer, and musicologist of Hindustani classical music
* [[Golok Chandra Goswami]], academic, journalist
* [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]], foremost disciple of the Vaishnavasaint, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, and a leading historical figure in the Gaudiya Vaishnava school of Hinduism
* [[Gracy Goswami]], Indian child actress
*[[Hardwar Goswami]], Gujarati language poet, writer, and playwright
*[[Hemant Goswami]], social activist
* [[Himanish Goswami]], Indian writer, journalist, and cartoonist
*[[Hitendra Nath Goswami]], Indian politician
* [[Indu Goswami]], India politician
* [[Jhulan Goswami]], ICC Women's Player of the Year 2007
* Acharya [[Jnanendra Prasad Goswamy]], Indian vocalist
* [[Joy Goswami]], Indian Bengali-language poet
* [[Joyasree Goswami Mahanta]], India politician
*[[Jitendra Nath Goswami|Jitendranath Goswami]], Indian scientist
*[[Jiva Goswami]], philosopher and saint from the Gaudiya Vaishnava school of Vedanta tradition
*[[Karunamaya Goswami]], musicologist and litterateur
* [[KK Goswami]], television actor
*[[Kunal Goswami]], actor, businessman
* [[Lajja Goswami]], Indian markswoman
* [[Madhumita Goswami]], badminton player
* [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]], Indian Assamese-language writer and Jnanpith Award winner
*[[Manoj Kumar]] (born Harikrishna Giri Goswami), Bollywood actor
*[[Mukunda Goswami]], spiritual leader
*[[Morya Gosavi]], prominent saint of the Hindu Ganapatya sect
* [[Mohan Nath Goswami]], Ashok Chakra Awardee, Para 9 commando
*[[Manish R Goswami]], television producer
* [[Moloya Goswami]], Indian actress in Assamese-language movies and National Film Award winner
* [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]], Indian editor, poet, professor, scholar and writer
*[[Mihir Goswami]], Indian politician
*[[Meenakshi Goswami]], Indian film actress
* [[Nabha Dass|Goswami Nabha Dass]], saint, theologian and author
*[[Nipon Goswami]], Indian actor
*[[Omkar Goswami]], Indian economist and journalist
*[[Parbati Kumar Goswami]], Indian Jurist, Governor of Assam and Nagaland and former Judge
*[[Pitambar Deva Goswami]], spiritual leader and social reformer
*[[Prabodh Chandra Goswami]], mathematician and teacher
*[[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Prabhupada Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Goswami]], Hindu Philosopher, Spiritual leader and revivalist
*[[Prahlad Giri Goswami]], politician
*[[Prashant Goswami]], computational geoscientist, climatologist
* Acharya [[Radhika Prasad Goswamy]], Indian Hindustani classical vocalist
*[[Raghunatha Bhatta Goswami]], Saint and Hindu philosopher
*[[Raghunatha dasa Goswami]], Hindu saint and philosopher
* [[Rajiv Goswami]], Student leader
*[[Ram Narayan Goswami]], Indian politician
* [[Rama Tirtha|Rama Tirtha Goswami]], saint and Hindu philosopher
* [[Ramakant Goswami]], Indian National Congress politician
*[[Ravinder Goswami]], Indian endocrinologist and professor
* [[Runki Goswami]], Indian classical singer and composer
*[[Rupa Goswami]], Devotional teacher (guru), poet, and philosopher of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition
*[[Sanatana Goswami]], principal disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
*[[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa das Goswami]], writer, poet, and artist
*[[Shahana Goswami]], actress
* [[Shivanand Goswami]], poet and scholar
* [[Shreevats Goswami]], Indian cricketer
*[[Shantidas Adhikari|Shantidas Goswami]], Hindu preacher
*[[Shyam Manohar Goswami]], sanskritist, philosopher, spiritual leader, reformer and guru of the Krishna-centered Pushtimarg sect of Vaishnavism
*[[Shyam Sundar Goswami]], Indian classical vocalist
*[[Srubabati Goswami]], Indian scientist
*[[Sriman Prafulla Goswami]], politician
*[[Ugrashravas|Suta Goswami (Ugrashravas)]], disciple of Vyasa
*[[Tamal Krishna Goswami]], spiritual leader
*[[Tulsidas|Goswami Tulsidas]], Hindu saint and poet author of the epic ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''
* [[Udita Goswami]], Bollywood actress
* [[Usha Goswami]], nNeuroscientist


{{India topics}}
{{Assam}}
{{Bihar}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{surname}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Assamese-language surnames]]
[[Category:Bengali-language surnames]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu surnames]]
[[Category:Bihari-language surnames]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language surnames]]

Indian Justice Code

2026-04-02T20:38:25Z

DilkhusOfficial: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023]]

Grand Hotel (Kolkata)

2026-03-28T17:35:35Z

DilkhusOfficial: update details also and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Hotel in Kolkata, India}}
{{Other uses|Grand Hotel (disambiguation){{!}}Grand Hotel}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Oberoi Grand
| former_names = Grand Hotel
| alternate_names =
| status =
| image = OberoiGrandHotelKolkata_gobeirne.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_size = 250px
| caption = The Oberoi Grand Hotel
| logo = Grand Hotel Kolkata logo.png
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
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| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner = [[Oberoi Hotels & Resorts]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location = [[Chowringhee]], Central Kolkata
| address = 15, [[Chowringhee Road]]
| location_town = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|33|40.42|N|88|20|56.46|E|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = Late 19th century
| completion_date =
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| inauguration_date =
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| url =
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}}
The '''Grand Hotel''', now known as the '''Oberoi Grand''', is situated in the heart of [[Kolkata]] on [[Chowringhee Road]]. It is an elegant building of [[British India|British]] era and is a famous building in Kolkata. The hotel is not owned by [[Oberoi Hotels|Oberoi chain of hotels]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manglik |first=Mr Rohit |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Introduction_to_Hotel_Business/3K8zEQAAQBAJ |title=Introduction to Hotel Business: [9789368751526] |date=2023-11-23 |publisher=EduGorilla Publication |isbn=978-93-6875-152-6 |page=21 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Street in front of the Grand Hotel, Calcutta - LIFE.jpg|thumb|Old [[Chowringhee Road]] in front of Grand Hotel (Calcutta)|left]]
The house was converted into a boarding house by Mrs. Annie Monk who later expanded her business to include Numbers 14, 15 and 17. 16 Chowringhee was occupied by a theatre owned and managed by [[Arathoon Stephen]], an [[Armenia]]n from [[Isfahan]]. When, in 1911, the theatre burned down, Stephen bought out Mrs. Monk and, over time, redeveloped the site into what now makes up the modern hotel.<ref name="denby">{{Cite book|last=Denby|first=Elaine|title=Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion|publisher=Reaktion|date=April 2004|pages=197–198|isbn=9781861891211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhLyGME7734C&q=%22Great+Eastern+Hotel%22+%22Spence+Hotel%22&pg=PA197}}</ref> Built in an extravagant neoclassical style, the hotel soon became a popular spot amongst the English population of Calcutta. It was known, in particular, for its annual New Year party that, along with iced champagne and expensive gifts, involved the release of twelve piglets in the ballroom. Anyone who caught a piglet, could keep it.<ref name="denby" />

In the 1930s, sometime after the death of Stephen, a typhoid epidemic in Calcutta resulted in the death of six people at the hotel. The drainage system at the hotel was suspected and it was closed in 1937. The property was leased by [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]] who reopened the hotel in 1939 and was able to buy the property outright in 1943.<ref name=denby/>

The hotel got a major lift during World War II when about 4000 soldiers were billeted there, and would party regularly. Events like the U.S. Marines' Ball at the hotel remind visitors of such times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manglik |first=Mr Rohit |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Accommodation_Front_Office_Foundation_I/k3gzEQAAQBAJ |title=Accommodation & Front Office Foundation - I: [9789368754411] |date=2023-11-23 |publisher=EduGorilla Publication |isbn=978-93-6875-441-1 |page=32 |language=en}}</ref>{{Wide image|Grand Hotel Ad.png|200|Old advertisement of hotel}}

==Features==
[[File:Grand Hotel Calcutta (c. 1903).jpg|thumb|Grand Hotel (Calcutta) in 1930s]]The hotel features a large white building covering an entire block, colonnaded verandahs and Executed in an extravagant [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical style]], The Oberoi Grand features a full‑length portico upheld by Ionic columns, stuccoed facades, and colonnaded verandahs that wrap the upper floors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-14 |title=Sun shines on Kolkata landmark after years, but for how long? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sun-shines-on-kolkata-landmark-after-years-but-for-how-long/articleshow/106825929.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The five‑storey block is arranged around a central light well and landscaped courtyard, ensuring natural ventilation and daylight. Inside, the ground‑floor lobby retains original mosaic flooring and teak paneling, while the Grande Ballroom with its ornate cornices, crystal chandeliers, and sprung dance floor has hosted celebrations ranging from state banquets to charity balls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodricks |first=Tyrel |date=2017-11-22 |title=Kolkata's Oberoi Grand welcomes Threesixtythree Degrees restaurant |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/oberoi-grand-kolkata-threesixtythree-degrees-restaurant/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref> The Oberoi Grand, Kolkata, was honoured on 10 May 2024 with the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]]’s blue cultural plaque, recognising its century‑long heritage as the “Grande Dame of Chowringhee” and its role in Kolkata's architectural and social history<ref>{{cite news |last=ET Bureau |title=The Oberoi Grand, Kolkata Honoured with the INTACH's Blue Plaque for Cultural Significance |work=The Economic Times |date=10 May 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/the-oberoi-grand-kolkata-honoured-with-the-intachs-blue-plaque-for-cultural-significance/articleshow/110018067.cms |access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Top Hotels in India [[Zagat Survey]], Top International Hotels, Resorts and Spas 2005
*Best Business Hotel in Asia: Nominated International Business Asia and [[CNBC]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Star Hotel in Kolkata with Highest Standards of Hygiene {{!}} The Oberoi |url=https://www.oberoihotels.com/hotels-in-kolkata/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Oberoihotels.com}}</ref>
*Best Hotel in the Five Star Deluxe Category in Eastern India Department of Tourism, [[Government of West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-02/Hotel_Guidelines_From%2019-01-2018.pdf|format=PDF|title=Hotel Guidelines From 19-01-2018|website=Tourism.gov.in|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:OberoiGrandHotelKolkataCourtyard gobeirne.jpg|The Interior Courtyard of Grand Hotel (Kolkata)
File:First Floor Lounge - Oberoi Grand - Kolkata 2013-05-23 8235.JPG|First Floor Lounge of Grand Hotel (Kolkata)
File:Ball Room - Oberoi Grand - Hotel - Kolkata 2014-05-23 4724-4726.TIF|Ball Room of Grand Hotel (Kolkata)
File:Ball Room Lobby - Oberoi Grand - Kolkata 2013-05-23 8045.JPG|Ball Room Lobby of Grand Hotel (Kolkata)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Oberoi Grand, Kolkata}}
*[https://www.oberoihotels.com/hotels-in-kolkata/ The Official site]

{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Hotels in Kolkata]]
[[Category:The Oberoi Group]]

Poecilotheria rufilata

2026-03-28T11:14:00Z

DilkhusOfficial: Started new entry

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Red slate ornamental tarantula
| taxon = Poecilotheria rufilata
| image = Poecilotheria rufilata 8LA2.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Siliwal, M. |author2=Molur, S. |author3=Daniel, B.A. |date=2008 |title=''Poecilotheria rufilata'' |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T63567A12683035 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T63567A12683035.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| authority = Pocock, 1899<ref name=WSC_s37829/>
| range_map =
}}

'''''Poecilotheria rufilata''''', also known as the '''red slate ornamental''', '''reddish parachute spider''', '''Travancore slate-red''', or '''rufus parachute spider''', is an arboreal tarantula. It is endemic to South [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]]. It is classed as "endangered", threatened by habitat loss and smuggling for the pet trade.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mikebasictarantula.com/Poe-rufilata-care-sheet.html |title=''P. rufilata'' |publisher=My Basic Tarantula |access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref>

==Description==
The female is larger than the male, with a body length of about 8 cm, the male being at most 3.5 cm in body length.<ref name=Schm03>{{Cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=G. |date=2003 |title=Die Vogelspinnen: Eine weltweite Übersicht |location=Hohenwarsleben |publisher=Westarp Wissenschaften |isbn=978-3-89432-899-3 |series=Neue Brehm-Bücherei |page=246 }}</ref> In measured wild-caught specimens, the longest leg of the female was up to 8 cm in total length, that of the male up to 7 cm.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Charpentier |first=P. |date=1996 |title=The illustrated redescription of: ''Poecilotheria rufilata'' Pocock 1899 |journal=Exothermae Magazine |pages=14–24 }}</ref>

In the first and fourth pairs of legs, the ground color is yellow or green. The femur is also yellow or green proximally, ending with a black part and a thin yellow or green band. The tibia is yellow or green.<ref name=poecilotheria>{{cite book|author=Nanayakkara, Ranil P.|year=2014|title= Tiger Spiders ''Poecilotheria'' of Sri Lanka |publisher=Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environmental & Renewable Energy |location= Colombo |page= 167|isbn= 978-955-0033-58-4}}</ref>
[[File:Poecilotheria rufilata.jpg|thumb]]

==Ecology==
The species is confined to the south [[Western Ghats]] of India, where it lives in tree hollows, under tree bark, and in rock crevices. It sometimes enters human settlements. It is classed as "endangered", with the major threats being habitat degradation and collection for the pet trade. It is smuggled out of India for sale in Europe and America.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />

==As a pet==
''Poecilotheria rufilata'' along with others in its genus is coveted by advanced tarantula keepers for its unique coloration, fast growth, and larger size, being one of the largest arboreal tarantulas readily available, with ''[[Poecilotheria ornata]]'' being equally as large but more restricted to obtain. This is not a beginner species.<ref name="fearnottarantulas">{{cite web | url=https://fearnottarantulas.com/poecilotheria-rufilata-red-slate-ornamental-2/ | title=''Poecilotheria rufilata'' (Red Slate Ornamental) | access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tarantula.all-infos.eu/e_v_p_rufilata.htm | title=General information of P. rufilata | publisher=Tarantula | access-date=28 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623151932/http://www.tarantula.all-infos.eu/e_v_p_rufilata.htm | archive-date=23 June 2014 }}</ref>

Handling is not recommended and should never be attempted as like most [[Old World]] tarantulas, they can be very skiddish and defensive, and are prone to bite with very potent venom. Although no human deaths have been recorded, symptoms can last from a couple of days to a longer period of a whole month, typically within the one to two week range. Some of the recorded symptoms include: nausea, vomiting, severe muscle cramps, irregular heartbeat, blurry vision, and intolerable pain at the bite location. They are considered potentially the most venomous or dangerous tarantula along with others in the genus ''Poecilotheria'' due to their venom's effects and the size of the species injecting more than average. Bites typically happen when the keeper does rehousing and the tarantula gets startled then bolts onto the individual, as well as when keepers attempt to take the spider out for photography or resell purposes.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

''Poecilotheria rufilata'' is one of the few species of tarantulas kept in captivity communally at a young age, although there is conflicting results with a long-term communal up to adulthood. In one instance a keeper claimed to have kept ''P. rufilata'' with another species of communal ''Poecilotheria'' (''[[Poecilotheria regalis]]'') for at least a year. <ref name="Tarantula Forum">{{cite web | url=https://tarantulaforum.com/threads/poecilotheria-rufilata-communal.3242/page-9#post-48282 | title=''Poecilotheria rufilata'' (Red Slate Ornamental) communal}} | archive-date=18 May 2014</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=WSC_s37829>{{cite web |title=Taxon details ''Poecilotheria rufilata'' Pocock, 1899 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/37829 |access-date=29 February 2016 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160312082300/http://www.arkive.org/reddish-parachute-spider/poecilotheria-rufilata/ Photos]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4128588}}

[[Category:Poecilotheria|rufilata]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1899]]

Kaustubha

2026-03-28T04:27:23Z

DilkhusOfficial: correct information for accuracy and corrected details to improve readability

[[File:Vaikunthanath.png|thumb|273x273px|Painting of Vishnu wearing the kaustubha, accompanied by [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]], [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]], and [[Niladevi]]]]
{{Short description|Divine gemstone in Hindu mythology}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Sagar Manthan.jpg|thumb|Kaustubha, featured in the top-left under the crescent]]
'''Kaustubha '''({{Langx|sa|कौस्तुभ|lit=crest jewel|translit=Kaustubha}}) is a divine ruby or ''ratnam'' (gem) in [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-08-16 |title=Kaustubha: 26 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kaustubha |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> This gem is in the possession of [[Vishnu]], granting him the epithet of ''Kaustubhadhari''. It is believed in [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]] to be the most magnificent ''ratnam'' in all of creation, at the time of the churning of the ocean, and acts as a symbol of divine authority.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXCYDwAAQBAJ&dq=kaustubha+gem&pg=PA612 |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VI: Yuddhakāṇḍa |date=2017-01-24 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17398-6 |pages=612 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
{{Vaishnavism}}
In Hindu mythology, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s and the [[asura]]s performed the churning of the ocean of milk ([[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]]) in order to obtain [[amrita]], the elixir of immortality. During this process, fourteen jewels ([[Samudra manthan#Ratnas|ratnas]]) emerged from the ocean. Among the first few treasures that emerged was the kaustubha, described to be an "excellent gem, the lotus-hued ruby".<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-03-01 |title=Churning of the Ocean: Birth of Fourteen Precious Jewels [Chapter 12] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371751.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Skanda Purana]] describes the nature of this gem:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-12-17 |title=Procedure of Gaṇeśa Worship: Manifestation of Lakṣmī [Chapter 11] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc365958.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=From the ocean that was being churned emerged a highly refulgent, extremely bright, most excellent gem having the brilliance of the Sun. It was called Kaustubha.

With its brilliance, it illuminated the three worlds. Keeping the Cintāmaṇi (a miraculous stone) in front, they saw the Kaustubha brightening the worlds. All those Suras gave the Kaustubha to Viṣṇu. Suras and Asuras of enhanced strength lustily roared again and began to churn the ocean keeping Cintāmaṇi in the middle.|title=[[Skanda Purana]]|source=Chapter 11, Verses 51 - 53}}
[[Krishna]] is described to be wearing the ruby in the [[Mahabharata]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-01-09 |title=Lord Krishna Benedicts the Imprisoned Kings [Chapter 5] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabharata/d/doc118385.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Now before them they saw the color of the transcendental body of Lord Krishna, exactly like the hue of a newly arrived cloud in the sky. He appeared before them nicely covered with yellow colored silken garments, with four hands like Vishnu, and carrying the different symbols of the club, the conchshell, the disc and the lotus flower. There were marks of golden lines on His chest, and the nipples of His breast appeared to be like the whorl of a lotus flower. His eyes appeared to be spread like the petals of a lotus flower, and His smiling face exhibited the symbol of eternal peace and prosperity. His glittering earrings were set beautifully, and His helmet was bedecked with valuable jewels. The Lord's necklace of pearls and the bangles and bracelets nicely situated on His body all shone with a transcendental beauty. The Kaustubha jewel hanging on His chest glittered with great luster, and the Lord wore a beautiful flower garland.|author=[[Vyasa]]|title=[[Mahabharata]]|source=Sabha Parva, Chapter 5}}

== See also ==
*[[Cintamani|Chintamani Gem]]
*[[Navaratna]]
*[[Shrivatsa]]
*[[Syamantaka|Syamantaka Gem]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mythological objects]]

[[Category:Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Vishnu]]

S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu

2026-03-18T04:40:37Z

DilkhusOfficial: fixed article after review and added references as per guidelines

{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{infobox person
|name = S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu
|birth_name = Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu
|image =SPNarasimhalu Naidu.jpg
|parents = Rangaswami Naidu, Lakshmi Ammal
|spouse = Ethiraj Ammal, Meenakshi Ammal
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1854|4|12}}
|birth_place = Erode, [[Madras Presidency]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1922|1|22|1854|4|12}}
}}
'''Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu''' (or Pagadala Narasimhalu Nayadu) (12 April 1854 – 22 January 1922) was an Indian politician, social worker, and publisher. He became the Secretary of the Coimbatore unit of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) when it was formed in 1885.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last= S.V. Subramanian |author2=|title=Literary Heritage of the Tamils
|volume= |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |year=1981|page=783|isbn=|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXYOAAAAYAAJ }}</ref> He was the first person to have written [[Travel literature|travelogues]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Shobhana Bhattacharji |author2=|title=Travel Writing in India
|volume= |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2008|page=104|isbn=9788126025985|quote=A pioneer in this field is Pagadalu Narasimhalu Naidu of Salem ( 1854-1922 ), who has written a full- length book about his journey across India . | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2gMAQAAMAAJ }}</ref> He gave [[Coimbatore]] some of its earliest industries and was instrumental in establishing public institutions.<ref name="the hindu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060512104322/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/06/stories/2005080602400300.htm The Hindu : Metro Plus Coimbatore / Heritage : A man who made this city his own]</ref><ref name="Barnett">A Catalogue of the Tamil Books in the Library of the British Museum, by Lionel David Barnett, George Uglow Pope, British Museum Department, Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts, p. 208.</ref>

==Brief history==

Narasimhalu Naidu was born into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] Naidu family to Rangaswami Naidu and Lakshmi Ammal in [[Erode]] on 12 April 1854. He was named Balakrishna at birth and was later renamed as Narasimhalu after his grandfather. He was married to Ethiraj Ammal of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in 1868, who later died of [[tuberculosis]] after the death of their two sons. Subsequently, Narasimhalu Naidu married Meenakshi Ammal from [[Palakkad]] in 1899.

He wrote his first travelogue ''Arya Divya Desa Yatari Sarithiram'' in 1889 describing his experiences beyond the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhyas]]. He began publishing the ''Salem Patriot'' in 1877 to write on social issues. After the ''Salem Patriot'' closed down, he began publishing the ''Coimbatore Abamaani'' and then ''Coimbatore Patrika'' in 1879. In 1881, he established another publication, ''Coimbatore Crescent''. The Kalanidhi Press was also established by him.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=S. Muthiah |author2=|title=Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around : Supplemented with Tales of 'Once Upon a City'
|volume= |publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt. Limited |year=2004|page=56|isbn=9788188661244|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxRuAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

Narasimhalu Naidu established Coimbatore city's first [[Textile manufacturing|textile mill]], CS&W Mills. He also established a [[Cane sugar mill|sugar mill]] in Podhanur. He was involved in the establishment of the Victoria Municipal Hall (now the Town Hall), Coimbatore Cosmopolitan Club, Coimbatore College Committee and Coimbatore Co-operative store. The [[Siruvani River|Siruvani]] water supply system in Coimbatore is the outcome of his study and efforts.<ref name="the hindu"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000215/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/04/stories/2009010457460200.htm The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Coimbatore News : A reformer journalist]</ref>

He was a visionary and helped awaken social and literary consciousness. He established bodies to spread the teachings of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] in Salem and Coimbatore. He wrote more than a hundred books and booklets on religion, history, music, agriculture, law and medicine. Narasimhalu Naidu traced his past to the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] kings and is the author of ''Balijavaru Puranam'' (or ''Balija Vamsa Purana'') published in 1896.<ref name="Barnett"/>

Narasimhalu Naidu was the Secretary of the Coimbatore unit of the Chennai Mahajana Sabha, a social [[reform movement]]. He became the Secretary of the Coimbatore unit of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) when it was formed in 1885. He was one among the 21 representatives from [[Tamil Nadu]] who attended the first conclave of the INC in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1885. He attended its next convention in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1886 and the third in [[Chennai]] in 1887.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu}}
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Richard Smith (East India Company officer)

2026-03-16T02:24:42Z

DilkhusOfficial: cleanup citations based on references and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
| name =Richard Smith
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =baptised 1734
| death_date =3 July 1803
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance ={{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch =[[British Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank =[[Brigadier-General]]
| unit =
| commands =[[Indian Army]]
| battles =
| awards =
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Brigadier-General]] '''Richard Smith''' (baptised 1734 – 3 July 1803) was [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] of the East India Company (Bengal).

==Early life==
He was the eldest son of John Smith, cheesemonger, of [[Jermyn Street]], [[St. James’s]], in what is now [[central London]].<ref name=odnb>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63539?docPos=4 Richard Smith at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]</ref>

==Military career==
He served in India as an ensign in the [[Madras Army]] in 1752, rising to the rank of captain.<ref name=odnb/> In 1761 returned to London and became a prominent shareholder in the [[East India Company]].<ref name=odnb/>

When he went out to India again in 1764 it was as [[Colonel]] of one of the East India Company's three [[brigade]]s.<ref name=odnb/> In 1767 he was promoted to [[Commander-in-Chief, India]].<ref name=smith>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P_cNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22General+Charles+Morgan%22&pg=RA1-PR20 The Bengal almanac, for 1827, compiled by S. Smith and Co., Page XX]</ref> He was made Brigadier-General in 1768 before retiring in 1770.<ref name=hop>{{cite web | url = http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/smith-richard-1734-1803|title= SMITH, Richard (1734-1803), of Harley Street, Mdx. and Chilton Lodge, Hungerford, Berks.|publisher= History of Parliament Online|accessdate = 29 June 2013}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1774 he went into politics and was briefly elected to Parliament as the member for [[Hindon (UK Parliament constituency)|Hindon]], Wiltshire, by spending 15 guineas per vote.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=James E.|title=Religion, Revolution and English Radicalism: Non-conformity in Eighteenth-Century Politics and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t675Zg3oiGAC&pg=PA103|accessdate=17 August 2018|date=2002-06-20|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521890823|page=103}}</ref> On petition the election was declared void due to bribery by the winning candidates. He and his fellow candidate, [[Thomas Brand Hollis]], were prosecuted, fined one thousand [[mark (currency)|marks]], and imprisoned for six months. In a rerun of the election Brand Hollis withdrew his name but Smith was re-elected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/brand-hollis-thomas-1719-1804|title=Brand Hollis, Thomas (c.1719-1804), of Ingatestone, Essex and Corscombe, Dorset|publisher= History of Parliament|accessdate= 19 November 2017}}</ref>

He later served as MP for [[Wendover (UK Parliament constituency)|Wendover]] in 1780 and as MP for [[Wareham (UK Parliament constituency)|Wareham]] in 1790.<ref name=odnb/> He was appointed [[High Sheriff of Berkshire]] for 1779–80.<ref name=hop/>

He became notorious as a [[nabob]], one of the Englishmen returned from India with considerable wealth. He was "reputed to have made between £200,000 and £300,000 in India".<ref>{{cite journal | title = "Our Execrable Banditti": Perceptions of Nabobs in Mid-Eighteenth Century Britain | journal = Albion | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date= 1984 | first1= Philip | last1= Lawson | first2 = Jim | last2= Phillips | doi = 10.2307/4048755 | access-date =24 November 2024 | volume =16 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–241 | jstor = 4048755 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/albion/article/abs/our-execrable-banditti-perceptions-of-nabobs-in-mideighteenth-century-britain/6BDEC01F21FE45C4DE5F7AA168ED8704 | url-access = subscription | hdl = 1807/138674 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> and may have served as a "type" for [[Samuel Foote|Samuel Foote's]] [[The Nabob|1772 play of that title]]. He was satirically attacked by a Captain Joseph Price and a portrait of him appeared opposite that of [[Elizabeth Armistead]] (one of the favourite courtesans, and eventually the wife, of [[Charles James Fox]]) in ''[[Town and Country Magazine#Content|Town and Country Magazine]]''. He gambled huge amounts, on horses and at cards, and is said to have lost heavily to Fox.<ref name=odnb/>

==Family and descendants==
He lived at [[Chilton Lodge]] near [[Hungerford]] in [[Berkshire]].<ref name=odnb/> In 1756 he married Amelia Hopkins, the daughter of master mariner Captain Charles Hopkins. His ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' entry says only that the couple had a son and a daughter, without naming them.<ref name=odnb/> He is also known to have had an illegitimate daughter via his sister-in-law Sarah Hopkins. This daughter was named Amelia and she later married William Marsh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jjhc.info/smithgeneralrichard1803|title= Gen Richard Smith Of India and of London And of Chilton Foliat, Hungerford 1734-1803|publisher=J. J. Heath-Caldwell|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> The ''[[History of Parliament]]'' contains a biography both for him, stating that in 1780 he [[rotten borough|purchased a seat]] at [[Wendover (UK Parliament constituency)|Wendover]] for an unnamed son,<ref>{{cite web|title=SMITH, Richard (1734-1803), of Chilton Foliat, Wilts.|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/smith-richard-1734-1803|website=[[History of Parliament]]|accessdate=20 October 2016}}</ref> and for a [[John Mansell Smith]], which says he was the only son of Richard Smith.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cannon|first1=J.A.|title=SMITH, John Mansell (b. ?1758), of Chilton Foliat, Wilts.|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/smith-john-mansell-1758|website=[[History of Parliament]]|accessdate=20 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | before=[[Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive|Lord Clive]] | after=[[Sir Robert Barker, 1st Baronet|Sir Robert Barker]] | years=1767–1770}}
|-
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wendover (UK Parliament constituency)|Wendover]]
| with=[[John Mansell Smith]]
| years = 1780–1784
| before = [[Thomas Dummer]]
| after = [[Robert Burton (d. 1810)|Robert Burton]]
}}
|-
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wareham (UK Parliament constituency)|Wareham]]
| with=[[Lord Robert Spencer]]
| years = 1790–1796
| before = [[John Calcraft (the younger)|John Calcraft]]
| after = [[Charles Ellis, 1st Baron Seaford|Charles Ellis]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Richard}}
[[Category:1734 births]]
[[Category:1803 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Westminster]]
[[Category:People from Hungerford]]
[[Category:Madras Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Wareham]]
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]]
[[Category:British MPs 1774–1780]]
[[Category:British MPs 1780–1784]]
[[Category:British MPs 1790–1796]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Berkshire]]
[[Category:Military personnel from London]]
[[Category:British politicians convicted of crimes]]

Betty Ferns

2026-03-11T22:34:26Z

DilkhusOfficial:

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Betty Ferns
| image = Betty Ferns.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Fernandes during her youth
| birth_name = Maria Vital Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|11|4|df=y}}
| citizenship = {{ubl|
* [[British subject]] (until 1947)
* India (from 1947)}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| years_active = 1968–2005
| notable_works = ''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]''
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[C. Alvares]] (brother-in-law)
* [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]] (brother-in-law)}}
}}

'''Maria Vital Fernandes''' (born 4 November 1946), known professionally as '''Betty Ferns''', is an Indian actress and singer known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Maria Vital Fernandes, born on 4 November 1946, in [[Bombay]], [[British India]], was a resident of Morod, [[Sangolda]] in [[Bardez]]. Growing up in Bombay, Fernandes aimed to pursue a career in the film industry since childhood. She was affectionately known as Betty Ferns, christened by her godmother and maternal aunt, Beatrice D'Souza. Living in close proximity to a building on Claire Road, Fernandes encountered [[Anglo-Indian]] individuals who were involved in the [[Bollywood]] film industry. One day, while Fernandes was on her [[verandah]], directors noticed her beauty and expressed their interest in her potential as an actress. However, her brother, Alfred, an artist, dissuaded the directors, fearing the potential challenges that could arise from his sister's pursuit of an acting career.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes has three sisters. The eldest, Antonette, married Tommy, the brother of Konkani actor and singer [[C. Alvares]], and settled in Sangolda. The second sister, Ramona, married Konkani actor [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]] and established her home in [[Bombay Central]]. Presently, Fernandes's third sister, Maxie, resides in [[Wadala]]. During a visit to [[Goa]] following Antonette's wedding, Fernandes discovered an opportunity to showcase her talents in a ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Noxib Strikevaleachem''. The ''tiatr'', presented by [[Prompter (theatre)|prompter]] Anthony Fernandes, was performed in the village, providing Fernandes with a platform to display her acting abilities.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
In his book, Konkani historian and singer [[Wilson Mazarello]] discusses the career of Fernandes, throughout her acting career, Fernandes has embodied a diverse array of characters. From portraying elderly women to embodying [[Femme fatale|seductive vamps]], heroic figures, devoted sisters, and dutiful daughters-in-law. However, it is her portrayal of female villains that stands out. Mazarello further writes, she has displayed skill and mastery in these negative roles, establishing them as her specialty. She has collaborated with playwrights such as [[C. Alvares]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[M. Boyer]], Remmie Colaco, and Robin Vaz, showcasing her acting prowess in numerous productions. Not confined to national boundaries, Fernandes has also showcased her talent on international stages, including performances in Africa. In addition to her acting achievements, Fernandes is a singer, lending her voice to [[duet]]s alongside artists like C. Alvares. Her musical collaborations have been recorded on platforms such as [[Saregama|HMV Records]]. Beyond her performances, Fernandes has also demonstrated her creative prowess as a writer and director. She has penned and helmed a ''tiatr'' production that received acclaim, and was staged throughout Bombay (now Mumbai).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=234–235 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Upon her return to [[Bombay]], Fernandes's godmother played a pivotal role in persuading her to embark on a career in ''[[tiatr]]''. Initially dissuaded by her affectionate brother from pursuing acting in films and ''tiatrs'', Fernandes ultimately found herself treading the boards. It was during the Bombay staging of [[C. Alvares]]'s ''tiatr Bhorvanso'' (Hope) that Fernandes was recruited, subsequently becoming a part of numerous productions by Alvares, including the all-women show ''Khoincho Sakrament'' (Which Sacrament?). Her repertoire expanded to encompass other ''tiatrs'' such as ''Honrad Goenkar'', ''Goencho Mog'' (The Love for Goa), ''Jurament'' (The Oath), ''Axea'' (The Greed), ''Mhozo Put Padri'' (My Son is a Priest), ''Hatantlim Kanknam'' (The Hand Bangles), ''Duddvankar Zatoloi'' (You'll become a Milkman), ''Sonvsar Sudhorlo Punn Munis Sudhronk Na'', and many more.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=6 July 2017 |title=Tiatrist: Betty Ferns |work=[[O Heraldo]] |pages=25}}</ref> Fernandes made her debut on the Konkani stage in 1968, appearing in Anthony Fernandes's ''tiatr Noxib Strike Valeanchem''. Over the next three decades, she graced the works of Konkani playwrights. Her final recorded stage appearance, as of January 2013, occurred in Samuel Carvalho's all-female production ''Bhogsonnem'' (The Forgiveness) in 2005.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bett(y)ing on a come-back |url=https://www.thegoan.net//bett(y)ing-on-a-comeback/2664.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128152314/https://www.thegoan.net//bett(y)ing-on-a-comeback/2664.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to her stage work, Fernandes also secured a supporting part in [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]]'s [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]'' and participated in the ''tiatr Novro Mhozo Devchar'' (My Devil Boyfriend). She frequently collaborated with playwright Prem Kumar, who crafted substantial roles for her in tiatrs such as ''Jivit Ek Sopon'' (Life's a Dream), which featured a distinctive character, and ''Rinn'' (The Debt), known for its revolving stage. Fernandes also showcased her comedic talents alongside [[M. Boyer]] in Kumar's ''tiatr Tum Modhem Poddonaka'' (You don't intervene). Her contributions extended to other productions including ''Tuje Dis Bhorle'', ''No Time'', ''Govai'' (The Witness), ''Dubhav (The Doubt), ''Vauraddi'' (The Worker), ''Dukh'', ''Piso'' (Crazy), ''Hanv Kitem Korum? (What should I do?), ''Maria Magdalen'' (Mary Magdalene), and ''Abdul N D'Souza'', among others.<ref name=":0" />

In January 2014, during an interview with ''The Goan Everyday'', Fernandes discussed her continued interest in acting in ''tiatrs'', a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theatre]]. However, she mentioned the limited opportunities available in [[Mumbai]] and the lack of contact from playwrights, both in Mumbai and [[Goa]]. Despite these challenges, Fernandes expressed her eagerness to make a comeback to the ''tiatr'' stage if offered a role.<ref name=":1" /> Fernandes has had a notable association with M. Boyer, featuring in several of his ''tiatrs''. She particularly praised her role in ''Mog, Kazar, Divors'' (Love, Marriage, Divorce) as one of the best experiences she had in Boyer's productions. Other ''tiatrs'' she participated in with Boyer include ''Bhurgem ani Bhangar'' (Child and Gold), ''Adim Tem Atam Hem'', and ''Sounsar Sudhorlo'', among others. Additionally, Fernandes had significant roles in ''tiatrs'' by Remmie Colaco, including ''Ghorachem Sukh'' Part I & II, and Mendes Brothers' production ''Bomboicho Dada'' (The Father of Bombay), where she portrayed a pickpocket. She also showcased her comedic talent alongside the Mendes Brothers in ''tiatrs'' such as ''Dharunn Vhoddil'' and ''Ghuttachi Battli'' (The Bottle of Secret). Fernandes had the opportunity to act in ''tiatrs'' staged by various directors, including Robin Vaz, Star of Arossim, Kid Boxer, Anthony Colaco, Jacint Vaz, Samuel Carvalho, Dominic Fernandes, Menino de Bandar, Rosario Rodrigues, and Rosario Dias.<ref name=":0" />

In 1978, Fernandes wrote her own ''tiatr'' titled ''Maim Konnank Zai'' (Who needs a Mother?), which achieved success when it gained recognition after being performed at three separate locations in Bombay. The production received overwhelming response, surprising contractor Michael Correia. Fernandes also holds the distinction of being the first artist from Bombay to act in Rosario Rodrigues's ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'', ''Ekech Ratri Ami Fator''. Furthermore, she appeared in Bab Peter's ''tiatrs'', including ''Maink Zai Punn Paik Naka'' (The Mother wants, but the Father doesn't) and ''Mijeas'', as well as Rico Rod's ''tiatr'', ''Zogzogta Tem Bhangar Nhoi'', among others. Fernandes's involvement in the entertainment industry extended beyond ''tiatrs''. She featured in the Konkani film ''Girestkai'', produced by Ambika Films, and acted in Chris/Meena's ''tiatr'', ''Anvddo'' (The Craving). As of July 2017, her most recent known appearance was in Dominic Fernandes's ''tiatr'', ''Amchem Khoim Chukta, Sodhun Kadd''. Although Fernandes expressed a greater inclination towards acting rather than singing, she has collaborated with various artists to render duets, including [[C. Alvares]], Bab Peter, Prem Kumar, Young Mendes, [[H. Britton]], Robin Vaz, Francis de Parra, and [[Joe Rose (Konkani actor)|Joe Rose]]. She has also acted in Joe Rose's ''tiatrs'', such as ''Ekuch Rogot'' (One Blood), ''Sun Nhoim Sunnem'' (Not Daughter-in-law, but a Dog), and ''Dev Konnacho'', among others.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes is also known for her charismatic style and fashion coordination. Her stage presence allowed her to excel in various roles, often leaving her peers envious. Fernandes's theatrical journey began when C. Alvares' wife discovered her during a performance of the tiatr ''Strike Valeanchem Noxib''. Impressed by her talent, Fernandes was recommended for a role in C. Alvares' subsequent production, ''Borvanso''. This opportunity ignited a newfound sense of optimism within the young Fernandes. Upon witnessing her acting prowess in ''Borvanso'', Alvares recognized her potential and pledged to support her. Advising her to embrace every opportunity, Alvares encouraged Fernandes to accept any role that came her way. Consequently, she went on to portray numerous characters in Alvares' productions as well as those by other prominent playwrights, often delivering duets alongside Alvares himself. Reflecting on her involvement in Mike Mehta's ''Grant Road'', Fernandes recalls having only two scenes in the ''tiatr''. However, her compelling performance garnered such conviction that audiences would visit her in the [[green room]] to congratulate her, occasionally causing unease among the main heroines.<ref name=":1" />

As of July 2017, Fernandes remained actively engaged in stage performances, expressing her desire to continue showcasing her acting skills as the need arose. While participating in one of Jacinto Vaz's ''tiatrs'', Fernandes faced harsh criticism from the audience for a role she portrayed, resulting in jeers and tears. However, the backstage encouragement of [[M. Boyer]], Jacint Vaz, and Remmie Colaco provided reassurance to Fernandes, assuring her of the role's merit and dispelling her emotional distress. When members of the same audience later extended compliments in the green room, it served as a significant boost to Fernandes's confidence.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
In the year 2000, Fernandes was not often appearing on stage because of her work obligations. She lives with her family in [[Byculla, Mumbai]].<ref name=":2" /> As per the 2012 ''Directory of Tiatr Artistes'', she is reported to reside in [[Nagpada]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1977
|''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]''
|Supporting role
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1980
|''Girestkai''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=2013-09-06 |title=The voice of Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-voice-of-goa/articleshow/22197953.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321030141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-voice-of-goa/articleshow/22197953.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1968
|''Noxib Strikevaleachem''
|
|Professional debut
|rowspan="12"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Bhorvanso''
|
|
|-
|
|''Khoincho Sakrament''
|
|All-female show
|-
|
|''Honrad Goenkar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Goencho Mog''
|
|
|-
|
|''Jurament''
|
|
|-
|
|''Axea''
|
|
|-
|
|''Mhozo Put Padri''
|
|
|-
|
|''Hatantlim Kanknam''
|
|
|-
|
|''Duddvankar Zatoloi''
|
|
|-
|
|''Sonvsar Sudhorlo Punn Munis Sudhronk Na''
|
|
|-
|1970s
|''Novro Mhozo Devchar''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''Jivit Ek Sopon''
|Male character
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-21 |title=Satire, song and puns: Marceline's wit shone bright |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/satire-song-and-puns-marcelines-wit-shone-bright/articleshow/72151056.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321024638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/satire-song-and-puns-marcelines-wit-shone-bright/articleshow/72151056.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |first=Fausto V.|last=da Costa|publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=47–48}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Rinn''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1990s
|''Tum Modhem Poddonaka''
|Comedian
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=In a league of his own |url=https://staging.heraldgoa.in/2020/details.php?n_id=185980 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172915/https://staging.heraldgoa.in/2020/details.php?n_id=185980 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|2005
|''Bhogsonnem''
|
|All-female show
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferns, Betty}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Takkar (1980 film)

2026-03-09T12:54:51Z

DilkhusOfficial: fixed issues

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=the plot is garbled|date=November 2022}}
{{One source|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Takkar
| image = Takkar (1980 film).jpg
| caption = Theateral release poster
| director = [[K. Bapayya]]
| producer = G. A. Seshagiri Rao [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| writer = Chandandas Shokh {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = G. Hanumantha Rao
| screenplay = G. Hanumantha Rao
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Jeetendra]] [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Zeenat Aman]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Bindiya Goswami]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = P. L. Rai
| editing = K. Gopala Rao
| based_on = ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973) by V. Ramachandra Rao
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]
| released = {{film date|1980|4|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =

}}

'''''Takkar''''' ({{Translation|Collision}}) is a 1980 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[K. Bapayya]]. It features an ensemble cast of [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Jaya Prada]] and [[Bindiya Goswami]] with music composed by [[R. D. Burman]]. It is produced by G. A. Seshagiri Rao under the [[Padmalaya Studios]] banner and presented by [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]. The film is a remake of the 1973 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Sanjeev Kumar's Biography Unveils His Special Bond With Tamil Thespian Sivaji Ganesan |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sanjeev-kumar-s-biography-unveils-his-special-bond-with-tamil-thespian-sivaji-ganesan-news-213671 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> The film is Padmalaya Studios' [[Bollywood]] debut and after this they made nearly 20 films.

