https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DilKhusBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-01T08:39:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025%E2%80%9326_Mohun_Bagan_SG_Youth_and_Academy_season&diff=4834832025–26 Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy season2026-05-07T13:12:19Z<p>DilKhus: Done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian youth football team season}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox football club<br />
| clubname = Mohun Bagan Youth<br />
| image = <br />
| nickname = The Mariners<br />
| short name = MBSG<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|2002|df=yes}}<br />
| ground = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]<br />
| capacity = 22,000<br />
| owner = RPSG Mohun Bagan Pvt. Ltd.:<br />
* [[RPSG Group]] (80%)<br />
* [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan Football Club (India) Pvt. Ltd.]] (20%)<br />
| chairman = [[Sanjiv Goenka]]<br />
| mgrtitle = Head coach<br />
| manager = Deggie Cardozo (Reserves)<br />
| league = [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]] (Reserves) <br/>[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RF Development League]]<br/>[[Youth League (India)|AIFF Elite League]]<br />
| season = <br />
| position = <br />
| current = <br />
| website = <br />
| pattern_la1 = _mbsg2023h<br />
| pattern_b1 = _mbsg2023h<br />
| pattern_ra1 = _mbsg2024h<br />
| pattern_sh1 = <br />
| pattern_so1 = _mbsg2023h<br />
| leftarm1 = <br />
| body1 = <br />
| rightarm1 = <br />
| shorts1 = 7A1024<br />
| socks1 = <br />
| pattern_la2 = _mbsg2023a<br />
| pattern_b2 = _mbsg2023a<br />
| pattern_ra2 = _mbsg2023a<br />
| pattern_sh2 = <br />
| pattern_so2 = _mbsg2023a<br />
| leftarm2 = <br />
| body2 = <br />
| rightarm2 = <br />
| shorts2 = <br />
| socks2 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mohun Bagan SG Under-23s, Under-21s, Under-17s, Under-15s, and Under-13s''' generally known as Mohun Bagan''',''' is the [[reserve team]] and [[youth system]] of the [[Indian Super League]] side [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]. The U-21 and the reserve teams are generally referred to as last stage of progression into the senior squad. The reserve team participates in the [[Calcutta Football League]]. Youth teams also participate in the [[Reliance Foundation Development League|RF Development League]] and the [[Youth League (India)|AIFF Elite League]]. The concept for a youth team was conceived and materialised under the leadership of [[Balaidas Chatterjee|Balai Das Chattopadhyay]] in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Mohun Bagan – Presented by MohunBaganClub.com: 1940–1949|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1940-1949/|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|date=2014|access-date=26 July 2019|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930004054/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1940-1949/|archive-date=30 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:150px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Competition<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:170px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | First match (round)<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:170px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Latest match (round)<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:150px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Final position<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]]<br />
| 30 June 2025 <br />Group stage<br />
| 30 August 2025<br />Round 12<br />
! | ''6/12 Group stage''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2026 Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL]]<br />
| 16 January <br /> Regional Group Stage <br />
| 23 March <br /> National Group Stage<br />
! ''4th'' of 6 in National Group<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2025–26 AIFF Elite Youth League|AIFF U18 League]]<br />
| 17 November <br /> Zonal Group stage <br />
| 21 April 2026 <br /> National Group Stage<br />
! ''3rd'' of 4 in National Group<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | AIFF Junior League (U16)<br />
| 13 January <br /> Zonal Group Stage<br />
| TBD <br /> TBD<br />
! TBD<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | AIFF Sub Junior League (U14)<br />
| 15 January <br /> Zonal Group Stage<br />
| TBD <br /> TBD<br />
! TBD<br />
|}<br />
===Reserves,U18 (Deggie Cardozo)===<br />
{{Fb overview<br />
| c=9<br />
| c1=[[2026 Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL]] | w1=9|l1=5|d1=6|f1=35|a1=14<br />
| c2=[[2025 CFL Premier Division| Calcutta Football League]] | w2=5|l2=3|d2=2|f2=21|a2=11<br />
| c3=[[2025–26 AIFF Elite Youth League|U-18 League]] | w3=8|l3=1|d3=5|f3=35|a3=11<br />
| u= 21 April 2026 |}}<br />
*Includes Only Reserves,U18 (Under Deggie Cardozo)<br />
<br /><br />
----<br />
<br />
===U18 (Biswajit Ghoshal)===<br />
{{Fb overview<br />
| c=9<br />
| c1=[[2025–26 AIFF Elite Youth League|U-18 League]] | w1=1|l1=1|d1=0|f1=11|a1=4<br />
| u= 28 February 2026 |}}<br />
*Includes Only Reserves,U16 (Under Biswajit Ghoshal), Assistant Coach of Deggie Cardozo<br />
<br /><br />
----<br />
<br />
===U16 (Tanumoy Basu & Chanchal Saha)===<br />
{{Fb overview<br />
| c=9<br />
| c1=RFYS | w1=5|l1=0|d1=1|f1=20|a1=3<br />
| c2=AIFF u16 Junior League | w2=10|l2=2|d2=1|f2=43|a2=12<br />
| u= 6 May 2026 |}}<br />
*Includes Only U16 (Under Tanumoy Basu & Chanchal Saha)<br />
<br /><br />
----<br />
<br />
===U14 (Pratam Bahadur Thapa)===<br />
{{Fb overview<br />
| c=9<br />
| c1=AIFF u14 Sub Junior League | w1=12|l1=1|d1=3|f1=62|a1=7<br />
| u= 7 May 2026 |}}<br />
*Includes Only U14 (Under Pratam Bahadur Thapa)<br />
<br />
==U21 Reserves (RFDL)==<br />
=== Squad ===<br />
{{Fs start}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Priyansh Dubey|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=51|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Nandan Roy|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=91|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Aniket Ghosh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Lengunhao Koch|other=}} <br />
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Sahil Inamdar|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Sahajid Gazi|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Aditya Mondal|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Ngamchinlen Kilong|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Md Sarfaraz|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Pallujam Rohan Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Muhammed Bilal CV|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Sahil Tamang|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=53|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Leewan Castanha|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=73|nat=IND|pos=CB|name= Umer Muhthar KP|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Thangjam Roshan Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=96|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Pabitra Mandi|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Lungoulal Kipgen|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Khaiminlal Khongsai|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= N Remson Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=39|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Punit Thangjam|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=42|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Gurnaj Singh Grewal|other=}}<br />
{{Fs mid}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Nishar|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=47|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Paonam Govin Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=50|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Gogocha Chungkham|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=55|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Yendrembam Rohit Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=63|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Aditya Adhikari|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=66|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Barun Khangembam|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=74|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Sahil Kar|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=80|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Mingma Sherpa|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=81|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Thumsol Tongsin|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Pasang Tamang|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Bharat Lairenjam|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Oinam Donald Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=75|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Rajkumar Lanchenba Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=43|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Shibam Munda|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=62|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Bivan Jyoti Laskar|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=72|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]]|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=75|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Rajkumar Lanchenba Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Prem Hansdak|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=79|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= T Pangambam|other=}}<br />
{{Fs end}}<br />
<br />
=== RFDL Youth League ===<br />
{{Main|2026 Reliance Foundation Development League}}<br />
<br />
====Regional Qualifiers [East Region] ====<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|update=complete<br />
|section=East region<br />
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|showteam=MBSG<br />
|show_matches =y<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team positions here--><br />
|team3=DHB<br />
|team1=EAB <br />
|team6=IFA<br />
|team2=MBSG<br />
|team4=USC<br />
|team5=VIC<br />
<br />
<!--Update team results here and then (if needed positions above)--><br />
|win_EAB=4 |draw_EAB= |loss_EAB=1 |gf_EAB=14 |ga_EAB=2 |status_EAB= <!-- East Bengal --><br />
|win_DHB=3 |draw_DHB= |loss_DHB=2 |gf_DHB=9 |ga_DHB= 3 |status_DHB= <!-- Diamond Harbour FC--><br />
|win_IFA= |draw_IFA=1 |loss_IFA=4 |gf_IFA=2 |ga_IFA=16 |status_IFA= <!-- IFA Bengal Future Champs --><br />
|win_MBSG=4 |draw_MBSG= |loss_MBSG=1 |gf_MBSG=17 |ga_MBSG=2 |status_MBSG= <!-- Mohun Bagan SG --><br />
|win_VIC=1 |draw_VIC= |loss_VIC=4 |gf_VIC=3 |ga_VIC= 16|status_VIC= <!-- Victoria Sporting Club --><br />
|win_USC=2 |draw_USC=1 |loss_USC=2 |gf_USC=5 |ga_USC=11|status_USC= <!-- United SC --><br />
<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_DHB_VIC = 5-0<br />
|match_VIC_DHB = null<br />
|match_MBSG_IFA = 1-0<br />
|match_IFA_MBSG = null<br />
|match_EAB_USC = 0-1<br />
|match_USC_EAB = null<br />
|match_USC_IFA = null<br />
|match_IFA_USC = 2-2<br />
|match_VIC_MBSG = 0-6<br />
|match_MBSG_VIC = null<br />
|match_EAB_DHB = null<br />
|match_DHB_EAB = 0-1<br />
|match_EAB_VIC = 3-1<br />
|match_VIC_EAB = null<br />
|match_MBSG_USC = null<br />
|match_USC_MBSG = 0-8<br />
|match_IFA_DHB = 0-3<br />
|match_DHB_IFA = null<br />
|match_DHB_MBSG = null<br />
|match_EAB_MBSG = null<br />
|match_MBSG_DHB = 2-0<br />
|match_EAB_IFA = 8-0<br />
|match_IFA_EAB = null<br />
|match_VIC_USC = 0-2<br />
|match_USC_VIC = null<br />
|match_MBSG_EAB = 0-2<br />
|match_DHB_USC = 1-0<br />
|match_USC_DHB = null<br />
|match_IFA_VIC = 0-2<br />
|match_VIC_IFA = null<br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_DHB=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]<br />
|name_VIC=Victoria Sporting Club<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|name_IFA=IFA Bengal Future Champs<br />
|name_USC=[[United SC]]<br />
<br />
<!--Update team qualifications here (defined below)--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=KO <br />
|result2=KO<br />
|result3=KO<br />
|result4=KO<br />
|col_KO=green1<br />
|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]<br />
<!--Head-to-head--><br />
|hth_EAB=Head-to-head points: East Bengal 3, Mohun Bagan 0|hth_MBSG=EAB<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 1<br />
| date = {{Start date|2025|01|16|df=y}}<br />
| time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team2 = IFA Bengal Future Champs<br />
| score = 1 – 0<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61591<br />
| team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| goals1 = Yendrembam Rohit Singh {{goal|86}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
| location = [[India]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium<br />
| attendance = 150<br />
| referee = Dwiptak Chaktraborty<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = Nishant Toppoo <br> (IFA Bengal Future Champs)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 2<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|01|19|df=y}}<br />
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Victoria Sporting Club<br />
| score = 0 – 6<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61595<br />
| team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| goals1 = *Shuva Naskar {{yel|32}}<br />
*Sujay Mondal {{yel|54}}<br />
*Sk Riyajul Islam {{yel|90+3}}<br />
| goals2 = *Thumsol Tongsin {{goal|10}}<br />
*Punit Thangjam {{goal|43}}<br />
*Aditya Adhikari {{yel|45}}, {{goal|72}}<br />
*Leewan Castanha {{goal|55}}<br />
*Gurnaj Singh {{yel|67}}<br />
*Pasang Dorjee Tamang {{goal|70}}<br />
*Yendrembam Rohit Singh {{yel|85}}, {{goal|90+3|pen}}<br />
| location = [[India]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium<br />
| attendance = 500<br />
| referee = Suvajit Pramanik<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = Pasang Dorjee Tamang <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 3<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|01|21|df=y}}<br />
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| score = 0 – 8<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61597<br />
| team1 = [[United Sports Club]]<br />
| goals1 = *Lalremruata {{yel|55}}<br />
*Arnab Das {{yel|67}}<br />
*Aman Yadav {{yel|90+1}}<br />
| goals2 = *Pabitra Mandi {{yel|6}}<br />
*[[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]] {{goal|16||68|pen|85||90+3}}, {{yel|45+1}}<br />
*Pasang Dorjee Tamang {{goal|19}}<br />
*Aditya Adhikari {{goal|21}}<br />
*Mingma Sherpa {{goal|42}}<br />
*Ningthoujam Remson Singh {{goal|78}}<br />
*Sahil Inamdar {{yel|86}}<br />
| location = [[India]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium<br />
| attendance = 100<br />
| referee = Tarun Kumar Biswas<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]] <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 4<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|01|23|df=y}}<br />
| time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| score = 2 – 0<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61600<br />
| team2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC]]<br />
| goals1 = *Thumsol Tongsin {{goal|10}}<br />
*Leewan Castanha {{yel|26}}<br />
*Sahil Tamang {{yel|32}}<br />
*[[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]] {{goal|46}}<br />
*Priyansh Dubey {{yel|50}}<br />
*Aditya Adhikari {{sentoff|0|63}}<br />
| goals2 = *Sahil Harijan {{yel|33}}<br />
*Chopel Lhendup Bhutia {{sentoff|0|63}}<br />
*Kazi Talal Ibtida {{yel|66}}<br />
| location = [[India]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium<br />
| attendance = 200<br />
| referee = Rahul Karmakar <br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = Pallujam Rohan Singh <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 5<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|01|25|df=y}}<br />
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal u21]]<br />
| score = 0 – 2<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61604<br />
| team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| goals1 = *Muhammed Bilal CV {{yel|12}}<br />
*[[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]] {{yel|45}}<br />
*Pasang Dorjee Tamang {{yel|89}}<br />
| goals2 = *Irfan Sardar {{yel|36}}<br />
*Sonam Tsewang Lhokham {{yel|45}}<br />
*Laikhuram Ricky Singh {{goal|47||90+4}}<br />
*Thingujam Mask Khuman {{yel|81}}<br />
*Guite Vanlalpeka {{sentoff|0|84}}<br />
| location = [[India]]<br />
| stadium = Naihati Stadium<br />
| attendance = 6,856<br />
| referee = Dipu Roy<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = Laikhuram Ricky Singh <br> (East Bengal)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Zonal Round====<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|update=complete<br />
|section=East region<br />
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|showteam=MBSG<br />
|show_matches =y<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team positions here--><br />
|team1=DHB<br />
|team2=EAB<br />
|team3=MBSG<br />
|team5=RUFC<br />
|team4=BMSA<br />
|team6=USC<br />
<br />
<!--Update team results here and then (if needed positions above)--><br />
|win_EAB=4 |draw_EAB= |loss_EAB=1 |gf_EAB=11 |ga_EAB=3 |status_EAB= <!-- East Bengal --><br />
|win_DHB=4 |draw_DHB=1 |loss_DHB= |gf_DHB=10 |ga_DHB=2 |status_DHB= <!-- Diamond Harbour FC--><br />
|win_BMSA=2 |draw_BMSA=0|loss_BMSA=3 |gf_BMSA=3 |ga_BMSA=9<br />
|status_BMSA= <!-- BMSA --><br />
|win_MBSG=2 |draw_MBSG=2 |loss_MBSG=1 |gf_MBSG=8 |ga_MBSG=5 |status_MBSG= <!-- Mohun Bagan SG --><br />
|win_RUFC=1 |draw_RUFC=0 |loss_RUFC=4 |gf_RUFC=6 |ga_RUFC=9|status_RUFC= <!-- Rajasthan United FC --><br />
|win_USC= |draw_USC=1 |loss_USC=4 |gf_USC=4 |ga_USC=14 |status_USC= <!-- United SC --><br />
<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_MBSG_DHB = 1-1<br />
|match_BMSA_EAB = 0-3<br />
|match_RUFC_USC = 3-0<br />
|match_DHB_MBSG = null<br />
|match_EAB_BMSA = null <br />
|match_USC_RUFC = null<br />
|match_MBSG_RUFC = null<br />
|match_RUFC_MBSG = 1-3<br />
|match_DHB_BMSA = 3-0<br />
|match_BMSA_DHB = null<br />
|match_USC_EAB = null<br />
|match_EAB_USC = 6-2<br />
|match_EAB_RUFC = 1-0<br />
|match_RUFC_EAB = null<br />
|match_BMSA_MBSG = 0-2<br />
|match_MBSG_BMSA = null<br />
|match_DHB_USC = 2-0<br />
|match_USC_DHB = null<br />
|match_USC_BMSA = 0-1<br />
|match_MBSG_EAB = 0-1<br />
|match_DHB_RUFC = 3-1<br />
|match_EAB_MBSG = null<br />
|match_RUFC_DHB = null<br />
|match_BMSA_USC = null<br />
|match_USC_MBSG = null<br />
|match_EAB_DHB = null<br />
|match_RUFC_BMSA = null<br />
|match_MBSG_USC = 2-2<br />
|match_DHB_EAB = 1-0<br />
|match_BMSA_RUFC = 2-1<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_DHB=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]<br />
|name_BMSA=Bidhannagar Municipal SA<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|name_RUFC=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
|name_USC=[[United SC]]<br />
<br />
<!--Update team qualifications here (defined below)--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=KO <br />
|result2=KO<br />
|result3=KO<br />
|col_KO=green1<br />
|text_KO=Advance to [[#National group stage|National group stage]]<br />
<!--Head-to-head--><br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 1<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|01|29|df=y}}<br />
| time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
| score = 1 – 1<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/62696<br />
| team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| goals1 = *Yendrembam Rohit Singh {{yel|45+1}}<br />
*Aditya Adhikari {{goal|54}}<br />
*[[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]] {{yel|90+6}}<br />
| goals2 = *Nayan Tudu {{yel|11}}<br />
*Sahil Harijan {{goal|42}}<br />
*Rohit Das {{yel|48}}<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium<br />
| attendance = 500<br />
| referee = Dwiptak Chakraborty <br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = Sahil Harijan <br> (Diamond Harbour FC)<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 2<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|02|01|df=y}}<br />
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
| score = 1 – 3<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/62700<br />
| team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| goals1 = *Rajkumar Lanchenba Singh {{goal|30}}<br />
| goals2 = *[[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]] {{goal|4||20||63}}<br />
*Punit Thangjam {{sentoff|2|76|80}}<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium<br />
| attendance = 670<br />
| referee = Sandip Das<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]] <br> (Mohun Bagan) <br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 3<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|02|04|df=y}}<br />
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Bidhannagar Municipal SA<br />
| score = 0 – 2<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63136<br />
| team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| goals1 = *Gourab Rajbanshi {{yel|6}}<br />
*Sohon Dey {{yel|49}}<br />
*Pritam Biswas {{yel|57}}<br />
*Santanu Naskar {{yel|90+3}}<br />
| goals2 = *Nishar {{goal|24}}<br />
*Md Bilal CV {{goal|51}}<br />
*Pabitra Mandi {{yel|82}}<br />
*Rohan Singh {{yel|85}}<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium<br />
| attendance = 40<br />
| referee = Rohan Das Gupta<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = Thumsol Tongsin <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 4<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|02|07|df=y}}<br />
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal u21]]<br />
| score = 0 – 1<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63213<br />
| team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| goals1 = *Thangjam Roshan Singh {{yel|11}}<br />
| goals2 = *Romin Goldar {{goal|57}}<br />
*Robert Thokchom {{yel|60}}<br />
*Lalnuntluanga {{yel|68}}<br />
*Debojit Roy {{yel|68}}<br />
*Ananthu N S {{yel|90+2}}<br />
*Thingujam Mask Khuman {{yel|90+6}}<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium <br />
| attendance = 3129<br />
| referee = Debabrata Naskar<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = Romin Goldar <br> (East Bengal)<br />
}}<br />
{{Football box collapsible<br />
| round = 5<br />
| date = {{Start date|2026|02|10|df=y}}<br />
| time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team2 = [[United SC]]<br />
| score = 2 – 2<br />
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/63214<br />
| team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
| goals1 = *Bharat Lairenjam {{goal|34}}<br />
*Bivan Jyoti Laskar {{goal|45+2}}<br />
| goals2 = *Ronaldo Murmu {{goal|21}} , {{yel|35}}<br />
*Klalruatfela {{yel|60}}<br />
*Rahul Rai {{goal|89}}<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| stadium = Barrackpore Stadium <br />
| attendance = 251<br />
| referee = Suvankar Das<br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = Bharat Lairenjam <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====National Round====<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|update=complete<br />
|section=East region<br />
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|showteam=MBG<br />
|show_matches =y<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team positions here--><br />
|team1=BFC<br />
|team2=FCG<br />
|team3=SDFC<br />
|team4=MBG<br />
|team5=DEC<br />
|team6=DHB<br />
<br />
<!--Update team results here and then (if needed positions above)--><br />
|win_DHB=1 |draw_DHB=5|loss_DHB=4|gf_DHB=11 |ga_DHB=17|status_DHB= <!-- Diamond Harbour --><br />
|win_MBG=3 |draw_MBG=4|loss_MBG=3 |gf_MBG=10|ga_MBG=7|status_MBG= <!-- Mohun Bagan --><br />
|win_BFC=5|draw_BFC=4|loss_BFC=1 |gf_BFC=17|ga_BFC=8|status_BFC= <!-- Bengaluru FC --><br />
|win_FCG=4|draw_FCG=2 |loss_FCG=4|gf_FCG=10|ga_FCG=11|status_FCG= <!-- FC Goa --><br />
|win_DEC=3|draw_DEC=3|loss_DEC=4 |gf_DEC=21|ga_DEC=23|status_DEC= <!-- Sreenidi Deccan --><br />
|win_SDFC=4|draw_SDFC=2 |loss_SDFC=4|gf_SDFC=13|ga_SDFC=16|status_SDFC= <!-- Sudeva Delhi FC --><br />
<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_DHB_MBG = 0-0<br />
|match_MBG_DHB = 0-0<br />
|match_DHB_BFC = 0-1<br />
|match_BFC_DHB = 1-1<br />
|match_DHB_FCG = 1-3<br />
|match_FCG_DHB = 1-3<br />
|match_DHB_DEC = 3-3<br />
|match_DEC_DHB = 4-0<br />
|match_DHB_SDFC = 2-3<br />
|match_SDFC_DHB = 1-1<br />
|match_MBG_BFC = 0-1<br />
|match_BFC_MBG = 0-0<br />
|match_MBG_FCG = 1-0<br />
|match_FCG_MBG = 1-0<br />
|match_MBG_DEC = 2-2<br />
|match_DEC_MBG = 0-3<br />
|match_MBG_SDFC = 2-0<br />
|match_SDFC_MBG = 3-2<br />
|match_BFC_FCG = 1-1<br />
|match_FCG_BFC = 0-2<br />
|match_BFC_DEC = 6-2<br />
|match_DEC_BFC = 2-2<br />
|match_BFC_SDFC = 0-2<br />
|match_SDFC_BFC = 0-3<br />
|match_FCG_DEC = 1-3<br />
|match_DEC_FCG = 0-2<br />
|match_FCG_SDFC = 1-0<br />
|match_SDFC_FCG = 0-0<br />
|match_DEC_SDFC = 2-3<br />
|match_SDFC_DEC = 1-3<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--><br />
|name_DHB = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|name_MBG = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|name_BFC = [[Bengaluru FC]]<br />
|name_FCG = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br />
|name_DEC = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
|name_SDFC = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi FC]]<br />
<br />
<!--Update team qualifications here (defined below)--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=KO <br />
|result2=KO<br />
|col_KO=green1<br />
|text_KO=Advance to [[#National Championship|National Championship]]<br />
<!--Head-to-head--><br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|02|24|df=y}}<br />
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br />
|score = 0 – 0<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals1 = *Ahongshangbam Samson {{yel|12}}<br />
*Md Arbash {{yel|58}}<br />
|goals2 = *Thumsol Tongsin {{yel|4}}<br />
*Rajkumar Lanchenba {{yel|38}}<br />
*Gurnaj Singh Grewal {{yel|90+6}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = SSA Stadium, Shillong <br />
|referee = Manish Vashisht<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|motm = Cyrus Abhilash <br> (Bengaluru FC)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64229<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|02|27|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamon Harbour]]<br />
|score = 0 – 0<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals1 = <br />
|goals2 = *Rajibul Halder {{yel|61}}<br />
*Arnab Ghosh {{yel|90+5}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = MFA Ground<br />
|referee = Abdul Mazid CHoudhury<br />
|attendance = 50<br />
|motm = Oinam Donald Singh <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64231<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|03|2|df=y}}<br />
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[FC Goa]]<br />
|score = 1 – 0<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals1 = *Oinam Donald Singh {{yel|16}}<br />
*Bivan Jyoti Laskar {{goal|86}}<br />
|goals2 = *Konsam Akash Singh {{yel|64}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = SSA Stadium<br />
|referee = Manish Vashisht<br />
|attendance = 50<br />
|motm = Bivan Jyoti Laskar <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64233<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 4<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|03|5|df=y}}<br />
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
|score = 2 – 2<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals1 = *Muhammed Bilal CV {{yel|15}}<br />
*Oinam Donald Singh {{goal|45+3||51}}<br />
*Priyansh Dubey {{sentoff|0|86}}<br />
|goals2 = *Lamgunlal Kipgen {{yel|22}}<br />
*R Lawmnasangzuala {{yel|26}} , {{goal|86|pen}}<br />
*Dinesh Singh {{goal|68}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = SSA Stadium<br />
|referee = Rajkumar Angousana Singh<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|motm = Oinam Donald Singh <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64238<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 5<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|03|8|df=y}}<br />
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]<br />
|score = 3 – 2<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals1 = *Sankhil Tuishang {{goal|29}}<br />
*Wahengbam Legend Singh {{yel|45+1}}<br />
*Md Ejaj Ahamad {{goal|45+3||76|pen}}<br />
*Mayengbam Lamjingba {{yel|48}}<br />
*Dishan Shabir {{yel|90+3}}<br />
|goals2 = *Yendrembam Rohit Singh {{goal|12}}<br />
*[[Suhail Ahmad Bhat|Suhail]] {{goal|45}}<br />
*Subal Tudu {{yel|56}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = MFA Ground<br />
|referee = Abdul Mazid Chowdhury<br />
|attendance = 30<br />
|motm = Md Ejaj Ahamad <br> (Sudeva Delhi)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64239<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 6<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|03|11|df=y}}<br />
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[FC Goa]]<br />
|score = 1 – 0<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals2 = <br />
|goals1 = *Kavya Sunil Katkar {{goal|48}}, {{yel|48}}<br />
*Malsawmtluanga {{yel|54}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = SSA Stadium<br />
|referee = Rajkumar Angousana Singh<br />
|attendance = 50 <br />
|motm = Lionel Daryl Rymmei<br> (FC Goa)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64244<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 7<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|03|14|df=y}}<br />
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|score = 0 – 0<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals2 = *Thumsol Tongsin {{yel|18}}<br />
*Muhammed Bilal CV {{yel|70}}<br />
|goals1 = *Amzard Khan {{yel|25}}<br />
*Mohd Arbaz {{yel|86}}<br />
*Arnab Ghosh {{yel|90+6}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = MFA Ground<br />
|referee = Manish Vashisht<br />
|attendance = 75<br />
|motm = Mohd Arbaz <br> (Diamond Harbour)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64247<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 8<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|03|17|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br />
|score = 0 – 1<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals1 = Sahajid Gazi {{yel|14}}<br />
|goals2 = *Vumlenlal Hangshing {{goal|28}}<br />
*Ahongshangbam Samson {{yel|61}}<br />
*Adil {{yel|89}}<br />
*Yaipharemba Chingakham {{yel|90+7}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = SSA Stadium<br />
|referee = Rajkumar Angousana Singh<br />
|attendance = 30<br />
|motm = Vumlenlal Hangshing <br> (Bengaluru FC)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64249<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 9<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|03|20|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
|score = 0 – 3<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals2 = *Bivan Jyoti Laskar {{goal|22}}<br />
*Bharat Lairenjam {{goal|25}}<br />
*Rohit Singh {{goal|65}}<br />
*Thangjam Roshan Singh {{yel|88}}<br />
|goals1 = *Jaydev Sharma {{yel|2}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = SSA Stadium<br />
|referee = Manish Vashisht<br />
|attendance = 20<br />
|motm = Bivan Jyoti Laskar <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64252<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 10<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|03|23|df=y}}<br />
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]<br />
|score = 2 – 0<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan u21<br />
|goals2 = *Jajo Prashan {{yel|28}}<br />
*Rajeshwor Singh {{yel|41}}<br />
|goals1 = *Bivan Jyoti Laskar {{goal|21}}<br />
*Gogocha Chungkham {{goal|59}}<br />
|location = [[Shillong]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = SSA Stadium<br />
|referee = Abdul Mazid Chowdhury<br />
|attendance = 50<br />
|motm = Aditya Adhikari <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/64254<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Appearances===<br />
::''Players with no appearances are not included in the list.''<br />
{{As of|2026|3|23}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="12" |'''Appearances for Mohun Bagan in 2025–26 season'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:170px;" rowspan="2"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:Approx;" colspan="2"|Regional<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Zonal <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|National<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Total <br />
|-<br />
!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="14" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Goalkeepers'''<br />
|-<br />
| 31 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Priyansh Dubey<br />
<!--Regional-->|5 || 5<br />
<!--Zonal-->|4||4<br />
<!--National-->|8||8<br />
<!--Total-->! 17 !! 17<br />
|-<br />
| 91 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Aniket Ghosh<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||1<br />
<!--National-->|3||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 4 !! 3<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="12" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Defenders'''<br />
|-<br />
|3|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Lengunhao Koch<br />
<!--Regional-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0<br />
<!--National-->|4||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 6 !! 3<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Sahil Inamdar<br />
<!--Regional-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|20|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Sahajit Gazi<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|9||7<br />
<!--Total-->! 9 !! 7<br />
|-<br />
|30|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Pallujam Rohan Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|5 || 5<br />
<!--Zonal-->|5||5<br />
<!--National-->|8||8<br />
<!--Total-->! 18 !! 18<br />
|-<br />
|36|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Muhammad Bilal CV<br />
<!--Regional-->|5 || 5<br />
<!--Zonal-->|5||5<br />
<!--National-->|9||9<br />
<!--Total-->! 19 !! 19<br />
|-<br />
|45|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Sahil Tamang<br />
<!--Regional-->|3 || 1<br />
<!--Zonal-->|2||1<br />
<!--National-->|1||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 6 !! 2<br />
|-<br />
|53|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Leewan Casthana<br />
<!--Regional-->|5 || 5<br />
<!--Zonal-->|4||2<br />
<!--National-->|6||5<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 12<br />
|-<br />
|71|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Subal Tudu<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sortdash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|5||5<br />
<!--National-->|8||4<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 9<br />
|-<br />
|77|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Thangjam Roshan Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|5 || 5<br />
<!--Zonal-->|3||3<br />
<!--National-->|7||6<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 14<br />
|-<br />
|96|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Pabitra Mandi<br />
<!--Regional-->|2 || 1<br />
<!--Zonal-->|3||1<br />
<!--National-->|2||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 7 !! 2<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="12" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Midfielders'''<br />
|-<br />
|17|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Lungoulal Kipgen<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sortdash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|2||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 2 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|34|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Ningthoujam Remson Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|3|| 0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0<br />
<!--National-->|2||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 6 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|39|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Punit Thangjam<br />
<!--Regional-->|4|| 1<br />
<!--Zonal-->|4||0<br />
<!--National-->|4||1<br />
<!--Total-->! 12 !! 2<br />
|-<br />
|42|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Gurnaj Singh Grewal<br />
<!--Regional-->|5 || 5<br />
<!--Zonal-->|5||4<br />
<!--National-->|9||7<br />
<!--Total-->! 19 !! 16<br />
|-<br />
|44|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Nishar<br />
<!--Regional-->|2|| 0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|2||2<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 4 !! 2<br />
|-<br />
|47|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Paonav Govin Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|3 || 3<br />
<!--Zonal-->|2||2<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 5 !! 5<br />
|-<br />
|50|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Gogocha Chungkham<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|5||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 5 !! 2<br />
|-<br />
|55|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Yendrembam Rohit Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|4|| 0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|3 || 2<br />
<!--National-->|9||7<br />
<!--Total-->! 16 !! 9<br />
|-<br />
|63|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Aditya Adhikari<br />
<!--Regional-->|4 || 4<br />
<!--Zonal-->|5||4<br />
<!--National-->|10 ||7<br />
<!--Total-->! 19 !! 15<br />
|-<br />
|66|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Barun Khangembam<br />
<!--Regional-->|3|| 0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0<br />
<!--National-->|1||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 5 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|74|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sahil Kar<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|80|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Mingma Sherpa<br />
<!--Regional-->|5 || 5<br />
<!--Zonal-->|5||3<br />
<!--National-->|4||1<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 9<br />
|-<br />
|81|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Thumsol Tongsin<br />
<!--Regional-->|5 || 5<br />
<!--Zonal-->|3||3<br />
<!--National-->|10||10<br />
<!--Total-->! 18 !! 18<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="12" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Forwards'''<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Pasang Dorjee Tamang<br />
<!--Regional-->|4|| 1<br />
<!--Zonal-->|3||3<br />
<!--National-->|6||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 7<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Bharat Lairenjam <br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||1<br />
<!--National-->|4||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 5 !! 4<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Oinam Donald Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|1 || 1<br />
<!--Zonal-->|3||0<br />
<!--National-->|8||6<br />
<!--Total-->! 12 !! 7<br />
|-<br />
|43 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Shibam Munda<br />
<!--Regional-->|2 || 1<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|4||1<br />
<!--Total-->! 6 !! 2<br />
|-<br />
| 62 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Bivan Jyoti Laskar<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sortdash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->| 2 ||1<br />
<!--National-->|10||3<br />
<!--Total-->!12!! 4<br />
|-<br />
| 72 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]]<br />
<!--Regional-->|3|| 3<br />
<!--Zonal-->|3||3<br />
<!--National-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 8 !! 8<br />
|-<br />
| 75 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rajkumar Lanchenba<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|6||4<br />
<!--Total-->! 6 !! 4<br />
|-<br />
| 79 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Taibangnganba Pangambam<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=2|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Goals===<br />
{{As of|2026|3|23}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Regional<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Zonal<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|National<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|72||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|[[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]]<br />
|5||3||1<br />
!9<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2<br />
|55||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Yendrembam Rohit Singh<br />
|2||0||2<br />
!rowspan=2|4<br />
|-<br />
|62||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Bivan Jyoti Laskar <br />
|0||1||3<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|3<br />
|63||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Aditya Adhikari<br />
|2||1||0<br />
!rowspan=1|3<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|4<br />
|7||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Pasang Dorjee Tamang<br />
|2||0||0<br />
!rowspan=4|2<br />
|-<br />
|10||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Bharat Lairenjam <br />
|0||1||1<br />
|-<br />
|11||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Oinam Donald Singh<br />
|0||0||2<br />
|-<br />
|81||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Thumsol Tongsin<br />
|2||0||0<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=7|5<br />
|34||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Remson Singh<br />
|1||0||0<br />
!rowspan=7|1<br />
|-<br />
|36||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Muhammad Bilal CV<br />
|0||1||0<br />
|-<br />
|39||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Punit Thangjam<br />
|1||0||0<br />
|-<br />
|44||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Nishar<br />
|0||1||0<br />
|-<br />
|50||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Gogocha Chungkham<br />
|0||0||1<br />
|-<br />
|53||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Leewan Castanha<br />
|1||0||0<br />
|-<br />
|80||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Mingma Sherpa<br />
|1||0||0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Total<br />
!17!!8!!10<br />
!35<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Cleansheets===<br />
{{As of|2026|3|23}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Regional<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Zonal <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|National<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total <br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|31 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Priyansh Dubey<br />
|4||1||6<br />
!11<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Total<br />
!4!!1!!6<br />
!11<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Disciplinary Record===<br />
{{As of|2026|3|23}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:250;" rowspan="2"| Name<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| Regional<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| Zonal <br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"|National<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| Total<br />
|-<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Muhammad Bilal CV<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|2||0||0<br />
!3!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|72<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|[[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]]<br />
<!--Regional-->|2||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!3!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Priyash Dubey<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|0||0||1<br />
!1!!0!!1<br />
|-<br />
|63<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Aditya Adhikari<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||1<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!1<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Gurnaj Singh Grewal<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Yendrembam Rohit Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|77<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Thangjam Roshan Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|81<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Thumsol Tongsin <br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|2||0||0 <br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|96<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Pabitra Mandi<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Punit Thangjam <br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|0||1||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!0!!1!!0<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Sahil Inamdar<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Pasang Dorjee Tamang <br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Oinam Donald Singh<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Sahajid Gazi<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Pallujam Rohan Singh <br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Sahil Tamang<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Leewan Castanha<br />
<!--Regional-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|71<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Subal Tudu<br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|75<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Rajkumar Lanchenba <br />
<!--Regional-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Zonal-->|colspan=3|{{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0 <br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3| Total<br />
<!--Regional--> !12!!0!!1<br />
<!--Zonal-->!5!!1!!0<br />
<!--National-->!10!!0!!1<br />
!27<br />
!1<br />
!2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==U18==<br />
===Squad===<br />
{{Fs start}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Rohit|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Suva Barai|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=51|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Nandan Roy|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Achouba Huidrom|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Abhishek Kumar Mondal |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Khundongbam Shatish Singh |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Md Aziz Dorjee |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Mahammad Sarfaraz|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Aditya Mondal |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Jayanta Mondal |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=66|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Md Musharaf |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Paogunthang Stephen Doungel |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Thounaojam Jetlee Singh |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Sabyasachi Dhar |other=}}<br />
{{Fs mid}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Lungoulal Kipgen |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Monu Rajbanshi|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Khaiminlal Khongsai|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Md Jeheruddin|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Rintu Malik|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Rajdwip Khatrapal|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=41|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Rihan Abdul Azeez |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Abrar Ali Baba|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=88|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Vineet Rajbanshi|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Prem Hansdak |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Bobby Singh |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Thangngasiang Haokip |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Bharat Lairenjam |other=}}<br />
{{Fs end}}<br />
<br />
===AIFF U18 Youth League===<br />
{{main|2025–26 AIFF Elite Youth League}}<br />
<br />
===Group Stage===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group H<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update= 7 March<br />
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]<br />
|showteam =MBSG<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team position on table here--><br />
|team1=EBFC<br />
|team2=MBSG<br />
|team3= USC<br />
|team4=DHFC<br />
|team5=SKM<br />
|team6=MSC<br />
|team7=AIFF<br />
|team8= KUCT<br />
<br />
<!--Update team win, draw, loss, goals for & goals against here in the same order--><br />
|win_AIFF=0 |draw_AIFF=0 |loss_AIFF=0 |gf_AIFF=0 |ga_AIFF=0<br />
|win_DHFC=2 |draw_DHFC=4 |loss_DHFC=4 |gf_DHFC=8|ga_DHFC =16<br />
|win_KUCT=0 |draw_KUCT=0 |loss_KUCT=0 |gf_KUCT=0 |ga_KUCT=0<br />
|win_EBFC=8 |draw_EBFC=1 |loss_EBFC=1 |gf_EBFC=24|ga_EBFC=5<br />
|win_MBSG=6 |draw_MBSG=2 |loss_MBSG=2 |gf_MBSG=32|ga_MBSG=10|<br />
|win_MSC= |draw_MSC=2 |loss_MSC=8 |gf_MSC=7 |ga_MSC=34<br />
|win_USC=6 |draw_USC=2 |loss_USC=2 |gf_USC=13 |ga_USC=7<br />
|win_SKM=1 |draw_SKM=3|loss_SKM=6 |gf_SKM=9 |ga_SKM=21<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_MBSG_EBFC = 1-1<br />
|match_SKM_KUCT = <s>1-0</s><br />
|match_AIFF_DHFC = <s>1-1</s><br />
|match_USC_MSC = 1-0<br />
|match_EBFC_KUCT = <s>5-0</s><br />
|match_MSC_MBSG = 1-9<br />
|match_DHFC_USC = 0-0 <br />
|match_SKM_AIFF = <s>3-0</s><br />
|match_MBSG_DHFC = 0-0<br />
|match_EBFC_MSC = 4-1<br />
|match_KUCT_AIFF = <s>2-1</s><br />
|match_USC_SKM = 1-1<br />
|match_SKM_MBSG = 0-3<br />
|match_DHFC_EBFC = 0-2<br />
|match_AIFF_USC = <s>1-0</s><br />
|match_MSC_KUCT = <s> 15 Dec </s><br />
|match_MBSG_AIFF = <s>2-0</s><br />
|match_EBFC_SKM = 4-0<br />
|match_KUCT_USC = <s>1-3</s><br />
|match_MSC_DHFC = 1-1<br />
|match_USC_MBSG = 0-1<br />
|match_SKM_MSC = 1-1<br />
|match_DHFC_KUCT = <s>0-0</s><br />
|match_KUCT_MBSG = <s>0-6</s><br />
|match_USC_EBFC = 2-0<br />
|match_SKM_DHFC = 1-3<br />
|match_AIFF_MSC = <s> 4-1</s><br />
|match_EBFC_MBSG = 2-0<br />
|match_KUCT_SKM = <s>1-1</s><br />
|match_MSC_USC = 2-0<br />
|match_DHFC_AIFF = <s>1-1</s><br />
|match_MBSG_MSC = 7-1<br />
|match_KUCT_EBFC = <s>1-2</s><br />
|match_USC_DHFC = 2-0<br />
|match_DHFC_MBSG = 0-5<br />
|match_MSC_EBFC = 0-3<br />
|match_SKM_USC = 0-1<br />
|match_AIFF_KUCT = <s>4-0</s><br />
|match_EBFC_DHFC = 3-0<br />
|match_KUCT_MSC = <s> 7 Feb</s><br />
|match_MBSG_SKM = 4-2<br />
|match_USC_AIFF = <s>4-2</s><br />
|match_AIFF_EBFC = <s>1-0</s><br />
|match_MSC_AIFF = <s>0-3</s><br />
|match_AIFF_MBSG = <s>1-2</s><br />
|match_USC_KUCT = <s>15 Feb</s><br />
|match_SKM_EBFC = 0-2<br />
|match_DHFC_MSC = 3-1<br />
|match_MBSG_USC = 2-3<br />
|match_MSC_SKM = 1-3<br />
|match_KUCT_DHFC = <s> 25 Feb </s><br />
|match_EBFC_USC = 3-1<br />
|match_MBSG_KUCT = <s>3 Mar</s><br />
|match_DHFC_SKM = 1-1<br />
|match_AIFF_SKM = <s>2-2</s><br />
|match_EBFC_AIFF = <s>18 Mar</s><br />
<br />
<br />
|res_col_header = Q<br />
|result1=Q |result2=Q<br />
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q =<br />
<br />
<!--Team short name definition--><br />
|name_SKM=SKM Sports Foundation<br />
|name_AIFF=[[AIFF Academy]]<br />
|name_KUCT=Keshab Uma Charitable Trust FA<br />
|name_EBFC=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal u18]]<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]<br />
|name_DHFC= [[Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|name_USC= [[United SC]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Group H====<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|11|17|df=y}}<br />
|time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|score = 1 – 1<br />
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal u18]]<br />
|goals1 = *Md Sarfaraz {{yel|21}}<br />
*Jetlee Singh {{yel|57}}<br />
*Prem Hansdak {{goal|58}}, {{yel|76}}<br />
*Khaiminlal Khongsai {{yel|71}}<br />
|goals2 = *Saurav Pradhan {{yel|42}}<br />
*Pritam Gain {{goal|45+2|pen}}<br />
*Samuel Haokip {{yel|63}}<br />
*Pradip Mishra {{yel|73}}<br />
*Gingoungam Hmangte {{yel|76}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]<br />
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58603 AIFF]<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|referee = Dipu Roy<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|05|df=y}} <br />
|time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|score = 0 – 0<br />
|team2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour u18]]<br />
|goals1 = Lungoulal Kipgen {{yel|47}}<br />
|goals2 = Surya Sarkar {{yel|25}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58609<br />
|attendance = 270<br />
|referee = Shovan Roy<br />
|motm = Vivek Yadav <br> Diamond Harbour <br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 4<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|14|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = SKM Sports Foundation <br />
|score = 0 – 3<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|goals1 = Sudeb Murmu {{yel|5}} <br> Jayanta Tudu {{yel|58}}<br />
|goals2 = Prem Hansdak {{goal|24||65}} <br> Monu Rajbanshi {{goal|39}} <br> Khaiminlal Khongsai {{yel|40}}<br />
|location = [[Kalna, India|Kalna]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Aghornath Ground <br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58614<br />
|attendance = 2,000<br />
|referee = Sarnendu Bagchi <br />
|motm = Prem Hansdak <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 5<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|22|df=y}}<br />
|time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|score = 2 – 0<br />
|team2 = [[AIFF Academy]]<br />
|goals1 = Jayanta Mondal {{goal|35}} <br> Aditya Mondal {{yel|41}} <br> Thangngaisang Haokip {{goal|43}} <br> Bobby Singh {{yel|90+5}} <br />
|goals2 = Priyanshu Khaskel {{yel|9}} <br> Luchingba Laikhuram {{yel|90+5}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58618<br />
|attendance = 200<br />
|referee = Subhajit Dhara <br />
|result = V<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 6<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|29|df=y}}<br />
|time = : [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[United SC|United SC u18]]<br />
|score = 0 – 1<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|goals1 = <br />
|goals2 = Aditya Mondal {{goal|90+1}}<br />
|location = [[Kalyani, India]]<br />
|stadium = Kalyani Stadium <br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58621<br />
|attendance = 150<br />
|referee = Shovan Roy<br />
|motm = Nandan Roy<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 7<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|6|df=y}}<br />
|time = : [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|score = 0 – 6<br />
|team1 = Keshab Uma Charitable Trust FA<br />
|goals1 = Rupam Das {{yel|19}} <br> Utsab Mandal {{yel|45+1}}<br />
|goals2 = Lungoulal Kipgen {{goal|22||54}} <br> Monu Rajbanshi {{goal|27}} <br> Khaiminlal Khongsai {{goal|39}} <br> Bharat Lairenjam {{goal|45+3|pen}} <br> Prem Hansdak {{goal|90}}<br />
|location = [[Gangadharpur]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Gangadharpur B.Ed College Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58624<br />
|attendance = 400<br />
|referee = Avisekh Saha<br />
|result = v<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 8<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|15|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal u18]]<br />
|score = 2 – 0<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|goals1 = *Raj Gazi {{yel|39}}<br />
*Chesam Yahiya {{goal|56}}<br />
*Pradip Mishra {{yel|74}}<br />
*Pritam Gain {{goal|88}}<br />
|goals2 = *Lungoulal Kipgen {{sentoff|0|19}}<br />
*Aditya Mondal {{yel|45}}<br />
*Mahammad Sarfaraz {{yel|45+1}}<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58631<br />
|attendance = 2,154<br />
|referee = Tanumoy Sarkar<br />
|motm = Chesam Yahiya <br> (East Bengal)<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 9<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|22|df=y}}<br />
|time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]] <br />
|score = 7 – 1<br />
|team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC u18]]<br />
|goals1 = *Md Musharaf {{goal|11}}<br />
*Bharat Lairenjam {{goal|22||26||89||90+3}}<br />
*Prem Hansdak {{goal|33}}<br />
*Thounaojam Jetlee Singh {{goal|77}}<br />
|goals2 = *Sekh Kaiub {{goal|32}}<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58633<br />
|attendance = 358<br />
|referee = Dipu Roy<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] <br />
|result = W<br />
|motm = Bharat Lairenjam <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 10<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|30|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour u18]]<br />
|score = 0 – 5<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|goals1 = Shuva Mahali {{yel|44}} <br> Amir Sohel Molla {{yel|78}}<br />
|goals2 = Bharat Lairenjam {{goal|37||52}} <br> Prem Hansdak {{goal|41}} <br> Khaiminlal Khongsai {{goal|42}} <br> Thangngaisang Haokip {{goal|87}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bidhannagar <br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58637<br />
|attendance = 50<br />
|referee = Sandip Das<br />
|motm = Khaiminlal Khongsai <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 11<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|2|8|df=y}}<br />
|time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|score = 4 – 2<br />
|team2 = SKM Sports Foundation <br />
|goals1 = *Thangngaisang Haokip {{goal|13}}<br />
*Prem Hansdak {{goal|23||51}}<br />
*Vineet Rajbanshi {{yel|83}}<br />
*Malsawmtluanga {{goal|90+4}}<br />
|goals2 = *Ajay Tudu {{goal|45+2}}<br />
*Shyam Marandi {{goal|89}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58642<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|referee = Dwiptak Chakraborty <br />
|motm = Prem Hansdak <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 12<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|2|15|df=y}}<br />
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[AIFF Academy]]<br />
|score = 1 – 2<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|goals1 = *Aheibam Ronandev {{goal|7}}<br />
*Thiyam Famous {{yel|35}}<br />
*Luchingba Laikhuram {{yel|48}}<br />
|goals2 = *Lungoulal Kipgen {{goal|45+2}}<br />
*Abrar Ali {{goal|72}}<br />
*Khaiminlal Khongsai {{yel|73}}<br />
*Bharat Lairenjam {{yel|85}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Aditya School of Sports, Kadambagach<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58645<br />
|attendance = 400<br />
|referee = Shovan Roy<br />
|motm = Abrar Ali <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = V<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 13<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|2|24|df=y}}<br />
|time = 10:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]] <br />
|score = 2 – 3<br />
|team2 = [[United SC|United SC u18]]<br />
|goals1 = *Rajdwip Khatrapal {{yel|40}}<br />
*Prem Hansdak {{goal|57||71}}<br />
|goals2 = *Sahil Sk {{yel|26}}<br />
*Roushan Kumar {{goal|31||90+4}}<br />
*Pradip Bag {{yel|48}}<br />
*Md Miraj Hasan {{goal|72}}<br />
*Sudipta Bera {{yel|77}}<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58651<br />
|attendance = 200<br />
|referee = Suvajit Pramanik<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] <br />
|motm = Roushan Kumar <br> (United SC)<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = <s> {{Start date|2025|11|24|df=y}} </s> <br> {{Start date|2026|02|28|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC u18]]<br />
|score = 1 – 9<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|goals1 = *Debadrita Roy {{yel|27}}<br />
*Debashish Roy {{goal|37}}<br />
|goals2 = *Prem Hansdak {{goal|5}}<br />
*Lungoulal Kipgen {{goal|10||84}}<br />
*Khaiminlal Khongsai {{yel|43}}<br />
*Abrar Ali Baba {{goal|50||53||65|pen|70}}<br />
*Mahammad Sarfaraz {{goal|62}}<br />
*Thangngaisang Haokip {{goal|79}}<br />
*Bobby Singh {{yel|90+2}}<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/58605<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|referee = Shovan Roy<br />
|motm = Abrar Ali Baba <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 14<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|3|df=y}}<br />
|time = : [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u18]]<br />
|score = <br />
|team2 = Keshab Uma Charitable Trust FA<br />
|goals1 = <br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]<br />
|report =<br />
|attendance =<br />
|referee =<br />
|result = v<br />
}}<br />
===National Group===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group A<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update= complete<br />
|source= [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF u18]<br />
|showteam =MBSG<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team position on table here--><br />
|team1=JFC<br />
|team2=CFA<br />
|team3= MBSG<br />
|team4= GKFC<br />
<br />
<!--Update team win, draw, loss, goals for & goals against here in the same order--><br />
|win_JFC=1 |draw_JFC=2|loss_JFC= |gf_JFC=6|ga_JFC=5<br />
|win_CFA=1 |draw_CFA=2|loss_CFA= |gf_CFA=4 |ga_CFA=3<br />
|win_GKFC= |draw_GKFC=1 |loss_GKFC=2 |gf_GKFC=2|ga_GKFC=4<br />
|win_MBSG=0|draw_MBSG=3 |loss_MBSG=0 |gf_MBSG=4|ga_MBSG=4<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_JFC_CFA = 2-2<br />
|match_CFA_JFC = null<br />
|match_MBSG_GKFC = 1-1<br />
|match_GKFC_MBSG = null<br />
|match_JFC_GKFC = 2-1<br />
|match_GKFC_JFC = null<br />
|match_CFA_MBSG = 1-1<br />
|match_MBSG_CFA = null<br />
|match_JFC_MBSG = 2-2<br />
|match_MBSG_JFC = null<br />
|match_CFA_GKFC = 1-0<br />
|match_GKFC_CFA = null<br />
<br />
|res_col_header = Q<br />
|result1=Q <br />
|result2=Q <br />
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q =<br />
<br />
<!--Team short name definition--><br />
|name_CFA= Classic FA<br />
|name_JFC= [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br />
|name_GKFC=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|04|17|df=y}}<br />
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala u18]]<br />
|score = 1 – 1<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan u18<br />
|goals1 = *Aditya Mondal {{yel|13}}<br />
*Bharat Lairenjam {{goal|53}}<br />
|goals2 = *Sheril Shaji Thomas {{goal|45}}<br />
*Sreekanth S {{yel|47}}<br />
|location = [[Mahilpur]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Mahilpur Football Stadium<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/67024<br />
|referee = Dhanesh Sah<br />
|attendance = 50<br />
|motm = Sheril Shaji Thomas <br> (Gokulam Kerala FC)<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|04|19|df=y}}<br />
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan u18<br />
|score = 1 – 1<br />
|team1 = Classic Football Academy<br />
|goals1 = *Langamba Singh {{yel|45+4}}<br />
*Maisongthonbou Thiumai {{yel|52}}<br />
*Bishorjit Singh {{goal|90}}<br />
|goals2 = *Bharat Lairenjam {{goal|88}}<br />
|location = [[Mahilpur]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Ramsar Sahib Sports Stadium<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/67028<br />
|referee =<br />
|attendance =<br />
|motm = Bishorjit Singh <br> (Classic FA)<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|04|21|df=y}}<br />
|time = 07:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur u18]]<br />
|score = 2 – 2<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy | Mohun Bagan u18 ]] <br />
|goals1 = *Lungoulal Kipgen {{sentoff|2|32|90}}<br />
*Khaiminlal Khongsai {{goal|56}}<br />
*Md Sarfaraz {{goal|85}}<br />
*Abrar Ali Baba {{yel|90+3}}<br />
|goals2 = *Mars Ningthoujam {{goal|2}}<br />
*Gopal Munda {{goal|56}}<br />
*Rashithoi Meetei {{yel|70}}<br />
*Rayan C {{yel|90+3}}<br />
|location = [[Mahilpur]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Mahilpur Football Stadium<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/67030<br />
|referee = Sachin Sharma<br />
|attendance = 30<br />
|motm = Mars Ningthoujam <br> (Jamshedpur FC)<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Appearances===<br />
::''Players with no appearances are not included in the list.''<br />
{{As of|2026|4|21}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="10" |'''Appearances for Mohun Bagan in 2025–26 season'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:170px;" rowspan="2"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:Approx;" colspan="2"|AIFF U18 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|AIFF U18 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="14" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Goalkeepers'''<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rohit<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|3 || 3<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 3 !! 3<br />
|-<br />
| 51 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Nandan Roy<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|10 || 10<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Defenders'''<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Achouba Huidrom<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|20|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Khundongbam Satish Singh<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|13 || 13<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 16 !! 16<br />
|-<br />
|22|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Md Aziz Dorjee <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|10 || 8<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 10 !! 8<br />
|-<br />
|26|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Mahammmad Sarafaraz<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|12 || 12<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 15<br />
|-<br />
|32|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Aditya Mondal<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|12 || 12<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 15<br />
|-<br />
|44|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Jayanta Mondal<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|13 || 13<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|1||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
|66|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Md Musharaf<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1 || 1<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Midfielders'''<br />
|-<br />
|8|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Paogunthang Stephen Doungel<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|12 || 9<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 12 !! 9<br />
|-<br />
|14|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Jetlee Singh <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|5 || 2<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 5 !! 2<br />
|-<br />
|16|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sabyasachi Dhar<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1|| 0<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|17|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Lungoulal Kipgen<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|12 || 12<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 15<br />
|-<br />
|19|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Monu Rajbanshi <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|12 || 10<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|2||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 10<br />
|-<br />
|21|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Khaiminlal Khongsai<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|12 || 12<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 15<br />
|-<br />
|27|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Md Jeheruddin<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|5 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||1<br />
<!--Total-->! 8 !! 1<br />
|-<br />
|33|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rintu Malik <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|3|| 0<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 3 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|40|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rajdwip Khatrapal <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|10 || 4<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 7<br />
|-<br />
|72|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Malswamtluanga <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|3 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 6 !! 3<br />
|-<br />
|77|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Abrar Ali <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|11 || 10<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
|81|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sanju Sikdar<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|88|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Vineet Rajbanshi<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Forwards'''<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Prem Hansdak <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|13 || 10<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 12<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Bobby Singh<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|8 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 11 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Thangngasiang Haokip<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|12 || 1<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|2||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 1<br />
|-<br />
| 99 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Bharat Lairenjam <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|12 || 10<br />
<!--AIFF U18 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Goals===<br />
{{As of|2026|4|21}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U18 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U18 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|7 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Prem Hansdak<br />
|11||0<br />
!rowspan=1|11<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|2<br />
|99 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Bharat Lairenjam<br />
|7||2<br />
!9<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|3<br />
|17 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Lungoulal Kipgen<br />
|5||0<br />
! rowspan=2|5<br />
|-<br />
|77||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Abrar Ali<br />
|5||0<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|4<br />
|11 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Thangngaisang Haokip <br />
|4||0<br />
! rowspan=1|4<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|21 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Khaiminlal Khongsai<br />
|2||1<br />
!3<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|6<br />
|19 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Monu Rajbanshi <br />
|2||0<br />
!rowspan=2|2<br />
|-<br />
|26||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Mahammad Sarfaraz<br />
|1||1<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5| 7<br />
|14 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Jetlee Singh<br />
|1||0<br />
! rowspan=5|1<br />
|-<br />
|32||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Aditya Mondal<br />
|1||0<br />
|-<br />
|44||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Jayanta Mondal<br />
|1||0<br />
|-<br />
|66||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Md Musharaf<br />
|1||0<br />
|-<br />
|72 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Malsawmtluanga<br />
|1||0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Total<br />
!42!!4<br />
!46<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Cleansheets===<br />
{{As of|2026|4|21}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U18 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U18 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|51 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Nandan Roy<br />
|6||0<br />
!6<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Total<br />
!6!!0<br />
!6<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Disciplinary Record===<br />
{{As of|2026|4|21}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:220;" rowspan="2"| Name<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| AIFF U18 Zonal<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| AIFF U18 National <br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Khaiminlal Khongsai<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|4||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!4!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Lungoulal Kipgen<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1||0||1<br />
<!--National-->|0||0||1<br />
!1!!0!!2<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Aditya Mondal <br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|2||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!3!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Bobby Singh<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|2||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Mahammad Sarfaraz<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|2||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Prem Hansdak<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Jetlee Singh<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Rajdwip Khatrapal<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|77<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Abrar Ali Baba<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|88<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Vineet Rajbanshi<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|99<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Bharat Lairenjam<br />
<!--AIFF U18-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3| Total<br />
<!--Zonal--> !16!!0!!1<br />
<!--National-->!2!!0!!1<br />
!18<br />
!0<br />
!2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==U16==<br />
===Squad===<br />
{{Fs start}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Argho Sarkar|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Ranjan Malo|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Rahul Das|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Avranil Biswas|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Sandeep Karmakar|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Jay Soren|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Sumit Singh|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Sital Pal|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Pappu Sarkar|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Rohit Murmu|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Suroj Halder |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Paulbious Tariang |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Samuel Lalrinzuala |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Rohit Barman |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Sayan Halder|other=}}<br />
{{Fs mid}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Prantik Hansda |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Arko Bhaskar |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Chowdhury Sahid|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Abir Moulik |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Biswajit Debnath |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Ebenezer Sun |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Akash SK|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Manab Marjit |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Ramjan SK |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Raj Kerketta |other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Rishi Das|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Rajdeep Pal|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Sumit Mandi|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Abhro Dey|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Ahon Banerjee|other=}}<br />
{{Fs end}}<br />
<br />
===Reliance Foundation Youth Sports U17===<br />
====Round 1====<br />
Mohun Bagan U16 boys participated in the RFYS U17 Championship 2025-26.They started the 1st Round campaign on 18th December, 2025 with a 4-0 victory against SKM Sports Academy with Malswam Tulunga scoring a hattrick and Prantick scoring the other one. In the second match, points were shared between Bagan and Vivekananda Football Academy in a 1-1 draw. Malswam scored again for Bagan. In the final group game Mohun Bagan Boys' beat Chinsurah Junior Football Coaching Camp - boys' by 6-1 and qualified for the 2nd Round Reliance Foundation Youth Sports U17 Championship as Table Toppers.<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update=23 December<br />
|source=[https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DZAZhD42W/]<br />
|showteam =MBSG<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team position on table here--><br />
|team1=MBSG<br />
|team2=MVFA<br />
|team3= SKM<br />
|team4=CCC<br />
<br />
<!--Update team win, draw, loss, goals for & goals against here in the same order--><br />
|win_MVFA=2 |draw_MVFA=1 |loss_MVFA=0 |gf_MVFA=4 |ga_MVFA=1<br />
|win_MBSG=2 |draw_MBSG=1 |loss_MBSG= |gf_MBSG=11 |ga_MBSG=2<br />
|win_CCC=0 |draw_CCC= |loss_CCC=3 |gf_CCC=1 |ga_CCC=11<br />
|win_SKM=1 |draw_SKM=0 |loss_SKM=2 |gf_SKM=4 |ga_SKM=6<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_MBSG_SKM = 4-0<br />
|match_MBSG_MVFA = 1-1<br />
|match_CCC_MBSG = 1-6<br />
|match_CCC_SKM = 0-4<br />
|match_MVFA_CCC = 1-0<br />
|match_MVFA_SKM = 2-0 <br />
|match_SKM_MBSG = null<br />
|match_SKM_CCC = null<br />
|match_SKM_MVFA = null<br />
|match_MVFA_MBSG = null<br />
|match_MBSG_CCC = null<br />
|match_CCC_MVFA = null<br />
<br />
|res_col_header = Q<br />
|result1=Q |result2=Q<br />
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q =<br />
<br />
<!--Team short name definition--><br />
|name_SKM=SKM Sports Foundation u17<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
|name_MVFA =Manbazar Vivekananda FA u17<br />
|name_CCC= Chinsurah Junior Football Coaching Camp u17<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|18|df=y}}<br />
|time = 08:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
|score = 4 – 0<br />
|team2 = SKM Sports Academy u17<br />
|goals1 = Malswam Tulunga {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} <br> Prantick {{goal}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground <br />
|report = https://x.com/MBFT89/status/2001542451031609846?s=20<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|20|df=y}}<br />
|time = 08:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
|score = 1 – 1<br />
|team2 = Manbazar Vivekananda FA u17<br />
|goals1 = Malswam Tulunga {{goal}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground <br />
|report = https://x.com/MBFT89/status/2002246956773790016?s=20<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|23|df=y}}<br />
|time = 08:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
|score = 1 – 6<br />
|team1 = Chinsurah Junior Football Coaching Camp u17<br />
|goals2 = *Rajdeep Pal {{goal}} {{goal}}<br />
*Rohit {{goal}}<br />
*Riju {{goal}}<br />
*Malswam Tulunga {{goal}}<br />
*Rishi {{goal}} <br />
|goals1 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Kanchrapara Rail Math<br />
|report = https://x.com/MBFT89/status/2003353549456179211?s=20<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Round 2====<br />
Rajdeep, Malswam scored, as Mohun Bagan U16 Boys defeated Admas United SA 2-0 in the first match of the 2nd Round of RFYS U17 Championship. In the second match Mohun Bagan Boys' defeated Manbazar Vivekananda FA by 4-1 with Samuel, Malswam, Rajdeep Prantik scoring the four goals for Bagan. In the final game Mohun Bagan U16 Boys defeated The Nabadwip Athletic 3-0, courtesy to the goals from Malswam, Rishi and Riju. With that victory, Mohun Bagan qualified for the Final Round as Table Toppers. <br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update=6 January<br />
|source=<br />
|showteam =MBSG<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team position on table here--><br />
|team1=MBSG<br />
|team2=AUSA<br />
|team3= MVFA<br />
|team4= TNA<br />
<br />
<!--Update team win, draw, loss, goals for & goals against here in the same order--><br />
|win_MVFA=1 |draw_MVFA=0 |loss_MVFA=2 |gf_MVFA=4|ga_MVFA=8<br />
|win_MBSG=3 |draw_MBSG=0|loss_MBSG= |gf_MBSG=9 |ga_MBSG=1<br />
|win_TNA=0 |draw_TNA= |loss_TNA=3 |gf_TNA=1 |ga_TNA=7<br />
|win_AUSA=2 |draw_AUSA=0 |loss_AUSA=1 |gf_AUSA=4 |ga_AUSA=2<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_MBSG_AUSA = 2-0<br />
|match_AUSA_MBSG = null<br />
|match_MVFA_MBSG = 1-4<br />
|match_MBSG_MVFA = null<br />
|match_TNA_MBSG = 0-3<br />
|match_MBSG_TNA = null<br />
|match_TNA_AUSA = 0-1<br />
|match_MVFA_TNA = 3-1<br />
|match_MVFA_AUSA = null<br />
|match_AUSA_TNA = null<br />
|match_AUSA_MVFA = 3-0 {{efn|Walkover}}<br />
|match_TNA_MVFA = null<br />
<br />
|match_CCC_MVFA = null<br />
<br />
|res_col_header = Q<br />
|result1=Q |result2=Q<br />
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q =<br />
<br />
<!--Team short name definition--><br />
|name_AUSA =Adamas United Sports Academy u17<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
|name_MVFA =Manbazar Vivekananda FA u17<br />
|name_TNA= The Nabadwip Athletic <br />
}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|3|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
|score = 2 – 0<br />
|team2 = Adamas United SA u17<br />
|goals1 = Malswam Tulunga {{goal}} <br> Rajdeep Pal{{goal}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = <br />
|report = https://x.com/MBFT89/status/2007458077826785452<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|5|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
|score = 1 – 4<br />
|team1 = Manbazar Vivekananda FA u17<br />
|goals2 = *Samuel {{goal}} <br />
*Malswam Tulunga {{goal}}<br />
*Rajdeep Pal {{goal}}<br />
*Prantik {{goal}} <br />
|goals1 = <br />
|location = Kalyani, [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Kalyani B Block (B3) Ground <br />
|report = https://x.com/MBFT89/status/2008140506505883727<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|6|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
|score = 0 – 3<br />
|team1 = The Nabadwip Athletic<br />
|goals2 = Malswam Tulunga {{goal}} <br> Rishi {{goal}} <br> Riju {{goal}}<br />
|goals1 = <br />
|location = Kalyani, [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Kalyani B Block (B3) Ground <br />
|report = https://x.com/MBFT89/status/2008914529527517480<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Round 3====<br />
Due to the clash of fixtures with the AIFF u16 Junior League, Mohun Bagan withdrew their name from the competition and didnot participate in the final round.<br />
<br /><br />
----<br />
<br />
===AIFF U16 Junior League===<br />
=== Group Stage ===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group H<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update= 11 April 2026<br />
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-league AIFF u16]<br />
|showteam =MBSG<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team position on table here--><br />
|team1=EBFC<br />
|team2=MBSG<br />
|team3=BFA<br />
|team4=BFC<br />
|team5=BMSA<br />
|team6=AUSA<br />
|team7=MSC<br />
<br />
<!--Update team win, draw, loss, goals for & goals against here in the same order--><br />
|win_AUSA=3 |draw_AUSA=1|loss_AUSA=8 |gf_AUSA=12 |ga_AUSA= 27<br />
|win_BFA=7 |draw_BFA=2|loss_BFA=3|gf_BFA=30|ga_BFA=17<br />
|win_BMSA=3 |draw_BMSA=3 |loss_BMSA=6 |gf_BMSA=13|ga_BMSA=28<br />
|win_EBFC=9|draw_EBFC=2 |loss_EBFC=1 |gf_EBFC=40|ga_EBFC=7<br />
|win_MBSG=9 |draw_MBSG=2|loss_MBSG=1 |gf_MBSG=40|ga_MBSG=10<br />
|win_MSC= |draw_MSC= |loss_MSC=12|gf_MSC=1 |ga_MSC=48<br />
|win_BFC=6 |draw_BFC= |loss_BFC=6|gf_BFC=17|ga_BFC=16<br />
<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_MBSG_MSC = 6-0 <br />
|match_BFA_AUSA = 1-0 <br />
|match_BMSA_EBFC = 0-0<br />
|match_MSC_MBSG = 0-2<br />
|match_EBFC_MSC = 9-0<br />
|match_BFA_BMSA = 1-1<br />
|match_BFC_AUSA = 2-0<br />
|match_EBFC_MBSG = 2-2<br />
|match_MSC_BFA = 0-4<br />
|match_BMSA_BFC = 0-1<br />
|match_EBFC_BFC = 1-0<br />
|match_BFA_MBSG = 2-2<br />
|match_BMSA_AUSA = 2-2<br />
|match_MBSG_BFC = 2-1<br />
|match_MSC_BMSA = 0-1<br />
|match_EBFC_AUSA = 5-0<br />
|match_EBFC_BMSA = 7-2<br />
|match_MBSG_AUSA = 1-0<br />
|match_BFC_MSC = 4-0<br />
|match_BFA_EBFC = 0-2<br />
|match_AUSA_MBSG = 1-3<br />
|match_MSC_BFC = 1-2<br />
|match_EBFC_BFA = 1-0<br />
|match_MBSG_BFA = 6-0<br />
|match_BFC_EBFC = 3-1<br />
|match_AUSA_BMSA = 0-1<br />
|match_MBSG_BMSA = 5-1<br />
|match_MSC_AUSA = 0-2<br />
|match_BFA_BFC = 2-0<br />
|match_BFC_BFA = 1-2<br />
|match_AUSA_MSC = 3-0<br />
|match_BMSA_MBSG = 0-7<br />
|match_AUSA_EBFC = 0-3<br />
|match_BFC_MBSG = 0-4<br />
|match_BMSA_MSC = 2-0<br />
|match_MBSG_EBFC = 0-3<br />
|match_BFA_MSC = 7-0<br />
|match_MSC_EBFC = 0-6<br />
|match_AUSA_BFC = 2-1<br />
|match_BMSA_BFA = 2-3<br />
|match_AUSA_BFA = 2-8<br />
|match_BFC_BMSA = 2-1<br />
<br />
|res_col_header = Q<br />
|result1=Q |result2=Q<br />
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q =<br />
<br />
<!--Team short name definition--><br />
|name_AUSA=Adamas United Sports Academy<br />
|name_BFA=Bengal Football Academy<br />
|name_BMSA=Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy<br />
|name_EBFC=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
