Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

P. Balakrishnan

2023-10-01T09:25:37Z

Dilip kumar:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Balakrishnan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Nellikode
| occupation = Producer and script writer
| years_active = 1967 – 2000
| parents =
| spouse = Radhika
| children = 4
}}
'''P. Balakrishnan''' is an Indian film screenwriter, lyricist, director and producer in [[Malayalam]] movies.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=398 | title=Dr Balakrishnan | publisher=MalayalaChalachithram | accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=dialog&artist=Dr%20Balakrishnan | title=Profile of Malayalam Dialog Writer Dr Balakrishnan | publisher=MalayalaSangeetham | accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref> He scripted story and dialogue for more than 50 movies. He has also directed and produced around 10 movies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Dr-Balakrishnan/celebrities/4564102396 |title=DR BALAKRISHNAN |publisher=Nth Wall |accessdate=24 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024133414/http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Dr-Balakrishnan/celebrities/4564102396 |archivedate=24 October 2014 }}</ref> His debut movie is ''Thalirukal'' in 1965.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/10/28/stories/0428402o.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140911115314/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/10/28/stories/0428402o.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 September 2014 | title=Should Kodava be independent of Kannada, other languages? | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=24 October 2014 | date=2000-10-28 | author=Chinnappa, K. Jeevan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Sathyan%20Anthikad-690 | title=Sathyan Anthikad Profile | publisher=Metromatinee | accessdate=24 October 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911115823/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Sathyan%20Anthikad-690 | archivedate=11 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://music.fundala.in/2013/05/07/neram-music-review-tamilmalayalam-movie-soundtrack/ | title=Neram – Music Review (Tamil/Malayalam Movie Soundtrack) | publisher=Music Nloud | date=7 May 2013 | accessdate=24 October 2014 | author=Vipin | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911143419/http://music.fundala.in/2013/05/07/neram-music-review-tamilmalayalam-movie-soundtrack/ | archivedate=11 September 2014}}</ref> Renowned film director [[Satyan Anthikad]] started film career working as his assistant. He is also credited with introducing imminent film director [[I.V. Sasi]] and music director [[A. T. Ummer]] to the Malayalam film industry.

==Partial filmography==

===Dialogue===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Thalirukal (1967)
* Kaliyalla Kalyaanam (1968)
* Ladies Hostel (1973)
* Nadeenadanmaare Aavasyamundu (1974)
* College Girl (1974)
* Ayalathe Sundari (1974)
* Madhurappathinezhu (1975)
* Love Letter (1975)
* Chandanachola (1975)
* Kalyaanappanthal (1975)
* Thaamarathoni (1975)
* Madhuram Thirumadhuram (1976)
* Sindooram (1976)
* Manassoru Mayil (1977)
* Snehayamuna (1977)
* Raajaparampara (1977)
* Jalatharangam (1978)
* Enikku Njaan Swantham (1979)
* Agnivyooham (1979)
* ''[[Sarpam]]'' (1979)
* Kaavalmaadam (1980)
* Arangum Aniyarayum (1980)
* Poochasanyaasi (1981)
* Anuraagakkodathi (1982)
* ''[[Kurukkante Kalyanam]]'' (1982)
* Beedikkunjamma (1982)
* Sindoorasandhyaykku Mounam (1982)
* ''[[Kinnaaram]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Mandanmaar Londonil]]'' (1983)
* Vikadakavi (1984)
* Thathamme Poocha Poocha (1984)
* ''[[Kaliyil Alpam Karyam]]'' (1984)
* Veruthe Oru Pinakkam (1984)
* Vepraalam (1984)
* Nayakan (1985)
* ''[[Prem Poojari]]'' (1999)
{{div col end}}

===Screenplay===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Thalirukal (1967)
* Kaliyalla Kalyaanam (1968)
* Nadeenadanmaare Aavasyamundu (1974)
* College Girl (1974)
* Madhurappathinezhu (1975)
* Love Letter (1975)
* Chandanachola (1975)
* Kalyaanappanthal (1975)
* Thaamarathoni (1975)
* Madhuram Thirumadhuram (1976)
* Sindooram (1976)
* Manassoru Mayil (1977)
* Raajaparampara (1977)
* Jalatharangam (1978)
* Enikku Njaan Swantham (1979)
* Agnivyooham (1979)
* ''[[Sarpam]]'' (1979)
* Kaavalmaadam (1980)
* Arangum Aniyarayum (1980)
* Anuraagakkodathi (1982)
* ''[[Kurukkante Kalyanam]]'' (1982)
* Beedikkunjamma (1982)
* Sindoorasandhyaykku Mounam (1982)
* Kinnaaram (1983)
* Mandanmaar Londonil (1983)
* Vikadakavi (1984)
* Thathamme Poocha Poocha (1984)
* Kaliyil Alpam Karyam (1984)
* Veruthe Oru Pinakkam (1984)
* Vepraalam (1984)
* Nayakan (Vaa Kuruvi Varu Kuruvi) (1985)
* Prem Poojaari (1999)
{{div col end}}

===Story===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Thalirukal (1967)
* Kaliyalla Kalyaanam (1968)
* Ladies Hostel (1973)
* Nadeenadanmaare Aavasyamundu (1974)
* College Girl (1974)
* Madhurappathinezhu (1975)
* Love Letter (1975)
* Chandanachola (1975)
* Kalyaanappanthal (1975)
* Thaamarathoni (1975)
* Madhuram Thirumadhuram (1976)
* Sindooram (1976)
* Manassoru Mayil (1977)
* Snehayamuna (1977)
* Raajaparampara (1977)
* Jalatharangam (1978)
* Enikku Njaan Swantham (1979)
* Agnivyooham (1979)
* Kaavalmaadam (1980)
* Arangum Aniyarayum (1980)
* Dantha Gopuram (1981)
* Anuraagakkodathi (1982)
* Kurukkante Kalyaanam (1982)
* Beedikkunjamma (1982)
* Sindoorasandhyaykku Mounam (1982)
* Kinnaaram (1983)
* Mandanmaar Londonil (1983)
* Vikadakavi (1984)
* Thathamme Poocha Poocha (1984)
* Kaliyil Alpam Karyam (1984)
* Veruthe Oru Pinakkam (1984)
* Nayakan (1985)
{{div col end}}

===Direction===
* Love Letter (1975)
* Kalyaanappanthal (1975)
* Madhuram Thirumadhuram (1976)
* Kaadaaru Maasam (1976)
* Raajaparampara (1977)
* Evide En Prabhaatham (1979)

===Production===
* Ladies Hostel (1973)
* College Girl (1974)
* Love Letter (1975)
* Chandanachola (1975)

===Lyrics===
* Ithuvare Pennoru ... Kaliyalla Kalyaanam 1968
* Maanasaveenayil ... Ladies Hostel 1973
* Chandanakkuriyitta ... College Girl 1974
* Kingini Ketti ... College Girl 1974
* Anjanamizhikal ... College Girl 1974
* Muthiyamma Pole Vannu ... College Girl 1974
* Amrithaprabhaatham Virinju ... College Girl 1974
* Arikathu Njammalu Bannotte ... College Girl 1974
* Oru Swapna Binduvil ... Vrindaavanam 1974
* Swargamandaarappookkal ... Vrindaavanam 1974
* Pattudayaada ... Vrindaavanam 1974
* Oru Thulli Madhu tha ... Vrindaavanam 1974
* Madhuvidhu Raathri ... Vrindaavanam 1974
* Bindu Neeyananda ... Chandanachola 1975
* Maniyaanchettikku ... Chandanachola 1975
* Bindu Neeyen Jeeva ... Chandanachola 1975 P Susheela
* Manavaattippenninallo ... Kalyaanappanthal 1975
* Kaashaaya Kaashellam ... Madhuram Thirumadhuram 1976
* Oru Nokku Devi ... Madhuram Thirumadhuram 1976
* Oh My Love My Love ... Madhuram Thirumadhuram 1976
* Naduvodinjoru mollaakka ... Madhuram Thirumadhuram 1976
* Kaathu Kaathu ... Manassoru Mayil 1977
* Hamse Sunlo ... Manassoru Mayil 1977
* Maanathoraaraattam ... Manassoru Mayil 1977
* Sandhye Nee Va Va Sindooram Tha Tha ... Snehikkan Samayamilla 1978
* Kuttappa Njan Achanalleda ... Snehikkan Samayamilla 1978
* Kaakkayennulla Vaakkinartham ... Jalatharangam 1978
* Sakhi Sakhi Chumbanam ... Jalatharangam 1978

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0049397}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakrishnan, Dr.}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Padamner

2023-09-17T00:47:13Z

Dilip kumar: Published a well-researched resource.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padamner
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.14204|N|79.3004|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.026
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1937
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Padamner''' ([[Devanagari]]: पदमनेर {{IAST|Padamner}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,937, in 287 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Padamner had a population of 1,937, in 287 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|200}} This population was 54.3% male (1,052) and 45.7% female (885). The 0-6 age group numbered 254 (134 male and 120 female), or 13.1% of the total population. 338 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 17.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|142-3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Padamner as having a population of 1,147 people, in 192 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Padamner as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 857 people (468 male and 389 female), in 155 households and 109 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 759 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcviii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Padamner had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, well, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|200-5}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Tales of Mahanagara

2023-09-15T20:25:12Z

Dilip kumar: Article generated.

{{Infobox film
| name = Tales of Mahanagara
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Rajeev Kiran Vaneil
| producer = Vijaykuar Gejjenada Dharmendra Mahadev Rao
| story = Atharv Vijay
| screenplay = Rajeev Kiran Vaneil Atharv Vijay
| starring = Atharv Vijay Ramola Shimoga Samoath Maitreya 
| music = Siddharth Parashar
| cinematography = Raushan Kumar Jha
| editing = Pradeep Gopal
| studio = Atharv Pictures
| distributor = Abhijit Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|09|15|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Tales of Mahanagara''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama]] [[suspense thriller film]] directed by Rajeev Kiran Vaneil and produced by Vijaykuar Gejjenada along with Dharmendra Mahadev Rao under Atharv Pictures banner<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/tales-of-mahanagara/movieshow/103658836.cms|title=' Tales Of Mahanagara|website=The Times of Indaia }}</ref>. The film stars Atharv Vijay and Ramola US in the lead roles. The music is composed by Siddharth Parashar, the cinematography is by Raushan Kumar Jha and the editing is handled by Pradeep Gopal The film is about six orphans who meet in an apartment and how they escape from the exterem conditions

Kiccha [[Sudeepa]] voiced the teaser which was released on August 12th. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kiccha-sudeep-supports-atharv-starrer-tales-of-mahanagara-movie/articleshow/102683433.cms|title=Pattedari Pratibha Punar Vivah serial actor Atharv supported by Kiccha Sudeep|website=vijaykarnataka}}</ref> The film's trailer was released on 28 August 2023 and Movie was released theatrically on 15 September 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/tales-of-mahanagara-kannada-movie|title=Tales of Mahanagara Triler release date|website=Udayavani}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Atharv Vijay as Manu
*Ramola US as Isha
*Sampath Maitreya as Siddha
*RJ ANoopa as Facebook Ravi
*Ashish Athawale as Sappe Uncle
*Vijay Venkatesh as Ranna
*Mahathi Vaishnavi Bhat as Nidhi
*Roopa Muthurayappa as Lilly
*[[B. Suresha]] as Guruji

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tales of Mahanagara
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Siddharth Parashar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = A2 Music
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|1WoQZQw4Qzg|Salaga - Full Album}}
}}
}}

== Music==

The music of the film is composed by Siddharth Parashar and released under A2 Music.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tu Jaan
| extra1 = Keshav Anand
| lyrics1 = Chinmay Bhavikere
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Idu Bengaluru Kananna
| extra2 = Gubbi
| lyrics2 = Kiran, Chandan and Tejas
| length2 = 2:51
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|tt28970508}}

[[Category:2020s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]

Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir

2023-09-15T02:44:35Z

Dilip kumar: Published a new article draft.