==Plot==
The film begins with a crime wing who steals valuable antique idols from the temples. Suraj a valiant is allied with them. Once, they subterfuge a train robbery holding a precious statue when Ranjeet a mobster, slays a priest. As it happens, a passenger Sapna sister of a tycoon Vinod Saxena braves which transforms Suraj. So, he safeguards the passengers, in that mishap Suraj & Sapna fall in love. Following, dropping Sapna Suraj forwards and landed at an estate owned by Zamindar. Vijay his vagabond son of him leads a frolicking life. At one point, he teases a laborer Ganga when Suraj hinders. In that rage, Vijay whips him and Zamindar averts it.

Surprisingly, Suraj discerns himself as a long-lasting elder Kishan of Zamindar but may disclose his true self on account of his crime sheet. Indeed, Suraj is the progeny of Zamindar’s first wife who is grudged by his second Kausalya. Plus, her sly brother ruses to slaughter him but he is secured. At present, Zamindar shelters and entrusts the family tasks to him. Thereupon, he seeks to remove the flaws of Vijay and sister Meena which makes Vijay quit. Destiny makes Zamindar & Vinod family friends including Sapna & Meena. Further, it reunites Suraj & Sapna when he divulges the actuality and requests to bite her lip. Besides, Ganga strives for her terminally-ill mother & drunkard brother Pritam. Gopi reforms after soul-searching with her tie.

Here, as a flabbergast, Vinod turns into the quarterback of the mobsters, with which Meena is also affiliated by bullying. Exploiting it, they heist Lord Krishna’s idol of Zamindar’s ancestors. Whereat, Suraj incriminates to shield Meena. As of now, Vinod seizes Geeta when Suraj breaks the bars and chases them. However, Gopi misinterprets and charges Suraj when he affirms his identity and they fuse. Parallelly, Pritam senses the activities of Vinod and informs Suraj & Vijay. Being cognizant of it, Sapna too guilds and rescues Meena. At that moment, startlingly, the original Vinod appears who has been abducted by the quarterback and purported as him. Since Meena is Vinod’s amour, she became a pawn at their fingertips. Just the blackguards’ ploy a conspiracy in the name of God to smuggle the adored idols out of the country. At last, Suraj & Vijay intrepidly encounters and ceases them. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of Suraj & Sapna, Vijay & Ganga, and Vinod & Meena.

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Zamindar
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Kishan/Suraj
*[[Jeetendra]] as Vijay
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Vinod/Boss (Double Role)
*[[Zeenat Aman]] as Sapna
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Ganga
*[[Bindiya Goswami]] as Meena
*[[Asha Sachdev]] as Meenakshi
*[[Prema Narayan]] as Achla
*[[Ranjeet]] as Ranjeet
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Ranveer
*[[Asrani]] as Pritam
*[[Komila Virk]] as Roma
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Mamaji Bhagat
*[[Leela Chitnis]] as Gayatri
*[[Kamini Kaushal]] as Kaushalya
*[[Mukri]] as Kaushal
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Jagmohan
*[[Jalal Agha]] as Kishore
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Ramesh

== Soundtrack ==
Music: [[R. D. Burman]], Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ritu Ru, Ritu Ru"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Jab Jab Dekhun Main Teri Taraf, Dil Dhak Se Dhadak Jata"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Murti Ganesh Ki, Andar Daulat Desh Ki"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| "Achha Bahana Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Duniya Kya Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Yeh Tanhaiyan"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Makhanchor Nandkishore Manmohan Ghanshyam Re"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0155238}}

[[Category:Films directed by K. Bapayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]

Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet

2026-03-04T09:41:21Z

DilkhusOfficial: started a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet
| image = Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pradip Mestry
| writer = Pradip Mestry
| screenplay = Ganesh Pandit Shripad Joshi
| producer = Amol Shivram Utekar Anjali Panchal Minakshi Nimbalkar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Siddhartha Jadhav]]
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
*[[Sanskruti Balgude]]
}}
| cinematography = Sameer Athalye
| editing = Ashish Mhatre Apurva Motiwale
| music = '''Music:''' Udhav Ojha '''Score:''' Pankajj Padghan
| studio = Stellaria Studios
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|02|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet''''' ({{Translation|All lines are busy}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Comedy film|comedy]] film written and directed by Pradip Mestry, produced by Stellaria Studios. It starring [[Siddhartha Jadhav]], Saurabh Gokhale, [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Sanskruti Balgude]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarva Line Vyasta Aahet - 2019 - Rights |url=http://www.ultraindia.com/film-details/6243-sarva-line-vyasta-aahet |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Ultra Media and Entertainment Pvt Ltd. |language=en}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 1 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sarva Line Vyasta Aahet': Reasons to watch the Siddharth Jadhav and Sauraabh Gokhaale starrer film {{!}} The Times of India |url=https://www.arcattoscana.org/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sarva-line-vyasta-aahet-reasons-to-watch-the-siddharth-jadhav-and-sauraabh-gokhaale-starrer-film/photostory/67795404.cms |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Siddhartha Jadhav]] as Babya
* [[Sanskruti Balgude]] as Tanvi
* Saurabh Gokhale as Sameer
* Smita Shewale as Arpita
* Rani Aggarwal as Jigna
* Neetha Sheety as Sayli
* Satish Agashe as Sameer's father
* Madhavi Soman as Sameer's mother
* [[Hemangi Kavi]] as Priyanka
* Sandhya Kute as Jigna's mother
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Baba Gadbade
* [[Gaurav More]] as Tikku
* Shivaji Redkar as Babya's father
* Priyanka Mungekar as Babya's mother
* Hitesh Sampat as Jigna's father
* Kamlakar Satpute as Jhapadwale Munna

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was theatrically released on 1 February 2019.
===Home media===
It was OTT released on [[Amazon Prime Video]], available for streaming from 15 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tollywood |date=2023-06-21 |title=List of Upcoming Marathi Movies on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.tollywood.online/list-of-upcoming-marathi-movies-on-amazon-prime-video/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Tollywood Online |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
A reviewer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5, and wrote: "The film is faulty on so many levels that its not even funny."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sarva-line-vyasta-ahet/movie-review/67796028.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' also praised music and criticised story, screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सर्व लाईन व्यस्त आहेत |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sarva-line-vyasta-aahet/moviereview/67795308.cms |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Udhav Ojha, Pankajj Padghan
| released = 2019
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=15|s=10}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet soundtrack|url=https://wynk.in/music/album/sarva-line-vyasta-aahet/zm_ZMC01536|website=Wynk Music|access-date=2023-06-22}}</ref>
| language = Marathi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|gzvWEmG2J3s|Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet - Full Album}}
}}
}}
The music is composed by Udhav Ojha and background score is provided by Pankajj Padghan. The lyrics of the songs are by Shrikant Bojewar and Valay Mulgund.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollyy |first=Team |date=2018-11-16 |title=Music Launch Of ‘Sarva Line Vyasta Aahet’ |url=https://bollyy.com/music-launch-of-sarva-line-vyasta-aahet/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Bollyy |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Ek Number
| length1 = 2:39
| extra1 = [[Avdhoot Gupte]]
| title2 = Dillachi Taar
| length2 = 2:50
| extra2 = [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| title3 = Ya Re Ya Re
| length3 = 2:31
| extra3 = Udhav Ojha, Ankita Bramhe, Ragini Kavthekar, Sagar Phadke
| title4 = Tu Morpankhi
| length4 = 3:06
| extra4 = Swapnil Bhandodkar, Madhura Patkar
| total_length = 15:10
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=9419628}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Shekhar Gurera

2026-03-02T12:15:16Z

DilkhusOfficial:

{{Short description|Indian cartoonist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Shekhar Gurera
| image = Cartoonist Shekhar Gurera (2025).jpg
| image_size = 175px
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|08|30}}
| birth_place = [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], [[Punjab, India]]
| occupation = [[Cartoonist]], [[caricaturist]], [[illustrator]], [[designer]]
| spouse = Rekha Gurera
| parents =
| children = 2
| years_active = 1984–present
| signature = [[File:Shekhar Gurera sign logo.jpg|frameless|70px |ShekharGurera.com sign logo]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.shekhargurera.com/}}
}}

'''Shekhar Gurera''', also known as '''Dr. Chander Shekhar Gurera''', is an Indian [[Editorial cartoonists|editorial cartoonist]],<ref>PIB, Government of India. access date: 22 July 2010. [http://pib.nic.in/prs/prs2010/ListByName.htm List of Accredited Journalist, 2010 (no300 in List by Name)]</ref> [[illustrator]], and [[graphic designer]]. He publishes regular cartoons with comments about India's political and social trends. His daily pocket cartoons appear in several English, Hindi, and regional language daily newspapers ''[[Punjab Kesari]]'', ''[[Hind Samachar]]'', ''[[Jag Bani]]'', ''[[Nava Bharat]]'', ''[[Central Chronicle]]'' ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'', ''[[Sanmarg]]'' and ''[[Navodaya Times]]'' among others. He started his cartoon career in 1984 as a freelancer.

==Biography==
Gurera was born on 30 August 1965 in [[Moga, Punjab]]<ref>People from Moga, [https://www.amazon.in/dp/1158452179?ref_=cm_sw_r_apan_dp_KWXR6ZBNH1893N3NDTN2 by Books LLC (Author)]</ref> India. He started his pre-university (11th) from [[DAV College, Abohar]], but graduated with a degree in Science from [[Multani Mal Modi College]] at [[Patiala]] in 1986. After shifting to [[Gurgaon]], [[List of people from Haryana|Haryana]] he got the degree in Applied Arts from [[College of Art, Delhi|College of Art]] at [[Delhi|New Delhi]] in 1990.<ref>Another Feather in the cap of Cartoonist Gurera [http://www.readwhere.com/read/159872/g4u-MEDIA/1999-TOI-Gurgaon-Plus#page/1/2 The Times of India, New Delhi : Jan20, 1999 ]</ref><ref>Master of Mirth : Shekhar Gurera (Page26-27), under the series ''Great Indian Cartoonists'' by Mrinal C. [http://www.readwhere.com/read/1704746/Master-of-Mirth-Shekhar-Gurera/%22Great-Indian-Cartoonist%22-by-Mrinal-Chatterjee#dual/3/2 Cartoon Watch : Dec.2015 ]</ref>

===Career===
During 1973 Gurera's first cartoon was published in ''Veer Pratap'', a Hindi newspaper from Punjab, as he was awarded in an on-the-spot competition. During his school days he continued his skill of cartooning and sketching as hobby only. During 1984 he professionally started contributing to [[Punjab Kesari]] as freelancer while pursuing Science graduation at [[Patiala]].<ref>Career in Satire, Cartoonist' Interview (Page26-31) [http://www.readwhere.com/read/1279741/POOL-83/POOL-83#page/1/1 POOL 83 : July 2017 ]</ref>

==Projects==
[[File:SG4print 13.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Shekhar Gurera's regular creations in collage form (2013)]]
[[File:Shekhar gurera Banner12.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Self-caricature, by Shekhar Gurera]]

===Kargil Cartoons===
In 1999, Gurera drew a series of ''Kargil Kartoons'', on-the-spot cartoons of Indian soldiers passing through the New Delhi railway station on their way to Kargil. The cartoons on the [[Kargil War]] were later exhibited at The Lalit Kala Academy, [[New Delhi]] on 25–31 July 1999, followed by the chain exhibition of cartoons at [[Jaipur]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Patna]] and [[Indore]].<ref>[http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990714/ige14012.html "Humour for warriors up front,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020953/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990714/ige14012.html |date=28 September 2013 }} Indian Express, 14 July 1999.</ref>

===Future Lens===
Since 2001, he publishes the weekly feature ''Future Lens''. This column features a celebrity from sports, films, politics or other fields and depicts them as they'd look with 30 years added to their present age. These pictures are created by painting digitally, which makes them look like actual photographs.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zb6B_TBxZJA Future Lens (now and after 30 years)] Future Lans (Video)</ref><ref>[http://www.readwhere.com/read/159870/g4u-MEDIA/2000-Website-Future-Lens#page/1/2 "Crystal Ball Gazing : Hrithik Roshan in 2035,"] The Times of India, New Delhi: 27 July 2000.</ref>

===NPC Calendar 05 & 16===
A chain of cartoons for the Calendar 2005<ref>[http://www.readwhere.com/read/161470/g4u-MEDIA/Cartoons-for-the-NPC-2005#page/1/2 Cartoons for the NPC], Calendar: 2005.</ref> and 2016 of [[National Productivity Council]] about the different ways of productivity.

=== Exhibitions (Solo & collective) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date !! Exhibition !! Organised by
|-
| 16 July 1997 || 3rd Asian Cartoon Exhibition at Tokyo, Japan || [[Japan Foundation]]
|-
| 23 Dec. 1998 – 5 Jan. 1999 || 3rd Asian Cartoon Exhibition at New Delhi, India || [[Japan Foundation]]
|-
| 16–29 Jul. 1999 || Kargil Cartoons at New Delhi, India (Later on also at Chandigarh, Jaipur, Patna and Indore)|| [[Lalit Kala Academy]]
|-
| 7–28 Jan. 2017 || Solo exhibition at Indian Cartoon Gallery, Bangalore.<ref>[http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071566/KannadaPrabha,-Bangalore/Arts#page/1/2 Art review by Gurudatta NS Sanketh] [[Kannada Prabha]], Bangalore, 7 January 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QECrRVE4JCc WORLD OF SHEKHAR GURERA' – NEWS9] [[News9 (Karnataka)|News9]], 11 January 2017.</ref> || [[Indian Institute of Cartoonists|IIC]]
|}

===8th Regional 3R Forum===
In 2018, Conservation in Indian Living Demonstrated through Illustration in the booklet of ''8th Regional 3R (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse) Forum''. The event was organized with the cooperation of State [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Government of India]] under the auspices of United Nations Regional Development Center (UNCRD) at [[Indore]] (9–12 April 2018).<ref>[http://www.readwhere.com/read/1608238/Conservation-In-Lifestyle:-Indian-Heritage-2018-(E)/Conservation-in-Indian-Living-Demonstrated-through-Illustration-By-Shekhar-Gurera#page/1/1 Conservation In Lifestyle: Indian Heritage] 8th Regional 3R Forum : 9–12 April 2018</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* 1982 – Honored by the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], [[Balram Jakhar]] while being a student of 11th.<ref>Honored by the [[Balram Jakhar]]; [http://www.readwhere.com/read/1722663/Budding-Artist,-SHEKHAR-GURERA/ACHIEVEMENTS-(1973–1996)#page/3/2 Punjab Kesari, Jalandhar : Mar.22, 1982]</ref>
* 1989 – Honored by the PM, [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>Honored by the PM, [[Rajiv Gandhi]]; [http://www.readwhere.com/read/1722663/Budding-Artist,-SHEKHAR-GURERA/ACHIEVEMENTS-(1973–1996)#page/5/2 Evening News, New Delhi : Feb.19, 1990]</ref>
* 1990 – Honored by The President, [[Giani Zail Singh]].<ref>Honored by The President, [[Giani Zail Singh]]; [http://www.readwhere.com/read/1722663/Budding-Artist,-SHEKHAR-GURERA/ACHIEVEMENTS-(1973–1996)#page/6/2 Punjab Keaari, New Delhi : Jan.31, 1990 १९८९]</ref>
* 1992 – Best Cartoonist Award during 1st Babu [[Jagjeevan Ram]] Memorial All India Art Exhibition by the PM, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<ref>Honored by the PM, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] [http://www.readwhere.com/read/159869/g4u-MEDIA/1992-the-PM-P-V-Narsimha-Rao#page/1/2 Navbharat Times, New Delhi : Nov.30, 1992]</ref>
* 1996 – Award for Excellence in Cartooning at 20th [[Matri Shree Media Award]]s<ref>20th Matri Shree Award Announced; [http://www.readwhere.com/read/159868/g4u-MEDIA/1996-Matri-Shree-Award#page/1/2 Indian Express, New Delhi : May 6, 1996 ]</ref>
* 1997 – represented India at the 3rd Asian Cartoon and Art Exhibition conducted by The [[Japan Foundation]] at Tokyo<ref>3rd Asian Cartoon and Art Exhibition; [http://www.readwhere.com/read/154198/g4u-MEDIA/Manga-Hai-Kya-Comics-#page/1/2 Manga Hai Kya, Comics : Shekhar Gurera ]</ref>
* 2011 – Mahamana [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] Memorial 7th Annual Award for Journalism (Cartoonist).<ref>Madan Mohan Malaviya Memorial 7th Annual Award:2011; [http://www.readwhere.com/read/161473/g4u-MEDIA/MMM-Memorial-7th-Annual-Award-2011#page/1/2 Excellence in Cartooning]</ref>
* 2018 – Appointed Official Cartoonist ([[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan#Brand Ambassadors|Brand Ambassador]] for Cartoons) by the [[Municipal Corporation]] of [[Gurugram]]<ref>[http://www.uniindia.com/mcg-announces-shekhar-gurera-as-official-cartoonist-for-swachh-survekshan/states/news/1122076.html MCG announces Shekhar Gurera as official Brand Ambassador] [[United News of India|UNI]], 30 January 2018.</ref><ref>[http://epaper.punjabkesari.in/1525547/Gurgaon-kesari/Gurgaon-kesari#page/1/1 कार्टूनिस्ट शेखर गुरेरा को ब्रांड एम्बेसडर बनाया गया]; [[Punjab Kesari]], Jan.31, 2018.</ref>
* 2019 – Honored with "Icon of Haryana" under Haryana Garima Awards 2019 for Editorial Cartooning.<ref>Haryana Garima Awards 2019 to Shekhar Gurera; [http://www.palpalindia.com/2019/10/24/Haryana-Garima-Awards-2019-Shekhar-Gurera-Honour-news-in-hindi-293891.html PalPalIndia, Oct.24, 2019]</ref><ref>[https://epaper.punjabkesari.in/2480098/Haryana-Sirsa-kesari/Haryana-Sirsa-kesari#page/3/2 कार्टूनिस्ट शेखर गुरेरा के खाते में एक और उपलब्धि]; [[Punjab Kesari]], Dec.25, 2019.</ref>
* 2022 - 'Gurugram Gaurav' award on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee celebrations (1997-2022) of the ''Suruchi Sahitya Kala Parivar Samiti, Gurugram''.
* 2025 – Honored with "Honorary Doctorarte" from KU, France for his long and remarkable experience of more than four decades in Editorial Cartooning.<ref>SG honoured with Honorary Doctorate; [https://centralchronicle.com/epaper/archives/2025-08-11/ccpaper3.jpg Central Chronicle, Bhopal Aug.11, 2025]</ref><ref>[https://epaper.navbharatlive.com/editionname/Nagpur/NAVABHARAT_NAG/page/4/article/NAVABHARAT_NAG_20250810_4_4 शेखर गुरेरा को डॉक्टरेट की मानद उपाधि]; [[Nava Bharat]], Nagpur, Aug.10, 2025.</ref>

== Books and articles ==
* ''Suryodaya Ki Dharati Japan Se'' (1997) – a weekly series of 10 travelogue articles, published in [[Punjab Kesari]], [[Jag Bani]] and [[Hind Samachar]]<ref>A series of 10 articles published in Punjab Kesari, Jag Bani and Hind Samachar Dec23, 1997 : [http://www.readwhere.com/read//r/152310 सूर्योदय की धरती (जापान) से]</ref>
* ''Kargil Kartoons'' (1999) – during the [[Kargil War]], with the involvement of seven other cartoonists, compiled a collection of cartoons about the Indian defense forces<ref>Kargil Kartoons [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUZHllsiexI. a collection of cartoons]</ref>
* ''Laugh as you Travel'' (2000) – on the occasion of completing 150 years of [[Indian Railways]] a collection of 50 cartoons made by [[Kaak (cartoonist)|Kaak]] and Shekhar Gurera<ref>An article by Ram Kishore Parcha published in Swatantra Bharat, Lucknow on Aug26, 2000 : [http://www.readwhere.com/read/154195/g4u-MEDIA/Aug262000-Swatantra-Bharat#page/1/2 रेलवे यात्रा पर कार्टूनों की एक उम्दा बानगी]</ref>
* ''[[Je Suis Charlie]]'' cartoons (2015) – to show solidarity with the victims of the attack on French satirical paper [[Charlie Hebdo]]<ref>Indian cartoonists at the Press Club of India in New Delhi voice solidarity after the Charlie Hebdo attack, 9 January 2015 : [http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=14125 The Hypocrisy of Democracy]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurera, Shekhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian caricaturists]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]
[[Category:People from Moga, Punjab]]
[[Category:Indian graphic designers]]

Derbhavti State

2026-02-28T16:36:26Z

DilkhusOfficial: adding entry.

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Derbhavti State
|common_name =Derbhavti
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Derbhavti in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =181.95
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =4 343
|footnotes =
}}
'''Derbhavti State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]]<ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 4 343 and an area of 70.25 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 20, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref>

It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 51 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up</ref>

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neieghbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states omly subjugated in 1839. In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 370 £ (3700 Rupees)<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 605 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The Rulers had the title of Raja<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 30, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref>

* Nathu Ankush fl. 1880<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref>
* Raja Bhaurao Nathu (b. 1870) 1881-fl. 1915<ref>Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1915, p. 250, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35687/page/n255/mode/2up</ref>
* Sahebrao Badirao (b. 1907) August 24, 1914-fl. 1940<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 20, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Khunjaoba

2026-02-26T18:10:28Z

DilkhusOfficial: put up a entry - done

{{Short description|Meitei king of 17th century}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}{{Infobox royalty|name=Khunjaoba|title=Meitei Ningthou|reign=1652 CE - 1666 CE|reign-type=[[Monarchy]]|coronation=1652 CE|predecessor=[[Khagemba]]|successor=[[Paikhomba]]|birth_name=Khunchaopa|birth_date=1622 CE<ref name="ChK" />|death_date=1666 CE|issue=|house=[[Ningthouja dynasty]]|father=Khagemba|occupation=Monarch of the Kangleipak kingdom|religion=[[Sanamahism]]}}

'''Khunjaoba''' was a Meitei king of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Medieval Manipur]]. He ruled from 1652 CE to 1666 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pf_muabVNIC&q=Khunjaoba|title=The History of the Zeliangrong Nagas: From Makhel to Rani Gaidinliu|last1=Kabui|first1=Gangmumei|last2=Kamei|first2=Gangmumei|date=2004|publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=978-81-87502-76-0|language=en}}</ref> Starting from the time of his father [[Khagemba]], there were many events of Muslim migration and settlement. It continued till his time.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEa8EAAAQBAJ&dq=Khunjaoba&pg=PT305|title=The Mughals and the North-East: Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India|last=Nag|first=Sajal|date=2023-07-17|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-90525-0|language=en}}</ref> He constructed canals and embankments around the ''Khwairamban'' marketplace.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=Khunjaoba&pg=PT399|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en}}</ref>

== Conquests ==
In 1657, he defeated the leader of the Kabaw Valley. When he and his brother Tonaba confronted the Samjok king in 1652, the Kuyong tribes launched an invasion of the [[Meitei kingdom]]. Thus, Khunjaoba's queen Takhembi, along with her Thang Ta instructor Sarangcha and the wife of Khunjaoba's brother, Sanakhombi, readied themselves for battle and ultimately defeated the Kuyong tribes, driving them away.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=Khunjaoba&pg=PA708|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en}}</ref>

Khunjaoba defeated the Samjok king twice in 1653 and 1659.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=Khunjaoba&pg=PR54|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|language=en}}</ref>

== Death of two family members ==
At that time, the leader of the [[Maram people|Maram tribes]] failed to pay the annual tribute. To address this, he dispatched his younger brother Tonaba (the father of Paikhomba) along with Paikhomba's elder brother to gather the tribute. Nevertheless, the Maram chief murdered both Tonaba and Paikhomba's elder brother as retaliation for his father's death at the hands of Khagemba.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rulers of Kangla and Ethnic Tribes of Manipur Part 4 By Naoroibam Indramani|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Rulers_of_Kangla_and_Ethnic_Tribes_of_Manipur_Part_4_By_Naoroibam_Indramani|access-date=2025-07-27|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Death ==
As a result of inaccurate accusations of conspiracy against the king, he terminated his marriage to Queen Takhembi in 1666 CE. Consequently, all five of her friends were executed.<ref name="ChK">{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-34430-2 |pages=76, 86, 90-91 |language=en}}</ref> This led to their families rising up against the king, resulting in the deaths of Khunjaoba and his kin. The kingdom was left without a ruler for approximately a month until Paikhomba, the nephew of Khunjaoba, ascended to the throne in 1666 CE.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1666 deaths]]
[[Category:1622 births]]
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]

Hemangi Kavi

2026-02-25T22:36:38Z

DilkhusOfficial: put up a post - done

{{short description|Indian television actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemangi Kavi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|08|26}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Updated: {{!}}Lipi |title=चाळीशी झाली की बायकांना हे ऐकण्याचे वेध लागतात...हेमांगी म्हणते कवीची पोस्ट व्हायरल |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/hemangi-kavi-shared-a-post-and-revealed-her-age-say-thanks-to-fans-for-birthday-wishes/articleshow/85689365.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai | Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2003{{ndash}}present
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sandeep Dhumal|2007}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-23 |title=ठामपणे भूमिका मांडणाऱ्या हेमांगी कवीच्या नवऱ्याविषयी माहितीये का? पाहा कोणत्या क्षेत्रात आहे कार्यरत |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/marathi-cinema/marathi-actress-hemangi-kavi-husband-sandeep-dhumal-known-facts-a734/ |access-date= |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
| relatives =
| height =
}}
'''Hemangi Kavi''' (born 26 August 1980) is an Indian actress and model who works primarily in Marathi films and marathi as well as hindi television.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemangi Kavi |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bhakti-athawale-bhave-write-about-actress-hemangi-kavi-5955372.htmlhttps://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bhakti-athawale-bhave-write-about-actress-hemangi-kavi-5955372.html}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Hemangi Kavi hails from [[Mumbai]] and was brought up in [[Thane|Kalva, Thane]]. She attended Sahakar Vidya Prasarak Mandal Secondary School in [[Kalwa, Thane|Kalva, Thane]]. She then went to the JJ School of Arts and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts. She also completed a diploma in web designing, and started working as a web designer. Considering her interest in acting, she began a career in the theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बोल्ड, बिनधास्त, ब्युटिफुल अभिनेत्री हेमांगी कवी कितवी शिकलीय? जाणून घ्या |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/career/career-news/marathi-actress-hemangi-kavi-education/articleshow/93791700.cms |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
She debuted in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]] with ''Rangee Berangee'' (2008) and, the same year, ''Dhudgus'' (2008). Since then, she has appeared in numerous films, which include ''Manatlya Manat'' (2010), ''Kon Aahe Re Tikade'' (2010), ''Paradh'' (2010), ''Davpech'' (2010), ''Paach Naar Ek Bejaar'' (2010), ''Pangira'' (2011), ''Fakt Ladh Mhana'' (2011), ''Swarajya'' (2011), ''Gola Berij'' (2012), ''Pipaani'' (2012), and ''Gadad Jambha''l (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=हेमांगी कवी अभिनय क्षेत्रात कशी आली माहित्येय? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/web-stories/entertainment/know-more-facts-about-marathi-actress-hemangi-kavi-dhumal/photoshow/90973393.cms |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=maharashtratimes.com |language=mr}}</ref>

Her appearances on television include [[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|''Fu Bai Fu'']] and ''[[Mrs. Mukhyamantri]],'' which aired on [[Zee Marathi]], [[Phulpakharu (TV series)|''Phulpakharu'']] on [[Zee Yuva]], and the comedy TV series ''Maddam Sasuani Dhaddam Sun'', which was telecasted in [[Mi Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-03 |title=Phulpakhru: Hemangi Kavi makes a comeback to the small screen |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/phulpakhru-hemangi-kavi-makes-a-comeback-to-the-small-screen/articleshow/64838888.cms |access-date=2023-06-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Rangee Berangee''
|Aarti
|Debut
|
|-
|''Dhudgus''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010
|''Manatlya Manat''
|Amol
|
|
|-
|''Paach Naar Ek Bejar''
|
|
|
|-
|''Davpech''
|Shevanta
|
|
|-
|''Paradh''
|Indu
|
|
|-
|''Kon Aahe Re Tikade''
|Devaki
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Fakta Ladh Mhana|Fakt Ladh Mhana]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Pangira''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''Pipaani''
|Nanda
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress]]
|
|-
|''Gola Berij''
|Subak Thengani
|
|
|-
|''Gadad Jambhal''
|Bhangi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''Vaadhdivsachya Haardik Shubhechcha''
|Vinita
|
|
|-
|''Jai Shankar''
|
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Chuk Bhul Dyavi Ghyavi''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''Bhootkaal''
|
|
|
|-
|''School Chalega...?''
|
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Savita Damodar Paranjpe]]''
|Savita Damodar Paranjpe
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Bandishala]]''
|Ruksana
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet|Sarva Line Vyasta Aahet]]''
|Priyanka
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title='ही' भूमिका साकारणे हेमांगी कवीसाठी होते आव्हानात्मक |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/sarva-line-vyasta-aahet-role-very-challenging-me-hemangi-kavi/ |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Pandu (film)|''Pandu'']]
|Sangita Mahadu Mahagade
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''Bharat Maza Desh Ahe''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Tamasha Live]]''
|Sutradhar
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-11 |title='Tamasha Live': Siddharth Jadhav and Hemangi Kavi's new song 'Phad Lagalay' is out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/tamasha-live-siddharth-jadhav-and-hemangi-kavis-new-song-phad-lagalay-is-out/articleshow/92798589.cms |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Varhadi Vajantri''
|
|
|
|-
|2023
|''Ticha Shahar Hona''
|
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune International Film Festival |url=https://www.piffindia.com/Tich-Shahar-Hona.php |access-date=2023-06-17|website=www.piffindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Lifeline (2024 film)|Life Line]]''
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2003-2007
|''[[Vadalvaat]]''
|Shravani Chaudhari
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-06 |title=Hemangi Kavi gets nostalgic as she shared BTS pictures from her debut TV show Vadalvaat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hemangi-kavi-gets-nostalgic-as-she-shared-bts-pictures-from-her-debut-tv-show-vadalvaat/articleshow/80136500.cms |access-date=2023-06-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2004-2005
|''Hasnyavari Gheu Naka''
|
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[DD Sahyadri]]
|
|-
|2006-2010
|''[[Avaghachi Sansar]]''
|Sakshi Sabnis
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Piya Ka Aangan]]''
|Swati
|[[Hindi]]
|[[DD National]]
|
|-
|2010-2014
|''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''
|Contestant
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2012
|''Maddam Sasu Dhaddam Sun''
|Sneha
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[Mi Marathi]]
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|Episodic role
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-04 |title=Hemangi Kavi & Ekta Tiwari in Crime Patrol |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hemangi-kavi-ekta-tiwari-in-crime-patrol/articleshow/19107886.cms |access-date=2023-05-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2017-2019
|''[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakharu]]''
|Shalmali
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|
|-
|2019-2020
|''[[Mrs. Mukhyamantri]]''
|Ragini Shinde
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Teri Laadli Main]]''
|Urmila Kumar
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Star Bharat]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teri Laadli Mai: Hemangi Kavi Reveals The Teaser Of Her Upcoming Hindi TV Show |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/teri-laadli-mai-hemangi-kavi-reveals-the-teaser-of-her-upcoming-hindi-tv-show/5fda16ec2893807a5f3c8d27 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.spotboye.com}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Lek Majhi Durga]]''
|Vaiju Jagtap
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=दुर्गाचं भावविश्व रंगवणारी मालिका 'लेक माझी दुर्गा' लवकरच छोट्या पडद्यावर, अभिनेत्री हेमांगी कवी दिसणार महत्त्वाच्या भूमिकेत |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/new-serial-lek-majhi-durga-starts-from-14th-feb-on-colors-marathi-129392748.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Upcoming projects |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-hemangi-kavi-on-her-role-in-lek-mazi-durga-vaijayanti-is-a-courageous-mom-who-fights-for-her-child-durga/photostory/89407229.cms?picid=89407290 |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Guilty Minds]]''
|Sundar Maniram's wife
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Amazon Video]]
|
|-
| 2023–present
| ''Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye''
| Bhavani
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Zee TV]]
|
|-
| 2023-2024
| ''Man Dhaga Dhaga Jodte Nava''
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Taali (TV series)|Taali]]''
| Sister of [[Shreegauri Sawant]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[JioCinema]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Madness Machayenge – India Ko Hasayenge]]''
|
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|}

==Awards==
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] For Film ''Tich shahar hone''
*[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress]] for film ''Pipani''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{IMDb name|4147476}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavi, Hemangi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]

Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T14:56:28Z

DilkhusOfficial: started a article

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Bansagar3.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bansagar Dam, this is where the sanctuary begins
| image_size =
| map = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of [[India]]
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| location = [[Sidhi district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.282934|N|81.45285|E|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{Convert|105|km2|abbr=on}}
| established = 1981
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Government of Madhya Pradesh
| url =
}}

The '''Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary ''' is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] located in the [[Sidhi district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1981 by the State government for the conservation of [[gharial]]s.

==Overview==
The Son Gharial Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary established in 1981 under Project Crocodile for the conservation of gharials. The sanctuary covers three rivers and their banks. Out of the total length of 210 km, 161 km is the [[Sone River]], 23 km is the [[Banas River]], and 26 km is the [[Gopad River]].<ref name="sidhi">{{cite web |title=Son Gharial Sanctuary |url=https://sidhi.nic.in/en/tourist-place/son-gharial-sanctuary/}}</ref> The boundary of the sanctuary starts where the [[Bansagar Dam]] is located and ends at the village of Piparghar.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |title=Travelling offbeat: A quick look at the Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary in MP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/wildlife/story/travelling-offbeat-a-quick-look-at-the-son-gharial-wildlife-sanctuary-in-mp-312725-2016-03-10 |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Total area of the sanctuary is {{Convert|105|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Negi |first=Sharad Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&dq=Son+Gharial+Wildlife+Sanctuary&pg=PA133 |title=Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves in India |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-128-3 |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Recognizing the importance of conserving riverine fauna including the Gharial, the Government of Madhya Pradesh declared the area comprising the Son River and its main two tributaries as the Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary by an order dated 23 September 1981.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Shiv Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQOPXzvk4zcC&dq=Son+Gharial+Wildlife+Sanctuary&pg=PA118 |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh: State of Bio Diversity and Human Infringement |date=1997 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-810-1 |pages=117–120 |language=en}}</ref> The then Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, [[Arjun Singh (Congress politician)|Arjun Singh]], officially inaugurated the sanctuary on 11 October 1981 by releasing a pair of Muggar and a pair of Gharial into the Sone River.<ref name=":0" />

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Gharial male.jpg|thumb|Gharial male]]
The rivers, its small islands and sandbanks are important habitats for several endangered and vulnerable species such as the [[gharial]], [[Mugger crocodile]] and [[Indian softshell turtle]].<ref name="sidhi"/><ref name="Conservation India">{{cite web |last1=Mohammed |first1=Dilawar |title=A New Breeding Location of Indian Skimmer in Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.conservationindia.org/gallery/a-new-breeding-location-of-indian-skimmer-in-son-gharial-wildlife-sanctuary-madhya-pradesh |website=Conservation India}}</ref> Of the 111 species of birds have been recorded in the sanctuary, seven species are [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]], and ten are [[Threatened species|threatened]].<ref name="Indian Birds">{{cite journal |title=A new breeding location of Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis, and notes on other birds in Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, India |journal=Indian Birds |date=10 February 2016 |volume=11 |issue=2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318491759}}</ref><ref name="Conservation India"/> This sanctuary is a breeding ground for the rare and vulnerable bird species [[Indian skimmer]]. The breeding of Indian Skimmers indicates that the sanctuary could be an [[Important Bird Area]].<ref name="Conservation India"/>

The number of gharials in the sanctuary had been declining steadily due to the disappearance of the male population. Following this, a male gharial was brought here in December 2022, and following this 72 hatchlings were born to two female gharials, within five months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-05-24 |title=72 hatchlings of endangered alligator species born in MP's Son-Gharial sanctuary |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/good-news-after-6-years-in-son-gharial-sanctuary-72-children-born-to-two-female-crocodiles/na20220524161758143143973 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

==Threats==
Illegal sand mining, illegal constructions, and uneven flow of water from the dam have led to a decline in the number of gharials in the wildlife sanctuary.<ref name="DTE">{{cite web |last1=Tiwari |first1=Anil |title=Illegal sand mining, constructions endanger Son gharials |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/mining/illegal-sand-mining-constructions-endanger-son-gharials-78651 |website=Down To Earth |language=en |date=26 August 2021}}</ref> Their number has decreased from 72 in 2016 to 20 in 2021.<ref name="DTE"/> The Madhya Pradesh government has proposed to build a bridge on the Bahari-Hanumana road in Jogda. But it is said that Jogda is the only known breeding ground for gharials in the wildlife sanctuary and that construction activities there will affect their breeding.<ref name="DTE"/> The release of water from Bansagar Dam during the dry season also affects the breeding of Indian skimmers.<ref name="DTE"/>

Complaints had been raised regarding illegal mining activities near the border of the environmentally sensitive Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref name="NGT">{{cite web |title=Order of the National Green Tribunal regarding illegal mining within the eco-sensitive zone of Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary, 05/10/2023 - India Environment Portal {{!}} News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development {{!}} India, South Asia |url=http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/475955/order-of-the-national-green-tribunal-regarding-illegal-mining-within-the-eco-sensitive-zone-of-son-gharial-wildlife-sanctuary-05102023/ |website=indiaenvironmentportal.org.in}}</ref> Following this, in 2023, the [[National Green Tribunal]] had ordered the submission of an investigation report on this matter.<ref name="NGT"/> The two mining companies that carried out the mining were ordered to pay environmental compensation of Rs 8.16 crore and Rs 7.08 crore respectively to the UP Pollution Control Board in May 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=No further sand mining will be allowed on Son River: NGT |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sand-mining-son-river-ngt-8622363/ |work=The Indian Express |date=22 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==To reach here==
The nearest town for Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary is [[Sidhi]] which is 6 km away, nearest railway station is Salno which is 140 km away and nearest airport is [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] which is 228 km away.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1981]]

Taneti Vanitha

2026-02-22T05:34:28Z

DilkhusOfficial:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Taneti Vanita
| office = [[Ministry of Home Affairs and Disaster Management|Minister of Home Affairs and Disaster Management]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 11 April 2022
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| governor = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor = [[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]
| successor = [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Women and Child Welfare|Minister of Women and Child Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 8 June 2019
| term_end1 = 7 April 2022
| governor1 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]] [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor1 = [[Paritala Sunitha]]
| successor1 = [[K. V. Ushashri Charan]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency2 = [[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]]
| term_start2 = 23 May 2019
| term_end2 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Kothapalli Samuel Jawahar]]
| successor2 = [[Muppidi Venkateswara Rao]]
| constituency3 = [[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2009
| term_end3 = 1 March 2014
| predecessor3 = Maddala Sunitha
| successor3 = Muppidi Venkateswara Rao
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| otherparty = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| website =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|06|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gopalapuram, West Godavari|Gopalapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| image =
}}

'''Taneti Vanitha''' is an Indian politician, former Minister of Home Affairs, Prison, Fire Services and Disaster Management<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-08 |title=Vasireddy Padma remembers YSR for his pro-women initiatives |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vasireddy-padma-remembers-ysr-for-his-pro-women-initiatives/article67056979.ece |access-date=2023-12-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and a Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kovvur (Assembly constituency)|Kovvur]], [[West Godavari district]]. She got majority of about 25000 votes in the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Results: Kovvur Assemlby Constituency (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh-kovvur-results-s01a054/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=News18}}</ref> She served as the Minister of Home, Prisons, Fire Services of Andhra Pradesh since 2022 till 2024.