|name_BFC = [[Bhawanipore Club]]<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|13|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|score = 6 – 0<br />
|team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC U16]]<br />
|goals1 = *Rajdeep Paul {{goal|18||60||74}}<br />
*Samuel Lalrinzuala {{goal|72}} <br />
*Rishi Das {{goal|78||87}}<br />
|goals2 = *Shibnath Mondal {{yel|23}} <br />
*Arian Sekh {{yel|50}} <br />
*Soumyajit Mondal {{yel|55}}<br />
|motm = Samuel Lalrinzuala <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61307<br />
|result = W<br />
|attendance = 156<br />
|referee = Onkar Biswas<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|16|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U16]]<br />
|score = 0 – 2<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|goals1 =<br />
|goals2 = *Rajdeep Pal {{goal|45+1}} <br />
*Samuel Lalrinzuala {{goal|83}}<br />
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61310<br />
|attendance = 1025<br />
|referee = Sarnendu Bagchi<br />
|motm = Rajdeep Paul <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|02|1|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal U16]]<br />
|score = 2 – 2<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|goals1 = *Pritam Adhikari {{yel|55}}<br />
*Arnaav Chettri {{goal|67||90+2|pen}}<br />
|goals2 = *Sandip Karmakar {{yel|25}}<br />
*Rajdeep Paul {{goal|55||89}}<br />
*Suroj Halder {{yel|56}}<br />
*Sayan Halder {{yel|62}}<br />
*Samuel Lalrinzuala {{sentoff|0|63}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61316<br />
|referee = SK Safick<br />
|motm = <br />
|attendance = 70<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 4<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|02|9|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Bengal Football Academy<br />
|score = 2 – 2<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|goals1 = *Subhajeet Rajbanshi {{yel|15}} , {{goal|50}}<br />
*Tapas Mondal {{yel|64}}<br />
*Kartik Bishui {{yel|66}}<br />
*Santiram Hansda {{goal|90}}<br />
|goals2 = *Rajdeep Paul {{goal|28||80}}<br />
*Prantik Hansda {{yel|45+1}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Vivekananda Stadium, Khardah<br />
|referee = Saikat Dey<br />
|motm = Santiram Hansda <br> (BFA)<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61319<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 5<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|2|17|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|score = 2 – 1<br />
|team2 = [[Bhawanipore Club]]<br />
|goals1 = *Rajdeep Paul {{goal|1||11}} , {{sentoff|2|40|81}}<br />
*Rishi Das {{sentoff|2|70|80}}<br />
*Arko Bhaskar {{yel|90+4}}<br />
|goals2 = *Sk Sajid {{yel|14}}<br />
*Bikash Sardar {{yel|31}}<br />
*Sukdev Mohali {{yel|45}}<br />
*Sahalam Molla {{yel|48}}<br />
*Sk Mohasin {{goal|85}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61323<br />
|referee = Saikat Dey<br />
|attendance = 200<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 6<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|2|25|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|score = 1 – 0<br />
|team2 = Adamas United Sports Academy <br />
|goals1 = *Sayan Halder {{yel|27}}<br />
*Samuel Lalrinzuala {{goal|89}}<br />
|goals2 = *Abhraneel Hansda {{yel|52}}<br />
*Anisur Badsha {{yel|55}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61325<br />
|referee = Onkar Biswas<br />
|attendance = 250<br />
|motm = Samuel Lalrinzuala <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 7<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|3|5|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Adamas United Sports Academy<br />
|score = 1 – 3<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|goals1 = *Debanshu Kayal {{yel|42}}<br />
*Prantik Basu {{goal|90+3}}<br />
|goals2 = *Rishi Das {{yel|54}}<br />
*Samuel Lalrinzuala {{goal|66}}<br />
*Rajdeep Paul {{goal|76||80}}<br />
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Barrackpore Bibhutibhushan Krirangan<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61328<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|referee = Subrata Das<br />
|motm = Rajdeep Paul <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 8<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|11|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|score = 6 – 0<br />
|team2 = Bengal Football Academy <br />
|goals2 = *Ankush Paul {{yel|62}}<br />
|goals1 = *Rishi Das {{yel|40}}<br />
*Arko Bhaskar {{goal|45+3}}<br />
*Avranil Biswas {{goal|52}}<br />
*Rajdeep Paul {{goal|58||63|pen|78}}<br />
*Sayan Halder {{goal|82}}<br />
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium =Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61331<br />
|result = W<br />
|referee = CHaran Kumar Hembram<br />
|attendance= 150<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 9<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|17|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|score = 5 – 1<br />
|team2 = Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy<br />
|goals1 = *Samuel Lalrinzuala {{goal|28}}<br />
*Rajdeep Paul {{goal|62||63||78||83}}<br />
*Ahon Banerjee {{yel|90+3}}<br />
|goals2 = *Subhrodeep Nandi {{yel|41}}<br />
*Rajib Shikari {{goal|50}}<br />
*Miraj Mondal {{yel|59}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61334<br />
|referee = Avisekh Saha<br />
|attendance = 300<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 10<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|24|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy<br />
|score = 0 – 7<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|goals1 = *Abhi Prasad {{yel|33}}<br />
*Rajib Shikari {{yel|76}}<br />
|goals2 = *Rajdeep Paul {{goal|2||15||45||48}}<br />
*Sayan Halder {{goal|67}}<br />
*Arko Bhaskar {{goal|79}}<br />
*Avranil Biswas {{goal|85}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = BMSA Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61338<br />
|motm = Rajdeep Paul <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|referee = SK Safick<br />
|attendance = 273<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 11<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|30|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Bhawanipore Club]]<br />
|score = 0 – 4<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|goals1 = *Sk Mohasin {{yel|66}}<br />
|goals2 = *Samuel Lalrinzuala {{goal|41}}, {{yel|84}}<br />
*Sayan Halder {{goal|56}}<br />
*Rajdeep Paul {{goal|85}}<br />
*Ebenezer Sun {{goal|89}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Uluberia Stadium<br />
|referee = Santosh Yadav<br />
|motm =<br />
|attendance = 30<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61340<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 12<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|4|4|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|score = 0 – 3<br />
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal U16]]<br />
|goals1 = *Sayan Halder {{yel|56}}<br />
|goals2 = *Sisir Sarkar {{goal|28||48}}<br />
*Romit Das {{yel|59}}<br />
*Akash Mondal {{goal|86}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61343<br />
|motm = Sisir Sarkar <br> (East Bengal FC)<br />
|referee = Shovan Roy<br />
|attendance = 3<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
===National Group Stage=== <br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group C<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update= 6 May 2026<br />
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-league AIFF u16]<br />
|showteam =MBSG<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style = FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team position on table here--><br />
|team1=PFC<br />
|team2=AFA<br />
|team3= MBSG<br />
|team4=RFYC<br />
<br />
<!--Update team win, draw, loss, goals for & goals against here in the same order--><br />
|win_AFA=1 |draw_AFA=1|loss_AFA= |gf_AFA=2|ga_AFA=1<br />
|win_PFC=1 |draw_PFC=1 |loss_PFC= |gf_PFC=4|ga_PFC=3<br />
|win_RFYC=0|draw_RFYC=0|loss_RFYC=2|gf_RFYC=3|ga_RFYC=6<br />
|win_MBSG=1 |draw_MBSG=0 |loss_MBSG=1 |gf_MBSG=3|ga_MBSG=2<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_PFC_RFYC = null<br />
|match_AFA_MBSG = 1-0<br />
|match_RFYC_PFC = 2-3<br />
|match_MBSG_AFA = null<br />
<br />
|match_RFYC_MBSG = null<br />
|match_MBSG_RFYC = 3-1<br />
|match_AFA_PFC = null<br />
|match_PFC_AFA = 1-1<br />
<br />
|match_MBSG_PFC = <br />
|match_AFA_RFYC = <br />
|match_PFC_MBSG = <br />
|match_RFYC_AFA = <br />
<br />
|res_col_header = Q<br />
|result1=Q |result2=Q<br />
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q =<br />
<br />
<!--Team short name definition--><br />
|name_PFC= [[Punjab FC]] <br />
|name_AFA= Alchemy International FA<br />
|name_RFYC=[[Reliance Foundation Young Champs|RF Young Champs]]<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u16]]<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|05|04|df=y}}<br />
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Alchemy International FA<br />
|score = 1 – 0<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|goals1 = *Sourish Nair {{goal|42}}<br />
*Rahul Sachdeva {{yel|50}}<br />
|goals2 =<br />
|location = [[Goa]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Raia Football Stadium <br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/67586<br />
|motm = Eliayash <br> (Alchemy International FA)<br />
|attendance = 80<br />
|referee = Satvir Singh<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|05|06|df=y}}<br />
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|score = 3 – 1<br />
|team2 = [[Reliance Foundation Young Champs|RF Young Champs]]<br />
|goals1 = *Sayan Halder {{goal|27}}<br />
*Samuel Lalrinzuala {{yel|46}}<br />
*Rajdeep Paul {{goal|47||90+2}}<br />
|goals2 = *Subhrajit Pramanick {{goal|73}}<br />
*Ayman Bilalpm {{yel|90+4}}<br />
|location = [[Goa]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Don Bosco Football Ground <br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/67594<br />
|motm = Rajdeep Paul <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|attendance = 120<br />
|referee = Yerramreddy Krishna Reddy<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|05|08|df=y}}<br />
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U16<br />
|score = <br />
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br />
|goals1 = <br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Goa]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Raia Football Stadium<br />
|report = <br />
|motm = <br />
|attendance = <br />
|referee = <br />
|result = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Appearances===<br />
::''Players with no appearances are not included in the list.''<br />
{{As of|2026|5|6}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="10" |'''Appearances for Mohun Bagan in 2025–26 season'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:170px;" rowspan="2"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:Approx;" colspan="2"|AIFF U16 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|AIFF U16 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="14" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Goalkeepers'''<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Argho Sarkar <br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|7|| 6<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 6 !! 6<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Ranjan Malo<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|7|| 6<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 9 !! 8<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Defenders'''<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Avranil Biswas<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|12|| 12<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 14<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sandeep Karmakar<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|12|| 12<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 14<br />
|-<br />
|14|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Jay Soren<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|2|| 0<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 4 !! 2<br />
|-<br />
|25|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Papu Sarkar<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Midfielders'''<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Suroj Halder<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|12|| 12<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 14<br />
|-<br />
|3|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Paulbious Tariang<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|7|| 6<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 7 !! 6<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Samuel Lalrinzuala<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|11|| 11<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
|7|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rohit Barman<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|12|| 12<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 14<br />
|-<br />
|8|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sayan Halder<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|11|| 11<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
|11|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Prantik Hansda<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|10 || 9<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 12 !! 11<br />
|-<br />
|12|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Arko Bhaskar<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|12 || 1<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|1||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 1<br />
|-<br />
|17|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Chowdhury Sahid<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|3|| 0<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 3 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|18|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Abir Moulick<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|2 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 2 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|23|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Ebenezer Sun<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|12|| 12<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 14 !! 14<br />
|-<br />
|24|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Akash SK <br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|9|| 5<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 9 !! 5<br />
|-<br />
|30|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Manab Marjit<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|4|| 0<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 4 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Forwards'''<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rishi Das <br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|9|| 3<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|1||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 10 !! 3<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rajdeep Pal<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|11|| 11<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Abhra Dey<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|9|| 4<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|2||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 11 !! 4<br />
|-<br />
| 27 || [[Forward (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Ahon Banerjee<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|1|| 0<br />
<!--AIFF U16 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Goals===<br />
{{As of|2026|5|6}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U16 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U16 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|10 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Rajdeep Paul <br />
|24||2<br />
!26<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|2<br />
|6 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Samuel Lalrinzuala <br />
|6||0<br />
!rowspan=1|6<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|8||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Sayan Halder <br />
|3||1<br />
!4<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|4<br />
|4||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Avranil Biswas<br />
|2||0<br />
!rowspan=3|2<br />
|-<br />
|9 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Rishi Das<br />
|2||0<br />
|-<br />
|12||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Arko Bhaskar<br />
|2||0<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|23||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Ebenezer Sun<br />
|1||0<br />
!1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Total<br />
!40!!3<br />
!43<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Cleansheets===<br />
{{As of|2026|5|6}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U16 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U16 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|1<br />
|1 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Eklas Molla<br />
|3||0<br />
!rowspan=2|3<br />
|-<br />
|21 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Ranjan Malo<br />
|3||0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Total<br />
!6!!0<br />
!6<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Disciplinary Record===<br />
{{As of|2026|5|6}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:220;" rowspan="2"| Name<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| AIFF U16 Zonal<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| AIFF U16 National <br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Rishi Das <br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|2||1||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!2!!1!!0<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Samuel Lalrinzuala<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|1||0||1<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!2!!0!!1<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Sayan Halder<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|3||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!3!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Rajdeep Pal<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|0||1||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!0!!1!!0<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Suraj Halder<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Sandeep Karmakar<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Prantik Hansda<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Arko Bhaskar <br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Ahon Banerjee<br />
<!--AIFF U16-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3| Total<br />
<!--Zonal--> !9!!2!!1<br />
<!--National-->!1!!0!!0<br />
!10<br />
!2<br />
!1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==U14==<br />
===Squad===<br />
{{Fs start}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Somnath Tudu|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Siddhartha Ganguly|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Rupam Biswas|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jiyon Hansda|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Bikash Halder|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Agni Kuiley|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dorpon Hatiburuah|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jishu Chakraborty|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Irfan Biswas|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rahul Balmiki|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=J Kavin Jei|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=P Today|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Kartick Hembram|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Jit Mondal|other=}}<br />
{{Fs mid}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shreyan Dey|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Subhankar Malakar|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=P. Tyson Sharma|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Akash SK|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sahil Uddin|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rahul Roy|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Nirab Roy|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Anubrata Baul Das|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sidu Soren|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Shagnik Kundu|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Raju Mudi|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Aritra Chatterjee|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=SK Nur Wairif|other=}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Archisman Paul|other=}}<br />
{{Fs end}}<br />
===AIFF u14 Sub Junior League===<br />
===Zonal Group Stage ===<br />
<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group H<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update= 12 April, 2026<br />
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/sub-junior-league AIFF u14]<br />
|showteam =MBSG<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team position on table here--><br />
|team1=MBSG<br />
|team2=EBFC<br />
|team3=BFA<br />
|team4=SKM<br />
|team5=BFC<br />
|team6=AUSA<br />
|team7=BMSA<br />
|team8=MSC<br />
<br />
<!--Update team win, draw, loss, goals for & goals against here in the same order--><br />
|win_AUSA=2 |draw_AUSA=|loss_AUSA=10|gf_AUSA=8 |ga_AUSA= 40<br />
|win_BFA=7 |draw_BFA=4 |loss_BFA=1 |gf_BFA=28|ga_BFA=9<br />
|win_BMSA=1 |draw_BMSA=1 |loss_BMSA=10|gf_BMSA=10 |ga_BMSA=38<br />
|win_EBFC=8 |draw_EBFC=3 |loss_EBFC=1 |gf_EBFC=31|ga_EBFC=7<br />
|win_MBSG=9 |draw_MBSG=3 |loss_MBSG=0 |gf_MBSG=31|ga_MBSG=4|<br />
|win_MSC= |draw_MSC= |loss_MSC=0 |gf_MSC= |ga_MSC=0<br />
|win_BFC=4|draw_BFC= |loss_BFC=8|gf_BFC=13 |ga_BFC=26<br />
|win_SKM=5|draw_SKM=1 |loss_SKM=6|gf_SKM=21|ga_SKM=18<br />
<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_BFA_EBFC = 0-0 <br />
|match_BFC_MSC = <s>10-0 </s><br />
|match_MSC_BFC = <s>1 Apr</s><br />
|match_SKM_BMSA = 3-0 <br />
|match_MBSG_AUSA =2-1 <br />
|match_EBFC_MSC = <s>14-0</s><br />
|match_MSC_EBFC = <s>19 Mar</s><br />
|match_BFA_BMSA = 1-1<br />
|match_MBSG_SKM = 2-0<br />
|match_BFC_AUSA = 2-0<br />
|match_MSC_BFA = <s> 0-12 </s><br />
|match_BFA_MSC = <s> 6 Apr </s><br />
|match_BMSA_BFC = 0-1<br />
|match_AUSA_SKM = 0-3<br />
|match_BFA_MBSG = 0-0<br />
|match_EBFC_BFC = 2-0<br />
|match_MSC_SKM = <s>0-16</s><br />
|match_SKM_MSC = <s> 13 Apr </s><br />
|match_BMSA_AUSA = 4-1<br />
|match_BMSA_EBFC = 0-1<br />
|match_MSC_MBSG = <s>0-23 </s><br />
|match_MBSG_MSC = <s>27 Feb </s><br />
|match_SKM_BFC = 0-1<br />
|match_AUSA_BFA = 0-5<br />
|match_BMSA_MSC = <s> 19 Feb </s><br />
|match_MSC_BMSA = <s> 8 Mar </s><br />
|match_AUSA_MSC = <s> 14 Mar </s><br />
|match_MSC_AUSA = <s> 26 Mar </s><br />
|match_MBSG_BFC = 1-0<br />
|match_EBFC_AUSA = 2-1<br />
|match_BFA_SKM = 2-1<br />
|match_EBFC_BMSA = 3-0<br />
|match_BFA_AUSA = 5-0<br />
|match_BFC_SKM = 1-3<br />
|match_BFC_MBSG= 0-4<br />
|match_SKM_BFA= 0-1<br />
|match_AUSA_EBFC = 0-6<br />
|match_BFC_BFA = 2-3<br />
|match_SKM_EBFC = 0-3<br />
|match_BMSA_MBSG = 0-5<br />
|match_BMSA_BFA = 0-6<br />
|match_AUSA_BFC = 3-1<br />
|match_SKM_MBSG = 1-1<br />
|match_MBSG_BMSA = 5-1<br />
|match_EBFC_SKM = 7-2<br />
|match_BFA_BFC = 3-1<br />
|match_EBFC_MBSG = 1-1<br />
|match_AUSA_MBSG = 0-7<br />
|match_BMSA_SKM = 0-6<br />
|match_EBFC_BFA = 2-2<br />
|match_MBSG_EBFC = 1-0<br />
|match_SKM_AUSA = 2-0<br />
|match_BFC_BMSA = 4-3 <br />
|match_BFC_EBFC = 0-4<br />
|match_MBSG_BFA = 2-0<br />
|match_AUSA_BMSA = 2-1 <br />
<br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=W |result2 = W<br />
|result8=KO<br />
|col_W=green1 |col_KO=silver<br />
|text_W=Advance to National group stage<br />
|text_KO=Withdrew <br />
<br />
<!--Team short name definition--><br />
|name_AUSA=Adamas United Sports Academy<br />
|name_BFA=Bengal Football Academy<br />
|name_BMSA=Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy<br />
|name_EBFC=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal u14]]<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u14]]<br />
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC u14]]<br />
|name_BFC = [[Bhawanipore Club]]<br />
|name_SKM = SKM Sports Foundation<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|15|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = 2 – 1<br />
|team2 = Adamas United Sports Academy <br />
|goals1 = *Agni Kuiley {{goal|13}}<br />
*Jishu Chakraborty {{goal|24}}<br />
*P Today {{yel|27}}<br />
|goals2 = *Hrisov Das {{yel|30}}<br />
*Kazi Sakibul Islam {{yel|34}}<br />
*Rohit Patra {{goal|50}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61349<br />
|attendance = 150<br />
|referee = SK Safick<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|1|19|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = 2 – 0<br />
|team2 = SKM Sports Foundation<br />
|goals1 = *P Today {{goal|9}}<br />
*Dorpon Hatiboruah {{yel|31}} , {{goal|54}}<br />
*Shagnik Kundu {{yel|72}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61355<br />
|attendance = 55<br />
|referee = Prithwiraj Dutta<br />
|motm = Dorpon Hatiboruah <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 4<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|02|3|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Bengal Football Academy<br />
|score = 0 – 0<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|goals1 = *Rik Baskey {{yel|72}}<br />
*Kushan Soren {{yel|90+1}}<br />
|goals2 = *P Today {{yel|70}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Vivekananda Stadium, Khardah<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61361<br />
|motm = Rohit Tudu <br> (BFA)<br />
|attendance = 80<br />
|referee = Jeet Rajbanshi<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 5<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|2|11|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U14]]<br />
|score = 0 – 23<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|goals1 = *Farhanuddin Mallick {{yel|87}}<br />
|goals2 = *Dorpon Hatiboruah {{goal|1||17||26||58||64||74}}<br />
*Anubrata Baul Das {{goal|10||11||13||21||39||52||79||90+3}}<br />
*Kartick Hembram {{goal|19||45+1}}<br />
*Sidu Soren {{goal|30||48}}<br />
*Jishu Chakraborty {{goal|34}}<br />
*Jiyon Hansda {{goal|37}}<br />
*Shagnik Kundu {{goal|46||56}}<br />
*Sk Sakib Uddin {{goal|87}}<br />
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61365<br />
|result = V<br />
|attendance = 50<br />
|referee = Dipak De<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 6<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|2|19|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = 1 – 0<br />
|team2 = [[Bhawanipore Club]]<br />
|goals1 = *Kartick Hembram {{yel|90+1}}<br />
*Annubrata Baul Das {{goal|90+3}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61370<br />
|result = W<br />
|motm =<br />
|referee = Prithwiraj Dutta <br />
|attendance = 250<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 7<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|2|27|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = <br />
|team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC U14]]<br />
|goals1 = <br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report =<br />
|result = V<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 8<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|7|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Bhawanipore Club]]<br />
|score = 0 – 4<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|goals1 =<br />
|goals2 = *Jishu Chakraborty {{goal|27||45+3}}<br />
*Anubrata Baul Das {{goal|36}}<br />
*Shagnik Kundu {{goal|59}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Uluberia Stadium<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61377<br />
|attendance = 1,000<br />
|referee = Dipak De<br />
|motm = Jiyon Hansda <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 9<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|14|df=y}}<br />
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy<br />
|score = 0 – 5<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|goals1 =<br />
|goals2 = *Jishu Chakraborty {{goal|32}}<br />
*Shagnik Kundu {{goal|52||78||90+2}}<br />
*Dorpon Hatiboruah {{goal|57}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = BMSA Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61383<br />
|attendance = 150<br />
|referee = Suman Chowdhury<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 10<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|20|df=y}}<br />
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = SKM Sports Foundation<br />
|score = 1 – 1<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|goals1 = *Sudip Murmu {{goal|39}}<br />
*Aman Chhetri {{yel|87}}<br />
|goals2 = *Jishu Chakraborty {{sentoff|2|63|89}}<br />
*Shagnik Kundu {{goal|90+2}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Aghornath Park Stadium, Kalna<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61387<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|referee = Ranjan Halder<br />
|motm = Shagnik Kundu <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 11<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|3|25|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = 5 – 1<br />
|team2 = Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy<br />
|goals1 = *Annubrata Baul Das {{goal|14||79||87}}<br />
*Tyson Sharma {{yel|49}}<br />
*Bikash Halder {{goal|53}}<br />
*Shreyan Dey {{goal|90+1}}<br />
|goals2 = *Supen Barman {{goal|18}}<br />
*Subhas Saren {{yel|87}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61390<br />
|attendance = 200<br />
|referee = Mrinal Majumder<br />
|motm = Rahul Roy <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = <s>{{Start date|2026|1|26|df=y}}</s> <br> {{Start date|2026|3|28|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal U14]]<br />
|score = 1 – 1<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|goals1 = *Sudipto Mandi {{yel|18}}<br />
*Bhola Rajwar {{goal|58}}<br />
|goals2 = *Dorpon Hatiboruah {{goal|48}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br />
|attendance = 900<br />
|referee = Prithwiraj Dutta <br />
|motm = Bhola Rajwar <br> (East Bengal)<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61357<br />
|result = D<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 12<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|3|31|df=y}}<br />
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Adamas United Sports Academy<br />
|score = 0 – 7<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|goals1 = *Rajat Biswas {{sentoff|2|1|70}}<br />
*Rupam Paul {{yel|44}}<br />
|goals2 = *Shagnik Kundu {{goal|20}}<br />
*Rahul Balmiki {{yel|21}}<br />
*Tyson Sharma {{goal|29||45||59}}<br />
*Annubrata Das {{goal|35}}<br />
*Subhankar Malakar {{yel|50}}<br />
*Rahul Roy {{goal|86}}<br />
*Jishu Chakraborty {{goal|90+2}}<br />
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Barrackpore Bibhutibhushan Krirangan<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61393<br />
|referee = SK Safick<br />
|attendance = 100<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 13<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|4|6|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = 1 – 0 <br />
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal U14]]<br />
|goals1 = *Tyson Sharma {{goal|44|pen}}<br />
*Jiyon Hansda {{yel|90+3}}<br />
|goals2 = *Mamen Wangkheirakpam {{yel|25}}<br />
*Kartick Soren {{yel|49}}<br />
*Bhola Rajwar {{yel|51}}<br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61397<br />
|motm = Tyson Sharma <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|attendance = 150<br />
|referee = Prithwiraj Dutta <br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 14<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|4|12|df=y}}<br />
|time = 11:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = 2 – 0<br />
|team2 = Bengal Football Academy <br />
|goals1 = *Rahul Balmiki {{yel|10}}<br />
*Jiyon Hansda {{yel|24}}<br />
*Jishu Chakraborty {{goal|29}}<br />
*Kartick Hembram {{goal|90+2}}<br />
|goals2 = *Sabuj Mondal {{sentoff|2|77|89}}<br />
*Rohit Gazi {{yel|84}}<br />
*Suman Guin {{yel|90+3}} <br />
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium =Bansberia Kishore Sangha Ground<br />
|motm = Jishu Chakraborty <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|referee = Sayani Roy<br />
|attendance = 200<br />
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/61401<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
<br /><br />
----<br />
<br />
===National Group Stage=== <br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section=Group C<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
|update= complete<br />
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/sub-junior-league AIFF u14]<br />
|showteam =MBSG<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style = FBR<br />
<br />
<!--Update team position on table here--><br />
|team1=BFC<br />
|team2=MBSG<br />
|team3= SUD<br />
|team4=SRE<br />
<br />
<!--Update team win, draw, loss, goals for & goals against here in the same order--><br />
|win_BFC=3|draw_BFC=0|loss_BFC= |gf_BFC=8|ga_BFC=3|<br />
|win_SRE= |draw_SRE= |loss_SRE=3|gf_SRE=2|ga_SRE=7<br />
|win_SUD=1|draw_SUD=0|loss_SUD=2|gf_SUD=5|ga_SUD=9<br />
|win_MBSG=2|draw_MBSG=0 |loss_MBSG=1|gf_MBSG=8|ga_MBSG=4<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--Matches--><br />
|match_MBSG_BFC = null<br />
|match_BFC_MBSG = 2-0<br />
|match_SRE_SUD = null<br />
|match_SUD_SRE = 2-1<br />
<br />
|match_SRE_MBSG = null<br />
|match_MBSG_SRE = 3-1<br />
|match_SUD_BFC = null<br />
|match_BFC_SUD = 4-3<br />
<br />
|match_MBSG_SUD = 5-1 <br />
|match_SUD_MBSG = null<br />
|match_BFC_SRE = 2-0<br />
|match_SRE_BFC = null<br />
<br />
|res_col_header = Q<br />
|result1=Q |result2=Q<br />
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q =<br />
<br />
<!--Team short name definition--><br />
|name_BFC= [[Bengaluru FC]] <br />
|name_SRE= [[Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
|name_SUD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]<br />
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan u14]]<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|05|03|df=y}}<br />
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br />
|score = 0 – 2<br />
|team1 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|goals1 = <br />
|goals2 = *Asif Khan {{goal|36}}<br />
*Leishemba Singh {{yel|83}}<br />
*Rengbek Sekho {{goal|84}}<br />
|location = [[Madras]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Furry Field<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/67952<br />
|motm = <br />
|attendance = 35<br />
|referee = Harkomal Singh Duhra<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|05|05|df=y}}<br />
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = 1 – 3<br />
|team1 =[[Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
|goals1 = *Rajkumar Lanchenba {{goal|24}} , {{yel|52}}<br />
*Nivash Singh {{yel|45}}<br />
*Jackson Meitei {{yel|76}}<br />
|goals2 = *Anubrata Baul Das {{goal|19}}<br />
*Jiyon Hansda {{goal|73}}<br />
*Jishu Chakraborty {{goal|80}}<br />
|location = [[Madras]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Furry Field<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/67958<br />
|motm = Jishu Chakraborty <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|attendance = 20<br />
|referee = Nandagopal Dharmaraj<br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2026|05|07|df=y}}<br />
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = Mohun Bagan U14<br />
|score = 1 – 5<br />
|team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]<br />
|goals1 = *Seiboigun Haokip {{yel|78}}<br />
*Maiya Kamkara {{goal|90+4}}<br />
|goals2 = *Bikash Halder {{goal|18}}<br />
*Dorpon Hatiboruah {{goal|39}}<br />
*Nirab Roy {{goal|63||85||90+3}}<br />
*Jit Mondal {{yel|86}}<br />
|location = [[Madras]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = Furry Field<br />
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/67966<br />
|motm = Nirab Roy <br> (Mohun Bagan)<br />
|attendance = 20<br />
|referee = Alok Britto <br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
<br /><br />
----<br />
<br />
===Quarter Finals===<br />
<br />
===Appearances===<br />
::''Players with no appearances are not included in the list.''<br />
{{As of|2026|5|7}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="10" |'''Appearances for Mohun Bagan in 2025–26 season'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:170px;" rowspan="2"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:Approx;" colspan="2"|AIFF U14 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|AIFF U14 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"width:86px;" colspan="2"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="14" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Goalkeepers'''<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Somnath Tudu<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|2 || 2<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|2||1<br />
<!--Total-->! 4 !! 3<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Siddharta Ganguly<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|11|| 11<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Defenders'''<br />
|-<br />
|2|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Jiyon Hansda <br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|13 || 13<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->||2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 15<br />
|-<br />
|3|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Bikash Halder<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|13 || 12<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 16 !! 15<br />
|-<br />
|4|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Agni Kuiley <br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|8|| 3<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 8 !! 3<br />
|-<br />
|5|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Dorpon Hatiboruah <br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|13 || 13<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 16 !! 16<br />
|-<br />
|14 || [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Irfan Biswas<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|24|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Anubrata Baul Das<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->| 12 || 9<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 12<br />
|-<br />
|26|| [[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rahul Balmiki<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|11 || 11<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|2||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 13<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Midfielders'''<br />
|-<br />
|6|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Jishu Chakraborty<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|12 || 12<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 15<br />
|-<br />
|8|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || J Kavin Jei<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|5|| 0<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 5 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|9|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || P Today<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|11|| 7<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|2||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 13 !! 7<br />
|-<br />
|11|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Kartick Hembram<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|13|| 9<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|2||1<br />
<!--Total-->! 15 !! 10<br />
|-<br />
|12|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Jit Mondal<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||0<br />
<!--Total-->! 4 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|15|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Shreyan Dey<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|9|| 1<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 9 !! 1<br />
|-<br />
|16|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Subhankar Malakar<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|5|| 4<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 8 !! 7<br />
|-<br />
|17|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Phurailatpam Tyson Sharma<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|13 || 13<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||1<br />
<!--Total-->! 16 !! 14<br />
|-<br />
|18|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Akash SK<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1|| 0<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|19|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sk Sakib Uddin <br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|22|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Rahul Roy<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|7|| 1<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 10 !! 4<br />
|-<br />
|23|| [[Midfielder|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Nirab Roy<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|4 || 4<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||3<br />
<!--Total-->! 7 !! 7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;|'''Forwards'''<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Sidu Soren<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|13 || 10<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||1<br />
<!--Total-->! 16 !! 11<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Shagnik Kundu<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|13 || 8<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|3||2<br />
<!--Total-->! 16 !! 10<br />
|-<br />
| 27 || [[Forward (association football)|FW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || SK Nur Warif<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1 || 0<br />
<!--AIFF U14 Nat-->|colspan=2| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--Total-->! 1 !! 0<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Goals===<br />
{{As of|2026|5|7}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U14 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U14 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|1<br />
|4 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Anubrata Baul Das <br />
|14||1<br />
!rowspan =1|15<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|2<br />
|5||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Dorpon Hatiboruah<br />
|9||1<br />
!rowspan=1|10<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = 2|3<br />
|6 || {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Jishu Chakraborty <br />
|7||1<br />
!rowspan=2|8<br />
|-<br />
|10|| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Shagnik Kundu <br />
|8||0<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = 1|4<br />
|17|| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Tyson Sharma<br />
|4||0<br />
!rowspan=1|4<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|5<br />
|11 || {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Karthik Hembram <br />
|3||0<br />
!rowspan=2|3<br />
|-<br />
|23 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Nirab Roy<br />
|0||3<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|6<br />
|2 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Jiyon Hansda <br />
|1||1<br />
!rowspan=3|2<br />
|-<br />
|3 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Bikash Halder<br />
|1||1<br />
|-<br />
|7 || {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Sidu Soren <br />
|2||0<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5|7<br />
|4 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Agni Kuiley<br />
|1||0<br />
!rowspan =5|1<br />
|-<br />
|9||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|P Today<br />
|1||0<br />
|-<br />
|15 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Shreyan Dey<br />
|1||0<br />
|-<br />
|19||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Sk Sakib Uddin<br />
|1||0<br />
|-<br />
|24 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Rahul Roy<br />
|1||0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Total<br />
!54!!8<br />
!62<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Cleansheets===<br />
{{As of|2026|5|7}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:170px;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U16 Zonal<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|AIFF U16 National <br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:86px;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|1<br />
|21<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Siddhartha Ganguly <br />
|8||0<br />
!rowspan=1|8<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=1|2<br />
|1 ||{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Somnath Tudu<br />
|1||0<br />
! rowspan=1|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Total<br />
!9!!0<br />
!9<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Disciplinary Record===<br />
{{As of|2026|5|7}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br />
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:15;" rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br />
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:220;" rowspan="2"| Name<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| AIFF U14 Zonal<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"| AIFF U14 National <br />
! colspan="3" style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center; width:120; {{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{yel}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|2}}<br />
!{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|2px}}" width=35| {{sentoff|0}}<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Jiyon Hansda<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|2||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|P Today<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|2||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Rahul Balmiki<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|2||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!2!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Jishu Chakraborty<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|0||1||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!0!!1!!0<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Dorpon Hatiboruah<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Shagnik Kundu<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Kartick Hembram<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Jit Mondal<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
<!--National-->|1||0||0<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Subhankar Malakar<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|Phurailatpam Tyson Sharma<br />
<!--AIFF U14-->|1||0||0<br />
<!--National-->|colspan=3| {{sort dash}}<br />
!1!!0!!0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3| Total<br />
<!--Zonal--> !11!!1!!0<br />
<!--National-->!1!!0!!0<br />
!12<br />
!1<br />
!0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Youth Friendlies==<br />
===Reserves===<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 1<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|06|21|df=y}}<br />
|time = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]] <br />
|score = 3–1<br />
|team2 = [[BSS Sporting Club|Behala SS]]<br />
|goals1 = Shibam Munda {{goal}} <br> Bharat Lairenjam {{goal}} <br> Chaitu {{goal}} <br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = <br />
|report = <br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 2<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|06|25|df=y}}<br />
|time = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]] <br />
|score = 4–0<br />
|team2 = Bidhannagar Municipal SA <br />
|goals1 = Tushar Biswakarma {{goal}}{{goal}} <br> Sandeep{{goal}} <br> Own goal {{goal||O.G.}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = <br />
|report = <br />
|result = W<br />
}}<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|round = 3<br />
|date = {{Start date|2025|08|16|df=y}}<br />
|time = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]] <br />
|score = 2–1<br />
|team1 = United Kolkata SC<br />
|goals1 = <br />
|goals2 = <br />
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
|stadium = <br />
|report = https://www.instagram.com/p/DNa_0-BhYX9/?img_index=3&igsh=MWJnazJydnoyaTg5OA==<br />
|result = L<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Thankam_Mathews&diff=533058Sarah Thankam Mathews2026-04-29T04:37:55Z<p>DilKhus: added the details w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian-American author}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sarah Thankam Mathews<br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Iowa Writer's Workshop]]<br />
| notable_works = "All This Could Be Different"<br />
| website = https://www.smathewss.com/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sarah Thankam Mathews''' is an Indian-American novelist. Her debut novel, ''[[All This Could Be Different]]'', was a finalist for the 2022 [[National Book Award for Fiction]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Mathews was born in [[Bangalore]], India to [[Malayali]] parents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=P |first=Jinoy Jose |date=2022-10-18 |title='Same-sex love has always existed, and it is a part of life' |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/interview-sarah-thankam-mathews-all-this-could-be-different-same-sex-love-has-always-existed-and-it-is-a-part-of-life/article66026943.ece |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> Her parents quickly moved with her to [[Muscat]], Oman where she was raised in a tight-knit Indian enclave.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
She moved to the United States with her family when she was 17.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Arun |date=2022-10-11 |title=Sarah Thankam Mathews among 2022 National Book Awards finalists |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2022/10/11/sarah-thankam-mathews-among-2022-national-book-awards-finalists-451306/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Pride Spotlight: Sarah Thankam Mathews' Novel and Politics Prove She Believes 'All This Could Be Different' |url=https://observer.com/2022/06/pride-spotlight-sarah-thankam-mathews-novel-and-politics-prove-she-believes-all-this-could-be-different/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> She attended college at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Provost |first=Megan |date= |title=The Roaring Twenties {{!}} On Wisconsin |url=https://onwisconsin.uwalumni.com/the-roaring-twenties/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> where she served as president of the [[Wisconsin Union|Wisconsin Union Directorate]] in 2012–2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Sarah Thankam |date=29 June 2016 |title=This Land Is Our Land, Donald Trump |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/sarahmathews/its-like-you-were-born-american |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=BuzzFeed |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mathews |first=Sarah |date=2012 |title=Inspire Community Through a Sense of Place |magazine=Wisconsin Union Annual |page=5}}</ref> She subsequently attended the [[Iowa Writers' Workshop|Iowa Writers Workshop]] as a Rona Jaffe Fellow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Thankam Mathews {{!}} Kenyon Review Author |url=https://kenyonreview.org/contributor/sarah-thankam-mathews/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Kenyon Review |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Mathews' first novel, ''All This Could Be Different'', was published by [[Penguin Books]] in 2022. The novel centers a South Asian queer protagonist who is navigating love, friendship, and career in Milwaukee during the [[Great Recession]] and the Obama presidency.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=Sarah Thankam Mathews' 6 favorite books about life-changing experiences and self discovery |url=https://theweek.com/feature/1018556/sarah-thankam-mathews-6-favorite-books |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title=Sarah Thankam Mathews Has Written One of the Buzziest, Most Human Novels of the Year |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/sarah-thankam-mathews-all-this-could-be-different-interview |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> The novel was received with critical acclaim and was a finalist for the 2022 [[National Book Award]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>Briefly reviewed in the [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/05/memoirs-france-the-hop-and-all-this-could-be-different September 5, 2022 issue] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'', p.59.</ref><br />
<br />
Mathews was also previously a Margins Fellow at the [[Asian American Writers' Workshop]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-08 |title=Introducing the 2020 AAWW Margins Fellows |url=https://aaww.org/2020-aaww-margins-fellows/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Asian American Writers' Workshop |language=en-US}}</ref> and her short story, ''Rubberdust'', was selected for ''[[The Best American Short Stories]]'' of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayali novelist Sarah Thankam Mathews shortlisted for America's prestigious literary prize |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2022/10/05/sarah-thankam-mathews-novel-all-this-could-be-different-national-book-awards-nominee.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Sarah Thankam Mathews' Debut Novel, 'All This Could Be Different,' Isn't Your Average Coming-of-Age Book |url=https://www.shondaland.com/inspire/books/a40786337/sarah-thankam-mathews-all-this-could-be-different/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Shondaland |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129022605/https://www.shondaland.com/inspire/books/a40786337/sarah-thankam-mathews-all-this-could-be-different/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Mathews lives in Brooklyn and considers [[Kerala]] to be her ancestral home.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Published works ==<br />
<br />
* (2022) ''All This Could Be Different.'' New York: [[Viking Press|Viking]]. ISBN 978-0-593-48912-3<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathews, Sarah Thankam}}<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]<br />
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]<br />
[[Category:American women novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saharsa_Junction_railway_station&diff=531816Saharsa Junction railway station2026-04-25T15:29:34Z<p>DilKhus: added the details v1!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Saharsa, Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]]<br />{{font color|blue|SAHARSA JUNCTION}}<br />
| other_name = <br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| image = {{Photomontage| | photo2a=Saharsa junction nameplate.jpg | photo1a=Saharsa junction new building close view.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 0 | color = white | color_border = transparent }}<br />
| caption = Picture of New Building of Saharsa Junction<br />
| address = Railway Station Marg, Ward Number 30, Jay Prabha Nagar, Saharsa, Bihar 852201<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| elevation = {{convert|46|m|ft}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]]<br />
| line = *[[Mansi–Saharsa line]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Purnia line]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Forbesganj line]]<br />
| platform = 5<br />
| tracks = 7<br />
| other = All over [[India]]<br />
| accessible = <br />
| bicycle = Yes<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| structure = At-grade<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = '''SHC'''<br />
| zone = [[East Central Railway Zone]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}<br />
}}<br />
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| former = Saharsa Junction<br />
| classification = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/train-search}}<br />
| opened = 1887<br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| passengers = 150,000+ per day<br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations<br />
|system1=Indian Railways|header1=[[East Central Railway zone]]<br />
|line2=Barauni–Katihar section|left2=|right2=Saharsa Katcheri|note-mid2=Towards Forbesganj [[File:16 cardinal points N.png|15px|link=West Bengal]]<br />
|line3=Barauni–Katihar section|left3=Khagaria Junction|right3=Dauram Madhepura|note-mid3=Towards [[Purnia Junction railway station|Purnia]] [[File:16 cardinal points SE.png|15px|link=West Bengal]]<br />
}}<br />
| route_map = {{switcher<br />
|{{Mansi–Saharsa line|inline=y}}<br />
| Mansi–Saharsa line<br />
|{{Saharsa–Purnia line|inline=y}}<br />
| Saharsa–Purnia line<br />
|{{Saharsa–Forbesganj line|inline=y}}<br />
| Saharsa–Forbesganj line<br />
}}<br />
| map_type = India#India Bihar#<br />
| map_dot_label = '''Saharsa Junction'''<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location in [[Saharsa]]##Location in India<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Saharsa Junction<br />
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Saharsa Junction railway station''' is a main railway station in [[Saharsa district]], [[Bihar]]. Its code is '''SHC'''. It serves [[Kosi Division]] area. The station consists of 5 platforms.This railway junction has been certified by '''ISO:14001:2015''' for environmental management. {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Due to less railway facility, less expansion of rail network in [[Supaul district|Supaul]] and [[Madhepura district]]'s people used to catch trains from Saharsa instead of their own stations. It is the main railway junction of [[Kosi division]].<br />
<br />
==Redevlopment==<br />
As part of Indian Railways’ modernization efforts and schemes such as [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]] and PM Gati Shakti, Saharsa Junction is undergoing extensive upgrades to enhance capacity, passenger amenities, and freight handling.<br />
===Yard Remodeling & New Platforms===<br />
Originally proposed at ₹194 crore, the yard remodeling project was revised and approved by the Railway Board at ₹158.73 crore.<br />
<br />
==Connectivity==<br />
Saharsa connected to the major cities in India like [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna]],[[Muzaffarpur]], [[Munger]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] [[Mumbai]], [[Surat]], [[Ranchi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Allahabad|Prayag Raj]], [[Lucknow]], [[Amritsar]] many other cities by the railway network and serves the city with numerous trains. India's first Graib Rath has started from here which was [[Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express|12203 Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath]]. It is also the originating junction of premium train such as [[Humsafar Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]], [[Rajya Rani Express]], [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]], and many [[Express trains in India|Express]] train.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/saharsa-junction-shc/1841#st| title=SHC/Saharsa Junction| website=India Rail Info| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710194627/http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/saharsa-junction-shc/1841#st| archive-date=2017-07-10| df=}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/seven-pairs-of-spl-trains-for-jasidih/articleshow/59495932.cms Seven pairs of special trains for Jasidih] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802230423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/seven-pairs-of-spl-trains-for-jasidih/articleshow/59495932.cms |date=2017-08-02 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
The major facilities available are waiting rooms, retiring room, computerized reservation facility, reservation counter, vehicle parking etc.<br />
<br />
There are refreshment rooms vegetarian and non vegetarian, tea stall, book stall, post and telegraphic office and Government Railway police office.<br />
<br />
== Image ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 450<br />
| image_style = <br />
| perrow = 1/2/2<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| image1 = Saharsa junction nameplate.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Saharsa junction nameplate<br />
| image2 = Saharsa junction close view 2.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Saharsa junction close view<br />
| image3 = Saharsa junction front view.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Saharsa junction front view<br />
| image4 = Saharsa junction.jpg<br />
| caption4 = Saharsa junction new building close view|<br />
| image5 = Saharsa junction platform number 3 and 4.jpg<br />
| caption5 = Saharsa junction platform number 3 and 4<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Major trains ==<br />
*[[Jogbani–Danapur Vande Bharat Express]]<br />
*[[Bandra Terminus–Saharsa Humsafar Express]]<br />
*[[Vaishali Express]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Patna Rajya Rani Express]]<br />
*[[Poorbiya Express]]<br />
*[[Janhit Express]]<br />
*[[Hate Bazare Express]]<br />
*[[Hate Bazare Express (via Purnea)]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express (via Chandigarh)]]<br />
*[[Purnia Court–Amritsar Jan Sewa Express]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Barauni Express]]<br />
*[[Janaki Intercity Express]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Anand Vihar Terminal Jan Sadharan Express]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express (via Sirhind)]]<br />
*[[Kosi Express]]<br />
*[[Saharsa–Rajendra Nagar Terminal Intercity Express]]<br />
*Saharsa–Samastipur Passenger<br />
*Saharsa–Purnia Passenger<br />
*(05543) Laheriyasarai - Saharsha DMU<br />
*(05544) Saharsha - Laheriyasarai DMU<br />
*(05546) Saharsha - Laheriyasarai DMU<br />
*(05547) Laheriyasarai - Saharsha DMU<br />
*(05548) Saharsha - Laheriyasarai DMU<br />
*05549) Laheriyasarai - Saharsha DMU <br />
*#<br />
*#<br />
*#<br />
*#<br />
*#<br />
*#<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1887]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Saharsa district]]<br />
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Saharsa]] <br />
[[Category:Railway Stations in Kosi Region]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._R._Vishwasa&diff=501704H. R. Vishwasa2026-04-23T11:54:26Z<p>DilKhus: created initial data w/ sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
<br />
Dr. '''H. R. Vishwasa''' (also written '''H. R. Vishwas''') is a [[Sanskrit]] scholar residing in Mangalore, India.<ref name=mangalorean/> He won a [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in 2010 for translating [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]'s [[Kannada]] novel ''[[Aavarana]]'' into Sanskrit.<ref name=mang/><br />
<br />
He has been involved with [[Sanskrit revival]]. He was the editor of the Sanskrit monthly magazine ''Sambhashana Sandesha'', for five years.<ref name=mang/><ref name=bori/> He is the "Akhil Bharatiya Prashikshan Pramukh" (All-India Chief of Teaching) as well as ''Prakashana Pramukh'' (Chief of Publishing) of the organisation [[Samskrita Bharati]], and was on the working committee of the first World Sanskrit Book Fair, held in January 2011.<ref name=org/><ref name=wsb/> He was one of the teachers in a Sanskrit-teaching series that was commissioned by the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]] and was broadcast on [[DD Bharati]] and later on [[Gyan Darshan]]. He wrote a weekly column, "Sangata", for the newspaper [[Hosa Digantha]]. He was also in the Karnataka government committee deciding Sanskrit syllabus for classes 5 to 7.<ref name=org/><br />
<br />
He has an [[M.A. degree|M.A.]] in Sanskrit and a doctorate from [[Kuvempu University]], as well as a [[Vidwat]] degree.<ref name=mang/> His wife Shantala also works for Samskrita Bharati.<ref name=org/><br />
<br />
His translation of ''[[Avarana]]'' took six months<ref name=dha/> and was released in November 2008.<ref name=oi/> His Kannada book ''Matte Hottitu [[Hebrew]] Hanate'' was released by the Kannada scholar [[G. Venkatasubbaiah]],<ref name=hgv/> and was briefly on the best-seller list in 2006.<ref name=hbs/> He also translated Bhyrappa's ''[[Parva (novel)|Parva]]'' into Sanskrit, which was released in 2012.<ref name=hparva/><br />
He won the Sahitya Akademi's ''Bala Sahitya Puraskar'' for the year 2013,{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} for "Marjalasya Mukham Drishtam", a book of plays.<ref name=bal2013/><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
<br />
Source:<ref name=org/><br />
<br />
; Books in Kannada<br />
* ''Matte Hottitu Heebru Hanate'', 2006<br />
* ''Pididu Samskrita Sootrava''<br />
* ''Sangham sharanam gachchami'' 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/udupi/book-release/articleshow/67349667.cms|title=ಉಡುಪಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಘಂ ಶರಣಂ ಗಚ್ಛಾಮಿ ಕೃತಿ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ}}</ref><br />
<br />
; Books in Sanskrit<br />
* ''Apashchimah Pashchime'' ({{lang|sa|अपश्चिमः पश्चिमे}}, ''An Easterner in the West'', travel-writing)<br />
* ''Hemacchakatika'' (Gold Toy Cart; the title is a reference to [[Mrcchakatika]])<br />
* ''Koushala Bhodhinee'' (handbook for Sanskrit teachers)<br />
* Translation of ''[[Avarana]]''<ref name=dha/><br />
* ''Naaticharaami'' 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://samskritabharati.in/preview?bharati_books=Vm14a01HRXhiRmhTYmxKWFlrZFNVMWx0ZUdGalZscDBUVmM1VDJKR2NGWlZNakZIVmtVeGNtTkliRlpOYm1oTVYxWlZkMlZXVW5GVmJHUm9ZVEZ3U1ZkVVFtRldNVnBXVFZWV2FHVnFRVGs9&samskrita_bharati=Vm14a01HRXhiRmhTYmxKWFlrZFNVMWx0ZUdGalZscDBUVmM1VDJKR2NGWlZNakZIVmtVeGNtTkliRlpOYm1oTVYxWlZkMlZXVW5GVmJHUm9ZVEZ3U1ZkVVFtRldNVnBXVFZWV2FHVnFRVGs9|title=Books Details &#124; Samskrita Bharati}}</ref><br />
; Papers<br />
* ''Analysis of sentences in Sanskrit and Knowledge Representation Techniques'' by HR Vishwasa, RV Hudli and T Vishwanathan, presented at ''Knowledge Representation in Sanskrit'' conference, 1986, Bangalore<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name=mang>[http://samvada.org/2011/news-digest/samskrit-bharatis-dr-vishwas-gets-academy-award/ Dr.Vishwas gets Sahitya Academy Award], [http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=224054 Mangalore: Dr Vishwasa gets Sahitya Academy Translation Award 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193540/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=224054 |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=org>{{citation | url=http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=387&page=30 | title= Dr Vishwas of Samskrit Bharati gets Sahitya Academy Award | date=6 March 2011 | newspaper=[[Organiser (newspaper)|Organiser]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=bori>{{citation | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010809090400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230025352/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010809090400.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=30 December 2007 | title=Attack on institute condemned | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date= 8 January 2004}}</ref><br />
<ref name=wsb>{{Cite web |url=http://www.samskritbookfair.org/about/working-committee |title=Working Committee |access-date=3 March 2011 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326003622/http://www.samskritbookfair.org/about/working-committee |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<ref name=dha>{{citation | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct262008/state2008102597275.asp | title=Sanskrit Avarana to be brought out | date= 26 October 2008}}</ref><br />
<ref name=oi>{{citation | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/11/04/sanskrit-version-of-avarana-released-mangalore.html | work=Oneindia | date= 4 November 2008 | title=Sanskrit version of 'Avarana' released in Mangalore}}</ref><br />
<ref name=hbs>{{citation | url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/25/stories/2006082502320200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629041340/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/25/stories/2006082502320200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2011 | title=Top 10 books of the week | date= 25 August 2006 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=hgv>{{citation | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/18/stories/2006051822740400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030014338/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/18/stories/2006051822740400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 October 2007 | title=In Bangalore Today | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date= 18 May 2006}}</ref><br />
<ref name=mangalorean>{{citation | url = http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=37847 | title = Reviving Sanskrit in Mangalore | date = 11 January 2007 | access-date = 10 March 2014 | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234211/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=37847 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<ref name=bal2013>{{citation | url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/Bal%20Sahitya%20Puraskar_E1.pdf | title = Press Release}}</ref><br />
<ref name=hparva>{{citation | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/translation-is-challenging-work-say-writers/article4110683.ece | title = Translation is challenging work, say writers | date = 19 November 2012 | newspaper = The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180304221026/http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/M/Mswk.pdf ''Modern Sanskrit Writings in Karnataka''], [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]], 2009.<br />
; Speeches by him<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vunAlriuCDQ Speech by H. R. Vishwasa] (in Sanskrit)<br />
* [http://www.samskritabharati.org/sb/index.php?option=com_musicbox&task=view&Itemid=163&catid=98&id=13 saMskrita-kAvya-parichayaH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200103/http://www.samskritabharati.org/sb/index.php?option=com_musicbox&task=view&Itemid=163&catid=98&id=13 |date=3 March 2016 }}, introduction to Sanskrit poetry/poetics<br />
* [http://www.samskritabharati.org/sb/index.php?option=com_musicbox&task=view&Itemid=163&catid=98&id=14 saMskRtasAhitye hAsyam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212930/http://www.samskritabharati.org/sb/index.php?option=com_musicbox&task=view&Itemid=163&catid=98&id=14 |date=3 March 2016 }}, humour in Sanskrit literature<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwasa, H. R.}}<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]<br />
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadraka_Appala_Swamy&diff=507350Kadraka Appala Swamy2026-04-19T22:14:28Z<p>DilKhus: created new details nd citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Kadraka Appala Swamy<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]]<br />
| term_start = 4 June 2024<br />
| predecessor = Makaranda Muduli<br />
| constituency1 = <br />
| term1 = <br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
| website = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kadraka Appala Swamy''' is an Indian politician from the southern Odisha town of Rayagada. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kadraka Appala Swamy Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=150 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rayagada Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Kadraka Appala Swamy of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rayagada-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917318.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha: Congress mission 'nine to 90' fails but party saves face |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/05/odisha-congress-mission-nine-to-90-fails-but-party-saves-face |website=The New Indian Express |date=5 June 2024 |publisher=Express News Service |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
His father's name is Kadraka Dharma and he is married to Bimala Huika who is an Anganwadi worker by profession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of |first=Odisha |title=Affidavit |url=https://rayagada.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-04/Affidavit-1714026196%283%29.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
He has been very vocal in the Odisha State Legislative Assembly about large-scale discrepanies in allocation of lands to the landless and remittance of payouts to farmers during the governmental paddy procurement. Also he has raised the matter of farmer suicides plaguing his constituency in the local media and also in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-11-22 |title=Satellite survey in Odisha's Rayagada finds over 15K fake farmlands |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Nov/22/satellite-survey-in-odishas-rayagada-finds-over-15k-fake-farmlands |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Swamy, Kadraka Appala}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topiwala_National_Medical_College_and_BYL_Nair_Charitable_Hospital&diff=541693Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital2026-04-16T13:46:40Z<p>DilKhus: added the article and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Medical college in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{advert|date=April 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox university <br />
|name = Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital<br />
|image = <br />
|type = [[Medical]] [[college]] and [[hospital]] <br />
|established = {{Start date and age|1921|09|04|df=yes}}<br />
|dean = Dr. Shailesh Mohite <br />
|address = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
|country = [[India]] <br />
|colors = <br />
|affiliations = [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]<br />
|website = {{URL|https://tnmcnair.edu.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital''' is a government medical college in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. The college imparts the degree [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). It is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]]. It is one of the oldest medical colleges in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-cm-uddhav-thackeray-announces-rs-100-crore-fund-for-topiwala-medical-college-nair-hospital/articleshow/85925214.cms|title=Mumbai: CM Uddhav Thackeray announces Rs 100 crore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref> The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through the [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. The yearly undergraduate student intake is 150.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Through donations from the Tilak Swaraj Funds, on the 4th of September 1921, the National Medical College was established. This college started functioning at the Victoria Cross Lane, [[Byculla]]. As, in those days, all the universities were controlled by the British Indian government, the founders affiliated the institution to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bombay and the first batch of students was admitted for its Licentiate Medical Practitioner (LMP) course.<br />
<br />
The People's Free Hospital was set up close to the present campus and near where the YMCA stands today.<br />
Dr. A. L. Nair who was the proprietor of the Powell and Co. dealing in medical supplies and equipments donated two acres of his land for the hospital campus. In 1925, Dr. Nair also helped set up a well-equipped hospital which he named after his mother Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair. He also donated funds to run the hospital. Much later, Mr. MN Desai, popularly known as Topiwala Desai, made a generous contribution of Rs.5 lacs to the college – which was then named after him as the Topiwala National Medical College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tnmcnair.edu.in/our-institution.php|title=History of Topiwala Medical College|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1946, the municipal corporation of the city of Bombay passed a resolution taking over the college and the hospital.<br />
Acknowledging the strong support from the Municipal Corporation, the Bombay University also affiliated the twin institutions.<br />
<br />
The campus has expanded from the two acres donated by Mr. Nair in 1946 to twenty acres in 2006 and the number of buildings in the campus has increased manifold. It provides training courses in more than 25 different medical and allied branches, including 9 superspeciality courses.<br />
<br />
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, Nair hospital served for 4 months as a dedicated hospital for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. It successfully treated 6000 patients and delivered 500 COVID-19 positive mothers' babies, before returning to serve as a tertiary care hospital after the number of COVID-19 cases in the city came under control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/nair-hospital-now-open-to-non-covid-patients-too/articleshow/77137558.cms|title=Nair Hospital now open to non-Covid patients after over 6,000 COVID patients}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Courses==<br />
Topiwala National Medical College undertakes education and training of students in MBBS & post graduate medical speciality courses. This college also has permission to grant post graduate degrees in other clinical & non-clinical disciplines.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{Official|https://tnmcnair.edu.in/}}<br />
<br />
{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}<br />
{{coord|18.9727|72.8212|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1921]]<br />
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-hospital-stub}}<br />
{{Maharashtra-university-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggayyapeta_Assembly_constituency&diff=505160Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:23:51Z<p>DilKhus: created initial info w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jaggayyapeta<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (84- highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| mla = [[Rajagopal Sreeram]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[NTR district|NTR]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 195,686<br />
| constituency_no = 84<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| type = SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[NTR district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Rajagopal Sreeram]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedakurapadu Assembly Election Results 2024: Pedakurapadu Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/pedakurapadu-constituency-result-1085 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 195,686 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vatsavai mandal|Vatsavai]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jaggayyapeta mandal|Jaggayyapeta]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Penuganchiprolu mandal|Penuganchiprolu]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nandigama mandal|Nandigama (Part)]] Magallu, Konduru, Ramireddipalle, Jonnalagadda, Konathamatmakuru, Torragudipadu, Damuluru, Somavaram, Rudravaram and Gollamudi Villages.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| Pillalamarvi Venkateswarlu<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| Galeti Venkateswarlu<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| R. B. R. S. Sresti<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| V R G K M Prasad<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| Bodduluru Ramarao<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| Akkineni Lokeswara Rao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|rowspan=3| Nettem Raghu Ram<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Rajagopal Sreeram|Rajagopal Sreeram (Tataiah)]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="eci_2014">{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=14 |date=20 May 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[Rajagopal Sreeram|Rajagopal Sreeram (Tataiah)]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggayyapeta}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Rajagopal Sreeram]]<br />
|votes = 98,479<br />
|percentage = 52.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br />
|votes = 82,502 <br />
|percentage=44.38<br />
|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate= Apparao Karnati|votes=2,527|percentage=1.36|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=773|percentage=0.42|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=15,977|percentage=8.6|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,85,887|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/><br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2019"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggayyapeta}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br />
|votes = 87,965<br />
|percentage = 49.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Rajagopal Sreeram]]<br />
|votes = 83,187<br />
|percentage = 47.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,778<br />
|percentage = 2.72<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 176.115<br />
|percentage = 89.74<br />
|change = +6.27<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2019"/><br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2014"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggayyapeta}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Rajagopal Sreeram]]<br />
|votes = 80,939<br />
|percentage = 48.84<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br />
|votes = 79,093<br />
|percentage = 47.73<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,846<br />
|percentage = 1.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 165,720<br />
|percentage = 89.61<br />
|change = +1.42<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2014"/><br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2009"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggayyapeta}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Rajagopal Sreeram]]<br />
|votes = 75,107<br />
|percentage = 50.67<br />
|change = +6.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br />
|votes = 65,429<br />
|percentage = 44.14<br />
|change = -9.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 9,678<br />
|percentage = 6.53<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 148,234<br />
|percentage = 88.19<br />
|change = +7.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2009"/><br />
<br />
=== 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggayyapeta}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Samineni Udayabhanu]]<br />
|votes = 70,057<br />
|percentage = 53.46<br />
|change = +2.30<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Sri Raghu Ram Nettam]]<br />
|votes = 58,363<br />
|percentage = 44.54<br />
|change = -0.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 11,694<br />
|percentage = 8.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 131,045<br />
|percentage = 80.60<br />
|change = -5.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1952=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggayyapeta<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pillalamarvi Venkateswarlu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=29,773 |percentage=60.10% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandi Tirupathayya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,550 |percentage=17.26% |change=17.26% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adusumalli Suryanarayana Rao |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=5,021 |percentage=10.13% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chintalapati Venkatasivarama Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes=4,850 |percentage=9.79% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pallivalla Chandra Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,349 |percentage=2.72% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,223 |percentage=42.84% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,543 |percentage=70.06% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,714 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Coord|16.90|80.10|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{NTR district}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:NTR district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callundine&diff=492831Callundine2026-04-13T17:42:16Z<p>DilKhus: Added New Details Needs Work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Genus of beetles}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
|image =<br />
|taxon = Callundine lacordairei<br />
|authority = Thomson, 1879<br />
|synonyms = <br />
*''Pseudosaperda goliath'' <small>Pic, 1903</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Callundine lacordairei''''' is a species of [[longhorn beetle]] in the subfamily [[Lamiinae]], and the only species in the genus '''''Callundine'''''. It was described by Thomson in 1879.<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id417839/ Biolib.cz - ''Callundine lacordairei'']. Retrieved on 10 February 2015.</ref> It is endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfsIMh_e5VEC&pg=PA322&dq=Callundine+lacordairei|author=Ivan Löbl|author2=Aleš Smetana|title=Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea|publisher=Apollo Books|year=2010|volume=6|page=322|isbn=978-87-88757-84-2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2476388}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Saperdini]]<br />