{{Short description|Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Hangul white background.png|thumb|A lithograph of the [[Kashmir stag|Kashmiri Stag (Hangul)]] circa 1898.]]

The '''fauna of Jammu and Kashmir''' consist of all [[fauna]] living in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The largest group overall is the [[Arthropods]], whereas the largest in vertebrates are the [[Birds]].{{cn}}

== Biodiversity ==

The fauna of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] account for about 16% of all fauna in India. The majority are vertebrates with around 14% of the species in Jammu and Kashmir, whereas invertebrates are about 2%.{{cn}}

=== Vertebrates ===
There are 867 vertebrate species living in Jammu and Kashmir out of the 6122 species in all of India. Of these 867, 120 are fish, 17 are amphibians, 63 are reptiles, 555 are birds, and 112 are mammals.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Dar |first=Ghulam Hassan |title=An Introduction to Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_1 |work=Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State |pages=3–26 |access-date=2023-06-25 |publisher=Springer, Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_1/tables/1 |last2=Khuroo |first2=Anzar A.}}</ref> Fish make up about 14%, 2% are amphibians, 7% are reptiles, 64% are birds, and mammals make up 13%.

==== Livestock ====
In Kashmir, there are seven breeds of sheep, five breeds of goat, three breeds of horse, two breeds of cattle, and one breed of camel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamadani |first=Ambreen |title=Livestock and poultry breeds of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360972606_Livestock_and_poultry_breeds_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh |journal=[[Indian Journal of Animal Sciences]] |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> In his 1895 book ''[[The Valley of Kashmir]]'', travelogue author [[Walter Roper Lawrence]] said that Kashmiri cattle were "small but hardy, and for their size they do a fair tail of work." He also says "they are rather bigger than Brittany cattle, have humps, and their prevailing color is black or grey."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawrence Walter R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234537 |title=The Valley Of Kashmir }}</ref>

=== Invertebrates ===
In Jammu and Kashmir, there are 1485 species of invertebrates, out of the 83,479 species in all of India. There 121 species of [[rotifer]]s, 22 species of [[annelid]]s, 1315 species of [[arthropod]]s, and 27 species of [[mollusk]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, rotifers make up 8% of the 1485 species of invertebrates, 1% are annelids, 89% are arthropods, and mollusks make up less than 2%.{{cn}}

== Conservation ==

=== Endangered Species ===
In Jammu and Kashmir, there are 71 threatened species of fauna. Of these 71, 33 are birds, 26 are mammals, five reptiles or fish, and two amphibians.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Bhat |first=Bilal A. |title=Threatened Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir State |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38 |work=Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State |pages=997–1009 |access-date=2023-06-25 |publisher=Springer, Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38/figures/1 |last2=Ahmad |first2=Riyaz |last3=Fazili |first3=Mustahson F. |last4=Haq |first4=Iqram Ul |last5=Bhat |first5=G. A.}}</ref>

Among the birds, three species are [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered]], four are [[Endangered species|endangered]], 11 are listed as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]], and 15 are [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]]. Among the mammals, one species is critically endangered, five are endangered, eight are vulnerable, and 12 are near threatened. The threatened [[herpetofauna]] of Jammu and Kashmir include five reptilians (two are endangered, two are vulnerable, and one is near threatened) and two amphibians (one is endangered, one is near threatened). Three species of fish are considered threatened (one is critically endangered, one is endangered, and the last one is vulnerable), with the final two assessed as near threatened.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The total number of near threatened faunal species is 30.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Bhat |first=Bilal A. |title=Threatened Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir State |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38 |work=Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State |pages=997–1009 |editor-last=Dar |editor-first=Ghulam Hassan |access-date=2023-06-25 |series=Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38 |isbn=978-981-329-174-4 |last2=Ahmad |first2=Riyaz |last3=Fazili |first3=Mustahson F. |last4=Haq |first4=Iqram Ul |last5=Bhat |first5=G. A. |editor2-last=Khuroo |editor2-first=Anzar A.}}</ref>

== Sources ==

# [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234537/mode/2up The Valley Of Kashmir]
# [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4 Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State]
## [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_1/tables/1 Table 1.1]
## [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38/figures/1 Figure 38.1]
# [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360972606_Livestock_and_poultry_breeds_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh (PDF) Livestock and poultry breeds of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]
# [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25181065M/Flora_and_fauna_of_Jammu_Kashmir_Ladakh Flora and Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir]

== External Links ==

* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38/tables/1 Table 38.1]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Kannur Squad

2023-09-10T12:44:00Z

Dilip kumar: Shared a valuable resource.

{{Short description|Upcoming Malayalam-language film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannur Squad
| image = Kannur Squad poster.jpeg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Roby Varghese Raj]]
| writer = {{Plain list|
* Muhammed Shafi
* [[Rony David|Rony David Raj]]
}}
| producer = [[Mammootty]]
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Mammootty]]
* [[Vijayaraghavan]]
* [[Rony David]]
* [[Shabareesh Varma]]
* [[Azees Nedumangad]]
}}
| cinematography = Muhammed Rahil
| editing = [[Praveen Prabhakar]]
| music = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| studio = Mammootty Kampany
| distributor = {{Plain list|
* [[Wayfarer Films]] {{Small|(India)}}
* Truth Global Films {{Small|(UAE)}}
}}
| released =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}'''''Kannur Squad''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime film|crime drama film]] directed by [[Roby Varghese Raj]] in his directorial debut. It is written by Muhammed Shafi, who co-wrote the screenplay with [[Rony David]]. The film stars [[Mammootty]] in the lead role, along with [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Rony David]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Shabareesh Varma]] and [[Sunny Wayne]].

== Cast ==

* [[Mammootty]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] George Martin
* [[Rony David|Rony David Raj]]
* [[Shabareesh Varma]]
* [[Azees Nedumangad]]
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar G.]]
* [[Vijayaraghavan]]
* [[Sunny Wayne]]
* [[Sajin Cherukayil]]
* [[Deepak Parambol]]
* Gibin Gopinath
* Sarath Sabha

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Kannur Squad'' marks the fourth production of Mammootty Kampany, following [[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam|''Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannur Squad trailer: Mammootty chases dreaded criminals in intriguing thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kannur-squad-trailer-mammootty-chases-dreaded-criminals-in-intriguing-thriller-8929253/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It will also be the directorial debut of cinematographer [[Roby Varghese Raj]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |title=‘Kannur Squad’ trailer: Mammootty and team go on a nationwide manhunt in this investigative thriller |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannur-squad-trailer-mammootty-and-team-go-on-a-nationwide-manhunt-in-this-investigative-thriller/article67284384.ece |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Initially, it was tentatively titled ''Megastar 421'', but in the beginning of 2023, Mammootty revealed that the film's title would be ''Kannur Squad''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannur Squad: Mammootty REVEALS the title of Megastar 421; Drops an exciting update |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kannur-squad-mammootty-reveals-the-title-of-megastar-421-drops-an-exciting-update-1207273 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The [[principal photography]] of the film began on {{Date|Dec 27, 2022}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty - Roby Varghese Raj’s upcoming film titled ‘Kannur Squad’ Malayalam Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/mammootty-roby-varghese-rajs-upcoming-film-titled-kannur-squad/videoshow/97370562.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=It’s a wrap for Mammootty starrer ‘Kannur Squad’ |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mammootty-starrer-kannur-squad/articleshow/99316840.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mammootty joined the film set on {{Date|Jan 1, 2023}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty joins the sets of his next helmed by Roby Varghese Raj |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-joins-the-sets-of-his-next-helmed-by-roby-varghese-raj/articleshow/96705123.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The filming took place in [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Belgaum]], [[Mangalore]] and [[Coimbatore]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |title=It's a wrap for Mammootty's Kannur Squad |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/07/its-a-wrap-for-mammoottys-kannur-squad-42039.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Pune schedule began on {{Date|Feb 14, 2023}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty drives to Pune to join the sets of his next movie, see photo |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mammootty-drives-to-pune-to-join-the-sets-of-his-next-movie-see-photo/5f8de8934e643 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The Mumbai schedule was completed in the first week of March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty’s ‘Kannur Squad’ Mumbai shooting schedule wraps up; see pic |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-kannur-squad-mumbai-shooting-schedule-wraps-up-see-pic/articleshow/98493732.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was followed by a 10-day schedule in Wayanad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |title=Kannur Squad team to head next to Wayanad |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/09/kannur-squad-team-to-head-next-to-wayanad-40840.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After the completion of the Wayanad schedule, some portions were shot near [[Willingdon Island]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty's Kannur Squad nears completion |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/22/mammoottys-kannur-squad-nears-completion-41401.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The entire filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on {{Date|Apr 6, 2023}} after a 91-day schedule.<ref name=":1" />

=== Marketing ===
On {{Date|Feb 26, 2023}}, the makers released a first-look poster featuring Mammootty.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty’s next with Roby Varghese Raj titled ‘Kannur Squad’, first look poster out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-next-with-roby-varghese-raj-titled-kannur-squad-first-look-poster-out/articleshow/98252193.cms |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A second-look poster was unveiled on {{Date|Apr 15, 2023}} featuring Mammootty, along with Rony David, Azees Nedumangad, and Shabareesh Varma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |title=Mammootty's Kannur Squad gets a second look poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/15/mammottys-kannur-squad-gets-a-second-look-poster-42371.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During Mammootty's 72nd birthday on {{Date|Sep 7, 2023}}, the official trailer was launched.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HBD Mammootty: From 'Kannur Squad' to 'Bramayugam,' movie announcements to look out for |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hbd-mammootty-from-kannur-squad-to-bramayugam-movie-announcements-to-look-out-for/photostory/103437840.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=‘Kannur Squad’ trailer: Mammootty and his squad are on a quest to track down the most wanted criminals |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kannur-squad-trailer-mammootty-and-his-squad-are-on-a-quest-to-track-down-the-most-wanted-criminals/articleshow/103476751.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
The songs are composed by [[Sushin Shyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty's Kannur Squad trailer release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/sep/06/mammottys-kannur-squad-trailer-release-date-out-47370.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The release date of the film is to be announced. [[Wayfarer Films]] will distribute the film in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |title=Mammootty-Roby Varghese Raj’s film titled ‘Kannur Squad’ |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mammootty-roby-varghese-rajs-film-titled-kannur-squad/article66559280.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The overseas distribution will be done by Truth Global Films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannur Squad {{!}} കണ്ണൂർ സ്ക്വാഡ് - Mallu Release {{!}} Watch Malayalam Full Movies |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2023/02/kannur-squad.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |language=english}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt25274786|title=Kannur Squad}}

[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:2020s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sushin Shyam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kasaragod]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Vipul K. Rawal

2023-09-08T06:30:46Z

Dilip kumar: Created page with '== Early Years == Born in the former princely state of Wadhwan, Vipul did his schooling from a Military School in Dehradun and later in Vapi, Gujarat. It was during...'