==Career==
Vanitha was elected as MLA for Gopalapuram on [[Telugu Desam Party]] ticket but defected to YSR Congress party in November 2012.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/more-mlas-from-congress-and-tdp-are-shifting-to-the-fledgling-party-120074-2012-10-30|title=More MLAs from the Congress and the TDP are shifting to the fledgling party|author=Amarnath K. Menon |date=November 1, 2012 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/telugu-desam-party-suspends-yet-another-mla/article4050901.ece|title=Telugu Desam Party suspends yet another MLA|date=31 October 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> She came out of TDP due to its stand on Andhra Pradesh bifurcation and then joined [[YSR Congress Party]]. In 2019, she contested from [[Kovvur (Assembly constituency)|Kovvuru]] as YSRCP candidate and won with a majority of 25000 votes and was appointed Minister of Women and Child Welfare in [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry]].<ref name="Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ministers-portfolios-and-profiles/article27698301.ece |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415155454/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ministers-portfolios-and-profiles/article27698301.ece |archive-date=15 April 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In April 2022 cabinet reshuffle, Vanitha was appointed Minister for Home and Disaster Management.<ref name="Vanitha gets home, Buggana retains finance, Botcha & Suresh swap ministries in new team">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Vanitha gets home, Buggana retains finance, Botcha & Suresh swap ministries in new team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/12/vanitha-gets-home-buggana-retains-finance-botcha-suresh-swap-ministries-in-new-team-2440934.html |access-date=14 April 2022 |date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414035057/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/12/vanitha-gets-home-buggana-retains-finance-botcha-suresh-swap-ministries-in-new-team-2440934.html |archive-date=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Buggana retains finance, Vanitha gets Home">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Buggana retains finance, Vanitha gets Home |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/buggana-retains-finance-vanithagets-home/article65311357.ece |access-date=14 April 2022 |date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414035219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/buggana-retains-finance-vanithagets-home/article65311357.ece |archive-date=14 April 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanitha, Taneti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Home ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Barnala

2026-02-21T19:31:06Z

DilkhusOfficial: fixed issues

{{About|the city|the district|Barnala district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barnala
| native_name = {{lang|pa|Barnālā}} ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]])
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.37|N|75.54|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Punjab (India) on a white background (1).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Punjab, India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barnala district|Barnala]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = [[Barnala Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 116,450
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| government_blank1_title = Member of Parliament
| government_blank1 = [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
| government_blank2_title = Members of Legislative Assembly
| government_blank2 = [[Kuldeep Singh Dhillon]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title3 =
| demographics1_info3 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 148101
| registration_plate = PB-19
| footnotes =
| native_name_lang = pa
}}
'''Barnala''' is a [[city]] and the administrative headquarters of [[Barnala district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Barnala, Punjab, India |url=https://barnala.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> in the [[Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Located in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region, it serves as a key agricultural and trading hub, surrounded by fertile plains. As of the 2011 census, the city had a population of 116,449, while the district's population was 595,527. Estimates for 2024 project the district population at approximately 839,694, reflecting steady growth driven by rural-urban migration and agricultural prosperity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barnala District Population Census 2011 - 2021 - 2025, Punjab literacy sex ratio and density |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/607-barnala.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The city is renowned for its role in Punjab's textile and agro-machinery industries, earning it the nickname "Manchester of Punjab" due to its textile mills. Barnala district was carved out of [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]] district on 19 November 2006, making it Punjab's 23rd district at the time.

== Etymology ==
The name "Barnala" has multiple proposed origins. One theory suggests it derives from the local term ''Vaaran'' (storm), reflecting the region's historical weather patterns, evolving into ''Barnala''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Districts of India- Socio-economic statistical data of Barnala District, Punjab |url=https://www.indiastatdistricts.com/punjab/barnala-district |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.indiastatdistricts.com}}</ref> Another links it to a stepwell (''Baahuli'') near a fort built by Baba Ala Singh and Baba Anahat Khan, pronounced as ''Baain'' in the Malwai dialect, becoming ''Baain Wala'' or Barnala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barnala City Local Business Directory - www.barnalaonline.in |url=https://www.barnalaonline.in/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=BarnalaOnline.in |language=en}}</ref> The most accepted narrative credits Baba Ala Singh, an 18th-century Sikh warrior, who named the settlement after himself upon establishing it as his capital in 1775.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Welcome to district Barnala {{!}} India |url=https://barnala.gov.in/about-district/history/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
In February 1762 [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] would march to Barnala and sack it and [[Ala Singh]] would surrender.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426 |title=Ahmad shah durrani, father of modern Afghanistan |date=1959 |publisher=Asia Publishing House, Bombay |pages=280-281}}</ref> Sikh historian Giani has recorded the details of setting up of Barnala in the annals of [[Khalsa]] in this manner that in the year 1775 [[Baba Ala Singh]] after offering [[Bhadaur]] (set up by King Padhar Sain) to his brother Duna Singh came to Barnala region which was lying aloof at that time. Setting it up, he made it his capital and took under his control surrounding villages. It too appears that Anahatgarh may be existing before and must have been deserted following attacks of Dharvis.

There are different opinions about the nomenclature of Barnala. Some are of the view, Vaaran being a region because of frequent storms was at that time also called Varna. So Barnala was called a [[land]] of too many storms which later on became Barnala because of precision of example. Another view reveals that a fort here is said to be built by Baba Ala Singh And Baba Anahat khan in which there was a ‘Baahuli’ (a well which had stairs going down). That too due to precision and Malwai accent was known as ‘Baain’. Thus Baain Wala ultimately became Barnala. Thus these are different views only but no historical detail is available that how name Barnala came into existence.
Barnala was named after Baba Ala Singh. Baba Ala Singh left Bhadaur with his elder brother (hometown of Patiala State) and settled at Barnala and conquered many areas with the help of his brothers the Bhadaur Sardars. Though it was a [[district]] headquarters in erstwhile princely state system, it was later merged in [[PEPSU]] (Patiala & East Punjab States Union) and degraded as sub divisional headquarters.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

There is a stone "Rameshwaram Stone" in Nath Wala Dera – Village Handiaya Adjoining with Barnala that one floating in water.

==Demographics==
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Barnala<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/21-barnala.html|title = Barnala City Population Census 2011–2021 | Punjab}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|Darkkhaki|50.37}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|47.67}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|1.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|0.15}}
{{bar percent|Others|Grey|0.29}}}}

As per provisional data of the 2011 census, Barnala had a population of 116,449, out of which males were 62,554 and females were 53,895, with a density of 5,060/km² and a sex ratio of 862 females per 1,000 males, below Punjab’s average of 895. The district had 595,527 residents (317,522 males, 278,005 females), with a sex ratio of 876 and a child sex ratio (0–6 years) of 835. Urban areas constitute 19.5% of the population. [[Scheduled Castes in Punjab|Scheduled Castes]] form 28.2% (city) and 29.5% (district), with negligible [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (0.1%). Literacy is 79.59% in the city and 67.82% district-wide (males: 71.57%, females: 63.57%). [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Malwai dialect) is spoken by 97%, with Sikhs (50.37%), Hindus (47.67%), Muslims (1.53%), and others (0.43%) comprising the religious makeup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barnala District Population Census 2011 - 2021 - 2025, Punjab literacy sex ratio and density |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/607-barnala.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Economy==
Companies headquartered in Barnala include Balkar Combines, Standard Combines, IOL Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, and Trident Group.

Barnala mainly acts as a market place for surrounding villages, including [[Hamidi, Barnala district|Hamidi]], and is also emerging as a trading town.

== Culture ==
'''Barnala''' embodies Malwai Punjabi culture, blending [[Sikhs|Sikh]] traditions with agrarian folk. Festivals like [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]] (April), [[Diwali]], and [[Lohri]] feature [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]], [[Giddha|gidda]] dances, and heaving fairs. Cuisine highlights ''makki di roti-sarson da saag'', ''chaap'' (soybean-based), and ''aloo paratha''. The Barnala Bird Sanctuary (50 hectares) attracts 20,000 migratory birds annually, ideal for eco-tourism. Gurdwara Baba Ala Singh and local mela grounds host cultural events. Folk artists preserve ''tappa'' and ''boliyan'' songs.

== Transportation ==
Barnala lies on NH-9 (Delhi-Amritsar) and SH-7, connecting to Chandigarh (140 km) and Ludhiana (60 km). [[Barnala railway station]] (Northern Railway) handles 20+ daily trains, with nearest airports in Ludhiana (70 km) and Chandigarh (150 km). A ₹100 crore flyover (2024) eases city traffic, and [[PEPSU Road Transport Corporation|PRTC]] operates 50 daily buses.

==Notable people==
[[File:H E Shri Surjit Singh Barnala.jpg|thumb|upright|H E Shri Surjit Singh Barnala]]


* [[Ram Sarup Ankhi]] - Punjabi writer, novelist and poet
* [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] - politician who served as the chief minister of Punjab state
* [[Rupinder Rupi]] - actress in [[Punjabi film]] industry
* [[Karam Singh]] - soldier who was the first living recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]]



==Education==
=== List of educational institutions ===
====Schools====


* [[Aryabhatta International School]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Barnala district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Barnala| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Barnala district]]

Bengal Subah

2026-02-21T15:55:34Z

DilkhusOfficial: small changes

{{Short description|Subdivision of the Mughal Empire between 1576–1717}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name =
| common_name =
| native_name = '''Bengal Subah''' {{small|(1576–1717)}}<hr>'''Bengal State''' {{small|(1717–1793)}}
| area_label =
| area_sq_mi =
| stat_year1 = 1600<ref>{{cite book |last=Avakov |first=Alexander V. |title=Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1: By Rank. Population, GDP at PPP, and GDP per Capita, Years 1 to 2014. |year=2017 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781628940992_1/page/14/mode/2up?q=bangladesh}}</ref>
| stat_pop1 = 12,919,000 (7th)
| stat_year3 = 1700<ref>{{cite book |last=Avakov |first=Alexander V. |title=Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1: By Rank. Population, GDP at PPP, and GDP per Capita, Years 1 to 2014. |year=2017 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781628940992_1/page/18/mode/2up?q=bangladesh}}</ref>
| stat_pop3 = 15,789,000 (5th)
| stat_year4 = 1769{{efn|Prior to the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]}}<ref name="Janam Mukherjee 2015 27">{{cite book |author=Janam Mukherjee |year=2015 |title=Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGuMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=27 |isbn=978-0-19-020988-9 |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418110728/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGuMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| stat_pop4 = 30,000,000
| population_estimate =
| era = [[Early modern period]]
| year_start = 1576
| year_end = 1793
| life_span = 1576–1793
| event_start = [[Battle of Raj Mahal]]
| date_start = 12 July
| event_end = Grant of administration and judiciary to Company
| stat_area1 = 233,930<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |language=en|chapter=Table I: Area and ''ʽJama'' of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601|author-link=Irfan Habib|pages=xii–xiii}}</ref>
| stat_area2 = 386470<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rennell |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_a-bengal-atlas-containi_rennell-james_1781/page/n29/mode/2up |title=A Bengal atlas: containing maps of the theatre of war and commerce on that side of Hindoostan. |date=1781 |language=en|pages=29}}</ref>
| event1 = [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro Bhuiyan revolt]]
| date_event1 = 1571–1611
| event2 = [[History of Dhaka#Mughal rule and rise as the capital of Bengal|Establishment of Jahangirnagar]]
| date_event2 = 1608
| event3 = Self-governance
| date_event3 = 1717
| event4 = [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Maratha invasions]]
| date_event4 = April 1741–March 1751
| event5 = [[Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah|Afghan mutinies]]
| date_event5 = February 1745–April 1748
| event6 = [[Battle of Plassey]]
| date_event6 = 23 June 1757
| event7 = [[Battle of Buxar]]
| date_event7 = 22–23 October 1764
| event8 = [[Treaty of Allahabad]]
| date_event8 = 16 August 1765
| stat_year2 = c. 1781
| p1 = Bengal Sultanate{{!}}'''1576:''' Bengal Sultanate
| p2 = Baro-Bhuyan{{!}}'''1610:''' Baro Bhuiyan
| p3 = Portuguese settlement in Chittagong{{!}}'''1666:''' Portuguese Chittagong
| p4 = Kingdom of Mrauk U
| p5 = Mughal Empire{{!}}'''1717:''' Mughal Empire
| s1 = Bengal Presidency
| flag_s1 = Flag_of_British_Bengal.svg
| image_flag = Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg
| flag_caption = Flags of the [[Nawab of Bengal]] after 1717
| image_flag2 = Bengal Subah flag (Nautical).svg
| image_coat =
| flag_type =
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Map of the Nawabs of Bengal.jpg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Map of the Bengal Subah in 1733 under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]]|[[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Bengal in 1776}}
| image_map_caption =
| capital = {{plainlist|
* [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] {{small|(1576–1595)}}<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Tandah|author=Akhtaruzzaman, Muhammad}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
* [[Rajmahal|Akbarnagar]] {{small|(1595–96; 1639–1660)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajmahal|title=Rajmahal – India|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012175633/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajmahal|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Dhaka|Jahangirnagar]] {{small|(1608–39; 1660–1711)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka|title=Dhaka – national capital, Bangladesh|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Murshidabad]] {{small|(1711–1763; 1765–1793)}}
* [[Munger]] {{small|(1763–1765)}}}}
| common_languages = {{ubl|[[Persian language|Persian]] {{small|(official)}} |[[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{small|(official)}}|[[Arabic]] {{small|(religious)}}}}
| religion = {{ubl|[[Shia Islam]] {{small|(dynastic)}}<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up 224]}} "The climax of the movement was reached after [[Murshid Quli Khan]] had established in Bengal what was practically a [[Shia]] dynasty, ever ready to welcome and honour the wandering talent and piety of the centre of that [[Shia Islamic beliefs and practices|creed]]."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rieck|first=Andreas|title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6aKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=15 January 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-061320-4|page=3|quote=From 1701 until the British conquest of 1757, [[Bengal]] was ruled by [[Shia]] [[Nawabs of Bengal|governors]] appointed by the [[Mughals]] but de facto almost independent. Since that time huge [[Husayniyya|imâmbârgâhs]] were built and estates designated as auqâf for the promotion of [[Mourning of Muharram|‘azâdârî]] by Iranian merchants and their descendants in Bengal towns like [[Murshidabad]] and [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hoogly]], which also attracted many [[Shia clergy|Shia ‘ulamâ’]] from both India and Iran.}}</ref>|[[Sunni Islam]] {{small|(majority)}}<ref name="Rizvi1986">{{cite book|last=Rizvi|first=Saiyid Athar Abbas|author-link=Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi|title=A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā 'Asharī Shī'īs in India: 16th to 19th century A.D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z0OAAAAIAAJ|volume=2|year=1986|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|pages=45–47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rieck|first=Andreas|title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6aKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=15 January 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-061320-4|page=3}}</ref>|[[Hinduism]] and other [[Indian religions]] {{small|(minority)}}}}
| government_type = {{ubl|[[Viceroyalty]] {{small|(1576–1717)}} | [[Absolute monarchy]] {{small|(1717–1757)}} | [[Oligarchy]] with restricted monarchial [[figurehead]] {{small|(1757–1793)}}}}
| title_leader = [[Subahdar]]s/[[Nawab of Bengal|Nawab Nazims]] (''[[#List of Subahdars & Nawab Nazims|see below]]'')
| GDP_PPP = ''1600:'' $11.52 billion (7th)<ref>{{cite book |last=Alexander V. Avakov |first=Alexander V. |title=Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1: By Rank. Population, GDP at PPP, and GDP per Capita, Years 1 to 2014. |year=2017 |url=https://archive.org/details/twothousandyears0000alex/page/288/mode/2up?q=bangladesh|page=288}}</ref> 
''1700:'' $14.08 billion (9th)<ref>{{cite book |last=Alexander V. Avakov |first=Alexander V. |title=Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1: By Rank. Population, GDP at PPP, and GDP per Capita, Years 1 to 2014. |year=2017 |url=https://archive.org/details/twothousandyears0000alex/page/290/mode/2up?q=bangladesh|page=291}}</ref>
| currency = [[History of the taka|Taka]]
| today = {{ubl|[[Bangladesh]]|[[India]]|[[Myanmar]]}}
| footnotes = {{notelist}}
| status = [[Subah]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] {{blist|''[[De facto]]'' [[Independent state]] {{small|(1717–1757)}}<ref>Era, Mahmuda Iasmin (2023). ''The 'Swadeshi Jinish' from the 'Didima Company': An analysis of the connection between Thakurmar Jhuli by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder and nationalism in Bengal in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century'' (Doctoral dissertation). Memorial University of Newfoundland. [https://research.library.mun.ca/16031/1/converted.pdf]</ref>
| [[Company rule|British]] [[puppet state]] {{small|(1757–1793)}}
}}
}}
{{History of Bengal}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}
{{History of India}}
[[File:De handelsloge van de VOC in Hougly in Bengalen Rijksmuseum SK-A-4282.jpeg|thumb|260px|[[Dutch East India Company]] factory in [[Hugli-Chuchura]], Bengal by [[:nl:Hendrik van Schuylenburgh|Hendrik van Schuylenburgh]] ({{Circa|1665}})]]
The '''Bengal Subah''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: সুবাহ বাংলা, {{langx|fa|{{nq|صوبه بنگاله}}}}), also referred to as '''Mughal Bengal''' and '''Bengal State''' (after 1717), was the largest [[subah|subdivision]] of the [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]] encompassing much of the [[Bengal region]], which includes modern-day [[Bangladesh]], the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], and some parts of the present-day Indian states of [[Bihar Subah|Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]] between the 16th and 18th centuries. The province was established following the dissolution of the [[Bengal Sultanate]], a major trading nation in the world, when the region was absorbed into the Mughal Empire. Bengal was the wealthiest region in the Indian subcontinent.

[[Aurangzeb]] ({{Reign|1658|1707}}) described Bengal Subah as 'the paradise of Nations'<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robins|2012|p=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/19/the-paradise-of-nations |title=The paradise of nations |last=Steel |first=Tim |date=2014-12-19 |work=Dhaka Tribune |department=Op-ed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517063054/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/19/the-paradise-of-nations |archive-date=2019-05-17|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref> and the "Golden Age of Bengal".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Islam|first=Sirajul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuJtAAAAMAAJ&q=golden+age+of+bengal+shaista+khan|title=History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971: Economic history|year=1992|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|isbn=978-984-512-337-2|language=en}}</ref> It alone accounted for 40% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch imports]] from Asia.<ref name="Prakash"/> The eastern part of Bengal was globally prominent in industries such as [[textile manufacturing]] and [[shipbuilding]],<ref name="ray">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |publisher=Routledge |pages=57, 90, 174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112335/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, [[saltpeter]], and agricultural and industrial produce in the world.<ref name="star"/> The region was also the basis of the Anglo-Bengal War.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaughn |first1=James M. |title=John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690 |journal=Britain and the World |date=March 2018 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=101–137 |doi=10.3366/brw.2017.0283}}</ref>

By the 18th century, Bengal emerged as a de-facto independent state,<ref>Era, Mahmuda Iasmin (2023). ''The 'Swadeshi Jinish' from the 'Didima Company': An analysis of the connection between Thakurmar Jhuli by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder and nationalism in Bengal in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century'' (Doctoral dissertation). Memorial University of Newfoundland. [https://research.library.mun.ca/16031/1/converted.pdf]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nitish K |first=Sengupta |title=Land of Two Rivers A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143416784 |publication-date=2011 |pages=16}}</ref> under the rule of the [[Nawabs of Bengal]], who acted on Mughal sovereignty. It started to undergo [[proto-industrialization]], making significant contributions to the first [[Industrial Revolution]],<ref name="tong">{{cite book |author=Junie T. Tong |year=2016 |title=Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |publisher=CRC Press |page=151 |isbn=978-1-317-13522-7}}</ref><ref name="esposito">{{cite book |editor1=John L. Esposito |editor1-link=John L. Esposito |year=2004 |title=The Islamic World: Past and Present |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=174 |isbn=978-0-19-516520-3 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111739/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rayB">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111751/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sengupta"/> especially [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|industrial textile manufacturing]]. In 1757 and 1764, the British [[East India Company]] defeated the [[Nawab of Bengal]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] and the [[Battle of Buxar]], and Bengal came under British influence. It was deindustrialized<ref name="tong"/><ref name="esposito"/><ref name="rayB"/><ref name="star"/> after being conquered by the Company. In 1765, Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] granted the office of the Diwani of Bengal (second-highest office in a province, included revenue rights) to the Company and the office of the Nizamat of Bengal (highest office, administrative and judicial rights) in 1793.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bengalis|page=143}}</ref> The [[Nawab of Bengal]], who previously possessed both these offices, was now formally powerless and became a titular monarch.

== History ==
===Mughal Empire===
{{Further|Mughal Empire}}
[[File:Humayun (left) with his father Babur (right), painted circa 1640 (Late Shah Jahan Album).jpg|thumb|The Mughal absorption of Bengal initially progressed during the reigns of the first two emperors [[Babur]] and [[Humayun]]]]
[[File:Emperor Akbar, Los Angeles County Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Akbar]] developed the modern [[Bengali calendar]]]]
[[File:Jahangir of India.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dhaka]], the capital of Bengal, was named [[Jahangir Nagar]] in honor of the fourth Mughal monarch [[Jahangir]]]]

Professor Richard Eaton suggests Bengal became a terminus of a continent-wide process of Turko-Mongol conquest and migration because its physical features gave it such a fertile soil, and a favorable climate.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|page=xxiii}}</ref>

The Mughal absorption of Bengal began during the reign of the first Mughal emperor [[Babur]]. In 1529, Babur defeated Sultan [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]] of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] during the [[Battle of Ghaghra]]. Babur later annexed parts of Bengal. His son and successor [[Humayun]] occupied the Bengali capital [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], where he stayed for six months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Humayun |title=Humayun |website=Banglapedia |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622123946/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Humayun |url-status=live }}</ref> Humayun was later forced to seek in refuge in Persia because of [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s conquests. Sher Shah Suri briefly interrupted the reigns of both the Mughals and the Bengal Sultans.

The Mughal conquest of Bengal began with the victory of Akbar's army over Sultan of Bengal [[Daud Khan Karrani]], the independent ruler of the province, at the [[Battle of Tukaroi]] on 3 March 1575. After the final defeat of Daud Karrani at the [[Battle of Rajmahal]] the following year,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Tapan Raychaudhuri |author-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |year=1953 |title=Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir: An Introductory Study in Social History |location=Calcutta |publisher=A. Mukherjee |page=1 |oclc=5585437}}</ref> Mughal Emperor Akbar announced the creation of Bengal as one of the original twelve [[Subah]]s (top-level provinces), bordering [[Bihar Subah]] and Orissa subah, as well as [[Burma]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} It took many years to overcome the resistance of ambitious and local chiefs. By a royal decree in November 1586, Akbar introduced uniform ''subah'' administration throughout the empire. However, in historian [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]'s view, "the consolidation of Mughal power in Bengal and the pacification of the province really began in 1594".<ref>{{Cite book |author=Tapan Raychaudhuri |author-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |year=1953 |title=Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir: An Introductory Study in Social History |location=Calcutta |publisher=A. Mukherjee |page=2 |oclc=5585437}}</ref>

Many of the chiefs subjugated by the Mughals, some of the ''[[Baro-Bhuyan]]s'' in particular, were upstarts who grabbed territories during the transition from Afghan to Mughal rule, but others, such as the Rajas of Chandradwip, Malla, and Shushang, were older families who had ruled independently from time immemorial.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Tapan Raychaudhuri |author-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |year=1953 |title=Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir: An Introductory Study in Social History |location=Calcutta |publisher=A. Mukherjee |pages=17–18 |oclc=5585437}}</ref> By the 17th century, the Mughals subdued opposition from the Baro-Bhuyans landlords, notably [[Isa Khan]]. Bengal was integrated into a powerful and prosperous empire; and shaped by imperial policies of [[Legal pluralism|pluralistic]] government. The Mughals built a new imperial metropolis in [[Dhaka]] from 1610, with well-developed fortifications, gardens, tombs, palaces and mosques. It served as the Mughal capital of Bengal for 75 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |title=Dhaka |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was renamed in honour of [[Emperor Jahangir]].

In 1603, the Arakanese launched an attack on the region around Dhaka. In 1604 Man Singh, who served as Subahdar of Bengal from 1602 to 1604, established a [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal coastal navy]] with assistance from Portuguese pirates, successfully containing the Arakanese amphibious invasion. [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] and [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] were subsequently annexed to the Bengal Subah in 1609 and 1612, respectively.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=43}}</ref>

The Mughal conquest of [[Chittagong]] in 1666 defeated the (Burmese) [[Kingdom of Arakan]] and reestablished Bengali control of the port city, which was renamed as Islamabad.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler |year=1953 |title=The Cambridge History of India: The Indus civilization |volume=Supplementary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA237 |publisher=Cambridge University Publishers |pages=237–}}</ref> The [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] frontier region was made a [[tributary state]] of Mughal Bengal and a treaty was signed with the [[Chakma people|Chakma Circle]] in 1713.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakma |first1=Saradindu Shekhar |title=Ethnic cleansing in Chittagong Hill Tracts |year=2006 |publisher=Ankur Prakashani |location=Dhaka |page=23 |isbn=978-984-464-164-8}}</ref>

Between 1576 and 1717, Bengal was ruled by a Mughal [[Subahdar]] (imperial governor). Members of the [[imperial family]] were often appointed to the position. Viceroy Prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] was the son of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. During the struggle for succession with his brothers Prince [[Aurangzeb]], Prince [[Dara Shikoh]] and Prince [[Murad Baksh]], Prince Shuja proclaimed himself as the Mughal Emperor in Bengal. He was eventually defeated by the armies of Aurangzeb. Shuja fled to the Kingdom of Arakan, where he and his family were killed on the orders of the King at [[Mrauk U]]. [[Shaista Khan]] was an influential viceroy during the reign of Aurangazeb. He consolidated Mughal control of eastern Bengal. Prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], who served as one of Bengal's viceroys, was installed on the Mughal throne for four months in 1707. Viceroy [[Ibrahim Khan II]] gave permits to English and French traders for commercial activities in Bengal. The last viceroy Prince [[Azim-us-Shan]] gave permits for the establishment of the [[British East India Company]]'s [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in Calcutta, the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]]'s Fort Orleans in [[Chandernagore]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s fort in [[Chinsura]]. During Azim-us-Shan's tenure, his prime minister [[Murshid Quli Khan]] emerged as a powerful figure in Bengal. Khan gained control of imperial finances. Azim-us-Shan was transferred to Bihar. In 1717, the Mughal Court upgraded the prime minister's position to the hereditary [[Nawab of Bengal]]. Khan founded a new capital in [[Murshidabad]]. His descendants formed the Nasiri dynasty. [[Alivardi Khan]] founded a new dynasty in 1740. The Nawabs ruled over a territory which included Bengal proper, [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].

===Independent Nawabs of Bengal===
{{Further|Nawabs of Bengal}}
The Nawab of Bengal<ref name="Ahmed2011">{{cite book |author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA366 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=366–}}</ref><ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013">{{cite book |author1=Kunal Chakrabarti |author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |year=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=237–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite ODNB |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-63552 |title=Bengal, nawabs of (act. 1756–1793), rulers in India |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/63552}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Vardi-Khan |title=ʿAlī Vardī Khān | nawab of Bengal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028181203/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Vardi-Khan |url-status=live}}</ref> was the hereditary ruler of Bengal Subah in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]. The ''[[Nawab]]'' of a princely state or autonomous province is comparable to the European title of [[Grand Duke]]. In the early 18th-century, the Nawab of Bengal was the ''de facto'' independent ruler of some part of [[Bengal]] and other parts were ruled by Bengal Rajas such as [[Bardhaman Raj]], [[Cooch Behar State]] which constitute the modern-day sovereign country of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Indian state]]s of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bengal-region-Asia |title=Bengal | region, Asia |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019203114/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bengal-region-Asia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha |title=Odisha - History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928000459/https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/862281/murshidabad-can-teach-the-rest-of-india-a-lot-on-how-to-restore-heritage-and-market-the-past |title=Murshidabad can teach the rest of India how to restore heritage and market the past |first=Jael |last=Silliman |work=Scroll.in |date=28 December 2017 |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003012802/https://scroll.in/magazine/862281/murshidabad-can-teach-the-rest-of-india-a-lot-on-how-to-restore-heritage-and-market-the-past |url-status=live}}</ref> They are often referred to as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAON5AW4yUEC&pg=PA27 |year=2003 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-2506-5 |page=27}}</ref> The nawabs were based in Murshidabad which was centrally located within Bengal. The nawabs continued to issue coins in the name of the Mughal Emperor. But for all practical purposes, the nawabs governed as independent monarchs.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Under the early nawabs, Bengal became the financial backbone of the Mughal court, contributing more than half the funds that flowed into the imperial treasury in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |author=William Dalrymple |year=2019 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=33 |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4}}</ref>

The Nawabs of Bengal oversaw a period of [[proto-industrialization]]. The Bengal-Bihar-Orissa triangle was a major production center for cotton muslin cloth, silk cloth, shipbuilding, gunpowder, saltpetre, and metalworks. Factories were set up in Murshidabad, Dhaka, Patna, Sonargaon, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Cossimbazar, Balasore, Pipeli, and Hugli among other cities, towns, and ports. The region became a base for the [[British East India Company]], the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]], the [[Danish East India Company]], the [[Austrian East India Company]], the [[Ostend Company]], and the [[Dutch East India Company]].
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Clive]] meets [[Mir Jafar]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757]]

The British company eventually rivaled the authority of the Nawabs. In the aftermath of the [[siege of Calcutta]] in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by [[Robert Clive]] who defeated the last independent Nawab [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. [[Mir Jafar]] was installed as the puppet Nawab. His successor [[Mir Qasim]] attempted in vain to dislodge the British. The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] of [[Oudh]], and Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] at the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India. The South Indian [[Kingdom of Mysore]] led by [[Tipu Sultan]] overtook the Nawab of Bengal as the subcontinent's wealthiest monarchy; but this was short-lived and ended with the [[Anglo-Mysore War]]. The British then turned their sights on defeating the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]].

The Nawabs of Bengal entered into treaties with numerous European colonial powers, including joint-stock companies representing [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], [[Denmark-Norway|Denmark]], [[Kingdom of France|France]] and the [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]].

===Maratha raids===
{{Main|Maratha invasions of Bengal}}

[[File:Echoes from Old Calcutta 028.tif|thumb|The Maratha ditch made by [[Alivardi Khan]] on the boundary of Calcutta city]]
The resurgent Maratha Empire launched raids against Bengal in the 18th century, which further added to the decline of the Nawabs of Bengal. The Bengal Subah was met by a series of face to face confrontations by the Maratha Empire including the [[First Battle of Katwa]], the [[Second Battle of Katwa]], the Battle of Burdwan and the [[Battle of Rani Sarai]] where Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] defeated the Marathas and repelled their attacks.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="cdlib1" /> The Maratha raids lasted a decade from 1741 to early 1751.

The Marathas committed many atrocities across Bengal causing many to flee from West Bengal to East Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussein |first=Aklam |title=History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971 |date=1992 |publisher=University of Michigan, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |isbn=9789845123372 |pages=80}}</ref> 400,000 civilian Bengalis were massacred by the [[Bargis]] (Maratha warriors) including [[textile]] weavers, [[silk]] winders, and [[mulberry]] cultivators<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kirti |title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521031592 |pages=253}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521028226 |pages=73}}</ref> causing widespread economic devastation for the proto-industrializing textile-based economy of Bengal.<ref name="tong" /><ref name="esposito" /><ref name="rayB" /><ref name="sengupta" /> Many Bengalis were mutilated and contemporary accounts describe the scene of mass gang-rape against women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishore |first=Gupta |title=Sirajuddaullah and the East India Company, 1756-1757: Background to the Foundation of British Power in India |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1962 |pages=23}}</ref> Alivardi Khan the Nawab of Bengal fearing even worse devastation and destruction agreed to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the ''[[chauth]]'' of Bengal and Bihar to the Marathas, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.

The expeditions, led by [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] of [[Nagpur]], also established de facto Maratha control over [[Odisha|Orissa]], which was formally incorporated in the Maratha Empire in 1752.<ref name="scroll.in">{{cite news |url=http://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal |work=Scroll.in |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603000937/https://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Nitish K. Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&q=marathas%20in%20bengal%20chauth%20mir%20habib&pg=PA162 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page= |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4}}</ref> The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of chauth for the preceding years.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Jaswant Lal Mehta |year=2005 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India, 1707-1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=marathas%20in%20bengal%20chauth%20mir%20habib&pg=PA201 |publisher=New Dawn Press |page=201 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref> The chauth was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal to the Marathas up to 1758, until the [[British occupation of India|British occupation of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Jadunath Sarkar |author1-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1991 |orig-year=First published 1932 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKOqA9lgtbwC&q=1758%20bengal%20chauth&pg=PA85 |edition=4th |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-1149-1}}</ref>

===British colonization===
{{Further|Bengal Presidency}}

[[File:Shah 'Alam conveying the grant of the Diwani to Lord Clive.jpg|thumb|right|Shah Alam II granting [[Robert Clive]] the "[[Diwani]] rights of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]]" in return for the annexed territories of the [[Nawab of Awadh]] after the [[Battle of Buxar]], on 12 August 1765 at the [[Benares]].]]

By the late-18th century, the British East India Company emerged as the foremost military power in the region, defeating the French-allied [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, that was largely brought about by the betrayal of the Nawab's once trusted general [[Mir Jafar]]. The company gained administrative control over the Nawab's dominions, including Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. It gained the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Mughal Court after the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1765. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa were made part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] and annexed into the [[British colonial empire]] in 1793. The [[Indian mutiny of 1857]] formally ended the authority of the British East India Company, when the [[British Raj]] replaced [[Company rule in India]].

Other European powers also carved out small colonies on the territory of Bengal, including the Dutch East India Company's [[Dutch Bengal]] settlements, the [[French colonial empire|French colonial settlement]] in [[Chandernagore]], the [[Danish colonial empire|Danish colonial settlement]] in [[Serampore]] and the [[Habsburg monarchy]] [[Ostend Company]] settlement in [[Bankipur (Bengal)|Bankipur]].

== Military ==

=== Army size ===
Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]] ({{Reign|1727|1739}}) raised the size of the army to 250,000 men which included [[cavalry]] and [[infantry]].<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=54}}</ref> In the [[Battle of Giria]], Nawab [[Sarfaraz Khan]] commanded an army consisting of 20,000 infantry, 10,000 cavalry of which 4,000 were under his direct command, and 20 [[artillery]] pieces. [[Alivardi Khan]] commanded 10,000 cavalry including 3,000 [[Pashtuns|Afghan]] cavalry, along with infantry and a number of guns.<ref name=":2" /> In 1741, Alivardi Khan marched Orissa against [[Agha Baqer Khan]] with 20,000 cavalry and 30,000 infantry.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=59}}</ref> During the [[Second Maratha invasion of Bengal]] in 1743, the Nawab's army was raised to 70,000 cavalry and 100,000 infantry.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=60}}</ref> In 1756, the Bengal army had 200 Portuguese gunners.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=56}}</ref>

=== Military campaigns ===
{{For|Military campaigns of the Bengal Subah after de-facto independence ([[Nawabs of Bengal]] 1717-1765)|Nawabs of Bengal#Military campaigns}}{{See also|Gunpowder empires}}

[[File:The Nawab's artillery at Plassey.jpg|thumb|300px|Mobile artillery battries, loyal to the [[Nawab of Bengal]].]]