[[Category:Beetles described in 1879]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Saperdini-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depalpur,_Madhya_Pradesh&diff=496188Depalpur, Madhya Pradesh2026-04-13T10:36:14Z<p>DilKhus: Added The Stub V1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the town in India|the city in Pakistan|Depalpur, Pakistan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Depalpur<br />
| other_name = Deypaulpoor<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Town]]<br />
| image_skyline = Depalpur Tehsil.png<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Depalpur Tehsil in Indore district (MP)<br />
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.85|N|75.55|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Indore district|Indore]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 533<br />
| population_total = 25300<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Malvi Language]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 453115<br />
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]<br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Depalpur''' is a town of shri 24 avtaar mandir belong God Vishnu and a [[Nagar panchayat]] in [[Indore district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. Depalpur is around 41.7Km from [[Indore]].<br />
<br />
==Origin of name==<br />
According to tradition, the town is named after the [[Pala dynasty]] ruler Devapala (reigned 810s-845 CE).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In the [[Ain-i-Akbari]], Depalpur is mentioned as one of the 10 ''mahal''s of the [[Ujjain]] ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]'' in [[Malwa Subah]].<ref>Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949, reprint 1993). ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Vol.II (English tr. by H.S. Jarrett, rev. by J.N. Sarkar), Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, p.209</ref> Later, it became part of the [[Princely state]] of [[Indore]]. The Zagirdar of Depalpur was Meer sayyed Abdul kadir Hussain sahb .(Dada miya)After his demise, his descendants distributed the family property to depalpuri Sayyed and Kazi families.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Depalpur is located at {{Coord|22.85|N|75.55|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Depalpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Depalpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 533&nbsp;metres (1748&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Depalpur had a population of 15,200. Males constitute 51% of the population while the females constitute the remaining 49%. Depalpur has an average literacy rate of 57%, lower than the national average of 59.5%. The male literacy rate is at 69%, while the female literacy rate is at 45%. In Depalpur, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
The nearest airport is [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]], [[Indore]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indore Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Indore district]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tingongleima_Chanu&diff=541384Tingongleima Chanu2026-04-13T03:37:21Z<p>DilKhus: added some stub w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
|full_name=Tingongleima Chanu Kshetrimayum<br />
|birth_date=1 April 1976<br />
|birth_place=[[Manipur]], India<br />
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport | Women's [[Field Hockey]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|[[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|Team]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[2002 Commonwealth Games results#Field Hockey|2002 Manchester]] | [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games#India women.27s national field hockey team|Team]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999 New Delhi]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|Champions Challenge]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002 Johannesburg]]|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge#Squads|Team]]}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Meitei name|Kshetrimayum|Tingongleima|[[Chanu (name suffix)|Chanu]]}}<br />
{{more footnotes|date=December 2018}}<br />
<br />
'''Tingongleima Chanu Kshetrimayum''' (born 1 April 1976), shortly known as '''Tingu''', and also by a [[misnomer]] '''Tingonleima Chanu''', is an Indian former [[field hockey]] player. She was a member of the [[India women's national field hockey team]]. She hails from [[Manipur]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Tingu was born to Kshetrimayum Tomba and Mema Devi. They hail from Sagolband Moirang Hanuba Leirak. She studied at Modern Higher Secondary School, Sagolband. She married Brajamani Singh of Sagolband Khamnam Leirak. Her first coach in the Manipur SAI Sports Hostel was Yaima.<ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
== Hockey career ==<br />
She played for India 1994 to 2002.<ref name=":0" /> She was part of the team that won the Gold at the [[Manchester]] [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]] and the silver medal winning Asian Games team in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TINGONGLEIMA CHANU |url=https://stick2hockey.com/hockey-player/tingongleima-chanu/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref> She earned the [[Arjuna Award]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tingong Leima Chanu |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Interview_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Tingong_Leima_Chanu |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Releases |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/raug2001/02082001/r0208200121.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref> in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesan |first=Uthra |date=2018-09-19 |title=Savita Punia: No reason to believe I got Arjuna Award late |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/savita-punia-no-reason-to-believe-i-got-arjuna-award-late/article24986703.ece |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She also played the FIH Women's World Cup at Utrecht in the Netherlands in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHANU Tingongleima {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/world-cup/men/1998-womens-world-cup-70/player/chanu-tingongleima-917 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref> She was the captain of the Indian team that played the Olympic qualifiers at Milton Keynes in March 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindustan Times |first=The |date=2000-03-18 |title=Chanu To Lead Indian Team |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/chanu-to-lead-indian-team-100031801016_1.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210074005/www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/stree/2002/tingongleima.htm Biography]<br />
*[http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ath=8254 Commonwealth Games Biography]<br />
<br />
{{India FHW Squad 1998 Asian Games}}<br />
{{India FHW Squad 1999 Asia Cup}}<br />
{{India FHW Squad 2002 Commonwealth Games}}<br />
{{India FHW Squad 2002 Champions Challenge}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]<br />
[[Category:Women's field hockey goalkeepers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in field hockey]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1994 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1998 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
<br />
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shiv_Bachan_Yadav&diff=535063Shiv Bachan Yadav2026-04-12T12:01:20Z<p>DilKhus: added initial article from scratch!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Mahesh Singh Yadav<br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br>[[Social work]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = Jagdish Yadav (Father)<br />
| alma_mater = [[Magadh University]]<br />
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Tikari Assembly constituency|Tikari]]<br />
| term_start = 1995<br />
| term_end = 2000<br />
| predecessor = Ramashraya Prasad Singh<br />
| successor = [[Mahesh Singh Yadav]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Kurtha Assembly constituency|Kurtha]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kurtha Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kurtha.html|accessdate=12 August 2021 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><br />
| term_start1 = 2000<br />
| term_end1 = 2005<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Sahdev Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Suchitra Sinha]]<br />
| party = [[Janata Dal]]<br>[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Shiv Bachan Yadav''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Tikari Assembly constituency|Tikari]] as well as from [[Kurtha Assembly constituency|Kurtha]] in [[Gaya district]] and [[Arwal district]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He won the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1995 Assembly Constituency ElectionResult|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/konch-bihar-assembly-constituency|accessdate=10 August 2021 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> In [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] lost [[Tikari Assembly constituency]] as a candidate of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=शिव बचन यादव - टिकारी विधानसभा चुनाव 2020 परिणाम <br />
|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/bihar/candidates/sheo-bachan-yadav-bsp-2020-tikari-231-bihar|accessdate=30 November 2020 |website=www.amarujala.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemant_Taneja&diff=502549Hemant Taneja2026-04-08T04:31:24Z<p>DilKhus: created first details w/ sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American venture capitalist (born 1975)}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Hemant Taneja<br />
| image = Hemant Taneja 2025.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age |1975|02}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi, India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT)<br />
| occupation = [[Venture capitalist]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = CEO of [[General Catalyst]]<br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hemant Taneja''' is an Indian-born American billionaire [[venture capitalist]] who is the CEO of [[General Catalyst]], a venture capital firm. He has been CEO since 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=George |date=28 April 2024 |title=Silicon Valley's General Catalyst closes in on $6bn fund for tech start-ups |url=https://www.ft.com/content/17c03819-4566-4fd2-b0b4-45f5677d8749 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of November 2025, ''Forbes'' estimated his net worth at $3.6 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemant Taneja - General Catalyst |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/hemant-taneja/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Taneja moved from India to Boston, Massachusetts, during high school.<ref name=":8" /> He earned three undergraduate and two graduate degrees from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Taneja has led General Catalyst in investments in companies such as [[Anduril Industries|Anduril]], [[Anthropic]], Applied Intuition, [[Gusto, Inc.|Gusto]], [[Ro (company)|Ro]], [[Samsara (company)|Samsara]], [[Snap Inc.|Snap]], and [[Stripe, Inc.|Stripe]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hemant Taneja |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/hemant-taneja/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the firm raised $8 billion to invest in technology startups across sectors including healthcare, climate technology, and artificial intelligence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hammond |first=George |date=2024-10-24 |title=Silicon Valley's General Catalyst raises $8bn in global push |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e5502f81-6d89-4a9c-8242-1a3f161de2ca |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
Taneja co-founded Livongo, which merged with [[Teladoc Health]] in 2020, and Commure, which later merged with Athelas.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=Sixteen Indian Americans among Business Insider's 'The Seed 100' |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/indians-abroad/indians-abroad-indians-abroad/sixteen-indian-americans-among-business-insiders-the-seed-100/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=The Indian Panorama}}</ref> In 2023, he co-founded Responsible Innovation Labs, a nonprofit focused on ethical AI development, which collaborated with the U.S. Commerce Department on the Responsible AI Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Confino |first=Paolo |title=Commerce Department partners with major VC firms encourage startups to be "responsible" in AI use |url=https://fortune.com/2023/10/03/commerce-department-and-vc-firms-partner-to-encourage-responsible-ai-use-for-startups/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
Taneja has authored the following books:<br />
* ''Transformation Principles: How to Create Enduring Change'' (2025) {{ISBN|9781637747353}}<br />
* ''Intended Consequences: How to Build Market-Leading Companies with Responsible Innovation'' (2022)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=View From The Top: Hemant Taneja |url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/events/view-top-hemant-taneja |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Stanford Graduate School of Business |language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''UnHealthcare'' (2020), {{ISBN|1716996511|978-1716996511}}<br />
* ''Unscaled'' (2018)<ref>{{cite book | last=Taneja | first=Hemant | title=Unscaled | publisher=PublicAffairs | publication-place=New York | date=2018-03-27 | isbn=978-1610398121 | page=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Philanthropy ==<br />
Taneja and his wife are members of the Giving Pledge, committing to donate the majority of their wealth.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Olakoyenikan |first=Segun |title=Open AI's Sam Altman Just Vowed To Donate Most Of His Wealth Through Giving Pledge |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/segunolakoyenikan/2024/05/28/open-ais-sam-atman-and-8-other-billionaires-just-vowed-to-donate-most-of-their-wealth-through-giving-pledge/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, he supported MIT.nano, creating the Shiv and Santosh Taneja Innovation Alcove, named for his parents.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Education Meets Innovation |url=https://betterworld.mit.edu/education-meets-innovation/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=MIT for a Better World |language=en}}</ref> He also contributed to the establishment of the Khan Lab School, a school applying MIT's systems thinking approach to elementary education.<ref name=":8" /> Taneja serves on the [[Stanford University School of Medicine|Stanford School of Medicine]] Board of Fellows and the board of trustees for [[Northeastern University]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mello-Klein |first=Cody |date=2024-07-29 |title=Hemant Taneja, a venture capitalist and global thought leader, appointed to Northeastern University Board of Trustees |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2024/07/29/hemant-taneja-board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Northeastern Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the co-founder and chairman of Advanced Energy United.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufmann |first=K. |date=2023-01-06 |title=New Mission Means New Name for Advanced Energy Economy |url=https://www.rtoinsider.com/31391-new-mission-means-new-name-advanced-energy-economy/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=RTO Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taneja, Hemant}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Business writers]]<br />
[[Category:American businesspeople in the computer industry]]<br />
[[Category:American venture capitalists]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=W/O_Anirvesh&diff=545177W/O Anirvesh2026-04-07T02:06:50Z<p>DilKhus: added first info initial version!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Telugu-language drama film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = WO Anirvesh.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = Ganga Sapthasikhara<br />
| writer = Ganga Sapthasikhara<br />
| producer = Merugu Venkateshwarlu <br />Mahendra Gajendra<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*Gemini Suresh<br />
*Jabardasth Ram Prasad <br />
*Sai Prasanna Kondra <br />
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Naidu VRK<br />
| editing = Hemanth Nag<br />
| music = Shanmukh Srinivas Pydi<br />
| studio = Gajendra Productions<br />
| distributor = SKML Motion Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|07}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''W/O Anirvesh''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Ganga Sapthasikhara.<ref>{{Cite news |title=W/O AnirveshA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/w/o-anirvesh/movieshow/119130742.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film stars Gemini Suresh, Jabardasth Ram Prasad and Sai Prasanna Kondra in the lead roles, alongside [[Kireeti Damaraju]] and Kishore Reddy Chiliveri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naresh |first=Nelki |title=Jabardast Ramprasad: క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్లర్ మూవీలో జబర్ధస్థ్ కమెడియన్ - వైఫ్ ఆఫ్ అనిర్వేష్ ట్రైలర్ రిలీజ్ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jabardasth-auto-ramprasad-crime-thriller-movie-w-o-anirvesh-trailer-unveiled-by-bigg-boss-shivaji-121740930570664.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The film was produced by Mahendra Gajendra and Merugu Venkateshwarlu under the banner of Gajendra Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-02-01 |title=First look of W/O Anirvesh unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/01/first-look-of-wo-anirvesh-unveiled |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-02 |title=W/O Anirvesh: హీరో శివాజీ చేతులు మీదుగా లాంచ్ అయిన W/O అనిర్వేష్ ట్రైలర్.. సోషల్ మీడియాలో వైరల్.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/wife-of-anivesh-trailer-launch-by-hero-sivaji-and-trailer-goes-viral-on-social-media-ta-208216 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* Gemini Suresh as Varadharajulu<br />
* Jabardasth Ram Prasad as Anirvesh<br />
* Sai Prasanna Kondra as Vichelitha<br />
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]]<br />
* Kishore Reddy Chiliveri<br />
* Naziya Khan<br />
* Saikiran Koneri<br />
* Venkat Duggireddy<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was directed by Ganga Sapthasikhara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=W/O అనిర్వేశ్ మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} W/O Anirvesh Movie Review In Telugu {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://cms.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/wife-anirvesh-movie-review-telugu-2388861 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=cms.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> Cinematography was by Naidu VRK,<ref>{{Cite web |last=RAJU |first=SIRIGADHI |date=2025-03-02 |title=Hero Shivaji Launches W/O Anirvesh Trailer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/hero-shivaji-launches-wo-anirvesh-trailer-950161 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> while editing was handled by Hemanth Nag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=Allari Naresh: W/O అనిర్వేష్ మూవీ టీమ్ను.. అభినందించిన హీరో అల్లరి నరేష్! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/allari-naresh-congratulates-wife-of-anirvesh-movie-bh-2708573.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref> Shanmukh Srinivas Pydi composed the soundtrack of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-02-01 |title=W/O Anirvesh: సస్పెన్స్ థ్రిల్లర్ చిత్రం W/O అనిర్వేష్.. పోస్టర్ విడుదల.. |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/news/w-o-anirvesh-picturefirst-look-poster-released-750040.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=Allari Naresh: అల్లరి నరేష్ మెప్పు పొందిన 'W/O అనిర్వేష్' మూవీ.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/allari-naresh-appreciates-wife-of-anirvesh-movie-full-details-here-ta-202750 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Ashok Krindinti of ''[[Zee News]]'' wrote that "This movie is a good choice for the audience who likes the crime thriller genre." and rated two point seven five out of five.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=W/O Anirvesh Review: జబర్దస్త్ రామ్ప్రసాద్ 'W/O అనిర్వేశ్' రివ్యూ.. ఊహించని ట్విస్టులతో థ్రిల్ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/flash-news/suspense-crime-thriller-jabardasth-auto-ram-prasad-w-o-anirvesh-movie-review-and-rating-209304 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te |archive-date=2025-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310100230/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/flash-news/suspense-crime-thriller-jabardasth-auto-ram-prasad-w-o-anirvesh-movie-review-and-rating-209304 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' stated that "If you’re a fan of crime mysteries, this film should be on your watchlist this weekend".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-03-21 |title='The Suspect' review: Keeps you hooked |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-suspect-review-keeps-you-hooked-955976 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt35947180}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodepur_Area&diff=536476Sodepur Area2026-04-04T08:45:44Z<p>DilKhus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Coal mine area in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{About|the operational area of ECL in West Bengal, India| its namesake neighbourhood in Panihati municipality in Barrackpore subdivision|Sodepur}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox mine<br />
| name = Sodepur Area<br />
| image =<br />
| width =<br />
| caption =<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_label = Sodepur Area<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6868|N|86.8732|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| place = <br />
| owner = [[Eastern Coalfields|Eastern Coalfields Limited]]<br />
| official website = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/<br />
| acquisition year = <br />
| stock_exchange =<br />
| stock_code =<br />
| products = Non-coking coal<br />
| financial year =<br />
| amount = <br />
| closing year =<br />
}}<br />
'''Sodepur Area''' is one of the 14 operational areas of [[Eastern Coalfields|Eastern Coalfields Limited]] located mainly in [[Asansol subdivision]] of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] and partly of [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] in [[Purulia district]], both in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The earliest attempts at [[coal mining]] in India by [[Suetonius Grant Heatly]] and John Sumner were at places such as [[Ethora]], Chinakuri and others further west and not identified with modern-day places. Chinakuri is in what is now the Sodepur Area of ECL.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=11, Part 2 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1842 |title=Contributions towards a History of the development of the Mineral Resources of India |first=S. G. Tollemache |last=Heatly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr9JAAAAcAAJ |accessdate=25 October 2011}}</ref> In 1843, when [[Carr, Tagore and Company]] joined hands with Gilmore Homfray and Company to form the Bengal Coal Company, the new company had its headquarters at Sanctoria in what is now the Sodepur Area.<ref name=akkori>Akkori Chattopadhyay, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), Vol I, pp. 46-51, Radical, 2001, {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=380| height=240| zoom=12<br />
| coord={{coord|23|41|30|N|86|51|30|E}}| float=left|caption=Interactive map of collieries in the Sodepur Area of Eastern Coalfields. Abbreviations used:<br />[[File:Mine de charbon.svg|12px]]: Underground Colliery, [[File:Legenda kamieniolom.svg|12px]]: Open Cast Colliery, S: Mining support, A: Administrative headquarters<br />On click through locations on larger map may vary slightly.<br />
|label-sizeD=11| mark-sizeD=14|shape-outlineD=hard,0,100,white|markD=Mine de charbon.svg|label-colorD=#800000|shape_colorD=#800000<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|40|23|N|86|48|16|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Parbelia Colliery|mark-title1=[[Parbelia|Parbelia Colliery (U)]]|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|41|48|N|86|51|49|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=ECL Sodepur Area Office| numbered2=A| mark-title2=ECL Sodepur Area Office (A)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black|shape2=l-circle<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|41|7|N|86|51|34|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Chinakuri III Colliery| mark-title3= Chinakuri III Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|40|24|N|86|51|41|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Chinakuri I & II Colliery|mark-title4= Chinakuri I & II Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|42|33|N|86|51|33|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Mouthdi Colliery| mark-title5= Mouthdi Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|42|1|N|86|52|29|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Poidih OCP| |mark6=Legenda kamieniolom.svg| mark-title6= Poidih [[Open-pit mining|OCP (O)]]<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|42|19|N|86|49|39|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=ECL^Headquarters | numbered7=A| mark-title7=[[Eastern Coalfields|ECL Headquarters]] (A)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black|shape7=l-circle<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|40|7|N|86|47|51|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Ranipur Colliery| mark-title8= Ranipur Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|50|N|86|48|24|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Dubeswari|labela9= Colliery| mark-title9= Dubeswari Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|41|35|N|86|52|58|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Mithani Colliery| mark-title10= Mithani Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|41|20|N|86|52|28|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Bejdi Colliery| mark-title11= Bejdi Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|40|50|N|86|53|25|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Patmohana Colliery| mark-title12= Patmohona Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|41|5|N|86|54|45|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Narsamuda Colliery| mark-title13= Narsamuda Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|42|5|N|86|54|42|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14=Dhemomain Colliery| mark-title14= Dhemomain Colliery [[Underground soft-rock mining|(U)]]|ldx14=-15<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|42|15|N|86|54|30|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Mines Rescue^Station| numbered15=S| mark-title15= Mines Rescue Station (S) |shape15=l-circle<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|23.7076|86.7952}}| label16=Barakar| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=110| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.6956|86.7952}}| label17=River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=58| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.6795|86.8352}}| label18=Damodar River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=0| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
The Sodepur Area is located around {{coord|23.6868|N|86.8732|E|region:IN|}}<br />
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Located primarily in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]], the Sodepur Area extends into the coal mining areas in [[Purulia district]], across the [[Damodar River|Damodar]]. It is bounded by the [[Salanpur Area]] on the north, neighbourhoods of [[Asansol]] on the east, rural areas of Purulia district on the south and the [[Mugma Area]], in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand, across the [[Barakar River|Barakar]] on the west.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajora_Area#/media/File:ECL_Area_Map.jpg| title = ECL Area Map | publisher = ENVIS Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | accessdate = 18 August 2018}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}<br />
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The map alongside shows some of the collieries in the Area. However, as the collieries do not have individual pages, there are no links in the full screen map.<br />
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===Coal mining===<br />
As per the Shodhganga website, collieries in the Sodepur Area of [[Eastern Coalfields]] are: Sodepur, Mouthdih, Parbelia, Dubeswari, Chinakuri I, Chinakuri II, Chinakuri III, Ranipur and Poidih.<ref name=shodhganga>{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |title = Coalmining impact on the Environment |work = Chapter V: Table 5.2 | publisher= shodganga.infibnet | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
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As per the Shodhganga website, collieries in the Sitarampur Area of [[Eastern Coalfields]] are: Mithani, Bejdi, Dhemomain, Narsamuda, BC Incline and Patmohana.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |title = Coalmining impact on the Environment |work = Chapter V: Table 5.2 | publisher= shodganga.infibnet | accessdate = 11 August 2011}}</ref><br />
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As per the ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the Sodepur Area in 2018 are: Bejdih Colliery, Chinakuri I & II Colliery, Chinakuri III Colliery, Dhemomain Incline Colliery, Dhemomain Pit Colliery, Dubeswary Colliery, Methani Colliery, Mouthdih Colliery, Narsamuda Colliery, Parbelia Colliery, Patmohana Colliery and Sodepur Colliery. This website does not show Sitarampur as a separate Area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/sodepur.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work =Sodepur Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
[[File:ECL Area Map.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Operational Areas of ECL (Source:[http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/Parascole_West_Colliery_06071999_9295.aspx ENVIS Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining])]]<br />
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==Mining plan==<br />
The mines of Cluster 5 are in the south-western part of [[Raniganj Coalfield]] and south or right bank of the [[Damodar River]] in the Purulia district of West Bengal. An overview of the proposed mining activity plan in ''Cluster 5'', a group of 2 mines in the Sodepur Area, as of 2015–16, is as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://easterncoal.gov.in/notices/environment/20161130sodepur1.pdf | title = Environmental Statement for Cluster 5 Group of Mines| work = 2015–16 | publisher = Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited | accessdate = 27 August 2018}}</ref><br />
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1. Parbelia underground mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.15 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.19mt, had an expected life of more than 25 years. Parbelia open cast patch had an expected life of 1.5 years. The mine has one depillaring panel by caving method with manual loading and one development section with 2 nos. of SDLs.<br /><br />
2. Dubeswari UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.135 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.18 mt, had an expected life of more than 50 years. Dubswari OC patch had an expected life of 2.5 years. Dubeswari colliery was working the Hijuli seam (R-VIII) through three inclines No. 1, 2 & 3. Two districts were running; one depillaring with caving in Panel-P2 and the other depillaring with stowing in Panel-A.<br />
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The mines in cluster 6 are in the western part of Raniganj Coalfield and are situated towards west of [[Asansol]] and [[IISCO Steel Plant]]. Damodar River forms the boundary of the cluster on the southwest. An overview of the proposed mining activity plan in ''Cluster 6'', a group of 9 mines in the Sodepur Area, as of 2015–16, is as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://easterncoal.gov.in/notices/environment/20161130sodepur2.pdf | title = Environmental Statement for Cluster 6 Group of Mines | work = 2015–16 | publisher = Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited | accessdate = 27 August 2018}}</ref><br />
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1. Dhemomain underground mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.155 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.21 mt, had an expected life of over 50 years. At Dhemomain incline one, [[Room and pillar mining|bord and pillar]] development district was being run with SDLs. The fallen coal from old working was being loaded by UG loaders. One depillaring district was about to be started. At Dhemomain pit, one bord and pillar development district was running with manual loading.<br /><br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
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| coord={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|55|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and ECL Areas in the western portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district'''<br />M: municipal corporation, P: rural administrative centre, C: census town, N: neighbourhood, O: out growth, T: temple. A: area office<br />Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
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2. Sodepur UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.12 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.15 mt, had an expected life of over 10 years. Sodepur open cast patch had an expected life of 2 years. In Sodepur UG mine, depillaring operation was going on in Hatnal seam (R-III). Out of the three working panels stowing was being done in two panels.<br /><br />
3. Narsamuda UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.148 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.19 mt, had an expected life of over 10 years. The Narsamuda UG mine was being worked by the board and pillar method with manual loading. Two depillaring panels were running; one with caving method and another with limited span method. One development section was also running.<br /><br />
4. Patmohana UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.12 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.12 mt, had an expected life of over 40 years. The proposed Patmohana OC patch had an expected life of 1 year. In Patmohana UG mine only one depillaring district at west side was being run with caving method.<br /><br />
5. Chinakuri I UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.06 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.08 mt, had an expected life of over 50 years. In Chinakuri I UG mine, one development district was running with CCM. In another panel depillaring was being done by [[Longwall mining|longwall]] retreating method with hydraulic stowing. Average depth of the mine was 600m.<br /><br />
6. Chinakuri III UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.15 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.20 mt, had an expected life of over 25 years. The proposed Chinakuri OC patch had an expected life of 1 year. In Chinakuri III UG mine, Barachak seam was being worked. Previous depillaring had been done by caving method but later working goaf pillar method was being followed in one district. Another depillaring district was being worked with hydraulic sand stowing. One development section in the east of main dip section was being worked with SDL.<br /><br />
7. Bejdih I UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.04 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.10 mt, had an expected life of over 20 years. In Bejdih UG mine, Incline I & 2, manual development work was being carried out in Sripur (R-VI) seam. In Pit No. 1, Raghunath purbati (R-VA) and Baradhemo (R-V) seams had been exhausted.<br /><br />
8. Methani UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.10 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.20 mt, had an expected life of over 20 years. The proposed Methani OC patch had an expected life of 1.5 years. In Methani UG mine, manual development was being carried out in Baradhemo (R-V) seam, through Pit No. 1.<br /><br />
9. Sheetalpur UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.12 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.50 mt, had an expected life of over 30 years.<br />
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{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=450| height=300| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|23|35|0|N|86|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Raghunathpur subdivision in Purulia district'''<br />M: municipal town, C: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre<br />Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
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|mark-coord8={{coord|23|40|30|N|86|49|10|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Hijuli| numbered8=C| mark-title8= [[Hijuli]] (C)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|26|N|86|50|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Parbelia| numbered9=C| mark-title9= [[Parbelia]] (C)<br />
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|mark-coord20={{coord|23|36|10|N|86|33|31|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Banda Deul| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Banda Deul]] (H)| shape-color20=#AA6666<br />
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|mark-coord24= {{coord|23|36|40|N|86|50|21|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Murulia| numbered24=C| mark-title24= [[Murulia]] (C)<br />
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|mark-coord29={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|40|12|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathpur| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Raghunathpur, Purulia]] (M) |shape-color29=#800000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|34|30|N|86|50|40|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30=Baranti| numbered30=T| mark-title30= [[Baranti]] (T) |shape-color30=green<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|26|10|N|86|41|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Kalloli| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kalloli]] (R) |shape-color31=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|26|11|N|86|40|13|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Kashipur| numbered32=H| mark-title32= [[Kashipur, West Bengal]] (H) |shape-color32=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|0|N|86|52|30|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=Madhukunda| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Madhukunda]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|35|20|N|86|49|27|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Muraddi| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Muraddi]] (R) |shape-color34=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|34|45|N|86|48|24|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Ramchandrapur| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Ramchandrapur, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color35=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|31|44|N|86|51|50|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Santuri| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Santuri, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|32|53|N|86|43|35|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37=Bero| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Bero railway station]] (R) |shape-color37=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|31|10|N|86|40|51|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38=Joychandi Pahar| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Joychandi Pahar]] (R) |shape-color38=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord39={{coord|23.6556|N|86.7486|E}}| label39= Panchet |labela39= Hill| label-color39 = #C42222 | label-angle39=-50| label-pos39=bottom| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none<br />
|mark-coord40={{coord|23.6736|N|86.6886|E}} |label40=Panchet Dam|labela40= Reservoir| label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40=0| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none<br />
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<br />
==Chinakuri==<br />
Chinakuri mining area is located in the south-western part of [[Raniganj Coalfield]] and is under the administrative control of the Sodepur Area of ECL. The pits of the colliery are located to the north of the [[Damodar River|Damodar]], while the mine workings are to the south. It is the deepest coal mine in India. A total of ten standard coal seams are present in Raniganj Coalfield of which seams R-VII, R-IV, R-X, and partially R-II have been worked or are being worked within the Chinakuri Colliery.<ref name=chinakuri>{{cite web | url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/chinakuri_sodepur_cmm_pre-feas.pdf | title = Pre-Feasibility Study for Methane Drainage and Utilization at the Chinakuri Colliery, Sodepur Area West Bengal State, Burdwan District, India |work= Sponsored by: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. USA |publisher = Advanced Resources International, Inc.|date=September 2016 | access-date = 16 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Mine No. 1 galleries and [[longwall mining|longwall]] panels were developed till 1994 to a depth of 700&nbsp;m (2,300&nbsp;ft). The last available longwall panel was exhausted in November 2008. 68.46 million tonnes of coal reserves were available in the virgin areas of Mine No. 1. As of 2016, there was no active mining in Mine No. 1, but plans were there to start mining again in Mine No. 1.<ref name=chinakuri/><br />
<br />
Mine No 2 has exhausted its reserves.<ref name=chinakuri/><br />
<br />
As of 2016, the focus was on developing seam R-VIII in Mine No. 3. Seam R-VIII (Borachak/ Hijuli) has a total geological reserve of 22 million tonnes and was being worked by Mine No. 3 and Parbelia Colliery. Its depth exceeds 600&nbsp;m (1,968&nbsp;ft).<ref name=chinakuri/><br />
<br />
Coal blocks held by CIL overlap 81 percent of India's potential area exploitable by [[Coalbed methane|CBM]]/CMM. Based on the average Seam R-IV, in Mine No. 1, gas content, it is estimated that the virgin portion of the study area holds approximately 11.6 Bcf, or 328 Mm3, of gas resources. Efforts are on to recover this gas.<ref name=chinakuri/><br />
<br />
==Illegal mining==<br />
Mines abandoned, after economic extraction is over, are the main sources of [[illegal mining]], which is generally done in small patches in a haphazard manner and mining sites keep on changing. Illegal mining leads to roof falling, water flooding, poisonous gas leaking, leading to the death of many labourers. As per the Ministry of Coal, Government of India, there are 203 illegal mining sites in ECL spread over Satgram, Sripur, Salanpur, Sodepur, Kunstoria, Pandveshwar, Mugma, Santhal Parganas Mines and Rajmahal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Report-Prevention%20of%20%20illegal%20coal%20mining%20and%20theft.pdf | title = Part I | work = Chapter II: Problem of Illegal Mining and Theft of Coal | publisher = Indian Environmental Portal | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Subsidence==<br />
Traditionally many underground collieries have left a void after taking out the coal. As a result, almost all areas are facing subsidence. As per CMPDIL, there were 7 points of subsidence in the Sodepur Area involving 121.16 hectares of land.<ref name=shodhganga/><br />
<br />
==Accidents==<br />
Amongst the major [[Mining accident|accidents]] in Indian coal mines in the post-independence period, 3 have occurred in what is now the Sodepur Area. On 12 July 1952, 12 people were killed in Dhemomain Colliery, then owned by Dhemo Main Collieries Limited, because of roof fall. On 26 September 1956, 28 people were killed in Burra Dhemo Colliery, then owned by North Dhemo Coal Company, because of inundation. On 19 February 1958, 175 people were killed in Chinakuri Colliery, then owned by Bengal Coal Company, because of explosion of fire damp.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.ismenvis.nic.in/Database/MajorAccidentsintheIndianCoalMines_1249.aspx?format=Print | title = Major Accidents in Indian Coalmines | work= 1952–2005| publisher = Envis Centre, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ismenvis.nic.in/Database/accidents_1249.aspx | title = Major Accidents in Indian Coal Mines | work = 1952–2005 | publisher = Envis Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to an Envis report about the accident at Burra Dhemo, "There was an abnormally heavy rainfall on 25th September (315 mm) and 26th September, 1956 (142 mm) and all the water courses were flooded leading to submergence of the surrounding areas… Increased percolation of water through the strata caused the roof over a gallery in old workings to collapse right through to the surface creating a hole of about 5 m x 1.6 m. Water rushed into the underground workings through this hole flooding all the dip workings in a couple of minutes. 28 persons working in the dip area were drowned. However, 11 persons who got trapped in the rise area due to the submergence of the exits (one shaft and one incline) came out after 19 days. How they had survived for those 19 days in the dark confines below ground and still had the strength to walk up the incline at the end of the ordeal is nothing short of a miracle."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/Burra_Dhemo_Colliery_2691956_9448.aspx | title = Burra Dhemo Colliery on 26.9.1956 | publisher = Envis Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
"The Chinakuri Colliery was a combined mine consisting of the workings of Nos. 1 and 2 pits colliery and of No.3 pit colliery working the Disergarh seam. The Disergarh seam was known to produce inflammable gas and its average make in the workings of Nos. 1 and 2 pits was 8.5 m<sup>3</sup>/ min. The explosion took place in the workings of Nos. l and 2 pits on 19th February, 1958." Efforts were made to save as many persons as possible and bring the fire under control. When preliminary efforts to control the fire failed and more explosions occurred the mine was flooded with water to control the fire. Altogether 20 men were rescued and out of them 4 died later. "The large majority of the dead bodies was found at or near the working faces suggesting that they were overpowered by such an unexpected danger that they could not make the least attempt to save themselves."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/Chinakuri_Colliery_1921958_9387.aspx | title = Chinakuri Colliery on 19.2.1958 | publisher = Envis Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to CMPDI Report (1988), fire affected areas in Raniganj Coalfield had been identified at Dishergarh, Sanctoria, Amritnagar, Jay Kay Nagar, Laikdih, Victoria West and Damogoria. Fire was also reported from private mining areas like Sarisatali in the Salanpur Area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/63948/13/13_chapter%205.pdf | title = Problems Due to Mining Activity | work = Page 73 -Fire Affected Areas | publisher = Shodhganga | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Migrants==<br />
Prior to coal mining, the entire region was a low-productive rice crop area in what was once a part of the [[Jungle Mahals]]. The ownership of land had passed on from local [[adivasi]]s to agricultural castes before mining started. However, the [[Santal people|Santhals]] and the [[Bauris]], referred to by the colonial administrators as "traditional coal cutters of Raniganj" remained attached to their lost land and left the mines for agricultural related work, which also was more remunerative. It forced the mine-owners to bring in outside labour, mostly from Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. In time the migrants dominated the mining and industrial scenario. The pauperization and alienation of the adivasis have been major points of social concern.<ref name=illegalmining1>{{cite web | url = https://www.academia.edu/3141696 | title = Unintended Collieries: People and Resources in Eastern India | first= Kuntala|last=Lahiri-Dutt | work= Resource Management in Asia-Pacific, Working Paper No. 44, 2003| date = January 2003 | publisher = RMAP Working Papers | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | title = Industrialisation and Emergence of Labour Force in Bengal during The Colonial Period: Its Socio-Economic Impact | first = Nirban |last= Basu | work = Vidyasagar University Journal of History|volume=1|date=2012–2013 | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
{{Asansol–Gaya section|collapse=yes}}<br />
The [[Asansol–Gaya section]], which is a part of [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]] and [[Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line]] passes through the northern edges of the Sodepur Area.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/varanasi-asansol-memu-63554/2979/1388/7#st |title = 53522 => 63554 Varanasi-Asansol MEMU |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
{{Railways in Asansol|collapse=yes}}<br />
There are freight lines in the Sodepur Area to take out the coal.<ref name=google/><br />
<br />
The [[Grand Trunk Road]] passes through the northern parts of the Sodepur Area and crosses over to Dhanbad district in Jharkhand over a bridge across the [[Barakar River|Barakar]]. [[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|State Highway 5]] passes through the Sodepur Area, crossing over to the colliery areas in Purulia district, over a bridge across the [[Damodar River|Damodar]].<ref name=google/><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
The Sactoria Hospital of ECL in [[Disergarh]] functions with 250 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://acceptlive.wordpress.com/2017/07/19/detail-list-of-burdwan-district-government-hospitals-in-west-bengal/ | title = Detail list of Burdwan District Government Hospitals in West Bengal | date = 19 July 2017 | publisher = acceptlive | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Medical facilities (dispensaries) in the Sodepur Area of ECL are available at Chinakuri I & II (PO Sundarchak), Chinakuri Mine III (PO Radhanagar), Parbelia (PO Neturia), Narsamuda (PO Mithani), Bejdih (PO Kulti), Mithani (PO Mithani), Patmohna (PO Patmohna), Sodepur 9/10 (PO Sundarchak), Mouthdih (PO Sundarchak), Dhemo Main (PO Main Dhemo).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrxiDIKi8Be4hgAXS67HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByYmpmZjA4BGNvbG8Dc2czBHBvcwMzBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--/RV=2/RE=1589705610/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.coalindia.in%2fDesktopModules%2fDocumentList%2fdocuments%2fDetails_of_Medical_Facility_in_CIL_and_its_Subsidiaries_05032018.xlsx/RK=2/RS=G5Llg8vcadCbsl1BI.JMH0rETxA- | title = Details of medical facilities in CIL and its subsidiaries | work= ECL| publisher = CIL|accessdate = 15 May 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Operational Areas of ECL}}<br />
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Coal mining operational areas in West Bengal]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aasha_(1980_film)&diff=466688Aasha (1980 film)2026-03-28T15:15:56Z<p>DilKhus: further improved article and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aasha<br />
| image = Aasha (1980).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster <br />
| writer = Ramesh Pant {{small|(dialogues)}}<br />[[Anand Bakshi]]{{small|(lyrics)}}<br />
| story = Ram Kelkar<br />
| director = [[J. Om Prakash]]<br />
| producer = [[J. Om Prakash]]<br />
| starring = [[Jeetendra]]<br />[[Reena Roy]]<br />[[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]]<br />
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = V Babasaheb<br />
| editing = Nand Kumar<br />
| studio = Filmyug Pvt Ltd<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980|3|21}}<br />
| runtime = 140 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aasha''''' ({{translation|''Hope''}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced and directed by [[J. Om Prakash]] under the Filmyug Pvt. Ltd. banner. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]] and music composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]. The film is recorded as a "Blockbuster" at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=186&catName=MTk4MA==|title=Box Office 1980|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922024534/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=186&catName=MTk4MA%3D%3D |date=22 September 2012|archive-date=22 Sep 2012}}</ref> It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Anuraga Devatha]]'' (1982) and in Tamil as ''[[Sumangali (1983 film)|Sumangali]]'' (1983)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=2019-08-07 |title=J. Om Prakash: a personification of an older, genteel Bollywood |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/j-om-prakash-a-personification-of-an-older-genteel-bollywood/article28873977.ece |access-date=2022-09-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
Over the years, the film has become a cult classic. Director J. Om Prakash included in ''Aasha'' (1980) the first screen appearance of his grandson [[Hrithik Roshan]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Deepak ([[Jeetendra]]) is a truck driver who gives a lift to a famous singer Aasha ([[Reena Roy]]) when her vehicle breaks down. They become friends. Deepak is already in love with Mala ([[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]]), whom he marries. Aasha wishes him well calling him "dost" (friend), even though she has fallen in love with him.<br />
<br />
Deepak has an accident, and everyone believes that he is dead. His grieving mother tells a pregnant Mala to go away. Mala goes home to her father, but he dies. An upset Mala jumps from a bridge into the water. She is saved by members of a temple community but has lost her eyesight. She gives birth to a daughter and names her Deepamala, thus combining her and her husband's names.<br />
<br />
Deepak is also alive. when he comes home his mother is overjoyed. She tells him of Mala's suicide and he becomes depressed.<br />
<br />
Aasha re-enters Deepak's life and helps him overcome his depression. They then get engaged and also get acquainted with Deepamala, now a little girl, selling little God statues on the street. They are completely enchanted by her, though they don't know that she is Deepak's daughter.<br />
<br />
Aasha meets Mala and offers to pay for her eye operation, so she can regain her sight. She also invites her and Deepamala to the wedding.<br />
<br />
Mala regains her eyesight and goes to Aasha's wedding. Shocked to see Deepak, she leaves immediately, not wanting to disrupt Aasha and Deepak's life together. Mala's silent admirer ([[Girish Karnad]]) however tells Deepak that Mala is alive and that Deepamala is his daughter.<br />
<br />
Aasha cancels the wedding, calls Deepak "dost" (friend), and tells him to reunite with his wife and daughter. Aasha goes back on stage to sing her signature song "Shisha Ho Ya Dil Ho, Aakhir Toot Jata Hai," which translates into "Whether it's glass or a heart, it will inevitably break."<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Jeetendra]] as Deepak<br />
*[[Reena Roy]] as Aasha<br />
*[[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]] as Mala<br />
*[[Girish Karnad]] as Deepak (Mala's Friend)<br />
*[[Sulochana Latkar]] as Deepak's Mother<br />
*[[Dulari (actress)]] as Chachi<br />
*[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Pandit<br />
*[[Master Bhagwan]] as Pinto<br />
*[[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Ramlagan, Dhaba Owner<br />
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Yunus Bhai, Transport Owner<br />
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as [[cameo appearance]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "Aashaon Ke Sawan Mein"<br />
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Dhak Dhak Se Dhadakna Sikha De"<br />
| Mohammed Rafi<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Jane Ham Sadak Ke Logon Se"<br />
| Mohammed Rafi<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Tu Ne Mujhe Bulaya"<br />
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Narendra Chanchal]]<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| "Sheesha Ho Ya Dil Ho" (This song secured 4th position in Binaca Geetmala in 1980.)<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| "Tumko Salam Hai"<br />
| Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Director-producer [[J. Om Prakash]] enlivened ''Aasha'' by having his camera crew secretly shoot without the boy's knowledge as his beloved grandson — [[Hrithik Roshan]], who grew up to become one of India's most acclaimed superstar actors. In 1980, he was a child aged 6, who danced spontaneously while visiting grandpa's set during a song sequence. As J. Om Prakash later recounted the events:<br />
<br />
"The song was to be shot on [[Jeetendra]]. Hrithik was on the sets, and he liked the interlude music very much and started dancing. I had asked my cameraperson and crew to be ready. I asked Hrithik if he liked the song, and he said, "Yes, Deda, it is lovely music." I replayed the music and he started dancing, and we shot it without his knowledge. When the music got over, the entire studio applauded excitingly. The remaining part of the music was to be shot in the same way with Jeetu. After Jeetu's shot was over, he came to me and said, "For God's sake don't shoot a single more shot in this film with this boy, otherwise the audience will hoot my performance!" That was a remark that came from Jeetu (Jeetendra, the male lead of ''Aasha'' and a major Hindi film star)."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 2004 |title= (title needed)|magazine=Café Celeb |page=19}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
'''[[28th Filmfare Awards]]:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=1st Filmfare Awards 1953<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>'''<br />
<br />
'''Nominated'''<br />
<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – Filmyug<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[J. Om Prakash]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Reena Roy]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Girish Karnad]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Talluri Rameswari (actress)|Rameshwari]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Sheesha Ho Ya Dil Ho"<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0178204|Aasha}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980 films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Trucker films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by J. Om Prakash]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikeja&diff=452581Ikeja2026-03-27T15:03:45Z<p>DilKhus: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Capital city of Lagos State, Nigeria}}<br />
{{Use Nigerian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
|name = Ikeja<br />
|official_name = Ikeja Local Government Area<br />
|other_name =<br />
|native_name =<br />
|nickname =<br />
|settlement_type = Municipality<br />
|motto =<br />
|image_skyline = 2013 airport Ikeja Lagos Nigeria 12999337914.jpg<br />
|imagesize =<br />
|image_caption = <br />
|image_flag =<br />
|flag_size =<br />
|image_seal = <br />
|seal_size =<br />
|image_map =<br />
|mapsize =<br />
|map_caption = <br />
|pushpin_map = Nigeria<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|6.60|3.35|region:NG|display=inline,title}}<br />
|pushpin_label_position =<br />
|pushpin_mapsize=<br />
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nigeria<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = {{Flag|Nigeria}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[Lagos State]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA(s)]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = Ikeja<br />
|subdivision_type3 =<br />
|subdivision_name3 =<br />
|government_footnotes =<br />
|government_type =<br />
|leader_title =<br />
|leader_name =<br />
|established_title =<br />
|established_date =<br />
|area_magnitude =<br />
|unit_pref = metric<br />
|area_footnotes =<br />
|area_total_km2 = 49.92<br />
|area_land_km2 = 49.92<br />
|population_as_of = 2022 estimate<br />
|population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikeja (Local Government Area, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/lagos/NGA025011__ikeja/|access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><br />
|population_note =<br />
|population_total =470,200<br />
|population_density_km2 = auto<br />
|timezone =[[West Africa Time|WAT]]<br />
|utc_offset = +1<br />
|timezone_DST =<br />
|utc_offset_DST =<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 8<br />
| mapframe-wikidata = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = village<br />
|elevation_footnotes =<br />
|elevation_m = 39<br />
|elevation_ft =<br />
|postal_code_type =<br />
|postal_code =<br />
|area_code =<br />
|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]<br />
|blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]<br />
|website =<br />
|footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Ikeja''' {{Audio|Ikeja.wav|Listen}}is the [[List of capitals of states of Nigeria|capital city]] of [[Lagos State]] in southwestern [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikeja {{!}} Location, Facts, & Population {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ikeja |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Its population, as of the 2006 [[census]], is <!--Only official figures should be used, not third party estimates-->313,196. Prior to the emergence of military rule in the early 1980s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Military Regimes, 1983-99 {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Military-regimes-1983-99 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Ikeja was a residential and commercial town with shopping malls, pharmacies and government reservation areas. It lies 17&nbsp;km northwest of [[Lagos|Lagos city]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ikeja {{!}} Location, Facts, & Population|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ikeja|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]] is located in the city. Ikeja is also home to [[Femi Kuti]]'s Africa Shrine and [[Lagbaja]]'s Motherland, both venues for live music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikeja HHH {{!}} Ikeja Hash {{!}} Ikeja Hash House Harriers {{!}} Lagos Hash |url=https://ikejahhh.org/ikeja-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=IKEJA HASH HOUSE HARRIERS |language=en-US}}</ref> Its [[Ikeja City Mall]] is the largest shopping mall on the Lagos State mainland. Ikeja also has its own radio station, broadcasting both in English ([[Eko FM]]) and in Yoruba ([[Radio Lagos]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikeja HHH {{!}} Ikeja Hash {{!}} Ikeja Hash House Harriers {{!}} Lagos Hash |url=https://ikejahhh.org/ikeja-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=IKEJA HASH HOUSE HARRIERS |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Ikeja, which was formally called "Akeja", was named after a deity of the [[Awori tribe|Awori]] people of Ota.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peters|first=Ifeoma|date=8 June 2017|title=The origin of the word "Ikeja"|work=DNL legal & style blog|url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/lagos-based-lawyer-tanimola-anjorin-unravels-origin-word-ikeja/|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206171556/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/lagos-based-lawyer-tanimola-anjorin-unravels-origin-word-ikeja/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was originally settled by the Awori people, and the area was raided for slaves until the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikeja City Towns in Lagos Nigeria Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Lagos/History-of-Ikeja-in-Lagos.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> Early in the 20th century, it became an agricultural hinterland for Lagos. The opening of the Lagos-Ibadan railway in 1901 and the growth of Lagos as a port transformed Ikeja into a residential and industrial suburb of that city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikeja City Towns in Lagos Nigeria Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Lagos/History-of-Ikeja-in-Lagos.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> In the mid-1960s an industrial estate was established, and in 1976 Ikeja became the capital of Lagos state.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=January 14, 2015 |title=Ikeja |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ikeja |access-date=January 10, 2018 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[Johnson Solanke Tomori]] was an important in the history of Ikeja. He contributed to all the socio-cultural aspects of Ikeja, Agidingbi, Oregun, Alausa, Ojodu, and all the suburbs of Ikeja. His contributions date back to 1965, when he brought a higher level of social consciousness to Ikeja. The first king of Ikeja was His Royal Majesty Oba Momodu Illo, whom was a descendant of Akeja Oniyanrun and ruled Ikeja from 1957 till 1997.<br />
<br />
==Government and Infrastructure==<br />
The local government administrative headquarters of Ikeja is located within the Ikeja Local Government Secretariat premises. As of January 2026, the Chairman of Ikeja Local Government is Comrade Akeem Olalekan Dauda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/lasiec-declares-apcs-akeem-dauda-winner-of-ikeja-chairmanship-election/amp/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title= LASIEC declares APC’s Akeem Dauda winner of Ikeja chairmanship election|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><br />
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The [[Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria]] has its headquarters in Ikeja on the grounds of Murtala Muhammad Airport.<ref>"[http://www.faannigeria.org/contact.php Contact Information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526082531/http://www.faannigeria.org/contact.php |date=26 May 2010 }}." [[Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria]]. Retrieved on 8 September 2010.</ref> The [[Accident Investigation Bureau (Nigeria)|Accident Investigation Bureau]] of the Nigerian government has its headquarter in Ikeja.<ref>"[http://www.aib.gov.ng/contactus.aspx Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090609190727/http://www.aib.gov.ng/contactus.aspx |date=9 June 2009 }}." [[Accident Investigation Bureau (Nigeria)|Accident Investigation Bureau]]. Retrieved on 9 June 2009.</ref> The [[Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority]] (NCAA) has its head office in Aviation House on the grounds of the airport;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ncaa.gov.ng/contact/|title=Contact|publisher=Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority|access-date=2020-06-21|quote=Visit our office AVIATION HOUSE P.M.B. 21029, 21038 [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport|Murtala Muhammed Airport]], Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> this was formerly just the Lagos office.<ref>"[http://www.ncaa.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=18 Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143253/http://www.ncaa.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=18 |date=24 July 2011 }}." [[Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority]]. Retrieved on 9 September 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
<br />
=== Airlines ===<br />
Several airlines have their head offices located in Ikeja. [[Arik Air]]'s head office is in the Arik Air Aviation Centre on the grounds of Murtala Muhammed Airport.<ref>"[http://www.arikair.com/arikair/racine_site/press.asp?page=New-aircraft-to-make-arik-air-the-largest-commercial-&id_sessionlangue=2 New aircraft to make arik air the largest commercial carrier in nigeria arik air reflects on six months of flying “the new experience”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015065808/http://arikair.com/arikair/racine_site/press.asp?page=New-aircraft-to-make-arik-air-the-largest-commercial-&id_sessionlangue=2 |date=15 October 2010 }}." Arik Air. 28 March 2007. Retrieved on 8 September 2010. "For more information, please contact: Gbemiga Ogunieye, Head of Communications, Arik Air Ltd, Arik Air Aviation Centre, Murtula Muhammed Domestic Airport, PO Box 10468, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria."</ref> [[Aero Contractors (Nigeria)|Aero Contractors]] has its head office on the grounds of Murtala Muhammed Airport.<ref>"[http://www1.flyaero.com/privacy-policy/ Privacy Policy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911090413/http://www1.flyaero.com/privacy-policy/ |date=11 September 2010 }}." [[Aero Contractors (Nigeria)|Aero Contractors]]. Retrieved on 8 September 2010. "Aero Contractors Company of Nigeria Limited, (Private Terminal), Murtala Muhammed Airport, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria."</ref><ref>"[http://www1.flyaero.com/contact-us/offices-phone-numbers/ Offices & Phone Numbers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909163741/http://www1.flyaero.com/contact-us/offices-phone-numbers/ |date=9 September 2010 }}." [[Aero Contractors (Nigeria)|Aero Contractors]]. Retrieved on 8 September 2010.</ref> Other airlines with Ikeja head offices include [[Overland Airways]],<ref>"[http://www.overland.aero/tktoutlets.htm Ticket Outlets] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215013812/http://www.overland.aero/tktoutlets.htm |date=15 December 2010 }}." [[Overland Airways]]. Retrieved on 27 November 2010. "Lagos (Head Office) Travel Centre Shop 17, Simbiat Abiola Road Off Mobolaji Bank Anthony Way Ikeja."</ref> [[Air Peace]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flyairpeace.com/aboutus.php|title=About Us|publisher=[[Air Peace]]|access-date=2021-03-20|quote=Head Office: 25, Sobo Arobiodu Street GRA, Ikeja, Lagos.|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006072052/https://flyairpeace.com/aboutus.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Associated Aviation]],<ref>"[http://www.flyassociated.com/index_files/Page517.htm Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925060836/http://www.flyassociated.com/index_files/Page517.htm |date=25 September 2010 }}." [[Associated Aviation]]. Retrieved on 3 December 2010. "Associated Aviation’s headquarters is located at: 56 MKO Abiola Crescent off Toyin Street. Ikeja, Lagos Nigeria."</ref> and [[Dana Air]].<ref>"[http://www.flydanaair.com/danaair/racine_site/nous_contacter.asp Contact us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713212910/http://www.flydanaair.com/danaair/racine_site/nous_contacter.asp |date=13 July 2011 }}." [[Dana Air]]. Retrieved on 27 November 2010. "(Administrative Office) 51, Allen Avenue Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria."</ref> In addition, [[Virgin Atlantic]] has its Nigerian office in "The Place" in Ikeja.<ref>"[http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/us/allaboutus/howtofindus/nigeria/index.jsp Nigeria Office]." [[Virgin Atlantic]]. Retrieved on 14 December 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
At one point, [[Nigeria Airways]] had its head office in Airways House.<ref>"World Airline Directory." ''[[Flight International]]''. 29 March 1986. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%200768.html?search=%22TranStar%22 108]. "Head Office: PO Box 136, Airways House, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria."</ref><ref name="FI1990-3-14">{{cite journal|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2003/2003%20-%200703.html|title=World Airline Directory – Nigeria Airways|journal=[[Flight International]]|page=114|date=14 March 1990 – 7 April 2003|access-date=17 June 2011|format=pdf|quote="PO Box 136 Airways House, Ikeja Lagos Nigeria 22646"}}</ref><ref>Ketefe, Kayode. "[http://odili.net/news/source/2006/feb/1/408.html Firm acquires Airways HQ for N950m]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." ''[[The Punch]]''. Wednesday 1 February 2006. Retrieved on 20 September 2009.</ref> Before it was dissolved, [[Afrijet Airlines]] had its head office in the NAHCO Building on the grounds of the airport.<ref>"Directory:World airlines." ''[[Flight International]]''. 16–22 March 2004. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200055.html?search=%22Air%20Ukraine%22 53].</ref> [[Bellview Airlines]] had its headquarters in the Bellview Plaza.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421164352/http://www.flybellviewair.com/home/contactus.asp Contacts]." Bellview Airlines. 21 April 2008. Retrieved on 27 November 2010. "CORPORATE HEAD OFFICE Bellview Plaza 66b, Opebi Road, Ikeja P.M.B 21766, Ikeja, Lagos Nigeria"</ref> Other now-defunct airlines with head offices in Ikeja include [[Air Nigeria]] (formerly Nigerian Eagle and Virgin Nigeria Airways), on the 9th Floor of Etiebets Place,<ref>"[http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/contact_ho.html AN Registered Offices] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109084639/http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/contact_ho.html |date=9 January 2010 }}." [[Air Nigeria]]. Retrieved on 28 June 2010.</ref> [[Sosoliso Airlines]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20031203172956/http://sosolisoairline.com/contact.html Contact us]." [[Sosoliso Airlines]]. 3 December 2003. Retrieved on 3 October 2009.</ref> and [[ADC Airlines]].<ref>''World Airline Directory''. Flight International. 3–9 April 1996. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996 - 0772.html 36]. Retrieved on 3 October 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Television studios ===<br />
Ikeja is home to Nigeria's most important television studios, such as [[Channels TV]] and [[Africa Independent Television|African Independent TV]], as well as associated advertising agencies.<br />
<br />
=== Computer Village ===<br />
Ikeja is home to a large computer [[Market (place)|market]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Faminu |first=Gbemi |date=2020-12-28 |title=Inside Computer Village, Nigeria's largest phone hub |url=https://businessday.ng/lead-story/article/inside-computer-village-nigerias-largest-phone-hub/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-31 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> popularly known as Otigba. Begun in 1997 as a small market of only 10 shops, the current market now has well over 10,000. While most vendors provide the expected computer sales and repair services, it is also possible to find sales and repair services for various types of [[office equipment]] and electronic devices.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Computer Village: what you probably didn't know about Africa's biggest gadget market |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/computer-village-what-you-probably-didnt-know-about-africas-biggest-gadget-market/2wytc4w |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref><br />
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By 2019, the little shops at Computer Village had grown to multiple-storey shopping malls. Many of the single-floor buildings have been developed into larger buildings, housing several shops that distribute and repair mobile phones, laptops, printers and other electronic devices. Nearly all the major Nigerian banks have branches around the market.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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As the market is unplanned, it has experienced difficulties in its growth, with some local residents expressing frustration at the market's expansion. Traffic around the area has become very congested, and it can be almost impossible to find a place to park. Furthermore, the electrical infrastructure, which was already unreliable, has become overloaded by the new market, which requires significant amounts of electricity to demonstrate working computer products to potential customers.<ref>[http://www.nigeriabusinessinfo.com/computer-village2002.htm Focus on the Ikeja Computer Village, Lagos] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920172802/http://www.nigeriabusinessinfo.com/computer-village2002.htm|date=20 September 2007}}, NigeriaBusinessInfo.com, 2 September 2002. Retrieved 11 April 2008</ref><br />
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=== Brewery ===<br />
[[File:Guinness Malta.jpg|thumb|"Malt-based soft drink" from Ikeja]]<br />
The Guinness brewery produces its famous beer in Ikeja. The brewery also produces non-alcoholic and halal malt beer, which is part of the "Lagos' way of life".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Humphery |date=2024-01-07 |title=Most Popular Malt Brands and Their Manufacturers in Nigeria |url=https://nyscinfo.com/most-popular-malt-brands-and-their-manufacturers-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Nyscinfo |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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=== Pharmaceutical industry ===<br />
60% of West Africa's pharmaceutical production takes place in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Egwuatu |first=Peter |date=2023-04-04 |title=Nigeria dominates 60% of pharmaceutical production in ECOWAS |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigeria-dominates-60-of-pharmaceutical-production-in-ecowas/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> The majority of Nigerian pharmaceutical manufacturers have their main production site in Ikeja. This includes May & Baker, one of the three largest manufacturers of medicines.<br />
<br />
=== Diverse ===<br />
A slum in Ikeja was selected by [[C. J. Obasi]] as a [[Filmmaking#Production|production]] location for the 2014 [[Nollywood]] thriller, [[Ojuju]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nolly.com.ng/notices/audition-for-thriller-movie |title=Audition for thriller movie &#124; Nolly |access-date=1 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135517/http://nolly.com.ng/notices/audition-for-thriller-movie |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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Ikeja also has a main market area called Oba Momodu Illo (Obada) market in Ipodo. This market contains many shops and makeshift stalls where merchants display and sell produce, meat, fish, grains, and other groceries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shops |url=https://www.ferrybuildingmarketplace.com/shops/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Ferry Building Marketplace |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Tourism ==<br />
<br />
=== Museums ===<br />
[[File:Kalakuta Queens.jpg|thumb|Kalakuta Museum]]<br />
The ''Kalakuta Museum'' commemorates the late musician [[Fela Kuti]], who probably had a formative role in Nigeria's music world comparable to that of [[Bob Marley]] in [[Jamaica]]. The building was the musician's second home in Lagos after soldiers burnt down his first home in Surulere in February 1977, raped female family members and injured Kuti's mother, a respected trade union leader, so badly that she died as a result. Kuti built a new house in Ikeja, but it fell into disrepair after his death and had to be renovated as a museum in 2012. Kuti's grave is located next to the museum. Inside the museum, the walls are covered with historical photos, posters, paintings, murals, record covers and newspaper cuttings. Some of Fela's musical instruments are on display, including his colourfully painted, distinctive tenor saxophone. Fela's shoes and shirts are on display in rows, as are stage suits and the fur coat he wore on tour in Europe and the USA. There is a rooftop café, and visitors can stay overnight in one of several air-conditioned rooms with en-suite bathrooms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalakuta Museum |url=https://felakuti.com/legacy/kalakuta-museum |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Fela Kuti |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Parks and squares ===<br />
*The Johnson Jakande Tinubu Park (JJT) is a public park located in Ikeja, the capital of Lagos. The park which was commissioned by the then Lagos State Governor, Akinwunmi Ambode in December 2017 as a recreational Center.<br />
*The Kanu Ndubuisi Park is a public park and recreational center located in Ikeja, Lagos. It is a green space created and managed by the Lagos State Parks and Garden Agency. The park has a lawn tennis court, a basketball court, a play area for children, seats and benches, patios and sheds and snacks stands. Located at Mobolaji Johnson Ave, Oregun, Ikeja 101233, Lagos<br />
*Dr Oluyomi Abayomi Finnih Recreational Park located at 3 Opebi Link Rd, Allen, Ikeja 101233, Lagos.<br />
*Abiola Garden Ojota<br />
<br />
=== Music pub ===<br />
[[File:New Afrika Shrine.jpg|thumb|New Afrika Shrine]]<br />
Contrary to what the name suggests, the ''New Afrika Shrine'' in Ikeja is not a shrine,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The New Afrika Shrine |url=https://felakuti.com/legacy/new-afrika-shrine |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Fela Kuti |language=en}}</ref> but a music bar run by the descendants of [[Fela Kuti]]. It unfolds its special charm when live music is playing; it is also the only place in Lagos where you can legally smoke a joint.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sesan |date=2020-02-17 |title=Fela's spirit gaining more converts at New Afrika Shrine |url=https://punchng.com/felas-spirit-gaining-more-converts-at-new-afrika-shrine/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The Afrika Shrine was Fela's second home until a few weeks before his death in 1997, after which it fell into disrepair. The New Afrika Shrine, opened in 2000, was built by his family. Their main concern was to honour and preserve the contribution Fela and the Shrine have made to the local community and the overall development of post-colonial Africa. Most events at the New Afrika Shrine are free of charge. The new club is four times the size of the original Shrine and seats two and a half thousand people. Overheads are covered by the sale of food, drinks and merchandise. Admission is usually 500 naira, half a US dollar. The club has a small library, pool tables and chill-out areas and organises educational and outreach activities.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
It has a [[tropical monsoon climate]]. The majority of the year's months get heavy rainfall. The brief dry season has very little impact on the climate as a whole. The Köppen-Geiger scale rates this area's climate as Am. Ikeja's typical temperature is 26.4 °C (79.5 °F). About 1645 mm (64.8 inches) of precipitation falls here each year.<br />
<br />
The summers in Ikeja are ill-defined because of the city's proximity to the equator. Visitation is most often in January, July, August, September, October, November, and December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikeja climate: Temperature Ikeja & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/africa/nigeria/lagos/ikeja-46666/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ikeja Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/48830/Average-Weather-in-Ikeja-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikeja, Lagos, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data |url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/lagos/ikeja |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| width = auto<br />
| metric first = yes<br />
| single line = yes<br />
| location = Ikeja ([[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]]) (1991–2020)<br />
| Jan record high C = 36.7<br />
| Feb record high C = 38.9<br />
| Mar record high C = 38<br />
| Apr record high C = 36.2<br />
| May record high C = 35.8<br />
| Jun record high C = 34<br />
| Jul record high C = 33.1<br />
| Aug record high C = 32.3<br />
| Sep record high C = 37.7<br />
| Oct record high C = 39<br />
| Nov record high C = 35.5<br />
| Dec record high C = 36.8<br />
| year record high C = 39.0<br />
<br />
| Jan high C = 33.2<br />
| Feb high C = 34.0<br />
| Mar high C = 33.7<br />
| Apr high C = 33.0<br />
| May high C = 31.9<br />
| Jun high C = 30.1<br />
| Jul high C = 28.8<br />
| Aug high C = 28.7<br />
| Sep high C = 29.3<br />
| Oct high C = 30.6<br />
| Nov high C = 32.3<br />
| Dec high C = 33.2<br />
| year high C = 31.6<br />
<br />
| Jan mean C = 28.3<br />
| Feb mean C = 29.4<br />
| Mar mean C = 29.5<br />