{{short description|Indian screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vipul K Rawal
| image = Vipul_Picture.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| occupation = {{hlist|Scriptwriter|author}}
| spouse = Sindhu V Rawal (1993–present)
| parents =
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 1997–present
| website = [http://www.ebizindia.co.in]
}}
'''Vipul K Rawal''' is an Indian [[scriptwriter]], [[film maker]], and [[author]]. Rawal's most recent film was ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' starring [[Akshay Kumar]] for which Akshay Kumar won the National Award for the best actor. Rawal also wrote the episodic television series ''[[Vicky Ki Taxi]]'', which centered on the life and adventures of a Mumbai taxi driver, and that was funded by Turner Broadcasting Corporation. He wrote another film, ''[[A New Love Ishtory]]''. ''Audi Alteram Parten'', a documentary written by him about the miscarriage of justice and the delay in implementation of Srikrishna Commission has been nominated in the Best Documentary and Audience Choice award at the Stuttgart Film Festival, Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywood-festival.de/en/film-programme/programme/film-programme-friday-22-july-2011/docu-2-audi-alteram-partem-hear-the-other-side.html |title=Docu 2: Audi Alteram Partem - Hear the other side |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005141039/http://www.bollywood-festival.de/en/film-programme/programme/film-programme-friday-22-july-2011/docu-2-audi-alteram-partem-hear-the-other-side.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Rawal regularly contributes articles for various newspapers, magazines and websites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fakingnews.com/2011/09/producer-under-fire-for-giving-scriptwriter-a-fee-as-high-as-actress-wardrobe-budget|title=Producer under fire for giving scriptwriter a fee as high as heroine's wardrobe budget|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> He turned director and producer with a psychological thriller titled ''[[Tony (2019 film)|Tony]]'' that released on 29 November 2019.

==Forthcoming projects==
* ''[[Ahaan (upcoming film)|Ahaan]]'' – A coming-of-age story about a boy with [[Down Syndrome]] who is forced to live with an uncle who has [[Obsessive Compulsive Disorder]]. [[Adil Hussain]] plays the uncle, and for the first time in Indian cinema, a boy with Down Syndrome plays a lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/news-interviews/40442158_1_down-syndrome-bollywood-debut-obsessive-compulsive-disorder|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712055702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/news-interviews/40442158_1_down-syndrome-bollywood-debut-obsessive-compulsive-disorder|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-12|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Boy with Down syndrome makes his debut in Bollywood}}</ref>

==Films as a producer/director==
In 2019, he started a production company with the intent of producing small budget content based films under Rs. 1 Crore. His first film, ''[[Tony (2019 film)|Tony]]'', was released on 29 November 2019 in 150 theaters across India and worldwide digitally. The film received high praise on IMDb and book my show with a rating of 8.5 on IMDb.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8017136/|title=IMDB|website=[[IMDb]]|date=29 November 2019}} {{unreliable source?|date=June 2020}}</ref> The film also garnered decent reviews from the media and critics. The [[Times of India]] gave the film 2.5 rating out of 5 and said "All-in-all, 'TONY' tries, but fails to delve deep into the mind-set of a serial killer and turn it into a gripping murder mystery- psychological thriller. If you are a hunter of good content (and good content alone), go... scout for Tony!"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tony/movie-review/72274112.cms |title=Tony Movie Review : Good story, actors disappoint |first=Pallabi Dey |last=Purkayastha |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2019-11-27 |access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref>
Australian film blogger and indie film critic Richard Gary said "The film reminds me more of the crime shows that have been come out on cable from Europe recently, such as 'Ultraviolet' and 'The Valhalla Murders.' The moments of time stretching are definitely there, but overall, this is still a taut thriller, especially once you pass the 45-minute mark. While the ending I thought up was pretty good but not realized, this still passes the biting the fingernail test (figuratively, not literally)."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiehorrorfilms.blogspot.com/2020/03/review-tony.html |title=Review: Tony |first=Richard |last=Gary |website=Indie Horror Films |date=2020-03-25 |access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref>
''[[FilmInk]]'', a prominent Australian Film news website too gave a positive review to the film. "a dense tapestry that manages to engage and unsettle from end to end, with nary a dead spot in sight" said the website.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/reviews/tony-mentor-serial-killer-tony/ |title=Tony (My Mentor The Serial Killer Tony) |first=Cain |last=Noble-Davies |magazine=[[FilmInk]] |access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref>

==First book==
His first book titled ''फ़िल्म की कहानी कैसे लिखें'' published by [[Rajkamal Prakashan]]. The book teaches the fundamentals of script writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajkamalprakashan.com/radha/catalog/product/view/id/4849/s/film-ki-kahani-kaise-likhein/category/333/|title=Film Ki Kahani Kaise Likhein – पटकथा लेखन – Script Writing – सिनेमा – Cinema – All Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-23/news/29569017_1_books-first-print-first-novel|title=Check out how investing in rare and antique books, newspapers and magazines can give you high returns}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*[[A New Love Ishtory]] (2013) – Story
*Bijlee (tentative title) (2014) – Story
*Audi Alteram Partam (Hear the other side) – Script and screenplay
*[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]] (2016) – Story, screenplay, dialogues
*Mumbai Varanasi Express (Short Film) (2016) – Story and screenplay
*[[Batti Gul Meter Chalu]] (2018) - Original story concept
*[[Tony (2019 film)|Tony]] (2019) - Writer, Director <ref name="Cinestaan">{{cite web|last1=Kahlon|first1=Sukhpreet|title= Diorama 2019: Exciting time to be a scriptwriter if you can think originally, says Vipul Rawal|url= https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/19/18186/diorama-2019-exciting-time-to-be-a-scriptwriter-if-you-can-think-originally-says-vipul-rawal|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date= 19 Jan 2019|ref= Vipul Rawal}}</ref>
*[[Mission Raniganj]] (2023) - Screenplay<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Controversial Akshay Kumar Film: Name Change Triggered |url=https://asianatimes.com/controversial-akshay-kumar-film-name-triggered/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==TV show==
*[[Vicky Ki Taxi]] (6 March 2009 – 19 June 2009) – Story, Screenplay, Dialogues

==Other activities==
Rawal is an entrepreneur with interests in e-commerce and recruitment consultancy. He is the proprietor of eBiz India, a recruitment consultancy specializing in foreign language jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ebizindia.co.in/ |title=EBiz India | Home - India's only Recruitment Consultancy that Specialises in FOREIGN LANGUAGE JOBS |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422081127/http://www.ebizindia.co.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8254778/ IMDb page - Vpul K. Rawal]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawal, Vipul K}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Surendranagar district]]

Garam Masala (1993 film)

2023-09-06T10:53:01Z

Dilip kumar: Vijay new page

{{Infobox film
| image =
| director = [[Vijay Kumar (filmmaker)]]
| starring = [[Prashant Damle]] [[Pradeep Patwardhan]] [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| released = 1993
| country = India
}}

'''Garam Masala''' (1993) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by [[Vijay Kumar (filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] starring [[Prashant Damle]], [[Pradeep Patwardhan]], [[Rekha Rao]] and [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as main antagonist.<ref>{{Citation |title="Garam Masala" (1993) |url=https://en.kinorium.com/2377140/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Two highly educated individuals, Raj and Shyam, struggle to secure employment and are determined to improve their lives. They consider an unconventional plan to find stability by marrying wealthy individuals, but their attempt at self-harm fails.

One fateful day, Raj and Shyam rescue two sisters, Raani and Radha, from a car accident. To their surprise, the sisters are the daughters of a prosperous business magnate, Mr. Mamasaheb. In gratitude, Mamasaheb offers Raj a position as a sales manager and Shyam as an assistant sales manager in his company, specializing in the production of exotic spices.

With Raj and Shyam's arrival, the company experiences a remarkable boost in its business. However, a cunning employee, Prem Chopra ([[Mahesh Manjrekar]]) becomes envious of their success and begins engaging in fraudulent activities involving imports and exports. Raj and Shyam uncover Chopra's deceitful actions, leading to his exposure and subsequent dismissal.

Six months later, the company is thriving, and everyone decides to take a vacation to a picturesque destination. During the trip, Mamasaheb learns about Raj and Shyam's romantic feelings for Raani and Radha and makes a difficult decision to let them go from their jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garam Masala Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Garam Masala Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Garam Masala |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/garam-masala-1993 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Prashant Damle]] as Raj
* [[Pradeep Patwardhan]] as Shyam
* Rekha Rao as Rani
* Nutan as Radha
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Prem Chopra
* [[Kishore Nandlaskar]] as Pitale
* [[Jayant Savarkar]] as Mahasaheb, Father of Rani & Radha

== Reference links ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt12188488/ Garam Masala] on [[IMDb]]

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1990s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language films]]

Thusanth (actor)

2023-07-15T00:58:17Z

Dilip kumar: Published a captivating publication.

{{Orphan}}
'''Thusanth Dunstan ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: துஷாந் டன்ஸ்டன்);''' (born 22 June 1979), known professionally as '''Thusanth''', is a British-Sri Lankan Tamil Actor and Entrepreneur who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]].