According to [[João de Barros]], Bengal enjoyed military supremacy over [[Arakan]] and [[Kingdom of Tripura|Tripura]] due to good [[artillery]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar |author-link=Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar |year=1965 |title=Husain Shahi Bengal, 1494–1538 A.D.: A Socio-Political Study |url=https://archive.org/details/husainshahibenga0000tara/page/105/mode/1up |url-access=registration |publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan |page=105 |oclc=43324741}}</ref> Its forces possessed notable large [[cannons]]. It was also a major exporter of [[gunpowder]] and [[saltpeter]] to Europe.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tim Steel |date=31 October 2014 |title=Gunpowder plots |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/nov/01/gunpowder-plots |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=25 December 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135203/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/nov/01/gunpowder-plots |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Saltpetre|title=Saltpetre|website=Banglapedia|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164059/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Saltpetre|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mughal Army]] built [[fortifications]] across the region, including [[Idrakpur Fort]], [[Sonakanda Fort]], [[Hajiganj Fort]], [[Lalbagh Fort]] and [[Jangalbari Fort]]. The Mughals expelled Arakanese and Portuguese [[pirate]]s from the northeastern coastline of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Throughout the late medieval and early modern periods, Bengal was notable for its navy and [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]]. The following table covers a list of notable military engagements by Mughal Bengal:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" |Conflict
! rowspan="1" width="150px" |Bengal and allied forces
! rowspan="1" width="150px" |Opposition forces
! rowspan="1" width="320px" |Results
|-
|'''[[Battle of Tukaroi]]'''
'''(1575)'''
'''Location: Near [[Midnapore]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|[[Bengal Sultanate]]
|'''Victory'''
* Treaty of Katak
|-
|'''[[Battle of Raj Mahal]]'''
'''(1576)'''
'''Location: Raj Mahal'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
| [[Bengal Sultanate]]
|'''Victory'''
* Defeat of the Karranis
|-
|'''Conquest of [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]]'''
'''(1576–1611)'''
'''Location: Bhati, [[Bengal]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|[[Baro-Bhuyan]]
|'''Victory'''
* Eventual incorporation of the [[Bhati (region)]] into the Bengal Subah
|-
|'''[[Siege of Hooghly]]'''
'''(1632)'''
'''Location: [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], [[Bengal]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|[[File:Flag_Portugal_(1707).svg|25x25px]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
|'''Victory'''
* Defeat of the Portuguese
|-
|'''[[Skirmish at Pipli]]'''
'''(1640)'''

'''Location: [[Pipli]], [[Bengal]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Victory'''
* Danish trade station was taken and burnt to the ground.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Lalit |year=2022 |title=Danish East India Company: Establishment and Company's business activities in India and Southeast Asia 1620-1650 |url=https://technoreview.co.in/index.php/TRJTM/article/view/50/34 |journal=Techno Review Journal of Technology and Management |language= |edition= |publisher=Tmail Nadu History Congress Proceedings |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=13–19 |doi=10.31305/trjtm2021.v01.n02.003 |doi-access=free |archive-date=21 April 2024 |access-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421175735/https://technoreview.co.in/index.php/TRJTM/article/view/50/34 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|'''1st Bay of Bengal ([[Loss of the St. Jacob]])'''
'''1640'''

'''Location: [[Bay of Bengal]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Victory'''
* Destruction and seizure of a Danish merchant ship<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |isbn= |edition= |location=}}</ref>
|-
|'''2nd Bay of Bengal ([[Capture of the ship The Bengali Prize]])'''
'''1642'''

'''Location: [[Bay of Bengal]]'''

''(Declaration and beginning of [[Dano-Mughal War|'''Dano-Bengal/Mughal War''']])''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Defeat'''
* Seizure of the ''Den Bengalske Prise'' (The Bengali Prize)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9788763530231 |edition= |location=Copenhagen |pages=73}}</ref>
|-
|'''1st Balasore ([[Expulsion of Danes from Balasore]])'''
'''(1643/1644)'''

'''Location: [[Balasore]] (Bengal Subah)'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Victory'''
* Danish factory at Balasore abandoned<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaduri |first=Saugata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcVOEAAAQBAJ&dq=malik+beg+danes+1643&pg=PA140 |title=Polycoloniality: European Transactions with Bengal from the 13th to the 19th Century |date=2021-12-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89812-56-5 |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''3rd Bay of Bengal ([[Valby Expedition of January 1644]])'''
'''1644'''

'''Location: [[Bay of Bengal]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Defeat'''
|-
|'''4th Bay of Bengal ([[Capture of the St. Michael|Capture of the ''St. Michael'']])'''
'''1644'''

'''Location: [[Bay of Bengal]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Defeat'''
* Capture of Bengali vessel and renamed as St.Michael
|-
|'''2nd Pipli ([[Danish rescue mission to Pipli]])'''
'''(Mid 1640s)'''

'''Location: [[Pipli]], [[Bengal]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
* {{flagicon|Netherlands|size=22px}} [[Dutch East India Company]]
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Defeat'''
* Danish comrades set free<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |pages=454–455}}</ref>
|-
|'''2nd Balasore ([[Battle of Balasore]])'''
'''(1647)'''

'''Location: [[Balasore]] (Bengal Subah)'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]

<nowiki>----------------------------</nowiki>

* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=22px}}[[File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1707).svg|22x22px]] [[British East India Company]] (''Supported by {{flagicon|Netherlands|size=22px}} [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch East India Compan]]''[[Dutch East India Company|y]])
|'''Inconclusive'''
* Danes seized one of the [[Moors|Moorish]] ships with eight elephants at the harbour
* English tried to convince the Danes
* Bengalis seized 3-4 English boats and 6-8 smaller vessels in the river
* English rescued by Dutch
|-
|'''[[Conquest of Chittagong]]'''
'''(1665–1666)'''

'''Location: [[Chittagong]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
* {{flagicon|Netherlands|size=22px}} [[Dutch East India Company]]
* [[File:Flag_Portugal_(1707).svg|25x25px]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
|[[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Arakan]]
|'''Victory'''
* Re-annexation of [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] into Bengal.
|-
|'''Hoogly ([[Attack in Hooghly]])'''
'''(1671)'''

'''Location: [[Hugli-Chuchura]], [[Bengal]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Defeat'''
* Danes succeeded in blowing up the Bengali ships
|-
|[[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam|'''Invasion of Assam''']]
'''(1662)'''

'''Location: [[Assam]]'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{flagicon image|Ahom Kingdom.webp}} [[Ahom kingdom]]
|'''Victory'''
* Ahom Capital, [[Garhgaon]] is taken over.
|-
|'''Attack at Simalugarh'''
'''(c. 1662 CE)'''

'''Location: Assam'''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{flagicon image|Ahom Kingdom.webp}} [[Ahom kingdom]]
|'''Victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEa8EAAAQBAJ |title=The Mughals and the North-East: Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India |date=2023-07-17 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-90525-0 |page=456 |language=en}}</ref>

* The Ahoms had to flee.
|-
|'''[[Dano-Mughal Treaty]]'''
'''(1698)'''

''(End of the [[Dano-Mughal War|'''Dano-Bengal/Mughal War''']])''
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Bengal
|{{Flagicon|Danish India}}[[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Danish India]]
|'''Stalemate'''
* Peace treaty signed ending the 56-year-long [[Dano-Mughal War]].
|}
<gallery>
Attributed to Hiranand - Illustration from a Dictionary (unidentified)- Da'ud Receives a Robe of Honor from Mun'im Khan - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Daud Khan Karrani|Daud Khan]] receives a robe from [[Munim Khan]]
Bibi Mariam.jpg|[[Bibi Mariam Cannon]]
The Jahan Kosa Gun at Murshidabad.jpg|[[Jahan Kosha Cannon]]
Mughal-Arakanese battle on the Karnaphuli river in 1666.jpg|Battle of Chittagong in 1666 between the Mughals and Arakanese
</gallery>

==Architecture==
{{See also|Mughal architecture|Bengali architecture}}
[[File:July 9 2005 - The Lahore Fort-Frontview of Naulakha pavallion.jpg|thumb|Bengali [[Do-chala|curved roofs]] were copied by Mughal architects in other parts of the empire, such as in the Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore]]
[[File:Asiatic Society Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|[[Nimtoli Deuri]], named after the [[neem tree]], is now a property of the [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]], situated in Dhaka, Bangladesh is now a Heritage Museum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-17 |title=Nimtoli Deuri becomes heritage museum |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-live/nimtoli-deuri-becomes-heritage-museum-in-dhaka-bangladesh-1688995 |access-date=2020-10-31 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422185810/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-live/nimtoli-deuri-becomes-heritage-museum-in-dhaka-bangladesh-1688995 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:ঢাকার নিমতলি দেউড়ি এখন ঐতিহ্য জাদুঘর |publisher=Nimtoli Deuri Becomes Heritage Museum |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ps02h7-j9w&t=174s&app=desktop |access-date=2020-10-31 |via=YouTube |title=- YouTube |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111162538/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ps02h7-j9w&t=174s&app=desktop |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Mughal architecture]] proliferated Bengal in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, with the earliest example being the Kherua Mosque in Bogra (1582).<ref name="cdlib1">{{cite web |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=s1.7.2&toc.id=ch07&brand=ucpress |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917181241/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=s1.7.2&toc.id=ch07&brand=ucpress |url-status=live }}</ref> They replaced the earlier sultanate-style of architecture. It was in Dhaka that the imperial style was most lavishly indulged in.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} Its [[Lalbagh Fort]] was an elaborately designed complex of gardens, [[fountain]]s, a mosque, a tomb, an audience hall (Diwan-i-Khas) and a walled enclosure with gates. The [[Bara Katra|Great Caravanserai]] and [[Choto Katra|Shaista Khan Caravanserai]] in Dhaka were centres of commercial activities. Other monuments in the city include the [[Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah]] (1640), the [[Sat Gambuj Mosque]] ({{circa|1664}}–76), the [[Shahbaz Khan Mosque]] (1679) and the [[Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque]] (1704).<ref name="cdlib1"/> The city of [[Murshidabad]] also became a haven of Mughal architecture under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]], with the [[Katra Mosque|Caravanserai Mosque]] (1723) being its most prominent monument.

In rural hinterlands, the Bengali Islamic style continued to flourish, blended with Mughal elements. One of the finest examples of this style is the Atiya Mosque in Tangail (1609).<ref name="cdlib1"/> Several masterpieces of terracotta Hindu temple architecture were also created during this period. Notable examples include the [[Kantajew Temple]] (1704) and the [[List of temples in Bishnupur|temples of Bishnupur]] (1600–1729).

==Art==
{{See also|Islamic art|Muslin|kalighat painting}}
An authentic Bengali art was reflected in the [[muslin]] fabric of [[Jamdani]] (meaning "flower" in [[Farsi|Persian]]). The making of Jamdani was pioneered by Persian weavers. The art passed to the hands of Bengali Muslim weavers known as ''juhulas''. The artisan industry was historically based around the city of Dhaka. The city had over 80,000 weavers. Jamdanis traditionally employ geometric designs in floral shapes. Its motifs are often similar to those in Iranian textile art (buta motif) and Western textile art ([[Paisley (design)|paisley]]). Dhaka's jamdanis enjoyed a loyal following and received imperial patronage from the Mughal court in Delhi and the Nawabs of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|title=In Search of Bangladeshi Islamic Art|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|date=12 November 2015 |access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812083629/http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Khandker |first=Hissam |date=31 July 2015 |title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328220449/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A provincial Bengali style of [[Mughal painting]] flourished in Murshidabad during the 18th century. Scroll painting and ivory sculptures were also prevalent.
<gallery>
Jamdani DSC 0500.JPG|[[Jamdani]] [[muslin]] is a legacy of Mughal Bengal
Gujjari Ragini.jpg|Murshidabad-style painting of a woman playing a [[rudra veena]]
Pir Gazi and his tiger in Sundarbans.jpg|Scroll painting of a [[Pir Gazi|Ghazi]] riding a Bengal tiger
</gallery>

==Demographics==
[[File:Charles D'Oyly06.jpg|thumb|A riverside mosque in Mughal Dhaka]]
[[File:Armenian Church of the Holy Resurrection in Dhaka (24310668205).jpg|thumb|The Armenian church and cemetery in Dhaka]]

===Population===
Bengal's population is estimated to have been 30 million prior to the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]], which reduced it by as much as a third.<ref name="Janam Mukherjee 2015 27"/>

===Religion===
Bengal was an affluent province with [[Islam]] as the official religion. [[Bengali Muslims|Muslims]] constituted a significant minority of the population, while the majority was [[Bengali Hindus|Hindu]].<ref name="tong"/>

===Immigration===
There was a significant influx of migrants from the [[Safavid Empire]] into Bengal during the Mughal period. [[Persian people|Persian]] administrators and military commanders were enlisted by the Mughal government in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Iranians, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011005/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> An [[Armenian community of Dhaka|Armenian community]] settled in Dhaka and was involved in the city's textile trade, paying a 3.5% tax.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Ansar |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Sushil |last3=Islam |first3=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Armenians, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenians,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140831/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenians,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> During the mid-17th century, Bengal was a cosmopolitan hub of the Persianate world. Travelers and officials like Mahmud Balkhi and Muhammad Sadiq Isfahani ({{Died in|1650}}) documented a diverse elite in cities like Rajmahal and Dhaka. This population included artists, generals, and administrators who had migrated from major cultural centers like [[Balkh]], [[Bukhara]], [[Khorasan|Khurasan]], [[Iraq]], [[Baghdad]], [[Anatolia]], [[Syria]], and [[North India]], and whole of [[Iran]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|pp=167—168}}</ref>

==Economy and trade==
[[File:Share of Global GDP.gif|thumb|[[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|Maddison's estimate]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |title=Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-JGGp2suQUC&pg=PA329 |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |at=Table A.7 |isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8}}</ref> China and whole of Iran and India being the most powerful until the 18th century. ]]

The Bengal Subah had the largest regional economy in that period.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robins|2012|p=64}}</ref> The region exported grains, fine cotton [[muslin]] and silk, liquors and wines, salt, ornaments, fruits, and metals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nanda |first=J. N. |year=2005 |title=Bengal: The Unique State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=10 |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035433/https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC |url-status=live }}</ref> European companies set up numerous trading posts in Bengal during the 17th and 18th centuries. Dhaka was the largest city in Bengal and the commercial capital of the empire.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} Chittagong was the largest seaport, with maritime [[trade route]]s connecting it to [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], [[Ayuthya]], [[Aceh]], [[Melaka]], [[Johore]], [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]], [[Makassar]], [[Ceylon]], [[Bandar Abbas]], [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]] and the [[Maldives]].<ref name="google">{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Michael |year=2003 |title=The Indian Ocean |publisher=Routledge |pages=136, 164 |isbn=978-0-415-21489-6 |quote=[page 136: From 1500-1850,] in Bengal the main market was Chittagong ... [page 164:] Mir Jumla, who in the 1640s had his own ships ... travelling all over the ocean: to Bengal, Surat, Arakan, Ayuthya, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mocha and the Maldives.}}</ref>

Parthasarathi estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in Bengal and Britain were comparable in the mid 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Prasannan Parthasarathi |year=2011 |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600-1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=39 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212704/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, due to the scarcity of data, more research is needed before drawing any conclusions.<ref name="Parthasarathi38">{{cite book |author=Prasannan Parthasarathi |year=2011 |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=45 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212704/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bengal had many traders and bankers. Among them was the [[Jagat Seth Family]], who were the wealthiest bankers in the region.

===Agrarian reform===
{{Further|History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent}}

The Mughals launched a vast economic development project in the [[Bengal delta]] which transformed its demographic makeup.<ref name="google1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|pp=312–313}}</ref> The government cleared vast swathes of forest in the fertile [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region to expand farmland. It encouraged settlers, including farmers and [[jagirdar]]s, to populate the delta. It assigned [[Sufi]]s as the chieftains of villages. [[Emperor Akbar]] re-adapted the modern [[Bengali calendar]] to improve harvests and tax collection. The region became the largest grain producer in the subcontinent.

[[File:Model of Bara Katra.png|thumb|upright=1.36|A 3D reconstruction of the [[Bara Katra]] in modern-day Dhaka]]
There are sparse accounts of the Bengal revenue administration in Abul Fazl's ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' and some in Mirza Nathan's ''[[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]]''.<ref name="Raychaudhuri1953">{{Cite book |author=Tapan Raychaudhuri |author-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |year=1953 |title=Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir: An Introductory Study in Social History |location=Calcutta |publisher=A. Mukherjee |page=24 |oclc=5585437}}</ref> According to the former,

{{blockquote|The demands of each year are paid by instalments in eight months, they (the ryots) themselves bringing ''mohurs'' and rupees to the appointed place for the receipt of revenue, as the division of grain between the government and the husbandman is not here customary. The harvests are always abundant, measurement is not insisted upon, and the revenue demands are determined by estimate of the crop.<ref name="Raychaudhuri1953" />
}}

In contrast, the ''Baharistan'' says there were two collections per year, following the spring and autumn harvests. It also says that, at least in some areas, revenue demands were based on survey and land measurement.<ref name="Raychaudhuri1953" />

Bengali peasants were quick to adapt to profitable new crops between 1600 and 1650. [[Bengali people|Bengali]] peasants rapidly learned techniques of [[mulberry]] cultivation and [[sericulture]], establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world.<ref name="richards">{{cite book |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |year=1993 |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=I.5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=190 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref>

The increased agricultural productivity led to lower [[food prices]]. In turn, this benefited the Indian [[textile industry]]. Compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver coinage. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets.<ref>{{cite book |author=Prasannan Parthasarathi |year=2011 |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=42 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212704/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Industrial economy===
In the 17th century, Bengal was an affluent province that was, according to economic historian Indrajit Ray, globally prominent in industries such as [[textile manufacturing]] and [[shipbuilding]].<ref name="ray" /> Bengal's capital city of Dhaka was the empire's financial capital, with a population exceeding a million people, and with an estimated 80,000 skilled textile weavers. It was an exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, [[saltpeter]], and agricultural and industrial produce.<ref name="star"/> Bengal's mining, metallurgy, and shipping in this era have been described as [[proto-industrialization]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Abhay Kumar Singh |year=2006 |title=Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwNUblS-jpwC |volume=I |publisher=Northern Book Centre |page=7 |isbn=978-81-7211-201-1}}</ref>

Many historians have built on the perspective of [[Romesh Chunder Dutt|R. C. Dutt]] who wrote, "The plunder of Bengal directly contributed to the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain."<ref name="tong"/><ref name="esposito"/><ref name="rayB"/><ref name="sengupta">{{cite news |author=Shombit Sengupta |date=8 February 2010 |title=Bengal's plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |access-date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801120317/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This analysis states that the capital amassed from Bengal was used to invest in British industries such as [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]] and greatly increase British wealth, while at the same time leading to deindustrialization in Bengal.<ref name="tong"/><ref name="esposito"/><ref name="rayB"/><ref name="star"/> According to Indrajit Ray, domestic industries expanded for decades even after Plassey. Although colonial-based price manipulation and state discrimination initiated from the 1790s, Bengal's industries retained some comparative advantages. Ray states that "Bengali entrepreneurs continued in industries such as cotton and silk textiles where there were domestic market supports", and major deindustrialisation occurred as late as the 1830s to 1850s.<ref name="raysummary">{{cite book|author=Indrajit Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-1-136-82552-1|pages=245–254}}</ref>

====Textile industry====
{{Further|Muslin trade in Bengal}}
[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|A woman in [[Dhaka]] clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], 18th century]]

Bengal was a centre of the worldwide [[muslin]], [[jute]] and silk trades. During this era, the most important center of jute and cotton production was Bengal, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets such as Central Asia.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|p=202}}</ref> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.<ref name="Prakash">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Om Prakash |author-link=Om Prakash (historian) |editor=John J. McCusker |editor-link=John J. McCusker |encyclopedia=History of World Trade Since 1450 |title=Empire, Mughal |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 |access-date=3 August 2017 |year=2006 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |series=World History in Context |volume=1 |isbn= |pages=237–240 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320 |url-status=live }}</ref> From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in [[Indonesia]], raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan.<ref name="richards95">{{cite book |author=[[John F. Richards]] |year=1995 |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=202|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 }}</ref> The [[jute trade]] was also a significant factor.

====Shipbuilding industry====

Bengal had a large shipbuilding industry. Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<ref name="ray174">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |publisher=Routledge |pages=174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref> He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal.<ref name="ray174"/> During the 17th century, the shipyards of Chittagong and Sandwip used to build warships for the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|sultans of the Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="bpediaship">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shipbuilding_Industry |title=Shipbuilding Industry |website=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref><ref name="newagezakaria">{{cite news |url=http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-12-17&nid=43675 |title=Prospects of shipbuilding industry in Bangladesh |work=New Age |access-date=2015-07-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217222253/http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-12-17&nid=43675 |archive-date=2013-12-17}}</ref>

An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a [[Flush deck|flushed deck]] design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in [[Hull (watercraft)|hulls]] that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped [[Deck (ship)|deck]] design. The British [[East India Company]] later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in [[seaworthiness]] and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP17_11.pdf|title=Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution|access-date=14 August 2017|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211214530/http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP17_11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
In the revenue settlement by [[Todar Mal]] in 1582, Bengal Subah was divided into 24 ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]]'' (districts), which included 19 ''sarkar''s of Bengal proper and 5 ''sarkar''s of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. In 1607, during the reign of [[Jahangir]] Orissa became a separate ''Subah''. These 19 ''sarkar''s were further divided into 682 ''[[pargana]]s''.<ref name="ain">{{cite book |editor1-last=Sarkar |editor1-first=Jadu-Nath |translator-last=Jarrett |translator-first=H. S. |title=Ain I Akbari Of Abul Fazl-i-allami |volume=II |year=1949 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.527119/page/n3/mode/2up |pages=142–55}}</ref> In 1658, subsequent to the revenue settlement by [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]], 15 new ''sarkar''s and 361 new ''pargana''s were added. In 1722, [[Murshid Quli Khan]] divided the whole Subah into 13 ''[[Chakla (administrative division)|chakalah]]''s, which were further divided into 1660 ''pargana''s.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Initially the capital of the ''Subah'' was [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]]. On 7 November 1595, the foundations of a new capital were laid at [[Rajmahal]] by [[Man Singh I]] who renamed it Akbarnagar.<ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|2004|p=211}} "One of these, led by his son Himmat Singh conquered Bhushna fort (2nd April 1595). On 7th November of this year, Man Singh laid the foundations of a new capital of Bengal at Rajmahal, as a place “which could to some extent be safe from attack by boats’’ and named it, after his master, Akbar-nagar."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |editor-last=Sinh |editor-first=Raghubir |year=1984 |title=A History of Jaipur, c. 1503–1938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA81 |publisher=Orient Longman |pages=81, 94 |isbn=81-250-0333-9}}</ref> In 1610 the capital was shifted from Rajmahal to Dhaka<ref>{{cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos|author-link=Jos Gommans |year=2002 |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500–1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKhgsGLJ29gC&pg=PA27 |publisher=Routledge |location=Oxon |page=27 |isbn=0-415-23988-5}}</ref> and it was renamed Jahangirnagar. In 1639, Shah Shuja again shifted the capital to Rajmahal. In 1660, [[Mir Jumla II|Muazzam Khan (Mir Jumla)]] again shifted the capital to Dhaka. In 1703, Murshid Quli Khan, then ''diwan'' (prime minister in charge of finance) of Bengal shifted his office from Dhaka to Maqsudabad and later renamed it [[Murshidabad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

In 1656, Shah Shuja reorganised the sarkars and added Orissa to the Bengal Subah.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

The ''sarkars'' (districts) and the ''parganas/mahallahs'' ([[tehsil]]s) of Bengal Subah were:<ref name="ain"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|-
! Sarkar!! Pargana
|-
| Udamabar/[[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] (modern-day areas include [[Birbhum district|North Birbhum]], [[Rajmahal subdivision|Rajmahal]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]) || 52 parganas
|-
| [[Gaur, West Bengal|Jannatabad (Lakhnauti)]] (Modern day [[Malda division]]) || 66 parganas
|-
| [[Faridpur Division|Fatehabad]] || 31 parganas
|-
| Mahmudabad (modern-day areas include [[Nadia district|North Nadia]] and [[Jessore District|Jessore]]) || 88 parganas
|-
| [[Bagerhat District|Khalifatabad]] || 35 parganas
|-
| [[Barisal Division|Bakla]] || 4 parganas
|-
| [[Purnia district|Purniyah]] || 9 parganas
|-
| Tajpur (East [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]]) || 29 parganas
|-
| Ghoraghat (South [[Rangpur Division]], [[Bogra District|Bogura]]) || 84 parganas
|-
| [[Santhal Pargana Division|Pinjarah]] || 21 parganas
|-
| Barbakabad (West [[Uttar Dinajpur|Dinajpur]]) || 38 parganas
|-
| [[Mymensingh Division|Bazuha]] || 32 parganas
|-
| [[Sonargaon]] modern day [[Dhaka Division]] || 52 parganas
|-
| [[Sylhet region|Srihatta]] || 8 mahals
|-
| [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] || 7 parganas
|-
| [[Birbhum District|Sharifatabad]] || 26 parganas
|-
| [[Bardhaman District|Sulaimanabad]] || 31 parganas
|-
| [[Satgaon]] (Modern day [[Hooghly District]] and [[Howrah District]]) || 53 parganas
|-
| Mandaran || 16 parganas
|}
Sarkars of Orissa:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|-
! Sarkar !! Mahal
|-
| [[Baleswar District|Jaleswar]] ||28
|-
| [[Bhadrak District|Bhadrak]] || 7
|-
| Kotok ([[Cuttack District|Cuttack]]) || 21
|-
| Kaling Dandpat || 27
|-
| Raj Mahendrih || 16
|}

==Government==
The state government was headed by a [[Viceroy]] ([[Subedar]] [[Nizam]]) appointed by the [[Mughal Emperor]] between 1576 and 1717. The Viceroy exercised tremendous authority, with his own cabinet and four prime ministers ([[Diwan (title)|Diwan]]). The three deputy viceroys for Bengal proper, Bihar and Orissa were known as the ''Naib Nazims''. An extensive landed [[aristocracy]] was established by the Mughals in Bengal. The aristocracy was responsible for taxation and [[revenue]] collection. Land holders were bestowed with the title of [[Jagirdar]]. The [[Qadi]] title was reserved for the chief judge. [[Mansabdar]]s were leaders of the Mughal Army, while [[faujdar]]s were generals. The Mughals were credited for secular pluralism during the reign of [[Akbar]], who promoted the religious doctrine of [[Din-i Ilahi]]. Later rulers promoted more conservative Islam.

In 1717, the Mughal government replaced Viceroy [[Azim-us-Shan]] due to conflicts with his influential deputy viceroy and prime minister [[Murshid Quli Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Anjali |year=2012 |chapter=Azim-us-Shan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Azim-us-Shan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212028/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Azim-us-Shan |url-status=live }}</ref> Growing regional autonomy caused the Mughal Court to establish a hereditary principality in Bengal, with Khan being recognised in the official title of Nazim. He founded the Nasiri dynasty. In 1740, following the [[Battle of Giria]], [[Alivardi Khan]] staged a coup and founded the short-lived Afsar dynasty. For all practical purposes, the Nazims acted as independent princes. European colonial powers referred to them as [[Nawab]]s or Nababs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Nawab |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001213500/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab |url-status=live }}</ref>

==List of Subadars & Nawab Nazims==
===Subahdars===
{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Da'ud Receives a Robe of Honor from Mun'im Khan - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Munim Khan]] (seated, right), the first Viceroy of Mughal Bengal (1574–1575)
| image2 = Raja Man Singh the Great , Of Amer.jpg
| caption2 = [[Man Singh I]], the [[Rajput]] Viceroy of Bengal (1594–1606)
| image3 = Nawab Sháyista Khán.jpg
| caption3 = [[Shaista Khan]], Viceroy (1664–1688)
| image4 = Azam shah.jpg
| caption4 = Viceroy [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] (1678–1679), later [[Mughal Emperor]]
| image5 = Azim us-Shan Bahadur.jpg
| caption5 = Viceroy [[Azim-us-Shan]] (1697–1712), later [[Mughal Emperor]]
| align = center
}}

{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc82;"| Personal name<ref name=eaton2>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|pp=325–326]}}</ref>
! style="background:#f0dc82;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Munim Khan]] ''Khan-i-Khanan'' {{Nastaliq| منعم خان، خان خاناں }} 
| style="text-align:center;"|25 September 1574 – 23 October 1575
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hussain Quli Beg]] ''Khan Jahan I'' {{Nastaliq| حسین قلی بیگ، خان جہاں اول}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|15 November 1575 – 19 December 1578
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Muzaffar Khan Turbati]] {{Nastaliq| مظفر خان تربتی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1579–1580
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] ''Azam Khan I'' {{Nastaliq| میرزا عزیز کوکہ،خان اعظم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1582–1583
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh|Shahbaz Khan Kamboh Lahori]] ''Mir Jumla I'' {{Nastaliq| شھباز خان کمبوہ }}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1583–1585
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Sadiq Khan {{Nastaliq| صادق خان}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1585–1586
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Wazir Khan Tajik]] {{Nastaliq| وزیر خان }}
| style="text-align:center;"|1586–1587
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sa'id Khan]] {{Nastaliq| سعید خان}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1587–1594
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Raja'' [[Man Singh I]] {{Nastaliq| راجہ مان سنگھ}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 4 June 1594 – 2 September 1606
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Qutubuddin Koka|Qutb-ud-din Khan Koka]] {{Nastaliq| قطب الدین خان کوکہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|2 September 1606 – 20 May 1607
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahangir Quli Beg]] {{Nastaliq| جہانگیر قلی بیگ}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1607–1608
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Islam Khan I|Sheikh Ala-ud-din Chisti]] ''Islam Khan I'' {{Nastaliq| اسلام خان چشتی}}
| style="text-align:center;"| June 1608 – 1613
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Qasim Khan Chishti]] ''Muhtashim Khan'' {{Nastaliq| قاسم خان چشتی}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1613–1617
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang|Ibrahim Khan Fateh Jang]] ''Ibrahim Khan I'' {{Nastaliq| ابراہیم خان فتح جنگ}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1617–1622
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mahabat Khan]] {{Nastaliq| محابت خان}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1622–1626
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mirza Amanullah]] ''Khan Jahan II'' {{Nastaliq| میرزا أمان اللہ ، خان زماں ثانی }}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1626
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muqarram Khan|Mukarram Khan Chishti]] {{Nastaliq| مکرم خان }}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1626–1627
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fidai Khan|Fidai Khan I]] {{Nastaliq| فدای خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1627–1628
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Qasim Khan Juvayni]] ''Qasim Manija'' {{Nastaliq| قاسم خان جوینی، قاسم مانیجہ }} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1628–1632
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Azam Khan (Subahdar)|Mir Muhammad Baqir]] ''Azam Khan II'' {{Nastaliq| میر محمد باقر، اعظم خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1632–1635
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Islam Khan II|Mir Abdus Salam]] ''Islam Khan II'' {{Nastaliq| اسلام خان مشھدی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1635–1639
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]] {{Nastaliq| شاہ شجاع}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1639–1660
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mir Jumla II]] {{Nastaliq| میر جملہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|May 1660 – 30 March 1663
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shaista Khan|Mirza Abu Talib]] ''Shaista Khan I'' {{Nastaliq| میرزا ابو طالب، شایستہ خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|March 1664 – 1676
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fidai Khan Koka]], ''Fidai Khan II'' {{Nastaliq| اعظم خان کوکہ، فدای خان ثانی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1676–1677
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] ''Alijah'' {{Nastaliq| محمد اعظم شاہ عالی جاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1678–1679
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shaista Khan|Mirza Abu Talib]] ''Shaista Khan I'' {{Nastaliq| میرزا ابو طالب، شایستہ خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1680–1688
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ibrahim Khan II|Ibrahim Khan ibn Ali Mardan Khan]] ''Ibrahim Khan II'' {{Nastaliq| ابراہیم خان ابن علی مردان خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1688–1697
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' [[Azim-us-Shan]] {{Nastaliq| عظیم الشان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1697–1712
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | Others were appointed but did not show up from 1712 to 1717 and managed by Deputy Subahdar [[Murshid Quli Khan]].
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Murshid Quli Khan]] {{Nastaliq| مرشد قلی خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1712–1717
|}

===Nawab Nazims (independent)===

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#b0dc58; width:10%;"| Portrait
! style="background:#b0dc58; width:10%;"| Regnal name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:20%;"| Personal name
! style="background:#b0dc88; width:8%;"| Birth
! style="background:#b0dc88; width:8%;"| Reign
! style="background:#b0dc28; width:8%;"| Death
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |'''Nasiri dynasty'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Murshid Quli Jafar Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Murshid Quli Khan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1665
| style="text-align:center;"|1717– 1727
| style="text-align:center;"|30 June 1727
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sarfaraz Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jang''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sarfaraz Khan|Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur Dakhni]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1700
| style="text-align:center;"|1727–1727
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1740
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Shuja ud-Daula''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan|Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan or Mirza Deccani]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Around 1670 (date not available)
| style="text-align:center;"|July 1727 – 26 August 1739
| style="text-align:center;"|26 August 1739
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sarfaraz Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jang''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sarfaraz Khan|Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur Dakhni]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1700
| style="text-align:center;"|13 March 1739 – April 1740
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1740
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |'''Afsar dynasty'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Alivardi Khan.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Hashim ud-Daula ''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Alivardi Khan|Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Before 10 May 1671
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756
| style="text-align:center;"|9 April 1756
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Siraj ud-Daulah.jpg|90px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Siraj ud-Daulah ''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1733
| style="text-align:center;"|April 1756 – 2 June 1757
| style="text-align:center;"|2 July 1757
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rise_of_Islam_and_the_Bengal_Frontie.html?id=O6QwDwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1996-07-31 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_Modern_Bengal.html?id=Z3GxzQEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description |title=A Comprehensive History of Modern Bengal, 1700-1950 |date=2020 |publisher=Asiatic Society |isbn=978-93-89901-95-5 |language=en}}
* {{Citation |last=Robins |first=Nick |title=The Bengal Revolution |date=2012 |work=The Corporation That Changed the World |pages=61–83 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pcr6.11 |access-date=2025-11-04 |series=How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-3195-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|title=The History of Bengal|date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729|volume=II|orig-date=1948|publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]|location=Dhaka|isbn=978-81-7646-239-6}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |author=Irfan Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1963 |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707 |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807742-8}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Bengal Subah| ]]
[[Category:Mughal subahs]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1793]]

Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case

2026-02-01T12:34:09Z

DilkhusOfficial: adding new post.

{{Short description|1978 crime in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1978|08|26}}
| time =
| duration =
| venue =
| place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| coordinates = 
| also known as =
| type =
| cause =
| first reporter =
| participants =
| outcome = Deaths of Sanjay and Geeta Chopra
| reported deaths = 2
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| arrests =
| suspects =
| convicted = {{ubl|Kuljeet Singh ([[Pseudonym|alias]] Ranga Khus)|Jasbir Singh (alias Billa)}}
| verdict = Guilty
| convictions = Murder, common intention, kidnapping, kidnapping with unlawful confinement, kidnapping a woman with intention of sexual intercourse, and kidnapping with intention to cause hurt
| publication bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
* Victims awarded [[Kirti Chakra]]
* Sanjay Chopra Award and Geeta Chopra Award instituted for bravery by children under the age of 16
| sentence = Convicts hanged at Tihar Jail, New Delhi on 31 January 1982
| notes =
}}

The '''Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case''' (also known as the '''Ranga-Billa''' case)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mazumder|first=Ranjib|date=2015-08-28|title=India's Infamous Five: Murder Cases That Shook the Nation|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2015/08/28/indias-infamous-five-murder-cases-that-shook-the-nation|website=[[The Quint]]|language=en|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814050318/http://www.thequint.com/india/2015/08/28/indias-infamous-five-murder-cases-that-shook-the-nation|url-status=dead}}</ref> was a [[kidnapping]] and [[murder]] crime in [[New Delhi]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/ranga-billa-redux-how-rapists-were-sent-to-gallows/article1-986931.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410091726/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/ranga-billa-redux-how-rapists-were-sent-to-gallows/article1-986931.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2015|title=Ranga-Billa redux: How rapists were sent to gallows}}</ref> It involved the kidnapping and subsequent murder of siblings Geeta and Sanjay by Kuljeet Singh ([[Pseudonym|alias]] Ranga Khus) and Jasbir Singh (alias Billa). Although the children were kidnapped for [[ransom]], they were killed after the kidnappers learned that their father was a naval officer, in the assumption that he was not wealthy. Both men initially admitted to raping Geeta before her murder. They later retracted their statements and forensic evidence could not confirm the rape. The two kidnappers were convicted and [[death sentence|sentenced to death]]. The [[execution]] was carried out in 1982. [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol Dial 100]] aired two episodes on [[Sony TV (India)|Sony TV]] based on the story, 723 and 724 on 28 February 2018 and 1 March 2018. The case was also shown on the TV series [[Bhanwar (1998 TV series)|Bhanwar]] and 2025 Netflix series ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]'', which was based on real-life court cases.

==Kidnapping==
{{Location map many | India Delhi
| width = 300
| float = right
| caption = 6:15 pm – The children left house 
8:45 pm – Father did not find them at [[All India Radio]] office 
28 August – Bodies found
| label = 6:15 pm
| pos = right
| marksize = 8
| lat_deg = 28.5947
| lon_deg = 77.1658
| label2 = 8:45 pm
| pos2 = right
| bg2 =
| mark2size = 8
| lat2_deg = 28.6225
| lon2_deg = 77.2114
| label3 = 28 August
| pos3 = left
| bg3 =
| mark3size = 8
| lat3_deg = 28.6803473
| lon3_deg = 77.2147465
}}

Geeta Chopra was a 16½-year-old [[Junior college#India|2nd year]] student in the [[Jesus and Mary College]], [[New Delhi]]. Her brother, Sanjay, was 14-year-old student in the [[Matriculation#India|10th standard]] of the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]]. Their father, Madan Mohan Chopra, was a [[Captain (naval)|captain]] in the [[Indian Navy]]. They lived in the Officer's Enclave in [[Dhaula Kuan]].

On Saturday 26 August 1978, Geeta and Sanjay were supposed to participate in a radio programme called the ''Yuva Vani'' on [[All India Radio]]. They were to reach the All India Radio office on the [[Sansad Marg]] by 7 pm. Their father was supposed to pick them up outside the All India Radio after programme at 9 pm.

The siblings left their house at 6:15 pm. A man, Kula Nand saw them at the [[roundabout]] at Dhaula Kuan. A man named M. S. Nanda gave the children a lift from Dhaula Kuan to [[Gole Market|Gole Dak Khana]] as it was [[drizzle|drizzling]].<ref name="HCverdict"/><ref name="Das2007"/>

At 6:30 pm, Bhagwan Dass had noticed a [[Mustard (color)|mustard colour]] [[Fiat 1100#1100D|Fiat car]], while traveling from Gurudwara Bangla Sahib towards North Avenue, near the yoga ashram at [[Gole Market|Gole Dak Khana]]. He heard noises coming from the car, so he stopped his [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] and approached the vehicle. He saw a girl pulling the hair of the driver and a boy fighting the passenger by the driver. Dass could not stop the car and it sped away towards [[Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital|Willingdon Hospital]]. Several other people had tried to stop the car. One man named Babu Lal, dropped his bicycle and tried to grab the door handle of the car, but failed. Dass reported this to the police. At 6:45 pm, he called the [[police control room]] and told them the license number of the car as HRK 8930, but it was noted by the operator as MRK 8930. Dass also reported that the girl was screaming for help.<ref name="Das2007"/>

Inderjeet Singh, a junior engineer in the [[Delhi Development Authority]] returning home from work on his [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]], saw the car on Baba Kharak Singh Marg near the casualty block of the Willingdon Hospital. He noticed a girl and a boy sitting in the rear struggling with the driver and another man. He drove up and lined up with the running car. The boy showed his bleeding shoulder to Inderjeet Singh and waved his hands at him pleading for help. Inderjeet followed the car onto [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Shankar road]]. But he lost the car when it jumped a red light at a traffic crossing at 6:45 pm. Inderjeet noted the correct number of the car and reported it to the [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi]].<ref name="Das2007"/> The police were slow in their reaction as they considered it a [[cognisable offence]] and that it was outside their jurisdiction as they could not proceed without taking permission from the Meerut High Court.<ref name="Das2007"/>

At 8 pm, their parents tuned in to the radio to listen to their children on the programme, but another girl had been given the slot. The parents assumed that they had tuned in to the wrong station or that the programme had been cancelled. Their father took his scooter from home at 8:45 pm to reach the radio office. He did not find his children at the appointed place. He was told at the office that the children did not arrive. The father called home to ask if the children had reached home; their mother replied in the negative. Their father returned home and called his relatives and friends to ask if the children were with them.

At 10:15 pm, the kidnappers went to the Willingdon Hospital in a car with the number DHI 280, as one of them, Billa, had acquired a cut on his head. The hospital had taken a [[radiography|skiagraph]] of his skull. One of them left a [[fingerprint]] on the skiagraph, which matched perfectly with the culprit after he was apprehended. On being asked, they gave the doctors false names and said they were hurt by some thieves. The constable on duty at the hospital, Ranbir Singh, took their statement in which they said they were attacked near [[New Delhi Kali Bari|Kali mandir]] on Bangla Sahib road, their watch was stolen, and the injury was from an iron rod. Ranbir Singh informed the Mandir Marg police station. At 10:50 pm, two policemen dispatched from the Mandir Marg station to further question them arrived at the hospital.