| Apr mean C = 29.0<br />
| May mean C = 28.1<br />
| Jun mean C = 26.8<br />
| Jul mean C = 26.0<br />
| Aug mean C = 25.9<br />
| Sep mean C = 26.3<br />
| Oct mean C = 27.0<br />
| Nov mean C = 28.1<br />
| Dec mean C = 28.3<br />
| year mean C = 27.7<br />
<br />
| Jan low C = 23.5<br />
| Feb low C = 24.8<br />
| Mar low C = 25.3<br />
| Apr low C = 25.0<br />
| May low C = 24.4<br />
| Jun low C = 22.8<br />
| Jul low C = 22.7<br />
| Aug low C = 22.6<br />
| Sep low C = 22.5<br />
| Oct low C = 22.5<br />
| Nov low C = 22.2<br />
| Dec low C = 23.4<br />
| year low C = 23.5<br />
<br />
| Jan record low C = 16<br />
| Feb record low C = 19.2<br />
| Mar record low C = 20<br />
| Apr record low C = 19<br />
| May record low C = 13.7<br />
| Jun record low C = 20<br />
| Jul record low C = 18<br />
| Aug record low C = 19.9<br />
| Sep record low C = 19.3<br />
| Oct record low C = 19.3<br />
| Nov record low C = 11<br />
| Dec record low C = 11<br />
| year record low C = 11<br />
<br />
| precipitation colour = green<br />
| Jan precipitation mm = 23.7<br />
| Feb precipitation mm = 43.6<br />
| Mar precipitation mm = 71.4<br />
| Apr precipitation mm = 141.6<br />
| May precipitation mm = 205.3<br />
| Jun precipitation mm = 291.0<br />
| Jul precipitation mm = 195.1<br />
| Aug precipitation mm = 72.4<br />
| Sep precipitation mm = 205.8<br />
| Oct precipitation mm = 183.1<br />
| Nov precipitation mm = 93.8<br />
| Dec precipitation mm = 22.6<br />
| year precipitation mm = 1549.3<br />
<br />
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm<br />
| Jan precipitation days = 1.3<br />
| Feb precipitation days = 2.5<br />
| Mar precipitation days = 5.1<br />
| Apr precipitation days = 7.4<br />
| May precipitation days = 10.6<br />
| Jun precipitation days = 15.1<br />
| Jul precipitation days = 11.3<br />
| Aug precipitation days = 7.3<br />
| Sep precipitation days = 12.8<br />
| Oct precipitation days = 11.5<br />
| Nov precipitation days = 5.7<br />
| Dec precipitation days = 1.7<br />
| year precipitation days = 92.3<br />
<br />
| Jan humidity = 77.7<br />
| Feb humidity = 81.3<br />
| Mar humidity = 84.2<br />
| Apr humidity = 86.0<br />
| May humidity = 86.7<br />
| Jun humidity = 88.2<br />
| Jul humidity = 88.5<br />
| Aug humidity = 88.0<br />
| Sep humidity = 89.0<br />
| Oct humidity = 88.2<br />
| Nov humidity = 84.3<br />
| Dec humidity = 78.8<br />
| year humidity = 85.1<br />
<br />
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web<br />
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Nigeria/CSV/Ikeja_65201.csv<br />
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ikeja<br />
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<br />
|access-date = January 5, 2024}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Temperature ===<br />
With an average daily high temperature above 90°F, the hot season lasts for 4.4 months, from 12 December to 25 April. Ikeja experiences its warmest month of the year in March, with an average high of 91°F and low of 78°F.<br />
<br />
With an average daily maximum temperature below 84°F, the chilly season lasts 3.2 months, from 23 June to 30 September. In Ikeja, August is the coldest month of the year, with an average low of 74°F and high of 82°F.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==== Cloudy ====<br />
In Ikeja, there is a substantial seasonal change in the average proportion of the sky that is covered with clouds throughout the year.<br />
<br />
In Ikeja, the clearer season starts around 8 November and lasts for 3.2 months, finishing around 13 February.<br />
<br />
The sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly overcast 51% of the time on average in December, the clearest month of the year in Ikeja.<br />
<br />
Around 13 February the year's cloudier period starts, lasting for 8.8 months, and ends around 8 November.<br />
<br />
In Ikeja, April is the month with the most clouds, with the sky being overcast or mostly cloudy 87% of the time.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Pollution ==<br />
''Premium Times''’ Oladeinde Olawoyin, who investigated the matter, reports the dangers that residents face due to the exposure and continuous use of polluted water. Residents of St. Finbarr’s College road in Akoka have been exposed to hazards arising from water pollution caused by a fuel leakage in the community.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/267025-special-report-oily-water-how-residents-of-lagos-community-battle-polluted-environment.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2023-09-29 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Communities==<br />
Districts in the city include:<br />
<br />
* Anifowose;<br />
* Oregun;<br />
* Ojodu;<br />
* Opebi;<br />
* Akiode;<br />
* [[Alausa]];<br />
* Agidingbi;<br />
* Ogba;<br />
* Magodo;<br />
* Maryland;<br />
* Onigbongbo;<br />
* Government Reserved Area (GRA) Ikeja.<br />
<br />
== Tourist centres ==<br />
<br />
* [[Ogun River|Isheri/River Ogun]] – Cradle of Awori and Lagos indigenous population<br />
* Lagos State Government Secretariat Ikeja House, Alausa, Ikeja<br />
* [[Lagos State House of Assembly|Lagos State House of Assembly Complex]] [Parliament Building], Alausa, Ikeja<br />
* Lagos State Records and Archives Bureau, PSSDC Road, Magodo, Kosofe<br />
* [[Eko FM|Lagos Television and Radio Lagos/Eko F.M]], Agidingbi, Ikeja<br />
* LASU Ethnography Museum, Oba Ogunji Road, Ogba, Agege<br />
* [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport|Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Ikeja]] [Hub of aviation in West Africa]<br />
* Statue of Lagos Idejo Chiefs – megacity’s traditional land gentry<br />
* [[Third Mainland Bridge|Third Mainland Bridge/Outer Ring Road Complex]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Lagos|url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/about-lagos/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Lagos State Government|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
File:Independence Tunnel, Maryland, Lagos.jpg|Independence tunnel, Maryland<br />
File:Independence Tunnel, Maryland.jpg|Independence Tunnel, Maryland<br />
File:Maryland Express, Maryland Lagos.jpg|Maryland Express<br />
File:Maryland Lane.jpg|Maryland Lane<br />
File:Maryland mall Maryland lagos.jpg|Maryland mall<br />
File:Maryland Tunnel view 2.jpg|Maryland tunnel view<br />
File:Maryland Unity Status, Maryland Lagos.jpg|Maryland Unity Statues<br />
File:SIMBIAT ABIOLA WAY, 3 IKEJA.jpg|Simbiat Abiola way, Ikeja<br />
File:Ogun river.jpg|[[Ogun River|Ogun river]]<br />
File:Kanu Ndubuisi Park 07.jpg|Kanu Ndubuisi Park<br />
File:Johnson Jakande Tinubu Park 01.jpg|Johnson Jakande Tinubu Park<br />
File:Johnson Jakande Tinubu Park 24.jpg|Johnson Jakande Tinubu Park<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Nigeria}}<br />
*[[Railway stations in Nigeria]]<br />
*[[Eko Hospital]]<br />
*[[Surulere]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*{{Cite web |title=Area Guide Ikeja Lagos |url=https://blog.naijaspider.com/2024/05/13/ikeja-area-guide-and-real-estate-market/ |website=Naijaspider Blog|date=13 May 2024 }}<br />
<br />
{{Divisions and LGAs of Lagos State}}<br />
{{Lagos}}<br />
{{Cities in Nigeria}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State capitals in Nigeria]]<br />
[[Category:Local government areas in Lagos State]]<br />
[[Category:Local Government Areas in Yorubaland]]<br />
[[Category:Ikeja| ]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidheyan&diff=464345Vidheyan2026-03-26T06:51:02Z<p>DilKhus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Redirect|The Servile|the album|No Party for Cao Dong}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Vidheyan<br />
| image = Vidheyan poster.jpg<br />
|caption = Vidheyan poster<br />
| director = [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
| screenplay = Adoor Gopalakrishnan<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''Bhaskara Pattelarum Ente Jeevithavum''|[[Paul Zacharia]]}}<br />
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Mammootty]]|[[M. R. Gopakumar]]|[[Tanvi Azmi]]|Sabitha Anand|Aliyar|[[K. P. A. C. Azeez]]}}<br />
| producer = [[K. Ravindran Nair]]<br />
| distributor = <br />
| cinematography = [[Mankada Ravi Varma]]<br />
| editing = M. Mani<br />
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1994|1|27}}<br />
| runtime = 112 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Vidheyan''''' ({{Translation|The Servile}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and written by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]. It is based on the novella ''Bhaskara Pattelarum Ente Jeevithavum'' by [[Paul Zacharia]]. The film, starring [[Mammootty]] and [[M. R. Gopakumar]], explores the master-slave relationship in a [[South Karnataka]] setting.<br />
<br />
''Vidheyan'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor Award]] for Mammootty. It also won numerous awards at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]], including the Best Film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=30 January 2022 |title=When Mammootty played the tyrant: Revisiting Adoor Gopalakrishnan's Vidheyan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-mammootty-played-tyrant-revisiting-adoor-gopalakrishnans-vidheyan-160384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503053635/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-mammootty-played-tyrant-revisiting-adoor-gopalakrishnans-vidheyan-160384 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Thommy, a migrant labourer from Wayanad, Kerala, comes to Patellar's town in South Karnataka for survival. Pattellar, the landlord of the town, abuses him. He is a psychopath who loves to rape beautiful women. After learning from Thommy about his wife Omana, Pattellar rapes her that night. He then offers Thommy a job and gifts him things. He becomes an obedient servant of Pattellar, who continues to have sex with Omana every night. On seeing Kuttaparai's newly wedded beautiful daughter, Pattellar, without regard to consequences, kidnaps & rapes her also. <br />
<br />
On one occasion, Pattellar senselessly beats a wealthy man, Yusuf. Pattellar's wife advises him to change his ways and be a good man. She is a kind woman and treats Thommy with love and affection. Fed up with her advice, Pattellar decides to kill his wife and asks for Thommy's help to make it look like an accident. During the attempt, Thommy is injured by a gunshot, instead of Pattellar's wife. He considers killing Thommy, but his wife makes arrangements to take Thommy to the hospital. Once recovered, one night Pattellar again goes to Thommy's house, not to have sex with Omana again but to take Thommy fishing in the temple pond, which is forbidden. They return unsuccessful. Yusuf, Kuttaparai, and several prominent members of the town decide to kill Pattellar and ask for Thommy's help. Thommy brings Pattellar to his house as per plan, but he escapes. He murders his wife and takes Thommy's help to stage it as suicide. Thommy weeps at Pattellar's wife's death. But soon her brothers discover the truth of the death of their sister and retaliate. Bruised and battered, Pattellar takes Thommy with him in search of a safe haven. Fleeing through the jungle, Pattellar is killed by his brothers-in-law. At first, Thommy weeps for his master, Pattellar. He eventually exults in freedom.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|* [[Mammootty]] as Bhaskara Pattelar<br />
* [[M. R. Gopakumar]] as Thommy<br />
* [[Tanvi Azmi]] as Saroja, Bhaskara Patelar's Wife<br />
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Omana<br />
* Aliyar<br />
* [[Babu Namboothiri]]<br />
* [[K. P. A. C. Azeez]]<br />
* Prof. K. V. Thampi<br />
* [[Krishnan Kutty Nair (actor)|Krishnan Kutty Nair]]<br />
* [[Naveen D. Padil]]<br />
* Rohidas Kadri}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is a cinematic adaptation of the novel ''Bhaskara Pattelarum Ente Jeevithavum'' by Malayalam writer [[Paul Zacharia]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=21 March 1993 |title=There's no rigidity in my style |pages=6 |work=Sunday Magazine |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fYllAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1629%2C2869947 |access-date=9 March 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Zacharia's novella was inspired by a real-life character named Patela Shekhara Gowda alias Shiradi Shekhara. Zacharia happened to hear the stories of Patelar when he was residing near Shiradi village [[Mangalore]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 27, 2011 |title=പട്ടേലർ എന്നൊരു സത്യം |language=ml |work=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> After the release of the film, Adoor had a tiff with Zacharia over the film. Zachariah said Adoor tainted his story with [[Hindutva]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=September 24 – October 7, 2005 |title=A constant process of discovery |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2220/stories/20051007001508200.htm |url-status=live |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514074302/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2220/stories/20051007001508200.htm |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=April 9, 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
*[[41st National Film Awards|1993 National Film Awards]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Category<br />
!Winner<br />
!Citation<br />
|-<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
|[[Mammootty]] (also for ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'')<br />
|''Depiction of the relationship of power and terror at an existential level.''<br />
|-<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]<br />
|Director – [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
Producer: - [[K. Ravindranathan Nair]]<br />
|''For its in-depth handling and complex delineation of the psychological''<br />
''evolution of two characters, representative of the transformation of terror''<br />
<br />
''into power and its hold over the life of the existentialist outsider.''<br />
|}<br />
* [[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards: 1993 |url=http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa93.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002054806/http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa93.htm |archive-date=2 October 2010 |access-date=2011-01-31 |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 1994 |title='Vidheyan' bags six Kerala state awards |pages=11 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940314&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 March 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Category<br />
!Winner<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
|Director – [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
Producer – [[K. Ravindranathan Nair|K. Ravindran Nair]] (General Pictures)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
|[[Mammootty]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br />
|[[Paul Zacharia]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]<br />
|[[M. R. Gopakumar]]<br />
|}<br />
; Other awards<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Award<br />
|-<br />
|NETPAC Award at [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|Rotterdam International Film Festival]]<br />
|-<br />
|INTER FILM Prize – Honourable Mention at the [[International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg|Mannheim-Heidelberg International Film Festival]]<br />
|-<br />
|Special Jury Mention, [[Singapore International Film Festival]]<br />
|-<br />
|NETPAC-FIPRESCI Award, [[Singapore International Film Festival]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0108490|Vidheyan}}<br />
<br />
{{Adoor Gopalakrishnan}}<br />
{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}<br />
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}<br />
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1994 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 films]]<br />
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian slavery]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about landlords]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poochakkoru_Mookkuthi&diff=467777Poochakkoru Mookkuthi2026-03-25T02:24:56Z<p>DilKhus: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Poochakkoru Mookkuthi<br />
| image = Poochakkoru Mookkuthi.jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]<br />
| producer = Sanal Kumar<br />G. Suresh Kumar<br />
| screenplay = [[Priyadarshan]]<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]|[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]|[[M. G. Soman]]|[[Nedumudi Venu]]|[[Sukumari]]|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]|[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]|[[Baiju Santhosh]]|[[C. I. Paul]]}}<br />
| music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]<br />
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]<br />
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan<br />
| studio = Sooryodaya Creations<br />
| based_on = [[Charles Dickens]]'s play ''The Strange Gentleman''<br />
| distributor = Dinny Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|1984|03|17|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Poochakkoru Mookkuthi''''' ({{Translation|A nose-ring for the cat}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[screwball comedy]] film written and directed by [[Priyadarshan]] in his directorial debut. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Mohanlal]], [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]], [[M. G. Soman]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[C. I. Paul]], [[Sukumari]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]], [[Sreenivasan]] and [[Baiju Santhosh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Priyadarshan – Mohanlal: Best films of the duo |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Priyadarshan-Mohanlal-Best-films-of-the-duo/Priyadarshan-Mohanlal-Best-films-of-the-duo/photostory/48783885.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210704/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Priyadarshan-Mohanlal-Best-films-of-the-duo/Priyadarshan-Mohanlal-Best-films-of-the-duo/photostory/48783885.cms |archive-date=10 August 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Poochakkoru Mookkuthi'' marks the directorial debut of Priyadarshan, the first collaboration of Priyadarshan and Mohanlal as director and actor. Their frequent collaborator [[M. G. Sreekumar]] made his Malayalam debut as a playback singer through the film.<br />
<br />
The film was released on 17 March 1984 by Dinny Films and is regarded as one of the landmark films in Malayalam cinema. The success of the film triggered a deluge of [[screwball comedy]] films in Malayalam in mid-1980s. The movie was remade in five languages.<br />
<br />
The core plotline is adapted from the Telugu movie ''Gopala Rao Gari Ammayi'' (1980) and its Tamil version ''Kodeeswaran Magal'' (1981)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/movies/hungama/ | title=Hungama - Film Cast, Release Date, Hungama Full Movie Download, Online MP3 Songs, HD Trailer &#124; Bollywood Life | access-date=24 July 2021 | archive-date=24 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724130025/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/movies/hungama/amp/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and also borrows plot elements the [[Charles Dickens]]'s play ''The Strange Gentleman''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2017 |title=Never a dull moment: Three decades of cinema with Priyadharshan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/never-dull-moment-three-decades-cinema-priyadharshan-55137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613014802/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/never-dull-moment-three-decades-cinema-priyadharshan-55137 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Malayalam films remade in Hindi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-films-remade-in-hindi/photostory/48267558.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323094219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-films-remade-in-hindi/photostory/48267558.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 March 2022 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{More plot|date=July 2019}}<br />
Revathi comes to the city from a small town in search of a job and to have a good life and as it is with everyone, her problem starts with finding a house. Shyam wants to become a singer. His parents are against his wish to become a singer. So he runs away from home and needs a shelter. Revathi accidentally meets Shyam, who too is in search of a house through the common [[Milk delivery|milk-boy]], Chikku. Chikku offers them both a house to rent if they are ready to pose as husband and wife in front of the landlord.<br />
<br />
Supran, a miserly moneylender who doesn't trust his much younger wife Kousalya is their landlord. Revathi in search of a job, meets Ravunni Menon, a rich man who owns a bungalow in the heart of the city. Ravunni Menon stays with his wife whose name too is Revathi.<br />
<br />
Gopalakrishnan needs some investment to come up in [[business]] and life. But to get started, he ends up having to rob his stingy father of money that the latter had hidden away out of sight of tax authorities. He is in search of a rich woman he can marry. Accidentally, Revathi meets Gopalakrishnan who has come to Ravunni Menon's house to repair the [[Electronic Equipment|electronic equipment]], which he had sold to him.<br />
<br />
Gopalakrishnan thinks that Revathi is Ravunni Menon's daughter and her beauty enchants him. Revathi learns that there is a job in Gopalakrishnan's showroom and manages to get a job with him by playing along with his mistaken belief that she is Ravunni Menon's daughter. She is aided in this subterfuge by the fact that she shares the same name as Ravunni Menon's wife and all of his business interests are named after "Revathi".<br />
<br />
After office hours, Gopalakrishnan drops Revathi outside Ravunni Menon's house, thinking it to be her house. She always enters the bungalow through the [[Gate|front gate]] and skips out through the gate itself after hiding in the garden until Gopalakrishnan drives away. Ravunni Menon's wife, Revathi, sees her coming and going out of the bungalow and starts suspecting her husband of an affair.<br />
<br />
Gopalakrishnan frequently visits the bungalow to visit Revathi, who is never there, and Ravunni Menon thinks his wife is having an affair with Gopalakrishnan. Further her encounter with "[[Coconut|Thenga]]" Govindan Pillai makes the older Revathi believe that her husband has sons and daughters out of wedlock and, thus, is quite capable of another affair now.<br />
<br />
Shyam in the meantime begins falling in love with Revathi and to make her jealous, he pretends that he is attracted to Kousalya, who in turn thinks this to be true and is ready to elope with him after robbing her miser husband.<br />
<br />
In the climax, Gopalakrishnan sends a letter to Ravunni Menon that he is in love with Revathy, who considers it to for his wife. In the confusion Revathy reveals her identity. After a complicated fight, Revathy decides to spend the rest of her life with Shyam rather than with Gopalakrishnan, who wishes them luck. All ends good as Ravunni Menon and his wife Revathy decide to not separate, as they had planned earlier<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] as Gopalakrishnan<br />
* [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Shyam<br />
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Revathi<br />
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Puthanpurayil Ravunni Menon<br />
* [[Sukumari]] as Shankaramangalathil Revathi Amma, Ravunni Menon's wife<br />
* [[M. G. Soman]] as Hari<br />
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Chellappan<br />
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kuttan ('Cherian' Nair)<br />
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as Chikku<br />
* [[Soorya (actress)|Soorya]] as Revathi's friend<br />
* [[Sankaradi]] as Adv. Sankaran Kutty, Gopalakrishnan's father<br />
* [[Poojappura Ravi]] as Supran<br />
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as "Shakthi" Raghavan Pillai, a Police Constable<br />
* [[C. I. Paul]] as "Thenga" Govinda Pillai<br />
* Ambalapuzha Raju as Chellappaiyer, Lodge owner<br />
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Narayanan<br />
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Kalyani, Gopalakrishnan's mother<br />
* [[Thodupuzha Vasanthi]] as Kousalya, Supran's wife<br />
* [[V. D. Rajappan]] as Keshu Pillai<br />
* [[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Santhosh, Ravunni Menon's son<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception and legacy ==<br />
The film was distributed by Dinny Films, it was a commercial success and ran for more than 100 days in the theatres. ''Poochakkoru Mookkuthi'' is regarded as one of the landmark films in Malayalam cinema. The success of the film triggered a deluge of [[screwball comedy]] films in Malayalam in mid-1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2007 |title=Priyan's remake Darshan |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/priyans-remake-darshan/articleshow/2036196.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202230534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/priyans-remake-darshan/articleshow/2036196.cms |archive-date=2 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=20 April 2019 |title=The Evolution Of Comedy In Malayalam Cinema: The Beginning, Adoor Bhasi And The Priyadarshan Years |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/the-evolution-of-comedy-in-malayalam-cinema-the-beginning-adoor-bhasi-and-the-priyadarshan-years/ |access-date=19 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]] |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808071450/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/the-evolution-of-comedy-in-malayalam-cinema-the-beginning-adoor-bhasi-and-the-priyadarshan-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Aradhya |title=Comedy classics: Films that define the Malayali brand of humour: Part 1 |url=http://fullpicture.in/talking-detail/120/comedy-classics-fil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720112839/http://fullpicture.in/talking-detail/120/comedy-classics-fil.html |archive-date=20 July 2019 |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=Fullpicture.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhakaran |first=Sreeju |date=20 June 2019 |title=From Poochakkoru Mookuthi to Virus, 7 Times When Malayalam Cinema Handled Ensemble Multi-Narrative Movies in the Right Way! |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/from-poochakkoru-mookuthi-to-virus-7-times-when-malayalam-cinema-handled-ensemble-multi-narrative-movies-in-the-right-way-941141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720123925/https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/from-poochakkoru-mookuthi-to-virus-7-times-when-malayalam-cinema-handled-ensemble-multi-narrative-movies-in-the-right-way-941141.html |archive-date=20 July 2019 |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=Latestly}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| all_lyrics = Chunakkara Ramankutty<br />
| all_music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]<br />
| title1 = Poochakkoru Mookkuthi<br />
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br />
| title2 = Kannane Kandu Sakhi<br />
| extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]<br />
| note2 = [[Shanmukhapriya]]<br />
| title3 = Oru Mridhu Mozhiyaay<br />
| extra3 = M. G. Sreekumar, [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| note3 = [[Mohanam]]<br />
| title4 = Panineerumaanam<br />
| extra4 = M. G. Sreekumar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
The film is partly inspired by the Telugu movie ''Gopal Rao Gari Ammayi'' (1980) and its Tamil version ''Kodeeswaran Magal'' (1981). The 1989 Tamil movie ''[[Thangamani Rangamani]]'' was partially based on this movie. It was remade in Hindi as ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' (2003), in Telugu as ''[[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]]'' (2004), in Kannada as ''[[Jootata]]'' (2005),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/04joo.htm | title=Hungama doesn't work in Kannada | access-date=2 January 2023 | archive-date=2 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102195007/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/04joo.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> in Bangladesh Bengali as ''Bhalobeshe Bou Anbo'' (2009), in Indian Bengali as ''[[Le Halua Le]]'' (2012)<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/birthday-special-how-soham-became-the-star-of-bengali-remakes/articleshow/74469421.cms</ref> and in Punjabi as ''Lovely Te Lovely'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kiddaan.com/punjabi-movies-remakes-of-other-language-movies/ | title=23 Punjabi Movies That Are Remakes of Other Language Movies | date=23 June 2021 | access-date=16 March 2023 | archive-date=16 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316161639/https://kiddaan.com/punjabi-movies-remakes-of-other-language-movies/amp/ | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0255494}}<br />
<br />
{{Priyadarshan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1984 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1984 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian screwball comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_University_of_Design&diff=473964World University of Design2026-03-23T21:33:15Z<p>DilKhus: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Private university in Haryana, India}}<br />
<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --><br />
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=World University of Design|timestamp=20260323213315|year=2026|month=March|day=23|substed=yes|help=off}}<br />
<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=World University of Design|date=23 March 2026|result='''keep'''}} --><br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Third-party|date=September 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = World University of Design<br />
| other_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| latin_name = <br />
| motto = <br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| established = 2018<br />
| type = [[Private university|Private]]<br />
| endowment = <br />
| staff = <br />
| chairperson = <br />
| director = <br />
| president = <br />
| provost = <br />
| rector = <br />
| chancellor = Hukum Chand Bansal<ref>{{cite web|title=Message from Chancellor|url=http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/message-chancellor.html|website= worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in|publisher=World University of Design|accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref><br />
| vice_chancellor = Sanjay Gupta<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Sanjay Gupta appointed VC World University of Design | date=March 2018| url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Young-Hans/2018-03-01/Dr-Sanjay-Gupta-appointed-VC-World-University-of-Design-/362379}}</ref><br />
| dean = <br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| city = [[Sonipat]]<br />
| state = [[Haryana]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coor = <br />
| campus = <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| colors = <br />
| colours = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<br />
| website = {{URL| http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in}}<br />
| image = World University of Design logo.png<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''World University of Design''' ('''WUD''') is a [[Private university (India)|private university]]<ref name=Private>{{cite web|title=State -wise List of Private Universities as on 12.04.2018|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Consolidated%20list%20of%20All%20Universities.pdf|website=www.ugc.ac.in|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|accessdate=1 August 2018|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> located in [[Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat]], [[Haryana]], India. The university was established in 2018<ref name=Private/> through ''The Haryana Private Universities (Second Amendment) Act 2017''<ref name=Bill>{{cite web | url=http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/assets/1603181disclosures.pdf|date=7 February 2018|title=The Haryana Private Universities (Second Amendment) Act, 2017|publisher=[[Government of Haryana]]|website=Haryana Gazette}}</ref> following the passing of the Bill in October 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana Assy passes seven bills on last day of winter session|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20171025/3206814.html|accessdate=1 August 2018|date=25 October 2017}}</ref> It claims to be "India's first and only university dedicated to education in the creative domain".<ref>{{cite web |title=About WUD |url=http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/about.html |website=worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in |publisher=World University in Design |accessdate=6 January 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225159/http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Campus==<br />
The campus of University of Design sprawls over {{Convert|13|acre}} in [[Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat]].<ref name=location>{{cite web|title=Location page|url=http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/location.html|website=worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in|publisher=World University of Design|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> The campus provides hostel rooms to girls on-campus and to boys off-campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hostel|url=http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/hostel-facilities.html|website= worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in |publisher= World University of Design | accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Schools ==<br />
The university comprises the following academics:<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/about.html|title=About|publisher=World University of Design|accessdate=1 August 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225159/http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
* School of Architecture<br />
* School of Design<br />
* School of Fashion<br />
* School of Communication<br />
* School of Visual Arts<br />
* School of Management<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{official|http://worlduniversityofdesign.ac.in}}<br />
<br />
{{Universities in Haryana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sonipat]]<br />
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:2018 establishments in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Private universities in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Haryana-university-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nabinagar&diff=452648Nabinagar2026-03-22T02:53:28Z<p>DilKhus: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|a city in [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]|the [[upazila]] in [[Bangladesh]]|Nabinagar Upazila}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = city<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.62|N|84.12|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = 4th<br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 138<br />
| population_total = 25041<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magadhi language|Magadhi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]],<br />
[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 06186<br />
| postal_code = 824301<br />
| vehicle_code_range =<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Navinagar''' is a city cum Nagar Panchayat in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]], and is the location of [[Navinagar Super Thermal Power Project]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Navinagar is located at {{Coord|24.62|N|84.12|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Navinagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Navinagar]</ref> Its average elevation is 138&nbsp;metres (452&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
It has also been the assembly constituency of nationalist and first Bihar [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] cum [[Finance Minister]], Bihar Vibhuti [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]].<br />
<br />
Navinagar is slated to become a power hub since Bihar Government and [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] are collaborating to set up a coal based [[Navinagar Super Thermal Power Project|thermal power plant]], having three units of 660 MW each.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{pie chart<br />
|thumb = right <br />
|caption = Religions in Navinagar<br />
|value1 = 97.70<br />
|label1 = Hindus<br />
|color1 = Orange<br />
|value2 = 01.05<br />
|label2 = Muslims<br />
|color2 = Green<br />
|value3 = 0.46<br />
|label3 = Others<br />
|color3 = Grey<br />
}}<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Navinagar had a population of 19,041. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Navinagar has an average literacy rate of 73%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 63%. In Navinagar, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Magadh Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Aurangabad district, Bihar]]<br />
<br />
{{AurangabadBihar-geo-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nabinagar&diff=452594Nabinagar2026-03-22T02:53:28Z<p>DilKhus: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|a city in [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]|the [[upazila]] in [[Bangladesh]]|Nabinagar Upazila}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = city<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.62|N|84.12|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = 4th<br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 138<br />
| population_total = 25041<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magadhi language|Magadhi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]],<br />
[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 06186<br />
| postal_code = 824301<br />
| vehicle_code_range =<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Navinagar''' is a city cum Nagar Panchayat in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]], and is the location of [[Navinagar Super Thermal Power Project]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Navinagar is located at {{Coord|24.62|N|84.12|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Navinagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Navinagar]</ref> Its average elevation is 138&nbsp;metres (452&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
It has also been the assembly constituency of nationalist and first Bihar [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] cum [[Finance Minister]], Bihar Vibhuti [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]].<br />
<br />
Navinagar is slated to become a power hub since Bihar Government and [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] are collaborating to set up a coal based [[Navinagar Super Thermal Power Project|thermal power plant]], having three units of 660 MW each.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{pie chart<br />
|thumb = right <br />
|caption = Religions in Navinagar<br />
|value1 = 97.70<br />
|label1 = Hindus<br />
|color1 = Orange<br />
|value2 = 01.05<br />
|label2 = Muslims<br />
|color2 = Green<br />
|value3 = 0.46<br />
|label3 = Others<br />
|color3 = Grey<br />
}}<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Navinagar had a population of 19,041. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Navinagar has an average literacy rate of 73%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 63%. In Navinagar, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Magadh Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Aurangabad district, Bihar]]<br />
<br />
{{AurangabadBihar-geo-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priya_Kambli&diff=526861Priya Kambli2026-03-19T17:06:20Z<p>DilKhus: new!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian photographer}}<br />
'''Priya Kambli''' (born 1975) is an Indian photographer.<ref name="MoCPCollection">{{cite web |title=Priya Kambli |url=https://collections.mocp.org/mpp/kambli_priya.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514230942/https://collections.mocp.org/mpp/kambli_priya.php |archive-date=14 May 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Museum of Contemporary Photography]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Kambli was born in India. She received a [[BFA degree]] from the [[University of Louisiana at Lafayette]] and an [[MFA degree]] from the [[University of Houston]].<ref name="LightWorkCollection">{{cite web |title=Priya Kambli - Me (Flour), 2009 |url=https://collection.lightwork.org/Detail/artworks/2010.089 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715014724/https://collection.lightwork.org/Detail/artworks/2010.089 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Light Work]]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kambli was an Artist-in-Residence in 2009 at [[Light Work]].<ref name="LightWorkCollection" /> Her work is included in the collection of the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]],<ref name="MFAH">{{cite web |title=Priya Kambli: Kavi (Silver Chumcha) |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/105414/kavi-silver-chumcha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715014725/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/105414/kavi-silver-chumcha |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=People - Priya Kambli - Works |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/20397/priya-kambli/objects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715014734/https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/20397/priya-kambli/objects |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]]}}</ref> Light Work,<ref name="LightWorkCollection" /> and the [[Museum of Contemporary Photography]].<ref name="MoCPCollection"/><br />
<br />
Kambli is a professor of art at Truman State University, Missouri.<ref name="LightWorkCollection" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kambli, Priya}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smiling_Buddha&diff=468832Smiling Buddha2026-03-18T04:31:41Z<p>DilKhus: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|India's first successful nuclear weapons test (1974)}}<br />
{{for|the religious figure known as the Laughing Buddha|Budai}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox nuclear weapons test<br />
|name = Smiling Buddha<br><small>Pokhran-I</small><br />
|country = India<br />
|image =<br />
|test_site = [[Pokhran|Pokhran Test Range]]<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|27.0788|71.7224|format=dms|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
|period = 18 May 1974, 8:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|number_of_tests = 1<br />
|test_type = [[Underground nuclear weapons testing|Underground shaft]]<br />
|device_type = [[Nuclear weapon#Fission weapons|Fission]]<br />
|max_yield = {{convert|8-10|ktonTNT|lk=in}}<br />
|next_test = [[Pokhran-II]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Smiling Buddha''' ([[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]] designation: '''Pokhran-I''') was the code name of India's first successful [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear weapon test]] on 18 May 1974. The [[nuclear fission]] bomb was detonated in the [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]] of the [[Indian Army]] in [[Rajasthan]]. As per the [[Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)|United States military intelligence]], the operation was named as ''Happy Krishna''. The Indian [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) described the test as a [[peaceful nuclear explosion]]. <br />
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The bomb was built by scientists at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) headed by [[Raja Ramanna]], in assistance with the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) headed by [[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri|B. D. Nag Chaudhuri]] under the supervision of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] headed by [[Homi Sethna]]. A [[CIRUS reactor|CIRUS]] [[nuclear reactor]] given by Canada and [[heavy water]] (used as a [[neutron moderator]]) supplied by the United States were used in the production of [[Weapons-grade nuclear material|nuclear material]] for the bomb. The preparations for the test and the detonation was conducted in extreme secrecy. It was tightly controlled by [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] with very few people outside the team of scientists being aware of the test. <br />
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The device was of the [[Nuclear weapon design#Implosion-type weapon|implosion-type]] design with a [[Plutonium-239|plutonium]] core. It had a hexagonal cross section, {{cvt|1.25|m}} in diameter, and weighed {{cvt|1400|kg}}. It was assembled, mounted on a hexagonal metal tripod, and was transported to the test site on rails. The test was conducted at 8.05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 18 May 1974. The data on the exact [[Nuclear weapon yield|nuclear yield]] of the test has been varied and scarce, and sources indicate that the bomb might have yielded between six and ten [[kiloton]]s.<br />
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It was the first confirmed nuclear weapons test by a nation outside the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|five permanent members]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. The test led to the formation of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG) to control nuclear proliferation. After the test, India carried out a series of nuclear tests named [[Pokhran-II]] in 1998.<br />
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== Background ==<br />
The origins of [[Indian nuclear programme|India's nuclear programme]] can be traced back to 1945 when [[Homi Jehangir Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] established the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] with the aid of [[Tata Group]]. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], the Atomic Energy Act was passed on 15 April 1948, that established the [[Indian Atomic Energy Commission]] (IAEC).<ref name="History">{{cite web|last=Sublette|first=Carey|title=Origins of Indian nuclear program|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html|publisher=Nuclear weapon Archive|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> India was involved in the development of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], but ultimately did not sign it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=George|title=India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation|year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5}}</ref> In 1954, [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) was established which was responsible for the atomic energy development programme and was allocated a significant amount of the defence budget in the subsequent years. In 1956, the first [[nuclear reactor]] named ''APSARA'' became operational at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|Trombay]], becoming the first operating reactor in Asia.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1545653|title=Apsara – U Reactor Becomes Operational at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay|date=11 September 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> A [[CIRUS reactor]] was given to India as a part of an understanding with Canada and the [[United States]] under the [[Atoms for Peace]] programme. India set up an indigenous programme to manufacture [[uranium]] [[nuclear fuel]] for the reactor, as opposed to importing from other countries.<ref name="History"/> In July 1958, then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] authorized "Project Phoenix" to build a reprocessing plant with a capacity to produce 20 tons of [[plutonium]] fuel a year using the [[PUREX]] process, designed by the [[Vitro Corporation|Vitro Corporation of America]]. The construction of the plutonium plant began in 1961, and it was commissioned in mid-1964.<ref name="History"/> <br />
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The civilian nuclear program to produce electricity from nuclear energy was also established during this period with plans to construct new [[nuclear power plant]]s for the purpose. Nehru's discussions with Bhabha and [[Kenneth Nichols]], a [[United States Army|US Army]] engineer, showed his approach and intention to create nuclear weapons as a means of [[Deterrence theory|deterrence]].<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=P.|title=Homi J. Bhabha: A Complete Biography: Homi J. Bhabha: A Complete Biography: Architect of India's Nuclear Program|publisher=Prabhakar Prakashan Private Limited|year=2024|isbn=978-93-5562-943-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXsEAAAQBAJ|page=1960|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520143446/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXsEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1962, India was engaged in a [[Sino-Indian War|war with China]] and with China pursuing its own atomic development programme, it accelerated India's need to develop [[nuclear weapons]].<ref name="History"/> During this period, India signed an agreement with [[Soviet Union]] to help build nuclear reactors in India.{{sfn|Perkovich|1999|p=37}}<br />
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== Development ==<br />
With two reactors operational in early 1960s, Bhabha was involved in learning and development of know-how to manufacture nuclear weapons. The atomic energy act was amended in 1962 to give far more control to the [[Government of India|central government]]. Bhabha was also aggressively lobbying for nuclear weapons and made several public speeches on the matter. He also estimated that a nuclear device with a 10 [[kiloton|kt]] yield would cost US$350,000. The reactors were not producing fuel at the expected rate and with Nehru's death in 1964, the programme slowed down.<ref name="Program">{{cite web|title=On to Weapons Development, 1960–67|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaWDevelop.html|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=14 January 2013|date=30 March 2001}}</ref> The incoming prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] gave approval for the Subterranean Nuclear Explosion Project in 1964 under Bhabha's insistence. However, Shastri did not want to commit to a weapons test yet, and later appointed physicist [[Vikram Sarabhai]] as the head of the nuclear programme. Because of Sarabhai's non-violent [[Gandhian]] beliefs, he directed the programme towards peaceful purposes rather than military development.<ref name="Kanavi">{{cite web|last=Kanavi|first=Shivanand|title=How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115120835/https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, the design work on the bomb proceeded under physicist [[Raja Ramanna]], who continued the nuclear weapons technology research after Bhabha's death in 1966.<ref name="Program"/><br />
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[[File:Trombay.jpg|thumb|APSARA reactor and plutonium reprocessing facility at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966]]<br />
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After Shastri's death in 1966, [[Indira Gandhi]] became the prime minister and work on the nuclear weapons programme resumed. [[Homi Sethna]], a chemical engineer, was put in charge of plutonium development. The project for the design and manufacturing of the nuclear device employed just 75 scientists because of the secret nature of the project.<ref name="Kanavi"/> Ramanna led the project with [[P. K. Iyengar]] serving as his deputy and the leadership team also included Sethna and Sarabhai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/861/|title=Purnima I-II-III|date=1 September 2003|access-date=8 September 2014|work=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909004708/http://www.nti.org/facilities/861/|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> The weapons programme was directed towards the production of plutonium rather than uranium and then in 1969, enough plutonium had been accumulated for the production of a single nuclear bomb.<ref name="Program"/> In 1968–69, Iyengar led a team to the Soviet Union and toured the nuclear research facilities at [[Dubna]]. Upon his return to India, Iyengar set about developing a plutonium fueled [[fast breeder reactor]] named ''Purnima'' under Mahadeva Srinivasan. In 1969, [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]] was engaged for researching the use of plutonium.<ref name="Bomb">{{cite web|title=India's First Bomb: 1967-1974|url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaFirstBomb.html|date=30 March 2001|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Richelson|first=Jefferey T|author-link=Jeffrey T. Richelson|title=Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea|date=March 1999|publisher=WW Norton|page=[https://archive.org/details/spyingonbombamer00rich/page/233 233]|isbn=978-0-393-05383-8|url=https://archive.org/details/spyingonbombamer00rich/page/233}}</ref> <br />
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Simultaneous work on the fabrication of the bomb core and [[implosion-type nuclear weapon|implosion]] design was conducted by teams led by physicist [[V. S. Ramamurthy]]. The detonation system development began in April 1970 with [[Pranab R. Dastidar]] collaborating with [[Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan|W. D. Patwardhan]] at the [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (ERDL) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). In July, physicist [[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri|B. D. Nagchaudhuri]] was appointed as the scientific adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defense Minister]] and as Director of the DRDO.<ref name="Bomb"/> Nagchaudhuri and Ramanna worked together to recruit the team and set up the requirements necessary for a nuclear weapon test. [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]] (TBRL) of the DRDO developed the explosive lenses for the implosion system. Srinivasan and K. Subba Rao were tasked with developing fission models and prediction of the test's efficiency. In April 1971, Nagchaudhuri appointed N. S. Venkatesan as the new Director of TBRL to help develop the implosion system. [[Dr. V. K. Iya|V.K. Iya]] was in charge of developing the [[neutron]] initiator system. In the same year, Sethna succeeded Sarabhai as the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission.<ref name="Bomb"/> <br />
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In December 1971, during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War]], the U.S. government sent a [[carrier battle group]] led by the {{ship|USS|Enterprise|CVN-65}} into the [[Bay of Bengal]] in an attempt to intimidate India. The Soviet Union responded by sending its own naval force to deter the U.S. from involving militarily. This event is indicated as a reason for India's pursuance of the nuclear programme.{{sfn|Perkovich|1999|p=165}} After India gained military and political initiative over Pakistan in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], the work on building a nuclear device continued. The hardware began to be built in early 1972 and the Prime Minister authorised the development of a nuclear test device in September 1972.{{sfn|Perkovich|1999|p=172}}<br />
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== Nuclear test ==<br />
[[File:DRDO Successfully Flight-Tested Guided Bomb From SU-30 MKI (2).png|thumb|The test was conducted at the [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]] (pictured during a test in 2019)]]<br />
The [[Indian Army]] was involved in the test preparations at the [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Test Range]] in [[Rajasthan]]. The project was code named ''Operation Smiling Buddha'' ([[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]] designation: ''Pokhran-I'') while as per the [[Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)|United States military intelligence]], the operation was named as ''Happy Krishna''.<ref name="Shankar">{{cite book|title=Nixon, Indira and India: Politics and Beyond|author=Kalyani Shankar|year=2010|isbn=978-0-230-32868-6|publisher=Macmillan Publishers India|page=357}}</ref> The preparations were carried by civilian scientists assisted by the Indian Army.<ref name="Smiling Buddha">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html|work=India's Nuclear Weapons Program|title=Smiling Buddha, 1974|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive}}</ref> Indira Gandhi maintained tight control of all aspects of the preparations of the test, which was conducted in extreme secrecy. Besides Gandhi, only her advisers [[Parmeshwar Narayan Haksar|Parmeshwar Haksar]] and [[Durga Prasad Dhar|D. P. Dhar]] were kept informed. Dhar had protested the test, fearing that the sanctions that would follow, would affect the Indian economy.<ref name="Smiling Buddha"/><ref name="Shankar"/> The Indian Defence Minister [[Jagjivan Ram]] was informed only a few days prior and [[Swaran Singh]], the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], was given only 48 hours notice.{{sfn|Perkovich|1999|p=174}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Weapons of peace : the secret story of India's quest to be a nuclear power|year=2000|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers, India|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7223-330-2}}</ref> General [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor|G. G. Bewoor]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Indian army chief]], and Lieutenant-General [[Tapishwar Narain Raina|T. N. Raina]], the commander of [[Western Command (India)|Indian Western Command]] were the only military commanders who knew about the test.<ref name="Smiling Buddha"/> The test was called a [[Peaceful nuclear explosions|Peaceful Nuclear Explosive]] (PNE). The device was detonated on 18 May 1974 at 8.05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] with [[Pranab R. Dastidar]] pushing the firing button.<ref name="Smiling Buddha"/><ref name="Pahuja">{{cite book|first=Om Parkash|last=Pahuja|title=India: A Nuclear Weapon State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiI_Yt7SOA8C&pg=PT63|access-date=29 June 2012|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-87100-69-0|pages=63–|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear files archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|title=1974 Nuclear files|work=Nuclear Age Peace Foundation|publisher=Nuclear files archives|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702032049/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NSG">{{cite web|title=History of the NSG|url=https://www.nsg-online.org/en/about-nsg|work=Nuclear Suppliers Group|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203133606/https://www.nsg-online.org/en/about-nsg|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The [[Nuclear weapon yield|nuclear yield]] of the test has been difficult to determine with unclear data provided by Indian sources. Although politicians had given multiple numbers ranging from 2&nbsp;[[Kiloton|kt]] to 20&nbsp;kt, the official yield was initially set at 12&nbsp;kt. Independent seismic data from outside and analysis of the crater features indicated a lower figure. Analysts estimate the yield at 4 to 6&nbsp;kt, using conventional seismic magnitude-to-yield conversion formulas. Later, both Sethna and Iyengar conceded the official yield to be an exaggeration. Iyengar has stated that the yield was 8–10&nbsp;kt, that the device was designed to yield 10&nbsp;kt, and that the yield was 8&nbsp;kt "exactly as predicted".<ref name="Smiling Buddha"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaRealYields.html|title=What Are the Real Yields of India's Tests?|work=Nuclear Weapons Archive|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><br />
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== Weapon design ==<br />
[[File:Implosion Nuclear weapon.svg|thumb|An [[Nuclear weapon design#Implosion-type weapon|implosion-type nuclear weapon]]]]<br />
The device was of the [[Nuclear weapon design#Implosion-type weapon|implosion-type]] design with a plutonium core, similar to ''[[Fat Man]]'', the American nuclear bomb [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Bombing of Nagasaki|detonated over Nagasaki in 1945]]. The implosion system was assembled at the TBRL of the DRDO in [[Chandigarh]]. The detonation system was developed at the HEMRL of the DRDO in [[Pune]].<ref name="Smiling Buddha"/> The 6&nbsp;kg of plutonium came from the CIRUS reactor at BARC and the neutron initiator was of the [[polonium]]–[[beryllium]] type, code-named ''Flower''. The entire nuclear bomb was engineered and assembled by Indian engineers at BARC before transportation to the test site. The fully assembled device had a hexagonal cross section, {{cvt|1.25|m}} in diameter, and weighed {{cvt|1400|kg}}. The device was mounted on a hexagonal metal tripod, and was transported to the shaft on rails which the army kept covered with sand.<ref name="Smiling Buddha"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7823/7/07_chapter%203.pdf|title=Pokhran-I|work=Information and Library Network, [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], Govt. of India|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=22 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122074340/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7823/7/07_chapter%203.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Reactions ==<br />
===Domestic reaction===<br />
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gained much popularity after the test, which had flagged from its heights after the 1971 war with Pakistan. The overall popularity and image of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] was enhanced and it was well received in the [[Indian Parliament]]. In 1975, Sethna, Ramanna and Nagchaudhuri were honoured with the ''[[Padma Vibhushan]]'', India's second highest civilian award. Five other project members received the ''[[Padma Shri]]'', India's fourth highest civilian award. India consistently maintained that this was a peaceful nuclear bomb test and that it had no intentions of militarising its nuclear programme, but according to independent monitors, this test was part of an accelerated [[Indian nuclear programme]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Reaction and Long Pause|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaPause.html|publisher=Reaction and Long Pause|access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> In 1997 [[Raja Ramanna]], speaking to the ''[[Press Trust of India]]'', maintained:<br />
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{{Blockquote|The Pokhran test was a bomb, I can tell you now.... An explosion is an explosion, a gun is a gun, whether you shoot at someone or shoot at the ground.... I just want to make clear that the test was not all that peaceful.|Raja Ramanna, <sub>to Press Trust of India in 1997</sub><ref name="Smiling Buddha"/>}}<br />
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=== International reaction ===<br />
{{Main|Nuclear Suppliers Group}}<br />
While India continued to state that the test was for peaceful purposes, it encountered opposition from many quarters. In reaction to the tests, the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG) was established to check international nuclear proliferation.<ref name="NSG"/> The NSG decided in 1992 to require full-scope [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] safeguards for any new nuclear export deals, which effectively ruled out nuclear exports to India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/official_docs/inventory/pdfs/nsg.pdf|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030503120417/http://nti.org/e_research/official_docs/inventory/pdfs/nsg.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2003|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was only waived as part of the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nuclear Deal: A chronology of key developments|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nuclear-deal-a-chronology-of-key-developmen/368607/|access-date=5 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 October 2008|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328215820/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/nuclear-deal-a-chronology-of-key-developmen/368607|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The plutonium used in the test had been enriched in the reactor supplied by Canada, using [[heavy water]] (used as [[neutron moderator]]) supplied by the United States. Both the countries reacted negatively, especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] and the economic aid both countries had provided to India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ripples in the nuclear pond|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x6ZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7191%2C5606996|access-date=5 September 2011|newspaper=The Deseret News|date=22 May 1974|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308235856/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x6ZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7191%2C5606996|url-status=live}}</ref> Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states, and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction. However, the United States concluded that the test did not violate any agreement and proceeded with a June 1974 shipment of enriched uranium for the [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station|Tarapur reactor]]. New Zealand's Prime Minister [[Norman Kirk]] commented that, "The announcement of an underground nuclear explosion by India raises more urgently than ever the need for international agreement to end all nuclear testing."<ref name="New Zealand Ministry">{{cite book|title=New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|volume=24|year=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVIgAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA35|page=35|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402060248/https://books.google.com/books?id=UVIgAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Pakistan did not view the test as a peaceful nuclear explosion, and cancelled scheduled talks with India. In June 1974, Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] said that Pakistan considered this as an intimidation and would not accept India's superiority in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) and Pakistan Television (PTV)|title=Prime minister Secretariat Press Release|quote=India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish "Indian hegemony in the subcontinent", most particularly Pakistan...|first=Zulfikar Ali|last=Bhutto|date=18 May 1974|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040826/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html|archive-date=18 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2011, Pakistani nuclear physicist [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]] stated that he believed the test pressed Pakistan into developing nuclear weapons of its own.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hoodbhoy|first=Pervez Amerali|author-link=Pervaiz Hoodbhoy|title=Pakistan's nuclear bayonet|work=[[The Herald (Pakistan)|The Herald]]|date=23 January 2011|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212415/http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Aftermath ==<br />
Though the test was carried out in an uninhabited area, the government compensated the residents of the villages&ndash;Odhaniya, Chacha, Loharki, and Khetolai, which were within a five-kilometre radius, and whose inhabitants were largely unaware of the test and its effects. The residents were paid between {{INRconvert|3|year=1974}} to {{INRconvert|4|year=1974}} for each [[bigha]] of land they owned.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shukla |first=Chinky |date= 1 May 2019 |title=Life at Ground Zero |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/photo-essay/documenting-effects-nuclear-testing-pokhran-residents |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[The Caravan]] }}</ref> <br />
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According to a 2014 report, there were reported instances of crop failure and abnormal symptoms such as skin irritation, and burning of eyes in both humans and cattle in the aftermath of the blast. The villagers complained of an increase in the rate of [[cancers]] and [[genetic disorders]] in the years following the explosion. As per the report, a research report released in September 1992 in the ''Indian Journal of Cancer'' identified a quadruple increase in the rate of [[cancers]] in one of the villages compared to the national average. However, since no epidemiological studies have been carried out in the region in the aftermath of the blast, it cannot be established with certainty that these were due to radiation exposure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://strafasia.com/when-india-tested-a-nuclear-device-on-its-citizens/|title=When India Tested a Nuclear Device on Its Citizens |date=16 May 2020 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Strafasia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Desai |first=Shweta |date=18 May 2014 |title=Forty years after Pokhran nuclear tests, villagers complain of frequent cancer deaths |url=http://scroll.in/article/664440/forty-years-after-pokhran-nuclear-tests-villagers-complain-of-frequent-cancer-deaths |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><br />
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== Other tests ==<br />
Despite many proposals, India did not carry out further nuclear tests until 1998. Code named as ''Operation Shakti'' (officially known as [[Pokhran-II]]) was carried out at the Pokhran test site, using technology designed and built over the preceding two decades.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reed|first1=Thomas C|title=The nuclear express: a political history of the bomb and its proliferation|year=2009|publisher=Zenith|isbn=978-0-7603-3502-4|first2=Danny B|last2=Stillman}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=52814|title=Press Statement by Dr. Anil Kakodkar and Dr. R. Chidambaram on Pokhran-II tests|date=24 September 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601154027/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=52814|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[India and weapons of mass destruction]]<br />
* [[History of nuclear weapons]]<br />
* [[List of countries with nuclear weapons]]<br />
* [[Pokhran-II]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
* {{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=G.|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=University of California Press|series=ACLS Humanities E-Book|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5}}<br />
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{{Smiling Buddha|Scientists=A. K. Ganguly}}<br />
{{India topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Explosions in 1974]]<br />
[[Category:1974 in India]]<br />
[[Category:1974 in military history]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nuclear weapons testing]]<br />
[[Category:Political history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Underground nuclear weapons testing]]<br />
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]<br />
[[Category:Code names]]<br />
[[Category:Pokhran]]<br />
[[Category:Nuclear history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Nuclear proliferation]]<br />
[[Category:Military history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of India]]<br />
[[Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br />
[[Category:May 1974 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_amongst_Tamils&diff=492460Buddhism amongst Tamils2026-03-17T12:08:36Z<p>DilKhus: Added New Entry More To Come</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Aspect of Tamil history}}<br />
{{Lead too short|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
[[File:Tamil nadu, buddha shakyamuni seduto in meditazione (dhyanamudra), dinastia chola, xii secolo ca, da nagapattinam.jpg|thumb|Buddha seated in lotus position, 11th century, Tamil Nadu.]]<br />
[[File:Tamil nadu, buddha con la mano sinistra nel gesto del dono (varadamudra), dinastia chola, XI-XII secolo.jpg|thumb|Buddha bronze, Chola period, 10th century.]]<br />
<br />
'''Buddhism amongst the [[Tamils]]''' was historically found in the [[Tamilakam]] region of India and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monius |first1=Anne |title=Imagining a Place for Buddhism: Literary Culture and Religious Community in Tamil-Speaking South India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803206-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvetN2VyrKcC}}</ref><br />
<br />
==India==<br />
===Origin===<br />
The heritage of the town of [[Nagapattinam|Nākappaṭṭinam]] is found in the Burmese historical text of the 3rd century BCE and gives evidence of a Budha Vihar built by the [[Ashoka|King Ashoka]]. An inscription from [[Anuradhapura]], Sri Lanka dated to 2nd century BCE records the association of Tamil merchants with Buddhist institution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duraiswamy|first=Dayalan|title=Role of Archaeology on Maritime Buddhism|url=https://www.academia.edu/19992743|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Ancient ruins of a 4th-5th-century Buddhist monastery, a Buddha statue, and a Buddhapada (footprint of the Buddha) were found in another section of the ancient city, now at [[Pallavaram|Pallavanesvaram]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=SR |date=2 July 1991 |title=Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast |url=https://drs.nio.res.in/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/3295/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Marine Archaeology |language=English |volume=2 |page=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124225917/ |archive-date=24 January 2011 |via=DSpace Repository}}</ref><br />
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Nāgappaṭṭinam was a Buddhist centre of the 4th-5th century CE. Its [[stupa]] dates from this era. Buddhism disappeared from this city as of an unknown date but was revived as of the 9th century. (H.P.Ray, The Winds of Change, Delhi 1994, p.&nbsp;142) In the 11th century, [[Chudamani Vihara]] was built by the Javanese king Sri Vijaya Soolamanivarman with the patronage of [[Raja Raja Chola I]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.nio.org/past_events/archaeology/sridhar.pdf |title=Ancient ports and maritime trade centres in Tamilnadu and their significance |accessdate=2006-10-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208135309/http://www.nio.org/past_events/archaeology/sridhar.pdf |archivedate=8 February 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> The "Animangalam Copperplate" of Kulothungachola notes that “Kasiba Thera” [Buddhist Monk] renovated the Buddhist temple in the 6th century with the help of Buddhist monks of "[[Naga Nadu]]". This "nagar annam vihar" later came to be known as "Nagananavigar". Buddhism flourished until the 15th century and the buildings of the vihara survived until the 18th century.<br />
[[Kanchipuram]] is one of the oldest cities in [[South India]], and was a city of learning for [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Pali]] and was believed to be visited by [[Xuanzang]]. He visited the city in the 7th century and said that this city was 6 miles in circumference and that its people were famous for bravery and piety as well as for their love of justice and veneration for learning. He further recorded that [[Gautama Buddha]] had visited the place. It was during the reign of the [[Pallava dynasty]] from the 4th to the 9th centuries that [[Kanchipuram]] attained its limelight. The city served as the Pallava capital, and many of the known temples were built during their reign. According to Tamil tradition, the founder of [[Zen]], [[Bodhidharma]] was born here.{{sfn|Kambe|2008}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1987|p=125-126}}{{refn|group=note|Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend.{{sfn|McRae|2003}} There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=85-90}} None of them mentions specifically Tamil Nadu, only "the western regions" and "Souther India". See [[Bodhidharma#Birthplace sources]] for an extensive overview of possible origins, and the reliability of the sources provided for these possible origins.}}<br />
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In the 8th century CE, Buddhist monk [[Vajrabodhi]], the son of a Tamil aristocrat, travelled from Tamil Nadu to the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] capital of [[Chang'an]], via Sri Lanka and [[Srivijaya]], after mastering the art of [[Vajrayana|Tantric Buddhism]]. He took a plethora of new theological beliefs to a China that was largely following [[Confucianism]] or [[Taoism|Daoism]]. Vajrabodhi's contribution to the growth of Tantric Buddhism in China has been recorded by one of his lay disciples, Lü Xiang.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sundberg |first1=J |title=The Life of the Tang Court Monk Vajrabodhi as Chronicked by Lü Xiang |url=http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/pwj3-13/08Sundberg-Giebel.pdf |website=archive.org}}</ref><br />
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==Literature==<br />
Various scholarly works dating back to the 2nd century common era saw the birth of classical Tamil works composed by eminent Tamil poets with Buddhist philosophical themes and insights illustrate the impact that Buddhism had in the world of Tamil scholarship.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Somasundaram |first1=Ottilingam |last2=Tejus Murthy |first2=A. G. |title=Manimekalai: The ancient Buddhist Tamil epic, its relevance to psychiatry |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=2016 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=229–232 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.183788 |doi-access=free |pmid=27385862 |pmc=4919973 |issn=0019-5545}}</ref> One of the classical products of that period is the ancient Tamil Buddhist epic-poem [[Manimekalai]] by the celebrated poet [[Chithalai Chathanar]] is set in the town of Kaveripattanam.<ref>Rao Bahadur Krishnaswāmi Aiyangar, ''Maṇimekhalai in its Historical Setting'', London, 1928. Available at www.archive.org [https://archive.org/details/manimekhalaiinit031176mbp]</ref><ref>Hisselle Dhammaratana,''Buddhism in South India'', Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, 1964. Available on Buddhist Publication Society Online Library [http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh124-u.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025849/http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh124-u.html|date=4 March 2016}}</ref><br />
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==Tamil Buddhist historical figures==<br />
*[[Bodhisena]] - Buddhist scholar notable for travelling to Japan<br />
*[[Buddhadatta]] - 5th-century Theravada Buddhist writer <br />
*[[Dhammapāla]] - [[Theravada]] Buddhist commentator believed to have lived at [[Badara Tittha Vihara]]<br />
*[[Dignāga]] - 6th-century Buddhist scholar and one of the founders of the Buddhist school of logic [[Pramāṇa-samuccaya]]<br />
*[[Vajrabodhi]] - Esoteric Buddhist monk and one of the 8 patriarchs of [[Shingon]] Buddhism who according to some theories, came from what is now Tamilakam. Also associated with the [[Nalanda]] monastery in [[Bihar]]<br />
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==Sri Lanka==<br />
{{Main| Buddhism amongst Tamils in Sri Lanka}}<br />
<br />
== Thalaivetti Muniappan Buddhist Temple ==<br />
[[File:Thalaivettimuniyappantirumalaiammantemple.jpg|thumb|Thalaivetti Muniappan Temple]]<br />
The Madras High Court was hearing a plea by the Buddha Trust in Salem, which said that the idol was originally that of the Buddha, but over time it was taken over and was worshipped as that of Thalaivetti Munniappan. The Madras High Court has declared that the statue of the main deity at a temple in Salem district is that of Buddha and not a Hindu deity. The idol in the temple is currently being worshipped as Thalaivetti Muniappan. The High Court was hearing a plea by Buddha Trust, based in Salem, who had filed a petition in 2017 saying that the idol is of the Buddha. Taking cognisance of a report filed by the state archaeological department that a preliminary inspection has revealed that the statue of the Buddha, Justice N Anand Venkatesh has ruled that the idol is indeed originally that of the Buddha.<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Buddhism amongst Tamils in Sri Lanka]]<br />
* [[Buddhaghosa]]<br />
* [[Dhammapāla]]<br />
* [[Manimekalai]]<br />
* [[Kundalakesi]]<br />
* [[Sri Lanka Maha Bodhi Centre, Chennai]]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Dumoulin |first1=Heinrich |author-link1=Heinrich Dumoulin |last2=Heisig |first2=James |author-link2=James Heisig |last3=Knitter |first3=Paul F. |author-link3=Paul F. Knitter |title=Zen Buddhism: India and China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CYeWYtYBS4C&pg=PA90 |year=2005 |publisher=World Wisdom, Inc |isbn=978-0-941532-89-1}}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Kambe | first =Tstuomu | title =Bodhidharma. A collection of stories from Chinese literature | url =http://www.purple.dti.ne.jp/kambe/BodhiDharma-IDS.pdf | access-date =1 April 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151106054424/http://www.purple.dti.ne.jp/kambe/BodhiDharma-IDS.pdf | archive-date =6 November 2015 | url-status =dead |date=2008}}<br />
* {{Citation | last=McRae | first=John R. | publication-date=2000 | contribution=The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism | contribution-url=http://kr.buddhism.org/zen/koan/John_McRae.htm | editor-last=Heine | editor-first=Steven | editor2-last=Wright | editor2-first=Dale S. | title=The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism | publisher=Oxford University Press }}<br />
* {{Citation |last=McRae |first=John |year=2003 |title=Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism |publisher=The University Press Group Ltd |isbn=978-0-520-23798-8}}<br />
* {{Citation | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil V. | title=The Sound of the One Hand | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=107 | issue=1 | year=1987 | pages=125–126 | doi =10.2307/602960 | publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1 | jstor=602960 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/vallipuram.html THE VALLIPURAM BUDDHA IMAGE]<br />
* [https://theprint.in/india/thalaivetti-muniappan-turns-buddha/1064458/ Thalaivetti Muniappan turns Buddha]<br />
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{{Asia in topic|Buddhism in}}<br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buddhism amongst Tamils| ]]<br />
[[Category:History of Southeast Asia]]<br />
[[Category:History of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil history]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu|Kingdoms]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist communities of Sri Lanka]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijay_(director)&diff=445623Vijay (director)2026-03-15T08:48:27Z<p>DilKhus: edit</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian film director (1936–2020)}}<br />
{{about|the Kannada film director|the Tamil director|A. L. Vijay}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = <br />