He is also a producer of Tamil films through his entertainment subsidiary Dunstan International Film Corporation <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRULIL RAVANAN-FIRST LOOK RELEASED! |url=https://pentaganpr.com/2023/06/irulil-ravanan-first-look-released/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DUNSTAN INTERNATIONAL FILM CORPORATION என்ற பட நிறுவனம் பிரமாண்டமாக தயாரித்துள்ள படத்திற்கு “ இருளில் ராவணன் என்று வித்யாசமாக பெயரிட்டுள்ளனர். |url=https://talksofcinema.com/?p=19475}}</ref>(DIFC), based in [[Chennai]], [[India]].

{{Infobox person
| name = Thusanth (துஷாந்)
| image = Thusanthdunstan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = Thusanth Dunstan
{{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|6|22}}
| birth_place = [[Jaffna]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Patrick's College, Jaffna]] /
[[St James' Catholic High School, Colindale]] & [[Middlesex University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|Producer|[[Entrepreneur]]}}
}}

Thusanth is making his debut as a hero<ref>{{Cite web |title=இசையமைப்பாளர் G.V.பிரகாஷ் குமார் வெளியிட்ட “ இருளில் ராவணன் “ படத்தின் FIRST LOOK போஸ்டர் |url=https://talksofcity.com/?p=14093}}</ref> by playing three roles<ref>{{Cite web |title=அதிரடியாக முதல் படத்திலேயே மூன்று வேடங்களில் நடித்து கதாநாயகனாக அறிமுகமாகிறார் துஷாந் |url=https://www.filmistreet.com/cinema-news/gv-prakash-launched-irulil-ravanan-first-look/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ஈழத்தமிழன் தயாரித்து கதாநாயகனாக அறிமுகமாகும் "இருளில் ராவணன்" திரைப்படம் |url=https://ibctamil.com/article/irulil-ravanan-movie-made-by-sl-tamil-artiste-1687547485}}</ref> in the very first film "Irulil Ravanan” is a [[Crime-thriller|crime thriller]] film set in the land of [[Ravana]].

First Look Poster of Irulil Ravanan was released by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G V Prakash Kumar.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=இசையமைப்பாளர் G.V.பிரகாஷ் குமார் வெளியிட்ட “ இருளில் ராவணன் “ படத்தின் FIRST LOOK போஸ்டர் |url=https://www.cinemapluz.com/irulil-ravanan-tamil-movie-frist-look-poster-released-by-g-v-prakash/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=இசையமைப்பாளர் G.V.பிரகாஷ் குமார் வெளியிட்ட “ இருளில் ராவணன் “ படத்தின் FIRST LOOK போஸ்டர் |url=http://indiastarsnow.com/2023/06/23/%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%88%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%88%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%aa%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%b3%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d-g-v-%e0%ae%aa%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%b7%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%95/}}</ref> On Thusanth birthday 22nd of June 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஈழத்தமிழரின் தயாரிப்பு, நடிப்பில் 'இருளில் ராவணன்' : வீழ்ந்தவன் எழுந்தால் விபரீதங்களும் விளையும் - பட இயக்குநர் A.V.S.சேதுபதி |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/158503}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='இருளில் ராவணன்' படத்தின் மூலம் ஹீரோயினாக மாறிய விஜய் டிவி சீரியல் நடிகை ஸ்ரீது! ஜிவி வெளியிட்ட ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/vijay-tv-serial-actress-sreethu-krishnan-turn-to-heroine-and-gv-prakash-released-first-look-rwpf5g}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!Language
!Note(s)
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2023
|{{Pending film|"IRULIL RAVANAN"}}
|3 Role
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIRST LOOK |url=https://www.cinemapluz.com/irulil-ravanan-tamil-movie-frist-look-poster-released-by-g-v-prakash/}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Sri Lankan male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:People from Jaffna]]
[[Category:Alumni of Middlesex University]]

Studies in Indian Politics

2023-01-13T18:18:45Z

Dilip kumar: Shared an engaging publication.

{{Infobox journal
| title = Studies in Indian Politics
| cover =
| discipline = [[Political science]]
| abbreviation = Stud. Indian Politics
| publisher = [[SAGE Publications]] on behalf of the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]]
| country =
| editor = [[Suhas Palshikar]]
| frequency = Semiannual
| history = 2013-present
| impact =
| impact-year =
| openaccess =
| website = http://www.sagepub.com/journals/Journal202224/
| link1 = http://inp.sagepub.com/current.dtl
| link1-name = Online access
| link2 = http://inp.sagepub.com/content/by/year
| link2-name = Online archive
| ISSN = 2321-0230
| eISSN = 2321-7472
| OCLC = 869153870
}}

'''''Studies in Indian Politics''''' is a [[peer review]]ed journal. It provides a forum to explain different aspects of Indian politics. It covers a wide variety of sub-fields in politics, such as political ideas and thought in India, political institutions and processes, Indian democracy and politics in a comparative perspective particularly with reference to the global south and South Asia, India in world affairs, and public policies.

It is published twice a year by SAGE Publications in association with Lokniti, [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]].

This journal is a member of the [[Committee on Publication Ethics]].

== Abstracting and indexing ==
'' Studies in Indian Politics'' is abstracted and indexed in:
* [[DeepDyve]]
* Scopus
* Emerging Sources Citation Index (Clarivate)
* Dutch-KB
* ProQuest: Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
* J-Gate

== References ==
* http://www.lokniti.org/
* http://publicationethics.org/members/studies-indian-politics

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://inp.sagepub.com}}
* [http://www.sagepub.in/journals/Journal202224?#tabview=aimsAndScope=Journal Homepage]

[[Category:Biannual journals]]
[[Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals established in 2013]]
[[Category:Political science journals]]

{{Poli-journal-stub}}

Battle honour

2022-12-15T18:08:47Z

Dilip kumar: Wrote an informative guide.

{{Short description|Combat award for a military unit}}
{{About|a military award in British tradition|the American equivalent|Campaign streamer}}
{{unreliable sources|reason=Large number of citations to websites of questionable reliability. Need to be replaced with higher-quality sources}}
[[File:Enniskillen Cathedral of St. Macartin Regimental Colours Fifth Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards 2012 09 17.jpg|thumb|350px|The [[Military colours, standards and guidons|regimental colours]] of the [[5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards]], displaying the battle honours awarded to the regiment.]]
A '''battle honour''' is an award of a right by a government or sovereign to a military unit to emblazon the name of a battle or [[Military operation|operation]] on its flags ("colours"), uniforms or other accessories where ornamentation is possible.

In European military tradition, military units may be acknowledged for their achievements in specific wars or [[Military operation|operations]] of a [[military campaign]]. In Great Britain and those countries of the Commonwealth which share a common military legacy with the British, battle honours are awarded to selected military units as official acknowledgement for their achievements in specific wars or [[Military operation|operations]] of a [[military campaign]]. These honours usually take the form of a place and a date (e.g. "[[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Cambrai 1917]]").

'''Theatre honours''', a type of recognition in the British tradition closely allied to battle honours, were introduced to honour units which provided sterling service in a campaign but were not part of specific battles for which separate battle honours were awarded. Theatre honours could be listed and displayed on regimental property but not emblazoned on the colours.

Since battle honours are primarily emblazoned on colours, artillery units, which do not have colours in the British military tradition, were awarded '''honour titles''' instead. These honour titles were permitted to be used as part of their official nomenclature, for example ''13 Field Regiment (Chushul)''.

Similar honours in the same tenor include [[unit citations]].

Battle honours, theatre honours, honour titles and their ilk form a part of the wider variety of distinctions which serve to distinguish military units from each other.

==In the British military tradition==

===Origins===
For the [[British Army]], the need to adopt a system to recognise military units' battlefield accomplishments was apparent since its formation as a [[standing army]] in the later part of the 17th century. Although the granting of battle honours had already been in place at the time, it was not until 1784 that infantry units were authorised to bear battle honours on their [[Colours, standards and guidons|colours]]. Before then, a regiment's colours were practical tools for rallying troops in the battlefield and not quite something for displaying the unit's past distinctions.

The first battle honour to be awarded in the British Army was granted to the [[15th Hussars]] for the [[Battle of Emsdorf]] in 1760. Thereafter, other regiments received battle honours for some of their previous engagements.

The earliest battle honour in the British Army is Tangier 1662–80, granted to the Tangier Horse (later known as the 1st Royal Dragoons), the oldest line cavalry regiment of the British army, who in 1969 amalgamated with the Royal Horse Guards to become The Blues and Royals. Also awarded the honour was the 2nd Regiment of Foot, or the Tangier Regiment now The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, the senior English regiment in the Union (after the [[Royal Scots]], the senior Scottish and British Regiment), for their protracted 23-year defence of the [[English Tangier|Colony of Tangier]]. The battle honour is still held by the successor regiment, the [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/wars/bhindex.htm |title=Chronological Index of British and Imperial Battle Honours to 1945 |publisher=Regiments.org |access-date=8 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124051046/http://regiments.org/wars/bhindex.htm |archive-date=24 January 2008}}</ref> During these early years of the British standing army, a regiment needed only to engage the enemy with musketry before it was eligible for a battle honour. However, older battle honours are carried on the standards of the [[Yeomen of the Guard]] and the [[Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms]], neither of which are part of the army, but are instead the [[Sovereign's Bodyguard]], in the personal service of the sovereign.

The need to develop a centralised system to oversee the selection and granting of battle honours arose in the 19th century following the increase of British military engagements during the expansion of the [[British Empire|Empire]]. Thus in 1882, a committee was formed to adjudicate applications of battle honour claims. This committee, later called the Battles Nomenclature Committee, still maintains its function in the British Army today.

===Entitlement===
A battle honour may be granted to [[infantry]]/[[cavalry]] [[regiment]]s or [[battalion]]s, as well as ships (see [[#Naval battle honours|Naval battle honours]] below) and [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]]; they are rarely granted to sub-units such as [[company (military unit)|companies]], [[platoon]]s and [[section (military unit)|sections]] in the army. Battle honours are usually presented in the form of a name of a country, region, or city where the unit's distinguished act took place, usually together with the year when it occurred.

Not every battle fought will automatically result in the granting of a battle honour. Conversely, a regiment or a battalion might obtain more than one battle honour over the course of a larger operation. For example, the 2nd Battalion of the [[Scots Guards]] were awarded two battle honours for their role in the [[Falklands War]]; "Tumbledown Mountain" specifically for the [[Battle of Mount Tumbledown]], and "Falkland Islands 1982" for the overall conflict. Similarly, while in Korea, [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]] earned both "Kapyong" (for the [[Battle of Kapyong]]) and "Korea 1951–1953" (for the overall war). Victory is not required to earn a battle honour: the [[Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps]] received the battle honour "Hong Kong" despite the defeat and capture of most of the force during the [[battle of Hong Kong|Japanese invasion of Hong Kong]], while the cruiser {{HMAS|Sydney|D48|6}} was awarded the [[#Naval battle honours|naval engagement honour]] "''Kormoran'' 1941" after being [[Sinking of HMAS Sydney|sunk with all aboard]] by the German raider [[German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran|''Kormoran'']].