At 11:10 pm, the two decided to leave against doctors' advice. The two policemen, Sub-Inspector Ram Chander and Constable Harish Ram, asked them to accompany them to the spot where they were supposedly robbed. They took them to the spot in their car. Chander failed to find signs of struggle. They asked the duo to take them back to the station. At 1:45 am, they left the station, but they were asked to report again in the morning. When they did not, Chander went to their addresses, but found them to be false. Chander inquired with the Regional Transport Office and found the vehicle number belonged to a scooter.<ref name="Das2007"/><ref name=HCverdict/>

==Investigation and media attention==
The [[police control room]] forwarded the report from Dass to [[New Delhi Kali Bari|Mandir Marg]] police station. The report was given to [[sub-inspector]] Om Prakash at 7:05 pm. He went to the Gole Dak Khana to search for witnesses but could not find any. He returned to the station at 9:55 pm. Inderjeet's report had invoked no response. At 10:15 pm, the father called the police and gave them the descriptions of the children. The father searched places where the children might have possibly gone to, including the Willingdon Hospital and returned home at 11:30 pm.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

The bodies were discovered by a [[Cowman (profession)|cowherd]], Dhani Ram, grazing his cows in [[Delhi Ridge]] on 28 August 1978, at 6 pm. The cowherd reported the bodies to a patrolling constable, Rohtas Singh, at 12:00 am. Sub-inspector Hari Chand was sent to the site. The parents were called to the site to identify the bodies. They identified them as their children.<ref name=HCverdict/>

The [[autopsy]] was conducted by the police surgeon, Bharat Singh, on 29 August. He found the bodies to be in an advanced stage of decomposition. He could not establish sexual assault of the girl due to the decomposition. He found multiple stab wounds and a broken jaw on the girl. He confirmed multiple stab wounds on the boy.<ref name=HCverdict/>

The father decided to go to the media. Some newspapers carried photographs. On seeing such the news, [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda|Admiral M. S. Nanda]] gave his statement. The police in course of their investigation suspected the duo to be involved. They released the photos to the press and a monetary reward was announced. The [[Mumbai Police]] was informed.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

On 31 August, a car matching the kidnapping vehicle was found in [[Adarsh Nagar metro station|Majlis Park]] with the number, DHD 7034. A car had been reported missing of the same make, but number DEA 1221, so the police called the owner Ashok Sharma. The car had been stolen from outside the [[Ashok Group|Ashoka Hotel]] within six weeks of its purchase. Sharma was able to open the car with his keys. The [[stereo]] and [[Loudspeaker|speaker]]s were missing. The car's white [[Grille (motor vehicle)|grille]] had been replaced with a black one. Two witnesses who lived in the area later said they had seen a man driving the car and he had asked them for directions.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

The car was examined by investigators from the [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]]. Several fingerprints were obtained from the car. A cigarette butt and hair samples were found and taken. Bloodstains were discovered. Plates with the numbers DEA 1221, HRF 5411, and HRK 8930 were found in the car. In the lab, it was found that one of the plates originally had the number DHI 280 but it had been painted over. Similarly, another number DHD 3548 was found. Some soil samples taken from the floor mat matched the soil samples from the site where the bodies were found.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

The story got much media attention in India. Then-Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] took personal interest in the case.<ref name="Brahmachary2004">{{cite book|author=K. C. Brahmachary|title=We and Our Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfdtUUnVQLQC&pg=PA160|access-date=10 March 2015|year=2004|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-916-4|page=160}}</ref> The [[Janata Party]], which was in power in 1978 Delhi, was criticised for their handling for the case. They lost the subsequent election.<ref name=CrimeGraph>{{cite news|title=Rising crime graph worries BJP|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/10/17/stories/2003101709160400.htm|access-date=10 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 October 2003}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Arrest and interrogation==
The kidnappers were arrested on a train a few weeks later on 8 September 1978. On that day, the two kidnappers boarded the [[Kalka Mail]] when it had slowed near the [[Yamuna river]] bridge near [[Agra]]. The compartment they entered was reserved for military personnel, so they were asked to show their identity cards. They started a scuffle with the army-men and were suppressed. [[Army ranks and insignia of India#Non-commissioned officers|Lance Naik]] A. V. Shetty recognised them from a newspaper picture. On 9 September 1978, they were handed over to Inspector V. P. Gupta, at the [[New Delhi railway station]]. They were held in separate non-adjoining cells.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

On searching their bags, the police found a [[sword]]. Their clothes were found to have bloodstains. The doctor examining them found bruises on their arms and bodies, some of which were recent from a scuffle. The doctor found the sutures on Billa's head and estimated it to be 15 days old. A wound on Ranga's forearm was found to be 15 days old. Fingerprints, saliva, blood and hair samples were taken on 12 September. On 13 September, on Billa's directions, they were driven separately to Agra, where the police recovered a sword from a rented room in Sita Nagar where they were staying.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

==Trial==

===Confessions===
On 22 September, Ranga made a voluntary confession which was recorded by a metropolitan magistrate, but the statement was later retracted on 20 November. On 19 October, Billa gave a similar confession, but retracted it on 27 October. The confessions were later held to be independent as they had been kept in non-adjoining cells.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

===Evidence===
The hair found in the car and on the body of the boy matched that of Ranga. His fingerprints were found in the car. The bloodstains on his shirt belonged to [[blood group]] AB, which was a match with the siblings. Billa's hair was found on the body of the girl, and blood matching his blood group A was found in the car. Blood of group AB was found on his clothes. The signature at the Willingdon Hospital matched that of Billa. The skiagrams of the skulls matched.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

===Defence and alibi===
Both men pleaded not guilty.

Billa claimed that he was in [[Bombay]] from 25 August to 1 September. He said he had acquired the head injury while trying to steal a car in [[Agripada]], Bombay. Billa claimed he was forced to make a false confession. He said he was wanted by the Bombay police for false cases, so he had fled to Delhi with Ranga. They had come to Delhi on 15 August. On 18 August, they went to [[Panipat]] where Ranga's sister lived. On 25 August, both left for Bombay. On the 28th, he got his head wound. On 31 August, he left for Delhi, where he was informed by Ranga that they were wanted for the murders. They then tried to hide out in Delhi. They were trying to escape to Madras via Delhi when they were caught by the army men. He claimed he had been tortured by the police to make the confession. Ranga said that the sword was planted on him and that when his clothes were taken from him, they had no bloodstains. They also produced witnesses to establish Billa's [[alibi]].<ref name="HCverdict"/>

===Witnesses===
Two doctors from the Willingdon Hospital who examined Billa on the night of 26 August could not positively identify him. The radiographer opined that the original skiagraph of that man matched with the recent skiagraph of Billa's. Sub-inspector Chander could positively identify the two. Sohan Lal, a landlord in Majlis Park, identified and said that they had rented a room from him on 24 August and stayed there till 31 August. He said that he had seen a bandage on Billa's head on 27 August. Another witness, Parkash, the proprietor of hotel in [[Fatehpuri Masjid|Fatehpur]] said that he had given the two a room from 16 August to 23 August. Anil Kumar Gupta, who worked in a [[guest house]] near Gali Telian in Delhi, said he had given them a room from 31 August to 2 September. Susheel Kumar, a [[parking attendant]], had charged them for parking at [[Buddha Jayanti Park]]. He had noticed a boy and girl in the rear. Avdesh Singh Sharma, a physician from Agra, said he had removed Billa's stitches on 4 September, but Billa had left without paying him.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

===Verdict and sentence===
It was established by the court that the duo had come to Delhi to escape the Bombay police. They arrived in Delhi on 16 August and lived in various places under false names. They had two ceremonial kirpans, one small and a large, and had gotten them sharpened elsewhere. Billa was proficient in stealing cars and had gotten fake number plates painted. He stole a Fiat from outside the Ashoka Hotel. They rented a room in Majlis Park, paid for two months in advance. They picked up the children sometime between 6:30 and 6:40 pm on 26 August. The boy received a wound on his shoulder. At 7:30 pm, the car was parked near the [[Buddha Jayanti Park]]. Ranga bought two [[ice cream]]s and three [[Campa Cola]]s. The boy's autopsy established that he had eaten milk product before death. At 9:30 pm, the teenagers were murdered in the woods near the [[Delhi Ridge|Upper Ridge Road]], Delhi. The girl's body was found with her undergarments missing. On 30 August, Ranga abandoned the car in Majlis Park, a few streets away from where they were living. On 31 August, after the police found the car, the duo left despite paying rent for two months.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

====Events as established from confessions====
Although the confessions were considered in the sentencing, they were noted to have certain relevant details. According to Ranga's retracted statement, Ranga was initially a truck driver and later a taxi driver. He was introduced to Billa by one Sham Singh in Bombay. The two had kidnapped a boy in Bombay using Ranga's taxi.

Ranga later released the child after keeping him at his house for some time. Sham told him Billa was a well-known criminal who had killed two [[Arab]] men. Soon afterwards, Sham was arrested. The duo feared that Sham would reveal their ties to the police. They fled to [[Surat]] in the car with another person. There they left the car and took a bus to [[Ahmedabad]]. They then took a train to Delhi. On 17 August, they stole a car but abandoned it because it was not in good condition. On 18 August, Ranga went to Panipat to meet his sister for [[Raksha Bandhan]]. On 19 August, they stole another car and changed its plates but abandoned it after finding it had bad acceleration. That day, the car used in the crime was stolen from Ashoka Hotel and they changed its plates. On 23 August, Billa threatened to kill Jugal and another person, Kewal. On 24 August, they rented the house in Majlis Park. They decided that they would kidnap a couple the next day, then force them to take them to their house so they could rob it, but they found no victims while roaming in the car.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

On 26 August, after roaming all day, they found the siblings and thought them to be from a rich family. They offered them a lift and the children accepted. The children were talking in [[English language|English]]. Billa had already loosened the inner door handles; he then pulled them out. The children began quarreling with Billa, who then tried to frighten them with the small [[kirpan]]. The boy tried to snatch the kirpan but was injured. The victims in the struggle managed to stall the car. At one point, Ranga saw a [[Sikh]] man following them. He suggested dropping off the children and fleeing. Billa refused.

They then parked the car in Buddha Jayanti Park. The boy asked for water and was offered cola. He refused but accepted the ice cream on the girl's suggestion. The boy was bought another ice cream. They changed the car number to DHI 280. The children were asked about their parents. They replied their father was a naval officer. Ranga suggested the kids should be let off, as the father probably did not have much money and might try to fight them. Billa told the children that the girl would be used in a robbery in which she would stop a jeweler's car coming from [[Palam]] airport, asking for a lift. After that they would be let go. They drove onto an [[unpaved road]] and then took the boy about 100 [[yard]]s away from the vehicle. Ranga was forced by Billa to attack the boy with longer kirpan, about 3 feet long. After one blow Ranga was unable to continue. Billa snatched the kirpan and repeatedly struck the boy. The boy died.

While Ranga cleaned the blade, Billa raped the girl. Then Billa asked Ranga to rape the girl, which he did. When the girl was being raped again, she picked up the kirpan and struck Billa's head. The girl ran toward the road, but Ranga caught her. They made her dress and told her they were taking her back to her brother nearby. While she was walking ahead, Billa attacked her from behind and killed her. They washed the car to remove most of the blood. On 28 August, Billa left for Bombay by train. On 30 August, Ranga found that some Bombay policemen were in Delhi. He changed plates and parked the car a few lanes away from his rented place. On 31 August, he saw the police had found the car. Billa returned the same day. They left for Agra on 31 August.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

Billa's version of the events varied slightly. According to him, they had given the boy [[Methaqualone|Mandrax]] tablets to dull his pain from the cuts he received in the scuffle. Billa claimed that the rape of the girl was Ranga's idea. They drove to a deserted place. Ranga took the boy away and Billa raped the girl. Ranga returned alone and raped her. The girl asked about her brother and got suspicious. She attacked Billa with the sword. Ranga snatched the sword away and killed her. Ranga then told Billa he had killed the boy. They then dumped the girl in the bushes and drove away.<ref name="HCverdict"/>

====Sentencing====
Kuljeet Singh ([[Pseudonym|alias]] Ranga Kush) and Jasbir Singh (alias Billa) were convicted and sentenced to death under Section 302 (murder) of the [[Indian Penal Code]], read with Section 34 (common intention), by an additional sessions judge in Delhi. They were also convicted for crimes under Section 363 (kidnapping), 365 (kidnapping with unlawful confinement), 366 (kidnapping a woman with intention of sexual intercourse) and 367 (kidnapping with intention to cause hurt), read with Section 34.<ref name="Das2007">{{cite book|author=Pramod Kumar Das|title=Famous Murder Trials: Covering More Than 75 Murder Cases in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oB2op90KFmYC&pg=PA14|access-date=10 March 2015|year=2007|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|isbn=978-81-7534-605-5|pages=14–16}}</ref>

==Appeals==
The convicted challenged the death sentence verdict in the [[Delhi High Court]]. The High Court upheld the judgement on 16 November 1979. The convicts then [[Special Leave Petitions in India|petitioned under Article 136]] in the [[Supreme Court of India]], which was turned down. They then petitioned the [[president of India]] to use the clemency powers vested in him under [[Pardon#India|Article 72]] of the [[Indian Constitution|Constitution]]. The president turned down the petition without citing reason. They then petitioned the Supreme Court again arguing that the president should use his clemency powers fairly.

On 21 April 1981, the Supreme Court upheld the death sentences. These petitions had further delayed their death sentences.<ref name="Das2007"/><ref name=SCverdict>{{cite court |litigants=Kuljeet Singh alias Ranga v. Union of India|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|date=21 April 1981 |url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=10065 |quote= We, therefore, vacate the stay orders in regard to the execution of the death sentence imposed on the petitioner and once again uphold the death sentence imposed upon him. We hope that the President will dispose of the mercy petition stated to have been filed by the petitioner as expeditiously as he finds his convenience.}}</ref><ref name="Violation">{{cite book|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&pg=PA228|access-date=10 March 2015|year=1986|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-86132-130-8|page=228}}</ref><ref name="Bhardwaj">{{cite book|author=Bhardwaj|title=Legal Aptitude and Legal Reasoning for the CLAT and LLB Examinations|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UJEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146|access-date=10 March 2015|isbn=978-93-325-1077-7|page=146|publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref><ref name=HCverdict>{{cite court |litigants=State v. Jasbir Singh a. Billa and Kuljeet Singh a. Ranga|court=[[Delhi High Court]]|date=16 November 1979 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1359524/ |quote=}}</ref> The trials took about four years to complete.<ref name="Brahmachary2004"/>

==Death row interviews and execution==
Following the judgement, some journalists petitioned the [[Tihar jail]] that they be allowed to interview the death row convicts. The jail authorities rejected the petition on the grounds that their Jail Manual allowed interviews only with relatives, friends and legal advisers.<ref name="Rai2011">{{cite book|author=Udai Raj Rai|title=Fundamental Rights and Their Enforcemennt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RD2GETNAWoC&pg=PA55|access-date=10 March 2015|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4432-7|page=55}}</ref> Journalist Prabha Dutt decided to challenge the rejection of interview requests in court.<ref name="Padgaonkar2012">{{cite book|author=Latika Padgaonkar|title=Making News, Breaking News|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmWNS8CxYX4C&pg=PA1980|access-date=10 March 2015|year=2012|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-81626-49-8|page=1980}}</ref>

On 7 November 1981, the Supreme Court of India decided that the convicts should be allowed to be interviewed by some journalists, if they were willing.<ref name="GHOSH2012">{{cite book|author=Peu Ghosh|title=Indian Government and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjEdaFbEo0MC&pg=PA65|access-date=10 March 2015|date=3 September 2012|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4649-9|page=65}}</ref><ref name=SCPrabha>{{cite court |litigants=Prabha Dutt v. Union of India|date=7 November 1981|court=[[Supreme Court of India]] |url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=9969 |quote= We therefore direct that the Superintendent of the Tihar Jail shall allow the aforesaid persons, namely the representatives of the Hindustan Times, the Times of India, India Today, the Press Trust of India and the United News of India to interview the aforesaid two prisoners, namely, Billa and Ranga, today.}}</ref> The journalists were granted permission to interview them together, for an hour, and to submit to search before entering the prison.<ref name="Rai2011"/> The judgement is considered a landmark in Indian law.<ref name="Padgaonkar2012"/>

On 30 January 1982, five reporters — among them Prabha Dutt of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Prakash Patra of ''[[The National Herald (India)|The National Herald]]'', and Usha Rai of ''[[The Times of India]]'' — were allowed to conduct the interview. The convict interviewed was Jasbir Singh alias Billa, who insisted that he was innocent. Ranga refused to be interviewed.<ref name=Billa>{{cite news|last1=Patra|first1=Prakash|title=With Billa, hours before the hanging|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150309/jsp/frontpage/story_7610.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309081428/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150309/jsp/frontpage/story_7610.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2015|access-date=10 March 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=9 March 2015}}</ref>

Both were [[hanging|hanged]] on 31 January 1982.<ref name=Billa/> Billa was quiet, but Ranga resisted going to the gallows. Their bodies were not claimed by their relatives.<ref name="Singh2013">{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=More Malicious Gossip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LE1pB_zcDMC&pg=PT139|access-date=10 March 2015|date=9 January 2013|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-93-5029-290-7|page=139}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The [[Kirti Chakra]] was awarded to the children on 5 April 1981. In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the [[National Bravery Award#Sanjay Chopra Award|Sanjay Chopra Award]] and the [[National Bravery Award#Geeta Chopra Award|Geeta Chopra Award]], given each year along with the [[National Bravery Award]]s.<ref name=Award>{{cite web|title=Kirti Chakra Award|url=http://www.timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/news/246962/kirti-chakra-award-bravery-award-ne.html|website=Times Content|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Law}}
*[[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi rape case]], a 2012 case that also got wide media attention
*[[Adnan Patrawala murder case]], a 2007 kidnapping and murder case in Mumbai
*[[List of kidnappings]]
*[[Lists of solved missing person cases|List of solved missing person cases]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news|last1=Patra|first1=Prakash|title=With Billa, hours before the hanging|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150309/jsp/frontpage/story_7610.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309081428/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150309/jsp/frontpage/story_7610.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=9 March 2015}}

{{Rape in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Geeta And Sanjay}}
[[Category:1970s in Delhi]]
[[Category:1970s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1978 murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Delhi]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against boys]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:Kidnapped Indian children]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]

O. P. Jindal Global University

2026-01-31T13:08:14Z

DilkhusOfficial: update formatting for accuracy and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Private university in Haryana, India}}
{{about-distinguish-text|the university in Haryana|[[O.P. Jindal University]], the university in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = O.P. Jindal Global University
| former_name =
| native_name =
| image = Mohd. Hamid Ansari delivering the inaugural address at the "Conference on Federalisms and Localisms at O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat and Europaeum, Oxford (U.K.)", at Sonipat, in Haryana on October 10, 2013.jpg
| image_size = 200
| image_alt =
| caption = Mohd. Hamid Ansari delivering the inaugural address at the "Conference on Federalisms and Localisms at O.P. Jindal Global University
| latin_name =
| logo = O. P. Jindal Global University Logo.png
| logo_size = 200
| motto = A Private University Promoting Public Service
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date|2009}}
| closed =
| type = Private [[deemed university]]
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chancellor = [[Naveen Jindal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/jindal-university-founder-naveen-jindal-appointed-chancellor/article67234567.ece|title=Jindal University founder Naveen Jindal appointed Chancellor|work=The Hindu|date=10 August 2023|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = [[C. Raj Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/c-raj-kumar-reappointed-as-vice-chancellor-of-op-jindal-global-university/articleshow/103456789.cms|title=C Raj Kumar reappointed as Vice Chancellor of OP Jindal Global University|work=The Times of India|date=8 September 2023|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = Sonipat
| state = [[Haryana]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Rural<ref>{{cite web |title=O.P. Jindal Global University |url=https://www.unirank.org/in/uni/op-jindal-global-university/ |website=uniRank |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
| free_label = Institute of Eminence
| free = Designated in 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.education.gov.in/ioe|title=Institutions of Eminence|publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of India|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
| athletics =
| colours = {{Color box|Blue}}{{Color box|White}} Blue and white
| sports =
| nickname = JGU
| website = {{URL|https://jgu.edu.in}}
| coor = {{Coord|28.9274|77.0564|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''O.P. Jindal Global University''' (JGU) is a [[Private university|private]] [[deemed university]] in [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]. It was established in 2009 under the Haryana Private Universities (Amendment) Act, 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=UGC Audit Report |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/privateuni/opjindalsonepat.pdf |publisher=University Grants Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505233549/https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/privateuni/opjindalsonepat.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref> Named after industrialist [[Om Prakash Jindal]], the university was founded by his son, [[Naveen Jindal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Naveen Jindal announces establishment of O.P. Jindal Global University |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Naveen-Jindal-announces-establishment-of-OP-Jindal-Global-University/article16875645.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2009 |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> In 2020, JGU was designated an [[Institute of Eminence]] by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Institutions of Eminence |url=https://www.education.gov.in/ioe |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of India |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
O.P. Jindal Global University (JGU) has been included in the [[QS World University Rankings]]. It was ranked in the 751–800 band in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/op-jindal-global-university-youngest-in-india-to-enter-qs-world-rankings/story-XTCRdO6kRY7oTGAHUOI71N.html|title=OP Jindal Global University enters QS World rankings|date=19 June 2019|website=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi|language=en|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> 651–700 in 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021|title=QS World University Rankings 2021|website=Top Universities|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> and 951–1000 in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=QS World University Rankings 2024|website=Top Universities|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> JGU appeared in the QS Top 150 Under 50 Rankings in 2020 and 2021, recognizing its status as a university established within the last 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/top-50-under-50-next-50-under-50/qs-top-50-under-50-2020|title=QS Top 50 Under 50 2020|website=Top Universities|access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref> In India, private universities like JGU have sometimes faced skepticism regarding their academic credibility compared to public institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/there-has-been-a-historic-prejudice-against-private-universities/articleshow/66600397.cms|title=There has been a historic prejudice against private universities|date=19 November 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>

The Jindal Global Law School (JGLS) was ranked as India's top law school in the QS World University Rankings by Subject from 2020 to 2024, and was placed 76th globally in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=QS ranks Jindal Global Law School as India's No.1 law school|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/qs-ranks-jindal-global-law-school-as-india-s-no-1-law-school/story-tZZlatiCpDdkQp4vTMz3nK.html|date=4 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/jindal-global-law-school-maintains-no-1-ranking-in-india-for-fifth-year/articleshow/108345678.cms|title=Jindal Global Law School maintains No. 1 ranking in India for fifth year|date=10 March 2024|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> In 2020, JGU was designated an [[Institute of Eminence]] by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.education.gov.in/ioe|title=Institutions of Eminence|publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of India|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== Student initiatives ==
O.P. Jindal Global University (JGU) supports various student-led activities, including a [[legal aid clinic]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=JGLS Legal Aid Clinic Wins Herbert Smith Freehills Community Engagement Awards 2017|url=https://www.livelaw.in/jgls-legal-aid-clinic-wins-herbert-smith-freehills-community-engagement-awards-2017/|last=Sahni|first=Simran|date=11 September 2017|website=LiveLaw|language=en|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> a [[Rotaract club]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=JGU Rotaract club wins Best Club award|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/jgu-rotaract-club-wins-best-club-award|website=Bar and Bench|date=15 April 2019|language=en|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> and cultural societies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JGU announces its annual fest Biswamil 2018 [5th–7th Oct 2018]|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2018/08/17/jgu-announces-its-annual-fest-biswamil-2018-5th-7th-oct-2018/|last=Saba|date=17 August 2018|website=SCC Blog|language=en-US|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> The university hosts two annual festivals: the cultural festival ''Biswamil'' in the fall semester and the sports festival ''Magnus'' in the spring semester.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JGU announces Sports Fest Magnus' 18|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2018/02/27/jgu-announces-sports-fest-magnus-18/|date=27 February 2018|website=SCC Blog|language=en-US|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Legal aid clinic ===
JGU's student-led [[legal aid clinic]] offers legal counseling, awareness programs, and support for public interest litigation (PIL). In 2017, it received the [[Herbert Smith Freehills]] Community Engagement Award for its efforts, including work by students Shivkrit Rai and Nipun Arora in uncovering an admissions scam at the [[National School of Drama|National School of Drama, Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=JGLS Legal Aid Clinic Wins Herbert Smith Freehills Community Engagement Awards 2017|url=https://www.livelaw.in/jgls-legal-aid-clinic-wins-herbert-smith-freehills-community-engagement-awards-2017/|last=Sahni|first=Simran|date=11 September 2017|website=LiveLaw|language=en|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JGLS Legal Aid Clinic wins 2017 Herbert Smith Community Engagement award|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/jgls-wins-herbert-smith-freehills-award|last=Emmanuel|first=Meera|website=Bar and Bench|date=25 August 2017|language=en|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> The clinic contributed to a 2017 writ petition at the [[Allahabad High Court]], leading to the ''Sudheer Kumar v. State of U.P.'' decision, which affirmed that unaided private schools are subject to the [[Right to Education Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Equity fused with right|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/equity-fused-right-1502473562.html|date=27 August 2017|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> It also made representations to the [[National Human Rights Commission (India)|NHRC]] regarding police conduct during the [[CAA protests]] in 2019–2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CAA round-up: 30 NLS students, 1 prof, 4 Nalsarites detained by cops|url=https://www.legallyindia.com/lawschools/caa-round-up-30-nls-students-1-prof-4-nalsarites-detained-by-cops-law-firm-shuts-shop-statements-galore-more-nujs-mnlu-student-politics-20191219-11084|last=Ganz|first=Kian|website=Legally India|language=en-gb|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Moot court society ===
JGU's [[Moot court|moot court society]] competes in national and international competitions. It won the Oxford Price Media Moot in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jindal moots hard, wins Oxford Price for India hat-trick|url=https://www.legallyindia.com/mooting/oxford-price-indian-hatrick-with-jgls-win-nalsar-finally-puts-asia-in-vis-east-hall-of-fame-20140408-4586|last=Shrivastava|first=Prachi|website=Legally India|language=en-gb|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> the India rounds of the [[Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition|Philip C. Jessup International Moot]] in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|title=JGLS wins the Philip C Jessup International Law Moot (India National Rounds), NALSAR clinches second|url=https://www.barandbench.com/apprentice-lawyer/jgls-wins-philip-c-jessup-international-law-moot-india|last=V|first=Shreya|website=Bar and Bench|date=2 February 2015|language=en|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> and was runner-up at the [[Willem C. Vis Moot|Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot]] in Vienna in 2017, also reaching the world finals in Hong Kong in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JGLS team runners-up at Willem C. Vis Moot in Vienna|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/jgls-team-runners-willem-c-vis-moot-vienna|website=Bar and Bench|date=20 April 2017|language=en|access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> The society has hosted events like the Stetson International Environmental Moot Court's India rounds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stetson International Environmental Moot Court [India Rounds] at Jindal Global Law School, Sonipat [Feb 14–16, 2020]: Register by Nov 14|url=https://www.lawctopus.com/stetson-environmental-moot-court-at-jindal-global-law-school-sonipat/|date=12 November 2019|website=Lawctopus|language=en-US|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>

== Blended learning ==
O.P. Jindal Global University (JGU), through its Jindal Global Business School and Jindal School of Banking & Finance, offers an MBA degree in Digital Finance and Banking in a [[blended learning]] format in partnership with the ed-tech platform upGrad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umarji |first=Vinay |date=16 June 2020 |title=In a first, edtech firm upGrad launches online blended degree programmes |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/vin-a-first-edtech-firm-upgrad-launches-online-blended-degree-programmes-120061601484_1.html |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JGU partners upGrad to launch MBA in digital finance & banking |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/jgu-partners-upgrad-to-launch-mba-in-digital-finance-banking/articleshow/76459113.cms |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

JGU's Jindal Global Law School offers a one-year LL.M. programme in both residential and non-residential modes, with the latter described as [[blended learning]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=UGC issues new guidelines for enrolling in ODL and online programmes for 2024, check here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ugc-issues-new-guidelines-for-enrolling-in-odl-and-online-programmes-for-2024-check-here/articleshow/115261883.cms |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2024}}</ref> The [[Bar Council of India]] (BCI) and [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) do not recognize non-residential, [[Open and Distance Learning]] (ODL), or fully online LL.M. programmes for professional practice in India, which may include JGU's non-residential blended learning offerings.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCID-0468-2024 (LE Circular-06/2024) – Comprehensive Implementation of Legal Education Reforms, Mandatory Guidelines, Norms & Rules of Legal Education |url=https://www.barcouncilofindia.org/info/comprehens-ku2hwr |website=Bar Council of India |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UGC issues new guidelines for enrolling in ODL and online programmes for 2024, check here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ugc-issues-new-guidelines-for-enrolling-in-odl-and-online-programmes-for-2024-check-here/articleshow/115261883.cms |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2024}}</ref>

In July 2025, JGU established the Motwani Jadeja Institute for American Studies (MJIAS) with a US$5 million endowment from philanthropist Asha Jadeja Motwani. Named in honor of computer scientist [[Rajeev Motwani]], the institute promotes research, academic exchange, and policy collaboration between [[India]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Arun |date=9 July 2025 |title=Asha Jadeja Motwani establishes Institute for American Studies in India |url=https://americanbazaaronline.com/2025/07/09/asha-jadeja-motwani-establishes-institute-for-american-studies-in-india-464821/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=23 July 2025 |title=JGU launches Motwani Jadeja Institute for American Studies in New York to Strengthen India-US Ties |url=https://www.barandbench.com/Law-School/jgu-launches-motwani-jadeja-institute-for-american-studies-in-new-york-to-strengthen-india-us-ties |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== 2018–2022 Non-Participation in NIRF ===
Prior to 2022, JGU faced criticism for opting out of the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). The Vice-Chancellor argued that NIRF's methodology did not adequately reflect the university's focus on humanities, social sciences, and professional courses, favoring international rankings like QS World University Rankings instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=There has been a historic prejudice against private universities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/there-has-been-a-historic-prejudice-against-private-universities/articleshow/66600397.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2018 |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> JGU later participated in NIRF in 2024, with its Jindal Global Law School ranked as India's top private law university.<ref>{{cite web |title=O. P. Jindal Global University: Courses, Admission 2025, Fees, Scholarship, Placements, Ranking |url=https://universitykart.com/university/universitydetails/o-p-jindal-global-university-sonepat |website=universitykart.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615184818/https://universitykart.com/university/universitydetails/o-p-jindal-global-university-sonepat |access-date=15 June 2025 |archive-date=15 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Institutional Ranking Framework Submitted Institute Data for NIRF'2024 Institute Name: OP Jindal University [IR-M-U-0832] |url=https://www.opju.ac.in/documents/nirf/Management_2024_OP%20Jindal%20University20240130-.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615185315/https://www.opju.ac.in/documents/nirf/Management_2024_OP%20Jindal%20University20240130-.pdf |access-date=15 June 2025|archive-date=15 June 2025 }}</ref>

=== 2023 Professor Sameena Dalwai Privacy Breach ===
In December 2023, a month after expressing views on the [[Gaza war]], an FIR was filed by the Sonipat Police against Professor Sameena Dalwai for allegedly 'outraging women's modesty' after using the dating app [[Bumble]] as a pedagogical tool during a lecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jindal varsity prof booked in Bumble app case |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/jindal-varsity-prof-booked-in-bumble-app-case-574846/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Maktoob |date=8 January 2024 |title="Persecuted for Muslim identity and political beliefs": 500+ academics express solidarity with Professor Sameena Dalwai |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/persecuted-for-muslim-identity-and-political-beliefs-500-academics-express-solidarity-with-professor-sameena-dalwai/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref> Consequently, more than 500 academics, writers and students signed a statement of solidarity for Professor Dalwai against alleged persecution by the university on account of her [[Islamophobia in India|Muslim identity and political beliefs]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2024 |title=Put an end to vicious witch hunt: Historians, academics come out in support of Jindal prof Sameena Dalwai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/historians-academics-come-out-support-jindal-prof-sameena-dalwai-9098723/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=7 January 2024 |title='Targeted for Muslim identity;': Academicians back Jindal professor facing FIR for lecture on dating |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1061750/targeted-for-muslim-identity-academicians-back-jindal-professor-facing-fir-for-lecture-on-dating |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== 2024 Ram Mandir Discussion Protest ===
In February 2024, Jindal suspended two students, Ramnit Kaur and Mukundan Nair, for organizing a discussion titled "Ram Mandir: A Farcical Project of Brahmanical Hindutva Fascism" on 7 February, hosted by the Revolutionary Students' League, a [[Marxist]] student group at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students, Alumni of Jindal University Protest Suspension of Organisers of Ram Mandir Discussion |url=https://thewire.in/education/students-alumni-of-jindal-university-protest-suspension-of-organisers-of-ram-mandir-discussion |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> Citing "derogatory and provocative statements", the university issued semester-long suspensions and allegedly manhandled the students during hostel evictions, including dragging a student on all fours out of campus grounds by security.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=Jindal University upholds suspension of two students over discussion on Ram temple |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jindal-university-upholds-suspension-of-two-students-over-discussion-on-ram-temple-9267103/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodhi |first=Tanishka |date=16 February 2024 |title=An 'absolutely apolitical' space: Why Jindal University suspended two students this week |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/02/16/an-absolutely-apolitical-space-why-jindal-university-suspended-two-students-this-week |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref name="edict">{{cite web |title=Jindal Students Protest After Peers Suspended, Physically Abused for Ram Mandir Discussion |url=https://www.the-edict.in/post/jindal-students-protest-after-peers-suspended-physically-abused-for-ram-mandir-discussion |website=The Edict |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref> Over 150 students protested on 15 February, demanding reinstatement and an apology, among other demands relating to academic freedom on campus.<ref name="edict"/>

=== 2024 Non-Residential LL.M. Programme Concerns ===
In 2024, JGU's one-year LL.M. programme, offered in partnership with upGrad, faced scrutiny for its non-residential, blended learning format. The [[Bar Council of India]] (BCI) and [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) do not recognize non-residential, [[Open and Distance Learning]] (ODL), or fully online LL.M. programmes for legal practice in India, raising concerns about their validity.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCID-0468-2024 (LE Circular-06/2024) – Comprehensive Implementation of Legal Education Reforms, Mandatory Guidelines, Norms & Rules of Legal Education |url=https://www.barcouncilofindia.org/info/comprehens-ku2hwr |website=Bar Council of India |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UGC issues new guidelines for enrolling in ODL and online programmes for 2024, check here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ugc-issues-new-guidelines-for-enrolling-in-odl-and-online-programmes-for-2024-check-here/articleshow/115261883.cms |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2024}}</ref> Some students reported dissatisfaction, citing misleading information from upGrad counselors and inadequate university support.<ref>{{cite web |title=OP Jindal Global University Online LLM Fees 2025 – Online LLM Cost and Scholarships |url=https://www.collegevidya.com/institute/op-jindal-global-university-online/courses/llm |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=College Vidya}}</ref>

=== 2024 Distance Education Misrepresentation ===
In 2024, JGU faced criticism after third-party websites advertised its programmes as distance education, despite UGC guidelines prohibiting JGU from offering courses in this mode. The university clarified that it does not provide distance learning programmes, causing confusion among prospective students.<ref>{{cite web |title=OP Jindal Global University Distance Education?: UGC guidelines do not permit OP Jindal Global University to offer courses through distance learning |url=https://icdistanceeducation.com/op-jindal-global-university-distance-education/ |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=IC Distance Education |date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203032903/https://icdistanceeducation.com/op-jindal-global-university-distance-education/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2025}}

=== 2024 AI-Generated Content Suspension ===
In 2024, the Punjab and Haryana High Court addressed a case involving Kaustubh Anil Shakkarwar, an LLM student suspended for submitting AI-generated content in an assignment. On 22 October 2024, the court set aside the suspension, ruling that the disciplinary process lacked fairness due to insufficient notice and hearing, and directed the university to reconsider the case.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaustubh Anil Shakkarwar vs Jindal Global Law School And Others |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/164375666/ |website=Indian Kanoon |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]
* [[List of think tanks in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Institutes of Eminence]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sonipat]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Art schools in India]]
[[Category:Art schools in Asia]]
[[Category:Banking schools]]
[[Category:Banking schools in India]]
[[Category:Economics schools]]
[[Category:Jindal Steel]]

Vennuru

2026-01-18T23:11:12Z

DilkhusOfficial: started a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vennuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3312
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523279
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kondapi (Assembly constituency)|Kondapi (SC)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Vennuru''' is a village in [[Prakasam District]], in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. This village comes under Kondapi [[Mandal]] in [[Kandukur revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub District Information|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5137-kondapi-prakasam-andhra-pradesh.html|publisher=census2011.co.in|accessdate=27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Village wise census data|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/villagetown-wise-primary-census-abstract-2011-prakasam-district-andhra-pradesh/download|website=data.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=27 March 2017|format=Excel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Village Directory|url=http://www.ccla.ap.gov.in/CCLA/villageDirectoryView.ccla?mode=moveFiles&lvl=District&desc=Prakasam&docs=Prakasam.pdf|publisher=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|accessdate=18 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101342/http://www.ccla.ap.gov.in/CCLA/villageDirectoryView.ccla?mode=moveFiles&lvl=District&desc=Prakasam&docs=Prakasam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nearby villages are Chodavaram, Venkanna Palem, [[Koru Uppalapadu]], Thumadu and Muppavaram.

==Geography==
Vennuru is located at 15°22'44.5"N 79°54'55.3"E. It has an average elevation of 19 meters (65 feet). Total geographical area of Vennuru village is 15 km2 and it is the 5th biggest village by area in the sub district. Population density of the village is 214 persons per km2.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Vennuru had a population of 3312, from 310 Households. Male constitutes 49.4% of the population and female 50.6%. Vennuru has a very good literacy rate of 61.4%, of which 56% male and 44% female. Of the total population, 9.4% are under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|title= Primary census abstract 2011(village/town)|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/villagetown-wise-primary-census-abstract-2011-prakasam-district-andhra-pradesh/download|website=data.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the local language.

==Politics==
Vennuru comes under [[Kondapi (Assembly constituency)|Kondapi (SC)]]<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web |title= TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref> reserved constituency of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature#Legislative Assembly Constituencies|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Gorepati Sandhya Rani Choudhary is the elective Sarpanch and Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy Dola is the present MLA of the constituency from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kondapi (SC) Assembly Constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kondapi.html|website=www.elections.in|accessdate=28 March 2017}}</ref> It is also a part of [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole Parliamentary constituency]] which was won by [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]] of [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Current and previous MPs from Ongole|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/ongole.html|website=www.elections.in|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ongole]]
* [[Tangutur]]
* [[Kondapi]]
* [[Kandukur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

{{Prakasam-geo-stub}}

Canna Patel

2025-12-23T15:34:05Z

DilkhusOfficial: adding a post

{{Short description|Indian architect}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Canna Hasmukh Patel
| image = Canna_Patel.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Interior designer, architect, educator, author
| practice = HCP Interior Design Pvt. Ltd.
| alma_mater = [[CEPT University]], Ahmedabad [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], Berkeley
| embedded = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| parents = [[Hasmukh Patel (architect)|Hasmukh Patel]]
| children =
| relatives = [[Bimal Patel (architect)|Bimal Patel]] (brother)
}}
| significant_projects = Interiors of New Parliament Building
Interiors of Vice President's Enclave
Interiors of Common Central Secretariat
| parents = Bhakti Patel, Hasmukh Patel
}}

'''Canna Hasmukh Patel''' is an Indian architect and interior designer based in Ahmedabad.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Desai|first=Madhavi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiklDwAAQBAJ&dq=Canna+Patel&pg=PA246|title=Women Architects and Modernism in India Narratives and Contemporary Practices|publisher=Routledge India (18 April 2019)|year=2019|isbn=978-0367177430|location=|pages=246–249}}</ref> Patel is also a visiting faculty at [[CEPT University]] and also works as a guide for the various architecture students at CEPT.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2007|title=Expert voice - Open house|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20071231-expert-voice-open-house-734821-2007-12-20|access-date=2020-11-02|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DSpace at CEPT University: Browsing DSpace|url=https://repository.cept.ac.in/browse?type=advisor&value=Patel,+Canna&value_lang=|access-date=2020-11-02|website=repository.cept.ac.in}}</ref> Detailing and integration of art in her interiors and architecture are trademarks of her work.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 June 2015|first=Ridhi |last=Kale|title=The power of nine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20150629-the-power-of-nine-pinakin-patel-mohak-mehta-sunita-kohelika-kohli-819953-2015-06-19|access-date=2020-11-02|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Interactive session with Ar. Canna Patel & dr. Bimal Patel|url=http://opac.aiktclibrary.org:5000/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=8116|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222144807/http://opac.aiktclibrary.org:5000/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=8116|archive-date=22 February 2025|access-date=|website=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-21|title=Design & Décor ⋆ insidereview|url=https://insidereview.in/design-decor-polemics/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=insidereview|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=ArchitectandInteriorsIndia|url=https://mags.itp.com/ArchitectandinteriorsIndia/AI_001_01_2021/#page=4|access-date=2021-01-20|website=mags.itp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Phulchhab epaper -Local to Global News|url=http://epaper.phulchhab.com/viewpage.php?edition=Phulchhab%20Purti&edid=PHULCHHAB_BPU&date=2020-12-16&pn=1#Page/8|access-date=2021-01-20|website=epaper.phulchhab.com|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128135753/http://epaper.phulchhab.com/viewpage.php?edition=Phulchhab%20Purti&edid=PHULCHHAB_BPU&date=2020-12-16&pn=1#Page/8|url-status=dead}}</ref> Patel firmly believes in simplicity and a holistic link between Interiors & Architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2007|title=Magic in the home!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/Magic-in-the-home/articleshow/2255464.cms|access-date=2021-01-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Canna was born to architect [[Hasmukh Patel (architect)|Hasmukh Patel]] and Bhakti Patel. She completed her bachelor's degree at CEPT University and Masters at [[University of California, Berkeley]] (U.S.). Canna is also the founder of the Institute of Indian Interior Designers (IIID), Ahmedabad chapter and also served as the chairperson for same.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-07-28|title=Meet The Jury {{!}} NDTV Design & Architecture Awards 2013|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/daawards/awards-2013-meet-the-jury/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=NDTV Design And Architecture Awards 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-16|title=Canna Patel Chairperson HCP Interior Design Pvt. Ltd.|url=https://realtyplusmag.com/canna-patel-chairperson-hcp-interior-design-pvt-ltd/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Realty Plus Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Canna founded HCPID in 2006 and has been serving as the chairperson of the organization since.<ref name=":2" /> HCPID has successfully completed projects in Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Indore & Gujarat.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=HCP Interior Design Pvt Ltd|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/video/the-bold-club/hcp-interior-design-pvt-ltd/137/1|access-date=2021-12-09|website=www.forbesindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152424/https://www.forbesindia.com/video/the-bold-club/hcp-interior-design-pvt-ltd/137/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a distinctive Indian-ness in its works, which helps to render them timeless for the setting they occupy.<ref name=":3" /> Patel's projects reflect a fine sensitivity to the Indian climate and social norms.<ref name=":3" />

In February 2015, she was appointed as a member of Academic Advisory Board for the School of Environment Design and Architecture at the Navrachana University. In her professional career of more 30 years, she has worked on more than 300 projects of varying scale. Canna is the interiors sub-consultant for the Prestigious Central Vista Project, and has designed interiors of the New Parliament Building, Common Central Secretariat and the Vice President's Enclave.<ref name=":5"/>

Canna has recently launched her book ''Meaning is More: Interior Design for India''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=Canna Patel's book launch at CEPT University |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/canna-patels-book-launch-at-cept-university-8962278/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable works ==

* [[Alliance française|Alliance Francaise Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2013|first=Nishita |last=Pereira|title=Gujarat College: Alliance Francaise begins a new era in Ahmedabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Alliance-Francaise-begins-a-new-era-in-Ahmedabad/articleshow/19421920.cms|access-date=2020-11-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Chief Minister's office, Gandhinagar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mural, Chief Minister's office, Gandhinagar|url=https://craftcanvas.com/product/mural-chief-ministers-office-gandhinagar/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=CraftCanvas|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Gujarat High Court]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Prasad|first=Prakriti|date=2005-06-01|title=Experiential designs|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/experiential-designs-105060101017_1.html|access-date=2020-11-10}}</ref>
* [[Raj Bhavan, Gandhinagar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditional Wood Table - Raj Bhavan, Gandhinagar by Ar.Canna Patel - Chairperson-HCP Interior Design Pvt Ltd, Ahmadabad|url=https://theroots.in/professionals/portfolio/hcp-interior-design-canna-patel-ahmadabad/34?imid=1715|access-date=2020-11-10|website=TheRoots.in for Professionals|language=en}}</ref>
*New Era Global School
*Sachivalay, Gandhinagar<ref name=":1" />
*Interiors of [[Parliament House, New Delhi]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Emagazine {{!}} Emagazine Latest News, Updates, Reports and Analysis - Architect and Interiors India |url=https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/emagazine?id=65960 |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=Architect and Interiors India |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Interiors of Common central Secretariat<ref name=":5" />
*Interiors of [[Vice President's Enclave]]<ref name=":5" />
*Mosaic Artwork for Paldi Jalaram Mandir Underpass<ref name=":5" />

== Awards and recognition ==

* National Merit Scholarship, [[Government of India]] - 1978<ref name=":1" />
*Listed at Hot 100 in 2018 by Architect and Interiors India Magazine<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=HOT 100 - 2018|url=https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/lists/1816-hot-100-2018-canna-patel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060954/https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/lists/1816-hot-100-2018-canna-patel |archive-date=2020-10-26 |access-date=|website=}}</ref>
* Women Achievers Awards by JSAF (2013)<ref name=":0" />
*Awarded for her contribution to the field of business by Business Women committee, Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI)<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2009|title=11 women awarded for contribution to society|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/11-women-awarded-for-contribution-to-society/articleshow/4242428.cms|access-date=2021-01-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*Part of [[Forbes India]] 'The Bold Club: India's Top 30 Architects’ (2021)<ref name=":3" />
*Listed at Hot 100 in 2024 by Architect and Interiors India Magazine<ref name=":5" />

== Personal life ==
Canna is married to an academic Mukesh Patel who also runs an art management company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The art connection|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2012/jul/06/the-art-connection-384160.html|access-date=2020-11-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She is the sister of architect [[Bimal Patel (architect)|Bimal Patel]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Canna}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian architects]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian interior designers]]

Alexander Neil Somerville

2025-12-18T06:14:57Z

DilkhusOfficial: New

{{Short description|Scottish minister and evangelist}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = minister
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Alexander Neil Somerville
| title =
| image = Alexander Neill Somerville from Precious Seed.png
| alt =
| caption = Alexander Neil Somerville from Precious Seed
| church =
| archdiocese =
| diocese =
| see =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| ordination =
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 29 January 1813
| birth_place =
| death_date = 18 September 1889
| death_place =
| previous_post =
| spouse =
| children =
| religion =
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Alexander Neil Somerville''' (1813–1889) was a Scottish minister and evangelist, who served as [[Moderator of the General Assembly]] for the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Church of Scotland]] at Inverness in 1886/87. Glasgow University called him "Missionary to the World".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH9324&type=P|title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of Alexander Neil Somerville|website=www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:John Purves, Alexander Somerville and Horatius Bonar by Hill & Adamson from National Galleries Scotland.jpg|thumb|John Purves, Alexander Somerville and Horatius Bonar by [[Hill & Adamson]]]]
[[File:Alexander Somerville by John Moffat.jpg|thumb|Alexander Somerville by John Moffat]]
[[File:Alexander Somerville and Colin Somerville.jpg|thumb|Alexander Somerville and Colin Somerville]]
[[File:Alexander Neil Somerville from A Modern Apostle.png|thumb|Alexander Neil Somerville from A Modern Apostle{{sfn|Smith|1891}}]]
He was born in [[Edinburgh]] on 29 January 1813, the eldest of eight children of Alexander Somerville, a wine-merchant living at 65 York Place,<ref>Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1813</ref> and his wife, Elizabeth Munro. He was educated at the High School on Calton Hill, his friends including [[Robert McCheyne]] and [[Horatius Bonar]]. He then studied Divinity at [[Edinburgh University]].<ref>ODNB Alexander Somerville</ref>

He was ordained by the [[Church of Scotland]] at [[Anderston]] in [[Glasgow]] in 1837, replacing [[Charles John Brown (moderator)|Rev Charles John Brown]].