| birth_name = B. Vijaya Reddy<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|07|15}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Tadepalligudem]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|10|09|1936|07|15}}<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Film director, producer and screenwriter<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''B. Vijaya Reddy''' (15 July 1936 – 9 October 2020), better known as '''Vijay Reddy''' or '''Vijay''', was an Indian film director who worked primarily in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada films]], besides few [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. He had directed over 50 films and also produced a few.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kannada-film-director-vijay-reddy-passes-away/articleshow/78586648.cms|title=Kannada film director Vijay Reddy passes away|website=Bangalore Mirror.com|date=10 October 2020}}</ref> His debut directorial venture was ''Rangamahal Rahasya'' (1970). He was known for his collaborations with leading Kannada actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] for movies like ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' (1973), ''[[Mayura (film)|''Mayura'']] '' (1975), ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]'' (1976) and ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]'' (1977) which are considered among the classic movies of Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 March 2012|title=Rajkumar: Mayura - 1|url=http://www.landoflime.com/archives/writing-films/dr-rajkumar-mayura-1/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325210707/http://www.landoflime.com/archives/writing-films/dr-rajkumar-mayura-1/|archive-date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="tnm">{{cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Kannada filmmaker Vijay Reddy of 'Gandada Gudi' fame passes away at 87|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-filmmaker-vijay-reddy-gandada-gudi-fame-passes-away-87-135011|access-date=10 October 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Reddy was born in [[Tadepalligudem]] in the [[West Godavari district]] of [[Madras Presidency]] in [[British Raj|British India]] to a farming family.<ref name="tnm"/><ref name="indiatv">{{cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Kannada film director Vijay Reddy dies at 84, celebrities pay condolences|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/breaking-kannada-film-director-vijay-reddy-dies-at-84-celebrities-pay-condolences-655772|access-date=10 October 2020|website=[[India TV News]]|language=en}}</ref> He subsequently went to Madras (now [[Chennai]]) to look for work.<ref name="indiatv" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Reddy started his career in the cinema industry as an assistant editor for [[B. Vittalacharya]]'s Kannada directorial ''Mane Tumbida Hennu''.<ref name="tnm"/><br />
<br />
His directorial debut was ''Rangamahal Rahasya'' (1970), starring [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], the success of which earned him recognition in the industry. It was followed by ''Modala Rathri'' (1970) with the same lead actor but the movie was not a commercial success. His third directorial venture, ''Cow Boy Kulla'' (1973), with [[Dwarakish]] was a reasonable success. His career took a turning point in 1973 when he directed his fourth movie, ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' which was the 150th movie of [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], who was the leading actor of Kannada films at that time, and the third movie of [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], who had become a popular actor with the success of his debut movie ''[[Naagarahaavu]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Born winner |url= http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2702/stories/20100129270211000.htm |publisher= Frontline |date= January 2010 |access-date= 27 October 2013}}</ref> ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' became a milestone in Kannada films.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gandhada Gudi: The secret of the gun that pulled apart Dr Raj, Vishnuvardhan|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/the-secret-of-the-gun-that-pulled-apart-dr-rajkumar-vishnuvardhan-kannada-films-gandhada-gudi|access-date=10 October 2020|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref> Vijay's next five movies, ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]'', ''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]'', ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]'', ''[[Badavara Bandhu]]'' and ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]],'' all of which starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] were huge commercial successes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tekur|first=Sumaa|date=11 April 2010|title=Destiny's children|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-destiny-s-children-1370025|access-date=10 October 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Teachers, do not denigrate profession by begging for awards |url= http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep82007/district2007090824150.asp |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 8 September 2007 |access-date= 8 April 2014 |archive-date= 8 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215618/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep82007/district2007090824150.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite news |title= When his divine sanadi came our way |url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/14/stories/2003071401170100.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030901014254/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/14/stories/2003071401170100.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 September 2003 |date= 14 July 2003 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 8 April 2014}}</ref> He achieved national recognition with the 1977 movie ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]'' which had acclaimed [[shehnai]] player [[Bismillah Khan]] playing the instrument for the lead actor Rajkumar.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web|date=21 August 2006|title=When Ustad Bismillah Khan inspired Dr Raj Kumar|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/21ustad.htm|access-date=8 April 2014|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UNI India - Bismillah Khan Death Anniversary|url=http://www.uniindia.com/sehnai-player-bharat-ratna-ustad-bismillah-khan-remembered-on-his-death-anniversary/entertainment/news/1326381.html|access-date=9 October 2020|website=UNI India}}</ref> He directed Rajkumar in nine movies (excluding two cameo appearances) in varied genres including mythological, historical, novel based, folklore and social dramas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chitratara - Legendary Vijay Reddy Belli Hejje|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=12823&ptype=News&title=LEGENDARY%20VIJAYA%20REDDY%20AT%20BELLI%20HEJJE|access-date=9 October 2020|website=Chitratara}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
Reddy had the distinction of having directed the 150th movies of both [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] (''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'') <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm | title=The best of Dr Rajkumar }}</ref> and [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] (''[[Mojugara Sogasugara]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/home.htm |title=Kannada Cinema's Greatest Actor |publisher=Vishnuvardhan.com |date= |accessdate=2022-09-18 |archive-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228201126/http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/home.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
He was also instrumental in giving [[Shankar Nag]] a mass image through ''[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|Auto Raja]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 March 2013 |title=Celebrating Shankar Nag as Auto Raja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Celebrating-Shankar-Nag-as-Auto-Raja/articleshow/19157926.cms|access-date=10 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Prior to that, he had directed [[Anant Nag]] in ''[[Naa Ninna Bidalaare]]'' which had made people take note of Anant's acting prowess.<ref>{{cite news|title=Na Ninna Bidalaare - Top Kannada horror movies that you must watch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/top-kannada-horror-movies-that-you-must-watch/na-ninna-bidalaare/photostory/66070899.cms|access-date=10 October 2020|website=The Times of India|date=4 October 2018 }}</ref> He directed two movies of [[Shiva Rajkumar]] - ''[[Shiva Mecchida Kannappa]]'' and ''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]'' both of which had Rajkumar in cameo appearances.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} He was the director of [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]'s debut movie ''[[Khadeema Kallaru]]'' in which he played a negative role.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-star-v-ravichandran-gets-emotional-reality-tv-show-72374?amp | title=Kannada star V Ravichandran gets emotional on reality TV show | date=29 November 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He had also directed movies in other languages - [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] - with the prominent one being the Hindi remake of ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]'' titled ''[[Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge]]'' starring [[Anil Kapoor]]. His other Hindi movies were - ''[[Teri Meherbaniyan]]'' - remake of ''Thaliya Bhagya'', <br />
''Jawab Hum Denge'' - remake of ''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]'', ''[[Ganga Tere Desh Mein]]'' - remake of ''[[Huli Hebbuli]]'' and ''[[Paap Ka Ant]]''. His debut Telugu movie was ''Srimathi''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/kannada-filmmaker-vijay-reddy-gandada-gudi-fame-passes-away-87-135011 | title=Kannada filmmaker Vijay Reddy of 'Gandada Gudi' fame passes away at 87 | date=10 October 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He also produced two movies - ''Mullina Gulabi'' and '' Kunthiputra''. Vijay floated a production house — ''Vijaya Shekhar Productions'' — with another director [[V. Somashekhar]] and went on to produce several films. Vijay also directed 17 Hindi and six Telugu films, where he worked with the reigning stars of the time such as [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Mithun Chakraborty]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=K.V. Aditya |title=Director Vijay passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/director-vijay-passes-away/article32823283.ece |website=thehindu.com |access-date=11 October 2020 |date=10 October 2020}}</ref> He also had 48 Kannada films to his credit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada film director Vijay Reddy passes away |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kannada-film-director-vijay-reddy-passes-away/articleshow/78586648.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=11 October 2020 |date=10 October 2020}}</ref> His last directorial was the Vishnuvardhan starrer ''[[Karnataka Suputra]]'' (1996). In 2000, he was selected to direct Rajkumar's ambitious mythological movie ''Bhakta Ambareesha'' which was subsequently shelved.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Janani |title=Kannada director Vijay Reddy dies at 84 in Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-director-vijay-reddy-dies-at-84-in-chennai-1730277-2020-10-10 |website=India Today |access-date=10 October 2020 |date=10 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Recognizing his contribution to Kannada cinema, he was awarded the [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] for 2002-2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award02_03.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2002-2003 announced - Artha of B. Suresh bagged the Best Film Award}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Reddy died on 9 October 2020 at the [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Hospital]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kannada film director Vijay Reddy passes away|url=https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/266645931/kannada-film-director-vijay-reddy-passes-away|access-date=10 October 2020|website=Big News Network.com|language=en|via=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|quote=Renowned Kannada film director Vijay Reddy has passed away at the age of 84, his son Tripan Reddy confirmed on Saturday.}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=K.V. Aditya |title=Director Vijay passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/director-vijay-passes-away/article32823283.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=10 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
The following is a list of [[Kannada]] [[Kannada cinema|movies]] involving Vijay:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/vijay-old-kannada-director.html|title=Vijay (Old Kannada Director)}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Year<br />
! rowspan=2 | Title<br />
! colspan=5 | Credited as<br />
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" style="width:65px;"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! width=65 | Director<br />
! width=65 | Story writer<br />
! width=65 | Screenplay writer<br />
! width=65 | Producer<br />
! width=65 | Presenter<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1970|1970]]<br />
|''Rangamahal Rahasya'' <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| Debut<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1970|1970]]<br />
|''Modala Rathri''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1973|1973]]<br />
|''Cow Boy Kulla''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1973|1973]]<br />
|''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' <br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1974|1974]]<br />
|''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1975|1975]]<br />
| ''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1976|1976]]<br />
| ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1976|1976]]<br />
| ''[[Badavara Bandhu]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1977|1977]]<br />
| ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1979|1979]]<br />
| ''[[Naa Ninna Bidalaare]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1979|1979]]<br />
| ''[[Huliya Haalina Mevu]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1980|1980]]<br />
| ''[[Rama Parushurama]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1980|1980]]<br />
| ''[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|Auto Raja]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1980|1980]]<br />
| ''[[Aarada Gaaya]]''<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1981|1981]]<br />
| ''Hanabalavo Janabalavo''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1981|1981]]<br />
| ''[[Nee Nanna Gellalare]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1982|1982]]<br />
| ''[[Mullina Gulabi]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1982|1982]]<br />
| ''[[Khadeema Kallaru]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1982|1982]]<br />
| ''Chalisada Sagara''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1983|1983]]<br />
| ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1984|1984]]<br />
| ''Thaliya Bhagya''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1985|1985]]<br />
| ''Pavithra Paapi''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1985|1985]]<br />
| ''[[Veeradhi Veera]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1985|1985]]<br />
| ''Thayiya Hone''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1985|1985]]<br />
| ''Thayi Kanasu''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1985|1985]]<br />
| ''[[Mareyada Manikya]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1985|1985]]<br />
| ''Kiladi Aliya''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1986|1986]]<br />
| ''Thayiye Nanna Devaru''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1987|1987]]<br />
| ''Sathva Pareekshe''|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1987|1987]]<br />
| ''Nyayakke Shikshe''|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1987|1987]]<br />
| ''[[Huli Hebbuli]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1988|1988]]<br />
| ''[[Shiva Mecchida Kannappa]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1989|1989]]<br />
| ''[[Deva (1989 film)|Deva]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1990|1990]]<br />
| ''Kempu Gulabi''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1992|1992]]<br />
| ''[[Kaliyuga Seethe]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1992|1992]]<br />
| ''Goonda Rajya''|| {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1994|1994]]<br />
| ''Kunti Puthra''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1994|1994]]<br />
| ''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} ||{{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1995|1995]]<br />
| ''[[Mojugara Sogasugara]]''|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 1996|1996]]<br />
| ''[[Karnataka Suputra]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Kannada films of 2003|2003]]<br />
| ''Hrudayanjali''|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Final film credit<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0897200}}<br />
{{Vijay}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay}}<br />
[[Category:1930s births]]<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Twins_of_Pondicherry&diff=540737The Twins of Pondicherry2026-03-15T05:19:51Z<p>DilKhus: added basic info added tags!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian environmental activists (born 1963)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = T. Srinivasa Rao and R. Gnanasekaran<br />
| image = T.Srinivasa Rao (left) and R.Gnanasegaran.jpg<br />
| caption = T.Srinivasa Rao (left) and R.Gnanasegaran during one of their expeditions<br />
| alt = Twins of Pondicherry<br />
| birth_date = c. 1963<br />
| birth_place = [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], India<br />
| occupation = Environmental activists, peace ambassadors<br />
| known_for = Seven global expeditions to raise awareness for peace and environmental issues<br />
| years_active = 1986–2010<br />
}}<br />
'''T. Srinivasa Rao and R. Gnanasekaran''' (born c. 1963), popularly known as the '''Twins of Pondicherry''', are Indian twin brothers from [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] who became internationally renowned for their series of seven global odysseys dedicated to [[world peace]] and [[Nature conservation|environmental conservation]]. Between 1986 and 2010, they undertook expeditions across more than 120 countries and covered over 600,000&nbsp;km, often traveling in modest vehicles such as bicycles, a Maruti Gypsy, Maruti Zen, and later Hyundai models.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pondicherry twins travel the world for peace |work=The Hindu |date=12 July 2009 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/ |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Their journeys earned them recognition as grassroots ambassadors of peace and environmental awareness. They consistently concluded their missions by presenting reports to successive [[United Nations]] Secretaries-General, including [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], [[Kofi Annan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian twins present environmental petition at UN |publisher=United Nations Press Centre |date=2001 |url=https://press.un.org/ |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><br />
and [[Ban Ki-moon]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
The twins were born into a family of freedom fighters. Their parents actively resisted British and French colonial rule in Puducherry and were imprisoned for their activism. Their mother supported the family by working in a local textile mill.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raman |first=K. |title=Unsung Patriots of Puducherry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |page=143}}</ref> Inspired by their parents' sacrifices, the brothers resolved early in life to dedicate themselves to causes larger than their personal welfare.<br />
<br />
== Expeditions ==<br />
<br />
The Twins of Pondicherry have undertaken seven major global odysseys since 1986, each devoted to peace or environmental causes.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Years !! Vehicle !! Mission !! Distance Covered !! Start / Flag-off !! Countries Covered !! Key Milestones !! UN / Leader Meetings<br />
|-<br />
| 1986–1989 || Bicycles || Nuclear disarmament & World Peace || ~50,000&nbsp;km || Flagged off by [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in New Delhi<ref>{{cite news |title=Peace cyclists flagged off by MGR |work=The Hindu |date=16 August 1986}}</ref> || 41 || First bicycle tour across Asia, Europe, N. America; received "Indian Peace Cyclists Day" honour in Kentucky || Met [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] at UN (1988)<ref>{{cite news |title=Pondicherry twins meet UN chief |work=Times of India |date=3 October 1988}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1990–1993 || Maruti Gypsy || Environmental awareness, afforestation, global warming || ~160,000&nbsp;km || Flagged off by PM [[V. P. Singh]] (1990)<ref>{{cite news |title=PM launches Save Earth mission |work=Indian Express |date=12 May 1990}}</ref> || 70 || First Indian car expedition to 70 countries; crossed five continents || Met [[Nelson Mandela]] in Johannesburg (1992)<ref>{{cite news |title=Mandela meets Pondicherry twins |work=The Hindu |date=20 July 1992}}</ref><br />
Met [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] at UN (1993)<br />
|-<br />
| 1996–1998 || Maruti Zen || "Save Antarctica" – highlight vulnerability of polar regions || ~55,000&nbsp;km || Flagged off by PM [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] (1996)<ref>{{cite news |title=Save Antarctica drive launched |work=The Hindu |date=18 August 1996}}</ref> || ~30 || Drove across South America; visited Chilean and Argentine Antarctic bases || Meetings with scientists; message submitted to UN<br />
|-<br />
| 2000–2002 || Maruti Gypsy || "Save the Planet" – sustainable development, ecosystems || ~100,000&nbsp;km || Flagged off by President [[K. R. Narayanan]] (2000)<ref>{{cite news |title=President flags off Save the Planet mission |work=The Hindu |date=4 January 2000}}</ref> || 60+ || Survived desert ordeal in Australian outback<ref>{{cite news |title=Twins survive desert ordeal in Australia |work=The Times of India |date=11 June 2001}}</ref> || Presented report to [[Kofi Annan]] (2001)<br />
|-<br />
| 2003–2004 || Maruti Gypsy || "Mission Save Earth" – climate change & sustainable living || ~50,000&nbsp;km || Flagged off by CM [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (2003)<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa launches twins' world mission |work=The Hindu |date=14 February 2003}}</ref> || 40+ || Petition campaign with thousands of global signatures || Submitted petition to UN in New York (2004)<br />
|-<br />
| 2005–2007 || Hyundai Accent || "Save the Rainforest" – tropical conservation || ~50,000&nbsp;km || Flagged off by President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (2005)<ref>{{cite news |title=President Kalam flags off rainforest mission |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2005}}</ref> || 35+ || Collaborated with Greenpeace and WWF projects in Amazonia<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian twins join hands with Greenpeace |publisher=Greenpeace International |date=2006}}</ref> || Advocacy presentations at UN side-events<br />
|-<br />
| 2008–2010 || Hyundai Tucson || "Stop Global Warming" – global climate change campaign || ~100,000&nbsp;km || Flagged off by PM [[Manmohan Singh]] (2008)<ref>{{cite news |title=Manmohan Singh launches Stop Global Warming odyssey |work=Times of India |date=12 September 2008}}</ref> || 30–50 || Culminated at the UN Earth Summit, New York || Delivered global warming petition to [[Ban Ki-moon]] at UN (2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=Global warming petition delivered to UN Secretary-General |publisher=United Nations Chronicle |date=2010}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery widths="150px" cols="3"><br />
<br />
File:T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting Tamilnadu Chief Minister Mr. MG Ramachandiran.jpg|T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting Tamilnadu Chief Minister Mr. [[M.G.Ramachandiran]]<br />
<br />
File:Ts-rao-rg-karan with wb jyoti basu.jpg|T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran met Mr. [[Jyoti Basu]], the then Hon'ble Chief Minister of West Bengal<br />
<br />
File:T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting with Mr.Perez de Cueller, Secretary General UNO.jpg|T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting with [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], Secretary General UNO<br />
<br />
File:T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting with Mr.Boutros Boutros Gali, Secretary General UNO.jpg|T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting with [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], Secretary General UNO<br />
<br />
File:T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting with Mr.Kofi Annan, Secretary General UNO.jpg|T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting with [[Kofi Annan]], Secretary General UNO<br />
<br />
File:T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting Tamilnadu Chief Minister Mr. M Karunanidhi.jpg|T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting Tamilnadu Chief Minister [[M Karunanidhi]]<br />
<br />
File:T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting Tamilnadu Chief Minister Selvi J Jayalalitha.jpg|T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Gnanasegaran meeting Tamilnadu Chief Minister Selvi [[J. Jayalalitha]]<br />
<br />
File:Ts-rao-rg-karan with pdy cm and governer.jpg|Hon'ble Pondicherry Chief Minister Mr. [[N. Rangasamy]] addressing a Meeting. Seen Twins T.Srinivasa Rao and R.Ganansekaran, Lt. Governor [[Rajendra Kumari Bajpai]] and the then Hon'ble Education Minister Mr. A. Gandhiraj<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
* Declared "Indian Peace Cyclists Day" in Kentucky, USA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kentucky honours Pondicherry twins |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 1991 |url=https://www.thehindu.com |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> <br />
* Received honorary citizenships in several U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Honorary citizenship for Indian twins in Austin |work=Times of India |date=22 June 1991 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> <br />
* Awarded ceremonial keys to cities such as Austin and Santiago.<ref>{{cite news |title=City of Santiago awards key to Indian activists |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 1992 |url=https://www.thehindu.com |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> <br />
* Authored the book ''Mission Save Earth'' (2001).<ref>{{cite book |last=Rao |first=T. Srinivasa |title=Mission Save Earth |publisher=Penguin India |year=2001}}</ref> <br />
* Met four successive UN Secretary-Generals and presented reports of their missions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pondicherry brothers present report to UN |publisher=United Nations Press Release |date=2002 |url=https://press.un.org |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORsOrFa13-4 Angkor Tamil Sangam President Srinivasa Rao's Speech at Cambodia Conference]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXHhYbnZk8g Interview with T Srinivasa Rao & R Gnanasekaran]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=was5HEVZgtI An expedition to save our planet]<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/thamaraikayalgokul/videos/2126651747606350/ Mr.T.Srinivasarao speech at ABN business network meet]<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/thamaraikayalgokul/videos/2131937163744475/ Cambodia and Tamil Histroy - Speech by Mr.Gnanasekaran at World Tamil conference, Cambodia]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:1960s births]]<br />
[[Category:Activists from Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rini_Simon_Khanna&diff=472543Rini Simon Khanna2026-03-14T19:39:27Z<p>DilKhus: further reworked content after review additionally and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian television news anchor (born 1964)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rini Khanna<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|4|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place =<br />
| known_for = <br />
| education = [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]], [[Jesus and Mary College]], [[The Air Force School (Subroto Park)]]<br />
| occupation = [[News Anchor]], [[Journalist]]<br />
| years_active= <br />
| relatives = <br />
| spouse = Deepak Khanna<br />
| children = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Rini Khanna''' (born 1964) is an Indian television [[news anchor]], who worked with state-run [[Doordarshan]] (1985 – 2001) which made her well known, and later started a career as [[voiceover]] professional and anchor person for various events.<ref name=exp07/><ref>{{cite news |title=Second season|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100307/spectrum/main1.htm |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=7 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Age of innocence: Media personalities look back..|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/10/25/stories/2009102550300400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131124302/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/10/25/stories/2009102550300400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Like Metro, voice alerts on DTC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Like-Metro-voice-alerts-on-DTC/articleshow/8957542.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103165114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-23/delhi/29693739_1_dtc-buses-announcements-delhi-transport-corporation |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 June 2011 }}</ref> She started her career as a [[newscaster]] with [[All India Radio]] in 1982.<ref name=har/><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Born to malayali parants Samuel Simon a IAF officer and Mary kutti, hails from konni [[Pathanamthitta]] Kerala.<br />
She studied in nine schools in Delhi, [[Halwara]] (Punjab), Mumbai, Jodhpur, [[Bagdogra]], Tambaram and back in Delhi. She finished her schooling at [[The Air Force School (Subroto Park)|the Air Force School]] at Subroto Park, Delhi in 1981.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} Thereafter she graduated in English literature from [[Jesus and Mary College]], [[Delhi University]], and did her post graduation in History and also did a PG diploma in Journalism from [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] (IIMC), New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manthan Award South Asia Grand Jury 2010 Profile: Rini Simon Khanna |url=http://www.manthanaward.org/section_full_story.asp?id=931 |year=2010 |publisher=Manthan Award |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017173250/http://manthanaward.org/section_full_story.asp?id=931 |archivedate=17 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
At 13, Khanna began producing and hosting programmes and interviews on India’s National Radio, [[All India Radio]] and was soon reading the primetime national news on All India Radio.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} In addition she does commentary on occasions including Independence day, Republic day etc. for television and radio.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}<br />
<br />
She was handpicked from Radio to anchor the National news on Delhi [[Doordarshan]], the premier Indian television channel in 1985, co-anchoring news with [[Tejeshwar Singh]].<ref name=exp07>{{cite news |title=Tejeshwar Singh, voice of DD news, passes away |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/tejeshwar-singh-voice-of-dd-news-passes-away/250839/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=16 December 2007 |quote=..the stalwarts of the golden years of Doordarshan's news service, along with Neethi Ravindran, Komal G B Singh, Preet Bedi and Rini Khanna. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224214346/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Tejeshwar-Singh-voice-of-DD-news-passes-away/250839/ |archivedate=24 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CYNICAL CONTRARIAN: Ban the News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/CYNICAL-CONTRARIAN-Ban-the-News/articleshow/1999327.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105135323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-04/edit-page/27878905_1_abhi-ash-news-channels-wedding |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 May 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Khanna is a voice talent, rendering commentary and voiceovers for documentaries, advt films and feature-films. She also anchors international and national conferences, cultural shows and seminars for organisations, UN agencies, corporate groups and Government agencies.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}<br />
<br />
Khanna has also given the female voice over for the [[Delhi Metro]] along with male voice over of [[Shammi Narang]].and also she has given voice over for Kochi metro <ref>[https://aajtak.intoday.in/education/story/shammi-narang-rini-simon-khanna-the-voice-behind-delhi-metro-announcements-tedu-1-990431.html दिल्ली मेट्रो की अनाउंसमेंट के पीछे हैं इनकी आवाजें] [[Aaj Tak]]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/delhi-metro-independence-day-special-train-1313484-2018-08-13 Delhi metro to run Independence Day special train, check features]</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Khanna is married to businessman Deepak Khanna. The couple lives in [[Vasant Kunj]], New Delhi and have a 26-year-old son, Sahil Khanna.<ref name=har>{{cite web |title=The news, according to...Rini Simon Khanna |url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=15535&index1=1 |date= |publisher=harmonyindia.org |access-date=15 July 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003821/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=15535&index1=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Mind the Gap |url=http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?StoryId=1095 |date=1 October 2011 |publisher=The Caravan |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427074512/http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?StoryId=1095 |archivedate=27 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Rini Simon}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Doordarshan journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:All India Radio people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media people from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Masters of ceremonies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:All India Radio women]]<br />
[[Category:Indian radio journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Metro]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saugor_and_Nerbudda_Territories&diff=462019Saugor and Nerbudda Territories2026-03-14T12:02:09Z<p>DilKhus: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Region of British India in the early 20th century}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox former subdivision<br />
| conventional_long_name = Saugor and Nerbudda Territories<br />
| common_name = Saugor and Nerbudda<br />
| nation = [[British India]]<br />
| status_text = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Region of British India]]<br />
| era = <br />
| year_start = 1818<br />
| date_start = <br />
| event_start = Territories captured by the [[British East India Company]]<br />
| year_end = 1861<br />
| date_end = <br />
| event_end = Merger of the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories and [[Nagpur Province]]<br />
| event1 = <br />
| date_event1 = <br />
| p1 = Marathas of Saugor<br />
| s1 = Central Provinces<br />
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg<br />
| flag_s1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| image_flag = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| flag_type = [[Star of India (flag)|Flag]]<br />
| image_coat = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| stat_area1 = <br />
| stat_year1 = <br />
| stat_pop1 = <br />
| capital = [[Jabalpur|Jubbulpore]] (Jabalpur)<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Saugor and Nerbudda Territories''', was a region of [[Company rule in India|British India]],<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Saugor |volume=24 |page=235}}</ref> located in the central part of present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India. It included the present-day districts of [[Sagar District|Sagar]] (Saugor), [[Damoh District|Damoh]], [[Jabalpur District|Jabalpur]], and [[Narsinghpur District|Narsinghpur]]. <br />
<br />
The region extended on either side of the [[Narmada River]] (Nerbudda). [[Jabalpur|Jubbulpore]] (now pronounced 'Jabalpur') was the capital and the military headquarters of the territory. The city was one of the candidates for the administrative capital of British India, when the Government decided to move the capital outside [[Calcutta]] in 1911.<ref>''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', (New ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1909. Vol. 10.</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were captured by the [[British East India Company]] from the [[Maratha]]s at the conclusion of the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], in 1818. [[Marathas of Saugor|Saugor was the seat of a Maratha governor]], and the northern portion of the territory was ceded by the Maratha [[Peshwa]]; the southern portion, which included [[Jabalpur|Jubbulpore]] and the upper [[Narmada River|Nerbudda]] valley, was ceded by the [[Bhonsle]] Maharaja of [[Nagpur]]. <br />
<br />
Immediately after the occupation, the British authorities established a provisional administration under the superintendent of Political Affairs of [[Bundelkhand]]. In 1820 a division containing 12 districts was formed which was known as the Agency of the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories.<ref>[[Henry Harpur Spry]] ''Modern India: With Illustrations of the Resources and Capabilities of Hindustan, '' Volume 2. London 1837</ref> This new division was administered, from Jubbulpore, by an Agent to the Governor-General (AGG). In 1835 the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were incorporated into the newly formed [[North-Western Provinces]], which brought together the British Dominions in the southern portion of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] state.<ref>[http://apnasheharonline.com/history-of-sagar/ History of Sagar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811172816/http://apnasheharonline.com/history-of-sagar/ |date=11 August 2014 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1842–1843, during the [[Bundela rebellion]], two [[Bundela]] landlords Jawahir Singh and Madhukar Shah rebelled against the British in Saugor district, spreading the unrest to Jabalpur District. Following the uprising the territory was placed again under the administration of an Agent to the Governor-General, Sir [[William Henry Sleeman]], but the arrangement did not work well and in 1853 the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were reattached to the North-Western Provinces.<ref>Shiri Ram Bakshi, S.R. Bakshi & O.P. Ralhan eds., ''Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages''. Sarup & Sons. p. 12</ref><br />
<br />
In 1861 the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were merged with [[Nagpur Province]], which the British had annexed in 1853, in order to form the [[Central Provinces]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/ch02regions.html |title=Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921 - Ph.D. Dissertation |year=1980 |author=Philip F. McEldowney |publisher=University of Virginia |archive-date=21 June 2012 |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621044726/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/ch02regions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[North-Western Provinces]]<br />
*[[Nerbudda Division]]<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
{{coord|23|10|N|79|56|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}<br />
{{Divisions of British India}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saugor And Nerbudda Territories}}<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]<br />
[[Category:1818 establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:1861 disestablishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1818]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1861]]<br />
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
{{India-history-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim&diff=450886William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim2026-03-12T06:50:17Z<p>DilKhus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British Army field marshal, Governor-General of Australia, and author (1891–1970)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[The Right Honourable]]<br />
| name = The Viscount Slim<br />
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|GCB|GCMG|GCVO|GBE|DSO|MC|PC}}<br />
| image = British Generals 1939-1945 IND3595.jpg<br />
| caption = Slim wearing the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|14th Army]] badge<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| order = 13th<br />
| office = Governor-General of Australia<br />
| term_start = 8 May 1953<br />
| term_end = 2 February 1960<br />
| predecessor = [[Sir William McKell]]<br />
| successor = [[William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil|The Viscount Dunrossil]]<br />
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]<br />
| primeminister = [[Robert Menzies]]<br />
<!--Personal details-->| birth_date = {{birth date|1891|08|06|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|12|14|1891|08|06|df=y}}<br />
| restingplace = Memorial plaque in [[St Paul's Cathedral]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Staff College, Quetta]]<br />
| spouse = {{Marriage|Aileen Robertson|1926}}<br />
| children = [[John Slim, 2nd Viscount Slim|2nd Viscount Slim]]<br />Una Mary Slim<br />
| allegiance = United Kingdom<br />
| branch = [[British Army]]<br/>[[British Indian Army]]<br />
| rank = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]<br />
| commands = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]]<br />
* [[Imperial Defence College]]<br />
* [[11th Army Group|Allied Land Forces South East Asia]]<br />
* [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]]<br />
* [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]<br />
* [[Burma Corps]]<br />
* [[10th Indian Infantry Division]]<br />
* [[10th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<br />
* [[Senior Officers' School, Belgaum]]<br />
* 2nd Battalion, [[7th Gurkha Rifles]]<br />
}}<br />
| unit = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]<br />
* [[West India Regiment]]<br />
* [[6th Gurkha Rifles]]<br />
* [[7th Gurkha Rifles]]<br />
}}<br />
| nickname = "Uncle Bill"<br />
| birth_place = [[Bishopston, Bristol]], England<br />
| death_place = [[London]], England<br />
| serviceyears = 1914–1952<br />
| battles = {{Tree list}}<br />
* [[First World War]]<br />
** [[Gallipoli Campaign]]<br />
** [[Mesopotamian Campaign]]<br />
* [[Second World War]]<br />
** [[Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre]]<br />
*** [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]]<br />
*** [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]<br />
*** [[Syria-Lebanon campaign]]<br />
*** [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]<br />
** [[Burma campaign]]<br />
*** [[Battle of Kohima]]<br />
*** [[Battle of Imphal]]<br />
*** [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Battle of Central Burma]]<br />
{{Tree list/end}}<br />
| mawards = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter]]<br />
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]<br />
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
* [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]]<br />
* [[Military Cross]]<br />
* [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Knight of the Order of St John]]<br />
* [[Mentioned in Despatches]]<br />
* [[Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit]] (United States)<br />
}}<br />
| parents = John Benjamin Thomas Slim<br />
<br />
Charlotte Amelia Slim (née Tucker)<br />
}}<br />
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''William Joseph Slim, 1st Viscount Slim''' (6 August 1891 – 14 December 1970), usually known as '''Bill Slim''',<ref>"No one called him William" {{harv|Hastings|2008|p=68}}.</ref> was a British military commander and the 13th [[governor-general of Australia]] from 1953 to 1960.<br />
<br />
Slim saw active service in both the [[World War I|First]] and [[Second World War]]s and was wounded in action three times. During the Second World War he led the [[British Fourteenth Army|Fourteenth Army]], the so-called "forgotten army" in the [[Burma campaign]]. After the war he became the first British officer who had served in the Indian Army to be appointed [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]].<br />
<br />
In the early 1930s, Slim also wrote novels, short stories, and other publications under the pen name Anthony Mills.<br />
<br />
==Early years==<br />
William Slim was born at 72 Belmont Road, St Andrews, [[Bristol]], the son of John Slim by his marriage to Charlotte Tucker, and was baptised there at St Bonaventure's Roman Catholic church, Bishopston. He was brought up first in Bristol, attending St Bonaventure's Primary School, then [[St Brendan's Sixth Form College|St Brendan's College]], before moving to [[Birmingham]] in his teens. In Birmingham, he attended [[St Philip's School|St Philip's Grammar School]], [[Edgbaston]],{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=259}} and [[King Edward's School, Birmingham]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Papers of Field Marshal Lord Slim|url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1841|access-date=30 June 2020|publisher=Churchill Archives Centre}}</ref><br />
<br />
After leaving school, his father's failure in business as a wholesale [[ironmonger]] meant that the family could afford to send only one son, Slim's older brother, to the [[University of Birmingham]], so between 1910 and 1914 Slim taught in a primary school and worked as a clerk in [[Stewarts & Lloyds]], a metal-tube maker.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=259}}<br />
<br />
==First World War==<br />
Despite having no other connection to the university,{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=259}} in 1912 Slim joined the [[Birmingham University]] [[Officers' Training Corps]], and he was thus able to be commissioned as a temporary [[second lieutenant]] into the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]] on 22 August 1914, on the outbreak of the [[First World War]]; in later life, as a result of his modest social origins and his unpretentious manner, he was sometimes wrongly supposed to have risen from the ranks. He was badly wounded at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]]. On return to England, he was granted a regular commission as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[West India Regiment]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=259}}<br />
<br />
In October 1916, he rejoined the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]] in [[Mesopotamia]]. On 4 March 1917, he was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] (with seniority back-dated to October 1915).<ref name=LG_01>{{London Gazette|issue=30183|page=7076 |supp=y|date=14 July 1917}}</ref> He was wounded a second time in 1917. Having been previously given the temporary rank of [[Captain (OF-2)|captain]], he was awarded the [[Military Cross]] on 7 February 1918 for actions in Mesopotamia.<ref name=LG_02>{{London Gazette|issue=30514|pages=1800–1802 |supp=y|date=7 February 1918}}</ref><br />
<br />
Evacuated to India, he was given the temporary rank of major in the [[6th Gurkha Rifles]] on 2 November 1918.<ref name=LG_03>{{London Gazette|issue=31993|page=7835 |supp=y|date=26 July 1920}}</ref> He was formally promoted to captain and transferred to the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] on 22 May 1919.<ref name=LG_04>{{London Gazette|issue=31574|page=12035|date=30 September 1919}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Interwar career==<br />
Slim became battalion adjutant with the 6th Gurkha Rifles in 1921.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=260}}<br />
<br />
On 1 January 1926, he married Aileen Robertson, daughter of Rev John Anderson Robertson (d.1941) minister of [[Cramond]] near [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/fastiecclesiasco08scotuoft/fastiecclesiasco08scotuoft_djvu.txt|title=The succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Lewin|1976|p=46}} They had one son and one daughter.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=260}} Later that year Slim was sent to the [[Staff College, Quetta]]. On 5 June 1929, he was appointed a General Staff Officer, Second Grade.<ref name=LG_05>{{London Gazette|issue=33544|page=6620 |date=18 October 1929 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 January 1930, he was given the [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] rank of major,<ref name=LG_06>{{London Gazette|issue=33576|pages=726–727|date=4 February 1930}}</ref> with formal promotion to this rank made on 19 May 1933.<ref name=LG_07>{{London Gazette|issue=33952|page=4205|date=23 June 1933}}</ref> His performance at Staff College resulted in his appointment first to Army Headquarters India in [[Delhi]] and then to [[Staff College, Camberley]], in England (as a General Staff Officer, Second Grade),<ref name=LG_08>{{London Gazette|issue=34017|page=541|date=23 January 1934 }}</ref> where he taught from 1934 to 1937.{{sfn|Lewin|1976|pp=55–58}} During this period, he also wrote novels, short stories, and other publications under the pen name of Anthony Mills, in order to further his literary interests, as well as to supplement his then modest army salary.{{sfn|Lewin|1976|p=50}}<br />
<br />
He attended the [[Imperial Defence College]] in 1937.{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=288}}{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=417}}{{sfn|Lewin|1976|pp=58–59}} The following year he was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]]<ref name=LG_09>{{London Gazette|issue=34527|page=4249|date=1 July 1938}}<br />{{London Gazette|issue=34547|page=5610|date=2 September 1938}}</ref> and given command of the 2nd Battalion, [[7th Gurkha Rifles]]. In 1939 he was briefly given the temporary rank of [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier]] as commander of his battalion.<ref name=LG_10>{{London Gazette|issue=34625|page=3194|date=12 May 1939}}<br />{{London Gazette|issue=34647|page=5036 |date=21 July 1939 }}</ref> On 8 June 1939, he was promoted to [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] (again with temporary rank of brigadier)<ref name=LG_11>{{London Gazette|issue=34656|page=5676|date=18 August 1939}}</ref> and appointed head of the [[Senior Officers' School, Belgaum]] in [[India]].<ref name=LG_12>{{London Gazette|issue=34651|pages=5408–5409 |date=4 August 1939 }}</ref>{{sfn|Lewin|1976|p=60}}<br />
<br />
==Second World War==<br />
===East African Campaign===<br />
On the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Slim was given command of the [[10th Indian Infantry Brigade]] of the [[5th Indian Infantry Division]] and was sent to [[Sudan]]. He took part in the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] to liberate [[Ethiopia]] from the Italians. Slim was wounded again in [[Eritrea]]. On 21 January 1941, he was hit when his vehicle was strafed by [[Fiat CR.42]] fighters<ref>Lewin 1999 p.68</ref> during the advance on [[Agordat]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=261}}<br />
<br />
===Middle East===<br />
Recovering from his wounds but still unfit for active service, Slim was temporarily employed on the General Staff at GHQ in Delhi. He was involved in the planning for potential operations in Iraq where trouble was expected.{{sfn|Lewin|1976|pp=69–70}} By early May 1941 Slim had been appointed Brigadier General Staff (chief staff officer) to [[Edward Quinan]] the commander designate for operations in Iraq, arriving in [[Basra]] on 7 May.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=418}} Not long afterwards, Major-General [[William Archibald Kenneth Fraser|Fraser]], commanding the [[10th Indian Infantry Division]], fell ill and was relieved of his command, and Slim was promoted to take his place on 15 May 1941{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=419}} with the acting rank of [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major-general]].<ref name=LG_13>{{London Gazette|issue=35183|page=3243|date=6 June 1941}}</ref>{{sfn|Lewin|1976|p=70}}{{sfn|Lewin|1976|pp=418–419}}<br />
<br />
He led the Indian 10th Infantry Division as part of [[Iraqforce]] during the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]], the [[Syria–Lebanon campaign]] (where the division advanced up the river Euphrates to capture [[Battle of Deir ez-Zor (1941)|Deir ez-Zor]]), and the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|invasion of Persia]]. He was twice [[mentioned in despatches]] during 1941.<ref name=LG_14>{{London Gazette|issue=35120|page=1871 |supp=y|date=1 April 1941}}<br />{{London Gazette|issue=35396|page=7353|date=30 December 1941}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Burma campaign===<br />
[[File:Field Marshal Sir William Slim, General Officer Commanding Fourteenth Army in Burma, 5 March 1945. SE3310.jpg|thumb|Field Marshal Sir William Slim, General Officer Commanding Fourteenth Army in Burma, 5 March 1945.]]<br />
[[File:TNA INF3-5 General William Slim 1939-1946.jpg|thumb|Portrait of General Slim as commander of the Fourteenth Army, commissioned by the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]].]]<br />
{{Main|South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|Burma campaign}}<br />
<br />
In March 1942, Slim was given command of [[Burma Corps]], also known as [[BurCorps]], consisting of the [[17th Indian Infantry Division]] and [[1st Burma Division]]. Slim was made acting [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant general]] on 8 May 1942.<ref name=LG_15>{{London Gazette|issue=35550|page=2021 |supp=y |date=5 May 1942 }}</ref> The corps was under attack in Burma by the [[Japan]]ese and, heavily outclassed by the more mobile and flexible Japanese, was soon forced to withdraw to India. On 28 October 1942, Slim was appointed a Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (CBE).<ref name=LG_16>{{London Gazette|issue=35763|page=4687 |supp=y |date=28 October 1942 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Slim then took over [[XV Corps (British India)|XV Corps]] under the command of the Eastern Army. His command covered the coastal approaches from Burma to India, east of [[Chittagong]]. He had a series of disputes with [[Noel Irwin]], commander of Eastern Army and, as a result, Irwin (although an army commander) took personal control of the initial advance by XV Corps into the [[Rakhine State|Arakan Peninsula]]. The operations ended in disaster, during which Slim was restored to command of XV Corps, albeit too late to salvage the situation. Generals Irwin and Slim blamed each other for the result, but in the end Irwin was removed from his command, and Slim was promoted to command the new [[British Fourteenth Army|Fourteenth Army]]—formed from [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)]] (Imphal), [[XV Corps (British India)|XV Corps]] (Arakan) and XXXIII Corps (reserve) – later joined by XXXIV Corps. On 14 January 1943, Slim was appointed a Companion of the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for his actions in the Middle East during 1941.<ref name=LG_17>{{London Gazette|issue=35862|page=321 |supp=y |date=14 January 1943 }}</ref> The American historians Alan Millet and Williamson Murray described Slim as: {{quote|A hardened field soldier who had learned his trade on the Western Front and in the Indian Army, Slim combined troop-leading and training skills with personal and moral courage as well as charm, a sound grasp of soldiering, and a solid appreciation of Asian warfare and the excellence of the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]]. He had experienced the catastrophe of the [[Japanese conquest of Burma#Allied retreat|1942 retreat from Burma]] and the [[Arakan Campaign 1942-43|abortive attack on the Arakan]]. His honesty and character made him the obvious choice to reshape the Fourteenth Army, a force built on the Indian Army but including the ever-dependable Gurkha Rifles of Nepal, unproven infantry battalions from East and West Africa, and infantry battalions and supporting arms from the British Army.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|pp=227–228}}}}<br />
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Slim quickly got on with the task of training his new army to take the fight to the enemy. His basic premise was that off-road mobility was paramount: much heavy equipment was exchanged for mule- or air-transported equipment, and motor transport was kept to a minimum and restricted to vehicles that could cope with some of the worst combat terrain on Earth. The new doctrine dictated that if the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese]] had cut the [[lines of communication]], then they too were surrounded. All units were to form defensive 'boxes', to be resupplied by air and assisted by integrated close air support and armour. The boxes were designed as an effective response to the tactics of infiltration practised by the Japanese in the war. Slim also supported increased offensive patrolling and night training, to encourage his soldiers to lose both their fear of the jungle and their belief that Japanese soldiers were better jungle fighters. He also instructed them to hold their positions once outflanked.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=261}}<br />
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The [[Chin Hills]] formed a natural defensive barrier into Burma, which Slim would have preferred to outflank by an amphibious operation by landing further down the coast of Burma, but demands of the war in Europe meant the necessary landing craft were not available, forcing Slim to devise plans for advancing into Burma overland through the Chin hills.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|pp=227–229}} At the same time, the [[Japanese 15th Army]], which formed the main striking force of the [[Burma Area Army]], had grown from four divisions at the beginning of 1943 to eight divisions by the end of 1943 as the Japanese made preparations for invading India, which increased the difficulties of an overland advance into Burma.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=228}} By 1943, the [[Burma Railway]], which cost the lives of thousands of prisoners of war who built it, was finished; this allowed the Japanese to reinforce the Burma Area Army, and made invading India possible.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=641}}<br />
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As Slim went about training his men for the rigours of jungle warfare, he clashed with Brigadier [[Orde Wingate]], who took away some of Slim's best Gurkha, British and African units for his [[Chindit]] raiding group.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=229}} Slim argued against the loss of his better units to Wingate, and maintained that though Wingate had a successful career in Palestine and Ethiopia he would discover that the Japanese were a considerably tougher foe than the Palestinians and the Italians that Wingate had hitherto been fighting.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=229}} However, Slim did approve of Wingate's plans for aid to the hill tribes of Burma.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=230}} The various hill peoples of Burma such as the [[Kachin people|Kachins]], [[Karen people|Karens]], [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Naga people|Nagas]] and the [[Shan people|Shan]] collectively amounted to about 7 million of Burma's 17 million people, and unlike the [[Bamars]], who had welcomed the Japanese as liberators, had stayed loyal to the British when the Japanese invaded.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=230}} The hill peoples of Burma had suffered under Japanese rule, and were more than willing to wage guerrilla warfare against them.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=230}} Slim approved of the plans of the SOE and OSS to provide arms and training to the hill tribes as a way to tie down Japanese forces that would otherwise be deployed against him.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=230}}<br />
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At the start of 1944, Slim held the substantive rank of colonel with a war substantive rank of major-general and the acting, then upgraded to temporary, rank of lieutenant-general.<ref name=LG_20>{{London Gazette|issue=36331|page=319 |date=14 January 1944 }}</ref> In January 1944, when the [[Second Arakan Offensive]] was met by a Japanese counter-offensive, the [[Indian 7th Infantry Division]] was quickly surrounded along with parts of the [[Indian 5th Infantry Division]] and the [[81st (West Africa) Division]]. The 7th Indian Division's defence was based largely on the "[[Admin Box]]" formed initially from drivers, cooks and suppliers. They were supplied by air, thus negating the importance of their lost supply lines. The Japanese forces were able to halt the offensive into Arakan but were unable to decisively defeat the allied forces or advance beyond the surrounded formations.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=262}}<br />
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In early 1944, the Japanese Prime Minister, General [[Hideki Tojo]], approved of plans for victory in Asia, calling for two operations, [[Operation U-Go]] as the invasion of India was code-named and [[Operation Ichi-Go]] which was intended to defeat China once and for all.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|pp=640–641}} The two operations in India and China were closely linked given that American supplies for China were flown over "[[the Hump]]" of the Himalayas and the Japanese wanted to take the Indian province of [[Assam]] in part to close the American air bases in India that sustained China at the same time that they were launching Operation Ichi-Go, the biggest Japanese offensive of all time, involving 2 million men.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|pp=640–641}} The Japanese knew that they lacked the logistics to invade India, and the plans for U-Go were based on the assumption that the British Fourteenth Army would just collapse, allowing the Japanese 15th Army to capture enough food to prevent its men from starving to death.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=641}} Following the Japanese 15th Army into India was the [[Indian National Army]] commanded by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], an ardent nationalist. The Japanese believed that the mere presence of Bose in India would inspire the men of the Indian Army to mutiny and murder their British officers, and set off an anti-British revolution that would allow the Japanese 15th Army to take all of India.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=641}}<br />
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Slim was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (CB) in the [[1944 New Year Honours]].<ref name=CB /> On 12 March 1944 the Japanese launched an invasion of India aimed at Imphal, hundreds of miles to the north.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=641}} General [[Renya Mutaguchi]] of the Burma Area Army announced the invasion of India was "The March into Delhi" as he expected the invasion to end with him marching in triumph into [[New Delhi]]. Slim knew from [[signals intelligence]] that the Japanese were going to invade in March 1944, but as Murray and Millet wrote "...he had little choice, but to meet it with the forces on hand – the IV Corps of three Anglo-Indian divisions – or surrender his own plans to take the general offensive into Burma in 1944."{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=350}} Slim chose to fight a defensive campaign to break the Japanese before launching his offensive into Burma, believing that superior British tanks, logistics and air power would allow him to inflict a decisive defeat on Mutaguchi.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=350}} However, the Japanese advanced more swiftly than Slim had expected up the mud roads of Burma into India, leading to a period of crisis as the fate of India hung in the balance.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=350}} Slim airlifted two entire veteran divisions (5th and 7th Indian) from battle in the Arakan, straight into battle in the north. Desperate defensive actions were fought at places such as [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]], [[Sangshak]] and [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]], while the [[RAF]] and [[USAAF]] kept the forces supplied from the air.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=641}} Slim ordered his men to hold their ground, forbade any retreat, and informed his men who were surrounded by the Japanese that supplies would be flown in from the air to allow them to hold out.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=641}} Slim decided to send the IV Corps to relieve Imphal while gambling that the 5th Indian Division could hold out at Kohima, though Slim knew that if Kohima fell, then the Japanese could be able to sever the Assam railroad at [[Dimapur]], which could cut off the British Fourteenth Army from its main supply line.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=350}} The Battle of Kohima was a fiercely fought battle as Murray and Millet wrote: "Nowhere in World War II – even on the Eastern Front – did the combatants fight with more mindless savagery", but Kohima held.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=350}} As late as 1 June 1944, [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Sir Alan Brooke]], the [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] (CIGS), wrote in his diary that he saw "disaster staring us in the face" in Assam, but Slim was more confident, believing he could smash the Japanese attempt to take India.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=642}} While the Japanese were able to advance and encircle the formations of British Fourteenth Army, they were unable to defeat those same forces or break out of the jungles along the Indian frontier. The Japanese advance stalled. The Japanese, who had a contempt for British and Indian troops based on [[Japanese conquest of Burma|their performance in 1941–42]], refused to give up even after the [[monsoon]] started and large parts of their army were wrecked by conducting operations in impossible conditions. The initial Japanese plan was to capture Allied stocks of food, medicine and fuel to sustain their advance, but they failed to capture any stockpiles. As a result, their units took unsupportable casualties and were finally forced to retreat in total disorder in July 1944, leaving behind many dead from hunger and disease as well as their injured. Of the 150,000 Japanese soldiers who invaded India in March 1944, almost all of them were dead by July 1944 as Slim had inflicted the largest defeats that the Japanese had suffered up to this point in the war.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=642}} The Indian Army remained loyal, and under its British officers fought much better than the Indian National Army.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=642}} After Imphal and Kohima, the American historian Gerhard Weinberg noted for the Japanese their "... only hope in the area was propaganda by Bose, not much of a substitute for their lost Japanese 15th Army."{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=642}}<br />
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Unlike the Japanese, who killed their wounded, Slim went out of his way to ensure good medical care for his wounded and to evacuate his wounded by air to hospitals in India.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=351}} Slim knew his men would fight better if they knew that they would receive the best possible medical care under the conditions if they were wounded. On 8 August 1944, Slim was promoted to lieutenant general,<ref name=LG_21>{{London Gazette|issue=36642|page=3659 |supp=y |date=8 August 1944 }}</ref> and, on 28 September 1944, he was appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (KCB).<ref name=LG_18>{{London Gazette|issue=36720|page=4473 |supp=|date=28 September 1944 }}</ref> In December 1944, during a ceremony at Imphal in front of the Scottish, [[Gurkha]] and [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] regiments, Slim and three of his corps commanders ([[Philip Christison|Christison]], [[Geoffry Scoones|Scoones]] and [[Montagu Stopford|Stopford]]) were knighted by the viceroy [[Lord Wavell]] and invested with honours. Slim was presented with his insignia as KCB, and the others with their [[Order of the British Empire|KBEs]]. Slim was also mentioned in despatches.<ref name=LG_19>{{London Gazette|issue=36753|page=4794 |supp=y |date=17 October 1944 }}</ref> By the end of 1944, the majority of the men serving in the British Fourteenth Army were in fact not British as of the 12 divisions that made up the British Fourteenth Army, 2 were British, 7 were Indian and 3 came from Britain's African colonies.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=489}} In addition, there were six Chinese divisions, two regiments from the U.S. Army and various tribal militias made up of Shan, Chin, Naga, Kachin and Karen peoples raised by the OSS and the SOE fighting on the Allied side in Burma, requiring Slim to play the role of the diplomat as much as a general to hold these disparate forces made up of so many different peoples together.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=489}}<br />
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[[File:The British Army in Burma 1944 SE2815.jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant General Sir William Slim being knighted by the Viceroy of India, Field Marshal [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|the Viscount Wavell]], near Imphal, December 1944.]]<br />
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In 1945, Slim launched an offensive into Burma, with [[supply line]]s stretching almost to the breaking point across hundreds of miles of trackless jungle.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=489}} Slim employed Billy Williams and his corps of elephants, led by Bandoola, to build bridges and rescue refugees.{{sfn|Croke|2015|pp=255–276}} He faced the same problems that the Japanese had faced in their failed 1944 offensive in the opposite direction. He made the supply of his armies the central issue in the plan of the campaign. The [[Chindwin River]] was spanned with the longest [[Bailey bridge]] in the world at the time. To distract the Japanese from his campaign in central and southern Burma, Slim ordered the Chinese in northern Burma to begin an offensive, which for a time led the Japanese to the erroneous conclusion that the main goal of the Allies was to open the [[Burma Road]] to China.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=492}} Slim began his advance by sending two corps towards [[Mandalay]] and another corps along the coast towards [[Rangoon]], but changed his plans when he learned from intelligence that the Japanese were planning on defending Mandalay from the eastern banks of the [[Irrawaddy River]].{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=491}} Slim had one corps cross the Irrawaddy south of Mandalay at [[Meiktila]] while another corps staged a feint attack on Mandalay from the north to distract the Japanese from the main blow coming up from the south.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=491}} The swift flowing Irrawaddy is a wider river than the [[Rhine]], making it into a natural defensive barrier that the Japanese believed could halt the British advance.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=491}} However, much of the countryside around the Irrawaddy consists of plains that favoured the offensive, and in his operations in the Irrawaddy river valley, Slim used [[combined arms]] offensives with artillery and tanks working closely with the infantry to bring down overwhelming firepower when the Japanese tried to block the British Fourteenth Army's advance. In March 1945, after crossing the Irrawaddy, the town of Meiktila was taken, followed by Burma's second city, Mandalay.{{sfn|Ford|2005|p=470}}<br />
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[[File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE4046.jpg|thumb|left|Lieutenant General Sir William Slim (GOC Fourteenth Army, left), Air Vice Marshal [[Stanley Vincent]] (AOC 221 Group South East Asia Air Forces, centre) and Major General [[Henry Chambers (Indian Army officer)|Henry Chambers]] (GOC 26th Indian Division, right) at [[Government House, Rangoon]], 8 May 1945.]]<br />
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The Japanese garrison in Mandalay chose not to surrender, using the forts built by the British and the maze of pagodas in downtown Mandalay to fight to the death in [[Battle of Mandalay|an urban battle]] that destroyed much of the city, which finally fell to the British Fourteenth Army on 20 March 1945.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=491}} Slim's plan was a masterpiece of [[operational art]], and the capture of Meiktila left most of Japan's troops stranded in Burma without supplies. The Allies had reached the open plains of central Burma, sallying out and breaking Japanese attacking forces in isolation, maintaining the initiative at all times, backed up by air-land cooperation, including resupply by air and close air support, performed by both RAF and USAAF units.{{sfn|McLynn|2011|p=379}} Slim followed up this victory by ordering his coastal corps to seize the mouth of the Irrawaddy where it flowed into the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=491}}<br />
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In combination with these attacks, [[Force 136]] helped initiate a countrywide uprising of the [[Bamar people]] against the Japanese. In addition to fighting the allied advance south, the Japanese were faced with heavy attacks from behind their own lines. As he advanced into Burma, Slim discovered gruesome evidence of the nature of Japanese rule in Burma, finding in village after village, Burmese peasants who had been tied to trees and bayoneted to death as the Japanese preferred bayonet practice with people rather than sandbags as normally is the case.{{sfn|Dower|1986|p=44}} Toward the end of the campaign, the army raced south to capture [[Rangoon]] before the start of the monsoon.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=491}} It was considered necessary to capture the port because of the length of the supply lines overland from India and the impossibility of supply by air or land during the monsoon. Rangoon was eventually taken by a combined attack from the land (Slim's army), the air (parachute operations south of the city) and [[Operation Dracula|a seaborne invasion]]. Also assisting in the capture of Rangoon was the [[Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League]] led by [[Thakin Soe]], with [[Aung San]] (the future Prime Minister of Burma and father of [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]) as one of its military commanders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/burma_campaign_01.shtml|title=The Burma Campaign 1941 – 1945|publisher=BBC|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><br />
[[File:Slim, Park and Power at the Japanese surrender of Singapore, 12 Sep 1945 IWM A 30490.jpg|thumb|Slim with Air Marshal [[Keith Park|Sir Keith Park]] and Vice-Admiral [[Arthur Power|Sir Arthur John Power]] outside Singapore's municipal building, following Japan's ceremonial surrender of the city, 12 September 1945.]]<br />
As the Burma campaign came to an end, Slim was informed in May by [[Oliver Leese]], the commander of [[11th Army Group|Allied Land Forces South-East Asia (ALFSEA)]] that he would not be commanding Fourteenth Army in the forthcoming invasion planned for [[British Malaya|Malaya]] but would take command of the new [[Twelfth Army (United Kingdom)|Twelfth Army]] being formed to mop up in Burma.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=425}} Slim refused the appointment, saying he would prefer to retire. As the news spread, Fourteenth Army fell into turmoil and [[Alan Brooke]], the [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]], furious at not having been consulted by Leese, and [[Claude Auchinleck]], the C-in-C India who was at the time in London, brought pressure to bear.<ref>Alanbrook in his diary entry of 17 May wrote "...(met) with Auk about appointment of Slim to Burma Command. Leese is going quite wild and doing mad things, prepared a fair rap on the knuckles for him!"</ref> The Supreme Allied Commander of the Southeast Asia Theatre, [[Louis Mountbatten]] was obliged to order Leese to undo the damage. On 1 July 1945, Slim was promoted to [[General (United Kingdom)|general]]<ref name=LG_22>{{London Gazette|issue=37239 |page=4319 |supp=y|date=28 August 1945}}</ref> and was informed that he was to succeed Leese as C-in-C ALFSEA. However, by the time he took up the post, having taken some leave, the war was at an end.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=425}}<br />
<br />
====Relations with troops====<br />
[[File:War Office Second World War Official Collection IND4545.jpg|left|thumb|Slim with a soldier. Photo from No 9 [[Army Film and Photographic Unit|Army Film & Photographic Unit]].]]<br />
Slim had an excellent relationship with his troops – the "[[Forgotten Army]]", as they called themselves. Slim had a close rapport with the officers and soldiers under his command, and always trusted his officers to make the correct decisions without referring to him. As Slim later wrote: "I was, like other generals before me, to be saved ... by the resourcefulness and the stubborn valour of my troops."{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=491}} Murray and Millet wrote that Slim's willingness to delegate authority down to his officers on the spot played a key role in sustaining his advance into Burma as officers did not have to wait for a decision from him.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=491}}<br />
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In the aftermath of Kohima and Imphal, Slim inspected the battlefields, seeing the bodies of wounded Japanese soldiers who had been killed by their comrades as under the code of ''[[Bushido]]'', which graphically showed to Slim how far the Japanese were willing to take ''Bushido''.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=489}} Slim realized that Japanese logistics had broken down, but that Japanese soldiers were still prepared to fight to the death. That led him to the conclusion that it was better to outflank and bypass the Japanese positions as much as possible, leaving the Japanese to starve to death rather than engaging them in combat.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=489}} The Japanese Burma Area Army had about 100,000 men while the British Fourteenth Army had only about 21,000 men. But Slim believed that with superior mobility backed by proper supply line, he could defeat the Japanese, whose logistics were poor.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|pp=489–491}} The superior Japanese numbers together with the fact that the Indian Army was an all-volunteer force, with only so many Indians willing to volunteer and the fact that sending fresh British troops to Burma was not a priority in London, made it imperative for Slim to save the lives of his men as much as possible.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=492}} Slim was painfully aware that it would be difficult to replace whatever losses his men took, and had no intention of having his army being ground down by fighting the Japanese in every single place that they were.{{sfn|Murray|Millet|2000|p=492}} Slim was determined to save the lives of his men as much as possible, while Japanese officers, motivated by ''Bushido'', were ready to have all of their men die for the Emperor. Slim estimated that for every man killed under his command, the Japanese lost a hundred men.{{sfn|Dower|1986|p=53}}<br />
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Slim noted 70% malaria rates among his troops, largely because they refused to take foul-tasting [[mepacrine]]. Slim did not blame his medics for this problem, but placed the responsibility on his officers. He wrote: "Good doctors are no use without good discipline. More than half the battle against disease is fought not by the doctors, but by the regimental officers."{{sfn|Slim|1961|p=153}} After Slim dismissed some officers for high unit malaria rates, the others realised he was serious and malaria treatment was enforced, dropping the rate to less than five per cent. The combat effectiveness of his army was thus greatly enhanced. This physical and mental turnaround in the army under him was a contributing factor to the eventual defeat of the Japanese in Burma.<br />
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Novelist [[George MacDonald Fraser]], then a nineteen-year-old lance corporal, recalled:<br />
{{Quote|But the biggest boost to morale was the burly man who came to talk to the assembled battalion... it was unforgettable. Slim was like that: the only man I've ever seen who had a force that came out of him... British soldiers don't love their commanders much less worship them; Fourteenth Army trusted Slim and thought of him as one of themselves, and perhaps his real secret was that the feeling was mutual.{{sfn|Fraser|1995|p=35-37}}}}<br />
and:<br />
{{Quote|...I see him clear, with that robber-baron face under that Gurkha hat, and his carbine slung, looking like a rather scruffy private with a general's tabs, which of course is what he was.{{sfn|Fraser|1995|pp=xiv}}}}<br />
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==Post-war career==<br />
[[File:Bill Slim plaque closeup.jpg|thumb|Plaque commemorating Slim and the 14th Army in [[Bristol]]]]<br />
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===Initial retirement from the army===<br />
At the end of 1945 Slim returned to the UK. On 1 January 1946, he was made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] (GBE).<ref name=LG_23>{{London Gazette|issue=37407|page=17|date=28 December 1945}}</ref> and took the post of [[Commandant of the Imperial Defence College]] for its first course since 1939. On 7 February 1947 he was made an [[Aide-de-camp]] (ADC) to the [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King]].<ref name=LG_27>{{London Gazette|issue=37875|page=662 |date=4 February 1947 }}</ref> At the end of his two-year appointment at the Imperial Defence College Slim retired as ADC and from the army on 11 May 1948.<ref name=LG_25>{{London Gazette|issue=38289|page=2935 |date=14 May 1948}}<br />{{London Gazette|issue=38321|page=3470 |date=11 June 1948 }}</ref> He had been approached by both India and Pakistan to become C-in-C of their respective armies post independence but refused and instead became Deputy Chairman of [[British Transport Commission|the Railway Executive]].{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=426}}<br />
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===Return to the army===<br />
However, in November 1948 the British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] rejected the proposal by [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Viscount Montgomery]] that he should be succeeded as [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS)]] by [[John Crocker]] and instead brought back Slim from retirement in the rank of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] in January 1949<ref name=LG_26>{{London Gazette|issue=38500|page=49 |supp=y|date=31 December 1948}}</ref> with formal appointment to the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]] from 1 January 1949.<ref name=LG_28>{{London Gazette|issue=38553|page=1127 |date=4 March 1949 }}</ref> Slim thus became the first Indian Army officer to become CIGS.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=426}}<br />
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On 2 January 1950, he was promoted to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB)<ref name=LG_29>{{London Gazette|issue=38797|page=2 |supp=y|date=2 January 1950}}</ref> and later that year was made a Chief Commander of the [[Legion of Merit]] by the United States<ref name=LG_30>{{London Gazette|issue=38973|page=3741 |supp=y|date=21 July 1950}}</ref> having previously, in 1948, been awarded the lower ranking [[Commander of the Legion of Merit]].<ref name=LG_24>{{London Gazette|issue=38359|page=4189|date=20 July 1948}}</ref> On 1 November 1952, he relinquished the position of Chief of the Imperial General Staff.<ref name=LG_31>{{London Gazette|issue=39706|page=6331 |supp=y|date=28 November 1952}}</ref><br />
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===Governor-General of Australia===<br />
On 10 December 1952 Slim was made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) on his appointment as [[Governor-General of Australia]]<ref name=LG_32>{{London Gazette|issue=39716|page=6544|date=12 December 1952}}</ref> which post he took up on 8 May 1953. On 2 January 1953, he was appointed a [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Knight of the Order of St. John]] (KStJ).<ref name=LG_33>{{London Gazette|issue=39743|page=94|date=2 January 1953}}</ref> Slim was a popular choice for Governor-General since he was an authentic war hero who had fought alongside Australians at Gallipoli and in the Middle East. In 1954 he was able to welcome [[Queen Elizabeth II]] on the first visit by a reigning monarch to Australia. For his services to the Queen during the tour, he was appointed a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO) on 27 April 1954.<ref name=LG_36>{{London Gazette|issue=40159|page=2500|date=27 April 1954}}</ref> [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] leader [[Robert Menzies]] held office throughout Slim's time in Australia. His [[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia|Official Secretary]] throughout his term was [[Murray Tyrrell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3579896 |title=National Library of Australia |publisher=Nla.gov.au |access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><br />