Supporting corps/branches such as medical, service, ordnance, or transport do not currently receive battle honours. However, and uniquely the [[Royal Logistic Corps]] has five battle honours inherited from its previous transport elements, such as [[the Royal Waggon Train]]. Commonwealth artillery does not maintain battle honours as they carry neither colours nor guidons—though their guns by tradition are afforded many of the same respects and courtesies. However, both the [[Royal Artillery]] and [[Royal Engineers]] were in 1832 granted by [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]] the right to use the Latin "''Ubique''", meaning ''everywhere'', as a battle honour. This is worn on the cap badge of both the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Royal Regiment of Artillery (but not the [[Royal Horse Artillery]]). Likewise the [[Royal Marines]], although a colours-carrying service, was granted, along with the conventional battle honour of [[History of Gibraltar#The first Spanish siege (Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar)|"Gibraltar"]], the "Great Globe itself" by [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]] for its very numerous battle honours around the world.

The practice was later extended to these same regiments and corps in the successor Commonwealth armed forces.

===Battle honours for the Second World War===
The Battles Nomenclature Committee advised operational Army Headquarters on the granting of battle honours. At the end of the war, the army received a report from the committee containing:
* The definitions of [[theater (warfare)|war theatre]], battle, [[Military action|action]] and [[engagement (military)|engagement]]
* A detailed list of all theatres, battles, actions and engagements throughout the entire war for which regiments could be granted battle honours

The army ordered regiments to form honours committees comprising at least five regimental officers, including past and present commanding officers, and the honorary colonel and [[lieutenant colonel]]. The regimental committee reviewed the report to determine which battle honours were claimable based on the unit's wartime service. The regiment submitted an application of claims to the army with evidence showing that the unit was worthy of the battle honours. Claims could also be made for actions not listed in the report. In Britain, public announcements followed the final approval of claims. The ceremonial granting of new battle honours would be made in the form of the presentation of new Regimental and Sovereign's Colours to the regiment by the British monarch or an agent of the Crown, such as the [[Governor General]] of a commonwealth dominion.

===Display===
{{main|Military colours, standards and guidons|Presentation of Colours}}
In British and Commonwealth armies a unit's battle honours can normally be found engraved, painted or embroidered on:
* The [[Queen's Colour]]/[[King's Colour]] and [[Regimental Colour]] (in regiments of [[Foot Guards]] and line infantry)
* The Regimental [[Heraldic flag|guidon]] (for cavalry regiments)
* The [[Queen's Truncheon]] of the [[Royal Gurkha Rifles]]
* Drums of the regimental band and the [[corps of drums]]/[[pipes and drums]]
* The [[baldric]] worn by the [[Drum major (military)|Drum Major]] of the regimental band/pipes and drums
* The Drum Major's [[Ceremonial mace|mace]]
* A regimental pipes and drums' [[pipe banner]]s

As there is no [[order of precedence]] for battle honours, they are listed in chronological order,<ref name=DHH21/> either in a single list, or in multiple even numbers of columns, reading left to right, and top to bottom. On drums, the honours are listed on scrolls, usually with the cap badge central, and other unit devices present (such as a representation of a unit distinction or motto).

The honours for the First and Second World Wars were restricted in that only a certain number of honours (up to ten each for the First and Second World Wars) could be selected for ''[[emblazonment]]'', that is appear on colours or drums. This was due to the large number of battle honours awarded. It is often the case that battle honours not carried on the colours (limited by space and design) will be emblazoned on the drum major's baldric.

===Significance===
While regimental colours and guidons are no longer carried on operations by British and Commonwealth military, as was their initial military function, the battle honours they carry are held in high esteem by military personnel. Regiments take pride in their battle honours, and the winning of further battle honours, as these are seen to enhance a unit's reputation.

It remains a tradition that whenever military personnel meet a colour or guidon, it must be saluted. This is not only because it is an object which represents the authority of [[the Crown]], but also because the colours contain a regiment's battle honours, and thus represent the regiment's history and its deeds. Saluting a colour or guidon is thus a pivotal act in retaining an awareness of regimental history and traditions—key in the functioning of the [[regimental system]]. It remains common for army instructors to ensure that their recruits have memorised and are able to recite all of their regiment's battle honours. Such methods are meant to bring the new soldier into the regimental [[ethos]] and sub-culture by means of imprinting shared history.

In some cases where a battle honour was not granted, a special distinction has been substituted. For example, soldiers of [[The Rifles]] wear a [[cap badge]] on both the front and the rear of their hats. This so-called "back badge" is unique in the British Army and was awarded to the [[28th Regiment of Foot]] for their actions at the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in 1801. Knowledge of that battle honour, represented by the back badge, is said to have encouraged the soldiers of the [[Gloucestershire Regiment]] in the defence of [[Gloster Hill]] during the [[Battle of the Imjin River]] in April 1951 during the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/riflevolunteers/a_company/rgbw_history/index.htm |title=The History: The Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109102937/http://www.army.mod.uk/riflevolunteers/a_company/rgbw_history/index.htm |archive-date=9 January 2007 |publisher=British Army |access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref>

Other uniform distinctions include:
* Oakleaf Shoulder Badge ([[The Calgary Highlanders]], [[The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)]] and [[The Royal Winnipeg Rifles]]), awarded for "Kitcheners' Wood" in April 1915. No battle honour had been granted and the units petitioned for a special badge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dancocks |first=Daniel G. |title=Gallant Canadians: The Story of the 10th Canadian Infantry Battalion |publisher=Calgary Highlanders Regimental Funds Foundation |location=Calgary, Alberta |chapter=Appendix A}}</ref>
* Sphinx: Several British regiments have a [[sphinx]] on their regimental colour as well as cap badges and belt buckles to commemorate service in Egypt, specifically the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in 1801.
* Eagle: The [[Royal Scots Dragoon Guards]] have an eagle on their cap badge to commemorate the capture of a [[French Imperial Eagle]] at Waterloo by the [[Royal Scots Greys]]. The [[Blues and Royals]] similarly wear an eagle as a shoulder badge commemorating the Eagle captured at Waterloo by the [[1st The Royal Dragoons|Royal Dragoons]].

===Overseas awards to British military units===
Subject to approval by the sovereign, awards made by other allied nations may be permitted to be worn or carried. For example, several units have been awarded the French [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918]] and [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945]], the ribbon of which can be worn on the uniform. The United States [[Presidential Unit Citation (US)|Presidential Unit Citation]], as with other similar citations, is similarly worn on the uniform (usually on the arm), but is also carried on the colour or guidon of the unit it has been awarded to. In the Commonwealth, three units are permitted to carry this award on their Regimental Colour:
* 2nd Battalion, [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/2ppcli/content.html |title=2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402170444/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/2PPCLI/content.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 }}</ref>
* [[3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]]
* D Company, [[6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vvaa.org.au/dcoy.htm |title=United States Distinguished Unit Citation to D Company, Sixth Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment |publisher=Vietnam Veterans Association of Australia}}</ref> (Awarded to D Company but carried by the battalion as a whole)

The 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry and the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment received their awards for their actions at the [[Battle of Kapyong]] during the Korean War. Although their regiments carry the honour "Kapyong" as a whole, only these specific battalions are permitted to carry the PUC streamer that denotes the award by the United States and wear the ribbon on the uniform. D Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment were awarded their Presidential Unit Citation for their actions during the [[Battle of Long Tan]] in the Vietnam War. Although awarded to D Company, it is carried on the 6th Battalion's Colours and worn on the uniform of all members of the battalion. The PUC was awarded to the 1st Battalion, [[Gloucestershire Regiment]] for its actions at the [[Battle of Imjin River]] in 1951, with the tradition continued by its successor, the [[Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment]], until its amalgamation into [[The Rifles]].

===Naval battle honours===
[[File:HMAS Hobart battle board.jpg|thumb|right|A carved board displaying the battle honours carried by the cruiser {{HMAS|Hobart|1939|6}}. The battle honours (and the campaigns they were earned for) are: • MEDITERRANEAN 1941 ([[Battle of the Mediterranean]]) • SAVO ISLAND 1942 ([[Battle of Savo Island]]) • PACIFIC 1945 ([[Pacific War]]) • GUADALCANAL 1942-3 ([[Guadalcanal Campaign]]) • CORAL SEA 1942 ([[Battle of the Coral Sea]])]]
'''Naval battle honours''' are battle honours awarded to warships. There are two types of naval battle honours: those awarded to ships that participate in a battle or campaign, or those for [[single-ship action]]s.<ref name=Cassells233>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 233</ref> Honours for battles take their name from the location of the battle, while honours for actions are named for the opposing ship.<ref name=Cassells233/> These are rendered differently, in order to distinguish between the two types and to limit confusion between battle honours with the same name (for example, between the multi-ship [[Battle of the Chesapeake]] in 1781, and the [[Capture of USS Chesapeake|capture of USS ''Chesapeake'']] by HMS ''Shannon'' in 1813).<ref name=Cassells233/> In older sources and on battle honour boards, battles are written in all capitals, while actions are capitalised normally and surrounded by single quotation marks (CHESAPEAKE 1781 and 'Chesapeake' 1813).<ref name=Cassells233/> Newer sources display battles with normal capitalisation, and italicise actions in the same way ships' names are italicised; both may or may not be contained in double quotation marks ("Chesapeake 1781" and "''Chesapeake'' 1813"). The battle honours awarded to a ship are inherited by all subsequent warships of the same name.<ref name=Cassells1>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 1</ref>

Battle honours for Commonwealth warships were initially awarded and controlled by the [[British Admiralty]], under the "Commonwealth Battle Honours List".<ref name=DHH21>{{cite web |title=DHH Volume 2, Part 1: Extant Commissioned Ships |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-2/par1/index-eng.asp#bh-hb |work=Official Lineages |publisher=Directorate of History and Heritage, Canadian Forces |access-date=8 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201015941/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-2/par1/index-eng.asp#bh-hb |url-status=dead }}</ref> Warships of Commonwealth navies would also inherit the honours of any preceding British warship of the name.<ref name=DHH21/><ref name=Cassells233.4/> Commonwealth navies later moved to independent but parallel systems. Australia began moving away by instituting a battle honour for the ships that served in the Vietnam War, then moved to a completely independent system before 1993, to avoid {{HMAS|Newcastle|FFG 06|6}} inheriting the battle honours of the [[HMS Newcastle|British ''Newcastle''s]].<ref name=Cassells233.4/> The [[Royal Canadian Navy]] began displaying battle honours in the 1950s, but after the [[Unification of the Canadian Forces]] in 1968, new units entering service would only carry those honours earned by Canadian ships.<ref name=DHH21/>