In the [[Disruption of 1843]] he left the established [[Church of Scotland]] to join the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)| Free Church of Scotland]], a new church being built for him in Cadogan Street. Following this he became an evangelist for the Free Church in [[Canada]], [[Spain]] and especially in [[India]]. In Spain he organised a confession of faith for Spanish Protestants.{{sfn|Carlyle|1898}}<ref>Ewing, William ''Annals of the Free Church of Scotland''</ref>

In 1873 he had a legitimate claim to the title of [[Somerville Baronets|Baron Somerville]] but did not press his claim.<ref>ODNB Somerville Baronets</ref>

In 1874 he was invited to India By Rev John Fordyce of the Anglo-Indian Union. He visited over 20 cities in six months including [[Calcutta]], [[Agra]], [[Allahabad]], [[Madras]], [[Delhi]] and [[Bombay]]. An avid traveller his later trips included Australia and New Zealand in 1877/78. The visit to [[Dunedin]] and [[Otago]] in New Zealand in May 1878 proved particularly influential in promoting the Free Presbyterian movement in that country. This was partially at the invitation of a family friend, Captain William Cargill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://preshist.wordpress.com/2010/04/09/footprints-and-traces-%e2%80%93-dr-alexander-somerville/|title=FOOTPRINTS AND TRACES – DR. ALEXANDER SOMERVILLE|date=April 8, 2010}}</ref>

Later trips included Italy in 1880, Germany and Russia in 1881, South Africa 1882/3, Greece and Turkey 1885/6. In the summer of 1886 he was elected [[Moderator of the General Assembly]] the highest position in his church. He was succeeded by Rev [[Robert Rainy]] in 1887. Following his year in office he returned to evangelism, this time concentrating on Jewish areas in [[Hungary]] and southern Russia.{{sfn|Carlyle|1898}}

In Budapest, [[Ármin Vámbéry]] will also appear at one of the performances organized especially for Jews. Vámbéry also helped the pastor in his work as an interpreter. He translated his words into German at the occasion organized specifically for Jews. In [[Szolnok]], he visited [[:hu:Lichtenstein_Izsák|Izsák Lichtenstein]], the rabbi of [[Tápiószele|Tapioszele]] who had already resigned.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nagy-Laczkó Balázs |author-link=Nagy-Laczkó Balázs |title=Dr. Somerville szenzációs látogatása Békésben - Bárkaonline |url=http://www.barkaonline.hu/ex-libris/8025-dr--somerville-szenzacios-latogatasa-bekesben |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.barkaonline.hu |language=hu}}</ref>

He died at home, 11 South Park Terrace in [[Glasgow]] on 18 September 1889.<ref>Glasgow Post Office Directory 1889</ref> He is buried in the [[Western Necropolis]], Glasgow.

==Publications==
*''A Course of Lectures on the Jews'' (1839)
*''Sacred Triads, Doctrinal and Practical'' (1859)
*''A Day in Laodicea'' (1861)
*''The Churches in Asia'' (1885)
*''Evangelism of the World'' (1886)
*''Precious Seeds Sown in Many Lands'' (1890-posthumously) [with Memoir{{sfn|Somerville|1889}} by his son, William Francis Somerville{{sfn|Somerville|1890}}{{sfn|Scott|1920}}

==Family==

He married 10 June 1841, Isabella Mirrlees (died 3 July 1900), daughter of James Ewing of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and had issue —
*Alexander, B.Sc, merchant, Calcutta, afterwards of Glasgow, born 25 March 1842, died 5 June 1907 (married twice, latterly to [[Euphemia Somerville|Euphemia (born Gibb)]] politician and social worker<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69908 |pages=ref:odnb/69908 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |place=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/69908 |access-date=2022-10-25 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.}}</ref> )
*James Ewing, M.A., B.D., minister of Free Church, Langholm, Broughty-Ferry, and U.F. Church, Mentone, editor of the Continental Presbyterian. born 1843
*Marianne, born 8 July 1845 (married 14 November 1865, George Halley Knight, of [[Dollar, Clackmannanshire]].<ref>Ewing, William ''Annals of the Free Church''; Rev G H Knight</ref> minister of Free Church, Bearsden), died 12 May 1902
*Eliza, born 14 July 1848 (married Jonathan Kerr, lieut.-col. Bengal Staff Corps)
*William Francis, M.A., B.Sc, M.B., CM., M.D., physician in Glasgow, lieut.-col. commanding 2/1 Lowland Field Ambulance, R.A.M.C. (T.), born 14 June 1858.{{sfn|Scott|1920}}

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}
;Sources
{{refbegin|30em|indent=no}}

*{{cite book |last1=Bonar |first1=Andrew Alexander |title=texts Andrew A. Bonar, D.D., Diary and Letters |date=1894 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/andrewabonarddd00bonagoog}}

*{{cite book |last1=Bonar |first1=Andrew A. |title=Memoir and remains of the Rev. Robert Murray McCheyne, minister of St. Peter's Church, Dundee |date=1844 |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publications |location=Philadelphia |url=https://archive.org/details/robertmurraymcch00bonauoft}}

*{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=J. Wood |title=An Italian campaign; or, The evangelical movement in Italy, 1845-1887. From the letters of the late Rev. R. W. Stewart D.D., of Leghorn |date=1890 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/italiancampaigno00brow}}

*{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Brown (minister)|title=Annals of the disruption with extracts from the narratives of ministers who left the Scottish establishment in 1843 by Thomas Brown.|date=1893|publisher=Macniven & Wallace|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t72v2gg94&view=1up&seq=857&skin=2021&q1=laughton 801],816a|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t72v2gg94;view=1up;seq=277}}

*{{cite DNB|last=Carlyle|first=Edward Irving|author-link=Edward Irving Carlyle|noicon=1|wstitle=Somerville, Alexander Neil|volume=53}}{{PD-notice}}

*{{cite book |last1=M'Cheyne |first1=Robert Murray |title=Memoir and remains of the Rev. Robert Murray M'Cheyne : minister of St. Peter's church, Dundee |date=1892 |publisher=Edinburgh |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirremainsofr0000mche|author-link=Robert Murray M'Cheyne}}{{PD-notice}}

*{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Hew |title=Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation |volume=3|date=1920|page=[https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc03scot/page/390/mode/1up 390]|publisher=Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd |url=https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc01scot |author-link=Hew Scott}}{{PD-notice}}

*{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=George |title=A modern apostle: Alexander N. Somerville |date=1891 |publisher=John Murray |location=Edinburgh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IP0OAAAAQAAJ}}

*{{cite book |last1=Somerville |first1=William Frances |title=Biographical Sketch |date=1889 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/preciousseedsown00some/page/n15/mode/2up ix]-xlvii |url=https://archive.org/details/preciousseedsown00some}}

*{{cite book |last1=Somerville |first1=A. N. |title=Precious seed sown in many lands : sermons |date=1890 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/preciousseedsown00some|author-link=Alexander Neil Somerville}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Alexander Neil Somerville}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somerville, Alexander Neil}}
[[Category:1813 births]]
[[Category:1889 deaths]]
[[Category:Clergy from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish Presbyterian missionaries]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Australia]]
[[Category:British missionaries in Australia]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Italy]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Germany]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Russia]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in South Africa]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Greece]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Turkey]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Hungary]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century ministers of the Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:19th-century ministers of the Free Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish Presbyterian ministers]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in South Africa]]
[[Category:British missionaries in New Zealand]]

My Choice (film)

2025-12-15T20:37:23Z

DilkhusOfficial: added

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = My Choice
| image = My Choice (film).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Homi Adajania]]
| writer = Kersi Khambatta
| producer = {{Ubl| [[Dinesh Vijan]]
| [[Sangita Jindal]]}}
| starring = [[Deepika Padukone]]
| cinematography = {{Ubl| [[Tassaduq Hussain Mufti|Tassaduq Hussain]]
| '''[[Unit still photographer|Stills]]:'''
| Rohan Shreshtha
| Kaushal Parikh}}
| music = [[Mathias Duplessy]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2015 |title=Homi Adajania on 'My Choice' Launch: Gender Equality is a Basic Right |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/Apr/01/homi-adajania-on-%E2%80%98my-choice%E2%80%99-launch-gender-equality-is-a-basic-right-736577.html |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| editing = Yusuf Khan
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015|03|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 2 minutes 35 seconds
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''My Choice''''' is a 2015 Indian short film directed by [[Homi Adajania]]. Commissioned by ''[[Vogue India]]''{{'s}} empowerment initiative, it features 99 women, including actresses [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Nimrat Kaur]], director Adhuna Akhtar, film critic [[Anupama Chopra]], and model/attorney Scherezade Shroff.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2015 |title=Watch Deepika Padukone in new #VogueEmpower film: 'My Choice' |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/watch-deepika-padukone-new-vogueempower-film-my-choice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212065207/https://www.vogue.in/content/watch-deepika-padukone-new-vogueempower-film-my-choice |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The short film questions the [[gender role]]s imposed on women by [[patriarchy]] and asserts women's right to make free choices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Gauri D. |title=Gender, Cinema, Streaming Platforms: Shifting Frames in Neoliberal India. |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer International Publishing]] |date=24 March 2023 |isbn=978-3-031-16700-3 |editor-last=Chakraborty Paunksnis |editor-first=Runa |location=Germany |pages=154, 155 |chapter=6. New Feminist Visibilities and Sisterhood: Re-interpreting Marriage Desire and Self-Fulfillment in mainstream Hindi Cinema |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-16700-3_6 |quote=... Embedded with absolute rejection of normative and prescriptive roles, it unleashed the acceptance of the flaws and the unbending millennial women. ... The Vogue campaign evoked strong positive and negative responses from a society scandalised by its blatantness or uninhibited expression of the challenging status quo of patriarchy enmeshed within the celebrity rhetoric. ... |editor-last2=Paunksnis |editor-first2=Šarūnas}}</ref>

== Summary ==
According to Mallika Khanna, '''t'''he short film, shown in monochrome, portrays 99 women from all walks of life, including singers, writers, vegetable vendors, and flower sellers, in moving portraits. Prominent women such Adhuna Akhtar, [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]], [[Zoya Akhtar]], and [[Anupama Chopra]] feature.<ref name="Shah 2014">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Jigar |date=14 December 2014 |title=After hits like Cocktail and Finding Fanny, Deepika-Homi join hands for a cause |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/after-hits-like-cocktail-and-finding-fanny-deepika-homi-join-hands-for-a-cause/story-G4MkYnHo6WfTvyI9Pmbj1H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620164247/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/after-hits-like-cocktail-and-finding-fanny-deepika-homi-join-hands-for-a-cause/story-G4MkYnHo6WfTvyI9Pmbj1H.html |archive-date=20 June 2020 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The film opens with a montage of shots of each woman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |last=Khambatta |first=Kersi |date=28 March 2015 |editor-last=khan |editor-first=Yusuf |others=Directed by [[Homi Adajania]], Cinematography [[Tassaduq Hussain]] |title=Deepika Padukone – "My Choice" Directed By Homi Adajania #VogueEmpower Vogue India |publisher=VOGUE India
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtPv7IEhWRA |access-date=16 October 2025 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="Khanna 2019" />

The film depicts women undergoing diverse emotional moments like vulnerability, sensual desire, assertion, boldness, anger, defiance, smiles and various movements from awkwardness to dance moves. For example, as a woman whirls, the lyrics tell the listener that to think that a woman's soul can be trapped is to think that sunshine can be contained within palm of one's hand, or that the expansion of the cosmos can be stopped. Visual symbols like bindis, rings and gestures suggest themes of tradition, desire, and agency. The film concludes with Deepika Padukone announcing, "I am the universe. Infinite in every direction. This is my choice". The film ends at 2 minutes and 35 seconds.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Khanna 2019" />

== Production ==
The film was directed by [[Homi Adajania]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]], the latter of whom was sponsored by [[Sangita Jindal]], chairperson of the [[JSW Group]].<ref name="Shah 2014" /> Its lyrics were written by Kersi Khambatta. Actress Deepika Padukone bookended the film and also provided the voiceover.<ref name="Shah 2014" /> The film features music by French composer [[Mathias Duplessy]], using [[percussion instrument]]s for acoustics along with [[Tuvan throat singing]] technique.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2015 |title=Homi Adajania on 'My Choice' Launch: Gender Equality is a Basic Right |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/Apr/01/homi-adajania-on-%E2%80%98my-choice%E2%80%99-launch-gender-equality-is-a-basic-right-736577.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003102012/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/Apr/01/homi-adajania-on-%E2%80%98my-choice%E2%80%99-launch-gender-equality-is-a-basic-right-736577.html |archive-date=3 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |quote=".. The music has been composed by French composer Matthias Duplessy ("Finding Fanny") using a Mongolian throat singing technique along with acoustic percussion instruments. .."}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
{{See also|My body, my choice}}
According to Khanna, the film, notwithstanding its absence of dialogue or a cohesive narrative, conveys its message through striking imagery and audio.<ref name="Khanna 20192">{{Cite journal |last=Khanna |first=Mallika |date=Fall 2019 |title=The neoliberal feminist gaze: contesting "female empowerment" narratives in contemporary Bollywood films |url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc59.2019/KhannaNeolibFemGaze/text.html |url-status=live |journal=Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media |volume=59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516225923/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc59.2019/KhannaNeolibFemGaze/text.html |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=26 September 2025 |quote="...Despite its lack of dialogue and plot, "My Choice" captures a narrative arc through visual and auditory spectacle. ..." "...Even without a plot or characterization, the film manages to display resplendent female triumph. ..."}}</ref> Padukone sings lyrics to stress on women's right to [[freedom of choice]].<ref name="Choudhary 2015">{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Anu Singh |date=4 March 2015 |title=My choice: My right or my privilege? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/blog-my-choice-my-right-or-my-privilege/a-18360196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919054307/https://www.dw.com/en/blog-my-choice-my-right-or-my-privilege/a-18360196 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=1 April 2024 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |publisher= |quote=.. In the short film, Deepika talks about women's prerogative of choice with the aim of raising awareness for the cause of women's right in India. ..}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2015 |title=Deepika Padukone: Male bashing or women's empowerment? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-32126807 |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Selby |first=Jenn |date=31 March 2015 |title=Bollywood actress delivers powerful message to Indian women on marriage, sex and sexuality |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/deepika-padukone-bollywood-actress-urges-women-to-own-their-choice-over-marriage-sex-and-sexuality-10145843.html |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> The lyrics begin:<ref name="Choudhary 2015" />

{{Blockquote
| text = My body, my mind, my choice;
To wear the clothes I like; even if my spirit roams naked; My choice;
to be a size 0 or a size 15; They don't have a size for my spirit, and never will
}}

The women presenting the lyrics expect people not to pass judgment on women's choices relating to clothes, profession, [[sexual orientation]] and way of life.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2015 |title=Watch: Deepika Padukone reminds every woman about the independence of her choice |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/viral-videos/story/deepika-padukone-my-choice-vogue-246291-2015-03-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215232711/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/viral-videos/story/deepika-padukone-my-choice-vogue-246291-2015-03-29 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[India Today]] | language=en |quote=.. She asks people to stop passing judgments on women for their choice of attire, profession, sexual orientation or even the way in which they live their life. .. |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2015 |title=My Choice, Say Deepika Padukone and 98 Other Women in Film on Empowerment |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/my-choice-say-deepika-padukone-and-98-other-women-in-film-on-empowerment-750512 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002154217/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/my-choice-say-deepika-padukone-and-98-other-women-in-film-on-empowerment-750512 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=[[NDTV]].com |quote=.. features the 29-year-old actress calling for a change in the "caged" mindset of men about women and asking them to stop judging women for their choices of clothes, profession and life. .. |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The film is an attempt to foster the belief that women have the right to make decisions about their lives, such as what they do with their bodies, how they work out sexual relationships, whom they love, and whether to have children or not.<ref name="Hinde 2015">{{Cite web |last=Hinde |first=Natasha |date=1 April 2015 |title=Bollywood Actress Champions Women's Rights, Gets Attacked On Social Media |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/04/01/bollywood-actress-deepika-padukone-film-vogue-india_n_6983230.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405054700/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/04/01/bollywood-actress-deepika-padukone-film-vogue-india_n_6983230.html |archive-date=5 April 2015 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=[[HuffPost]] UK}}</ref>

In an Indian context, the lyricist says:<ref name="IndiaToday"/>

{{Blockquote
| text = .. The [[Bindi (decoration)|bindi]] on my forehead, the [[Engagement ring|ring]] on my finger adding your [[surname]] to mine, they are [[jewellery|ornament]]s. They can be replaced. My love for you cannot. So treasure that...
}}

Jyoti Sharma Bawa of ''Hindustan Times'' objects to the comparison of the [[bindi]], which is a significant item in Indian culture, to an ornament.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma Bawa |first=Jyoti |date=1 April 2015 |title=Sorry Deepika Padukone, these are not the choices women need |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sorry-deepika-padukone-these-are-not-the-choices-women-need/story-sjkcRzCx8j48InY9VcP28N.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923123517/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sorry-deepika-padukone-these-are-not-the-choices-women-need/story-sjkcRzCx8j48InY9VcP28N.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] | quote=.. The bindi on my forehead is an ornament with a deep significance. . ..}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In 2024, ''My Choice'' had 12 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref name="Sathe 2024">{{Cite book |last=Sathe |first=Namrata Rele |title=The neoliberal self in Bollywood: cinema, popular culture, and identity |date=23 February 2024 |publisher=[[Intellect Books]] | isbn=978-1-78938-881-7 |location=Bristol, UK Chicago, USA |pages=1–15 |chapter=Introduction: The future that never was, Choices choices: The myth of neoliberal progress in India. |doi=10.1386/9781789388800_1}}</ref> Anu Singh Choudhary writes in her ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' article that the short film had generated an online debate with contradicting opinions. Some social media users concurred with the message in the film, whereas others questioned its intentions and essence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Anu Singh |date=4 March 2015 |title=My choice: My right or my privilege? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/blog-my-choice-my-right-or-my-privilege/a-18360196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919054307/https://www.dw.com/en/blog-my-choice-my-right-or-my-privilege/a-18360196 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=24 September 2025 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] | language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arya |first=Divya |title=The 'one choice' Indian women want |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-32225256 |access-date=2025-12-11 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |quote="..Some on social media have welcomed it for its frank discussion of women's issues but others have said it's a sell out when both Bollywood and the fashion industry have a set image of women. ..."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharjya |first=Manjima |title=Mannequin, Working Women in India's Glamour Industry |publisher=[[Zubaan Books]] |year=2018 |isbn=9789385932588 |chapter=Postscript, 'We Should All Be Feminists' |quote="... The video drew a varied response: some applause, some anxiety, a few clever parodies. It also drew some sharp commentary from socialists to socialites for being 'upper class' and like a 'shampoo ad'. Vogue and empowerment? asked some, implying: it's a fashion magazine, what did you expect?..."}}</ref>

Reporter Gunjeet Sra in [[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] criticised the film, calling it hypocritical to claim that a film industry that degraded and imposed beauty standards on women was aligned with feminism.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sra |first1=Gunjeet |last2=Shelly |first2=Walia |date=30 March 2015 |title=Deepika Padukone's video for Vogue is not empowering—it's hypocritical |url=https://qz.com/india/372373/deepika-padukones-video-for-vogue-is-not-empowering-its-hypocritical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619095734/https://qz.com/india/372373/deepika-padukones-video-for-vogue-is-not-empowering-its-hypocritical/ |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | language=en}}</ref> Meagan Tyler, a research fellow at the [[Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology|RMIT University]], held a similar opinion; in an article for ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]'' Tyler claims that the film reduced [[women's empowerment]] to a series of choices, without considering the circumstances leading to those choices nor their consequences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |first=Meagan |date=29 April 2015 |title=No, feminism is not about choice |url=http://theconversation.com/no-feminism-is-not-about-choice-40896 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501212215/https://theconversation.com/no-feminism-is-not-about-choice-40896 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] | language=en-US |quote="It is a feminism that never mentions women's liberation, instead opting for a celebration of "choice". .. It's been a big month for "choice feminism". In late March, the fashion magazine empire Vogue launched a "My Choice" video in India as part of its Vogue Empower campaign which, quite literally, reduced women's empowerment to a series of choices. .. The video went viral and, as the India-based reporter Gunjeet Sra noted, the hypocrisy of an "industry that is based on fetishising, objectifying and reinforcing sexist standards of beauty on women", supposedly promoting feminism, went largely unremarked.}}</ref> In [[The Washington Post]], Soraya Nadia McDonald also takes note of Sra's criticism: "..They talk about the prerogative of choice, but they don't explain the burden of those choices. ..".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadia McDonald |first=Soraya |date=1 April 2015 |title=Bollywood star Deepika Padukone seems firmly committed to feminism. But not everyone is getting behind her message. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/04/01/bollywood-star-deepika-padukone-seems-firmly-committed-to-feminism-but-not-everyone-is-getting-behind-her-message/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721105316/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/04/01/bollywood-star-deepika-padukone-seems-firmly-committed-to-feminism-but-not-everyone-is-getting-behind-her-message/ |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=25 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

McDonald nonetheless appreciated "My Choice" as "a call to recognize and respect women's agency".<ref name=":1" /> While co-relating the film to the status of women in contemporary India, in the [[Business Standard]]'','' Aletta D'cruz brings to notice patriarchy and gendered violence in India,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=D'cruz |first=Aletta |date=2015-03-31 |title=Is Deepika Padukone talking about the right choices? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/is-deepika-padukone-talking-about-the-right-choices-115033000432_1.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |work=[[Business Standard]] |quote="...Amidst news reports of rape, sexual assault and various other crimes against women,... While it is necessary to address the ‘narrow and caged’ mindset of society, right from one’s clothes to sexual choices,... Yes, patriarchy is prevalent in India and it is the women who need saving. ..."}}</ref> where as McDonald in [[the Washington Post]] points out to the societal challenges faced by Indian women.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nadia McDonald |first=Soraya |date=1 April 2015 |title=Bollywood star Deepika Padukone seems firmly committed to feminism. But not everyone is getting behind her message. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/04/01/bollywood-star-deepika-padukone-seems-firmly-committed-to-feminism-but-not-everyone-is-getting-behind-her-message/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721105316/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/04/01/bollywood-star-deepika-padukone-seems-firmly-committed-to-feminism-but-not-everyone-is-getting-behind-her-message/ |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=25 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |quote="... This is pretty heady stuff, considering that Padukone works in an industry where kissing onscreen is still subject to censorship in her country. She's speaking openly about queer sexuality and her right to decide to have sex outside of marriage, or not at all. More than anything, "My Choice" is a call to recognize and respect women's agency. ..."}}</ref><ref name="Nadia McDonald 2015a">{{Cite news |last=Nadia McDonald |first=Soraya |date=1 April 2015 |title=Bollywood star Deepika Padukone seems firmly committed to feminism. But not everyone is getting behind her message. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/04/01/bollywood-star-deepika-padukone-seems-firmly-committed-to-feminism-but-not-everyone-is-getting-behind-her-message/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721105316/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/04/01/bollywood-star-deepika-padukone-seems-firmly-committed-to-feminism-but-not-everyone-is-getting-behind-her-message/ |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=25 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |quote="... Which is why Adajania's decision to include a range of women in the video, and not just Padukone, was a smart one. Padukone's star power certainly attracts attention, but the issues she's raising affect women all across India. ..."}}</ref> McDonald states, regarding the lines "...Your mind is caged, let it free. My body is not, let it be ... My choice: To love temporarily, or to lust forever. My choice: to love a man, or a woman, or both. Remember, you are ''my'' choice. I'm not your privilege. ..." that it was going to be shocking to conservative Indian audiences for Adajania to openly condone [[homosexuality]] and women's right to have sex outside of marriage or to [[Celibacy|abstain]].<ref name="Nadia McDonald 2015b">{{Cite news |last=Nadia McDonald |first=Soraya |date=1 April 2015 |title=Bollywood star Deepika Padukone seems firmly committed to feminism. But not everyone is getting behind her message. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/04/01/bollywood-star-deepika-padukone-seems-firmly-committed-to-feminism-but-not-everyone-is-getting-behind-her-message/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721105316/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/04/01/bollywood-star-deepika-padukone-seems-firmly-committed-to-feminism-but-not-everyone-is-getting-behind-her-message/ |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=25 September 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |quote="... In the video, called "My Choice," Padukone intones, "Your mind is caged, let it free. My body is not, let it be ... My choice: *To lust temporarily, or to love forever (sic). My choice: to love a man, or a woman, or both. Remember, you are my choice. I'm not your privilege." (*Correct original line: To love temporarily, or to lust forever) This is pretty heady stuff, considering that Padukone works in an industry where kissing onscreen is still subject to censorship in her country. She's speaking openly about queer sexuality and her right to decide to have sex outside of marriage, or not at all. More than anything, "My Choice" is a call to recognize and respect women's agency. ...."}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Pallavi Aiyar argues in her 2016 book ''Babies & Bylines: Parenting On the Move'' that most women have a narrow range of choices available to them, and that the focus should be on widening the range rather than simply encouraging women to make decisions within it.<ref name="Aiyar 2016">{{Cite book |last=Aiyar |first=Pallavi |date=1 May 2016 |orig-date=2016-04-25 |title=Why women aren't empowered just because they can choose |url=http://scroll.in/article/807421/why-women-arent-empowered-just-because-they-can-choose |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502114154/https://scroll.in/article/807421/why-women-arent-empowered-just-because-they-can-choose |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=24 September 2025 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] India |language=en |isbn=978-93-5177-560-7 |quote="...that we had choices to make, despite being Satre-fully aware of the weight of having only ourselves to blame for the consequences of those choices." ..."These choices depend on our personalities,....They also depend on our financial status, on the attitudes of our spouses,...Any choice is obviously the outcome of a delicate web of circumstances,..." ...."...While I agree that women should have the right to decide what is best for them, exclusively focusing on choice can distract from the limited range of those choices...." |edition=1st}}</ref>
Aiyar says [[feminism]] is a political stance that should not be reduced to just a lifestyle choice, and that prioritising choice as a marker of gender equality allows people to forget the need for structural change.<ref name="Aiyar 2016" /> Aiyar disagrees with the idea that women should choose, without their partners' input, whether to have children. She also opines that sex outside marriage should not go unquestioned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aiyar |first=Pallavi |date=1 May 2016 |orig-date=2016-04-25 |title=Why women aren't empowered just because they can choose |url=http://scroll.in/article/807421/why-women-arent-empowered-just-because-they-can-choose |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502114154/https://scroll.in/article/807421/why-women-arent-empowered-just-because-they-can-choose |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=24 September 2025 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] India |language=en |isbn=978-93-5177-560-7 |quote="...The idea that choosing to have a baby does not involve a partner, that sex outside marriage is a lifestyle choice that can't be questioned, and that women simply choose their body size, is enough for anyone to immediately want to banish "choice" from the human lexicon...." |edition=1st}}</ref>

Jyoti Sharma Bawa of the [[Hindustan Times]] stated that the short film signalled the onset of a culture in India in which women are objectified and encouraged to objectify each other.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma Bawa |first=Jyoti |date=31 March 2015 |title=Sorry Deepika Padukone, these are not the choices women need |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sorry-deepika-padukone-these-are-not-the-choices-women-need/story-sjkcRzCx8j48InY9VcP28N.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923123517/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sorry-deepika-padukone-these-are-not-the-choices-women-need/story-sjkcRzCx8j48InY9VcP28N.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |quote=.. The numbers say another unqualified success; the substance says it heralds the arrival of Ariel Levy's Female Chauvinist Pig in India. The book critiqued the raunch culture of America, where women were objectified and encouraged to objectify each other. ..}}</ref> A [[HuffPost|Huffington Post UK]] article by Natasha Hinde states that Deepika Padukone was even [[Slut-shaming|slut-shamed]] for appearing in the video. Hinde called the video a "commendable effort to portray equality".<ref name="Hinde 2015" />

After facing criticism for implying that [[infidelity]] was acceptable with the line "... to have sex outside marriage ... my choice," Deepika Padukone stated that she personally viewed the institution of [[marriage]] as sacred and would not endorse infidelity. She said that, though she did not agree with some of the lines in the script, she thought that conveying the film's larger message was important, and was disappointed that several quotes from the film were taken out of context and used against her.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2015 |title=I didn't endorse infidelity in 'My Choice': Deepika Padukone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/I-didn%E2%80%99t-endorse-infidelity-in-%E2%80%98My-Choice%E2%80%99-Deepika-Padukone/article60167525.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215210113/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/I-didn%E2%80%99t-endorse-infidelity-in-%E2%80%98My-Choice%E2%80%99-Deepika-Padukone/article60167525.ece |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] | language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote="...I didn't endorse infidelity in 'My Choice': Deepika Padukone"..." (Pending: a little more details of the quotes from the news article need to be shared) |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

== Academic views ==
Manjima Bhattacharjya in her book "Mannequin Working Women in India's Glamour Industry" explains a decade long development 2015, saying, despite recent background of political backsliding in India, discourse on women's empowerment issues, rights and feminist views have become acceptable same time patriarchy is still holding its own ground.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharjya |first=Manjima |title=Mannequin, Working Women in India's Glamour Industry |publisher=[[Zubaan Books]] |year=2018 |isbn=9789385932588 |chapter=Postscript, 'We Should All Be Feminists' |quote="...India is at a moment in time when feminist thoughts are very much mainstream. Incredible changes have taken place this decade: gender equality is part of public conversations... ... Yet at the same time we are still where we are... All indices of patriarchy are flying high..."}}</ref> Gauri D. Chakraborty says that, advent of [[Liberal feminism#Neoliberal feminism|neoliberal feminism]] in films like ''My Choice'' and ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' came amidst these umpteen complex discourses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Gauri D. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-16700-3_6 |title=Gender, Cinema, Streaming Platforms: Shifting Frames in Neoliberal India. |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer International Publishing]] |date=24 March 2023 |isbn=978-3-031-16700-3 |editor-last=Chakraborty Paunksnis |editor-first=Runa |location=Germany |pages=154, 155 |chapter=6. New Feminist Visibilities and Sisterhood: Re-interpreting Marriage Desire and Self-Fulfillment in mainstream Hindi Cinema |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-16700-3_6 |editor-last2=Paunksnis |editor-first2=Šarūnas |chapter-url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/115836527/Book_1_pages_GDC_138_167-libre.pdf?1718003075=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DNew_Feminist_Visibilities_and_Sisterhood.pdf&Expires=1758859283&Signature=baNVDEbtu8NrX8-MiJNtvMll9dyWHrFMCLclCiJq8kWAD8zxxiwOQ7pT5AnIj3cygwAA2BOsSEPsCH5WPjVgdT2mPeSRXa19kjvOoBcU64gsUecM3AngyBOfnKvvFxN0LG7~NLAuAS7Ca5ICpIf-LmktdbJEMcQCBPzGXmXO4XlTJTazdyDbshGRleAZgoDmWNADAfDBF24Ivup2TW9PZte0~L75Fckrxjlxi3R-K7xDKvZbogRLOelfCM9yUePHPevqfaoWQxzQBTcIuYRJ2Qxn66Rm-XRq4PPZJESpidzCqzltObBN6DmI0ddUHo-AVcir12YPGWVoPIKi4M-kHQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA}}</ref> Mallika Khanna says that the Indian film industry of "women-centric" movies targets an "urban elite consumer."<ref name="Khanna 2019" /> She relays that Alka Kurian stated that [[Feminism in India|Indian feminism]] has historically been a socialist endeavour that prioritised empowering marginalised communities at the expense of individual aspirations.<ref name="Khanna 2019" /> She states that during the 1990s, [[neoliberalism]] and nationalistic paternalism infantilized women. In contrast, contemporary demands for personal autonomy directly challenged earlier paternalism.<ref name="Khanna 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Khanna |first=Mallika |date=Fall 2019 |title=The neoliberal feminist gaze: contesting "female empowerment" narratives in contemporary Bollywood films |url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc59.2019/KhannaNeolibFemGaze/text.html |url-status=live |journal=Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media |volume=59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516225923/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc59.2019/KhannaNeolibFemGaze/text.html |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> Khanna writes that the "empowered independent woman" has become a feminist trend in contemporary India. Khanna calls this a neoliberal [[Feminist geography|feminist gaze]], and Hemangini Gupta calls this [[Entrepreneurial feminism|"entrepreneurial" feminism]]. This trend represents women who crave success, wish to challenge the patriarchy, and demand personal autonomy. They wish to see their dreams satisfied through the goods they buy; these women are a new key demographic in India, to which campaigns and advertisements like "My Choice" are aimed. Khanna believes that women who do not believe in or expect to benefit from this type of feminism are left unnoticed.<ref name="Khanna 2019" />

In her chapter, 'Choices choices: The myth of neoliberal progress in India', Namrata Rele Sathe says that the promotion of ''My Choice'' directly engages with the image of the idealised Indian woman who is defined by her participation in heterosexual marriage and the [[domestic sphere]]. Rele Sathe says, she would not prefer to be hasty in rejecting ''Vogue's'' empowerment advert altogether for the reason that it raises relevant questions with regards to women's freedom and discusses the politics of sexuality, even if the conceptualisation there in is limited by its context within the economics of neoliberalism.<ref name="Sathe 2024" />

== See also ==
* [[Arts and entertainment in India]]
* [[Choice feminism]]
* [[Dekh Le]]
* [[My body, my choice]]
* [[Women in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading and external links ==
=== Academic sources ===
* V Mahajan, A Chowdhury, U Kaushal, N Jariwala. Springer Gender Equity: Challenges and Opportunities: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology. Singapore, Springer Nature Singapore, 2023.
* Sharma, Sangeeta. Das, Madhusmita. Sharma and Das et al. 2019 European Journal of Social Sciences.Page 6
* Jethwaney, Jaishri. The Cult of Beauty: Gender Discourse in Indian Advertising. India, Taylor & Francis, 2024.
* Sathe, Namrata Rele. The Neoliberal Self in Bollywood: Cinema, Popular Culture, and Identity. United Kingdom, Intellect Books, 2024.
* Jethwaney, Jaishri. Social Sector Communication: Concepts, Strategies and Case Studies. India, Taylor & Francis, 2024.
* Bhattacharjya, Manjima. Mannequin: Working Women in India's Glamour Industry. N.p., Zubaan.
* Das, Shantanu. Voicing the Choice: Metaphor in Ismat Chughtai's Short Story—"The Quilt". Premier Critical Perspective, Volume 5, Issue 2, May 2022
* Esteve, Gladys B. (2022) "Beyond 'Choice': Theorizing Women's Agency," Budhi: A Journal of Ideas and Culture: Vol. 26: No. 3, Article 3.