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===Retirement===<br />
In 1959, Slim retired and returned to Britain, where he published his memoirs, ''Unofficial History''. He had already published his personal narrative of the Burma Campaign, ''[[Defeat into Victory]]'', in 1956, which has never been out of print, and in which he candidly talked about his mistakes and the lessons he learned. On 24 April 1959, he was appointed a [[Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter]] (KG).<ref name=LG_34>{{London Gazette|issue=41691|page=2687|date=24 May 1959}}</ref> On 15 July 1960, he was created "[[Viscount Slim]], of [[Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory|Yarralumla]] in the [[Capital Territory of Australia]] and of [[Bishopston, Bristol|Bishopston]] in the City and County of [[Bristol]]".<ref name=LG_35>{{London Gazette|issue=42094|page=4925|date=15 July 1960 }}</ref><br />
<br />
After a successful further career on the boards of major UK companies, he was appointed [[Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle]] on 18 June 1964.<ref name=LG_37>{{London Gazette|issue=43360|page=5337|date=19 June 1964}}</ref> He died in London on 14 December 1970, aged 79 and was given a full military funeral at [[St. George's Chapel, Windsor]] and was afterwards cremated.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=259}}<br />
<br />
==Allegations==<br />
During his tenure as Governor-General of Australia, Slim was patron of the [[Fairbridge Farm]] school child migration to Australia. In 2007 (37 years after Slim's death), three former child migrants alleged that Slim assaulted them during visits to Fairbridge Farm.{{sfn|Hill|2007|p={{page needed|date=March 2015}}}} The allegations were denied by his [[John Slim, 2nd Viscount Slim|son]].{{sfn|Leech|Box|2007}} The allegations were aired again on ABC television in the programme ''The Long Journey Home'', broadcast on 17 November 2009.{{sfn|ABC staff|2009}} On 27 February 2017, the ABC again aired allegations against Slim and Fairbridge Farm.<br />
{{Quote|Somehow or another, I was sat on his [Slim's] knee and, ah..... um..... these silky white hands were right up, because I was wearing shorts, right up my trousers and yeah, it was not..... not very nice.|source=Robert Stephens' claims of a drive in Governor-General Slim's car, 2017<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2017/s4627505.htm |title=Inquiry to expose sexual abuse of British child migrants – 27/02/2017 |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2017-02-27 |access-date=2017-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330004648/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2017/s4627505.htm|archive-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
In 2019, a major road in [[Canberra]] was renamed due to the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-06/william-slim-drive-name-change-welcomed-by-abuse-survivor/11185016|title=Major road to be renamed over sex abuse allegations against former governor-general|date=6 June 2019|via=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, a fourth man said he witnessed Slim abusing a child.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jerseyeveningpost.com/morenews/uknews/2023/06/15/farm-school-victim-was-threatened-after-accusing-war-hero-of-child abuse/|title=Farm school victim was threatened after accusing war hero of child abuse|newspaper= Jersey Evening Post|date=15 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Eponyms==<br />
* William Slim Drive, in the [[Canberra]] district of [[Belconnen]], was named after him. Despite an independent review commissioned by the [[Australian Capital Territory]] Government, which returned no recommendation to change the road name,<ref>{{cite news |title=How renaming Canberra's William Slim Drive could trigger a rethink of history |first=Tom|last=Lowrey|date=16 June 2019 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-16/how-renaming-one-canberra-rd-could-trigger-a-rewrite-of-history/11214434 |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> in 2019, the then ACT Planning Minister [[Mick Gentleman]], announced that, after considering allegations made, submissions to the [[Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse]] and counter submissions by the Slim family, he would change the road's name and in 2021 the name was changed.<ref>{{cite news |title=William Slim Drive in Canberra to be renamed in wake of sexual abuse claims |newspaper=Canberra Times |first=Sherryn |last=Groch |date=6 June 2019 |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6203065/major-canberra-road-to-be-renamed-after-governor-general-abuse-claims/ |access-date=7 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hayne |first1=Jordan |last2=Scott |first2=Elise |title=William Slim Drive to be renamed over sexual abuse allegations against former governor-general |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-06/william-slim-drive-name-change-welcomed-by-abuse-survivor/11185016?WT.ac=statenews_act |access-date=2019-06-06 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2019-06-06}}</ref><ref name="Canberra Times - Gundaroo Drive rename">{{cite news |last1=Bladen |first1=Lucy |title=William Slim Drive renamed ahead of duplication works |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7127479/william-slim-drive-renamed-ahead-of-duplication-works/ |access-date=17 December 2021 |publisher=The Canberra Times |date=16 February 2021}}</ref><br />
* The Slim Officers' Mess at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] is named after him and was opened in August 2004 by his son.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencemanagement.com/article.asp?id=211&content_name=Defence%20Estates&article=5511 |title=Defence Management Journal, Issue 32 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729040446/http://www.defencemanagement.com/article.asp?id=211&content_name=Defence%20Estates&article=5511 |archive-date=29 July 2012 |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* On 7 September 2008, a plaque in Slim's memory, and those who served with him, was unveiled at the [[Bristol Cenotaph|Cenotaph]] in his native Bristol. Fr Robert King of the [[Diocese of Clifton]] was joined by faith leaders from the [[Hindu]], [[Muslim]] and [[Sikh]] communities at the ceremony, which was led by the Lord Mayor of Bristol's chaplain, the Rev. Prebendary Harold Clarke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=97|title=StackPath|website=www.indcatholicnews.com}}</ref><br />
* The road Viscount Slim Avenue, in [[Whyalla]], South Australia is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereis.com/sa/whyalla-norrie-5608/yellowId-14977093|title=Salvation Army|publisher=Where it is|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><br />
* The Slim Building at the [[Cranfield University]] Shrivenham Campus is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/study/studying-at-cranfield/arrivals-and-registration/shrivenham/shrivenham-student-handbook-seventh-edition.pdf|title=A student's guide to Shrivenham|publisher=Cranfield University|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021094939/http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/study/studying-at-cranfield/arrivals-and-registration/shrivenham/shrivenham-student-handbook-seventh-edition.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* The [[Slim School]] was a [[British Families Education Service]] co-educational secondary school located in the [[Cameron Highlands]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], and was named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slimschoolmalaya.com/slimmers.htm|title=Slim School|publisher=Slim School|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Historical assessment==<br />
[[File:Viscount Slim statue Whitehall.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Statue of Viscount Slim, London|Statue of General Slim]] on [[Whitehall]].]]<br />
[[Lieutenant General]] Sir [[John Kiszely]] has recommended Slim's memoirs (''[[Defeat into Victory]]'', 1956) in which Slim candidly talked about his own mistakes in the Burma campaign. The book has never been out of print. Kiszely has described Slim as "perhaps the Greatest Commander of the 20th Century" and has commented on Slim's "self-deprecating style".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.da.mod.uk/publications/reading-list |title=The Defence Academy: The Director's Reading List |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080202020227/http://www.da.mod.uk/publications/reading-list |archive-date=2 February 2008 |access-date=26 January 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The military historian [[Max Hastings]] has stated:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>In contrast to almost every other outstanding commander of the war, Slim was a disarmingly normal human being, possessed of notable self-knowledge. He was without pretension, devoted to his wife, Aileen, their family and the Indian Army. His calm, robust style of leadership and concern for the interests of his men won the admiration of all who served under him ... His blunt honesty, lack of bombast and unwillingness to play courtier did him few favours in the corridors of power. Only his soldiers never wavered in their devotion.{{sfn|Hastings|2008|p=69}}</blockquote><br />
<br />
The spirit of comradeship Slim created within the Fourteenth Army lived on after the war in the [[Burma Star Association]], of which Slim was a co-founder and the first President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/history.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511093637/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/history.htm|url-status=dead|title=Burma Star Association history|archivedate=11 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
A [[Statue of Viscount Slim, London|statue of Slim]] on [[Whitehall]], outside the [[Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]], was unveiled by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1990. Designed by [[Ivor Roberts-Jones]], the statue is one of three British Second World War military leaders (the others being [[Alan Brooke]] and [[Bernard Montgomery]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ukattraction.com/london/statue-of-viscount-slim.htm |title=UK attractions: Statue of Viscount Slim |access-date=26 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111142308/http://www.ukattraction.com/london/statue-of-viscount-slim.htm |archive-date=11 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Slim's papers were collected by his biographer, [[Ronald Lewin]], and given to the [[Churchill Archives Centre]] by Slim's wife, Aileen, Viscountess Slim, and son, [[John Slim, 2nd Viscount Slim]], and other donors, 1977–2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FSLIM |title=Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709143227/http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD/GBR/0014/SLIM |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=12 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lewin's biography, ''Slim: The Standardbearer'', was awarded the 1977 [[WH Smith Literary Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/award/show/480-wh-smith-literary-award|title=WH Smith Literary Award Winners|publisher=Good Reads|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Arms==<br />
{{Emblem table<br />
|image = {{center|[[File:Coat of Arms of William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim, KG, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, GBE, DSO, MC, KStJ.png|center|225px]]}}<br />
|crest = Out of a Crown Vallary Or a Peacock in its Pride proper gorged with a Collar and with a Line reflexed over the back Or<br />
|coronet = A [[Coronet|Coronet of a Viscount]]<br />
|escutcheon = Gules semy of Swords erect Argent a Lion rampant Or on a Canton quarterly Azure and also Argent a Mullet of seven points Or<br />
|supporters = Dexter: a British Soldier in jungle green Battle Dress with web equipment the exterior hand supporting a Rifle with bayonet affixed; Sinister: a Gurkha Rifleman in North West Frontier dress with web equipment the exterior hand supporting a Rifle all proper<br />
|motto = Merses Profundo Pulchrior Evenit (A recompense is fairer from a depth)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==List of honours==<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Order of the Garter UK ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter]] (KG) || 24 April 1959<ref name=LG_34/><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| [[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB) || 2 January 1950<ref name=LG_29/><br />
|-<br />
| Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) || 28 September 1944<ref name=LG_18/><br />
|-<br />
| Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) || 1 January 1944<ref name=CB>{{London Gazette |date=31 December 1943 |issue=36309 |supp=1 |page=4}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) || 10 December 1952<ref name=LG_32/><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO) || 16 February 1954<ref name=LG_36/><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| [[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png|80px]] || [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] (GBE) || 1 January 1946<ref name=LG_23/><br />
|-<br />
| Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) || 28 October 1942<ref name=LG_16/><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|80px]] || [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Knight of the Order of St John]] || 2 January 1953<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralianafund.org.au/residents/governors-general.html|title=Governors-General|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140313214628/http://www.theaustralianafund.org.au/residents/governors-general.html|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Dso-ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) || 14 January 1943<ref name=LG_17/><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Military cross BAR.svg|80px]] || [[Military Cross]] (MC) || 7 February 1918<ref name=LG_02/><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|80px]] || [[Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit]] || (United States)<ref name=LG_30/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* ''[[Defeat into Victory]]'' by Field Marshal Sir William Slim; Originally published 1956. More recent editions are NY: Buccaneer Books {{ISBN|1-56849-077-1}}, Cooper Square Press {{ISBN|0-8154-1022-0}}; London: Cassell {{ISBN|0-304-29114-5}}, Pan {{ISBN|0-330-39066-X}}.<br />
* Other publications include ''Courage and Other Broadcasts'' (1957); and ''Unofficial History'' (1959).<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite web |author=ABC staff |date=17 November 2009 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/guide/netw/200911/programs/DO0909H001D2009-11-17T203000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123162320/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/guide/netw/200911/programs/DO0909H001D2009-11-17T203000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-01-23 |title=The Long Journey Home |publisher=ABC |access-date=26 March 2012 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Croke |first=Vicki |title=Elephant Company: The Inspiring Story of an Unlikely Hero and the Animals Who Helped Him Save Lives in World War II |year= 2015|publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0812981650}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Dower |first=John|title=War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War|url=https://archive.org/details/warwithoutmercyr00dowe |url-access=registration |publisher=Pantheon|location=New York|year=1986 |isbn=0394751728 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/180978 |last=Ford|first=Douglas|title=British Intelligence on Japanese Army Morale during the Pacific War: Logical Analysis or Racial Stereotyping?|journal=Journal of Military History|volume=69|issue=2|date=April 2005|pages=439–474|location=London |doi=10.1353/jmh.2005.0089|s2cid=159509300}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=George MacDonald |author-link=George MacDonald Fraser| year=1995 |orig-year=1992 |title=Quartered safe out here: a recollection of the war in Burma |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |isbn=0-00-272687-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/quarteredsafeout00fras_0 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Heathcote |year=1999 |first=Tony |title=The British Field Marshals 1736–1997 |location=Barnsley (UK) |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |isbn=0-85052-696-5 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |year=2008 |title=Retribution |url=https://archive.org/details/retributionbattl00hast |url-access=registration |publisher=Knopf |page=[https://archive.org/details/retributionbattl00hast/page/68 68] |isbn=978-0307263513 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Hill |first=David |author-link=David Hill (businessman) |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Forgotten Children |publisher=Random House Australia |location=Sydney |url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenchildre0000hill |isbn=978-1-74166-614-4 |url-access=registration }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Lewin |year=1976 |title=Slim: The Standard Bearer: a biography of Field-Marshal Viscount Slim |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=London |isbn=0-85052-446-6 }} Also 1999 Wordsworth Military Library softcover reprint: {{ISBN|1-84022-214-X}} .<br />
* {{cite book |last=McLynn |first=Frank |title=The Burma Campaign |publisher=Vintage |year=2011|location=London |isbn=978-0-099-55178-2}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Mead |first=Richard |year=2007 |title=Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II |publisher=Spellmount |location=Stroud (UK) |isbn=978-1-86227-431-0 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Williamson |last2=Millet |first2=Alan| year=2000 |title=A War To Be Won |url=https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_1 |url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard |location=Cambridge (US) |isbn=978-0674006805}}<br />
* {{cite news |last1=Leech |first1=Graeme |first2=Dan |last2=Box |date=3 May 2007 |title=Slim pickings |publisher=News Limited |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/slim-pickings/news-story/587bccb250ca3282cbbd678c1e0ad2e0 |work=[[The Australian]] |access-date=9 February 2009 }}{{paywall}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Slim |first=Field Marshal the Viscount William J. |year=1961 |orig-year=1956 |title=Defeat into Victory |publisher=McKay |location=New York |edition=Shortened |oclc=396091 }} ([http://stonebooks.com/archives/970801.shtml Stone & Stone, 1 August 1997. Note: The original edition contains more detailed description of operations than does the 1961 edition.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307140718/http://stonebooks.com/archives/970801.shtml |date=7 March 2016 }})<br />
* {{cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Gerhard|title=A World in Arms A Global History of World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-61826-7}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite web |title=General Bill Slim |publisher=[[Burma Star Association]] |url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/slim.htm |first=Frank |last=Owen |access-date=4 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912023916/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/slim.htm |archive-date=12 September 2008 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Calvert |first=Mike |year=1973 |title=Slim, War Leader |author-link=Mike Calvert |location=London |publisher=Pan |isbn=0-345-09788-2}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Sir Geoffrey |year=1969 |title=Slim as Military Commander |author-link=Geoffrey Charles Evans |location=London |publisher=Batsford |isbn=81-8158-099-0 |oclc=43432}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor-last=Keegan |editor-first=John |title=Churchill's Generals |year=1991 |publisher=Grove Weidenfeld Press |location=New York |isbn=0-8021-1309-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillsgenera00keeg }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Latimer |first=John |author-link=Jon Latimer |year=2004 |title=Burma: The Forgotten War|publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=0-7195-6575-8 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lyman |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Lyman |year=2004 |title=Slim, Master of War: Burma and the Birth of Modern Warfare |publisher=Constable and Robinson |location=London |isbn=1-84119-811-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/slimmasterofwarb0000lyma }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lyman |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Bill Slim |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84908-528-1}}<br />
* {{cite book| first=Nick| last=Smart| title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War| isbn=1844150496| year=2005| location=Barnesley| publisher=Pen & Sword}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Russell |last=Miller |author-link= Russell Miller |year=2013 |title=Uncle Bill: The Authorised Biography of Field Marshal Viscount Slim |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-297-86584-1}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
{{Commons category|William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim}}<br />
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-william-slim | the Viscount Slim }}<br />
* {{cite web|author=NAM staff |url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-general |title=Britain's Greatest General |publisher=[[National Army Museum]]|date=9 April 2011}}: "The joint winners of Britain's Greatest General, as decided by the audience at [the National Army Museum] celebrity speaker event on Saturday 9 April 2011, were William Slim and The [[Duke of Wellington]]".<br />
* [https://generals.dk/general/Slim/William_Joseph/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]<br />
* [http://www.unithistories.com/officers/IndianArmy_officers_S01.html#Slim_WJ Indian Army Officers 1939–1945]<br />
* {{PM20|FID=pe/030011}}<br />
* {{FamilySearch|id=PWR2-FWT|title=Field Marshal Sir William Joseph Slim KG, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, GBE, DSO, MC, PC}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Daril Watson]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Senior Officers' School, Belgaum|Commandant of the Senior Officers' School, Belgaum]]|years=June–September 1939}}<br />
{{s-non|reason=School closed for the war}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=H.R.C. Lane}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Commander, [[10th Indian Infantry Brigade]]|years=1939–1941}}<br />
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Thomas Wynford Rees|Thomas Rees]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[William Archibald Kenneth Fraser|William Fraser]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[10th Indian Infantry Division|GOC 10th Indian Infantry Division]]|years=1941–1942}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Noel Beresford-Peirse]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[XV Corps (India)|GOC XV Indian Corps]]|years=1942–1943}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Philip Christison]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-new}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|GOC Fourteenth Army]]|years=1943–1945}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir Miles Dempsey]]}}<br />
{{s-break}}<br />
{{s-vac|reason=[[Second World War]]|last=[[Hugh Binney]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Royal College of Defence Studies|Commandant of the Imperial Defence College]]|years=1946–1948}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir John Slessor]]}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Bernard Montgomery|The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]]|years=1948–1952}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir John Harding]]}}<br />
{{s-gov}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir William McKell]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor-General of Australia]]|years=1953–1960}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil|The Viscount Dunrossil]]}}<br />
{{s-hon}}<br />
{{s-break}}<br />
{{s-vac|last=[[The Earl of Athlone]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle]]|years=1964–1970}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Elworthy, Baron Elworthy|The Lord Elworthy]]}}<br />
{{s-reg|uk}}<br />
{{s-new|creation}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Viscount Slim]]|years=1960–1970}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[John Slim, 2nd Viscount Slim|John Douglas Slim]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief of the General Staff}}<br />
{{Governors-General of Australia}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Slim, William Slim, 1st Viscount}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1891 births]]<br />
[[Category:1970 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel from Bristol]]<br />
[[Category:Governors-general of Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers]]<br />
[[Category:West India Regiment officers]]<br />
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army generals of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:British field marshals]]<br />
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]<br />
[[Category:Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at St Philip's School]]<br />
[[Category:Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff]]<br />
[[Category:People associated with the University of Birmingham]]<br />
[[Category:Burma in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of the Command and Staff College Quetta]]<br />
[[Category:Viscounts created by Elizabeth II]]<br />
[[Category:Viscounts Slim|1]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]<br />
[[Category:Commandants of the Senior Officers' School, Belgaum]]<br />
[[Category:Academics of the Staff College, Camberley]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People of the Anglo-Iraqi War]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tamil_films_of_1948&diff=475159List of Tamil films of 19482026-03-07T05:16:21Z<p>DilKhus: brief update structure for consistency also and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}<br />
The following is a list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in India in [[1948 in film|1948]] in alphabetical order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1948.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405200402/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1948.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 April 2017|title=1948 Tamil Films|access-date=2019-11-06|publisher=lakshmansruthi}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Tamil films}}<br />
<br />
== 1948 ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
![[Title]] !![[Film director|Director]] !! [[Film producer|Production]] !! [[Music]]!! [[Cast member|Cast]] !! Release date (D-M-Y)<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Abhimanyu (1948 film)|Abhimanyu]]''<br />
| M. Somasundaram & A. Kasilingam<br />
| [[Jupiter Pictures]]<br />
| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] & [[C. R. Subburaman]]<br />
| S. M. Kumaresan, [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]], [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]], [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], [[S. V. Subbaiah]], R. Malathi, [[M. N. Nambiar]]<br />
| 06-05-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Ahimsa Yuttham''<br />
| A. K. Chettiar<br />
| Prakash Pictures<br />
|<br />
| Mahatma Gandhi's Documentary<br />
| 02-11-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Adhithan Kanavu]]''<br />
| [[T. R. Sundaram]]<br />
| [[Modern Theatres]]<br />
| [[G. Ramanathan]]<br />
| [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[Anjali Devi]], T. R. Rajani, K. P. Kesavan, [[M. G. Chakrapani]], [[Kali N. Rathnam]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]]<br />
| 11-12-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bhaktha Jana]]''<br />
| [[P. Pullaiah]]<br />
| [[P. Pullaiah|Ragini Films]]<br />
| Reema – Narayanan & B. Narasimha Rao<br />
| [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]], [[V. Nagayya]], [[Santha Kumari]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[B. R. Panthulu]], T. V. Kumudhini<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[:ta:போஜன் (திரைப்படம்)|Bhojan]]''<br />
| L. S. Ramachandran<br />[[T. R. Sundaram]] (Supervising)<br />
| Jayaprakash Pictures<br />
| [[G. Ramanathan]]<br />
| P. S. Govindan, [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[R. Balasubramaniam]], [[Kali N. Rathnam]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]], P. S. Siva Bhagyam, P. K. Saraswathi<br />
| 31-07-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bilhana (film)|Bilhana]]''<br />
| B. N. Rao<br />
| Mubarak Pictures<br />
| [[Papanasam Sivan]]<br />
| [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], A. R. Sakunthala, [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]], S. M. Shaikappa, M. Jayashree, 'Pulimoottai' Ramasami, K. S. Angamuthu<br />
| 01-11-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bilhanan]]''<br />
| K. V. Srinivasan<br />
| T. K. S. Brothers Salem Shanmuga Films<br />
| T. A. Kalyanam<br />
| [[T. K. Shanmugam]], T. K. Bhaghavathi, M. S. Draupadhi, T. K. Sivathanu, Friend Ramasami, Rajam<br />
| 23-04-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[:ta:பிரம்மரிஷி விஷ்வாமித்திரா|Brahma Rishi Vishwamitra]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/brahmarishi-vishwamithra-1948/article6044450.ece|title=Brahmarishi Vishwamithra (1948)|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 May 2014|first=Randor|last=Guy|author-link=Randor Guy|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200812063734/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/brahmarishi-vishwamithra-1948/article6044450.ece|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><br />
| Jagannath<br />
| Jegannath Productions<br />
| Reema&nbsp;— Narayanan<br />
| [[K. R. Ramsingh]], T. V. Sethuraman, Kosalram, T. E. Krishnammachari, [[T. R. Rajakumari]], N. R. Nalini, [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]]<br />
| 03-01-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chakra Dhari]]''<br />
| K. S. Gopala Krishnan<br />
| [[Gemini Studios]]<br />
| [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]<br />
| [[V. Nagayya]], [[Pushpavalli]], Surya Prabha, Nagercoil K. Mahadevan, [[Gemini Ganesan]], L. Narayana Rao, T. N. Kamalam<br />
| 03-12-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]''<br />
| [[S. S. Vasan]]<br />
| [[S. S. Vasan]], [[Gemini Studios]]<br />
| [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]<br />
| [[M. K. Radha]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[M. S. Sundhari Bai]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], [[V. N. Janaki]], Velayudham, V. S. Susheela, [[Javar Seetharaman]], T. E. Krishnamachari, L. Narayana Rao, Veppatthur Kittu<br />
| 09-04-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Devadasi (1948 film)|Devadasi]]''<br />
| M. L. Tandan-T. V. Sundaram<br />
| Sukumar Pictures<br />
| [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| Kannan, Leela, [[T. S. Durairaj]], [[R. Balasubramaniam]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]], K. S. Angamuthu<br />
| 15-01-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[En Kanavar]]''<br />
| [[S. Balachander]]<br />
| Ajith Pictures<br />
| [[S. Balachander]]<br />
| [[S. Balachander]], S. Nandini, [[Javar Seetharaman|V. Seetharaman]], S. Guruswami, [[K. R. Chellam]], T. K. Pattammal, V. Chellam, T. S. Kokilam, ''Baby Vijayal'', ''Baby'' Rukmini<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gnana Soundari (Citadel film)]]''<br />
| F. Nagoor, [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]]<br />
| Citadel Pictures<br />
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]]<br />
| [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], P. S. Sivabhaghyam, P. G. Venkatesan, P. R. Mangalam, 'Pulimootai' Ramasami<br />
| 21-05-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gnana Soundari (Gemini film)]]''<br />
| Murugadasa<br />
| [[Gemini Studios]]<br />
| [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]<br />
| [[M. K. Radha]], Suseela, [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[P. Kannamba]], T. E. Krishnamachari<br />
| 18-06-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gokuladasi]]''<br />
| [[Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam|K. Subrahmanyam]]<br />
| Madras United Artistes Corporation<br />
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]]<br />
| [[Honnappa Bhagavathar|C. Honnappa Bhagavathar]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], N. Krishnamurthi, Sowdhamini, K. S. Angamuthu, [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]<br />
| 31-11-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Idhu Nijama]]''<br />
| Krishna Gopal<br />
| K. G. Productions<br />
| [[S. Balachander]]<br />
| [[S. Balachander]], Kumari N. Rajam, Sarojini, [[Javar Seetharaman|V. Seetharaman]], A. S. Nagarajan, Manuel, Pattammal<br />
| 06-03-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Jambam''<br />
| Javeri and V. Kumaraswamy<br />
| Ken Pictures<br />
| [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| V. Kumar, Vanaja, P. G. Venkatesan, P. R. Mangalam, K. S. Angamuthu, T. V. Sethuraman, Rajeswari<br />
| 15-01-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Jeevajothi''<br />
| K. K. Multhani<br />
| Guhan Pictures<br />
| Ninumasumdass-Tanjore Janarthan<br />
| [[Serukalathur Sama]], [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]], P. S. Srinivasa Rao, M. L. Pathi, K. Mahadevan, M. V. Navaneetham, K. K. Krishnamani, M. J. Jeyanthi<br />
| 15-01-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Kaamavalli''<br />
| Manickam<br />
| Baskar Pictures<br />
| [[C. N. Pandurangan]]<br />
| Nagercoil Mahadevan, [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[T. S. Durairaj]], [[C. Krishnaveni]], Rajagopala Bhagavadhar, [[V. M. Ezhumalai]], [[T. S. Jaya]], C. D. Kannabiran, K. S. Angamuthu<br />
| 20-03-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kangkanam]]''<br />
| S. K. Vasagan<br />
| G. B. Narayanan & Co.<br />
| H. R. Padmanabha Sastry<br />
| [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], Menaka, P. G. Venkatesan, Leela, P. R. Mangalam, Narendra Nath, M. R. Swaminathan<br />
| 10-06-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Krishna Thulabaaram''<br />
| T. Balaji Singh<br />
| Santhanam Pictures<br />
| [[C. N. Pandurangan]]<br />
| Nagercoil Mahadevan, Jayashree, A. K. Srinivasan, G. Rajan, T. Krishnamoorthy, Sathyabama<br />
| 16-04-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lakshmi Vijayam (1948 film)|Lakshmi Vijayam]]''<br />
| Bomman D. Irani<br />
| Sri Meenakshi Films<br />
| [[G. Ramanathan]]<br />
| P. S. Govindan, [[Madhuri Devi]], C. V. V. Panthulu, [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], Vidwan Srinivasan, R. Padma, [[Kali N. Rathnam]], K. T. Saku Bhai, M. S. Gnanam<br />
| 07-04-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Mahabali''<br />
|<br />
| Bama Pictures<br />
|<br />
| G. Varadhachari, Lakshmi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mariamman''<br />
| L. S. Ramachandran<br />
| Selvam Film Company<br />
| P. V. Sharma<br />
| [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], [[S. V. Subbaiah]], V. A. Chellappa, P. S. Gnanam, R. Padma<br />
| 20-03-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mohini (1948 film)|Mohini]]''<br />
| Lanka Sathyam<br />
| [[Jupiter Pictures]]<br />
| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] & [[C. R. Subburaman]]<br />
| [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[V. N. Janaki]], [[Madhuri Devi]], [[R. Balasubramaniam]], 'Pulimoottai' Ramaswami, [[M. N. Nambiar]]<br />
| 31-10-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Naveena Valli''<br />
| T. Balaji Singh<br />
| Santhanam Pictures<br />
| [[C. N. Pandurangan]]<br />
| C. D. Kannapiran, Padma, S. Ragavan, Jayashree, A. Govindan, Neela<br />
| 16-04-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pizhaikkum Vazhi]]''<br />
| R. Mithra Das<br />
| [[T. S. Durairaj|Maragadha Pictures]]<br />
| G. Aswathama<br />
| [[T. S. Durairaj]], T. A. Jayalakshmi, [[T. S. Balaiah]], M. R. Swaminathan, [[Kali N. Rathnam]], P. G. Venkatesan, [[C. T. Rajakantham]], P. S. Gnanam, P. R. Mangalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Raja Mukthi]]''<br />
| Raja Chandrasekhar<br />
| [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar|Narendra Pictures]]<br />
| [[C. R. Subburaman]]<br />
| [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[V. N. Janaki]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Serukulathur Sama]], M. R. Swaminathan, [[P. S. Veerappa]], P. G. Venkatesan, [[C. T. Rajakantham]]<br />
| 09-10-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ramadas (film)|Ramadas]]''<br />
| [[Y. V. Rao]]<br />
| Sri Jagadeesh Pictures<br />
| [[Papanasam Sivan]]<br />
| [[Kalakkad S. Ramanarayana Iyer]], [[Y. V. Rao]], [[Kumari Rukmini|Rukmini]], M. Sathyanarayana, S. Rangaswamy, N. Anandhaacharya, K. Mahalinga Iyer, Jeyagowri, Baby Radha, Ranganayagi, Lakshmi<br />
| 06-06-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Samsaram (1948 film)|Samsaram]]''<br />
| Babu Rao Sowhan<br />
| Eastern Pictures<br />
|<br />
| B. S. Raja Iyengar, K. K. Krishnaveni, Vimalkumar, Nagarathinam, P. K. Madhavan, [[K. A. Thangavelu]], Visalakshi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Samsara Nowka''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Samsara-Nowka-1948/article16371715.ece|title=Samsara Nowka|access-date=2019-11-13|publisher=hindu}}</ref><br />
| H. L. N. Simha<br />
| Star Combines and Pragathi Pictures<br />
| [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]]<br />
| [[B. R. Panthulu]], Trichur Premavathi, [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[Tanguturi Suryakumari|T. Suryakumari]], M. J. Andal, T. R. Upendra, ''Vikatam'' Krishnamurthi<br />
| 14-05-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Senbagavalli''<br />
| Lanka Sathyam<br />
| Srikanthar Films<br />
| Pasavankudi Sharma<br />
| [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], K. K. Perumal, P. R. Rajagopala Iyer, [[V. M. Ezhumalai]], K. V. Srinivasa, M. S. Vijayal, Bejavada Rajaratnam<br />
| 20-02-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Sigamani''<br />
| S. K. Vasagan & Sudharshan<br />
| Sudharshan Trading Company<br />
| [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]<br />
| T. R. Sarangapani, C. T. Kamatchi, V. S. Mani, Jayalakshmi, Kulathu Mani, Vanaja<br />
| 11-02-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sri Aandal]]''<br />
| S. Velsamy Kavi<br />
| Salem Surya Films<br />
| [[G. Ramanathan]]<br />
| [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]], P. S. Govindan, 'Vidwan' Srinivasan, S. D. Subbaiah, G. Sowthamini, [[Kali N. Rathnam]], S. Subbulakshmi, P. S. Gnanam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thirumalisai Alvar (film)|Thirumalisai Alvar]]''<br />
| D. S. Kotnis & P. S. Chettiar<br />
| Sri Kanna Films<br />
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]] & T. R. Ramanathan<br />
| [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]], Trichur Premavathi, 'Vidwan' Srinivasan, P. B. Rangachari, [[S. V. Subbaiah]], [[R. Balasubramaniam]], [[T. S. Durairaj]], M. S. Devasena, P. K. Saraswathi, P. S. Sivabhagyam, K. S. Angamuthu<br />
|20-08-1948<br />
|-<br />
|''Vanavil''<br />
| K. R. Sanjeevi-Pal G. Kadhar<br />
| Rainbow Film Exchange<br />
| Thilagam<br />
| H. R. Kamaraki, Thilagam, Sriniavasan, Mahendran, Suseela Devi, Jeyalakshmi, Kamala Bai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vedhala Ulagam]]''<br />
| [[A. V. Meiyappan]]<br />
| [[AVM Productions]]<br />
| R. Sudharsanam<br />
| [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], P. R. Mangalam, [[K. Sarangapani]], K. R. Chellam, [[R. Balasubramaniam]], [[Pandari Bai|Pandaribai]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]], G. M. Basheer, Kulathu Mani<br />
| 11-08-1948<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Tamil cinema}}<br />
{{1948 films}}<br />
{{Indian film list}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 1948}}<br />
[[Category:1948 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 1948 films by language]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1948]]<br />
[[Category:1948 Tamil-language films| ]]<br />
[[Category:1940s Indian films]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alok_Singh&diff=485695Alok Singh2026-03-06T13:29:19Z<p>DilKhus: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1993)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Alok Pratap Singh<br />
| image =<br />
<br />
| country = India<br />
| fullname = Alok Pratap Singh<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|10|26|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Sitalpur, West Bengal, India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| batting = Right-handed<br />
| bowling = Right arm fast medium<br />
| role = Bowler<br />
<br />
| club1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]<br />
| year1 = 2012/13–2017/18<br />
| clubnumber1 = <br />
| club2 = <br />
| year2 = <br />
| clubnumber2 =<br />
<br />
| date = 30 October 2023<br />
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/426/426394/426394.html CricketArchive<br />
}}<br />
'''Alok Pratap Singh''' (born 26 October 1993) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who played for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] from 2012/13 to 2017/18. He is a right arm fast medium bowler and a right-handed tail-end batter. He has played in 3 Twenty 20 and 2 List A matches for Bengal, but has not played in first-class matches. His best bowling performance has been 4/36 in a List A match.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/426/426394/426394.html Alok Singh]</ref><ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625377.html |title=Alok Pratap Singh |access-date=4 April 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 13 February 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118757.html |title=Group B, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Nadaun, Feb 13 2018 |access-date=13 February 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Bengal cricketers]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Alok}}<br />
[[Category:1993 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-cricket-bio-1993-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_(film)&diff=535340Shri (film)2026-03-05T18:40:21Z<p>DilKhus: added basic data w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Kannada film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Shri<br />
| image = Shree 2006 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster<br />
| director = [[Prakash (film director)|Prakash]]<br />
| writer = Prakash<br />M. S. Abhishek<br />
| producer = K.S. Dushyanth<br />
| starring = [[Vijay Raghavendra]]<br /> [[Jennifer Kotwal]]<br />
| music = Valisha-Sandeep<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| country = India<br />
| cinematography = [[S. Krishna]]<br />K. Krishnakumar<br />
| editing = S. Manohar<br />
| studio = Sri Chowdeshwari Cine Creations<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|01|06}}<br />
| runtime = 148 mins<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Shri''''' is a 2006 Indian Kannada-language [[action film]] directed by [[Prakash (film director)|Prakash]]. The film stars [[Vijay Raghavendra]] and [[Jennifer Kotwal]]. The film received positive reviews for its action sequences. However, the film was a box office failure.<ref name="Jennifer">{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/06slid3.htm|title=Kannada cinema's new babe|date=6 November 2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=9 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309075126/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/06slid3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
A software professional is involved in a bank robbery in [[Bangkok]], masterminded by a crook. She accidentally meets Shree in a shopping mall and follows him for safety. She also comes to [[Bangalore]] with him where Shree learns of her predicament. He decides to save her from the criminals. Meanwhile, a probe team led by an officer from Bangkok zeroes in on them in the robbery case.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Shreekanth<br />
* [[Jennifer Kotwal]] as Deepa<br />
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Shetty<br />
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Rajashekar<br />
* [[Anant Nag]]<br />
* [[Bullet Prakash]]<br />
* [[Komal Kumar]] as Shankar<br />
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Subramaniam<br />
* [[Shakeela]]<br />
* [[Doddanna]] as a police constable<br />
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Shree's mother<br />
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Shree's father<br />
* [[Duniya Vijay|Vijay]] as Shetty's henchman<br />
* Meera Verma in a special appearance ("Joke Joke Andrunu")<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was launched on 21 May 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/prakash.shtml|title=TRIPLE 'KUSHI':'Sri' Is Prakash's Next|author=|website=[[Chitraloka.com]]|access-date=5 November 2024|date=21 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105111155/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/prakash.shtml|archive-date=5 November 2006}}</ref> [[Vijay Raghavendra]] sported long hair which he initially grew out for ''[[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]]'' (2005),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/love-those-locks/articleshow/1292918.cms|title=Love those locks!|date=12 November 2005|first=Vinita A.|last=Shetty|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and he was trained in [[Muay Thai]] for twenty-five days in Bangkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_shree_launch.asp|title='Shree' - a touch of Thai!|work=Viggy|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213080529/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_shree_launch.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/sri_pressmeet_05.shtml|title=MANY FIRSTS OF 'SRI': Thanks Giving To N.S.Shanker|author=|work=Chitraloka|date=22 October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105110821/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/sri_pressmeet_05.shtml|archive-date=5 November 2006|access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref> Jennifer Kotwal plays a software engineer in the film.<ref name="Jennifer"/> The film was reported to be a "big-budget" film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/20kan.htm|title=Boom time for Kannada cinema|date=20 January 2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Bose|first=Praveen|access-date=2 May 2023|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221070502/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/20kan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The stunts were choreographed by [[Ravi Varma (stunt director)|Ravi Varma]]. California-based Meera Verma shot for a song in Alaska alongside 25 dancers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/sri_nag_prakash_05.shtm|title=BRIGHT AND BRILLIANT: Ananth Nag Appreciates Prakash|work=Chitraloka|author=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105110929/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/sri_nag_prakash_05.shtml|archive-date=5 November 2006}}</ref> The film was shot in Bangkok and Pattaya, Thailand for forty five days and remaining filming was held at Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331160431/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/sri_complete_05.shtml|website=Chitraloka|title='SRI' COMPLETE SHOOT: Dushyanth And Prakash Happy|access-date=5 November 2024|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/sri_complete_05.shtml|date=28 September 2005|archive-date=31 March 2008|author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105111250/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/shree_pressmeet.shtml|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/shree_pressmeet.shtml|title=BANGKOK TO BANGALORE: 'Sri' Completes 45 Days Shoot|website=Chitraloka|date=12 August 2005|archive-date=5 November 2006|access-date=5 November 2024|author=}}</ref> The filming went on for twelve months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec182005/enter147120051217.asp|date=18 December 2005|access-date=1 April 2025|title=Will Shree set new trend in Kannada screen?|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219073412/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec182005/enter147120051217.asp|archive-date=19 December 2005|first=K. N.|last=Girish}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{tracklist <br />
| collapsed = <br />
| headline = <br />
| total_length = 26:00<br />
| extra_column = Singers<br />
| all_music = Valisha-Sandeep.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/shree-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1107565227|title=Shree (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2006}}</ref><br />
| all_lyrics = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]<br />
| title1 = Yaaro Neenu<br />
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length1 = 5:52<br />
| title2 = Masthana Masthana<br />
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
| length2 = 5:32<br />
| title3 = Deepa Deepa Kanthumba<br />
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length3 = 4:59<br />
| title4 = Joke Joke Andrunu<br />
| extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<br />
| length4 = 4:52<br />
| title5 = Maniye Maniye<br />
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
| length5 = 4:45<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
The film was released with forty prints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_shri.asp|title=Action packed week ahead!|work=Viggy|access-date=2 May 2023|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213080927/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_shri.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "If you are an action film hero, you may end up liking ''Sree'' but it may well disappoint you if you look at the background of its director".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2612/kannada/sree/626/review.htm|title=Sree Kannada Movie|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|author=R. G. Vijayasarathy|date=10 November 2005|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|access-date=25 May 2022|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417160552/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2612/kannada/sree/626/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Sree'' is a film for lover of action. But is it enough from a director like Prakash?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/06sree.htm|title=Sree: For lovers of action alone|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|author=R. G. Vijayasarathy|date=6 February 2006|access-date=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525005716/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/06sree.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was reviewed by ''[[Deccan Herald]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Jan222006/movies1833432006121.asp|title=Shree|date=22 January 2006|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "This is a must watch film for the strong effort put in by Prakash and his team".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/787-shri-review.html|title=SHRI MOVIE REVIEW|date=20 January 2006|work=Chitraloka|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902064713/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/787-shri-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' opined that "Over all, ''SHREE'' is a good movie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/viewer_review_shri.asp|title=Shri - film review by Arun K.|author=Arun K.|work=Viggy|access-date=25 May 2022|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417160552/http://www.viggy.com/english/viewer_review_shri.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''webindia123'' wrote that "Thai martial arts is clearly not sufficient to make it a complete thriller".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/sree/index.htm|title=Sree review|work=webindia123|access-date=2 May 2023|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417160551/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/sree/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{imdb title|14338630}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2006 action films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]<br />
{{Prakash (film director)}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitrangada:_The_Crowning_Wish&diff=446643Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish2026-03-04T00:21:42Z<p>DilKhus: page edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2012 Indian Bengali-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish<br />
| image = Chitrangada_The_Crowning_Wish.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical poster of the film.<br />
| director = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br />
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]<br />
| writer = Rituparno Ghosh<br />
| starring = Rituparno Ghosh <br>[[Jisshu Sengupta]]<br />
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Abhik Mukhopadhyay]]<br />
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|05|25|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]|2012|08|31|India}}<br />
| runtime = 135 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross =<!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
<br />
}}<br />
'''''Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish''''' is a 2012 [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] film written and directed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]]. The film premiered on 25 May 2012 at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NYIFF 2012 Centerpiece : Chitrangada|url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2012/centerpiece.htm|publisher=New York Indian Film Festival|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The film tells the story of a choreographer who is struggling with his gender identity. It is loosely based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s play [[Chitra (play)|''Chitra'']]; which is [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]]'s take on the story of [[Chitrāngadā]], a character from the ''[[Mahābhārata]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roychoudhury|first=Amborish|title=Rituparno Ghosh and the enduring influence of Tagore|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/rituparno-ghosh-and-the-enduring-influence-of-tagore-11598712796111.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Rudra Chatterjee ([[Rituparno Ghosh]]) has spent his life <br />
going against social convention. As a young man he defied his father's wishes, and became a choreographer instead of an engineer. As he prepares with his team to stage [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]]'s ''[[Chitrāngadā#In fiction|Chitrangada]]'', he meets Partho ([[Jisshu Sengupta]]) who is a drug-addict percussionist introduced to the team by the main dancer Kasturi ([[Raima Sen]]). Soon, Rudra develops chemistry with Partho and they fall deep into a passionate love affair. During the course of their relationship, they decide to adopt a child. But there is one problem: same-sex couples are not permitted to adopt children. So Rudra decides to go through a gender change treatment to embrace the womanhood he longs for. But will this surgery change his life and fulfill all his long-cherished dreams? The story ends with the line "Be What You Wish To Be".<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Rituparno Ghosh]] as Rudra "Khokon" Chatterjee<br />
*[[Jisshu Sengupta]]<ref>{{cite news|title='Chitrangada' Indian premier at Osian festival|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chitrangadas-indian-premier-at-osian-festival/274972-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730022705/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chitrangadas-indian-premier-at-osian-festival/274972-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2012|access-date=5 August 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=26 July 2012}}</ref> as Partho, the percussionist<br />
*[[Anjan Dutt]] as Subho<br />
*[[Anashua Majumdar]] as Rudra's mother<br />
*[[Deepankar De]] as Rudra's father<br />
*[[Raima Sen]] as Kasturi in a guest appearance<br />
*[[Aparajita Auddy]] as Mala in a guest appearance<br />
*[[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Manish<br />
*[[Sanjoy Nag]] (cameo appearance) as Rahul (Rudra's ex-boyfriend)<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
Special Jury Award at the [[60th National Film Awards]]<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|2480566}}<br />
<br />
{{Rituparno Ghosh|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}<br />
{{LGBT in India}}<br />
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2012 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]<br />
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Rituparno Ghosh]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Transgender-related films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 LGBTQ-related films]]<br />
[[Category:2012 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about transgender women]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maan_Apmaan&diff=465868Maan Apmaan2026-03-03T23:24:21Z<p>DilKhus: enhanced formatting per sources additionally and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Maan Apmaan<br />
| image = <br />
<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = N.V. Deshpande<br />
| producer = J.P.Sharma<br />
| writer =<br />
| starring =<br />
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1979}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Maan Apmaan''''' is a 1979 [[Bollywood]] [[film]] directed by N.V. Deshpande.<ref>{{Citation|title=Maan Apmaan (1979) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0359634/fullcredits|access-date=2021-09-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
Parvati lives in a palatial house with her wealthy father, mother - Laxmi, brother - Pratap, and sister - Kamini. She has a sister, Savitri, who is married to a very wealthy man.<br />
<br />
Parvati meets a poor homeless man, Shankar, and they fall in love and marry. Parvati's father does not approve of her marrying someone destitute, and wants her to change her mind, but Parvati refuses to do so. Her father then offers Shankar 10 lakh rupees so they can live a comfortable life, but Shankar refuses to accept this nor do they want to live with Parvati's family.<br />
<br />
The couple then leave and go live with Ramdas, a friend of Shankar, but his wife does not appreciate two additional mouths to feed, therefore, Shankar and Parvati re-locate to Shankar's village where they intend to start their life by re-building Shankar's ruin of a house. They do re-build the house, settle down, and soon have a baby boy to add to their family. Her father and mother attend to take a look at the child, but end up humiliating Shankar.<br />
<br />
Years roll by, and Parvati never sees her family nor do they come to visit her. Then one day they receive an invitation to attend Kamini's marriage, and they travel all the way there. Once there, they are received warmly by Laxmi, but things take an unexpected turn when Savitri, her husband, Parvati's brother and father refuse to have to do anything with them, Savitri even accuses Parvati of stealing her diamond nose-ring. Humiliated, the three leave and swear never to return.<br />
<br />
Then years later, they receive another invitation to attend Pratap's marriage. But will Shankar, Parvati and their son accept this invitation and attend another ceremony where they may face more humiliation?<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maan Apmaan Movie Review {{!}} Maan Apmaan Movie Cast|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie-details/maan-apmaan|access-date=2021-09-21|website=www.indianfilmhistory.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Makhan <br />
*[[Gajanan Jagirdar]] as Parvati's father <br />
*[[Kanan Kaushal]] as Parvati (Paro) <br />
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Shankar<br />
*[[Sushama Shiromanee]] as Sukhiya<br />
*[[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Makhan's maternal uncle <br />
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Ramdas (Dasu) <br />
*[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Mrs. Ramdas <br />
*[[Vishwa Mehra]] <br />
*Ratnamala as Laxmi (Paro's mother) <br />
*[[Usha Solanki]] as Savitri<br />
*[[JayShree T]] as Courtesan<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]<br />
<br />
#"Ye Geet Kaun Mere Man Madhuban MeGaa Raha" - [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]<br />
#"Aa Ja Ri Aa Aa Nindiya Nanhi Si Aankho Me Aa" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
#"Apni Garaj Bairi Piche Piche Aaye" - [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0359634}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1979 films]]<br />
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digvijaya_(film)&diff=497052Digvijaya (film)2026-03-03T22:13:18Z<p>DilKhus: Added Basic Data W/ Sources...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Digvijaya<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = Somu<br />
| producer = Geetha Srinath<br>Somu<br>M. S. Karanth<br />
| writer = Somu<br />
| screenplay = K. S. Sathyanarayana<br />
| starring = [[Ambareesh]]<br>[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]<br>[[Shankar Nag]]<br>[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]<br />
| music = Hamsalekha<br />
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan<br />
| editing = Yadav Victor<br />
| studio = Vijayeshwari Productions<br />
| distributor =<br />
| released = {{Film date|1987|05|27|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Kannada]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Digvijaya''''' ({{audio|Kn-ದಿಗ್ವಿಜಯ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1987|1987]] Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by Somu and produced by Geetha Srinath, Somu, and M. S. Karanth. The film stars [[Ambareesh]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Shankar Nag]], and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]. The film has a musical score by Hamsalekha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bharatmovies.rave-staging.com/kannada/info/digvijaya.htm|title=Digvijaya|accessdate=2014-09-21|publisher=bharatmovies.rave-staging.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045034/http://bharatmovies.rave-staging.com/kannada/info/digvijaya.htm|archive-date=24 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Digvijaya-1987/9219800985 |title=Digvijaya |accessdate=2014-09-21 |publisher=.nthwall.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044901/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Digvijaya-1987/9219800985 |archivedate=24 September 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Ambareesh]] as Inspector Arjun<br />
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Gundu Rao<br />
* [[Shankar Nag]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Chandrashekhar<br />
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Asha/Radha<br />
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] in Cameo<br />
* [[Vajramuni]] as Vikram<br />
* [[C. R. Simha]] as Dasayya<br />
* [[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]]<br />
* [[Dheerendra Gopal]] as Mahesh<br />
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as Judge<br />
* [[Sundar Raj]] as Vijay<br />
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Soorappa Nayak<br />
* [[Shivaram]]<br />
* N. S. Rao as [[constable]] Kapinipathi<br />
* M. S. Karanth as Kumar<br />
* K. V. Manjayya as advocate<br />
* [[Mandeep Roy]] as constable Ranga<br />
* Upasane Seetharam<br />
* [[Umashree]] as Shivi<br />
* Jyothi Bantwal as Roopa<br />
* [[Shanthamma]]<br />
* Shyamala<br />
* Swarnamma<br />
* V. Ramachandra<br />
* M. Ranga<br />
* Police Mahadevaiah<br />
* Tiptur Siddaramaiah<br />
* Lakshman<br />
* Ravi<br />
* Master Chethan<br />
* Baby Sangeetha<br />
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]<br />
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]<br />
* Y. R. Ashwath Narayana Rao<br />
* Somu<br />
* [[Negro Johnny]] as Panja<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1319616}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1987 films]]<br />
[[Category:1987 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucky_Kabootar&diff=455052Lucky Kabootar2026-03-02T10:03:24Z<p>DilKhus: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Lucky Kabootar<br />
| image = Lucky Kabootar.Jpg<br />
| caption = DVD Cover<br />
| director = [[Shammi Chhabra]]<br />
| producer = [[Karan Raj Kanwar]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| starring = [[Eijaz Khan]]<br>[[Ravi Kishan]]<br>[[Shraddha Das]]<br>[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]<br>[[Kulraj Randhawa]]<br />
| music = [[Santokh Singh (composer)|Santokh Singh]]<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = Inderjit Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|2014|04|18|df=yes}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lucky Kabootar''' ({{translation|Lucky Pigeon}})<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-lucky-kabootar/15239060 Movie Review: 'Lucky Kabootar']</ref> is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic-comedy]] film,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Lucky-Kabootar/mvopinions/27238686.cms Lucky Kabootar movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Lucky-Kabootar-fails-to-take-off/articleshow/27341244.cms 'Lucky Kabootar' fails to take off - The Times of India]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/bollywood/Priyanka-Chopra-at-Lucky-Kabootar-music-launch/videoshow/25595772.cms Priyanka Chopra at 'Lucky Kabootar' music launch - Video | The Times of India]</ref> directed by Shammi Chhabra and produced by [[Karan Raj Kanwar]].<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana/lucky-kabootar-star-cast-visits-city-for-movie-promotion/article1-1154200.aspx 'Lucky Kabootar' star cast visits city for movie promotion - Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082247/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana/lucky-kabootar-star-cast-visits-city-for-movie-promotion/article1-1154200.aspx |date=21 April 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Lucky (Eijaz Khan) loves 'modern' Kammo (Shradha Das) but ends up marrying the girl-next-door Lakshmi (Kulraj Randhawa). An accident leads him to believe that his wife is dead.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Eijaz Khan]] as Lucky<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Gaurav-out-Eijaz-in-Lucky-Kabootar/articleshow/16396431.cms Gaurav out, Eijaz in Lucky Kabootar - The Times of India]</ref><br />
*[[Ravi Kishan]] as Sunny<br />
*[[Shraddha Das]] as Kammo <ref>[http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/bollywood/lucky-kabootar/articleshow/27239981.cms Shraddha Das in a still from the Bollywood film Lucky Kabootar.]</ref><br />
*[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Sexidas Babaji<br />
*[[Kulraj Randhawa]] as Laxmi<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
<br />
| title1 = Tumba Mika Singh And Bhavya Pandit<br />
| extra1 = [[Mika Singh]], Bhavya Pandit<br />
| length1 =<br />
<br />
| title2 = Haal Da Marham<br />
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<br />
| length2 =<br />
<br />
| title3 = DJ Te Gulabo Nachdi<br />
| extra3 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Santhokh Singh, Big Sinn<br />
| length3 =<br />
<br />
| title4 =Haal Da Marham (Rock version)<br />
| extra4 = Santokh Singh<br />
| length4 =<br />
<br />
| title5 = Mein Nahi Rahna Tere Naal<br />
| extra5 = Sunidhi Chauhan, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Uvie<br />
| length5 =<br />
<br />
| title6 =Kripa Babe Di <br />
| extra6 = [[Labh Janjua]]<br />
| length6 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{BH movie|lucky-kabootar<!-- id# 566890 -->}}<br />
* {{IMDb movie}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G_(film)&diff=4597613G (film)2026-03-02T05:44:40Z<p>DilKhus: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2013 Indian Hindi film by Rahul Dutta}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2013}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = 3G: A Killer Connection<br />
| image = 3G Bollywood film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Shantanu Ray Chhibber<br />[[Sheershak Anand]]<br />
| writer = Shantanu Ray Chhibber<br />[[Sheershak Anand]]<br />Sumit Saxena (dialogues)<br />
| producer = Sunil Lulla<br />Viki Rajani<br />
| starring = [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]<br />[[Sonal Chauhan]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[Mithoon]]<br>'''Score:'''<br>[[Amar Mohile]]<br />
| cinematography = Keiko Nakahara<br />
| editing = Sanjay Sharma<br />
| studio = [[Eros International]]<br />[[Next Gen Films]]<br />
| distributor = Eros International<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|3|15|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 125 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = {{INRConvert|59.1|m}}<br /><ref>{{cite web |title=3G: Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/3g/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''3G: A Killer Connection''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[horror thriller film]] directed by [[Sheershak Anand]] and Shantanu Ray Chhibber. The film stars [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] and [[Sonal Chauhan]] in the lead roles. It was released in India on 15 March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1438135 |title=Neil and Sonal Chauhan leave for 3G movie shoot &#124; Bollywood Photos &#124; Celebrity Photos &#124; Actor & Actress Photos &#124; Celebrity Photo Shoot - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064724/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1438135 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Premise==<br />
While on holiday in Fiji, Sam loses his phone in excitement to meet his girlfriend Sheena. Sam purchases a new phone with a [[3G]] connection, where he starts getting calls from an unknown number, receiving which shows video of a female being killed and her haunted face. Sam starts to lose his mind and also attacks Sheena while being possessed. When she finds out about the unknown caller and the video, they both try to solve the mystery, and they must face the unbelievable reality that the phone is somehow responsible for all that is happening to them and around them.<br />
<br />
The only way to stay alive, it seems, is to unravel the mystery of the phone. But as the hours burn on, that becomes harder and harder to do.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] as Sameer "Sam" Arora<br />
* [[Sonal Chauhan]] as Sheena<br />
* [[Mrinalini Sharma]] as Chaima<br />
* [[Asheesh Kapur]] as Mong Hayward<br />
* Shantanu Ray Chibber as Father Patterson<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''3G'' has received mixed to negative response from critics. Ankur Pathak from [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 1.5/5 stars, writing, "Watch ''3G'' only for a few cheap thrills."<ref name="3G Movie Review">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-3g-only-offers-cheap-thrills/20130315.htm |title=Review: 3G only offers cheap thrills |author=Ankur Pathak |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 March 2013}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref> Swati Deogire of [[in.com]] gave the film 2.5 stars, saying "''3G'' is strictly OK and is more of a travel brochure for Fiji."<ref name="Movie Review: 3G is more travel brochure than film">{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/movie-review-3g-is-more-travel-brochure-than-film-50196233-in-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318025104/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/movie-review-3g-is-more-travel-brochure-than-film-50196233-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2013 |title=Movie Review: 3G is more travel brochure than film |author=Swati Deogire |publisher=in.com |access-date=15 March 2013}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated the film two out of five and added, "''3G'' doesn't work despite potential in its premise".<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack of the film is composed by [[Mithoon]] and lyrics are penned by [[Mithoon]], Shellee, [[Sonu Kakkar]] . A single track called "Kaise Bataaoon" which is sung by [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]] & [[Sonal Chauhan]] was released on 15 February 2013. [[Arijit Singh]] also sang in the movie. The music album was released by Eros Now Music until 2023 when Sony Music India bought the rights to the music album. Musicperk.com rated the album 7.5/10<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicperk.com/3g/ |title=3G |access-date=4 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308162553/http://www.musicperk.com/3g/ |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead |website=musicperk.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2013}}<br />
<br />
===Track listing===<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = <br />
| title1 = Kaise Bataaoon<br />
| extra1 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Sonal Chauhan]]<br />
| music1 = [[Mithoon]]<br />
| length1 = 4:43<br />
| title2 = Khalbali<br />
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shilpa Rao]],Tochi Raina<br />
| music2 = [[Mithoon]]<br />
| length2 = 5:20<br />
| title3 = Bulbulliya<br />
| extra3 = [[Adnan Sami]]<br />
| music3 = Mithoon<br />
| length3 = 5:58<br />
| title4 = Kaise Bataaoon<br />
| note4 = Cantabile<br />
| extra4 = Abhishek Nailwal<br />
| music4 = Mithoon<br />
| length4 = 4:54<br />
| title5 = Khalbali<br />
| note5 = Punjabi<br />
| extra5 = Tochi Raina<br />
| music5 = Mithoon<br />
| length5 = 5:41<br />
| title6 = 3G<br />
| note6 = Theme<br />
| extra6 = Instrumental<br />
| music6 = Mithoon<br />
| length6 = 2:12<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|2404519|3G}}<br />
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:3G (film)}}<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 horror thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Fiji]]<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myuran_Sukumaran&diff=519461Myuran Sukumaran2026-03-01T01:06:13Z<p>DilKhus: new biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Australian drug trafficker (1981-2015)}}<br />
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox criminal<br />
| name = Myuran Sukumaran<br />
| image_name = Myuran Sukumaran.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1981|04|17|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[London]], England<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|04|29|1981|04|17|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Nusa Kambangan]], Indonesia<br />
| resting_place =<br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = [[Bali Nine]], [[drug trafficking]]<br />
| height = <br />
| weight = <br />
| criminal_charge= <br />
| penalty = [[Capital punishment in Indonesia|Death]]<br />
| criminal_status = [[Execution by firing squad|Executed by firing squad]]<br />
| spouse = <!-- Do not include unless notable or relevant to the crime involved --><br />
| children = <!-- (as above) --><br />
| parents = <!-- (as above) --><br />
| allegiance = <!-- [[Lucchese crime family]] (only?) --><br />
| motive = <br />
| conviction = [[Drug trafficking]] (2006)<br />
| partners = {{Unbulleted list|[[Andrew Chan (drug smuggler)|Andrew Chan]]|[[Si Yi Chen]]|[[Michael Czugaj]]|[[Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen]]|[[Matthew Norman]]|[[Renae Lawrence]]|[[Scott Rush]]|[[Martin Stephens (drug smuggler)|Martin Stephens]]}}<br />
| comments = <br />
| apprehended = <br />
| imprisoned =<br />
}}<br />
'''Myuran Sukumaran''' (17 April 1981 – 29 April 2015) was an Australian who was convicted in Indonesia of [[drug trafficking]] as a member of the [[Bali Nine]]. In 2005, Sukumaran was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in [[Kuta, Bali]] with eight others. Police found {{convert|334|g|abbr=on}} of [[heroin]] in a suitcase in the room. According to court testimonies of convicted [[mule (smuggling)|drug mules]], Sukumaran and [[Andrew Chan (drug smuggler)|Andrew Chan]] were the co-ringleaders of the heroin-smuggling operation from Indonesia to Australia. After a criminal trial, Sukumaran was sentenced on 14 February 2006 by the [[Denpasar]] [[Court system of Indonesia#Public Courts|District Court]] to [[execution by firing squad]].<br />
<br />
After lodging an appeal against his sentence, Sukumaran's appeal was initially dismissed by the [[Bali]] [[Court system of Indonesia#Public Courts|High Court]]. A judicial review by the [[Supreme Court of Indonesia|Indonesian Supreme Court]] on 6 July 2011 affirmed the death sentence.<ref name="ABC-2011-07-07">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2011/s3263149.htm |title=Australian drug smuggler loses death sentence appeal |work=[[AM (ABC Radio)|AM]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=7 July 2011 |access-date=7 July 2011 |author=Caldwell, Alison |format=transcript |archive-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711011728/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2011/s3263149.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SMH-2011-07-07">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-member-loses-final-appeal-20110706-1h2uz.html |title=Bali Nine member loses final appeal |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |author=Allard, Tom |date=7 July 2011 |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709100120/http://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-member-loses-final-appeal-20110706-1h2uz.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sukumaran's plea for [[clemency]] was rejected by the [[President of Indonesia]] [[Joko Widodo]] on 30 December 2014.<ref name=SMHclemencydecline>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/no-second-chance-for-bali-nine-member-myuran-sukumaran-says-indonesian-president-joko-widodo-20150108-12ki9e.html|title=No second chance for Bali Nine member Myuran Sukumaran, says Indonesian president Joko Widodo|authorlink1=Michael Bachelard|author1=Bachelard, Michael|author2=Rompies, Karuni|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=8 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114000842/http://www.smh.com.au/world/no-second-chance-for-bali-nine-member-myuran-sukumaran-says-indonesian-president-joko-widodo-20150108-12ki9e.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aust-2011-07-07">{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/bali-nine-ringleader-myuran-sukumaran-loses-his-appeal-against-the-death-sentence/story-e6frg6nf-1226089906318 |title=Bali Nine ringleader Myuran Sukumoron 'calm' after death appeal loss |agency=[[Australian Associated Press]] |work=The Australian |date=7 July 2011 |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612050452/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/bali-nine-ringleader-myuran-sukumaran-loses-his-appeal-against-the-death-sentence/story-e6frg6nf-1226089906318 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ABCclemencydecline>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-08/abbott-confirms-bali-nine-member-has-lost-appeal-against-death-/6006444|title=Tony Abbott confirms Bali Nine member Myuran Sukumaran has lost appeal against death penalty|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|location=Australia|date=8 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109043829/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-08/abbott-confirms-bali-nine-member-has-lost-appeal-against-death-/6006444|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SKYclemencydecline>{{cite news|url=http://www.skynews.com.au/news/top-stories/2015/01/07/clemency-denied-for-bali-nine-member.html|title=Clemency denied for Bali Nine member|agency=AAP|work=[[Sky News]]|date=7 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003920/https://www.skynews.com.au/news/top-stories/2015/01/07/clemency-denied-for-bali-nine-member.html|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/bali-nine-australians-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-to-be-executed-together-in-bali/story-fnhrvhol-1227186440288|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118235207/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/bali-nine-australians-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-to-be-executed-together-in-bali/story-fnhrvhol-1227186440288|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2015|title=Bali Nine Australians Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumoron to be executed together in Bali|work=Perth Now|author1=Wockner, Cindy|author2=Erviani, Komang|date=16 January 2015|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="smh20150117">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/six-face-death-by-firing-squad-at-midnight-in-indonesia-20150117-12sezd.html|title=Six face death by firing squad at midnight in Indonesia|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|author1=Topsfield, Jewel|author2=Alexander, Harriet|date=17 January 2015|access-date=17 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119224921/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/six-face-death-by-firing-squad-at-midnight-in-indonesia-20150117-12sezd.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He and Chan were executed on 29 April 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/asia/bali-nine-drug-runner-myuran-sukumaran-loses-final-clemency-bid-and-awaits-the-firing-squad/story-fnh81fz8-1227177610144|title=Bali Nine drug runner Myuran Sukumaran loses final clemency bid and awaits the firing squad|date=8 January 2015|access-date=30 January 2015|newspaper=news.com.au|archive-date=23 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123152856/http://www.news.com.au/world/asia/bali-nine-drug-runner-myuran-sukumaran-loses-final-clemency-bid-and-awaits-the-firing-squad/story-fnh81fz8-1227177610144|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-member-andrew-chan-on-indonesias-2015-execution-list-20150113-12ngz0.html|title=Bali Nine member Andrew Chan on Indonesia's 2015 execution list|date=13 January 2015|access-date=30 January 2015|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|last=Dunlevy|first=Gabrielle|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232402/https://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-member-andrew-chan-on-indonesias-2015-execution-list-20150113-12ngz0.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-06/bali-nine-pair-to-be-executed-in-february/6076806|title=Bali Nine pair Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran to be executed this month, Indonesian foreign affairs ministry tells Australian Embassy|date=6 February 2015|access-date=6 February 2015|work=ABC News|location=Australia|author=Roberts, George|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818085722/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-06/bali-nine-pair-to-be-executed-in-february/6076806|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and family==<br />