The earliest recorded naval battle honour is ARMADA 1588, the defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]] at Gravelines by a combined British-Dutch fleet.<ref name=Cassells233/> Because of the significant number of ships sunk during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], only three battle honours have been awarded for single-ship actions since the start of the 20th century: to the {{sclass2|Town|cruiser|0||1910}} cruiser {{HMAS|Sydney|1912|6}} for sinking the German light cruiser {{SMS|Emden|1908|6}} during the [[Battle of Cocos]] in November 1914 ('Emden' 1914), to the Commonwealth warships involved in the [[last battle of the battleship Bismarck|pursuit and last battle]] of the {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck}} in May 1941 ('Bismarck' 1941), and to the {{sclass|Leander|cruiser|0||1931}} cruiser {{HMAS|Sydney|D48|6}} for the [[Sinking of HMAS Sydney|mutually destructive engagement]] with the {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Kormoran}} in November 1941 ('Kormoran' 1941).<ref name=Cassells233/>

====Battle honour board====
As warships do not carry [[regimental colours]], battle honours are instead displayed on a battle honour board.<ref name=Cassells233/> This is usually a solid wooden board (traditionally [[teak]]) mounted on the ship's superstructure, carved with the [[ship's badge]] and scrolls naming the ship and the associated honours, and either left completely unpainted, or with the lettering painted gold.<ref name=Cassells233.4/> The size of the board and number of scrolls is dependent on the number of honours earned by a ship and her predecessors, although it is common for blank scrolls to be included in a design.<ref name=Cassells233.4>Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', pp. 233–4</ref> Other designs are also in use: these include plaques for the ship and honours mounted on a backing board, or the details painted onto a flat board.

The [[British Admiralty]] set honour board sizes for various types of ship: {{convert|10|by|6|ft|m}} for capital ships and shore bases, {{convert|6|by|5|ft|m}} for cruisers and large auxiliary ships, {{convert|4|by|3|ft|m}} for all other surface ships, and {{convert|21|by|17|in|cm}} for submarines (the size restriction is so the board can be moved through the submarine's hatches, as it is only displayed when the submarine is on the surface).<ref name=Cassells233.4/>

===Unusual awards of battle honours===
Two educational institutions have been awarded battle honours. [[La Martiniere Lucknow|La Martinere College]] in [[Lucknow]], India was awarded a battle honour, [[Defence of Lucknow 1857]],<ref name='Sarbans'/> for the role played by its students and teachers during the mutiny of 1857.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margaretdeefholts.com/Lucknow.html |last=Deefholts |first=Margaret |title=History's ghosts in Old Lucknow |access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> [[McGill University]] in Canada received the award for their contingent's bravery at [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Arras]] in 1917 during the [[First World War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/na-canada/warformed/inf-cef/mcgilluc.htm |title=McGill University Contingent, CEF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221233714/http://regiments.org/regiments/na-canada/warformed/inf-cef/mcgilluc.htm |archive-date=21 December 2007 |access-date=8 December 2013 |publisher=Regiments.org}}</ref>

The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]], although a civilian police force, was awarded the status of a [[dragoon]] regiment by [[King George V]] following the service of many of its members during the [[World War I|First World War]]. As a consequence, it then became entitled to display the many honours it had won dating back to 1885:<ref>{{Cite web |author=Office of the Secretary to the Governor General |title=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/3220 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
{{flatlist|indent=1|
* [[North West Canada, 1885]]
* [[Second Boer War|South Africa, 1900–2]]
* [[France and Flanders, 1918]]
* [[Siberian intervention|Siberia, 1918–19]]
* [[Second World War]] 1939–45 {{lang|fr|Seconde Guerre mondiale}}
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan, 2003–14]]
}}
In addition, the RCMP received the honorary distinction of the badge of the [[Canadian Provost Corps]], in recognition of the fact that the first Canadian military police unit was formed from volunteers from the RCMP.

The Army Post Office Corps (APOC) was the first British Volunteer unit to be awarded a battle honour for their participation in the [[1882 Anglo-Egyptian War]]. The honour (Egypt 1882) was displayed on the regimental flag of 24 Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps ([[Post Office Rifles]]).

The only cadet unit to receive a battle honour is 1st Cadet Battalion, [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] (KRRC). Around 100 older cadets, principally non-commissioned officers, served in the [[Second Boer War|South African War]] with the KRRC, the City Imperial Volunteers and the [[RAMC|Royal Army Medical Corps]] (RAMC). Four cadets were killed in action.<ref name="Wallace">{{cite book |last=Wallace |first=Lt.-Gen. Sir Christopher |title=The King's Royal Rifle Corps ... the 60th Rifles - A Brief History: 1755 to 1965 |chapter=Appendix D: Territorials, Militia and Cadets |pages=235–236 |publisher=Royal Green Jackets Museum Trust |location=Winchester |year=2005}}</ref> In recognition of this service, King Edward VII granted the battalion the Battle Honour "South Africa 1900-1902".<ref>Army Order AO 151 of 1905</ref> They are permitted to wear a miniature KRRC cap badge with this single battle honour, and call their members "''riflemen''" rather than cadets.

==France==
[[File:Drapeau du 1er RIMa.png|thumb|250 px|Flag of [[1st Marine Infantry Regiment]]. The regiment has been awarded fifteen battle honours.]]

In France, Battle honours, known officially as {{lang|fr|inscriptions des noms de batailles au drapeau}}, were created during the [[Wars of the French Revolution]]. The first honour such awarded is {{lang|fr|[[Battle of Valmy|Valmy, 1792]]}}, the last one to date is {{lang|fr|[[Gulf War|Koweït, 1991]]}}. The honours are sewn in gold letters on the regiment's flag or standard under the form {{var|battle name, date}} (such as {{lang|fr|[[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz, 1805]]}}). In some cases, the honour refers to a whole conflict and take the form {{var|geographical designation, date}} (such as {{lang|fr|[[Algerian War of Independence|AFN, 1952–1962]]}}) or simply {{var|war, date}} (such as {{lang|fr|[[First World War|Grande guerre, 1914–1918]]}}). Some military schools and academies have their motto sewn on their flags as a battle honour, such as [[École polytechnique]]'s {{lang|fr|Pour la Patrie, les sciences et la gloire}} ('for Fatherland, sciences and glory') in addition to the "true" battle honour {{lang|fr|[[Battle of Paris (1814)|Paris, 1814]]}}.<ref name="bo.sga.defense.gouv.fr">{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.bo.sga.defense.gouv.fr/boreale_internet/popup.php?app_mode=2&txt_id=34560&format=html& DÉCISION N° 12350/SGA/DMPA/SHD/DAT relative aux inscriptions de noms de batailles sur les drapeaux et étendards des corps de troupe de l'armée de terre, du service de santé des armées et du service des essences des armées]</ref>

During the 19th century, honours were limited to eight on a regiment's flag, leading to the removal of some honours to make room for newer ones. This limitation was upped to twelve honours after the Second World War. Some units, such as the [[2nd Marine Infantry Regiment]], have been awarded more than twelve honours, but their flag displays only the twelve considered the most important in the history of the regiment. Other units, such as the [[1st Marine Infantry Regiment]], have been granted a dispensation allowing them to emblazon all their battle honours, regardless of their number.<ref name="bo.sga.defense.gouv.fr"/>

In addition to battle honours, military units can be awarded collective military decorations and collective [[mentions-in-dispatches]], leading eventually to the [[fourragère]] award.

==Battle and theatre honours in India==
{{main|Battle and theatre honours of the Indian Army|Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army}}
Prior to [[independence of India|independence]], battle honours were awarded to [[British Indian Army]] as part of the British military tradition. Awards prior to the takeover of the [[Presidency armies|Presidency Armies]] by the Crown in 1858 were done by the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General in India]] or the respective Presidency government that the units belonged to.

The practice of awarding [[Battle and theatre honours of the Indian Army|battle honours and theatre honours to the]] [[Indian Army]] continued after independence in 1947 and these honours continue to be listed against a regiment's achievements. Battle honours, but not theatre honours, are permitted to be emblazoned on the ''[[President's Colour Award|President's Colours]]'', which have replaced the King's colours after independence.

Battle honour days are celebrated by a few units or regiments. Present battle honour days however pertain to battles for which honours have been won post-independence.

Some battle honours, granted prior to independence to units for battles or campaigns in India against the local rulers or nationalist forces, have been declared as '[[Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army|repugnant]]' and are not celebrated or held in esteem.<ref name='Sarbans'>Singh, Sarbans (1993) ''Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 – 1971''. Vision Books (New Delhi) {{ISBN|81-7094-115-6}}</ref>

The earliest battle to be commemorated in the history of the [[British Indian Army]] was [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey]] in 1757 which was awarded in 1829 vide Gazette of the Governor General No 43.

[[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martinière]] is the only school in the world to have been awarded royal battle honours for its role in the defence of [[Lucknow]] during the [[Mutiny of 1857]]. In the honour of this institution, The [[President of India]] also launched a stamp post in its name.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Battle honours of the British Army|Battle honours of the British Army]]
* [[Battle honours of the British and Imperial Armies]]
* [[Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army]]
* [[Battle and theatre honours of the Indian Army]]
* [[Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army]]
* [[Campaign streamer]] – a similar tradition of the U.S. military
* [[RAF battle honours]]
* [[List of South African Battle Honours]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Cassells |first=Vic |title=The Destroyers: their battles and their badges |year=2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=East Roseville, NSW |isbn=0-7318-0893-2 |oclc=46829686}}
* Cook, Hugh. 1987. ''The Battle Honours of the British and Indian Armies, 1662–1982'', Leo Cooper. {{ISBN|0-85052-082-7}}
* Rodger, Alexander. 2003 ''Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662–1991'', The Crowood Press. {{ISBN|1-86126-637-5}}
* {{aut|Singh, Sarbans}} ''Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 – 1971''.(1993) Vision Books (New Delhi) {{ISBN|81-7094-115-6}}

==External links==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090528084317/http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2003/09/canadas-battle-honours/ Canada's Battle Honours]'', Legion Magazine
* ''[http://regimentalrogue.com/battlehonours/battle_honours.htm Canadian Army Battle Honours]''
* ''[http://regimentalrogue.com/battlehonours/rcac.htm Battle Honours of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps]''
* ''[http://regimentalrogue.com/battlehonours/rcic.htm Battle Honours of the Royal Canadian Infantry Corps]''
* [http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsRNHons.htm Battle Honours of the Royal Navy, 1939–1945]
{{Orders and phaleristics}}

[[Category:British Army traditions]]
[[Category:Military of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battle honours| ]]

Act of Parliament

2022-05-07T19:56:05Z

Dilip kumar: Finished writing a new addition.