=== Non-academic for further reading ===
* Malpani, Snehal. Hold On! A Story of Surviving a Crisis. N.p., Notion Press, 2021.
* Chatterji, Shoma A. The Female Gaze: Essays on Gender, Society and Media. United States, Global Collective Publishers, 2022.Pages 130-135
* [https://feminisminindia.com/author/manasip/ Pant, Manasi]. [https://feminisminindia.com/2019/09/17/choice-feminism-self-imposed-barrier-progress/ Choice Feminism: A Self-Imposed Barrier To Progress?] Feminism in India. .org
* Gupta, Shagun [https://feminisminindia.com/2017/05/30/femvertising-corporates-feminism/ Femvertising: How Corporates Co-opt Feminism To Sell Us Things] Feminism in India. .org

=== News sources ===
* https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/03/30/why-vogue-needs-to-make-better-choices
* https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/is-deepika-padukone-talking-about-the-right-choices-115033000432_1.html
* https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/we-are-what-we-choose-to-be-deepika-bats-for-women-empowerment-in-new-short-film-2178485.html

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7927912}}
* {{YouTube|KtPv7IEhWRA|Deepika Padukone – "My Choice"}}
* {{Cite news |title=The 'one choice' Indian women want |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-32225256 |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}

{{Portal bar|Feminism|Films|India}}
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{{World cinema}}

[[Category:2015 short films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:2010s feminist films]]
[[Category:Vogue (magazine)]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]

Sankar Sen Ishore

2025-12-14T15:14:42Z

DilkhusOfficial: started details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Sankar Sen Ishore''' was an [[India]]n politician, belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. Sen Ishore was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj constituency]] in the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]], obtaining 27,283 votes (55.71%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404194327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref><ref name=wbelec>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ Election Results of West Bengal: Statistics & Analysis, Vol. 1]''. pp. 450-451</ref> He did not run for re-election in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969 polls]].<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

He again contested the Tufanganj seat in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] as the Congress Party candidate, finishing in second place with 35,192 votes (44.34%).<ref name=who>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=VFm4AAAAIAAJ Who's who in 1982 Assembly Election, West Bengal: Personalities and Party Manifesto]''. Merchants' Club, 1982. p. 184</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen Ishore, Sankar}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Mangalore Central railway station

2025-12-05T00:56:01Z

DilkhusOfficial:

{{Short description|Railway station in Mangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mangalore Central
| native_name = <hr/>Mangaluru Central
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| other_name = Kudla Central & Mangalapuram Central
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Mangalore_railway_station.JPG
| image_caption = Manglore Central Railway station
| address = Old Kent Road, [[Hampankatta]], [[Mangalore]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.8634|74.8433|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = 300 Meters
| line = Shoranur - Manglore -Mumbai CST /LTT
| other = [[Bus stand]], [[Taxicab stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 6 (5 Full Length PFs + 1 Bayline PF)
| tracks = 15
| parking = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|1907}}
| closed = -
| rebuilt = -
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|17px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MAQ
| zone = {{abbrlink|SR|Southern Railway zone}}
| division = {{rwd|Palakkad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former = Kankanady Central
| passengers = 5,000
| pass_year = 4500
| pass_percent = 100
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Mangalore Central–Kozhikode line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India#Karnataka
| map_dot_label = Mangalore Central
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Southern Railway zone|left=Mangalore Junction|right=|type=Shoranur–Mangalore west
|line2=Southern Railway zone|left2=|right2=Nethravathi|type2=Shoranur–Mangalore
|line3=Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line|left3=Mangalore Junction
}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Mangalore Central railway station''' (officially '''Mangaluru Central railway station''')(station code: MAQ<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=7 |date=2023–2024}}</ref>) is an NSG–2 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Palakkad railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=2 |date=1 April 2023 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> It is the main [[railway terminus]] in the city of [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]] and provides connectivity for [[Konkan Railway]] and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]. It is one of the five central railway stations of India.

== History ==
Mangalore Railway Station presently known as Mangalore Central, had celebrated a quiet centenary in 2007. Though there are no exact records to prove that the railway station was opened in 1907 and the first train services commenced the same year, if one goes by the foundation stone on a quaint little guard house at the northern-end of the railway bridge across the Netravathi which says "The last rivet was put in position and the bridge formally declared completed by H.E. Sir Arthur Lawley. KCMG, GCIE, Governor of Madras on the 4th November 1907," one can conclude that the train services commenced somewhere around this time.

Though some records say that the first train that chugged on the newly constructed Netravathi bridge on 4 November 1907 came from Kallikote in Kerala, records with the Southern Railways say that the first train to be introduced in the zone, train number-1, ran its maiden journey between erstwhile Madras and Mangalore port in 1914, reducing the voyage of 1024 nautical miles via Cape Comorin to 550 miles.

This broad gauge railway route was formed mainly for the transportation of world famous Mangalore tiles to Madras Harbour to be exported by ships. Thus the same train returned after one week as train No.2. containing 3 compartments with Mangalore tiles and the fourth one with passengers and postal mailbags. The same train is the present No.6001/6002 Chennai Central-Mangalore Mail. The Mangalore Railway Station used to be the last station connecting Mangalore to the state of Kerala in the south and to the rest of the country. No doubt, the first train services in the region opened a new chapter in the history of the area and paved way for much progress. Mangalore was then in the Madras province under the British rule. The construction of the Netravathi Bridge in Ullal using 16 spans of 150 feet length each was taken up around this time. A few years later, in 1929, the Grand Trunk Express was introduced that ran for 104 hours through the length of the west coast, from Mangalore to Peshawar in Pakistan. In those days, it was the longest rail route in the country. In 1930, Mangalore was made a permanent station from a trial station. A glance at the railway history of the nation will make anyone outrightly conclude that Mangalore railway station has been a much neglected station over the years. If train services in the nation commenced in 1853, in Mangalore it arrived 55 years later. Now though it is over hundred years since the railway station was established, we see not much progress except a few changes. The old building was renovated just over a decade ago. Except for some developmental work there has been not much of a progress to boast of.

It was during T.A. Pai’s tenure as Railway Minister in 1971 that the first direct link train No. 131/132 Jayanthi Janatha Express from Mangalore to Delhi commenced with the Mangalore Railway Station as the starting point. Apart from the Konkan Railway, even the Mangalore-Jammu Tavi Navyug Express is George Fernandes’s gift to his hometown Mangalore.
A [[metre-gauge railway]] track, built through the Western Ghats, connected Mangalore with [[Hassan, India|Hassan]]. The metre-gauge track was converted to a [[broad-gauge]] track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan. The re-gauged track was opened to freight traffic in May 2006<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050601880700.htm| date = 6 May 2006|title = Mangalore -Hassan rail line open for freight traffic| access-date =13 October 2006| newspaper =[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> and passenger traffic in December 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore–Mangalore train service from December 8 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/11/24/stories/2007112461660400.htm |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110111849/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/11/24/stories/2007112461660400.htm |archive-date=10 January 2009 |location=Bangalore}}</ref> The track network in the Mangalore area is based on a triangular pattern, with Mangalore Central, Mangalore Junction and the [[Netravati River]] railway bridge at the vertices of the triangle.

{{stack|[[File:Historic plaque at Mangalore Railway Station, showing the distance to Madras, now Chennai..jpg|thumb|Historic plaque at Mangalore Railway Station, showing the distance to Madras, now Chennai.]]}}
A railway siding leads from Mangalore Central to the historic old Railway Goods-Shed in the old Port, Bunder area of Mangalore city.

=== Changes of name ===
The two railway stations in Mangaluru (then known as Mangalore) used to be called "Mangalore Railway Station" and "Kankanady Station". But this caused passengers problems if they did not know that Kankanady station was in Mangaluru. It made it difficult buying tickets, because staff in ticket offices did not offer tickets to Kankanady Station if passengers asked for a ticket to Mangalore. And passengers to Mangaluru often did not get off the train at Kankanady Station and carried on to the next stop by mistake. So in 2003, the state government asked for the two stations to be renamed.<ref name="ToI-09Aug03">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/state-urges-centre-to-rename-mangalore-rly-station/articleshow/122819.cms |newspaper=[[the Times of India]] |date=9 August 2003 |title=State urges Centre to rename Mangalore rly station |first1=Stanly |last1=Pinto }}</ref> At the same time, the railway authorities denied that there was any proposal to move Mangalore Railway Station to Kankanady, though they had moved the fuelling point to Kankanady with a view to making it possible for 24-bogie trains to stop at Mangalore Railway Station.<ref name="ToI-09Aug03"/> The change of name was approved in October 2007, and the two stations became Mangalore Central and Mangalore Junction respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=39508 |title=Kankanady Station is henceforth Mangalore Junction |date=26 October 2007 |work=[[Daijiworld Media|daijiworld.com]] }}</ref>

The Karnataka state government made a proposal on 27 October 2006 to change the English-language names of twelve towns and cities (including Mangalore) so that they were consistent with their pronunciation in the Kannada language. This was proposal was accepted in October 2014 after the Survey of India, Ministry of Railways, Department of Posts, Ministry of Science and Technology and Intelligence Bureau had all said that they had no objections.<ref name="daijiworld-17Oct14">{{cite news |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=270958 |title=It's official : Mangalore to be renamed as 'Mangaluru' |date=17 October 2014 |work=[[Daijiworld Media|daijiworld.com]] }}</ref> The town and city names changed on 1 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/new-names-invoke-a-hoary-past/articleshow/44873377.cms |title=New names invoke a hoary past |date=19 October 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Instructions were issued for post offices and railway stations to be renamed accordingly.<ref name="daijiworld-17Oct14"/>

In November 2020, opposition politicians of [[Mangaluru City Corporation]] asked the mayor to rename the Central station: "Sri Narayana Gurudeva Railway Station", in memory of [[Narayana Guru]] who used the station in 1908 when he came to the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=774171 |title=Mangaluru: Rename Central railway station after Sri Narayana Guru, urge MCC opposition leaders |date=22 November 2020 |work=[[Daijiworld Media|daijiworld.com]] }}</ref>

==Location==
Mangalore Central railway station is located at Old Kent road, Hampankatta. The other major railway station in the city, [[Mangalore Junction]] located at Darbar Hill, Padil, Mangalore 575007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Name changed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Name-changed/article14871842.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2007 |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>

==Services==
Mangalore Central has many trains originated and terminated. Popular trains includes [[Mangaluru Central–Madgaon Vande Bharat Express|Mangaluru-Madgaon Vande Bharat Express]], [[West Coast Superfast Express]], [[Matsyagandha Express]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Central–Mangaluru Central Express]], [[Mangaluru Central - M.G .R Chennai Central SF Express]], [[Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express|Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha)]], [[Vivek Express]] (Santragachi), [[Mangalore–Chennai Mail|Chennai Mail]], [[Malabar Express]], [[Maveli Express]], [[Parasuram Express]] etc
Southern Railway connects [[Kanyakumari]], [[Chennai]], [[Kacheguda]], [[Bengaluru]].
South Western Railway connects [[Bengaluru]], [[Vijayapura]].
Konkan Railway connects [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The {{as written|Begi|ning [sic]}} |url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/node/39 |website=konkanrailway.com |publisher=Konkan Railway Corporation Limited |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127150157/http://www.konkanrailway.com/node/39 |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2387166.ece|title=Southern Railway to operate special trains|date= 23 August 2011|access-date=15 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Surathkal railway station]]
* [[Thokur railway station]]
* [[Mangalore Mail]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|1470}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Palakkad railway division}}
{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1907]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Railway centrals in India]]
[[Category:Palakkad railway division]]

Kerala House

2025-12-02T20:28:57Z

DilkhusOfficial: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Kerala House
| logo = [[File:KERALA HOUSE.png|200px]]
|image = File:Kerala house, Delhi - Visit During WCI 2016 (5).jpg
|caption = [[Cochin House]], the main building of the Kerala House complex
|start_date = {{start date and age|1903}}
|completion_date= {{start date and age|1911}}
|room_count = 66
|elevator_count = 5
|cost = {{INR}}2.5 [[crore]]
|floor_area = {{cvt|1000|m2}}
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor= [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]]
|developer =
|owner = [[Kingdom of Cochin]] [[Cochin Royal Family|Cochin Maharaja]] ''(former)'' [[Government of Kerala]] ''(present)''
|management = Hon. Resident Commissioner of Kerala to Government of India
|website=keralahouse.kerala.gov.in/
}}
{{coord|28.62|77.21|display=title}}
'''Kerala House''' is the official state mission of [[Government of Kerala]] at [[New Delhi]]. Each state of India has to maintain a statutory representative and state mission house in the capital to liaison with the Central Government on behalf of the state.

The complex belongs to the Kerala state government, which is represented by Hon. Resident Commissioner of Kerala state administration. The complex is located in the heart of [[New Delhi]] city at Jantar Mantar Road. The current Resident commissioner is Shri. Ajith Kumar IAS, a senior IAS official.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2738.html&Itemid=246|title=Kerala State Portal|access-date=15 May 2011|archive-date=11 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611224033/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2738.html&Itemid=246|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The original main structure is the [[Cochin House]], which was the residence of the [[Maharaja of Cochin]] whenever he visited the capital city for sessions of the [[Chamber of Princes]]. Built by [[Sujan Singh Hadaliwale]] and used by his son [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sir Sobha Singh]] in 1911, the house is known as 'Vyukunt'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dayal |first=Mala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVJwAjsOBz0C&dq=%22sujan+singh%22+%22lodge%22&pg=PA9 |title=Celebrating Delhi |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08482-1 |language=en}}</ref> Sobha Singh sold the palace to Cochin Maharaja H.H Rama Varma who came to Delhi to attend the [[Chamber of Princes]] in year 1920.

In 1927, the Cochin Government decided to construct an annex next to the main palace to accommodate an office facility and staff quarters. By 1940, on request of the Government of British India, the annex building was handed over to the government to accommodate the war offices of India. From 1942-1945, the building became the temporary office of the Political Representative of the United States of America to British India (de facto American Embassy). In 1945, the government of India handed over the building back to the Cochin Government.

After Independence, when Kochi joined with the Indian Union, the house became the state property of the Kerala government and chose to adopt it as 'Kerala House', a permanent mission of the state to the Central Government.

Another structure which is administered by Kerala House is [[Travancore House]], the former residence of the Maharaja of Travancore, located close to Kerala House.

==Administration==
[[File:Kerala house.jpg|thumb|Modern annex of Kerala House]]
[[File:Kerala House Conference Hall, new Delhi.jpg|thumb|Conference room]]
The Kerala House belongs to [[Department of Public Works (Kerala)|Kerala State Public Works Department]]. The house is administered by the Controller of Kerala House, who reports to Hon. Resident Commissioner<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gokdelhi.kerala.gov.in/index.php/component/templates/system/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=53 |title=Offices and Officials |access-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054732/http://www.gokdelhi.kerala.gov.in/index.php/component/templates/system/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=53 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Currently Kerala House offers accommodation facility to members of assembly and other politicians from Kerala who visit New Delhi on official duty.

The controller is assisted by a chief administrative officer and various section officers and assistants. The house has three major divisions functioning
* The '''Office of Protocol Department''', which has a chief protocol officer who oversees all protocols procedures accorded to state ministers and other officials while they visit New Delhi
* The '''Office of Liaison Department''' has three departments,

Liaison Wing is headed by the Liaison Officer and is assisted by seven Assistant Liaison Officers. This office is responsible for follow up and co-ordination of various matters/projects/schemes of Government of Kerala with Government of India including release of funds etc. This wing also looks after appointments of State Ministers and Officials with various Union Ministers and Officers.

'''M.Ps Cell'''

An M.Ps Cell is functioning in Kerala House to cater the official needs of M.Ps from Kerala. This Cell is also headed by Liaison Officer and is assisted by Assistant Liaison Officers.

'''Law Wing'''

A Law Wing headed by the Law Officer and assisted by an Assistant is functioning in Kerala House to effectively take up legal matters of Govt. of Kerala with the High Court, Supreme Court and other courts in Delhi.

'''PWD Wing'''

PWD Wing; headed by Assistant Executive Engineer and assisted by Assistant Engineer and Overseers is functioning in Kerala House for maintenance and repair works of Kerala House.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gokdelhi.kerala.gov.in/index.php/component/templates/system/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=83 |title=Guest House and Related Facilities |access-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054753/http://www.gokdelhi.kerala.gov.in/index.php/component/templates/system/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=83 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* '''The Information and Public Relations wing-'''

Kerala Information Office, Kerala House, New Delhi is headed by Information Officer of Information and Public Relations Department and is functioning in Kerala House for co-ordination works with Media and to look after the PR requirements of the State Government, including the conduct of various cultural programmes. This office organizes press conferences, issues press releases, video footages, photographs and other media coverage activities for Chief Minister, State Ministers and other Government Programmes. Information office is also the co-ordinating agency for the state in major events like [[India International Trade Fair]], Republic Day Parade, Kerala Piravi celebrations etc.

'''Tourism Information Office'''

A Tourism Information Office headed by the Deputy Director and assisted by a Tourist Information Officer is functioning in Travancore Palace located at K.G Marg to cater the needs of tourists visiting Kerala.

===Norka Cell===
A [[Non Resident Keralites Affairs|Norka Cell]] headed by the Additional Secretary and assisted by a Joint Secretary/Deputy Secretary and a NRK Development Officer is functioning in Travancore Palace, K.G.Marg to pursue and follow up issues relating to non resident Keralites with the various ministries of Government of India. NORKA wing facilitate attestation of certificates sent from various attestation centres of Kerala in various embassies, and also address the needs of non-resident Malayalees to the extent possible.

===Malayala Bhasha Padana Kendram (Malayalam Learning Centre)===
This is a project initiated jointly by various Malayali Associations in Delhi and Government of Kerala. The project envisages to impart Malayalam literacy and cultural heritage amongst the new generation of Malayalee community in Delhi and adjacent area. Central office of padana Kendra is established at Travancore Palace.

===Cauvery Cell===
Cauvery Cell of the Water Resources Department is functioning at the Travancore Palace basically to follow up the Cauvery Water Dispute with the Cauvery Tribunal. Nowadays the cell is more engaged with the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] issue.

'''KSEB Liaison Office'''
This office liaises with concerned Central Ministries and offices on behalf of [[Kerala State Electricity Board]].

'''Travancore House Art Gallery'''

[[Travancore House]], located at K.G Marg was the erstwhile Palace of Travancore Kingdom in the heart of the Capital city. The building has been categorized as a heritage building by NDMC. The effort of the state government is to transform this heritage building into a cultural complex and to be a window to Kerala for the outside world. As part of this perspective, an Art Gallery has been set up in the Travancore House.

===Resident Commissioner===

The Resident Commissioner is the head of all State Government Offices functioning in New Delhi. The Office of the Resident Commissioner, Kerala House, New Delhi was set up in 1964. There is an Additional Resident Commissioner in the rank of Secretary to Government of Kerala to assist the Resident Commissioner.

== Structure ==
[[File:Kerala house, Delhi - Visit During WCI 2016 (2).jpg|thumb|Guest apartments]]
The guest house in Kerala House consists of two Blocks. The Main Block part of the annex building having 33 rooms, including the three VIP Suits and Additional Block having 30 rooms mainly used for families of officials and staff of Kerala House. Rooms are allotted to visiting MPs, MLAs, Government officials on duty, Judges and Judicial officials etc. In some cases rooms are also allotted to private individuals, based on government directives or proper references.

The historic [[Cochin House]] has been renovated to restore its classic beauty. The palace has been exclusively reserved accommodating Governor of Kerala, Ministers and VIPs of higher protocol ranking. The Palace features 7 suites and 3 rooms apart from 2 security quarters.

Apart from this a 48 bed Dormitory is available at Travancore House complex. Travancore House features a cultural museum, office of Kerala tourism and reception facility for tourists, a state hall accommodating 100 guests and an amphitheater for 250 delegates.

=== Guest House Canteen ===

The GH Canteen- Samrudhi serves traditional Kerala cuisines to all its residents and outsiders. The canteen also serves other cuisines and prepare as per order, apart from buffet. The canteen serves both vegetarian and non vegetarian preparations.

=== Other facilities ===

The Guest House offers 24-hour house-keeping and room service facility, a medical clinic with resident doctor, a state-of-the-art Conference room & media room, a Business center, Steward and laundry services, in addition to a Tourist reception center and Travel desk.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kerala House}}
* [http://www.keralahouse.kerala.gov.in]

[[Category:Official residences in India]]
[[Category:State governments' houses in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government of Kerala]]

Pannalal Institution

2025-12-01T14:51:37Z

DilkhusOfficial: Started page

{{short description|School in West Bengal}}
'''Pannalal Institution''' is the oldest school of Kalyani township area. It is situated at 11 no. Ward, B Block in [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Nadia district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The institution was established in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/pannalal-institution/19102301103|title=Pannalal Institution School Nadia, West Bengal|website=icbse.com|access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref> This is a Boys school with Upper Primary with Secondary and Co-education in the Higher Secondary section having Science, Arts and Commerce streams. The School is affiliated to [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://schoolspedia.com/website/kalyani-pannalal-institution-nadia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610010030/http://www.schoolspedia.com/website/kalyani-pannalal-institution-nadia|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 10, 2015|title=kalyani pannalal institution nadia|access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref> [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/school_details.php?hp=12032|title=School Information Details|website=wbchse.nic.in|access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref> and recognised by [[School Education Department, West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/nadia/19102301103/pannalal-institution.html|title=PANNALAL INSTITUTION|access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbsed.gov.in/wbsed/cts/school_profile_public_view.php?dise_cd=xiKxJJx%40KxJEJvE&acd_ses=2018-19&return_pg=cts_school_list_public.php%3Fclu_cd%3DD%24DRDeNeRN|title=SCHOOL DETAILS OF PANNALAL INSTITUTION PRY|access-date=November 23, 2018|archive-date=November 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124005227/http://www.wbsed.gov.in/wbsed/cts/school_profile_public_view.php?dise_cd=xiKxJJx%40KxJEJvE&acd_ses=2018-19&return_pg=cts_school_list_public.php%3Fclu_cd%3DD%24DRDeNeRN|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Manoj Prasad]], Indian scientist
* Indranil Manna, Indian scientist
* [https://www.se.rit.edu/~axkvse/index.html Ashique KhudaBukhsh], AI researcher at the Rochester Institute of Technology

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in West Bengal]]

St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad

2025-11-04T00:25:38Z

DilkhusOfficial: corrected structure to improve readability after review

{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}{{Coord|9.0945817|76.6882643|format=dec|display=title}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Kadampanad Church
| fullname = St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad
| image = Kadampanad_Church.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad
| location = [[Kadampanad]], Adoor, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| denomination = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| churchmanship =
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| website = [http://www.kadampanadstthomascathedral.com www.kadampanadstthomascathedral.com]
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| founded date = AD 325
| founder =
| dedication = [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] (Mar Thoma Sliha)
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| diocese = Adoor-Kadampanad
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| asstpriest =
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| assistant =
| honpriest =
| deacon =
| deaconness =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| abbot =
| chaplain =
| reader =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
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| logo =
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}}

'''St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad''', popularly known as '''Kadampanad Church ( കടമ്പനാട് പള്ളി )''' is an ancient church of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] situated in the Central Travancore village of [[Kadampanad]], in Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India. This Church belongs to the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] under the Diocese of Adoor-Kadampanad.

==History==

Kadampanad church is one of the oldest churches of [[Saint Thomas Christians|St. Thomas Christians]] in Kerala. Mar Thoma Sliha (St. Thomas), an Apostle of Jesus Christ, came to India in AD 52 and established a Christian community in Kerala. There is evidence that he established eight churches (known as Ezharapallikal). One among them was at Chayal (Nilackel), situated in the western ghats. In the beginning of the fourth century, a group of [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] from Chayal migrated to Kadampanad. They consecrated a church at Kadampanad in accordance with Syrian tradition and rituals in AD 325, in the name of Mar Thoma Sliha as their patron saint. As time went by, a strong Syrian Christian community flourished in the vicinity of this church.

This church has been rebuilt several times. According to tradition the reconstructions took place roughly around AD 800, AD 1200, AD 1800, AD 1912 and finally in 1952. There has been a subsequent migration of Syrian Christians from Nilackel during the period of the 12th century and later at the early half of the 14th century due to demolition of Nilackel Church (supposedly due to floods).
This church is considered to be the mother church of many parishes in Central Travancore. The descendants of those who settled down in Kadampanad, later migrated to places like Mavelikkara, Kayamkulam, Kollakadavu, Adoor, Kozhenchery, Kaippattoor, Sooranadu, Kallada, Koodal etc., settled there and constructed new churches.

[[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|Saint Geevarghese Mar Gregorios (Parumala Thirumeni)]] oversaw the progress of the Church in 1895.

==Marthoma III==
[[File:Mar Thoma III.jpg|thumb|Mar Thoma III]]
Kadampanad Church contains the tomb of [[Mar Thoma III]], also known as "Kadampanad Vallyappuppan". He was born in [[Pakalomattom family]], one of the oldest families at Kadamattom. He was the third Metropolitan from Pakalomattom family and the Malankara Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. He died on 21 April 1688 while he was in this church and on 22 April 1688 was buried at the altar of the St. Thomas Valiyapally, now St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral.

==Marthoman Pilgrim Center==
The Cathedral was declared as the "Marthoman Pilgrim Center" on 7 March 2010 by The Malankara Metropolitan and the Catholicos of the Malankara Church His Holiness [[Baselios Thoma Didymos I]].

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Stone Writing.jpg|Script on stone slab
File:St.Thomas Malankara Syrian Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad, Adoor, Established - AD 325.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
* [[Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]]
* [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani]]
* [[Saint Thomas Christian Churches]]
* [[Thumpamon Valiya Pally|Thumpamon Church]]
* [[Kannamcode Cathedral]]
* [[Kadampanad]]

==Notes==
<ref>Kadampanad Desha Pazhamyum Palli Perumayum - Adv. Thomas George</ref>
<ref>http://www.kadampanadstthomascathedral.com {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in Website of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]
* [http://www.kadampanadstthomascathedral.com www.kadampanadstthomascathedral.com]

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad}}
[[Category:Churches in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian cathedrals]]
[[Category:Cathedrals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1952]]
[[Category:20th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]

Mannat Singh

2025-10-30T06:48:19Z

DilkhusOfficial: bio

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mannat Singh
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|12|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse = [[Dakssh Ajit Singh]]
}}

'''Mannat Singh''' (born 24 December 1981), also known as '''Sukhi Pawar''', is an Indian actress, known for her work in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi movies]]. She is mostly known for her performance in the Punjabi movie named [[Arsho]], released in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=A peek into life of singing stars |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140611/ldh1.htm |website=LUDHIANA Tribune |publisher=LUDHIANA Tribune |accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref> In 2017 she won the best supporting actress award in PTC Punjabi Awards for her performance in the movie ''Main Teri Tu Mera''.<ref>{{cite news| title=It rings a bell... |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/it-rings-a-bell-282520 | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | first=Jasmine | last=Singh | date=20 August 2016 | accessdate=27 March 2023}}</ref> Mannat Singh also sung a duet called "Jaa".{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Films==
*''[[Main Teri Tu Mera]]'' (2016)
*''[[Vaisakhi List]]'' (2016)
*''[[I Love Desi]]'' (2015)
*''[[Arsho]]'' (2014)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140614/ttlife1.htm|title=The Tribune Chandigarh|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
*''[[Tere Ishq Nachaya]]'' (2010)
*''[[Band Vaaje]]'' (2019)
*''[[Dil Hona Chahida Jawan]]'' (2023)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|4451508}}
*{{Facebook|mannatartist}}
*{{Instagram|mannattsiingh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mannat}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]

Fifteenth Finance Commission

2025-10-10T19:17:46Z

DilkhusOfficial: adding info.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Fifteenth{{nbsp}}Finance Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo = Fincom.jpg
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Emblem of India.svg
| seal_width =
| seal_caption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|2017|11|27|df=yes}}
| preceding1 = [[Fourteenth Finance Commission|Fourteenth{{nbsp}}Finance Commission]]
| dissolved = 26 November 2023
| superseding = [[Sixteenth Finance Commission]]
| jurisdiction = Whole of India
| headquarters = 15th{{nbsp}}Finance Commission, [[Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan]], [[Tolstoy Marg]], [[New Delhi]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Bhagwat Karad]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State (India)|Minister of State for Finance]]
| chief1_name = [[N. K. Singh]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = [[Ajay Narayan Jha]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief2_position = Member
| chief3_name = [[Prof.]] [[Anoop Singh (economist)|Anoop Singh]]
| chief3_position = Member
| chief4_name = Dr. [[Ashok Lahiri]]
| chief4_position = Member
| chief5_name = [[Prof.]] [[Ramesh Chand]]
| chief5_position = Member (part-time)
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|fincomindia.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| chief7_name = [[Arvind Mehta]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief7_position = Secretary
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| native_name_a =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|29.8|N|77|13|11.5|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| keydocument1 = {{URL|http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Constitution-of-India_0.pdf|The Constitution of India (Article 280)}}
| keydocument2 = {{URL|http://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1941/1/195133.pdf|The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951 (Act {{abbr|no.|number}} 33 of 1951)}}
| keydocument3 = {{URL|http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/180483.pdf|S.O. 3755(E) (notification of formation of the commission)}}
}}

The '''Fifteenth{{Nbsp}}Finance Commission''' ('''XV-FC''' or '''15-FC''') is an Indian [[Finance Commission]] constituted in November 2017 and is to give recommendations for devolution of taxes and other fiscal matters for five{{Nbsp}}[[fiscal year]]s, commencing 2020-04-01. The commission's chairman is [[Nand Kishore Singh]], a senior member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) since March 2014,<ref>{{cite web|author=Deepak Nagpal |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/elections-2014-mj-akbar-nk-singh-join-bjp_919540.html |title=Elections 2014: MJ Akbar, NK Singh join BJP | Zee News |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2014-03-23 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> with its full-time{{Nbsp}}members being [[Ajay Narayan Jha]], [[Ashok Lahiri]] and [[Anoop Singh (economist)|Anoop Singh]]. In addition, the commission also has a part-time{{Nbsp}}member in [[Ramesh Chand]].

== Constitution ==
The Fifteenth{{Nbsp}}Finance Commission was constituted by the [[Government of India]]—after getting ceremonial approval from [[President of India]]—through a notification in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on 2017-11-27.<ref name=":422">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/180483.pdf|title=S.O. 3755(E).—The following order made by the President is to be published for general information:— ORDER|date=27 November 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|publisher=Department of Economic Affairs, [[Government of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0254-6779|oclc=1752771|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":522">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=173905|title=Constitution of Fifteenth Finance Commission Notified|date=27 November 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> [[N. K. Singh|Nand Kishore Singh]] was appointed as the commission's chairman, with its full-time members being [[Shaktikanta Das]] and Anoop Singh and its part-time members being Ramesh Chand and [[Ashok Lahiri]].<ref name=":032">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/n-k-singh-heads-15th-finance-commission-shaktikanta-das-a-member-117112701199_1.html|title=N.K. Singh heads 15th Finance Commission, Shaktikanta Das a member|date=27 November 2017|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002|access-date=17 December 2018|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/nk-singh-appointed-chairman-of-15th-finance-commission/article9974029.ece|title=NK Singh appointed Chairman of 15th Finance Commission|date=27 November 2017|newspaper=[[Business Line]] |issn=0971-7528|oclc=456162874|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=":222">{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/rWfJyCZBIkttQMKHXoZBHO/NK-Singh-appointed-chairman-of-15th-Finance-Commission.html|title=N.K. Singh appointed chairman of 15th Finance Commission|date=27 November 2017|website=[[Livemint]]|publisher=Vivek Khanna|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=17 December 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

The commission held its first meeting on 2017-12-04.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fincomindia.nic.in/DispFull.aspx?id=64|title=First Meeting of the Fifteenth Finance Commission, North Block, New Delhi|date=4 December 2017|website=[[Finance Commission of India]]|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/GwNonR4z1VkieBTlewhmcO/15th-Finance-Commission-to-hold-first-meeting-today.html|title=15th Finance Commission to hold first meeting today|last=Mishra|first=Asit Ranjan|date=2017-12-03|website=[[Livemint]]|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/15th-finance-commission-holds-first-meeting/article9981390.ece|title=15th Finance Commission holds first meeting|author=Surabhi|date=4 December 2017|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/15th-finance-commission-holds-first-meeting-seeks-academic-inputs-from-leading-think-tanks-4241897.html|title=15th Finance Commission holds first meeting, seeks academic inputs from leading think-tanks – Firstpost|date=4 December 2017|website=[[Firstpost]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=31 March 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Lahiri was elevated to the status of a full-time{{Nbsp}}member in May 2018 and was accorded the status of a [[Minister of State (India)|minister of state]].<ref name=":592">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ashok-lahiri-appointed-full-time-member-of-15th-finance-commission-118050301135_1.html|title=Ashok Lahiri appointed full-time member of 15th Finance Commission|date=3 May 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=31 July 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/ashok-lahiri-full-time-member-of-fin-panel/583692.html|title=Ashok Lahiri full-time member of fin panel|date=4 May 2018|website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=17 December 2018|agency=Tribune News Service|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218012414/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/ashok-lahiri-full-time-member-of-fin-panel/583692.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Das resigned as member on 11 December 2018,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Acceptance%20of%20resignation%20of%20Shri%20Shaktikanta%20Das-Member,%20FFC-11-12-2018.PDF|title=Acceptance of resignation of Shri Shaktikanta Das-Member, FFC|date=11 December 2018|website=[[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref> to become the [[List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India|Governor of Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/mqqkVZgURWChvJbxq45E4H/Shaktikanta-Das-appointed-new-RBI-governor.html|title=Shaktikanta Das, who oversaw demonetization, is new RBI governor|last1=Prasad|first1=Gireesh Chandra|last2=Ghosh|first2=Shayan|date=11 December 2018|website=[[Livemint]]|publisher=Vivek Khanna|location=[[New Delhi]]/[[Mumbai]]|access-date=12 December 2018|last3=Gopakumar|first3=Gopika}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/shaktikanta-das-is-new-rbi-governor|title=Shaktikanta Das Is New RBI Governor|date=11 December 2018|work=[[BloombergQuint]] |access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/shaktikanta-das-the-man-behind-gst-note-ban-now-heads-rbi/articleshow/67046113.cms|title=Shaktikanta Das: The man behind GST, note ban now heads RBI|date=11 December 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=11 December 2018 |oclc=61311680}}</ref>

In July 2019, the commission's term was extended by a month to November 2019, and its terms of reference (ToR) were expanded by the [[Union cabinet|Union Cabinet]] and asked it to consider whether "adequate, secure and non-lapsable" funds could be provided for funding defence and internal security, and how would a distinct system to fund defence and internal security be operationalised.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cabinet-asks-finance-panel-to-consider-securing-funds-for-defence-5834976/|title=Cabinet asks finance panel to consider securing funds for defence|date=18 July 2019|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=70274541|access-date=4 August 2019|agency=Express News Service}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/cabinet-approves-amendment-in-the-terms-of-reference-for-the-fifteenth-finance-commission-119071701157_1.html|title=Cabinet approves Amendment in the Terms of Reference for the Fifteenth Finance Commission|date=2019-07-17|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=2019-08-04|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=Capital Markets|oclc=496280002}}</ref> It was dissolved on 26 November 2023.

=== Members ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Profile of members of the Fifteenth{{Nbsp}}Finance Commission
!{{Abbr|S. no.|Serial number}}
!{{Center|Name}}
!{{Center|Portrait}}
!{{Center|Designation}}
!{{Center|Background in finance and economics}}
|-
|{{Center|1}}
|{{Center|[[N. K. Singh|Nand Kishore Singh]]}}
|[[File:N. K. Singh - World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg|150px|frameless]]
|{{Center|Chairman}}
|Retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer. Served as [[Revenue Secretary|Union Revenue Secretary]], [[Economic Affairs Secretary|Union Economic Affairs Secretary]] and [[Secretary of Expenditure|Union Expenditure Secretary]]. Also served as a member of the erstwhile [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]. Post-retirement, served as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of the Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of the States) for the state of [[Bihar]]. He has been a senior member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] since March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/elections-2014-mj-akbar-nk-singh-join-bjp_919540.html|title=Elections 2014: MJ Akbar, NK Singh join BJP|author=Nagpal|first=Deepak|date=23 March 2014|website=[[Zee News]]|publisher=[[Zee Media Corporation Limited]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Center|2}}
|{{Center|Prof. (Dr.) [[Anoop Singh (economist)|Anoop Singh]]}}
|
| rowspan="3" |{{Center|Member}}
|An [[adjunct professor]] at [[Georgetown University]], [[Washington, D.C.]] Also served as the [[International Monetary Fund]]'s director of its Regional Office of Asia and the Pacific.
|-
|{{Center|3}}
|{{Center|Dr. [[Ashok Lahiri]]{{efn|name=Lahiri, part-time member|Lahiri served as a part-time of the commission from November{{nbsp}}2017 to May{{nbsp}}2018, before being elevated to the status of a full-time member.<ref name=":592" />}}}}
|
|Former [[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India]], director of the [[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]], executive director at the [[Asian Development Bank]], [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] at the [[University of Delhi]], and the chairperson of [[Bandhan Bank]].
|-
|{{Centre|4}}
|{{Centre|[[Ajay Narayan Jha]]}}
|[[File:Ajay Narayan Jha, IAS addressing an event.jpg|150px|frameless]]
|Retired IAS. Served as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Union Finance Secretary]] and Union Expenditure Secretary. He was appointed member of the commission in lieu of Das.
|-
|{{Center|5}}
|{{Center|Prof.[[Dr. Ramesh Chand]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://niti.gov.in/team-niti/prof-ramesh-chand | title=| NITI Aayog }}</ref>}}
|
|{{Centre|Member (part-time)}}
|A member of the [[NITI Aayog]], a [[fellow]] of [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] and Indian Society of Agricultural Economics. Also served as the director of the National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research.
|-
! colspan="5" |Notes
|-
| colspan="5" |
<references group="lower-alpha" />
|}

== Extensions ==
The commission was to submit its Report on the basis of its Terms of Reference (ToR) by 30 October 2019 covering a period of five years commencing from 1 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet approves extension of the term of the Fifteenth Finance Commission up to 30th November, 2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1579123|access-date=2021-11-27|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In July 2019, The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the extension of the term of Fifteenth Finance Commission up to 30 November 2019 to enable the commission to examine various comparable estimates for financial projections in view of reforms and the new realities to finalise its recommendations for the period 2020–2025, after taking into consideration, its constitution in the backdrop of various major fiscal/budgetary reforms introduced by the Union Government in the past four years like closure of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] and its replacement by [[NITI Aayog|NITl Aayog]], removal of distinction between Non-Plan and Plan expenditure, advancing the budget calendar by one month and passing of the full budget before commencement of the new financial year i.e. on 1 February, introduction of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] from July 2017 and New [[Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003|FRBM]] architecture with debt and fiscal deficit path, and also the task of determining the expenditure and receipts of the Union and State governments based on which the Commission shall make its recommendations is time-consuming, as checks for data consistency across time and data sets become challenging.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet approves extension of the term of the Fifteenth Finance Commission up to 30th November, 2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1579123|access-date=2021-11-27|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In November 2019, the Cabinet approved the 15th Finance Commission to submit first report for the first fiscal year viz. 2020-21 and to extend the tenure of 15th Finance Commission to provide for the presentation of the final report covering FYs 2021–22 to 2025-26 by 30 October 2020. The statement by the government cited reasons such as, due to restrictions imposed by the model code of conduct, the commission completed its visit to states only recently, which had a bearing on the detailed assessments of states requirements, comprehensively examining their implications and aligning them to the requirements of the states and the central government will require additional time, and making a five-year coverage available for the commission beyond 1 April 2021, will help both state and central governments design schemes with medium- to long-term financial perspective and provide adequate time for mid-course evaluation and correction.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=2019-11-27|title=Cabinet extends term of 15th Finance Commission|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-extends-term-of-15th-finance-commission/article30095249.ece|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cabinet extends term of 15th Finance Commission|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/cabinet-extends-term-of-15th-finance-commission/articleshow/72254956.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-27}}</ref>

The first report, consisting of recommendations for the financial year 2020–21, was tabled in Parliament in February 2020.<ref name="Committee Reports">{{Cite web|title=Committee Reports|url=https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/report-15th-finance-commission-2021-26|access-date=2021-11-27|website=PRS Legislative Research|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 9 November 2020, the Fifteenth Finance Commission (XVFC) led by Chairman Sh N K Singh, submitted its report for the period 2021–22 to 2025–26 to the Hon'ble President of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 15th Finance Commission submits its Report for 2021-22 to 2025-26 to the President of India|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1671384|access-date=2021-11-27|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The final report with recommendations for the 2021-26 period was tabled in Parliament on 1 February 2021.<ref name="Committee Reports"/>