Myuran Sukumaran was born on 17 April 1981 in London.<ref name=SMH290415>{{cite news|last1=Veitch|first1=Harriet|title=Obituary: Myuran Sukumaran, 1981-2015|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/obituary-myuran-sukumaran-19812015-20150428-1muvfo.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=29 April 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503002009/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/obituary-myuran-sukumaran-19812015-20150428-1muvfo.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Australian 'Bali Nine' drug smuggler pair executed in Indonesia|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2015-04-29/australian-bali-nine-drug-smuggler-pair-executed-in-indonesia/1441190|work=[[Radio Australia]]|date=29 April 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505043952/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2015-04-29/australian-bali-nine-drug-smuggler-pair-executed-in-indonesia/1441190|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bali Nine pair Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran executed|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/27413350/bali-nine-pair-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-executed/|work=[[Seven News]]|date=29 April 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040756/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/27413350/bali-nine-pair-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-executed/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the eldest child of Sam and Raji Sukumaran who are [[Hindus]] of [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lankan Tamil]] origin.<ref name=SMH290415/><ref name=TA290415>{{cite news|last1=Owens|first1=Jared|title=Bali 9: Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran's road to redemption|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/bali-9-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumarans-road-to-redemption/story-fn59nm2j-1227325941996|work=[[The Australian]]|date=29 April 2015}}</ref> Sukumaran had a brother (Chintu) and a sister (Brintha).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|title=Bali Nine families visit: 'We want to see him to let him know that we love him'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/bali-nine-families-visit-we-want-to-see-him-to-let-him-know-that-we-love-him|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=9 March 2015|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045158/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/09/bali-nine-families-visit-we-want-to-see-him-to-let-him-know-that-we-love-him|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bali Nine Executions - in pictures|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/pictures/bali-nine-executions--in-pictures-10212135.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=29 April 2015|access-date=2 December 2017|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925152410/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pictures/bali-nine-executions--in-pictures-10212135.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Roberts|first1=George|last2=Jennett|first2=Greg|title=Bali Nine pair Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran 'dignified' ahead of executions|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-28/bali-nine-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran-dignified-executions/6428222|work=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date=28 April 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505010152/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-28/bali-nine-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran-dignified-executions/6428222|url-status=live}}</ref> The family moved to Australia in 1985 and lived in [[Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn]], a western suburb of [[Sydney]].<ref name=SMH290415/><ref name=TA290415/><ref name=ABC240115>{{cite news|title=Bali Nine: Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan changed men, say lawyers and family|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-24/bali-nine-drug-traffickers-sukumaran-chan-changed-men/6024376|work=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date=24 January 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505042115/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-24/bali-nine-drug-traffickers-sukumaran-chan-changed-men/6024376|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Sukumaran was educated at [[Homebush Boys High School]] where he was known as "Myu."<ref name=SMH290415/><ref>{{cite news|title='Sooner the better': Indonesia moves for swift executions of two prisoners|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11406684|agency=[[Australian Associated Press]]|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=24 February 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505041240/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11406684|url-status=live}}</ref> Although Andrew Chan also attended Homebush, the pair were four years apart and mixed in different [[Social circle|circles]].<ref name=ABC240115/><ref name=OI290415>{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Shubham|title=Indonesia execution: Who is Myuran Sukumaran?|url=http://www.oneindia.com/international/indonesia-execution-who-is-myuran-sukumaran-1731330.html|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=29 April 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040849/http://www.oneindia.com/international/indonesia-execution-who-is-myuran-sukumaran-1731330.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=News290415>{{cite news|last1=Wockner|first1=Cindy|title=Chan and Sukumaran unmasked: the misguided youths who turned drug traffickers|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/chan-and-sukumaran-unmasked-the-misguided-youths-who-turned-drug-traffickers/story-fncynjr2-1227325918214|work=[[News.com.au]]|date=29 April 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055558/http://www.news.com.au/national/chan-and-sukumaran-unmasked-the-misguided-youths-who-turned-drug-traffickers/story-fncynjr2-1227325918214|url-status=live}}</ref> Sukumaran told a psychiatrist that he faced bullying and racism at school.<ref name=News290415/> Only in his [[adolescence]] did he start making friends, mostly Chinese and Vietnamese, and started to feel [[Acceptance|accepted]].<ref name=News290415/><br />
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After dropping out of university in the first year of his course, Sukumaran worked as a mail-room clerk at [[State Street Corporation]], an American investment bank, and at the passport office in Sydney.<ref name=SMH290415/><ref name=OI290415/><ref name=ST220215>{{cite news|last1=Pearlman|first1=Jonathan|title=Bali Nine leaders wanted to strike it rich|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/st/print/3480905|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=22 February 2015}}</ref> He started [[Substance abuse|using drugs]] and, attracted by fast cars, nightclubs and instant rewards, got involved in drug selling after a university friend introduced him to the criminal world.<ref name=SMH290415/><ref name=ST220215/> Sukumaran met Andrew Chan at a friend's party in 2002 and got involved in [[Illegal drug trade|smuggling drugs]] from Indonesia to Australia.<ref name=SMH290415/><ref name=ST220215/><ref name=IBT280415>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Lydia|title=Bali Nine: Who were Australians Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan executed in Indonesia?|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/bali-nine-who-are-australians-myuran-sukumaran-andrew-chan-facing-execution-1498720|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=28 April 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502012300/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/bali-nine-who-are-australians-myuran-sukumaran-andrew-chan-facing-execution-1498720|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trafficking conspiracy==<br />
Media reports based on the testimony of co-conspirator [[Renae Lawrence]] claim that she met Sukumaran through Andrew Chan. Sometimes referred to in the media as a "martial arts expert" or "the enforcer", Sukumaran trained in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/life-on-death-row-20100122-mqrh.html |title=Life on death row |work=[[The Age]] |location=Australia |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=2 July 2011 |author=Allard, Tom |archive-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200025/http://www.theage.com.au/national/life-on-death-row-20100122-mqrh.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In an interview broadcast on [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS TV]]'s ''[[Dateline (Australian TV program)|Dateline]]'' program following his sentencing and appeal, Sukumaran said:<ref name="Dateline">{{cite news |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/about/id/600882/n/The-Condemned |title=The Condemned |work=[[Dateline (Australian TV program)|Dateline]] |location=Australia |date=14 November 2010 |access-date=17 June 2011 |author=Davis, Mark |authorlink=Mark Davis (journalist) |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605113311/http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/about/id/600882/n/The-Condemned |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/bali-nine-smuggler-myuran-sukumaran-was-desperate-for-the-high-life/story-e6frf7l6-1225953157718 |title=Bali Nine smuggler Myuran Sukumaran was desperate for the high life |work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]] |location=Australia |date=14 November 2010 |access-date=17 June 2011 |author=Clune, Richard }}</ref><br />
{{quotation|"Well, basically a friend of mine that I went to uni with asked me to come to a dinner and asked me if I wanted to join a gang. I sort of laughed at that. I was never involved in this in high school, yeah. I was, like, yeah, I'll come to dinner, sitting around dinner, they were talking about all this type of stuff. It was kind of funny to me, like, they pay for dinner and the nightclub afterwards and stuff like that so I was like "Yeah"...it's just the lifestyle, all the people that were living, you know you want to be like those people, get the girls like those people, and I was hoping to buy a car, hoping to start a business. Those are the sort of the things like I didn't see, like, myself working in the mail room for the next 50 years of my life. I thought "No, I can't do this", then you see all these people like in night clubs with nice BMWs, and nice Mercedes and there's always chicks there, and they was buying drinks for everyone and you think "Fuck", how do you do this on a mail room salary."|Myuran Sukumaran, interviewed in 2010 and broadcast on [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS TV]]'s ''[[Dateline (Australian TV program)|Dateline]]'' following his sentencing and appeal.}}<br />
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According to Lawrence, following earlier alleged threats from Chan, on 5 April 2005 Sukumaran met with [[Si Yi Chen]], [[Martin Stephens (drug smuggler)|Martin Stephens]] and Lawrence at a Sydney hotel where police allege drug smuggling tools such as sealable plastic bags, medical tape, elastic waist bands and skin tight bike shorts were stuffed into the bags of Stephens and Lawrence. Lawrence claimed she was given cash, whilst Stephens claimed that his life was threatened.<ref name="ABC-730-2005-10-10">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2005/s1479026.htm |title=Bali 9 documents lay out alleged conspiracy |work=[[7.30 Report]] |location=Australia |format=transcript |date=10 October 2005 |access-date=2 July 2011 |author=Palmer, Tim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419094545/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2005/s1479026.htm |archive-date=19 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The following day, Sukumaran allegedly provided another group with cash for airflight tickets.<ref name="ABC-730-2005-10-10"/><br />
<br />
On arrival in Bali, Sukumaran checked into the Hard Rock Hotel, where Chan had already arrived. Other members of the Bali Nine were staying at other hotels across Kuta. It is unclear what Sukumaran's movements were whilst in Bali. On the evening of 17 April, appearing like tourists, [[Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen]], Chen and [[Matthew Norman]] checked into the Melasti Hotel. Sukumaran, who was also with them with his bags, left the bags with the others as he decided to go back to the Hard Rock Hotel complex.<ref name="Age-2005-04-19">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Busted-Aussies-acted-like-tourists/2005/04/19/1113854186847.html |title=Busted Aussies 'acted like tourists' |work=The Age |date=19 April 2005 |access-date=26 June 2011 |agency=AAP |first=Bali |last=Denpasar |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505044725/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Busted-Aussies-acted-like-tourists/2005/04/19/1113854186847.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Arrest===<br />
Sukumaran was arrested on 17 April 2005, the day of his 24th birthday, at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta with Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen, Si Yi Chen and Matthew Norman. Indonesian police claim the group were in possession of {{convert|334|g|abbr=on}} of heroin and bundles of plastic wrapping, Elastoplast tape, and a set of scales, indicating involvement in a plan to transport drugs to Australia.<ref name="Age-2005-11-19">{{cite news |title=A crooked trail of greed and naivety |work=The Age |date=19 November 2005 |author1=McMahon, Neil |author2=Forbes, Mark |access-date=2 July 2011 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/11/18/1132016987717.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |archive-date=14 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714014500/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/11/18/1132016987717.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Earlier that day at [[Ngurah Rai International Airport]] in Denpasar, Indonesian police also arrested the following drug mules after they were found carrying various amounts of heroin concealed on their bodies. Martin Stephens was found to be carrying {{convert|3.3|kg|abbr=on}}, Renae Lawrence was found to be carrying {{convert|2.689|kg|abbr=on}}, [[Michael Czugaj]] was found to be carrying {{convert|1.75|kg|abbr=on}}, and [[Scott Rush]] was found to be carrying {{convert|1.3|kg|abbr=on}} of heroin. Alleged co-ringleader, Andrew Chan, was also arrested the same day whilst seated on an [[Australian Airlines]] flight waiting to depart Denpasar for [[Sydney]]. At the time Chan was arrested, he was carrying three mobile phones and a boarding pass. No drugs were found in his possession.<ref name="Age-2005-04-23">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/How-the-trap-snapped-shut/2005/04/22/1114152321560.html |title=How the trap snapped shut |work=The Age |date=23 April 2005 |access-date=26 June 2011 |author=Cornford, Philip |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106231711/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/How-the-trap-snapped-shut/2005/04/22/1114152321560.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sukumaran denied any involvement with the heroin seized at the airport or any heroin located at the premises upon his arrest. Up until his arrest in Indonesia, Australian and Indonesian police did not know the identity of the man.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/keelty-says-bali-nine-critics-preposterous/2006/02/17/1140151816797.html |title=Keelty says Bali Nine critics preposterous |work=The Age |date=17 February 2006 |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224191651/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/keelty-says-bali-nine-critics-preposterous/2006/02/17/1140151816797.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Indonesian police speculated that Sukumaran was Chan's bodyguard, because they were always together.<br />
<br />
===Criticism of Australian Federal Police tipoff===<br />
{{wikinews|Bali Nine refused access to federal police files}}<br />
Lee Rush, the father of Scott Rush, a fellow member of the Bali Nine, said that he contacted the [[Australian Federal Police]] (AFP) prior to the commission of the offence, fearing his son was travelling to Bali and would commit a drug-related crime. Rush senior said he received assurances from the AFP that it would tell his son he was under [[surveillance]] to dissuade him from going through with the crime before the group's departure from Indonesia.<br />
<br />
Scott Rush's lawyers said he was never contacted. It was revealed that the AFP alerted Indonesian police that a crime was to be committed approximately two weeks before the arrests, and had commenced an investigation about ten weeks prior to the arrests.<ref name="Aust-2010-08-27">{{cite news |date=27 August 2010 |access-date=25 June 2011 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/how-the-afp-trapped-the-bali-nine/story-e6frg6z6-1225910600831 |title=How the AFP trapped the Bali Nine |author=Neighbour, Sally |work=[[The Australian]] |archive-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325135859/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/how-the-afp-trapped-the-bali-nine/story-e6frg6z6-1225910600831 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ABC-730-2005-04-18">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2005/s1348038.htm |title=9 Australians caught in Bali drug bust |author=McKew, Maxine |authorlink=Maxine McKew |work=7.30 Report |format=transcript |date=18 April 2005 |access-date=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113031422/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2005/s1348038.htm |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Age-2005-04-20"/> When the Bali Nine were arrested, the news of the tipoff became public<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/AFP-knew-of-drug-plan-for-10-weeks/2005/04/18/1113676698408.html?from=moreStories |title=AFP knew of drug plan for 10 weeks |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=18 April 2005 |access-date=26 June 2011 |agency=AAP |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626163447/http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/AFP-knew-of-drug-plan-for-10-weeks/2005/04/18/1113676698408.html?from=moreStories |url-status=live }}</ref> and there was criticism of the role of the AFP in protecting the interests of Australian citizens.<ref name="Age-2005-04-20">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/04/20/1113854204539.html |title=Sydney or bust? |work=The Age |date=20 April 2005 |access-date=26 June 2011 |author1=Munro, Ian |author2=Shiel, Fergus |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106231659/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/04/20/1113854204539.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Commenting on the matter at the time, AFP [[Police commissioner|Commissioner]] [[Mick Keelty]] was reported as saying:<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.themonthly.com.au/monthly-essays-daniel-hoare-australian-exceptionalism-bali-nine-and-future-death-penalty-573 |title=Australian Exceptionalism: The Bali Nine and the future of the death penalty |author=Hoare, Daniel |journal=[[The Monthly]] |publisher=Black Inc. |date=July 2007 |access-date=25 June 2011 |archive-date=16 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816120043/http://www.themonthly.com.au/monthly-essays-daniel-hoare-australian-exceptionalism-bali-nine-and-future-death-penalty-573 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{{quotation|"One of the things we've got to remember is that we operate within our criminal-justice system here in Australia, and if we only co-operated with countries that had the same criminal-justice system, then our co-operation wouldn't extend very far beyond Australia. We have to work with the systems that operate in other countries, and to a large degree this has been successful, certainly in terms of heroin trafficking."|[[Australian Federal Police]] [[Police commissioner|Commissioner]] [[Mick Keelty]], quoted in ''[[The Monthly]]'' in July 2007.}}<br />
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Rush took action in the [[Federal Court of Australia]] against the AFP for breach of the [[bilateral treaty]] between Indonesia and Australia when information was handed by the AFP to the Indonesians. Rush's case claimed that such information should only be released by the [[Attorney-General]]. However, the Commonwealth Government maintained that the treaty only applies after a suspect is charged.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200510/s1476985.htm |title=Bali drug accused allege AFP breach |work=ABC News |location=Australia |date=7 October 2005 |access-date=20 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922112513/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200510/s1476985.htm |archive-date=22 September 2010 }}</ref> The application was dismissed by the Federal Court in January 2006.<br />
<br />
In 2015, [[Nick Xenophon]], [[Clive Palmer]] and [[Cathy McGowan (politician)|Cathie McGowan]] announced they would support a private member's bill to impose jail terms on public officials who disclose information that could lead to the execution of Australians overseas, with a maximum prison sentence of 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/police-officers-face-jail-for-death-penalty-tipoffs-under-law-proposed-by-clive-palmer-20150429-1mvsv3.html|first=Matthew |last=Knott|title=Police officers face jail for death penalty tip-offs, under law proposed by Clive Palmer|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065342/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/police-officers-face-jail-for-death-penalty-tipoffs-under-law-proposed-by-clive-palmer-20150429-1mvsv3.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trial==<br />
{{wikinews|Bali nine lawyer challenges police on legality of drug case}}<br />
[[Criminal trial]]s for the accused commenced in the Denpasar District Court on 11 October 2005. Chen, Nguyen, and Norman were tried together, with Sukumaran being one of the remaining six defendants tried separately. In December 2005, as the trials began, it was reported that tensions were building between the Bali Nine drug mules and Sukumaran and Chan.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bali Nine brought together in court | date = 2 December 2005 | agency = AAP | url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Bali-Nine-brought-together-in-court/2005/12/02/1133422102381.html | work = The Age | access-date = 17 June 2011 | archive-date = 6 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106225608/http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Bali-Nine-brought-together-in-court/2005/12/02/1133422102381.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Several days later, lawyers acting for some members of the Bali Nine initially sought the support of the [[Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions#Australia|Director of Public Prosecutions]] to intervene and lay charges for conspiracy to import drugs, so that the nine could be extradited and charged under Australian law.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200512/s1524678.htm |title=Lawyers seek charges to extradite Bali nine |work=ABC News |location=Australia |date=6 December 2005 |access-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627150754/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200512/s1524678.htm |archive-date=27 June 2010 }}</ref> However, the judges hearing the trial matters in Bali called for Australia not to intervene in Indonesia's right to impose capital punishment,<ref>{{cite news |title= Don't interfere: Bali 9 judges |date= 7 December 2005 |agency= AAP |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/dont-interfere-bali-9-judges/2005/12/07/1133829643422.html |work= The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date= 17 June 2011 |archive-date= 4 June 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110604153312/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/dont-interfere-bali-9-judges/2005/12/07/1133829643422.html |url-status= live }}</ref> with Australian lawyers counter-claiming that the fairness of the trial was in jeopardy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fairness of Bali Nine trial in jeopardy, say lawyers |date=7 December 2005 |agency=AAP |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/fairness-of-bali-nine-trial-at-risk-laywers/2005/12/07/1133829619599.html |work=The Age |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=21 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621213143/http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/fairness-of-bali-nine-trial-at-risk-laywers/2005/12/07/1133829619599.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
During the trial of Czugaj, Sukumaran refused to give testimony, stating "''...I am also on trial''."<ref name="Age-2005-12-06">{{cite news |title=Alleged Bali Nine leader won't testify |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Alleged-Bali-Nine-leader-wont-testify/2005/12/06/1133631220988.html |work=The Age |date=6 December 2005 |agency=AAP |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=21 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621213110/http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Alleged-Bali-Nine-leader-wont-testify/2005/12/06/1133631220988.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During his trial, Sukumaran denied knowing Czugaj and Rush, or any knowledge of a heroin importation plan, and frequently blamed [[amnesia]] for his inability to remember events leading to his arrest.<ref name="Age-2006-01-06">{{cite news |title=Bali Nine kingpin suffers 'amnesia' in court |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/bali-nine-kingpin-suffers-amnesia-in-court/2006/01/06/1136387616858.html |work=The Age |date=6 January 2006 |agency=AAP |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=21 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621213120/http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/bali-nine-kingpin-suffers-amnesia-in-court/2006/01/06/1136387616858.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sukumaran denied signing police statements, and when asked by judges to sign his name as an example of his signature, signed his name in four different styles.<ref name="Age-2005-12-06"/> During his testimony, Sukumaran claimed he met Nguyen on the flight to Bali, and went out drinking with him, Chen, Norman and Chan whilst in Bali.<ref name="Age-2006-01-06"/><br />
<br />
===Sentencing and appeal===<br />
On 24 January 2006, prosecutors called for the [[death penalty]] to be handed down on Sukumaran, the first time a demand of death was put forward by prosecutors for any of the Bali Nine. Days later, prosecutors advanced the same call followed for Chan. Prosecutors told a Bali court there was no reason to show any leniency towards Sukumaran because he helped organise the heroin smuggling operation. Prosecutors also claimed Sukumaran and Chan strapped heroin to the bodies of the fellow accused. [[Indonesian police]] identified Sukumaran as one of the main players in what they say was a major smuggling ring.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/call-to-execute-ringleader/2006/01/24/1138066775693.html |title=Call to execute Bali nine 'ringleader' |agency=AAP |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=24 January 2006 |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313114827/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/call-to-execute-ringleader/2006/01/24/1138066775693.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bali Nine accused await sentencing fate |date=24 January 2006 |agency=AAP |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Prosecutors-demand-death-for-Sukumaran/2006/01/24/1138066785224.html |work=The Age |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=21 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621213128/http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Prosecutors-demand-death-for-Sukumaran/2006/01/24/1138066785224.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{wikinews|Bali Nine ringleaders sentenced to death}}<br />
Sukumaran was found guilty of drug trafficking on 14 February 2006 by three judges in the Denpasar District Court, who sentenced him to death by firing squad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/02/14/1139679580306.html |title=Bali duo sentenced to death |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 February 2006 |agency=AAP |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629185822/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/02/14/1139679580306.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/australian-death-row-pair-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-finally-admit-bali-nine-role/story-e6frg6so-1225904974203 |title=Australian death row pair Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran finally admit Bali Nine roles |agency=AAP |work=The Australian |date=13 August 2010 }}</ref><ref name="PM-2006-02-14">{{cite news |title=Death sentence for Sukumaran and Chan |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1569940.htm |format=transcript |work=[[PM (ABC Radio)|PM]] |location=Australia |date=14 February 2006 |author=Marshall, Steve |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227033446/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1569940.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite being relatively free of emotion during criminal proceedings, on the day verdicts were handed down, Sukumaran lunged at photographers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/02/14/1139890737081.html |title=In private, a very different reality |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |author=McMahon, Neil |date=15 February 2006 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108073012/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/02/14/1139890737081.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The sentencing was carried live on Australian television as Sukumaran and Chan both showed little emotion during the proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article730800.ece |title=Australian drug smugglers sentenced to death in Bali |work=[[The Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=14 February 2006 |access-date=2 July 2011 |first=Fiona |last=Hamilton}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Commenting on the sentences at the time, AFP Commissioner Keelty stated:<ref name="SMH-2006-02-15">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/death-by-firing-squad/2006/02/14/1139890737078.html |title=Death by firing squad |author2=McMahon, Neil |author1=Forbes, Mark |author3=Dodson, Louise |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=15 February 2006 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417224126/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/death-by-firing-squad/2006/02/14/1139890737078.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{{quotation|"I stand by the police and what they've done … The Federal Court actually made a decision saying not only had they acted lawfully but they acted in accordance with government policy."|AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty, quoted in ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' on 15 February 2006.}}<br />
<br />
The [[Prime Minister of Australia]], [[John Howard]], was reported as commenting:<ref name="SMH-2006-02-15"/><ref name="Lateline-2006-02-14">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1570025.htm |title=Judges sentence Chan, Sukumaran to death |format=transcript |work=Lateline |location=Australia |date=14 February 2006 |access-date=2 July 2011 |author=Thompson, Geoff |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113033311/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1570025.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Age-2006-02-15">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/death-for-bali-ringleaders/2006/02/14/1139890738781.html |title=Death for Bali ringleaders |author1=Forbes, Mark |author2=McMahon, Neil |author3=Nicholson, Brendan |work=The Age |date=15 February 2006 |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023210926/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/death-for-bali-ringleaders/2006/02/14/1139890738781.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{{quotation|"The police are there to protect us from the ravages of drugs and I just hope that every young Australian who might in their wildest imagination think that they can get away with this will take a lesson from this''" ..... "''I feel desperately sorry for the parents of these people. I do. All of us as parents will feel that way, but the warnings have been there for decades''".... "''We are against the death penalty..... We will make, in an appropriate way, at the appropriate time, representations."|[[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[John Howard]] quoted in February 2006.}}<br />
<br />
It was also reported that the Australian government had, since December 2005, used diplomatic channels to plead with the Indonesian government that the death penalty not be sought.<ref name="Age-2006-02-15"/> Following the handing down of the death sentence for both Sukumaran and Chan, ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' speculated the circumstances under which the execution would occur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bali Nine executions in the wilderness |author=Ansley, Greg |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10368603 |date=16 February 2006 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |publisher=[[APN News & Media]] |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202221/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10368603 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Julian McMahon, a [[Melbourne]] human rights lawyer who took over the case in 2006 on a [[pro-bono]] basis,<ref name="Dateline"/> appealed against the severity of Sukumaran's sentence to the Indonesian Supreme Court. During the appeal hearings, it was revealed that the [[Prison officer|governor]] of Kerobokan Prison described Sukumaran and Chan as model prisoners<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/judge-makes-plea-for-lives-of-bali-nine/story-e6frf7l6-1225936162727 |title=Judge makes plea for lives of Bali Nine |author=Wockner, Cindy |work=The Herald Sun |date=8 October 2010 }}</ref> and that Sukumaran and Chan have a positive influence on other prisoners.<ref name="SMH-2010-01-23">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/lives-transformed-in-shadow-of-death-20100122-mqvn.html#ixzz1PDTvoQkC |title=Lives transformed in shadow of death |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=2 July 2011 |author=Allard, Tom |archive-date=25 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225023033/http://www.smh.com.au/world/lives-transformed-in-shadow-of-death-20100122-mqvn.html#ixzz1PDTvoQkC |url-status=live }}</ref> In the meantime, the Australian Government elected to not intervene until the outcome of the appeals was known.<ref name="Age-2006-02-15"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Canberra faces moral maze of Bali verdicts |author=Ansley, Greg |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10368595 |date=16 February 2006 |work=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629081435/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10368595 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 7 July 2011, it was announced that the Indonesian Supreme Court had rejected Sukumaran's appeal against his death sentence.<ref name="ABC-2011-07-07"/><ref name="SMH-2011-07-07"/><ref name="aust-2011-07-07"/> Indonesian President at that time, [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], had the power to grant clemency, although media reports considered this unlikely and expected that Sukamaran would be executed.<ref name="DT-2011-06-17">{{cite news|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/top-stories/bali-nine-ringleader-loses-last-appeal/story-e6frg12l-1226077259035|title=Bali Nine ringleader loses last appeal|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]|location=Australia|date=17 June 2011|access-date=17 June 2011|author1=Wockner, Cindy|author2=Athika, Gita|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612050923/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/top-stories/bali-nine-ringleader-loses-last-appeal/story-e6frg12l-1226077259035|archive-date=12 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM's backing to overturn death sentence|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/pms-backing-to-overturn-death-sentence-20110618-1g9cp.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|author=Allard, Tom|date=19 June 2011|access-date=20 June 2011|archive-date=21 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621035751/http://www.smh.com.au/national/pms-backing-to-overturn-death-sentence-20110618-1g9cp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bali Nine death row inmate loses final appeal|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/20/bali-nine-death-row-inmate-loses-final-appeal.html|author=Nurhayati, Desy|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|location=[[Indonesia]]|date=20 June 2011|access-date=20 June 2011|archive-date=20 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620205011/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/20/bali-nine-death-row-inmate-loses-final-appeal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2014, [[Joko Widodo]] ("Jokowi") succeeded Yudhoyono as president. Jokowi, who held a hardline position against drugs,<ref name=SKYclemencydecline/> declined Sukumaran's plea for clemency in December 2014.<ref name=SMHclemencydecline/><ref name=ABCclemencydecline/> In January 2015 the Australian prime minister, [[Tony Abbott]], together with the Australian [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]], [[Julie Bishop]], made further representations to Jokowi and Indonesia's Foreign Minister, [[Retno Marsudi]], for clemency on behalf of Sukumaran.<ref name="smh20150116">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/tony-abbotts-mercy-plea-to-indonesian-president-joko-widodo--dont-kill-australians-20150116-12rwfj.html|title=Tony Abbott's mercy plea to Indonesian President Joko Widodo - don't kill Australians|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=16 January 2015|access-date=17 January 2015|author1=Allard, Tom|author2=Topsfield, Jewel|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121002815/http://www.smh.com.au/national/tony-abbotts-mercy-plea-to-indonesian-president-joko-widodo--dont-kill-australians-20150116-12rwfj.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In late January lawyers for Chan and Sukumaran filed an application for a judicial review into their cases;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-30/bali-nine-pair-officially-file-applications-for-judicial-review/6056422|title=Bali Nine: Andrew Chan, Myuran Sukumaran file application for judicial review into their cases|work=ABC News|location=Australia|date=30 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|author=Roberts, George|archive-date=31 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131140949/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-30/bali-nine-pair-officially-file-applications-for-judicial-review/6056422|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/lawyer-for-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-says-judges-made-serious-mistakes-20150127-12zch3.html|title=Lawyer for Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran says judges made 'serious mistakes'|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|author=Topsfield, Jewel|date=28 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-date=30 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130020339/http://www.smh.com.au/world/lawyer-for-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-says-judges-made-serious-mistakes-20150127-12zch3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which was rejected by the Denpasar District Court a few days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/bali-pair-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran-lose-execution-appeal/story-e6frg6nf-1227208259724|title=Bali pair Andrew Chan, Myuran Sukumaran lose execution appeal|work=The Australian|date=4 February 2015|access-date=4 February 2015|agency=AAP|archive-date=18 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418161941/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/bali-pair-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran-lose-execution-appeal/story-e6frg6nf-1227208259724|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://au.ibtimes.com/indonesia-defies-australias-appeal-justifies-execution-bali-nine-drug-convicts-chan-sukumaran|title=Indonesia Defies Australia's Appeal, Justifies Execution of Bali Nine Drug Convicts Chan and Sukumaran|work=[[International Business Times]]|location=Australia|date=4 February 2015|access-date=4 February 2015|author=Mukhopadhyay, Sounak|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203192747/http://au.ibtimes.com/indonesia-defies-australias-appeal-justifies-execution-bali-nine-drug-convicts-chan-sukumaran|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, Indonesian officials continued planning for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-30/bali-nine-judicial-review-application-wont-prevent-executions/6058996|title=Bali Nine: Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran's judicial review application won't prevent executions, Indonesia's A-G office says|work=ABC News|location=Australia|date=31 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|author=Roberts, George|archive-date=31 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131151653/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-30/bali-nine-judicial-review-application-wont-prevent-executions/6058996|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{{quotation|"The applied norm is that the judicial review doesn't stop the execution process, the convicts have received the president's decree which declines their clemency request."|Tony Spontana, a spokesperson for Muhammad Prasetyo, the Attorney General of Indonesia, January 2015.}}<br />
<br />
In a final attempt to avert the death penalty, on 9 February lawyers for Chan and Sukumaran launched a rare challenge against the Indonesian president's refusal to grant them pardons;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-09/lawyers-for-bali-nine-pair-launch-challenge-against-president/6078712|title=Bali Nine: Lawyers for Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran launch rare challenge against president Joko Widodo|work=ABC News|location=Australia|date=9 February 2015|access-date=9 February 2015|author=Roberts, George|archive-date=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209061927/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-09/lawyers-for-bali-nine-pair-launch-challenge-against-president/6078712|url-status=live}}</ref> which was dismissed by the Indonesian government a day later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-11/indonesia-dismisses-bali-nine-pairs-last-ditch-legal-challenge/6084490|title=Bali Nine: Indonesia dismisses challenge against president's refusal to grant pardon to Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran|work=[[AM (Australian radio series)|AM]] (ABC Radio)|location=Australia|date=10 February 2015|access-date=10 February 2015|format=transcript|author=Roberts, George|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213021134/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-11/indonesia-dismisses-bali-nine-pairs-last-ditch-legal-challenge/6084490|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 11 February 2015, Indonesian authorities approved the transfer of Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran from Kerobokan prison to [[Nusa Kambangan]] in preparation for execution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-12/indonesia-gives-approval-for-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran2/6089580|title=Bali Nine: Indonesia gives approval for Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran's transfer from prison to be executed|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|location=Australia|date=12 February 2015|access-date=12 February 2015|author=Roberts, George|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110030607/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-12/bali-nine-chan-sukumaran-transfer-approved-ahead-of-execution/6089580|url-status=live}}</ref> The transfer was carried out on 4 March.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-duo-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-being-moved-to-execution-island-20150304-13ue6t.html|title=Bali nine duo Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran being moved to execution island|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|location=Australia|date=4 March 2015|access-date=4 March 2015|author=Levy, Megan|archive-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305160811/http://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-duo-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-being-moved-to-execution-island-20150304-13ue6t.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Reaction in Australia===<br />
A [[candlelight vigil]] hosted by the [[Mercy Campaign]], entitled Music for Mercy, was held in Sydney's [[Martin Place, Sydney|Martin Place]] on the evening of 29 January 2015 in support of Sukumaran and Chan. The concert featured performances by singer-songwriter [[Megan Washington]], [[Josh Pyke]], [[Kate Miller-Heidke]], [[Paul Mac]], [[Glenn Richards]] from [[Augie March]], and [[The Presets]]' [[Julian Hamilton]]; with [[Ben Quilty]], [[Andrew Denton]], his partner, [[Jennifer Byrne]], and [[Missy Higgins]] who recorded video messages of support for Sukumaran and Chan. Similar vigils were organised in Perth, [[Federation Square]] and Toongabbie near Sukumaran's family home.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music-for-mercy-ben-quilty-megan-washington-to-hold-martin-place-vigil-for-bali-nine-death-row-inmates-20150129-1303qd.html#ixzz3QCWPNjvc|title=Music for Mercy: Ben Quilty, Megan Washington to hold Martin Place vigil for Bali Nine death row inmates|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|author=Koziol, Michael|date=28 January 2015|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129090750/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music-for-mercy-ben-quilty-megan-washington-to-hold-martin-place-vigil-for-bali-nine-death-row-inmates-20150129-1303qd.html#ixzz3QCWPNjvc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-29/vigil-for-bali-nine-death-row-inmates-sukamaran-chan-kicks-off/6056136|title=Bali Nine vigil: Supporters of Bali Nine death row inmates Myuran Sukamaran and Andrew Chan gather in Sydney|work=ABC News|location=Australia|date=29 January 2015|access-date=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/comment/bali-nine-why-i-wont-be-lighting-a-candle-for-myuran-sukumaran-and-andrew-chan-20150129-130v38.html|title=Bali nine: Why I won't be lighting a candle for Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan|work=The Age|author=Linnell, Garry|date=29 January 2015|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129063718/http://www.theage.com.au/comment/bali-nine-why-i-wont-be-lighting-a-candle-for-myuran-sukumaran-and-andrew-chan-20150129-130v38.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] organised similar vigils in [[Federation Square]], {{VICcity|Melbourne}}, [[Adelaide]], [[Canberra]], and {{NSWcity|Byron Bay}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skynews.com.au/news/top-stories/2015/02/05/chan--sukumaran-plead-for-lives.html |title=Vigil held for Bali Nine duo Chan, Sukumaran |work=Sky News |location=Australia |date=5 February 2015 |access-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205153727/http://www.skynews.com.au/news/top-stories/2015/02/05/chan--sukumaran-plead-for-lives.html |archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/02/04/4173815.htm|title=Vigil for Bali Nine's Chan and Sukumaran on death row|work=ABC News|location=North Coast NSW|author=Turnbull, Samantha|date=4 February 2015|access-date=9 February 2015|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217195201/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/02/04/4173815.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2015, [[Roy Morgan Research]] completed a poll that found over half of Australians opposed the execution of Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran. The poll asked "Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran have been convicted of drug trafficking by the Indonesian courts. Should the death penalty be carried out?" 53% of responses were negative. However, 62% said the Australian Government should not do more to stop the execution of Sukumaran and Chan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6044-executions-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran-january-2015-201501270609|title=Australians think Andrew Chan & Myuran Sukumaran should be executed|publisher=[[Roy Morgan Research]]|date=27 January 2015|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=20 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420230235/http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6044-executions-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran-january-2015-201501270609|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 February, Australia's foreign minister, Julie Bishop, raised the potential for a boycott of Bali as a tourism destination should the executions proceed.<ref name="guardian20150213">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/13/chan-and-sukumaran-way-cleared-for-transfer-from-bali-jail-ahead-of-execution|title=Julie Bishop says executing Bali Nine pair might hurt Australian tourism to Indonesia|work=The Guardian|location=Australia|date=13 February 2015|access-date=14 February 2015|author=Jabour, Bridie|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213134307/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/13/chan-and-sukumaran-way-cleared-for-transfer-from-bali-jail-ahead-of-execution|url-status=live}}</ref> Former high court judge [[Michael Kirby (judge)|Michael Kirby]] stated that he expected a decline in tourism was a potential consequence of executing Chan and Sukumaran. Both Bishop and [[Tanya Plibersek]], Labor's foreign affairs spokeswoman, made pleas for clemency in the Australian parliament. Quilty and Victorian Supreme Court judge [[Lex Lasry]] visited Chan and Sukumaran in Bali.<ref name="guardian20150213"/><br />
<br />
Human rights lawyer [[Geoffrey Robertson]] addressed a vigil in Sydney on 28 April 2015, ahead of the planned execution in the early morning on 29 April, calling for last-minute intervention by the Australian Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/geoffrey-robertson-calls-on-australian-government-to-use-international-law-to-save-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-20150428-1mvgxe.html|title=Geoffrey Robertson calls on Australian government to use international law to save Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran|date=28 April 2015|author=Koziol, Michael|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-date=28 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428160154/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/geoffrey-robertson-calls-on-australian-government-to-use-international-law-to-save-andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-20150428-1mvgxe.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Prison life==<br />
Sukumaran taught English, computer, graphic design and philosophy classes to prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/bali-nine-pair-positive-in-face-of-death-20110817-1ixsq.html |title=Bali Nine pair positive in face of death |agency=AAP |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |author=Salna, Karlis |date=17 August 2011 |access-date=2 November 2011 |archive-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108034722/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/bali-nine-pair-positive-in-face-of-death-20110817-1ixsq.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was instrumental in opening up a computer and art room and also pushed unsuccessfully for an accountancy and law course to be set up. In February 2015, [[Curtin University]] conferred Sukumaran with an associate degree in Fine Arts.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/archibald-move-for-bali-nine-artist-20130216-2ejo6.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Archibald move for Bali Nine artist | access-date=22 February 2013 | archive-date=19 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219155336/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/archibald-move-for-bali-nine-artist-20130216-2ejo6.html |first=Michael |last=Bachelard| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/death-row-prisoner-myuran-sukumaran-awarded-associate-degree-in-fine-arts/story-fndir2ev-1227242180369|work=news.com.au|title=Death-row prisoner Myuran Sukumaran awarded Associate Degree in Fine Arts|date=28 February 2015|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321121059/http://www.news.com.au/world/death-row-prisoner-myuran-sukumaran-awarded-associate-degree-in-fine-arts/story-fndir2ev-1227242180369|url-status=live}}</ref> He also started a business which sells artworks and a clothing brand called ''Kingpin Clothing''.<ref name="Dateline"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran admit to roles in Bali Nine drug ring |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-admit-to-roles-in-bali-nine-drug-ring/story-e6freuy9-1225905005776 |work=The Herald Sun |author1=Wockner, Cindy |author2=Suriadi, Komang |date=13 August 2010 |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004211123/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/andrew-chan-and-myuran-sukumaran-admit-to-roles-in-bali-nine-drug-ring/story-e6freuy9-1225905005776 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Finding a new meaning to life . . . on death row in Bali |work=The Advertiser |location=Australia |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/national/finding-a-new-meaning-to-life-on-death-row-in-bali/story-e6frea8c-1225846198891 |date=26 March 2010 |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-date=25 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225044747/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/national/finding-a-new-meaning-to-life-on-death-row-in-bali/story-e6frea8c-1225846198891 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sukumaran was appointed head of a group of over 20 prisoners, including those facing execution and housed in the prison's maximum security wing. His role included assigning tasks to prisoners under him, liaising with the guards, resolving disputes and overseeing modest penalties for those who transgress in their jobs cleaning, gardening and making small repairs in the prison.<ref name="SMH-2010-01-23"/><br />
<br />
Sukumaran painted multiple self-portraits while on Nusakambangan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bali nine executions: Myuran Sukumaran's haunting final paintings|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-executions-myuran-sukumarans-haunting-final-paintings-20150428-1mv8qy.html|author=Topsfield, Jewel|date=28 April 2015|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429132718/http://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-executions-myuran-sukumarans-haunting-final-paintings-20150428-1mv8qy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His final painting resembles a bleeding [[Flag of Indonesia|Indonesian flag]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-29/indonesia-executes-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran/6428732|title=As it happened: Reaction to executions of Bali Nine pair Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran|work=ABC News|location=Australia|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429144629/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-29/indonesia-executes-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran/6428732|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-29/bali-nine-sukumaran-ddeath-row-paintings/6429264|title=Bali Nine: Indonesian flag drips blood in Sukumaran's death row painting|work=ABC News|location=Australia|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429062748/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-29/bali-nine-sukumaran-ddeath-row-paintings/6429264|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Along with Andrew Chan, he converted to [[Christianity]] while imprisoned.<ref>{{cite interview|last=Buckingham|first=Pastor Rob|subject-link=|interviewer=Andrew West|title=Pastor Rob Buckingham speaks after Bali Nine executions|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/religionandethicsreport/pastor-rob-buckingham-speaks-after-bali-nine-executions/6430782|publisher=[[Radio National]]|location=Australia|date=29 April 2015|work=Religion and Ethics Report|access-date=29 April 2015|type=transcript|archive-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430230346/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/religionandethicsreport/pastor-rob-buckingham-speaks-after-bali-nine-executions/6430782|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to his death, he was working on a bachelor's degree on Fine Arts from [[Curtin University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/a-day-with-myuran-sukumaran-a-remarkable-artist-who-wont-give-up-in-the-face-of-bleak-destiny-20150122-12vu79.html |title=A day with Myuran Sukumaran, a remarkable artist who won't give up in the face of bleak destiny |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125045549/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/a-day-with-myuran-sukumaran-a-remarkable-artist-who-wont-give-up-in-the-face-of-bleak-destiny-20150122-12vu79.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
Australian artist [[Matthew Sleeth (visual artist)|Matthew Sleeth]], who ran art workshops inside Kerobokan prison, called him the "best student" he had seen.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/bali-nine-myuran-sukumaran-the-best-art-student-i-ever-had-says-matthew-sleeth-20150430-1mw6n1.html |title=Bali nine: Myuran Sukumaran the best art student I ever had, says Matthew Sleeth |date=30 April 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506032446/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/bali-nine-myuran-sukumaran-the-best-art-student-i-ever-had-says-matthew-sleeth-20150430-1mw6n1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Art==<br />
Sukumaran had his first major Australian exhibition at the [[Campbelltown Arts Centre]] in January 2017, curated by Australian artist [[Ben Quilty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Another Day in Paradise: Bali Nine member Myuran Sukumaran's art – in pictures |url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2017/jan/14/another-day-in-paradise-bali-nine-member-myuran-sukumarans-art-in-pictures |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Execution and funeral==<br />
By order of the Indonesian government, Sukumaran was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015 at 12:25am [[Time in Indonesia#Indonesia Central Time|WITA]] along with Chan and six other prisoners (four Nigerians, a Brazilian and an Indonesian). Sukumaran and the other seven prisoners refused to be blindfolded. They sang "[[Amazing Grace]]" before being shot by a 12-member firing squad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shammas |first=John |date=29 April 2015 |title=Smuggler pictured smiling on wedding day - just hours before being executed |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/bali-nine-smuggler-andrew-chan-5600598 |website=mirror}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] condemned the executions, describing them as "reprehensible".<ref name="AI 2015">{{cite web |date=28 April 2015 |title=Indonesia: 'Reprehensible' executions show complete disregard for human rights safeguards |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/04/indonesia-reprehensible-executions-show-complete-disregard-for-human-rights-safeguards/ |access-date=29 April 2015 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sukumaran's funeral was conducted at Dayspring Church, [[Castle Hill, New South Wales|Castle Hill]], on 9 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Han|first1=Esther|title=Bali nine: Hundreds farewell Myuran Sukumaran at Sydney funeral|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/bali-nine-hundreds-farewell-myuran-sukumaran-at-sydney-funeral-20150509-ggxsda.html|access-date=9 May 2015|work=smh.com.au|date=9 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510082042/http://www.smh.com.au/national/bali-nine-hundreds-farewell-myuran-sukumaran-at-sydney-funeral-20150509-ggxsda.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad]]<br />
* [[List of convicted Australian criminals]]<br />
* [[List of Australian criminals]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/2727389.htm Raji and Brintha Sukumaran], [[ABC Radio (Australia)|ABC Radio]]<br />
<br />
{{BaliNine}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Australia|Law|Indonesia}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukumaran, Myuran}}<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Australian criminals]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century executions by Indonesia]]<br />
[[Category:Australian art educators]]<br />
[[Category:Australian Christians]]<br />
[[Category:Australian drug traffickers]]<br />
[[Category:Australian graphic designers]]<br />
[[Category:Australian painters]]<br />
[[Category:Australian people executed abroad]]<br />
[[Category:Australian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]<br />
[[Category:Converts to Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals from Sydney]]<br />
[[Category:Curtin University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Inmates of Nusa Kambangan prison]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign nationals imprisoned in Indonesia]]<br />
[[Category:People executed by Indonesia by firing squad]]<br />
[[Category:English emigrants to Australia]]<br />
[[Category:People executed for drug offences]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals from London]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Govindpuri_railway_station&diff=466725Govindpuri railway station2026-02-27T18:31:36Z<p>DilKhus: adjust formatting based on references and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Govindpuri Junction<br />
| native_name = <hr/>Kanpur South<br />
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = Govind Nagar, [[Kanpur]], India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.4538|N|80.3136|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| line = New Delhi-Kanpur-Howrah mainline, <br/> Kanpur-Jhansi line, <br/><br />
Kanpur-Banda line <br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Standard on ground <br />
| platforms = 3 (10 under construction)<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| tracks = 22<br />
| parking = Available<br />
| bicycle = Available<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1921}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016}}<br />
| status = Active<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = GOY<br />
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Prayagraj}} <br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]<br />
| former = [[Indian Branch Railway Company]]<br />[[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br />
| passengers = 650000<br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = ATM<br />
| map_locator = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Govindpuri Junction''' or '''Kanpur South''' is a railway station in [[Kanpur]] which caters 650,000 passengers to their destinations. It is the third busiest railway station in [[Kanpur]] after [[Kanpur Central]] & [[Kanpur Anwarganj]]. On [[International Women's Day]], 2018 Govindpuri became the first railway station in [[North Central Railway]] with all-women staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/govindpuri-railway-station-in-kanpur-to-have-all-women-staff-from-today/story-qq1GyLf5r9xHTrqrDCre9H.html|title = Govindpuri railway station in Kanpur to have all-women staff from today|date = 8 March 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Strictly speaking by definition, it is the ''junction'' where Jhansi/Banda line is separated from Delhi–Howrah Line; however, it is not granted ''junction'' status yet due to which it has two station codes, GOV and GOY. There are ten platforms under construction to reduce load from Kanpur Central so that 256 more trains that can't be handled by other stations due to the lack of tracks and platforms will given to kanpur central as it is being rebuilt to cater 1200 trains per day and currently it is catering 611 trains.<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
It is located near [[Govind Nagar]] locality in Kanpur South. A pair of rail overbridge is also there (bearing the same name), which remains congested throughout the day.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Due to proximity to Juhi yard, the station was called Juhi till the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/members/archive/messages.php?index=405 |title=Old Mailing List Archive Index |publisher=IRFCA.org |date= |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> Then as urban agglomeration in South Kanpur increased, the station was renamed Govindpuri due to proximity to [[Govind Nagar]], a locality named and inaugurated by [[Govind Vallabh Pant]].<br />
<br />
===Trains===<br />
*Chitrakoot Exp<br />
*Kashi Mahakal Exp<br />
*Pratham Swatantrata Sangram Exp<br />
*Tripur Sundari Exp<br />
*Jallian Wala Bagh Exp<br />
*Purushottam Exp<br />
*West Bengal Sapark Kranti SF Exp<br />
*Poorvottar Sampark Kranti SF Exp<br />
*Bhrigu SF Exp<br />
*Amrit Bharat Exp<br />
*Garib Rath Exp<br />
*Jammu Mail<br />
*All passing passengers<br />
<br />
===Trains with no stops===<br />
*Shatabdi Exp<br />
*Rajdhani Exp<br />
*Duronto Exp<br />
<br />
==Future development==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2019}}<br />
However, in next two years, things will change it will become the first halt station in India which will directly turn into Terminal station. '''Kanpur South''' The new terminal will help decongest [[Kanpur Central]] which has gotten saturated as it caters to over 600 trains.<br />
It is modelled same as [[Anand Vihar Terminal]] in Delhi.<br />
<br />
The station is ongoing construction of a new waiting room, a new ticketing room, new platforms and overbridge. The Reservation Room has been constructed and now in use and the older one will be dismantled. The new Platform No. 1 is also under construction which be longer and slightly before than earlier one leaving an extra loop line between Platform no. 1 and Platform no. 2. The older Platform No. 1 will be dismantled.<br />
<br />
The width of Platform No. 2 and Platform No. 3 is also been increased.<br />
<br />
Recently some train's halts have been shifted here from Kanpur Central & are plans to run some express and passengers trains from Govindpuri.{{clarify|date=February 2019}}<br />
<br />
Trains towards [[Jhansi]], [[Mahoba]], [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]], [[Chitrakoot Dham|Chitrakoot]], [[Etawah]] and [[Tundla]] will be managed by Kanpur South.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/epaper/index.php?location=30&edition=2010-04-26&pageno=7|title=Yahoo Search - Web Search|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-date=24 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224074431/http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/epaper/index.php?location=30&edition=2010-04-26&pageno=7|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2019}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Kanpur Central]]<br />
*[[Kanpur Anwarganj]]<br />
*[[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Kanpur}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1921]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Kanpur]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chintan_Upadhyay&diff=494256Chintan Upadhyay2026-02-21T00:04:03Z<p>DilKhus: Added Initial Stub and Citations...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian artist (born 1972)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Chintan Upadhyay<br />
| native_name = चिंतन उपाध्याय<br />
| native_name_lang = hi<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1972|08|18}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Partapur, Rajasthan]], India<br />
| education = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] (BFA, MFA)<br />
| occupation = Visual artist<br />
| known_for = Painter, artist, sculptor<br />
| spouse = [[Hema Hirani]] (m. 1998–2014; divorce)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chintan Upadhyay''' (born 1972) is a contemporary Indian visual artist known for hismultidisciplinary practice across painting, sculpture, installation, and socially engaged art. His work frequently explores identity politics, consumer culture, and reproductive technology. He is particularly recognised for his "Designer Baby" series-sculptural forms that reflect on commodification and gender dynamics—which have been widely exhibited and featured in Sotheby's South Asian art auctions, including a 2007 sale in New York.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-09-26 |title=Sotheby's draws $3.2m from South Asian lots |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/%20sothebys-draws-3-2m-from-south-asian-lots/articleshow/2403921.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Sushmita |date=2008-08-03 |title=A baby boom |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/a-baby-boom/cid/550041#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2002, Upadhyay co-founded Sandarbh, a non-profit Contemporary Arts initiative based in Partapur ( a small Village), Rajasthan, designed to bring contemporary art practices intopublic and marginalized spaces. Sandarbh has been recognized in curatorial literature for its role in expanding the scope of site-specific and socially engaged art in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khubchandani |first=Suruchi |date=2010-03-01 |title=Alternate Art Spaces/ Enlivened Entities within Formalized Zones |url=https://takeonartmagazine.com/essays/alternate-art-spaces-enlivened-entities-within-formalized-zones/ |journal=Take on Art |volume=1 |issue=2}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2023, a Mumbai sessions court convicted him for criminal conspiracy and abetment in the murder of his estranged wife, Hema Upadhyay. He was acquitted in the related death of her lawyer, Harish Bhambhani, after the court found no direct evidence linking him to that killing and concluded Bhambhani was "in the wrong place at the wrong time."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Modak |first=Sadaf |date=2023-10-12 |title=Chintan Upadhyay case {{!}} Court says no conspiracy to kill Hema's lawyer: 'Was killed because he accompanied her' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/court-says-no-conspiracy-kill-hema-lawyer-killed-because-accompanied-8979031/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India later suspended his sentence and granted bail in September 2024, noting that the case was based solely on circumstantial evidence and there was no allegation of direct involvement in the act.<br />
<br />
He began his art career as a painter, but later created sculptures and installations.<ref name="www.aicongallery.com">{{cite web |title=Artist Bio |url=http://www.aicongallery.com/artists/chintan-upadhyay/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095705/http://www.aicongallery.com/artists/chintan-upadhyay/bio/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=12 May 2015 |publisher=Aicon Gallery}}</ref> His best known sculpture project is perhaps the Pet Shop project, which is an ongoing production of a "model baby" for every season, ''Baby Fetish''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Kavya |date=October 10, 2023 |title=Who is Chintan Upadhyay? From Artist to Murder Convict in Hema-Bhambhani 2015 Murder Case, All About Him |url=https://www.news18.com/india/who-is-chintan-upadhyay-from-artist-to-murder-convict-in-hema-bhambhani-2015-murder-case-all-about-him-8611110.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Shailaja |date=2011-09-07 |title=The art of making babies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Shailaja |date=2013-02-08 |title=Time for Chintan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/time-for-chintan/article4393720.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was awarded the Charles Wallace Foundation Award for Residency in [[Bristol]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 2012.<ref name="wallace-trusts.org.uk">{{cite web |title=About the Charles Wallace Trusts |url=http://www.wallace-trusts.org.uk/about.html |publisher=The Charles Wallace Trusts}}</ref><ref name="britishcouncil.in">{{cite web |title=Charles Wallace India Trust Scholarships |url=http://www.britishcouncil.in/study-uk/scholarships/charles-wallace-india-trust-scholarships |publisher=British Council India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chintan Upadhyay |url=http://artcinnamon.com/artistdetail.aspx?name=Chintan%20Upadhyay |publisher=Art Cinnamon}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Chintan was born on 18 August 1972, in [[Partapur, Rajasthan|Partapur]] in Rajasthan, India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UI3rAAAAMAAJ |title=Artists Directory, 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi |isbn=978-81-87507-26-0 |pages=634 |language=en}}</ref> He received a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]] degree in 1995, and a [[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]] degree in 1997, both degrees in painting are from the [[Faculty of Fine Arts]] from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in Vadodara, in Gujarat, India.<ref name="www.aicongallery.com"/><br />
<br />
He met artist [[Hema Hirani]] in 1992, and the couple married in 1998.<ref name=":0" /> They settled in Mumbai, and worked together in many art exhibitions.<ref name=":0" /> In 2010, they started the process of divorce, which was finalized in 2014.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Legal Proceedings==<br />
In December 2015, Upadhyay was accused and arrested in connection with the double murder of his estranged wife Hema Upadhyay and her lawyer Haresh Bhambhani.<ref name="Double Murder">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hema-Upadhyays-estranged-husband-Chintan-Upadhyay-arrested-over-murder-of-wife-lawyer/articleshow/50277122.cms|title=Double Murder Arrest|newspaper=Times of India|date=22 December 2015 }}</ref> Their bodies were found in khakhi-coloured cardboard boxes floating in a nullah. He was twice denied bail.<ref name="Bail">{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/artist-chintan-upadhyay-files-bail-plea-for-the-third-time/articleshow/73104532.cms |title=Artist Chintan Upadhyan Files Bail Plea for the Third Time | publisher=Mumbai Mirror| date=5 January 2020 | accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref> In October 2023, he was convicted of murder and sentenced to [[life in prison]] by a Dindoshi court.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-11 |title='Brutal, but not rarest of rare': Judge gives Chintan Upadhyay life for artist-wife's murder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/brutal-but-not-rarest-of-rare-judge-gives-chintan-upadhyay-life-for-artist-wifes-murder/articleshow/104327162.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=MS |first=Sahyaja |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Double murder case: HC denies bail to artist Chintan Upadhyay |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/double-murder-case-hc-denies-bail-to-artist-chintan-upadhyay-101702321666954.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India later suspended his sentence and granted bail in September 2024, noting that the case was based solely on circumstantial evidence and there was no allegation of direct involvement in the act.<br />
<br />
==Solo shows==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}<br />
Following is the list of his solo shows:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Ashoke |date=2008-03-14 |title=Proactive galleries help artists go places |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/proactive-galleries-help-artists-go-places/articleshow/2863301.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-02 |title=The shocking artist |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/the-shocking-artist/article23030761.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><br />
*2010 'Nature God', Sakshi Gallery, [[Taipei]]<br />
*2009–10 'Mistake', Inda Gallery, [[Budapest]]<br />
*2009 'Khatti Mithi', Project at Sakshi Gallery, [[Mumbai]]<br />
*2009 'Iconic Shrine', [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]], [[Jaipur]] in collaboration with Roundabout and Gallery Soulflower, [[Bangkok]]<br />
*2008 'Mistake', Aicon Gallery, London<br />
*2008 'Pet Shop', Ashish Balram Nagpal Galleries, [[Mumbai]]<br />
*2008 'New Indians', Galerie Natalie Seroussi, Paris<br />
*2008 'Metastasis of Signs – A Walk in the Realm of Manipulated Realities', Gallery Espace, New Delhi<br />
*2007 'Tentuaa Dabaa Do (Kill Her)', [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]], [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan<br />
*2006 'I Want To Be An International Artist', Solo Performance, Seoul Art Centre, [[Korea]]<br />
*2006 'Clone Vitthala', Sculptures at Ashish Balram Nagpal Gallery, [[Mumbai]]<br />
*2006 'Maya', Paintings at Ashish Balram Nagpal Gallery, [[Mumbai]]<br />
*2005 'Baar Baar, Har Baar, Kitni Baar?', Installation and Interactive Performance, Sarjan Art Gallery, [[Vadodara]]<br />
*2004 'Conker's', Installation Project, [[Spike Island, Bristol]], UK<br />
*2004 'Designer Babies', Ashish Balram Nagpal Gallery, [[Mumbai]]<br />
*2003 'New Breed / Hybrid', [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
*2002 'Commemorative Stamps', Ashish Balram Nagpal Gallery, [[Mumbai]]<br />
*2002 'Commemorative Stamps', [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]], [[Jaipur]]<br />
*2002 'Floating thoughts', Interactive site-specific installation, [[Brisbane]], Australia<br />
*1999 'So What', The Fine Art Company, [[Mumbai]]<br />
*1998 'This has been done before', Shahjehan Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*1996 'Desirable Objects', Leela Kempenski Art Gallery, [[Mumbai]]<br />
<br />
==Group shows==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}<br />
*2012 '2 + 2 = 5', The Palette Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2012 'Looking Back, Looking Forward', Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2012 'Mapmakers: The Evolution of Contemporary Indian Art', Aicon Gallery, New York<br />
*2012 'Contemporary: A Selection of Modern and Contemporary Art', presented by Sakshi Gallery at The Park, Chennai<br />
*2012 'Sightings', Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2011 'Adbhutam: Rasa in Indian Art', Centre of International Modern Art (CIMA), Kolkata<br />
*2011 'Skin Deep: The Art of Fibreglass', The Viewing Room, Mumbai<br />
*2011 'Between Seasons', Gallery Beyond, Mumbai<br />
*2011 'Love is a 4 Letter Word', Latitude 28, New Delhi<br />
*2011 'Fabular Bodies: New Narratives in the Art of the Miniature', presented by Harmony Art Foundation at Coomaraswamy Hall, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharah Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai<br />
*2011 'Anecdotes', Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2011 'High-Light', presented by Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai at The Oberoi, Gurgaon<br />
*2011 'Dolls', Gallery Sumukha, Bangalore<br />
*2011 'Tech-Cut-Edge-Revelations', Ashna Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2010 'Changing Skin', presented by The Fine Art Company at Coomaraswamy Hall, Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalay, Mumbai<br />
*2010 'A. SYCO', The Viewing Room, Mumbai<br />
*2009 'Home Sweet Home', Religare Arts. i Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2009 'Indian Summer', Galerie Christian Hosp, Berlin<br />
*2009 'Inaugural Show', Sakshi Gallery, Taipei<br />
*2008–09 'Signs Taken for Wonders: Recent Art from India and Pakistan', Aicon Gallery, London<br />
*2008–09 'Hot Shots', The Viewing Room, Mumbai<br />
*2008 'Uncovered', Sans Tache Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2008 'Keep Drawing', Gallery Espace, New Delhi<br />
*2008 'The Ethics of Encounter', Gallery Soulflower, Bangkok<br />
*2008 'Indiavata', Gallery Sun Contemporary, Korea<br />
*2008 'Link', Sakshi Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2008 'Freedom 2008 : Sixty Years After Indian Independence', Centre for International Modern Art (CIMA), Kolkata<br />
*2007 'Telling It Like It Is: The Indian Story', The Gallery in Cork Street, London<br />
*2007 'Here and Now: Contemporary Voices from India', Grosvenor Gallery, London<br />
*2007 'Young Guns', Institute of Contemporary Indian Art (ICIA), Mumbai<br />
*2007 'Keep Drawing', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2006 'Bombay Maximum City', Lille 3000, Lille, France<br />
*2005 -06 'Kaam', Arts India Gallery, New York and Palo Alto, USA<br />
*2005 'Annual Exhibition', Sakshi Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2005 'Indian Contemporary Art', Preview TATE Britain<br />
*2005 'Configuration', Anant Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2005 'Ways Of Seeing', Gallery Art Alive, New Delhi<br />
*2005 'Papereshi', Sarjan Art Gallery, Vadodara<br />
*2005 'Present-Future', National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), Mumbai<br />
*2005 'Indian Contemporary Art', Chelsea College of Art, London<br />
*2005 'Are We Like This Only?', Rabindra Bhavan, Vadhera Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2004 'Bombay Boys', Palette Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2004 'Charles Wallace Foundation Awards', British Council, New Delhi<br />
*2004 'Concepts and Ideas', Centre for International Modern art (CIMA), Kolkata<br />
*2004 Gallery 27, Oslo, Norway<br />
*2004 – 03 'Portraits of a Decade', Centre for International Modern art (CIMA), Kolkata and Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2004 – 03 'Dots and Pixels', Digital media, Sumukha Art Gallery, Bangalore and Gallery Espace, New Delhi<br />
*2004 'Bombay 17', Kashi Art Gallery, Kochi<br />
*2003 'Parthenogenesis', Ivan Dougherty Gallery, Sydney, Australia<br />
*2003 'Corresponding Latitudes', A Cross Cultural Collaborative Exhibition of Indian and Australian artists, Jawahar Kala Kendra – Jaipur<br />
*2002 ' Brahma to Bapu', Icons and Symbols in Indian art, Habitat centre, New Delhi, India and Centre for International Modern art (CIMA), Kolkata<br />
*2002 'Quotable Stencil', Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2001 ' Annual show', Gallery Wren, Sydney, Australia<br />
*2000 'Sic.', an Audio-visual Installation, The Fine Art Company, Mumbai<br />
*1999 'Mumbai Metaphor' Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1999 'Wall Paper', Lakeeren Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1997 'Class of 1997', Lakeeren Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1997 '50 yr. of Indian Independence', All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society, Delhi and Ravi Shankar Rawal Bhavan, Ahmedabad – Gujarat<br />
<br />
==Joint shows==<br />
*2005 'You Have to Decide' an Interactive Installation and Performance Center for Art and Culture, Chiksarda, [[Transylvania]], Romania<br />
*2005 'I'm a Slut', a collaborative video and performance with Amit Kekre, Gallery Beyond, [[Mumbai]]<br />
*2004 'Made in China', collaborative installation with [[Hema Upadhyay]], Viart Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2003 'Made in China', collaborative Installation with [[Hema Upadhyay]], Gallery Chemould, [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallerychemould.com/artists/hema-homepage/|title=Artist Hema Upadhyay|publisher=Gallery Chemould|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170343/http://www.gallerychemould.com/artists/hema-homepage/|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*2003 'Post Card', project with [[Hema Upadhyay]], part of 'Parthenogenesis', Ivan Dougherty Gallery, Sydney<br />
*2000 Objects of Desire, collaboration with [[Hema Upadhyay]], 'Art and Technology', Ideas and Images II, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] (NGMA), [[Mumbai]]<br />
*1995 'Circa Early Seventies', [[Faculty of Fine Arts]], [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]], [[Vadodara]]<br />
*1994 'Discount 33%', Faculty of Fine Arts, Maharaja Sayajirao University, Vadodara<br />
<br />
==Honours and awards==<br />
* 2004–05 Charles Wallace Foundation Award for a residency in [[Bristol]], UK<ref name="wallace-trusts.org.uk" /><ref name="britishcouncil.in" /><br />
* 2000–01 Gadi scholarship, NLKA, New Delhi<br />
* 1998 [[Lalit Kala Academy]] for Outstanding Drawing in a drawing exhibition<br />
* 1997 All India Avantika art exhibition, New Delhi<br />
* 1996 Lalit Kala Academy for Outstanding Painting in the annual exhibition S.C.Z.C.C. for Outstanding Painting in the annual exhibition, [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
* 1995–97 [[Lalit Kala Academy]] for Outstanding Painting in the annual exhibition<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.saffronart.com/artists/chintan-upadhyay "Profile, Interview and artworks" Saffronart]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095801/http://www.aicongallery.com/artists/chintan-upadhyay/exhibitions/ "Chintan Upadhyay Exhibitions" Aicongallery]<br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lduSgiG56FTWsnqsEbOieO/Art-on-the-street.html "Art on the street" June 2, 2014 LiveMint]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140309011547/https://www.conceptioart.com/artists/chintan-upadhyay.html "Artist Profile" Conceptioart]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Chintan}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male painters]]<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]<br />