{{Short description|Law passed by a parliament}}
{{more citations needed}}
'''Acts of Parliament''', sometimes referred to as '''[[primary legislation]]''', are texts of law passed by the [[Legislature|legislative body]] of a jurisdiction (often a [[parliament]] or [[council]]).<ref name=Gillespie>{{cite book|first=Alisdair|last=Gillespie|title=The English Legal System|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-965709-4|pages=23–25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZ2cAQAAQBAJ&q=%22Primary+legislation+is+that+which+is+known+as+an+Act+of+Parliament%22&pg=PA23}}</ref> In most countries with a [[parliamentary system]] of government, acts of parliament begin as a [[Bill (law)|bill]], which the legislature votes on. Depending on the structure of government, this text may then be subject to assent or approval from the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]].<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm Constitution of the United States] - Senate.gov. Retrieved 23 May 2023</ref>

==Bills==
A draft act of parliament is known as a [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]]. In other words, a bill is a proposed law that needs to be discussed in the parliament before it can become a law.

In territories with a [[Westminster system]], most bills that have any possibility of becoming law are introduced into parliament by the government. This will usually happen following the publication of a "[[white paper]]", setting out the issues and the way in which the proposed new law is intended to deal with them. A bill may also be introduced into parliament without formal government backing; this is known as a [[private member's bill]].

In territories with a [[Multicameralism|multicameral]] parliament, most bills may be first introduced in any chamber. However, certain types of legislation are required, either by [[Constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]] or by law, to be introduced into a specific chamber. For example, bills imposing a [[tax]], or involving [[Public finance|public expenditure]], are introduced into the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]]'s [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], [[Lok Sabha]] of [[India]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]'s [[Dáil Éireann|Dáil]] as a matter of law. Conversely, bills proposed by the [[Law Commission of the United Kingdom|Law Commission]] and [[consolidation bill]]s traditionally start in the [[House of Lords]].

Once introduced, a bill must go through a number of stages before it can become law. In theory, this allows the bill's provisions to be debated in detail, and for amendments to the original bill to also be introduced, debated, and agreed to.

In bicameral parliaments, a bill that has been approved by the chamber into which it was introduced then sends the bill to the other chamber. Broadly speaking, each chamber must separately agree to the same version of the bill. Finally, the approved bill receives assent; in most territories this is merely a formality and is often a function exercised by the [[head of state]].

In some countries, such as in France, Belgium, [[Luxembourg]], Spain and Portugal, the term for a bill differs depending on whether it is initiated by the [[government]] (when it is known as a "draft"), or by the parliament (a "proposition", i.e., a private member's bill).

==Procedure==

===Australia===
In Australia, the bill passes through the following stages:

# First reading: This stage is a mere formality; it involves the reading of the title of the proposed bill and distribution of the bill to members of parliament.
# Second reading: As in the UK, the stage involves a debate on the general principles of the bill and is followed by a vote. Again, the second reading of a [[Government bill (law)|government bill]] is usually approved. A defeat for a government bill on this reading signifies a major loss. If the bill is read a second time, it is then considered in detail
# Consideration in detail: This usually takes place on the floor of the House. Generally, committees sit on the floor of the House and consider the bill in detail.
# Third reading: A debate on the final text of the bill, as amended. Very rarely do debates occur during this stage.
# Passage: The bill is then sent to the other House (to the Senate, if it originated in the House of Representatives; to the House of Representatives, if it is a Senate bill), which may amend it. If the other House amends the bill, the bill and amendments are posted back to the original House for a further stage. The State of [[Queensland]]'s Parliament is unicameral and skips this and the rest of the stages.
# Consideration of Senate/Representatives amendments: The House in which the bill originated considers the amendments made in the other House. It may agree to them, amend them, propose other amendments in lieu, or reject them. However, the Senate may not amend money bills, though it can "request" the House to make amendments. A bill may pass backward and forward several times at this stage, as each House amends or rejects changes proposed by the other. If each House insists on disagreeing with the other, the Bill is lost.
# Disagreement between the Houses: Often, when a bill cannot be passed in the same form by both Houses, it is "laid aside", i.e. abandoned. There is also a special constitutional procedure allowing the passage of the bill without the separate agreement of both houses. If the House twice passes the same bill, and the Senate twice fails to pass that bill (either through rejection or through the passage of unacceptable amendments), then the Governor-General may dissolve both Houses of Parliament simultaneously and call an election for the entire Parliament. This is called a [[Australian electoral system#Double dissolutions|double dissolution]]. After the election, if the House again passes the bill, but the deadlock between the Houses persists, then the Governor-General may convene a joint sitting of both Houses, where a final decision will be taken on the bill. Although the House and the Senate sit as a single body, bills passed at a joint sitting are treated as if they had been passed by each chamber separately. The procedure only applies if the bill originated in the House of Representatives. Six double dissolutions have occurred, though a joint sitting was only held once, in [[Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974|1974]].
# The bill is sent to the viceroy (the Governor-General for the Commonwealth; the Governor for a State; the Administrator for a Territory) for the royal assent. Certain bills must be reserved by the viceroy for the King's personal assent. Acts in the [[Australian Capital Territory]] do not require this step.

===Canada===
{{See also|List of Acts of Parliament of Canada}}

In Canada, the bill passes through the following stages:

# [[First reading]]: This stage is a mere [[formality]].
# [[Second reading]]: As in the UK, the stage involves a [[parliamentary debate|debate]] on the general principles of the bill and is followed by a [[vote]]. Again, the second reading of a [[government bill (law)|government bill]] is usually approved. A defeat for a Government bill on this reading signifies a major loss. If the bill is read a second time, then it progresses to the committee stage.
# Committee stage: This usually takes place in a standing committee of the [[House of Commons of Canada|Commons]] or [[Senate of Canada|Senate]].
#* [[Standing committee (Canada)|Standing committee]]: The standing committee is a permanent one; each committee deals with bills in specific subject areas. Canada's standing committees are similar to the UK's select committees.
#* [[Special committee]]: A committee established for a particular purpose, be it the examination of a bill or a particular issue.
#* [[Legislative committee]]: Similar to a special committee in that it is established for the consideration of a particular bill. The chairmanship is determined by the [[Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada|Speaker]], rather than elected by the members of the committee. Not used in the Senate.
#* [[Committee of the Whole]]: The whole house sits as a committee in the House of Commons or Senate. Most often used to consider [[appropriation bills]], but can be used to consider any bill.

The committee considers each clause of the bill, and may make amendments to it. Significant amendments may be made at the committee stage. In some cases, whole groups of clauses are inserted or removed. However, if the Government holds a majority, almost all the amendments which are agreed to in committee will have been tabled by the Government to correct deficiencies in the bill or to enact changes to policy made since the bill was introduced (or, in some cases, to import material which was not ready when the bill was presented).
# [[Report stage]]: this takes place on the floor of the appropriate chamber, and allows the House or Senate to approve amendments made in committee, or to propose new ones.
# [[Third reading]]: A debate on the final text of the bill, as amended.
# Passage: The bill is then sent to the other House (to the Senate, if it originated in the House of Commons; to the Commons, if it is a Senate bill), where it will face a virtually identical process. If the other House amends the bill, the bill and amendments are sent back to the original House for a further stage.
# Consideration of Senate/Commons amendments: The House in which the bill originated considers the amendments made in the other House. It may agree to them, amend them, propose other amendments in lieu or reject them. If each House insists on disagreeing with the other, the Bill is lost.
# Disagreement between the Houses: There is no specific procedure under which the Senate's disagreement can be overruled by the Commons. The Senate's rejection is absolute.

The debate on each stage is actually debate on a specific motion. For the first reading, there is no debate. For the second reading, the motion is "That this bill be now read a second time and be referred to [name of committee]" and for third reading "That this bill be now read a third time and pass." In the Committee stage, each clause is called and motions for amendments to these clauses, or that the clause stand part of the bill are made. In the Report stage, the debate is on the motions for specific amendments.

Once a bill has passed both Houses in an identical form, it is presented to the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]], who gives it [[royal assent]]. Although the Governor General can refuse to assent a bill, this power has never been exercised.<ref>Smith, Jennifer. ''Democracy and the Canadian House of Commons at the millennium'', Canadian Public Administration, Jan 1, 1999, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter 1999), p. 398.</ref>

Bills being reviewed by Parliament are assigned numbers: 2 to 200 for government bills, 201 to 1000 for [[private member's bill]]s, and 1001 up for [[private bill]]s. They are preceded by C- if they originate in the House of Commons, or S- if they originate in the Senate. For example, [[Bill C-250]] was a private member's bill introduced in the House. [[Bills C-1 and S-1]] are [[pro forma#Legislation|pro forma]] bills, and are introduced at the beginning of each session in order to assert the right of each Chamber to manage its own affairs. They are introduced and read a first time, and then are dropped from the [[Order Paper]].

===Croatia===
In the Croatian legal system, a Constitutional Act is legislation passed and amended under the same conditions under which the [[Constitution of Croatia]] is passed or amended. A Constitutional Act is hierarchically under the Constitution and must comply with it, but is above other laws and decisions which must be in accordance with the Constitutional Act. There are altogether three Constitutional Acts in Croatia. The first Constitutional Act was the [[Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia]], which on the recommendation of the [[Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia]] was [[international community]]'s precondition for the recognition of Croatian independence from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Its new version was an initial precondition for the beginning of the [[2013 enlargement of the European Union|European Union accession process of Croatia]]. The other two are the ''Constitutional Act on Implementation of the Constitution of Croatia'' and ''Constitutional Act on the [[Constitutional Court of Croatia]]''.