== Aims ==
The commission was set up to give recommendations for devolution of taxes and other fiscal matters for five{{Nbsp}}[[fiscal year]]s, commencing 1{{Nbsp}}April{{Nbsp}}2020.<ref name=":422" /><ref name=":522" /> The main tasks of the commission were to "strengthen cooperative federalism, improve the quality of public spending and help protect fiscal stability".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/finance-commissions-changing-roles-challenges-over-the-years-fifteenth-commission-gst-4918184/|title=Finance Commission's changing roles, challenges over the years|last=Vikraman|first=Shaji|date=2 November 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=30 March 2018|oclc=70274541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/dJjupDFPzHDGW4nSNi3vDO/The-tasks-for-the-15th-Finance-Commission.html|title=The tasks for the 15th Finance Commission|date=6 December 2017|website=[[Livemint]]|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/agenda-for-15th-finance-commission-117103001448_1.html|title=Agenda for 15th Finance Commission|last=Chandrasekhar|first=K. M.|date=30 October 2017|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=26 March 2018|oclc=496280002|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some newspapers like ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[The Economic Times]]'' noted that commission's job was made harder because of the roll-out of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|goods and service tax]] (GST) regime in India, as, it had taken certain powers concerning taxation away from the union and the states, and, had given them to the newly formed [[Goods and Services Tax (India)#GST Council|GST Council]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/new-india-formula/article21268622.ece|title=New India formula? — on the 15th Finance Commission|date=6 December 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 March 2018|agency=Editorial|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/the-challenges-before-15th-finance-commission-are-many/articleshow/62366288.cms|title=The challenges before 15th Finance Commission are many|last=Srinivas|first=V.|date=4 January 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=26 March 2018|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|oclc=61311680|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327025101/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/the-challenges-before-15th-finance-commission-are-many/articleshow/62366288.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[peer-reviewed journal]], ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'', further noted that even after the passage of the [[Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003]], some states still incur [[Government budget balance#Primary deficit, total deficit, and debt|revenue deficit]]s, so, the commission would have to either recommend the disbandment of revenue deficit grants, or, would have to recommend ways for further fiscal consolidation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhaskar|first=V.|date=10 March 2017|title=Challenges before the Fifteenth Finance Commission|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2018/10/perspectives/challenges-fifteenth-finance-commission.html|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=53|issue=10|issn=0012-9976|lccn=sa67002009|oclc=46735231}}</ref>

The commission's chairman, [[N. K. Singh]], said that the commission would need to define [[populism]], as, the commission's [[terms of reference]] (ToR) had a provision for rewarding states which were successful in eliminating or reducing expenditure incurred on populist schemes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/on-populist-steps-tricky-mandate-for-new-finance-commission-nk-singh-4973066/|title=On 'populist steps', tricky mandate for new Finance Commission|last=Vikraman|first=Shaji|date=8 December 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=30 March 2018|oclc=70274541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/mar/01/now-finance-commission-to-define-what-constitutes-populism-1780457.html|title=Now, Finance Commission to define what constitutes 'populism'|date=1 March 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2018-03-27|agency=Express News Service|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=243883379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/15th-finance-commission-will-need-to-define-populism-says-chairman-118022800771_1.html|title=15th Finance Commission will need to define 'populism', says chairman|date=28 February 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/15th-finance-commission-will-need-to-define-populism-chairman-nk-singh/articleshow/63110984.cms|title=15th Finance Commission will need to define populism: Chairman NK Singh|date=28 February 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=61311680}}</ref> Singh added that the commission would need to reappraise the formula of devolution of revenue through the union's taxes, because of a provision in its ToR.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/wJIWeMDbYWAH9XUo933ekJ/15th-finance-commission-to-review-tax-devolution-formula.html|title=15th finance commission to review tax devolution formula|date=1 March 2018|work=[[Livemint]]|access-date=27 March 2018|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|agency=A staff writer|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/tax-devolution-to-states-remains-challenge-for-15th-finance-commission-too/article22880279.ece|title=Tax devolution to States remains challenge for 15th Finance Commission, too|date=28 February 2018|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=27 March 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|agency=Our Bureau|issn=0971-7528|oclc=456162874}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/finance-commission-to-study-use-of-cess-as-a-revenue-raising-tool-5082095/|title=Finance Commission to study use of cess as a revenue raising tool|date=1 March 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=ENS Economic Bureau|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=70274541}}</ref> Singh further said, in a lecture to [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] students, that one of the commission's challenges was to find a balance between equity and efficiency,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/fiscal-challenges-include-balancing-equity-with-efficiency/articleshow/65095975.cms|title=Fiscal challenges include balancing equity with efficiency|date=23 July 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 July 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|agency=Times News Network|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|oclc=23379369}}</ref> adding that [[Municipal governance in India|urban]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)|rural]] local bodies—the [[Local self-government in India|constitutionally-mandated third-tier of government in India]]—needed to be further empowered to stimulate added economic growth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/for-growth-local-bodies-need-to-be-empowered-5270495/|title=For growth, local bodies need to be empowered|date=23 July 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=31 July 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|agency=Express News Service|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|oclc=70274541}}</ref>

[[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India]], [[Arvind Subramanian]], said that the commission may need to function like the first finance commission because of an increased [[decentralisation]] and change in India;<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/if-this-were-the-first-finance-commission-118072200711_1.html|title=Arvind Subramanian: If this were the First Finance Commission!|last=Subramanian|first=Arvind|date=23 July 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=21 August 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|oclc=496280002|author-link=Arvind Subramanian}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tax-contribution-sharing-no-more-a-north-south-issue-arvind-subramanian-118072001116_1.html|title=Tax contribution, sharing no more a north-south issue: Arvind Subramanian|date=20 July 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=21 August 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/15th-finance-commission-may-need-to-work-like-it-s-the-first-subramanian-118072100050_1.html|title=15th Finance Commission may need to work like it's the first: Subramanian|date=21 July 2018|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=21 August 2018 |oclc=496280002}}</ref> further suggesting to divide the tax devolution system into four{{Nbsp}}pots{{Snd}}"return", "redistribution", "risk sharing" and "reward",<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> while also saying that tax devolution was no more a north–south issue.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> However, Subramanian's ideas were opposed by Pinaki Chakraborty, a professor at the [[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]], and a member of the Fifteenth{{Nbsp}}Finance Commission's [[#Advisory council|advisory council]], who said that having a division of tax devolution into four{{Nbsp}}pots would violate "the objective of offsetting revenue disabilities."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/finance-commission-transfers-the-subramanian-formula-is-flawed/1279794/|title=Finance Commission Transfers: The Subramanian formula is flawed|last=Chakraborty|first=Pinaki|date=14 August 2018|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=21 August 2018|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=30000665}}</ref>

The commission's chairperson, N. K. Singh, said in April 2019 that there should be mechanisms through which the Finance Commissions and the GST Council could coordinate to "ensure there are multiplier benefits of a higher growth trajectory".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/incoming/article26909546.ece|title=There should be a mechanism by which GST Council and Finance Commission can coordinate: N.K. Singh|last=Mehra|first=Puja|date=26 April 2019|website=[[The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref>

== Demands ==
At its first interaction with [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] (MPs),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/15th-finance-commission-initiates-consulltations-meets-mps-118031401295_1.html|title=15th Finance Commission initiates {{as written|consu|lltations [sic]}} meets MPs|date=14 March 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=28 March 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref> the commission was asked by some MPs to recommend a plan on compensating states which suffered revenue losses after the roll-out of GST.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bring-roadmap-for-gst-compensation-to-states-mps-urge-finance-commission-118031401114_1.html|title=Bring roadmap for GST compensation to states, MPs urge Finance Commission|date=14 March 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref> Some parliamentarians also asked the commission to reassess the criteria of classifying a state as 'backwards'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/revisit-criteria-of-backward-states-mps-tell-finance-panel/557767.html|title=Revisit criteria of backward states, MPs tell finance panel|date=14 March 2018|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=28 March 2018|agency=Tribune News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/mps-suggest-relook-at-processes-methods-of-looking-backwardness-of-a-state/business-economy/news/1168078.html|title=MPs suggest relook at processes, methods of looking backwardness of a State|date=14 March 2018|website=[[United News of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=28 March 2018|agency=United News of India}}</ref>

The president of [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Sharad Pawar]], suggested the commission to create a financial buffer against oil prices.<ref name=":622">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/15th-finance-commission-gets-long-wish-list/article23408714.ece|title=15th Finance Commission gets long wish list|last1=Hebbar|first1=Nistula|date=1 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|last2=Phukan|first2=Sandeep|location=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref> Whereas, the [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|chief minister of Bihar]] and [[Janata Dal (United)]] president and convener, [[Nitish Kumar]]—in a letter to the commission's chairman, [[N. K. Singh]]—asked the commission to revisit the criterion of the target of a maximum 3%{{Nbsp}}[[Government budget balance|fiscal deficit]] under the [[Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003]], calling it "iniquitous".<ref name=":622" /> Singh added, that the state was still waiting for special financial allocations promised to it under the [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000]].<ref name=":622" />

The commission, on its visit to the state, was asked by the [[Government of West Bengal]] to look into restructuring the [[State debt|state's debt]], so that it does not become "a permanent drag on the economy of Bengal";<ref name=":102">{{Cite news|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/finance-commission-takes-note-of-bengals-debt-restructure-demand-309931|title=Finance Commission takes note of Bengal's debt restructure demand|date=17 July 2018|newspaper=Millennium Post|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":112">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/taken-serious-note-of-west-bengals-debt-overhang-15th-finance-commission/1248357/|title=Taken serious note of West Bengal's debt overhang: 15th Finance Commission|date=17 July 2018|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=31 July 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[Kolkata]]|oclc=30000665}}</ref> the state's [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|chief minister]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] chairperson, convener and president, [[Mamata Banerjee]], said in a press conference, that "we expect that Finance Commission will consider our demand for debt restructuring or waiver".<ref name=":102" /><ref name=":112" /> West Bengal government further suggested an alternative devolution formula based on factors like social backwardness, locational complexities and continuation of revenue deficits to the commission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bengal-suggests-alternative-devolution-formula-to-finance-commission-118071801122_1.html|title=Bengal suggests alternative devolution formula to Finance Commission|date=18 July 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=31 July 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|location=[[Kolkata]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref>

The commission was asked by several [[State governments of India|state governments]] to increase states' share in union's tax devolution from the existing 42{{Nbsp}} per{{Nbsp}}cent to 50{{Nbsp}}per{{Nbsp}}cent.<ref name=":112" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/300518/15th-finance-commission-not-against-states-mr-n-k-singh.html|title=15th Finance Commission not against states: Mr N K Singh|date=30 May 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=1 August 2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-asks-fincomm-to-hike-state-share-in-central-tax-pool-to-over-50-118072301213_1.html|title=Gujarat asks FinComm to hike state share in central tax pool to over 50%|date=23 July 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=31 July 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/fb5YMR2pH41SlGGz2DFD4J/Gujarat-opposes-Narendra-Modi-governments-proposal-to-reduc.html|title=Gujarat opposes Modi government's proposal to reduce states' share of central taxes|last=Mishra|first=Asit Ranjan|date=30 July 2018|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> Whereas, the [[Government of India]] asked the commission to review a 10{{Nbsp}}per{{Nbsp}}cent hike from 32{{Nbsp}}per cent to 42{{Nbsp}}per{{Nbsp}}cent in tax devolution given to states by the [[Fourteenth Finance Commission|Fourteenth]]{{Nbsp}}[[Fourteenth Finance Commission|Finance Commission]],<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/15th-finance-panel-to-review-42-allocation-to-states/articleshow/61828004.cms|title=15th finance panel to review 42% allocation to states|date=28 November 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 August 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|agency=Times News Network|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=23379369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240218/increase-in-share-of-central-taxes-to-states-to-be-reviewed.html|title=Increase in share of central taxes to states to be reviewed|date=24 February 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=18 August 2018|agency=Deccan Chronicle|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> with [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]], [[Arun Jaitley]], saying that "India is a Union of states, the Union also has to survive".<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-15th-finance-commission/articleshow/61753791.cms|title=Cabinet approves setting up of 15th Finance Commission|date=23 November 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=18 August 2018|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|agency=ET Bureau|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=61311680}}</ref>

== Working ==
[[File:Fifteenth_Finance_Commission_meeting.jpg|thumb|A meeting of the Fifteenth{{Nbsp}}Finance Commission, attended by its chairperson, members, secretary and other staffers; {{Circa|2017|i=yes}}|alt=]]
The commission visited several states, and held meetings with senior political and non-political state government officials of different states;<ref name=":142">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/finance-commission-has-nothing-to-do-with-fixing-terms-of-reference-shaktikanta-das/articleshow/63646966.cms|title=Finance Commission has nothing to do with fixing terms of reference: Shaktikanta Das|last=Singh|first=Bikash|date=6 April 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|location=[[Itanagar]]|oclc=61311680}}</ref><ref name=":112" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":132">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/apr/20/dont-worry-tamil-nadu-will-get-due-attention-says-fifteenth-finance-commission-panel-chairman-n-k-1803925.html|title=Don't worry, Tamil Nadu will get due attention, says Fifteenth Finance Commission panel chairman N K Singh|date=20 April 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=1 August 2018|agency=Express News Service|location=[[Chennai]]|oclc=243883379}}</ref> most states also generally submitted a memorandum to the commission outlining their needs and demands to the panel.<ref name=":142" /><ref name=":112" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":132" /> It also met with representatives of the industry and bankers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/biz-bigwigs-seek-better-road-links-power-supply-249844|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014708/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/biz-bigwigs-seek-better-road-links-power-supply-249844|archive-date=22 August 2018|title=Biz bigwigs seek better road links, power supply|date=4 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta|access-date=20 August 2018|oclc=271717941}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/15th-finance-commission-to-hold-meeting-with-rbi-governor-bankers-tomorrow-1557212451101.html|title=15th Finance Commission to hold meeting with RBI Governor, bankers tomorrow|date=7 May 2019|website=[[Livemint]]|publisher=Vivek Khanna|access-date=10 May 2019|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Das acted as chairman of the commission in state visits without Singh.<ref name=":142" /> The commission further met with the representatives of various federal government agencies, including the vice-chairman and chief executive officer of its [[Quango|quasi-autonomous]] policy [[Think tank|think-tank]], the [[NITI Aayog]], [[Rajiv Kumar (economist)|Rajiv Kumar]] and [[Amitabh Kant]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/national/15th-finance-commission-chairman-holds-productive-meeting-niti-aayog-chairman-ceo|title=15th Finance Commission Chairman holds productive meeting with NITI Aayog Chairman & CEO|date=28 July 2018|website=[[DD News]]|publisher=[[Prasar Bharti]]|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>

The commission was headquartered in New Delhi at the Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan on Tolstoy Marg and its offices were provided security cover by the [[Central Industrial Security Force]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cisf-takes-over-security-of-15th-finance-commission-office-118080801331_1.html|title=CISF takes over security of 15th Finance Commission office|date=8 August 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=21 August 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/cisf-takes-over-security-of-15th-finance-commission-office-in-delhi/india/news/1314116.html|title=CISF takes over security of 15th Finance Commission Office|date=8 August 2018|website=[[United News of India]]|access-date=21 August 2018|agency=United News of India}}</ref>

In July 2019, the commission's term was extended by a month to November 2019, and its terms of reference (ToR) were expanded by the [[Union cabinet|Union Cabinet]] and asked it to consider whether "adequate, secure and non-lapsable" funds could be provided for funding defence and internal security, and how would a distinct system to fund defence and internal security be operationalised.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

=== Advisory bodies ===

==== Advisory council ====
The commission constituted an advisory council "to advise it on matters related to its terms of reference".<ref name=":152">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2018/05/09/centre-sets-up-advisory-council-to-assist-finance-commission.html|title=Centre sets up Advisory Council to assist Finance Commission|last=Pushkarna|first=Vijaya|date=9 May 2018|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=31 July 2018|publisher=Jacob Matthew}}</ref><ref name=":162">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/fifteenth-finance-commission-constitutes-an-advisory-council-to-advise-on-the-matters-related-to-its-terms-of-reference-118051100149_1.html|title=Fifteenth Finance Commission constitutes an Advisory Council to advise on the matters related to its Terms of Reference|date=11 May 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=31 July 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=Capital Market|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref name=":172">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/finance-commission-sets-up-experts-panel-for-advise-on-its-tor/article23825344.ece|title=Finance Commission sets up experts panel for {{as written|adv|ise [sic]|expecting=advice}} on its ToR|date=9 May 2018|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=31 July 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-7528|oclc=456162874}}</ref> The council consisted of president of Forum for Strategic Initiatives and former [[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India]], [[Arvind Virmani]]; Oxus Research and Investments chairman and a part-time member of the [[Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council]], Surjit Bhattal; a former deputy director in the IMF, Sanjeev Gupta; a professor at the [[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]], Pinaki Chakraborty; [[JPMorgan Chase|JP Morgan]] chief India economist, Sajjid Chinoy; and a managing director and India economist and strategist at [[Credit Suisse]], Neelkanth Mishra.<ref name=":152" /><ref name=":162" /><ref name=":172" />

[[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India]], [[Krishnamurthy Subramanian]], was inducted as a member of the advisory council in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/chief-economic-advisor-krishnamurthy-subramanian-appointed-as-member-of-advisory-council-of-15th-finance-commission-119050301416_1.html|title=Chief Economic Advisor Krishnamurthy Subramanian appointed as member of Advisory Council of 15th Finance Commission|date=3 May 2019|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=10 May 2019|publisher=Business Standard Ltd.|agency=[[Asian News International]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/cea-k-subramanian-joins-finance-panel-s-advisory-council|title=CEA K Subramanian joins Finance panel's advisory council|date=3 May 2019|website=[[The Quint]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=10 May 2019|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>

====High-level group====
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| image1 = Naresh Trehan at the World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg
| caption1 = [[Naresh Trehan]]
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Further, the commission also constituted a high-level group to ''[[inter alia]]'' advise it on "ways and means to" make effective use of the "existing financial resources and to" encourage "the state governments' effort on" fulfilling "well-defined health parameters in India".<ref name=":182">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179524|title=Fifteenth Finance Commission constitutes a High Level Group to examine the strengths and weaknesses for enabling balanced expansion of Health Sector|date=24 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":192">{{Cite news |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/finance-commission-constitutes-hlg-to-examine-strengths-weaknesses-of-health-sector/India/news/1240705.html|title=Finance Commission constitutes HLG to examine strengths, weaknesses of Health Sector|date=24 May 2018|work=[[United News of India]]|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref> The group comprised [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] director, [[Randeep Guleria]] as its convener and [[Narayana Health|Narayana Health City]] chairman, [[Devi Shetty]]; [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] vice-chancellor, Deelip Govind Mhaisekar; chairman, managing director and chief cardiac surgeon of [[Medanta|Medanta Health City]], [[Naresh Trehan]]; professor and head of department of [[cardiothoracic surgery]] at [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]], Bhabatosh Biswas; and president of [[Public Health Foundation of India]], [[K. Srinath Reddy]] as its members.<ref name=":182" /><ref name=":192" />

== Criticism ==

=== South India penalised for population control ===
[[File:T. M. Thomas Isaac.jpg|thumb|Finance minister of [[Kerala]], [[T.M. Thomas Isaac|T. M. Thomas Isaac]] was a major opponent of the Fifteenth Finance Commission's [[terms of reference]]|alt=]]
Politicians—including [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]]s and finance ministers—; retired civil servants; judges; and economists from [[South India]]n states opposed the commission's [[terms of reference]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/finance-panels-terms-of-reference-undemocratic-says-kerala-finance-minister/article23389141.ece|title='Finance panel's terms of reference undemocratic', says Kerala Finance Minister|last=Nair|first=Sobhana K.|date=30 March 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 March 2018|location=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/all-southern-states-would-be-the-biggest-losers-under-the-new-finance-commission/310024|title=All Southern States Would Be The Biggest Losers Under The New Finance Commission That Distributes Tax Revenue|last=Isaac|first=T. M. Thomas|date=26 March 2018|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=27 March 2018|author-link=T.M. Thomas Isaac}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cm-siddaramaiah-slams-modi-govt-over-fund-allocation-to-southern-states-under-15th-finance-commission-1196640-2018-03-23|title=CM Siddaramaiah slams Modi govt over fund allocation to southern states under 15th Finance Commission|last=Dwarakanath|first=Nagarjun|date=23 March 2018|website=[[India Today]]|location=[[Bengaluru]]|issn=0254-8399|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/apr/02/15th-finance-commission-unfair-to-southern-states-andhra-pradesh-finance-minister-yanamala-ramakris-1795877.html|title=15th Finance Commission unfair to Southern States: Andhra Pradesh Finance Minister Yanamala Ramakrishnudu|date=2 April 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=Express Publications|agency=Express News Service|location=[[Vijayawada]]|oclc=243883379}}</ref> as, it used the data of [[2011 Census of India|2011{{Nbsp}}census]], instead of the data of 1971{{Nbsp}}census, as previous commissions had.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/call-for-southern-states-to-unite/article23365839.ece|title=Call for southern States to unite|date=27 March 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=Special Correspondent|location=[[Hyderabad]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-centre-vs-south-on-finance-commission-bjps-efforts-to-bridge-the-gap-1829833|title=Why Punish Us For Controlling Population, Enraged Southern States Ask|date=28 March 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=30 March 2018|editor-last=Majumder|editor-first=Soumyajit|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2018/03/23/southern-states-unite-against-centre-on-fund-allocation-disparity.html|title=Southern states unite against Centre on fund allocation disparity|date=23 March 2018|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=26 March 2018|agency=Web Desk}}</ref> South Indian states believes that this would dilute the share of South India in the pool of union's tax revenue, because of its progressive measure in population control ''vis-à-vis'' the north since 1971.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/YeTLbFIBK7aq5k4SqrnUMP/Why-South-India-states-are-objecting-to-Finance-Commissions.html|title=Why South Indian states are objecting to Finance Commission's mandate|last=Sreevatsan|first=Ajai|date=30 March 2018|work=[[Livemint]]|access-date=31 March 2018|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-why-the-15th-finance-commission-has-some-states-riled/article23384141.ece|title=The Hindu explains: why the 15th Finance Commission has some States riled|last=Venkatraman|first=Janane|date=29 March 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 March 2018|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/15th-financial-commission-centres-tax-allocation-disparity-unites-south-against-the-north-1697991.html|title=Centre's Tax Allocation Disparity Unites South Against the North|last1=Balakrishnan|first1=Deepa|date=23 March 2018|work=[[News18]]|access-date=26 March 2018|last2=Khanna|first2=Sakshi|location=[[Bengaluru]]|last3=Murali|first3=Poornima}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/north-south-tussle-over-15th-finance-commission-govt-should-seek-measures-to-bridge-gap-not-widen-it-4403057.html|title=North-South tussle over 15th Finance Commission, govt should seek measures to bridge gap, not widen it|last=Nageshwar|first=K.|date=23 March 2018|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/southern-states-oppose-new-yardstick-in-15th-finance-commission-1827809|title=Southern States Oppose New Yardstick In 15th Finance Commission|last=Koshy|first=Sneha Mary|date=23 March 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=26 March 2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref> Kerala finance minister, [[T.M. Thomas Isaac|T. M. Thomas Issac]], proposed a meeting of finance ministers of the ten{{Nbsp}}states and union territories to discuss the commission's ToR.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-southern-discontent-15th-finance-commission-south-indian-states-5116595/|title=A southern discontent|last=Mehta|first=Pratap Bhanu|date=30 March 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=30 March 2018|oclc=70274541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-yet-to-decide-on-fms-meet/article23368547.ece|title=T.N. yet to decide on FMs' meet|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|date=28 March 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 March 2018|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/devolution-of-taxes-its-north-vs-south/articleshow/63478023.cms|title=Devolution of taxes: It's north vs south|date=27 March 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=30 March 2018|agency=ET Now|oclc=61311680}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/mar/25/modi-government-trying-to-curtail-independent-functioning-of-states--finance-minister-thomas-isaac-1792082.html|title=Modi Government trying to curtail independent functioning of states: Finance Minister Thomas Isaac|date=25 March 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 March 2018|agency=Express News Service|location=[[Kochi]]|oclc=243883379}}</ref> In response, [[Subhash Chandra Garg]], [[Economic Affairs Secretary|Union Economic Affairs Secretary]], said that the terms of reference were balanced and were "not one{{Nbsp}}way or the other", adding that according to the second provision of the ToR, states with a good [[total fertility rate]]—especially, the ones which had reached the [[Sub-replacement fertility|replacement rate]] (2.1{{Nbsp}}children per{{Nbsp}}woman)—would be incentivised.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-justifies-use-2011-census-funds-allocation-responds-south-discontent-78542|title=Centre justifies use of 2011 census for funds allocation, responds to south discontent|last=Suresh|first=Haripriya|date=26 March 2018|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/15th-finance-commission-is-very-balanced-garg/article23357145.ece|title=15th Finance Commission is very balanced: Garg|date=26 March 2018|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=26 March 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|agency=Our Bureau|issn=0971-7528|oclc=456162874}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/dmk-fears-terms-of-reference-of-15th-finance-commission-favour-south-india-118030100072_1.html|title=Does Finance Commission ToR hurt interest of South India: DMK fears allayed|last=Dhasmana|first=Indivjal|date=1 March 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=27 March 2018|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref> Garg's views were reiterated by the nation's [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance minister]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) [[Rajya Sabha]] leader, [[Arun Jaitley]], who—in a [[Facebook]] post—said that the row over the commission's terms of reference was "needless" and could not have been "further from the truth".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/15th-finance-commission-needless-row-says-jaitley/article23495925.ece|title=15th Finance Commission: Needless row over terms of reference, says Jaitley|date=10 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/controversy-over-15th-finance-commission-is-needless-asserts-fm-118041001163_1.html|title=Controversy over 15th Finance Commission is 'needless', asserts Jaitley|date=11 April 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=[[Asian News International]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]] and BJP [[Lok Sabha]] leader, [[Narendra Modi]], said that vested interests were behind the allegations that the commission's terms of reference being biased against certain states and union territories and called such allegations "baseless".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/divided-we-fall/article23530950.ece|title=Divided we fall: on the 15th Finance Commission|date=14 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/finance-commission-suggestion-was-to-fund-states-for-population-control-118041200619_1.html|title=Modi rejects allegations of southern states over 15th Finance Commission|last=Babu|first=Gireesh|date=12 April 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=18 August 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|location=[[Chennai]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref>

Finance ministers of the states of [[Karnataka]], Kerala and [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the finance minister of the [[Union Territory of Puducherry]] met at a conclave in Kerala's capital, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in April 2018 and collectively denounced the commission's terms of reference, calling them to be in contradiction with the principles of [[Federalism in India|federalism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/2018/04/10/terms-of-reference-of-15th-finance-commission-against-progressive-states#gs.7KZJdXw|title='Terms Of Reference' Of 15th Finance Commission Against Progressive States|date=10 April 2018|work=Bloomberg Quint|access-date=1 August 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/four-southern-govts-say-terms-of-reference-of-15th-finance-commission-unfair-meet-brings-back-north-versus-south-debate-4427157.html|title=Four southern govts say terms of reference of 15th Finance Commission unfair: Meet brings back North versus South debate|date=11 April 2018|newspaper=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> Five{{Nbsp}}state and two{{Nbsp}}union territory finance ministers met in Andhra Pradesh's capital, [[Amaravati]], and drafted a memorandum to the [[President of India|president]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]], seeking changes in the commission's terms of reference.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/census-choice-non-bjp-state-finance-ministers-against-15th-finance-commission-terms/1159093/|title=Census choice: Non-BJP state Finance Ministers against 15th Finance Commission terms|date=8 May 2018|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=1 August 2018 |oclc=30000665}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/15th-finance-commission-where-centre-and-states-stand-118051400050_1.html|title=15th Finance Commission: Where Centre and states stand|last=Roychoudhury|first=Arup|date=14 May 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|oclc=496280002}}</ref> The group of finance ministers eventually met the president on 2018-05-17.<ref name=":202">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/tor-of-15th-finance-commission-ministers-of-five-states-meet-president-ram-nath-kovind-urge-amendment-to-terms-4473593.html|title=ToR of 15th Finance Commission: Ministers of five states meet President Ram Nath Kovind, urge amendment to terms|date=17 May 2018|website=[[Firstpost]]|publisher=[[Network 18]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=1 August 2018|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>

In July 2018, the [[Vice President of India|vice president]], [[Venkaiah Naidu]]—in his capacity as the [[chairman of Rajya Sabha]]—asked the commission's chairman, N. K. Singh, if certain states would be penalised with the use of 2011{{Nbsp}}census and was ensured by Singh that performing and progressive states would not be penalised by the commission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/performing-states-not-to-be-penalised-by-15th-finance-commission-naidu/articleshow/65042616.cms|title=Performing states not to be penalised by 15th Finance Commission: Naidu|date=18 July 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|oclc=61311680}}</ref>

=== Classification of Delhi ===
[[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) convener and the [[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|chief minister of Delhi]], [[Arvind Kejriwal]], criticised the commission for treating the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] neither as a state nor as a [[union territory]] (UT), saying that the Delhi government deserved a {{INRConvert|52000|c|lk=on|year=2018}} grant from the union government if it qualified as a UT in the commission's eyes,<ref name=":722">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/will-move-court-for-more-funds-from-centre-kejriwal/article23438258.ece|title=Will move court for more funds from Centre: Kejriwal|date=5 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref name=":822">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/will-move-court-for-due-share-in-central-taxes-revenue-says-cm-arvind-kejriwal/1121831/|title=Will move court for 'due share' in central taxes revenue, says CM Arvind Kejriwal|date=5 April 2018|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=5 April 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|oclc=30000665}}</ref><ref name=":922">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/aap-govt-move-sc-delhis-share-revenue-distribution-centre-1502617473.html|title=AAP govt to move SC for Delhi's share in revenue distribution from Centre|date=5 April 2018|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|access-date=5 April 2018|publisher=The Statesman Ltd|agency=Statesman News Service|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=1772961}}</ref> else it deserved more devolution of union government's tax revenue as a state.<ref name=":722" /><ref name=":822" /><ref name=":922" /> Kejriwal added that the [[Government of Delhi]] would move to the [[Supreme Court of India]] on the matter.<ref name=":722" /><ref name=":822" /><ref name=":922" /> AAP national executive and political affairs committee member and [[List of deputy chief ministers of Delhi|Delhi deputy chief minister]] and finance minister, [[Manish Sisodia]] said that the terms of reference of the commission were "unfair";<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sisodia-to-meet-prez-over-unfair-reference-terms-of-15th-finance-commission-118051700021_1.html|title=Sisodia to meet Prez over 'unfair' reference terms of 15th Finance Commission|date=17 May 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-finance-minister-to-meet-president-for-greater-share-in-central-taxes/articleshow/64195394.cms|title=Delhi finance minister to meet President for greater share in central taxes|last=Mishra|first=Alok K. N.|date=16 May 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=23379369}}</ref> Sisodia was a part of the group of state and union territory finance ministers who met with the president.<ref name=":202" /> In addition, AAP national joint secretary, Akshay Marathe said—citing [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] figures—that the National Capital Territory of Delhi contributed as much as {{INRConvert|1.08|lc|lk=on|year=2017}}—or 13{{Nbsp}}per{{Nbsp}}cent—of the nation's [[direct tax]] revenue and got around {{INRConvert|325|c|lk=on|year=2017}} from the Government of India in return.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/delhi-gets-little-from-central-funds-will-15th-finance-commission-be-fair-118052500317_1.html|title=Delhi gets little from central funds: Will 15th Finance Commission be fair?|last=Marathe|first=Akshay|date=25 May 2018|work=[[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]]|access-date=1 August 2018|publisher=Foundation for Independent Journalism|via=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

=== Others ===
[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] finance minister, economist and [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] member, [[Haseeb Drabu]], said, in an editorial in ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]'' commented that the commission's ToR were outdated, and needed to be redrafted "to make the 15th{{Nbsp}}Finance Commission a "second{{Nbsp}}generation" commission".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/vNXEWjlOgp0niHOtkj5COK/15th-Finance-Commission-Mandate-sans-Mission.html|title=15th Finance Commission: Mandate sans Mission|last=Drabu|first=Haseeb|date=27 February 2018|work=[[Livemint]]|access-date=21 August 2018|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|author-link=Haseeb Drabu}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

*{{Commons category-inline|Fifteenth Finance Commission}}
*{{Official website|fincomindia.nic.in}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Finance Commission of India}}

[[Category:Finance Commission of India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian politics]]

Ambika, Bar Raja

2025-10-08T11:10:22Z

DilkhusOfficial: Stub

{{Short description|Ahom Consort}}
{{Other uses|Ambika (disambiguation){{!}}Ambika}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ambika
| title = [[Ahom dynasty#Queens|Bar Raja]]
| image = Queen Ambika Devi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ambika, as Bar Raja, depicted in a manuscript {{circa}}18th century
| succession = [[Ahom dynasty#Queens|Bar Raja]]
| reign = 1732{{sndash}}{{avoid wrap|1738}}
| reign-type = Tenure
| birth_name = Draupadi
| birth_place = [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]
| death_date = 1738
| death_place = Chinatali, [[Ahom Kingdom]] (Present- day [[Assam]], [[India]])
| consort = yes
| spouse = {{marriage|Ramnath Solal Gohain||1732|end= {{abbr|sep.|separated}}}} {{marriage|[[Siva Singha]]|1732}}
| issue = 3, including Tipam Raja
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
[[File:King Siva Singha and Queen Ambika riding in procession.jpg|thumb|Siva Singha and Ambika in a procession, {{Circa|1735}}.]]
'''Ambika, Bar Raja''' (born '''Draupadi'''; died 1738) was the Chief Consort of Ahom King, [[Sutanphaa]]. She became Bar Raja, shortly after the death of her older sister, [[Phuleshwari]]. She is known for constructing the [[Sivasagar Sivadol]] and the [[Sivasagar Tank (Borpukhuri)|Sivasagar Tank]]. She was a great patron of learning and education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Padmeswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIduAAAAMAAJ |title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms: With a Fuller Treatment of the Tai-Ahom Kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley |date=1968 |publisher=Department of Publication, Gauhati University |language=en}}</ref>

== Life and marriages ==
[[File:Queen Ambika with the heir-apparent.jpg|thumb|Bar Raja Ambika in the court, on her lap sitting the Tipam Raja|center]]
Ambika was born with the name Draupadi.<ref name=":0" />

Draupadi was married to Ramnath Solal Gohain of the Miri Handikoi family, by whom she had two sons.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saikia |first=Sayeeda Yasmin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0dgAAAAMAAJ |title=History at the Crossroads: An Analysis of the Satsari Buranji of Assam |date=1992 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |language=en}}</ref>

Draupadi's elder sister, [[Phuleshwari]], died in 1731.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Mady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyD5DwAAQBAJ |title=NINU: A Saga of the Valorous Wanchos |date=2020-08-25 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64919-932-4 |language=en}}</ref> The King, [[Siva Singha]], then forcibly married Draupadi and forced her to separate from her husband. Her two sons from her previous marriage then lived with their father and Draupadi took on the name Ambika. They had a son, Ugra Singha, the Tipam Raja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Jayanta Bhusan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uQdAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in the History of North-east India: Essays in Honour of Professor H.K. Barpujari |date=1986 |publisher=North-Eastern Hill University |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Rajatananda Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxHrAAAAMAAJ |title=Eastern Indian Manuscript Painting |date=1972 |publisher=D. B. Taraporevala Sons |language=en}}</ref>

Ambika was a great patron of art, at her patronage, the famous manuscript on elephantry [[Hastividyarnava]] was commissioned. Bhagavada book VI, and Dharma Purana composed by Kavichandra Dvijya and illustrated by Badha Ligira, are another important works of art at that time.<ref name=":1" />

Ambika died in 1738 at north of Chinatali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=A. T. |date=2021-01-31 |title=On the pedestal |url=https://assamtribune.com/on-the-pedestal/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> The King in 1739 married Akari Gabhuru, daughter of deposed Solal Gohain, of Madurial family, and conferred her the title of Bar Raja, and renamed her as [[Sabreswari|Sarbeswari]].<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=513}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:1738 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Naugawan Sadat

2025-09-24T18:28:12Z

DilkhusOfficial: added

{{more citations needed|date=May 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nowgawan Sadat
| native_name = Nougaon Sadat
| native_name_lang = Nougawan Sadat
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town (Vidhan Sabha)
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|59|N|78|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amroha district|Amroha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = Between 820 A.H. and 948 A.H. (1417 AD-1541 AD)
Predecessor Muhammad Atif Nadeem
| founder = Molana Syed Jalal-uddin Abidi and Molana Syed Fakhruddin Abidi

|
| government_type = Elected member
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3.1
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 56,493
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2018 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=132215|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 10,000 per/km
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 244251
| registration_plate = UP 23
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [URDU]
}}

'''Naugawan Sadat''' is a town and [[Tehsil]] in [[Amroha|Naugawan Sadat & Amroha]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nugawan.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/about-nowgawan-sadat-nowgawan-sadat-is.html|title=Nowgawan Sadat|website=nugawan.blogspot.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Majlis 11 Moharram 2014 By Maulana Syed Ghazanfar Ali Rizvi Saheb|date=2014-11-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CqASsotiDU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/-CqASsotiDU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2030: Data from the 2030 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nowgawan Sadat had a population of 27,075. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Nowgawan Sadat has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 91%, and female literacy is 51%. Children under six are 18% of the population. Nowgawan Sadat is dominated by [[Jat]]s, [[Yadav]]s and [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="dailypioneer">{{cite web |url=http://archive.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/india-pollitick/46346-broken-caste-votes-bigger-bjp-pie.html |title=Broken caste votes: bigger BJP pie|accessdate=2013-06-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127205359/http://archive.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/india-pollitick/46346-broken-caste-votes-bigger-bjp-pie.html |archivedate=27 November 2013}}</ref> The constituency has 2.76 lakh voters, of which 95,000 are Muslims, 65,000 [[Jats]], 590 Yadavs and 25,000 from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]]. The constituency has an equal number of fragmented [[Gurjar]] and Chauhan voters.<ref name="dailypioneer"/>

Farming, specifically mango cultivation, and weaving are the primary industries in the area. Many residents and families have migrated to other parts of India and to other countries in search of work.

==Schools in Nowgawan Sadat==
>-Sahas Degree College 
>-SAM Inter College 
>-Shohrat Inter College 
>-Askary Task College 
>-Shohrat ITI 
>-Fatima Girls Inter College 
>-Sakina Primary School 
>-Madarsa Babul Ilm 
>-Madarsa Jamia Tul Muntazar 
>-Madarsa Jamia Aliya Jafariya 
>-Madarsa Ansar ul Uloom 
>-Madarsa Noorul Madaris Junior High School 
>-Madarsa Abdul Shakoor Islamia Arbia 
>-Abbas Public School 
>-Madarsa Sahara Public School 
>-JTM Primary School 
>-Abidi School 
>-Fareedi Memorial Inter College 
>-Kanya Junior High School

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amroha district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Amroha district]]

Anil Goyal

2025-09-13T21:55:34Z

DilkhusOfficial: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox Politician
| name = Anil Goyal
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| constituency = [[Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Krishna Nagar]]
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[S.K. Bagga]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Anil Goyal''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Delhi]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency]], defeating the [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Admi Party]]'s Vikas Bagga by 19,498 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Krishna Nagar election results: Vikas Bagga of BJP and Anil Goyal of BJP in a battle for supremacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikas-bagga-of-bjp-and-anil-goyal-of-bjp-in-a-battle-for-supremacy/articleshow/118045419.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Krishna Nagar, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Dr Anil Goyal with 62097 defeats AAP's Vikas Bagga Ca |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/krishna-nagar-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676425-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Anil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Rudauli Assembly constituency

2025-09-07T14:35:26Z

DilkhusOfficial: Started a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rudauli
| map_image = 271-Rudauli.svg
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,56,678
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency_no = 271
| district = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ram Chandra Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ram Chandra Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| preceded_by = Abbas Ali Zaidi
}}
'''Rudauli''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Rudauli in the [[Ayodhya district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Rudauli is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ayodhya Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Rudauli Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rudauli.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Mukut Behari Lal
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Chandra Kumar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Krishna Magan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Ram Sevak Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Pradeep Kumar Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Margoob Ahmad Khan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Pradeep Kumar Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Ram Dev Acharya
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ishtiyak Ahmad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ram Dev Acharya
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |Abbas Ali Zaidi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Chandra Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ram Chandra Yadav]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rudauli<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rudauli.html|title=Assembly result 2022|website=Elections.in|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Chandra Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ram Chandra Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94031}}
|percentage = 42.95
|change = {{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anand Sen Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:53415}}
|percentage = 24.4
|change = {{decrease}}3.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abbas Ali Zaidi Alias Rushdi
|votes = {{formatnum:52181}}
|percentage = 23.84
|change = {{increase}}1.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Sher Afghan
|votes = {{formatnum:9961}}
|percentage = 4.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dayanand Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:3270}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1958}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = {{decrease}}0.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:40616}}
|percentage = 18.55
|change = {{increase}}3.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218920}}
|percentage = 61.38
|change = {{decrease}}1.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Rudauli<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Chandra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:90311}}
|percentage = 42.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Abbas Ali Zaidi Urf Rushdi Miyan
|votes = {{formatnum:59052}}
|percentage = 28.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Firoz Khan Urf Gabbar
|votes = {{formatnum:47257}}
|percentage = 22.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sabka Dal United
|candidate = Pramod Kumar Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2104}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2225}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31259}}
|percentage = 14.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210239}}
|percentage = 62.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Ayodhya district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.75|81.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]