==={{anchor|India}} India===
{{main|Lawmaking procedure in India}}

In the [[Parliament of India]], every bill passes through following stages before it becomes ''an Act of Parliament of India'':<ref name="HOW A BILL BECOMES AN ACT">{{cite web|title=How A Bill Becomes an Act|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p5.htm|publisher=Parliament of India|access-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516023151/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p5.html|archive-date=2015-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

# [[First reading]] – introduction stage: Any member, or member-in-charge of the bill seeks the leave of the house to introduce a bill. If the bill is an important one, the minister may make a brief speech, stating its main features.
# [[Second reading]] – discussion stage: This stage consists of detailed consideration of the bill and proposed amendments.
# [[Third reading]] – voting stage: This stage is confined only to arguments either in support of the bill or for its rejection as a whole, without referring to its details. After the bill is passed, it is sent to the other house.
# Bill in the other house ([[Rajya Sabha]]): After a bill, other than a money bill, is transmitted to the other house, it goes through all the stages in that house as that in the first house. But if the bill passed by one house is amended by the other house, it goes back to the originating house.
# President's approval: When a bill is passed by both the houses, it is sent to the [[President of India|President]] for his approval. The President can assent or withhold his assent to a bill or he can return a bill, other than a [[money bill]]. If the President gives his assent, the bill is published in ''[[The Gazette of India]]''<ref name="Amendments to Sebi Act gets Presidential assent">{{cite news|title=Amendments to Sebi Act gets Presidential assent|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/regulation/amendments-to-sebi-act-gets-presidential-assent/articleshow/22718696.cms|access-date=23 September 2013|agency=PTI|quote=It has now been published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II, Section-1, dated the 13th September 2013 as Act No. 22 of 2013}}</ref> and becomes an Act from the date of his assent. If he withholds his assent, the bill is dropped, which is known as [[pocket veto]]. The pocket veto is not written in the constitution and has only been exercised once, by President [[Zail Singh]] in 1986, over the postal act where the government wanted to open postal letters without warrant. If the president returns it for reconsideration, the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] must do so, but if it is passed again and returned to him, he must give his assent to it.<ref name="india times">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-26/education/27323497_1_powers-impeachment-resolution | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616231317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-26/education/27323497_1_powers-impeachment-resolution | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 June 2012 | title=The President's role | date=26 Aug 2002 | access-date=4 January 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | last=Gupta | first=V. P.}}</ref>

===Ireland{{anchor|Ireland}}===
In the Irish Parliament, the [[Oireachtas]], bills pass through the following stages.<ref name="BrianHunt">{{cite web|title=The Role of the Houses of the Oireachtas in the Scrutiny of Legislation|url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/main/documentation/House-of-Oireachtas-Report-for-Web.pdf|access-date=22 January 2016|archive-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425005059/http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/main/documentation/House-of-Oireachtas-Report-for-Web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bills may be initiated in either the Dáil or the Seanad, and must pass both houses.

# First stage – private members must seek the permission of the house to introduce a bill. Government bills do not require approval and are therefore introduced at the second stage.
# Second stage – this involves a discussion of the general principle of the bill. It is introduced by the sponsoring minister (or in the case of a private member's bill, by the member) and is followed by contributions from the floor of the house. Finally, the debate is brought to a conclusion by voting on the proposal "that the bill now be read a second time".
# Third stage, commonly referred to as the Committee Stage. This involves section by section scrutiny of the bill and any amendments which have been tabled. In the Dáil this usually takes place in a committee room and will involve examination by one of the select committees. In the Seanad, this stage takes place in the chamber. The Seanad may only make recommendations rather than amendments, in the case of a money bill.
# Fourth stage, commonly referred to as the Report Stage. At this point, a version of the bill incorporating any changes made at the Committee Stage is printed for consideration. In both houses, this stage is taken on the floor of the chamber. Amendments may be considered at this stage but must arise from matters discussed or changes made at the Committee Stage.
# Fifth stage: in practice this is a formality, taken with the fourth stage and referred to as the Report and Final Stage.
# Passage in the other house: the same stages are repeated in the other house and the bill is then deemed to have been passed, except that any bill initiated in the Dáil and amended by the Seanad must return to the Dáil for final consideration.
# Signature: once the bill has passed both houses it is sent to the President for signature. The signed copy is then enrolled in the Office of the Supreme Court.

===New Zealand===
{{See also|New Zealand Parliament#Passage of legislation}}
In New Zealand, the bill passes through the following stages:

# First reading: MPs debate and vote on the bill. If a bill is approved, it passes on to the committee stage.
# Select committee stage: The bill is considered by a Select Committee, which scrutinises the bill in detail and hears public submissions on the matter. The Committee may recommend amendments to the bill.
# Second reading: The general principles of the bill are debated, and a vote is held. If the bill is approved, it is put before a Committee of the House.
# Committee of the House: The bill is debated and voted on, clause by clause, by the whole House sitting as a committee.
# Third reading: Summarising arguments are made, and a final vote is taken. If the bill is approved, it is passed to the Governor-General for royal assent. New Zealand has no upper house, and so no further approval is necessary.

===United Kingdom===
====United Kingdom Parliament====
{{main|Act of Parliament (UK)}}
[[File:Legislative procedure uk.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A graphic representation of the legislative procedure in the United Kingdom]]
A draft piece of legislation is called a ''bill''; when this is passed by Parliament it becomes an ''Act'' and part of statute law. There are two types of bill and Act, ''public'' and ''private''. Public Acts apply to the whole of the UK or a number of its constituent countries – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Private Acts are local and personal in their effect, giving special powers to bodies such as local authorities or making exceptions to the law in particular geographic areas.<ref name="rogers2006">Robert Rogers and Rhodri Walters (2006), ''How Parliament Works'', 6th edition, Pearson Longman, p. 190</ref>

In the United Kingdom Parliament, each bill passes through the following stages:
# Pre-legislative scrutiny: Not undertaken for all bills; usually a joint committee of both houses will review a bill and vote on amendments that the government can either accept or reject. The report from this stage can be influential in later stages as rejected recommendations from the committee are revived to be voted on.
# [[First reading]]: This is a formality; no vote occurs. The Bill is presented and ordered to be printed and, in the case of private members' bills, a date is set for second reading.
# [[Second reading]]: A debate on the general principles of the bill is followed by a vote.
# Committee stage: This usually takes place in a public bill committee<ref>Levy, Jessica (July 2010), "Public Bill Committees: An Assessment Scrutiny Sought; Scrutiny Gained", ''Parliamentary Affairs'' 63(3), p. 534.</ref> in the Commons and on the floor of the House in the Lords. The committee considers each clause of the bill, and may make amendments to it.
# Consideration (or report) stage: This takes place on the floor of the House, and is a further opportunity to amend the bill. Unlike committee stage, the House need not consider every clause of the bill, only those to which amendments have been tabled.
# [[Third reading]]: A debate on the final text of the bill, as amended in the House of Lords. Further amendments may be tabled at this stage.
# Passage: The bill is then sent to the other House (to the Lords, if it originated in the Commons; to the Commons, if it is a Lords bill), which may amend it.
# Consideration of Lords/Commons amendments: The House in which the bill originated considers the amendments made in the other House. This may continue for [[Parliamentary ping-pong|several rounds]].
# Royal assent: the bill is passed with any amendments and becomes an act of parliament.

====Senedd (Welsh Parliament)====
{{main|Act of Senedd Cymru}}

====Northern Ireland Assembly====
{{main|Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly}}

====Scottish Parliament====
{{main|Act of the Scottish Parliament}}
In the Scottish Parliament,<ref>Mitchell, James (January 1, 2010). "The Narcissism of Small Differences: Scotland and Westminster". ''Parliamentary Affairs'' 63(1), p. 98.</ref> bills pass through the following stages:
# Introduction: The bill is introduced to the parliament together with its accompanying documents – explanatory notes, a policy memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a financial memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it. Statements from the presiding officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged, indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament.
# Stage one: The bill is considered by one or more of the subject committees of the parliament, which normally take evidence from the bill's promoter and other interested parties before reporting to the parliament on the principles of the bill. Other committees, notably the [[Finance and Subordinate Legislation Committees]], may also feed in at this stage. The report from the committee is followed by a debate in the full parliament.
# Stage two: The bill returns to the subject committee where it is subject to line-by-line scrutiny and amendment. This is similar to the [[committee stage]] in the UK Parliament.
# Stage three: The bill as amended by the committee returns to the full parliament. There is a further opportunity for amendment, followed by a debate on the whole bill, at the end of which the parliament decides whether to pass the bill.
# Royal assent: After the bill has been passed, the presiding officer submits it to the monarch for royal assent. However, he cannot do so until a 4-week period has elapsed during which the law officers of the Scottish government or the UK government can refer the bill to the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the parliament.

There are special procedures for emergency bills, member's bills (similar to private member's bills in the UK Parliament), committee bills, and private bills.

===Singapore===
In Singapore, the bill passes through these certain stages before becoming into an Act of Parliament.

# First reading: The bill is introduced to the government, usually by the members of parliament. The unicameral parliament will then discuss the bill, followed by a vote. Voting must be at least half ayes for non-controversial bills and two-thirds ayes for controversial ones. If the bill passes the vote it will proceed to the second reading.
# Second reading: In this stage, the bill is further discussed and put to a second vote. If more than half of the votes are ayes the bill proceeds to the select committee.
# Select committee: The select committee consists of people not only from the parliaments, but also the people who could be affected by the bill is passed into law. This is to ensure equality and that the bill is fair for all. If the bill is in favour, it will proceed to the third reading.
# Third reading: After the select committee has discussed and are in favour of the bill, they will put it to a vote. At this juncture, if the votes are more than half ayes, it will be sent to the President of Singapore, currently [[Halimah Yacob]]. This is known as President Assent.
# President Assent: The president must give permission in order for the bill to be passed. If they approve it, it will become a statute passed down by the members of parliament which is called an Act of Parliament.

==Titles and citation of acts==
Acts passed by the [[Parliament of England]] did not originally have titles, and could only be formally cited by reference to the parliamentary session in which they were passed, with each individual act being identified by year and chapter number. Descriptive titles began to be added to the enrolled acts by the official clerks, as a reference aid; over time, titles came to be included within the text of each bill. Since the mid-nineteenth century, it has also become common practice for acts to have a [[short title]], as a convenient alternative to the sometimes lengthy main titles. The [[Short Titles Act 1892]], and its replacement the [[Short Titles Act 1896]], gave short titles to many acts which previously lacked them.

The numerical citation of acts has also changed over time. The original method was based on the regnal year (or years) in which the relevant parliamentary session met. This has been replaced in most territories by simple reference to the calendar year, with the first act passed being chapter 1, and so on.

In the United Kingdom, legislation is referenced by year and chapter number. Each act is numbered consecutively based on the date it received royal assent, for example the 43rd act passed in 1980 would be 1980 Chapter 43. The full reference includes the (short) title and would be The Magistrate's Court Act 1980 C. 43.

Until the 1980s, acts of the [[Australia]]n state of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] were numbered in a continuous sequence from 1857; thus the [[Age of Majority Act 1977]] was No. 9075 of 1977.

==See also==
* [[Act of Congress]]
* [[Legislative act]]
* [[Halsbury's Statutes]]
* [[List of legislation in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Table of contents]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
; General
{{refbegin}}
* [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/ldctso26.htm www.publications.parliament.uk]
{{refend}}

==External links==
* Acts of Parliament and statutory instruments are available free on-line under [[Crown copyright]] terms [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]] ([http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ legislation.gov.uk]).
* [http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/guides/factsheets/legislation/l1/ Parliamentary Stages of a Government Bill (pdf)] from the House of Commons Information Office.
* [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Browse/ByYearNumber/Acts/Historical/0/0/ Acts of the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia: ComLaw.gov.au]

{{Law}}
{{UK legislation}}

[[Category:Westminster system]]
[[Category:Statutory law]]