[[Category:People from Banswara district]]<br />
[[Category:Painters from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Kannada_season_3&diff=491523Bigg Boss Kannada season 32026-02-17T19:30:57Z<p>DilKhus: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{primary sources|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{cleanup rewrite|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{cleanup list|date=November 2016}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television season<br />
| season_number = 3<br />
| bgcolor = #4B0082<br />
| image = File:Bigg Boss Kannada 3 Logo.jpg<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| caption = Season 3 eye logo<br />
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season<br />
| presenter = [[Sudeep]]<br />
| num_days = 98<br />
| num_housemates = 18<br />
| winner = [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]]<br />
| runner_up = [[Chandan Kumar]]<br />
}}<br />
| num_episodes = 99<br />
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|25}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|01|31}}<br />
| episode_list = <br />
| prev_series = [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 2|Season 2]]<br />
| next_series = [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 4|Season 4]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The third season of the [[Kannada]]-language version of Indian [[reality television]] series ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada|Bigg Boss]]'' started on 25 October 2015 and ended on 31 January 2016 on [[Colors Kannada]]. [[Sudeep]], the host of previous seasons remains as the host.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Sudeep-keen-to-host-Bigg-Boss-season-3/articleshow/44789195.cms|title=Sudeep keen to host Bigg Boss season 3?|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Among five finalists [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]] emerged as the title winner with maximum votes and performance in house followed by [[Chandan Kumar]] as runner-up, [[Master Anand]], Rehman Haseeb and [[Pooja Gandhi]] as third, fourth and fifth respectively<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/confirmed-shruthi-bags-the-winner-trophy-of-bigg-boss-3-213964.html | title=BIGG BOSS 3 : Shruthi Bags the Winner Trophy! | date=31 January 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Housemates status ==<br />
<!-- HOUSEMATES NAMES SHOULD NOT HAVE THEIR LAST NAMES ON --><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | Sr<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | Housemate<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}<br />
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | Status<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
| Shruti<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 98<br />
| {{won|Winner}}<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| Chandan<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 98<br />
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| Anand<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 98<br />
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| Rehman<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 97<br />
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|3rd runner-up}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|5<br />
|rowspan=2|Pooja<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 35<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
| Day 40<br />
| Day 97<br />
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th runner-up<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| Aiyappa<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 91<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| Kitty<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 84<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| Gauthami<br />
| Day 42<br />
| Day 84<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
| Sushma<br />
| Day 42<br />
| Day 77<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
| Bhavana<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 70<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
| Kruthika<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 63<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
| Mithra<br />
| Day 43<br />
| Day 56<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
| Nethra<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 49<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
| Neha<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 42<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
| Ravi<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 28<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
| Venkat<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 21<br />
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
| Jayashree<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 14<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
| Madhuri<br />
| Day 1<br />
| Day 7<br />
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Housemates==<br />
#Bhavana Belegere is a TV host and the daughter of journalist [[Ravi Belagere]]. She is married to actor [[Srinagar Kitty]].<br />
#[[Chandan Kumar]] appeared in the television serials ''Lakshmi Baaramma'' and ''Radha Kalyana''. He has also acted in films like ''Parinaya'', ''Katte'', ''Eradondla Mooru'' and recently in ''[[Luv U Alia]]''.<br />
#[[Huccha Venkat]] is an actor, director and producer. He was the first contestant to be evicted out of the house in the history of Bigg Boss Kannada for assaulting a housemate.<br />
#Jayashree Ramaiah is a model and dancer by profession.<br />
#[[Kruttika Ravindra]] is a Kannada film and serial artist. She made her debut on silver screen with the Kannada film ''[[Patre Loves Padma]]''. She came into prominence with the lead role in daily soap opera ''Radha Kalyana''.<br />
#Madhuri Itagi played lead actress in the movies ''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]'' and ''Ouija''<br />
#[[Master Anand]] is an actor who started his career as a child artist and now is a television actor. He has directed numerous Kannada movies and TV serials. He is also the winner of "Dancing Star 2".<br />
#[[Neravanda Aiyappa]] is a cricketer who played for Karnataka team in Ranji and other domestic tournaments. He is also the younger brother of Kannada actress [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]].<br />
#Neha Gowda is a serial actress.<br />
#[[Pooja Gandhi]] is an actress, movie producer and politician who has acted in over 50 films in multiple languages, including ''[[Mungaaru Male]]''. She was evicted from the show but kept in a secret room and returned later..<br />
#Pradeep alias Tsunami Kitty was the winner of reality show "Indian". He also won the first season of ''Thaka Dhimi Tha Dancing Star''. He is a vegetable vendor by profession and is based out of Heggada Devana Kote, one of the taluk of Mysore district.<br />
#Ravi Mooruru is a singer and music composer, who has mainly worked for television serials.<br />
#Rehman Haseeb/Hassan is a TV news presenter from [[TV9 (Kannada)|TV 9]]. He is from Hassan District. He is a TV news presenter for the last 10 years. He currently resides in Bangalore. He is married to his co-worker Sameena .<br />
#RJ Nethra is a two time national award-winning radio jockey working for 91.1 FM. She has also acted in movies like "Aatagara" and "Ring Road".<br />
#[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] is an actress and politician. She has not only acted in Kannada but also in Tamil and Malayalam. She is serving as the chief Secretary in BJP women's wing of Karnataka. She won the Bigg Boss 3 thereby fulfilling her daughter's dream.<br />
<br />
===Wild card contestants===<br />
<br />
#[[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]] is a famous Kannada comedian.(Janesha in "Silli Lalli")<br />
#Gowthami Gowda is a Kannada TV actress. She was acted in the name of serial chi sow savithri telecasted on Zee TV Kannada.<br />
#Sushma Veer is a theatre and dance artist. Also Sushma Veer, is the daughter of singer and veteran actress B Jayashree.<br />
<br />
==Weekly summary==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:89%; line-height:13px;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 8%;" |<br />
! style="width: 6%;" | {{nowrap|Monday}}<br />
! style="width: 6%;" | {{nowrap|Tuesday}}<br />
! style="width: 6%;" | {{nowrap|Wednesday}}<br />
! style="width: 6%;" | {{nowrap|Thursday}}<br />
! style="width: 6%;" | {{nowrap|Friday}}<br />
! style="width: 6%;" | {{nowrap|Saturday}}<br />
! style="width: 6%;" | {{nowrap|Sunday}}<br />
|-<br />
! Event<br />
| Nominations<br />
| colspan="3"|Weekly task <br> highlights<br />
| Captain nomination<br />
| Elimination<br />
| Promotion and interview<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=8 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 1'''<br />
| '''Entrances''' || <br />
* Bhavana Belagere, Chandan Kumar, Huccha Venkat, Jayashree, Kruthika, Madhuri, Master Anand, NC Aiyappa, Neha Gowda, Pooja Gandhi, Pradeepa, Ravi Mooruru, Rehman Haseeb, RJ Nethra and Shruthi entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 1.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nominations''' || <br />
* Tsunami Kitty, Maduri Itagi, Ravi and Kruthika.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Immunity''' || <br />
* <br />
|-<br />
| '''House Captain''' ||<br />
* Shruthi<br />
|-<br />
| '''Tasks''' ||<br />
*Shaanthi kaanthi<br />
|-<br />
| '''Highlights''' ||<br />
* Huccha Venkat V/S Pooja Gandhi.<br />
* Started off due to Venkat where he ordered Pooja not to wear western clothes while she told that if he thought that he was her brother then he shouldn't be bothered about what is below her eyes.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Exit''' ||<br />
*Madhuri Itagi<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guest on stage''' ||<br />
* [[Priyamani]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 2'''<br />
| '''Nominations''' || <br />
* Tsunami Kitty, Jayashree<br />
|-<br />
| '''Immunity''' || <br />
* R J Nethra<br />
|-<br />
| '''House Captain''' ||<br />
* Shruthi<br />
|-<br />
| '''Tasks''' ||<br />
* Baduku JaTaka BanDi<br />
|-<br />
| '''Highlights''' ||<br />
* Huccha Venkat punished for not singing. Anand was made to carry Huccha Venkat on him 5 rounds around the pool as punishment.<br />
* Ravi Mooruru fought with Huccha Venkat for failing on two occasions to complete task<br />
* Huccha Venkat received special individual 200 points in the Baduku JaTaka BanDi task, since he did highest number of rounds (76).<br />
* R J Nethra was given secret task to spoil the Baduku JaTaka BanDi task and in turn get immunity for following week. She dropped the knife and broke the rules of the task. She received immunity for Week 3.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Exit''' ||<br />
*Jayashree<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guest on stage''' ||<br />
* [[Diganth]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Chikkanna]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 3'''<br />
| '''Nominations''' || <br />
* Kruthika Ravindra, Neha Gowda, Ravi Mooruru<br />
|-<br />
| '''Immunity''' || <br />
* Kruthika Ravindra<br />
|-<br />
| '''House Captain''' ||<br />
* Master Anand<br />
|-<br />
| '''Tasks''' ||<br />
* aLu arasa (servant-master)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Highlights''' ||<br />
* Kruthika Ravindra direct nomination from captain. Neha Gowda nominated from the team, second highest votes and also by captain.<br />
* Huccha Venkat participated in aaLu(slave)-arasa(king) task only when he was arasa and refused to participate when it was his turn to be aalu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Bigg-Boss-Huccha-Venkat-refuses-to-become-servant/articleshow/49754342.cms|title=Bigg Boss: Huccha Venkat refuses to become servant|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
* Huccha Venkat was asked to keep his father's slipper on his head.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Bigg-Boss-Huccha-Venkat-keeps-slippers-on-his-head/articleshow/49766098.cms|title=Bigg Boss: Huccha Venkat keeps slippers on his head|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
* Huccha Venkat ejected for Physical violence with Ravi Mooruru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-3-kannada-huccha-venkat-out-show-beating-ravi-mooruru-654806|title=Bigg Boss 3' Kannada: Huccha Venkat evicted from Sudeep's show for beating up Ravi Mooruru|work=International Business Times, India Edition|date=14 November 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''Exit''' ||<br />
*Huccha Venkat<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guest on stage''' ||<br />
* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Amulya]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 4'''<br />
| '''Nominations''' || <br />
* RJ Nethra, Chandan, Neha Gowda, Ravi Moorur<br />
|-<br />
| '''Immunity''' || <br />
* <br />
|-<br />
| '''House Captain''' ||<br />
* Rehman Haseeb<br />
|-<br />
| '''Tasks''' ||<br />
* <br />
|-<br />
| '''Highlights''' ||<br />
* <br />
|-<br />
| '''Exit''' ||<br />
* Ravi Moorur<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guest on stage''' ||<br />
* [[Hari Priya]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Nominations table==<br />
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;"><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" |<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 1<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 2<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 3<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 4<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 5<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 6<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 7<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 8<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 9<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 10<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 11<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 12<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 13<br />
! style="width: 6.5%;" colspan=2| Week 14<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#cfc;"| House Captain<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |<br />
| style="background:#cfc;" |<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" colspan=2 rowspan=2|''None''<br />
|-<br />
! House Captain's Nomination<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#000;" colspan="16"|<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan=2 style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner'''''<br>(Day 98)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan=2 style="background:#D1E8EF;" | {{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up'''''}}<br>(Day 98)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FBF373"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan=2 style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''''{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}'''''<br>(Day 98)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
|<br />
| colspan=2 style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|'''''3rd runner-up'''''<br>(Day 98)}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072"|<br />
| style="background:#FBF373"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
| style="background:#FF69B4" colspan=2|{{nowrap|'''''4th runner-up'''''<br>(Day 98)}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="2" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 91)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="3" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 84)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FBF373" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="3" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 84)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FBF373" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="4" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 77)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#cfc;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="5" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 70)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FBF373"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="6" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 63)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FBF373" |<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="7" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 56)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FBF373"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="8" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 49)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="9" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 42)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="11" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 28)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FFE08B" colspan="12" |''Ejected''<br>(Day 21)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="13" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 14)<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FF8072" colspan="14" |''Evicted''<br>(Day 7)<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#000;" colspan="16"|<br />
|-<br />
! Notes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan="12" | ''None''<br />
|-style="background:#B2FFFF;"<br />
! Against<br>Public<br>Vote<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Pooja,<br>Kitty,<br>Rehman,<br>Neha<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan=2|<br />
|-<br />
! {{nowrap|Re-entered}}<br />
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |<br />
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''<br />
|-<br />
! Ejected<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#FFE08B" |<br />
| colspan=12|''none''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=3| Evicted<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| rowspan=3 style="background:#ff8072;"| '''Pooja'''<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#ff8072;" |<br />
| style="background:#FA8072" |<br />
| style="background:#DDA0DD" |<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#7FFFD4" |<br />
| style="background:#D1E8EF" |<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76" |<br />
|}<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{note|1|Note 1}}: Kruthika direct nomination by House Captain.<br />
*{{note|2|Note 2}}: Huccha ejected because he manhandled Ravi.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.biggboss3.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208112813/http://www.biggboss3.in/ |date=2015-12-08 }}<br />
*{{IMDb title|tt2911448}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
{{BBKHM |state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bigg Boss Kannada seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avadi_City_Municipal_Corporation&diff=488399Avadi City Municipal Corporation2026-02-17T02:07:31Z<p>DilKhus: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Municipal Corporation governing Avadi and neighbouring suburbs}}<br />
{{about|[[Local government in India|Local Government]] of the [[Avadi|Avadi City]] in [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]]|[[Chennai|Chennai City]]|Greater Chennai Corporation |[[Tambaram|Tambaram City]]|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation|[[Kanchipuram|Kanchipuram City]]|Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Avadi City Municipal Corporation<br />
| coa_pic = <br />
| coa_res = <br />
| coa_alt = <br />
| coa_caption = <br />
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation]] <br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|19 July 2019}}<br />
| budget = <br />
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]<br />
| leader1 =G. Udhayakumar<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=புதிதாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட மாநகராட்சி ஆவடியில் மேயராகும் உதயகுமார் |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Districts/Chennai/2022/03/04060011/Udayakumar-is-the-mayor-of-the-newly-formed-corporation.vpf |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=DMK's Udayakumar is Avadi Corporation's first Mayor |url=https://finnoexpert.com/2022/03/05/dmks-udayakumar-is-avadi-corporations-first-mayor/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Finnoexpert |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=2022-03-13 |title=Avadi to be developed as role model, says Mayor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/avadi-to-be-developed-as-role-model-says-mayor/article65218167.ece |access-date=2022-03-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br />
| leader2 =S. Suriyakumar <br />
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]<br />
| leader3 = K. THARPAGARAJ IAS<br />
| seats = 48 <br />
| structure1 = <br />
| structure1_res = <br />
|political_groups1 ='''[[Government]] (39)'''<br><br />
*'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (39)'''<br />
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (35)<br />
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (3)<br />
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)<br />
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (4)'''<br />
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (4)<br />
'''Others (5)'''<br />
:*[[Independent politician|Independent]] (5) <br />
| session_room =<br />
| session_res = <br />
| meeting_place =Avadi Corporation Office <br />
| website = https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/avadi/<br />
| motto = <br />
|last_election1=<br />
|leader4_type=[[District Collector]]|leader4=Alby John Varghese, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]}}<br />
<br />
'''Avadi City Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing the City of [[Avadi]], in [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]] in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Avadi City Municipal Corporation has 48 wards with a population of 344,701 spreads over 65 sq.km. It is headed by an executive [[mayor]] and governed by a [[Municipal commissioner (India)|commissioner]]. It is one of the four municipal corporations within the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]], the other three being the central [[Greater Chennai Corporation]], the satellite [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]] and the [[Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation]].[[File:ஆவடி மாநகராட்சி Avadi City Municipal Corporation.png|thumb]]<br />
<br />
== History and administration ==<br />
[[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]] mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |publisher=citymayors.com |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Avadi Municipal Corporation in Tiruvallur district was formed in year 2019<ref name="av ref8">{{cite news |title=AIADMK fulfils poll promise, Avadi gets Municipal Corporation status |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/06/19/aiadmk-fulfils-poll-promise-avadi-gets-municipal-corporation-status/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=News Today {{!}} First with the news |date=19 June 2019}}</ref> and is 15th municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="av ref2">{{cite news |title=Avadi becomes TN's 15th municipal corporation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/jun/19/avadi-becomes-tns-15th-municipal-corporation-1992128.html |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=19 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="av ref3">{{cite news |title=Two years on, Avadi remains a corporation only in name: residents |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/two-years-on-avadi-remains-a-corporation-only-in-name-residents/article36172709.ece |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=30 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="av ref5">{{cite news |last1=Mariappan |first1=Julie |title=Avadi becomes corporation {{!}} Chennai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/avadi-becomes-corporation/articleshow/69840748.cms |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Avadi Municipal Corporation has 48 wards with a population of 6.1 lakhs spread in 65&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/avadi/ |title=Avadi City Municipal Corporation |website=tnurbantree.tn.gov.in}}</ref> The place is driven industrially with location of many key industries.<br />
<br />
Avadi Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.<ref name="av ref18">{{cite news |title=Avadi becomes Tamil Nadu's 15th Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.xappie.com/top-stories-view/avadi-becomes-tamil-nadus-15th-municipal-corporation-21131 |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Xappie.com |date=19 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Currently the Municipal Commissioner is S. Sheik Abdul Rahaman, IAS.<ref name="av ref4">{{cite news |title=Avadi gets new Corporation Commissioner |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/07/13123453/1306449/Avadi-gets-new-Corporation-Commissioner.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713073257/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/07/13123453/1306449/Avadi-gets-new-Corporation-Commissioner.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=dtNext.in |date=13 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Areas of Avadi Municipal Corporation ==<br />
Present Avadi Corporation includes all 48 wards of the former Avadi Municipality. This includes [[Thirumullaivoyal]], Kovilpathagai, Mittanamalli, [[Pattabiram]], Paruthipattu, and Avadi (Tamil Nadu Housing Board residential areas).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br />
<br />
On January 3, 2025, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister MK Stalin declared Avadi Municipal Corporation to be expanded by merging <br />
* municipalities of [[Poonamallee]], [[Thiruverkadu]], and [[Thirunindravur]] along with <br />
* village panchayats of <br />
# [[Villivakkam]] Panchayat Union: (Vellanur, [[Ayappakkam]], Palavedu, Morai)<br />
# [[Poonamallee]] Panchayat Union: (Nemilicherry, Kattupakkam, Kannapalayam, Sorencheri, Nazarathpet, Karunakaracheri, Nadukuthagai, Banaveduthottam, Senneerkuppam, Parivakkam, Varadarajapuram, Agaramel, Meppur).<br />
<br />
== Administrative Divisions ==<br />
When Avadi City Municipal Corporation was established, it consisted of 48 wards under 4 zones.<br />
<br />
== Wards and councillors ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Ward<br />
!Winner<br />
!Party<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|PTMS Praksah<br />
|[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|Govindaraj S<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|Arumugam P<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|Aasim Raja S.N.<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|Shenpagavalli R<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|Bairavi J<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|Jeyapriya P<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
|Sakthivelan T<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| G. Udhayakumar [Mayor]<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
|John A<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
|Parimala S<br />
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
|Sundari C<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
|Abhishek P<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
|Rajesh Kumar K<br />
|[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 15<br />
|Ammu V<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 16<br />
|Meenakshi<br />
|[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
|Sheela<br />
|[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 18<br />
|Suhanya S<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 19<br />
|Sundari K<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 20<br />
|Divya Tamizhvanan<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 21<br />
|Veerapandian A<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 22<br />
|Jothilakshmi N<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 23<br />
| S. Suryakumar [Deputy Mayor]<br />
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 24<br />
|Perumal P.P.<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 25<br />
|Madurai Arumugam M<br />
|[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 26<br />
|Mala P<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 27<br />
|Venkatesan U<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 28<br />
|Amutha S<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 29<br />
|Vimal M<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 30<br />
|Selvam S<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 31<br />
|Venkatesan<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 32<br />
|Sudhakaran R<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 33<br />
|Hari V<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 34<br />
|Revathi S<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 35<br />
|Geetha U<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 36<br />
|Yashim Begam H<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 37<br />
|Ramesh P<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 38<br />
|Mekala Srinivasan<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 39<br />
|Sarala S<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 40<br />
|Ravi K<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 41<br />
|Santhi P<br />
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 42<br />
|Rajendran K<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 43<br />
|Selvi R<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 44<br />
|Sumathi D<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 45<br />
|Sasikala A<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 46<br />
|Meenakshi K<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 47<br />
|Azhagu Vijaya<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 48<br />
|Karthick Kamesh R<br />
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Factors driving Avadi Municipal Corporation ==<br />
<br />
Avadi Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:<ref name="av ref6">{{cite news |title=Chennai: New Bill to upgrade Avadi as Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200719/chennai-new-bill-to-upgrade-avadi-as-municipal-corporation.html |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="av ref15">{{cite news |last1=Kanthimathi |first1=L. |title=As Avadi Corporation turns one, RWAs hand out progress report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/as-avadi-corporation-turns-one-rwas-hand-out-progress-report/article31999394.ece |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=6 July 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Population growth<ref name="av ref21">{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu: New Municipal Corporation formed, Avadi announced as 15th municipal corporation |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Tamil-Nadu%3A-New-Municipal-Corporation-formed%2C-Avadi-announced-as-15th-municipal-corporation&id=365091 |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=newsonair.gov.in |date=18 June 2019}}</ref><br />
* Increase in annual income<br />
* Improvement of roads<br />
* Providing drinking water<ref name="av ref10">{{cite news |last1=Prabhakar |first1=Siddharth |title=Avadi corporation floats tenders, 10,000 homes to get water supply connections soon {{!}} Chennai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/avadi-corpn-floats-tenders-10000-homes-to-get-water-supply-connections-soon/articleshow/80755865.cms |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Improving landscape<ref name="av ref9">{{cite news |last1=Lakshmi |first1=K. |title=Avadi Municipal Corporation installs fountains as part of its beautification initiatives |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/avadi-municipal-corporation-installs-fountains-as-part-of-its-beautification-initiatives/article31058604.ece |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=13 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
* Improving employment opportunities<ref name="av ref11">{{cite news |title=TN govt set to implement urban employment scheme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tn-govt-urban-employment-scheme-7572428/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Improving relations between police and public<ref name="av ref12">{{cite news |title=TN CM Stalin announces two new police commissionerates at Tambaram, Avadi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-cm-stalin-announces-two-new-police-commissionerates-tambaram-avadi-155248 |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=14 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Waste management<ref name="av ref13">{{cite news |last1=Lakshmi |first1=K. |title=Avadi Corporation aims to manage waste sustainably |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/avadi-corporation-aims-to-manage-waste-sustainably/article30720576.ece |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=3 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
* Arranging facilities during natural calamities<ref name="av ref16">{{cite news |title=Avadi Corporation launches mobile vegetables shops |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/avadi-corporation-launches-mobile-vegetables-shops/article31257007.ece |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=4 April 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
* Establishing industrial units<ref name="av ref17">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Ravi |title=Ministry of Defence places order for 118 Arjun Mk-1A battle tanks with Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/ministry-of-defence-places-order-for-118-arjun-mk-1a-battle-tanks-with-heavy-vehicles-factory-avadi/article36654522.ece |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Frontline |date=24 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Providing sewage connection<ref name="av ref19">{{cite news |last1=Oppili |first1=P. |title=Chennai: Years of waiting to end, residents of Avadi to soon get piped water {{!}} Chennai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/years-of-waiting-to-end-residents-of-avadi-to-soon-get-piped-water/articleshow/77840897.cms |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=31 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Avadi Municipal Corporation developments ==<br />
<br />
* Avadi Municipal Corporation as part of beautification process installed fountains in various junctions.<ref name="av ref9"/><br />
* Avadi Municipal Corporation had floated tenders to get piped water facilities to its residents.<ref name="av ref10"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
* [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]<br />
* [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/avadi/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Tiruvallur district}}<br />
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Chennai topics}}<br />
{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Categories --><br />
[[Category:Government of Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Chennai Metropolitan Area]]<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo_Duniya_Tu_Hi_Tu&diff=518022Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu2026-02-06T18:01:28Z<p>DilKhus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu<br />
| image = Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Sudhakar Basant]]<br />
| producer = [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]<br />
| story = [[Vikraman]]<br />
| based_on = ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' (Tamil)<br />
| starring = [[Anubhav Mohanty]],<br />[[Barsha Priyadarshini]],<br />[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]<br />
| music = Malay Mishra<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = Rathod Club<br />
| studio = Manjari Movies<br />
| distributor = Manjari Movies<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|01|11}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Odia<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu''''' is a 2013 Indian Odia drama film directed by [[Sudhakar Basant]] and starring Anubhav, Barsha and Minaketan in pivotal roles with original soundtrack by Malay Misra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/movieDetails.aspx?id=31|title=Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu Odia Movie Wallpapers, Star Cast, Video Songs Free Download MP3|website=www.nuaodisha.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=38879|title=Odisha: Two big budget Odia film 'Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu', 'Paribeni Kehi Alaga Kari' released in January|publisher=orissadiary.tv|date=2013-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.eastyawest.com/movies/mo-duniya-tu-hi-tu-new-odia-movie-releasing-on-this-january/|title=Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu- New Odia movie releasing on this January|publisher=EastYaWest|date=2013-01-06}}</ref> It was a remake of Tamil film ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Mar/10/the-remake-raja-of-odia-cinema-457134.html|title=The remake Raja of Odia cinema|first=Dikhya|last=Tiwari|date=8 March 2013|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
Heera and his uncle and are petty thieves. One day while escaping from the police they hide in a house, Payal who is a governess in that house taking care of three children when remaining all went out of town. She locks them in her kitchen for one week, that one week relation with Payal changes entire lifestyle of Heera, he starts a new life and slowly falls in love with Payal. Meanwhile, before leaving the house, Heera's uncle steals Payals's diary, Heera starts reading the diary.<br />
<br />
Payal is an illegitimate daughter of Lawyer, whose house she is living as a maidservant along with her step mother, her sister, sister's husband and their three children without knowing she is Lawyers's daughter. When one of her relatives Akash comes from abroad, Priya likes him and intend to marry Akash, but Akash needs times to decide. After reading this Heera decides not to express his love and from that day he also makes a habit of writing a diary. Next day when he goes to return the diary a conflict arises to Payal because of him, she has been thrown out of the house due to confusion. Heera decides to take care of Payal, and builds her career as singer. Once when Payal gone to foreign tour they blame robbery on Heera and sends him away from the house. Payal returns from the tour, but she does not believe that Heera is a thief and she starts reading his diary which Heera forgot to take and understands how much love Heera hidden in his heart for her.<br />
<br />
At last Payal's family members are making of marriage arrangements of Akash & Payal. In the function even Heera attends the function, hidden in public, but Payal sees him, she acknowledges her entire success at his feet and decides to marry him, even Akash also appreciates her decision. Finally, movie ends with marriage of Heera & Payal.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Anubhav Mohanty]] as Heera<br />
* [[Barsa Priyadarshini]] as Payal<br />
* Minaketan Das <br />
* [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] in Guest appearance<br />
* Salil Mitra as Heera's uncle<br />
* Prutiviraj Nayak <br />
* Jiban Panda <br />
* Pratibha Panda <br />
* Debashis Patra as Akash<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music for the film is composed by Malay Misra.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! Song<br />
! Lyrics<br />
! Singer(s)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu(title song)|| Arun Mantri ||[[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Ira Mohanty]] <br />
|-<br />
|Sathi Tora Sundara|| Basant Raj Samal ||[[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Ira Mohanty]] <br />
|-<br />
|Kanhei Re Kanhei|| Basant Raj Samal ||[[Udit Narayan]] <br />
|-<br />
|Tu Daki Delu|| Basant Raj Samal||[[Ira Mohanty]] <br />
|-<br />
|Kichhi Kichhi Asha|| Arun Mantri ||[[Debashis Mahapatra]], [[Ira Mohanty]] <br />
|-<br />
|To Sathe Jebethu|| Basant Raj Samal||[[Ira Mohanty]] <br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://songs.incredibleorissa.com/mo-duniya-tu-hi-tu-oriya-film-mp3-songs-download/|title=MO DUNIYA TU HI TU SONGS |publisher=IncredibleOrissa}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film generally received positive reviews from critics. ''IncredibleOdisha'' gave it 4 out 5 star in the review and concluded "Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu is a beautiful film with a social message at the end. Surprise packet of the movie is Salil's comedy. Barsha Priyadarshini acted very well in emotional scenes. Anubhav scored well in comedy scenes. Sidhant's performance is also very good."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/mo-duniya-tu-hi-tu-review//|title=Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu Film Review|publisher=IncredibleOdisha }}</ref> ''FullOrissa'' gave it 4.3 out of 5 and commented "Though the film is new and fresh, its unfair to write about the story. But here I would like to mention that the film is New Year gift from Megastar Anubhav to all his fans. He emotes excellent in sentimental sequences and he surely rocks the viewers in songs and dialogues. Brasha Priyadarshini has a tailor-made role and she has really used it to show her acting skills".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://reviews.fullodisha.com/movies/mo-duniya-tu-hi-tu//|title=Mo Duniya tu hi tu Review |publisher=FullOrissaa}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
The film did quite brilliant performance at the box office, becoming one of the highest grossing Odia movie of all time.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/mar/10/the-remake-raja-of-odia-cinema-457134.html| title = The remake Raja of Odia cinema- The New Indian Express}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/odia-film-industry-suffered-rs-10-cr-loss-in-2013.html|title=ODIA FILM INDUSTRY SUFFERED RS 10 CR LOSS IN 2013 |publisher=the pioneer|date=2013-12-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Filmfare Awards East]]<br />
** Best Oriya Film (Nominated)<br />
** Best Oriya director(Nominated)- Sudhakar Basanta<br />
** Best Oriya Actor (Nominated)-[[Anubhav Mohanty]]<br />
** Best Oriya Actress (Nominated)-[[Barsa Priyadarshini]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pragativadi.com/pic-of-the-day/sabyasachi-archita-bag-east-zone-vivel-filmfare-awards#.VPqTG3yUduA|title=Sabyasachi, Archita bag East Zone Vivel Filmfare awards|publisher=Pragativadi|date=2014-03-31|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112021/http://pragativadi.com/pic-of-the-day/sabyasachi-archita-bag-east-zone-vivel-filmfare-awards#.VPqTG3yUduA|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=48829|title=Odia Film nominated for First Film Fare (East) Award|publisher=orissadiary.tv|date=2014-03-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103737/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=48829|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|2928204|Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu}}<br />
<br />
{{Sudhakar Basant}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:Odia remakes of Tamil films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&diff=451948Kanishka2026-02-06T13:13:37Z<p>DilKhus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Kushan emperor from 127 to 150}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
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{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Kaniṣka, Kanishka<br />
| title = [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] emperor<br />
| image = KanishkaCoin3.JPG<br />
| caption = [[Gold coin]] of Kanishka. [[Greco-Bactrian]] legend:<br />ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ<br />''Shaonanoshao Kanishki Koshano''<br />"King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan".<br />[[British Museum]].<br />
| reign = 127–150 CE <!--Chinese records of [[Yueh-chi]] show coronation as 78&nbsp;AD {{cn}} --><br />
| coronation = <br />
| predecessor = [[Vima Kadphises]]<br />
| successor = [[Huvishka]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = <br />
| dynasty = [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]<br />
| father = <br />
| mother = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Possibly [[Khotan]], present-day [[Xinjiang, China]] (per Chinese chronicles)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gakkai |first=Soka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKMvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA328 |title=Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3334-0 |pages=328 |language=en |quote=According to one influential account, he was born in Khotan and came from a family line different from that of Kushan dynasty founder Kujūla Kadphises and his successor, Vīma Kadphises.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 |title=A Brief History of India |date=2003-02-11 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=According to the Chinese sources, Kanishka came originally from Khotan and belonged to one of the smaller Yueh Chi tribes.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br><br />
or [[Kashmir]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| religion = <br />
}}<br />
{{Kushan rulers}}<br />
'''Kanishka I''',{{efn|{{langx|sa|कनिष्क}}, {{IAST3|Kaniṣka}}; [[Greco-Bactrian script|Greco-Bactrian]]:Κανηϸκε ''Kaniške''; [[Kharosthi]]: '''𐨐𐨞𐨁𐨮𐨿𐨐''' ''{{IAST|Ka-ṇi-ṣka}}'';<ref>B.N. Mukhjerjee, ''Shāh-jī-kī-ḍherī Casket Inscription'', ''[[British Museum Quarterly|The British Museum Quarterly]]'', Vol. 28, No. 1/2 (Summer, 1964), pp. 39–46</ref> [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]: 𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀓 {{IAST|Kā-ṇi-ṣka}}}} also known as '''Kanishka the Great''',<ref>"The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas". Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII.</ref> was an emperor of the [[Kushan dynasty]], under whose reign ({{Circa|127}}–150 CE) the empire reached its zenith.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1–41) |journal=Indian Historical Review |date=2017 |volume=44 |pages=1–41 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32448882 |language=en|url-access=registration}}</ref> He is famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. A descendant of [[Kujula Kadphises]], founder of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan empire]], Kanishka came to rule an empire extending from [[Central Asia]] and [[Gandhara]] to [[Pataliputra]] on the [[Gangetic plain]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Romesh C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zigfknEXEe0C&pg=PA321 |title=History of India, in Nine Volumes: Vol. I - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century B.C. |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60520-490-1 |pages=321–322 |language=en |quote=Kanishka conquered Kashmir. Kanishka's vast empire extended over Kabul, over Yarkand and Khotan, over Kashmir and Rajputana, and over the whole of the Panjab, to Gujarat and Sind in the south, and to Agra in the east, and even China had hostages at his court. Kanishka was a zealous Buddhist of the Northern school, and held a council of five hundred monks.}}</ref> The main capital of his empire was located at [[history of Peshawar|''Puruṣapura'']] ([[Peshawar]]) in Gandhara, with another major capital at [[Mathura]]. Coins of Kanishka were found in Tripuri (present-day [[Jabalpur]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dahiya|first=Poonam Dalal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbU6DwAAQBAJ|title=ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA EBOOK|date=2017-09-15|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-93-5260-673-3|pages=278–281|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Although he never converted to the religion, his conquests and patronage of [[Buddhism]] played an important role in the development of the [[Silk Road]], and in the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|transmission of Mahayana Buddhism]] from Gandhara across the [[Karakoram]] range to [[China]]. Around 127 CE, he replaced [[Koine Greek|Greek]] with [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] as the official language of administration in the empire.<ref>The Kushans at first retained the [[Greek language]] for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian [[Rabatak inscription]] (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king [[Kanishka the Great]] ({{Circa|127&nbsp;AD}}), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.</ref><br />
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Earlier scholars believed that Kanishka ascended the Kushan throne in 78 CE, and that this date was used as the beginning of the [[Saka era|Saka calendar era]]. However, historians no longer regard this date as that of Kanishka's accession. Falk estimates that Kanishka came to the throne in 127 CE.<ref>Falk (2001), pp. 121–136. Falk (2004), pp. 167–176</ref><br />
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== Genealogy ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| header=Mathura statue of Kanishka<br />
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| image1 = Kanishka enhanced.jpg<br />
| caption1 = The Kanishka statue in the [[Mathura Museum]].Founded from Mant, Mathura. There is a dedicatory inscription along the bottom of the coat.<br />
| image2 = Kanishka statue inscription.jpg<br />
| caption2 = The inscription is in middle [[Brahmi script]]:<br /> [[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka haa.jpg|14px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|10px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka j.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|10px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka j.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad dhi.jpg|10px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|10px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka j.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka d.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka v.svg|12px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka pu.jpg|12px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]]</sub> [[File:Gupta ashoka kaa.svg|14px]]<sup>[[File:Gupta ashoka nni.jpg|14px]]</sup><sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka ssk.jpg|16px]]</sub><br />''Mahārāja Rājadhirāja Devaputra Kāṇiṣka''<br />"The Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Kanishka".<ref name="IUK">{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Baij Nath |title=India under the Kushāṇas |date=1965 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxZuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><br />[[Mathura art]], [[Mathura Museum]]<br />
| footer=<br />
}}<br />
There are two theories about Kanisha's origins, both based on the supposition of a separate Kanishka dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA40 |title=The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967 |pages=40–41 |language=en |quote=There are two unconfirmed theories about Kanisha's having ruled in the periphery of the Kushan Empire before assuming power as the Shaonanoshao. Both are based on the supposition of a separate Kanishka dynasty. The earlier-Sten Konow's-is that Kanishka came from Khotan, having been summoned as an ethnic ally at the time of troubles after Vima's reign. Konow supports this theory by citing a Tibetan tradition that a Khotanese expedition to India of about A.D. 120 was commanded by a King Vijayakirti along with a King Kanika and the king of Guzan. Ghirshman's similar theory is that Kanishka was originally king of Kashmir before becoming suzerain of the dynasty as a whole. He cites the above mentioned Khalatse epigraph, which may allude to Kushan power reaching the northeast corner of Kashmir, and also the Rajatarangini, in which the list of [Kushan] kings of Kashmir gave Kanishka's name as the third of a sequence, suggesting that he had predecessors there (Hushka and Jushka). Finally, testimony of Kanishka's activity in Kashmir in favor of the Buddhist faith suggests that he favored the region above others and that he founded Peshawar as his capital to be close to Kashmir.}}</ref> The earlier [[Sten Konow]]'s is that Kanishka came from [[Hotan|Khotan]], having been summoned as an ethnic ally at the time of troubles after [[Vima Kadphises|Vima]]'s reign.<ref name=":0" /> Konow supports this theory by citing a Tibetan tradition that a Khotanese expedition to India of about A.D. 120 was commanded by a King ''Vijayakirti'' along with a King ''Kanika'' and the king of ''Guzan''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gakkai |first=Soka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKMvEAAAQBAJ&dq=kanishka+born+khotan&pg=PA328 |title=Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3334-0 |pages=328 |language=en |quote=According to one influential account, he was born in Khotan and came from a family line different from that of Kushan dynasty founder Kujūla Kadphises and his successor, Vīma Kadphises.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&dq=kanishka+died+khotan&pg=PT109 |title=A Brief History of India |date=2003-02-11 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=According to the Chinese sources, Kanishka came originally from Khotan and belonged to one of the smaller Yueh Chi tribes.}}</ref><br />
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[[Roman Ghirshman]]'s similar theory is that Kanishka was originally king of [[Kashmir]] before becoming suzerain of the dynasty as a whole.<ref name=":0" /> He cites the above-mentioned [[Khalatse]] epigraph, which may allude to Kushan power reaching the northeast corner of Kashmir, and also the [[Rajatarangini]], in which the list of Kushan kings of Kashmir gave Kanishka's name as the third of a sequence, along with the names of ''Hushka'' and ''Jushka''.<ref name=":0" /> Finally, testimony of Kanishka's activity in Kashmir in favor of the Buddhist faith suggests that he favored the region above others and that he founded [[Peshawar]] as his capital to be close to Kashmir.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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He was of [[Yuezhi]] ethnicity and his native language was probably [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Findeisen |first1=Raoul David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Esz2vwNkzNMC&pg=PA138 |title=At Home in Many Worlds: Reading, Writing and Translating from Chinese and Jewish Cultures : Essays in Honour of Irene Eber |last2=Isay |first2=Gad C. |last3=Katz-Goehr |first3=Amira |date=2009 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-06135-3 |page=138 |language=en}}</ref> Kanishka was the successor of [[Vima Kadphises]], as demonstrated by an impressive genealogy of the Kushan kings, known as the [[Rabatak inscription]].<ref>Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995/6), pp. 75–142.</ref><ref>Sims-Williams (1998), pp. 79–83.</ref> The connection of Kanishka with other Kushan rulers is described in the Rabatak inscription as Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time: [[Kujula Kadphises]] as his great-grandfather, [[Vima Taktu]] as his grandfather, [[Vima Kadphises]] as his father, and himself Kanishka: "for King [[Kujula Kadphises]] (his) great grandfather, and for King [[Vima Taktu]] (his) grandfather, and for King [[Vima Kadphises]] (his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka".<ref>Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995/6), p. 80.</ref><br />
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== Conquests in India and Central Asia ==<br />
{{Main|Kanishka's war with Parthia|Kanishka's Central Asian campaign|Kanishka's conquest of Greater Bactria}}<br />
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Kanishka's empire was certainly vast. It extended from southern [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Tajikistan]], north of the Amu Darya ([[Oxus]]) in the north west to Northern India, as far as [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in the south east (the [[Rabatak inscription]] even claims he held [[Pataliputra]] and Sri Champa), and his territory also included [[Kashmir]], where there was a town Kanishkapur (modern day Kanispora), named after him not far from the [[Baramula|Baramulla]] Pass and which still contains the base of a large stupa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA301 |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |pages=301 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parashar |first=Parmanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gylNFls7xxoC&pg=PA260 |title=Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-518-9 |pages=260 |language=en}}</ref> The Buddhist text ''Śrīdharmapiṭakanidānasūtra''—known via a Chinese translation made in AD 472—refers to the conquest of Pataliputra by Kanishka.{{sfn|Puri|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA258 258]}}<br />
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Knowledge of his hold over Central Asia is less well established. The ''[[Book of the Later Han|Hou Hanshu]]'', states that general [[Ban Chao]] fought battles near [[Khotan]] with a Kushan army of 70,000 men led by an otherwise unknown Kushan viceroy named Xie ({{lang-zh|謝}}) in 90 AD. Ban Chao claimed to be victorious, forcing the Kushans to retreat by use of a [[scorched-earth]] policy. The territories of [[Kashgar]], [[Khotan]] and [[Yarkent County|Yarkand]] were Chinese dependencies in the [[Tarim Basin]], modern [[Xinjiang]]. Several coins of Kanishka have been found in the [[Tarim Basin]].<ref>Hill (2009), p. 11.</ref><br />
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Kanishka possibly fought off [[Parthian–Kushan War|an invasion by the Parthian Empire]] in his reign.<ref name="Ghirshman">{{ cite book | title = Iran: From the earliest times to the Islamic conquest | url = https://archive.org/details/iranfromearliest0000ghir/page/261/mode/1up | page = 262 | url-access= registration| orig-date= 1954 | last = Ghirshman | first = Roman | place= Baltimore| publisher= Penguin Books | date= 1965 | isbn = 978-0-14-020239-7 | author-link= Roman Ghirshman}}</ref> The war is attested in a single source, a Chinese translation of a lost Sanskrit original, ''A History of the Buddha's Successors''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bang |editor1-first=Peter Fibiger |editor2-last=Bayly |editor2-first=C. A. |editor3-last=Scheidel |editor3-first=Walter |title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-753278-2 |pages=325–346 (at 339) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA339 |language=en | author-last= Benjamin| author-first= Craig | chapter= The Kushan Empire | doi = 10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Kushanmap.jpg|[[Kushan Empire|Kushan territories]] (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka (dotted line). The conquests in India are according to the [[Rabatak inscription]],<ref>"The [[Rabatak inscription]] claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I's authority was proclaimed in India, in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano (Kundina), Ozeno ([[Ujjain]]), Kozambo (Kausambi), Zagedo ([[Saketa]]), Palabotro ([[Pataliputra]]) and Ziri-Tambo (Janjgir-Champa). These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura, up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm. Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself." ''Ancient Indian Inscriptions'', [[S. R. Goyal]], p. 93. See also the analysis of [[Sims-Williams]] and J. Cribb, who had a central role in the decipherment: "A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great", in ''Silk Road Art and Archaeology'' No. 4, 1995–1996. Also see, Mukherjee, B. N. "The Great Kushanan Testament", Indian Museum Bulletin.</ref> the northern expansion into the [[Tarim Basin]] is mainly suggested by coin finds and Chinese chronicles.<ref name="SKK">{{cite magazine|last=Cribb |first=Joe|title=The Sino-Kharosthi coins of Khotan part 2|url=https://www.academia.edu/33275660 |date=1984 |magazine=Numismatic Chronicle |pages=129–152}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1(g) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| capital = [[Peshawar]] ([[History of Peshawar|''Puruṣapura'']])<br />[[Taxila]] (''Takṣaśilā'')<br />[[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] (''Mathurā'')<br />
| common_languages = [[Koine Greek|Greek]] (official until {{Circa|127}}){{refn|group=note |name="The Bactrian 2000 p. 133"|The Kushans at first retained the [[Greek language]] for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian [[Rabatak inscription]] (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king [[Kanishka the Great]] ({{Circa|127&nbsp;AD}}), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language").{{sfn|Falk|2001|p=133}}}}<br />[[Bactrian language|Bactrian]]{{refn|group=note|name="The Bactrian 2000 p. 133"}} (official from {{Circa|127}}){{refn|group=note|The Pali word ''vaṃśa'' (dynasty) affixed to ''Gushana'' (Kushana), i.e. Gushana-vaṃśa (Kushan dynasty) appears on a dedicatory inscription at [[Mankiala|Manikiala stupa]].{{sfn|Rosenfield|1967|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA7 7 & 8]}}}}<br>[[Gandhari Prakrit]]<ref name="SAW">{{cite book |last1=Wurm |first1=Stephen A. |last2=Mühlhäusler |first2=Peter |last3=Tryon |first3=Darrell T. |title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts |date=11 February 2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081972-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA952 |language=en}}</ref><br />Hybrid [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="SAW"/><br />
File:Probable statue of Kanishka, Surkh Kotal. Kabul Museum (2nd century CE).jpg|Probable statue of Kanishka, [[Surkh Kotal]], 2nd century CE. [[Kabul Museum]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lo Muzio|first1=Ciro|title=Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan)|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|date=2012|volume=22|pages=189–206|url=https://www.academia.edu/3586155}}</ref><br />
File:Bronze coin of Kanishka found in Khotan.jpg|Bronze coin of Kanishka, found in [[Khotan]], modern [[China]].<br />
File:Bengal. Samatata. Coin of Vira Jadamarah imitative of Kushan coinage of Kanishka I. Circa 2nd-3rd century CE.jpg|[[Samatata]] coinage of king Vira Jadamarah, in imitation of the [[Kushan coinage]] of [[Kanishka I]]. [[Bengal]], {{Circa|2nd–3rd century CE}}.<ref name="Samatata coin">{{cite web|title=Samatata coin|url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3412701&page=1&partId=1|website=British Museum}}</ref><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Kanishka's coins ==<br />
Kanishka's coins portray images of [[Indian religions|Indian]], [[Greek mythology|Greek]], [[Greater Iran|Iranian]] and even [[Sumer]]o-[[Elamite]] divinities, demonstrating the [[Syncretism|religious syncretism]] in his beliefs. Kanishka's coins from the beginning of his reign bear legends in Greek language and script and depict Greek divinities. Later coins bear legends in [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]], the [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]] that the Kushans evidently spoke, and Greek divinities were replaced by corresponding Iranian ones. All of Kanishka's coins – even ones with a legend in the Bactrian language – were written in a modified Greek script that had one additional glyph (Ϸ) to represent /š/ (''sh''), as in the word 'Ku''sh''an' and 'Kani''sh''ka'.<br />
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On his coins, the king is typically depicted as a bearded man in a long coat and trousers gathered at the ankle, with flames emanating from his shoulders. He wears large rounded boots, and is armed with a long sword as well as a lance. He is frequently seen to be making a sacrifice on a small altar. The lower half of a lifesize limestone relief of Kanishka similarly attired, with a stiff embroidered surplice beneath his coat and spurs attached to his boots under the light gathered folds of his trousers, survived in the Kabul Museum until it was destroyed by the Taliban.<ref>Wood (2002), illus. p. 39.</ref><br />
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=== Hellenistic phase ===<br />
[[File:Kanishka I Greek legend and Helios.jpg|thumb|270px|Gold coin of Kanishka I with Greek legend and Hellenistic divinity [[Helios]]. ({{Circa|120 AD}}).<br />'''Obverse:''' Kanishka standing, clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding a standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Greek legend {{lang|el|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΟΥ}} "[coin] of Kanishka, king of kings".<br />'''Reverse:''' Standing Helios in Hellenistic style, forming a benediction gesture with the right hand. Legend in Greek script: {{lang|el|ΗΛΙΟΣ}} ''Helios''. Kanishka monogram (''tamgha'') to the left.]]<br />
A few coins at the beginning of his reign have a legend in the [[Greek language]] and script: {{lang|el|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΟΥ}}, {{transliteration|el|basileus basileon kaneshkou}} "[coin] of Kanishka, king of kings." <br /><br />
Greek deities, with Greek names are represented on these early coins:<br />
* {{lang|el|ΗΛΙΟΣ}} ({{transliteration|el|ēlios}}, [[Helios|Hēlios]]), {{lang|el|ΗΦΑΗΣΤΟΣ}} ({{transliteration|el|ēphaēstos}}, [[Hephaistos]]), {{lang|el|ΣΑΛΗΝΗ}} ({{transliteration|el|salēnē}}, [[Selene]]), {{lang|el|ΑΝΗΜΟΣ}} ({{transliteration|el|anēmos}}, [[Anemos]])<br />
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The inscriptions in Greek are full of spelling and syntactical errors.<br />
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=== Iranian / Indic phase ===<br />
Following the transition to the Bactrian language on coins, Iranian and Indic divinities replace the Greek ones:<br />
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* ΑΡΔΟΧ''Ϸ''Ο (''ardoxsho'', [[Ashi Vanghuhi]])<br />
* ΛΡΟΟΑΣΠΟ (''lrooaspo'', [[Drvaspa]])<br />
* ΑΘ''Ϸ''Ο (''adsho'', [[Atar]])<br />
* ΦΑΡΡΟ (''pharro'', personified [[khwarenah]])<br />
* ΜΑΟ (''mao'', [[Mah]])<br />
* ΜΙΘΡΟ, ΜΙΙΡΟ, ΜΙΟΡΟ, ΜΙΥΡΟ (''mithro'', ''miiro'', ''mioro'', ''miuro'', variants of [[Mithra]])<br />
* ΜΟΖΔΟΟΑΝΟ (''mozdaooano'', "[[Ahura Mazda|Mazda]] the victorious?")<br />
* ΝΑΝΑ, ΝΑΝΑΙΑ, ΝΑΝΑ''Ϸ''ΑΟ (variants of pan-Asiatic ''Nana'', Sogdian ''nny'', in a Zoroastrian context [[Aredvi Sura Anahita]])<br />
* ΜΑΝΑΟΒΑΓΟ (''manaobago'', [[Vohu Manah]] )<br />
* ΟΑΔΟ (''oado'', [[Vata-Vayu|Vata]])<br />
* ΟΡΑΛΑΓΝΟ (''orlagno'', [[Verethragna]])<br />
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Only a few [[Buddhist]] divinities were used as well:<br />
* ΒΟΔΔΟ (''boddo'', [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]),<br />
* ''Ϸ''ΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ (''shakamano boddho'', [[Shakyamuni Buddha]])<br />
* ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ (''metrago boddo'', the bodhisattava [[Maitreya]])<br />
<br />
Only a few [[Hindu]] divinities were used as well:<br />
* ΟΗ''Ϸ''Ο (''[[oesho]]'', [[Shiva]]). A recent study indicate that ''oesho'' may be [[Avestan]] [[Vayu-Vata|Vayu]] conflated with [[Shiva]].<ref>Sims-Williams (online) ''Encyclopedia Iranica''.</ref><ref>H. Humbach, 1975, pp. 402–408. K. Tanabe, 1997, p. 277, M. Carter, 1995, p. 152. J. Cribb, 1997, p. 40. References cited in ''De l'Indus à l'Oxus''.</ref><br />
<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== Kanishka and Buddhism ==<br />
[[File:Coin of Kanishka I.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Gold coin of '''Kanishka I''' with a representation of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] ({{Circa|120 AD}}).<br />'''Obv:''' Kanishka standing.., clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Kushan-language legend in Greek script (with the addition of the Kushan Ϸ "sh" letter): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao Kanishki Koshano"): "King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan".<br />'''Rev:''' Standing Buddha in Hellenistic style, forming the gesture of "no fear" (abhaya mudra) with his right hand, and holding a pleat of his robe in his left hand. Legend in Greek script: ΒΟΔΔΟ "Boddo", for the Buddha. Kanishka monogram (tamgha) to the right.]]<br />
<br />
In Buddhist tradition Kanishka is regarded as of utmost importance. Although he never converted to Buddhism, he encouraged its teachings and provided royal sponsorship.<ref>{{cite book| chapter =From the Kushans to the Western Turks | title= King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE) | author= Khodadad Rezakhani | page= 201 | doi = 10.1163/9789004460645_010 | publisher= Brill | date = 2017 | isbn = 978-90-04-46064-5 | series= Ancient Iran Series | volume= 4 | editor=Touraj Daryaee |quote=Kanishka, known as the Great (....) He is also known through mentions of him in many Indian epic and religious sources, where he is associated with the spread of Buddhism in Central Asia (Bivar 1983: 190f; Staviskij 1986: 201-215). Despite this concentration on his support of Buddhism, however, he appears to have been a ruler more akin to Constantine the Great than Theodosius the Great, in that he did not himself convert to Buddhism, rather rendering his support to the religion (Stavinskij 1986: 215-229; Grenet 2006).}}</ref>{{rp|201}} Notably, he administered the 4th Buddhist Council in [[Kashmir]] as the head of the council.<ref>{{cite journal<br />
| title = Sacred Architecture of Kashmir: Language of Identity | author= M. Saleem Beg<br />
| journal = Social Scientist | volume=48 | number= 7/8 |date=2020|pages= 75–80 | jstor =26978888 | issn = 0970-0293 }}</ref>{{rp|76}} It was presided by Vasumitra and Ashwaghosha. Images of the [[Buddha]] based on 32 physical signs were made during his time.{{clarify|physical signs? Mudra?|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
He encouraged both the [[Gandhara]] school of [[Greco-Buddhist Art]] and the [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] school of art (an inescapable religious syncretism pervades Kushana rule). Kanishka personally seems to have embraced both Buddhism and the Persian attributes but he favored Buddhism, proven by his devotion to Buddhist teachings and prayer styles depicted in various books related to kushan empire.<br />
<br />
His greatest contribution to Buddhist architecture was the [[Kanishka stupa]] at Purushapura, modern day [[Peshawar]]. Archaeologists who rediscovered the base of it in 1908–1909 estimated that this stupa had a diameter of 286 feet (87 metres). Reports of Chinese pilgrims such as [[Xuanzang]] indicate that its height was 600 to 700 (Chinese) "feet" (= roughly 180–210 metres or 591–689&nbsp;ft.) and it was covered with jewels.<ref>Dobbins (1971).</ref><br />
<br />
Kanishka is said to have been particularly close to the Buddhist scholar [[Ashvaghosha]], who became his religious advisor in his later years.<br />
<br />
=== Buddhist coinage ===<br />
The Buddhist coins of Kanishka are comparatively rare (well under one percent of all known coins of Kanishka). Several show Kanishka on the obverse and the Buddha standing on the reverse. A few also show the [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] and [[Maitreya]]. Like all coins of Kanishka, the design is rather rough and proportions tend to be imprecise; the image of the Buddha is often slightly overdone, with oversize ears and feet spread apart in the same fashion as the Kushan king.<br />
<br />
Three types of Kanishka's Buddhist coins are known:<br />
<br />
==== Standing Buddha ====<br />
[[File:Buddha in the coinage of Kanishka I.jpg|thumb|upright|Depiction of the [[Buddha]] envelopped in a [[mandorla]] in Kanishka's coinage. The mandorla is normally considered as a late evolution in Gandhara art.<ref>"In Gandhara the appearance of a halo surrounding an entire figure occurs only in the latest phases of artistic production, in the fifth and sixth centuries. By this time in Afghanistan the halo/mandorla had become quite common and is the format that took hold at Central Asian Buddhist sites." in {{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38782 |website=metmuseum.org}}</ref>]]<br />
Only six Kushan coins of the Buddha are known in gold (the sixth one is the centerpiece of an ancient piece of jewellery, consisting of a Kanishka Buddha coin decorated with a ring of heart-shaped ruby stones). All these coins were minted in gold under Kanishka I, and are in two different denominations: a [[dinar]] of about 8&nbsp;gm, roughly similar to a Roman [[aureus]], and a quarter dinar of about 2&nbsp;gm. (about the size of an [[obol (coin)|obol]]).<br />
<br />
The Buddha is represented wearing the monastic robe, the ''[[antaravasaka]]'', the ''[[uttarasanga]]'', and the overcoat ''[[sanghati]]''.<br />
<br />
The ears are extremely large and long, a symbolic exaggeration possibly rendered necessary by the small size of the coins, but otherwise visible in some later Gandharan statues of the Buddha typically dated to the 3rd–4th century CE (''illustration, left''). He has an abundant topknot covering the [[usnisha]], often highly stylised in a curly or often globular manner, also visible on later Buddha statues of Gandhara.<br />
<br />
In general, the representation of the Buddha on these coins is already highly symbolic, and quite distinct from the more naturalistic and Hellenistic images seen in early Gandhara sculptures. On several designs a mustache is apparent. The palm of his right hand bears the [[Chakra]] mark, and his brow bear the [[urna]]. An [[aureola]], formed by one, two or three lines, surrounds him.<br />
<br />
The full gown worn by the Buddha on the coins, covering both shoulders, suggests a Gandharan model rather than a Mathuran one.<br />
<br />
==== "Shakyamuni Buddha" ====<br />
[[File:Shakyamuni Buddha on coins of Kanihska I.jpg|thumb|200px|Depictions of the "[[Shakyamuni Buddha]]" (with legend ϷΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ "Shakamano Boddo") in Kanishka's coinage.]]<br />
The [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] (with the legend "Sakamano Boudo", i.e. Shakamuni Buddha, another name for the historic Buddha [[Siddharta Gautama]]), standing to front, with left hand on hip and forming the abhaya mudra with the right hand. All these coins are in copper only, and usually rather worn.<br />
<br />
The gown of the Shakyamuni Buddha is quite light compared to that on the coins in the name of Buddha, clearly showing the outline of the body, in a nearly transparent way. These are probably the first two layers of monastic clothing the ''[[antaravasaka]]'' and the ''[[uttarasanga]]''. Also, his gown is folded over the left arm (rather than being held in the left hand as above), a feature only otherwise known in the [[Bimaran casket]] and suggestive of a scarf-like ''[[uttariya]]''. He has an abundant topknot covering the [[ushnisha]], and a simple or double [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]], sometimes radiating, surrounds his head.<br />
<br />
==== "Maitreya Buddha" ====<br />
[[File:KushanMaitreyaTotal.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Depictions of "[[Maitreya]]" (with legend ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ "Metrago Boddo") in Kanishka's coinage.]]<br />
The Bodhisattva [[Maitreya]] (with the legend "Metrago Boudo") cross-legged on a throne, holding a water pot, and also forming the Abhaya mudra. These coins are only known in copper and are quite worn out .<br />
On the clearest coins, Maitreya seems to be wearing the armbands of an Indian prince, a feature often seen on the statuary of Maitreya. The throne is decorated with small columns, suggesting that the coin representation of Maitreya was directly copied from pre-existing statuary with such well-known features.<br />
<br />
The qualification of "Buddha" for Maitreya is inaccurate, as he is instead a [[Bodhisattva]] (he is the Buddha of the future).<br />
<br />
The iconography of these three types is very different from that of the other deities depicted in Kanishka's coinage. Whether Kanishka's deities are all shown from the side, the Buddhas only are shown frontally, indicating that they were copied from contemporary frontal representations of the standing and seated Buddhas in statuary.<ref>''The Crossroads of Asia'', p. 201. (Full {{citation needed|date=December 2010}} here.)</ref> Both representations of the Buddha and Shakyamuni have both shoulders covered by their monastic gown, indicating that the statues used as models were from the [[Gandhara]] school of art, rather than [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]].<br />
<br />
=== Buddhist statuary under Kanishka ===<br />
{{See also|Kushan art}}<br />
Several Buddhist statues are directly connected to the reign of Kanishka, such as several Bodhisattva statues from the [[Mathura Art|Art of Mathura]], while a few other from [[Gandhara]] are inscribed with a date in an era which is now thought to be the [[Yavana era]], starting in 186 to 175 BCE.<ref name="PC" /><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"<br />
|align=center colspan=2 style="background:#C0C0C0; font-size: 100%;"| '''Dated statuary under Kanishka'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px"><br />
File:Standing Bodhisattva Dedicated by Buddhamitra Year 2 of Kanishka.jpg|[[Kosambi]] Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka".<ref>Early History of Kausambi [https://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofka035153mbp#page/n25/mode/2up/search/Bhikkhuni p.xxi]</ref><br />
File:Bodhisattva dedicated by Bhikshu Bala at Sarnath 123 CE.jpg|''[[Bala Bodhisattva]]'', [[Sarnath]], inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka".<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica#page/n235/mode/2up Epigraphia Indica 8 p. 179]</ref><br />
File:Kimbell seated Buddha with attendants, Mathura.jpg|"''[[Kimbell seated Buddha]]''", with inscription "year 4 of Kanishka" (131 CE).<ref name="Kimbell">Seated Buddha with inscription starting with [[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka haa.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta ashoka j.svg|12px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|19px]]</sub> [[File:Gupta ashoka kaa.svg|14px]]<sup>[[File:Gupta ashoka nni.jpg|14px]]</sup><sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka ssk.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|19px]]</sub> <sup>[[File:Gupta ashoka sam.jpg|14px]]</sup>'''<big><big>𑁕</big></big>''' ''Maharajasya Kanishkasya Sam 4'' "Year 4 of the Great King Kanishka" in {{cite web|title=Seated Buddha with Two Attendants|url=https://www.kimbellart.org/collection/ap-198606|website=kimbellart.org|publisher=Kimbell Art Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref name="GPK">"The Buddhist Triad, from Haryana or Mathura, Year 4 of Kaniska (ad 82). Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth." in {{cite book|last1=Museum (Singapore)|first1=Asian Civilisations|last2=Krishnan|first2=Gauri Parimoo|title=The Divine Within: Art & Living Culture of India & South Asia|date=2007|publisher=World Scientific Pub|isbn=9789810567057|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-ny6Kmvu6cC|language=en}}</ref> Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|title=The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=2007|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-224-4|page=48, Fig. 18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ3eCZVlT48C|language=en}}</ref><br />
File:Buddhist Triad Peshawar Museum.jpg|Gandhara Buddhist Triad from [[Sahr-i-Bahlol]], {{Circa|132 CE}}, similar to the dated ''[[Brussels Buddha]]''.<ref name="GF">{{cite journal|last1=FUSSMAN|first1=Gérard|title=Documents Epigraphiques Kouchans|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|date=1974|volume=61|pages=54–57|doi=10.3406/befeo.1974.5193|issn=0336-1519|jstor=43732476 }}</ref> [[Peshawar Museum]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rhi|first1=Juhyung|title=Identifying Several Visual Types of Gandharan Buddha Images. Archives of Asian Art 58 (2008).|pages=53–56|url=https://www.academia.edu/7976078|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=The Classical Art Research Centre|first1=University of Oxford|title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017|date=2018|publisher=Archaeopress|page=[https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n52 45], notes 28, 29|url=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt}}</ref><br />
File:Nāga between two Nāgīs, inscribed in the year 8 of Emperor Kanishka 135 CE.jpg|Image of a [[Nāga]] between two [[Nāgī]]s, inscribed in "the year 8 of Emperor Kanishka". 135 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sircar|first1=Dineschandra|title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India|date=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-2790-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA134|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sastri|first1=H. krishna|title=Epigraphia Indica Vol-17|date=1923|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70170/page/n31 11]–15|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70170}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Luders|first1=Heinrich|title=Mathura Inscriptions|date=1961|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093/page/n148 148]–149|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093}}</ref><br />
File:Loriya Tangai Buddha.jpg|Buddha from [[Loriyan Tangai]] with inscription mentioning the "year 318", thought to be 143 CE.<ref name="PC">{{cite book|last1=Rhi|first1=Juhyung|title=Problems of Chronology in Gandharan. Positioning Gandharan Buddhas in Chronology|date=2017|publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology|location=Oxford|pages=35–51|url=http://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Final%20e-version%20Problems%20of%20Chronology%20in%20Gandharan%20Art.pdf}}{{free access}}</ref><br />
Loriya Tangai standing Buddha.jpg|A Buddha from [[Loriyan Tangai]] from the same period.<ref name="PC" /><br />
</gallery><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Kanishka stupa ===<br />
{{Main|Kanishka stupa|Kanishka casket}}<br />
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction =horizontal<br />
| header=Kanishka casket<br />
| image1 = Kanishka casket, Asia, G33 South Asia.jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Kanishka casket]]<br />
| image2 = ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Remnants of the [[Kanishka stupa]].<br />
| image3 = KanishkaDetail.JPG<br />
| caption3 = Kanishka, surrounded by the Iranian Sun-God and Moon-God (detail)<br />
| image4 = Buddha relics.JPG<br />
| caption4 = Relics from Kanishka's stupa in [[Peshawar]], sent by the British to [[Mandalay]], Burma in 1910.<br />
| footer=The "[[Kanishka casket]]", dated to 127 [[Common Era|CE]], with the Buddha surrounded by [[Brahma]] and [[Indra]], and Kanishka standing at the center of the lower part, [[British Museum]].<br />
}}<br />
The "[[Kanishka casket]]" or "Kanishka reliquary", dated to the first year of Kanishka's reign in 127 CE, was discovered in a deposit chamber under [[Kanishka stupa]], during the archaeological excavations in 1908–1909 in Shah-Ji-Ki-Dheri, just outside the present-day Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar.<ref>Hargreaves (1910–11), pp. 25–32.</ref><ref>Spooner, (1908–9), pp. 38–59.</ref> It is today at the Peshawar Museum, and a copy is in the [[British Museum]]. It is said to have contained three bone fragments of the Buddha, which are now housed in [[Mandalay]], Burma.<br />
<br />
The casket is dedicated in [[Kharoshthi]]. The inscription reads:<br />
<br />
: "(*mahara)jasa kanishkasa kanishka-pure nagare aya gadha-karae deya-dharme sarva-satvana hita-suhartha bhavatu mahasenasa sagharaki dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kanishkasa vihare mahasenasa sangharame"<br />
<br />
The text is signed by the maker, a Greek artist named ''Agesilas'', who oversaw work at Kanishka's [[stupa]]s (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realisations at such a late date: "The servant Agisalaos, the superintendent of works at the vihara of Kanishka in the monastery of Mahasena" ("dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kaniskasa vihara mahasenasa sangharame").<br />
<br />
The lid of the casket shows the Buddha on a lotus pedestal, and worshipped by [[Brahma]] and [[Indra]]. The edge of the lid is decorated by a frieze of flying geese. The body of the casket represents a Kushan monarch, probably Kanishka in person, with the Iranian sun and moon gods on his side. On the sides are two images of a seated Buddha, worshiped by royal figures, can be assumed as Kanishka. A garland, supported by [[cherubs]] goes around the scene in typical Hellenistic style.<br />
<br />
The attribution of the casket to Kanishka has been recently disputed, essentially on stylistic ground (for example the ruler shown on the casket is not bearded, to the contrary of Kanishka). Instead, the casket is often attributed to Kanishka's successor [[Huvishka]].<br />
<br />
=== Kanishka in Buddhist tradition ===<br />
In Buddhist tradition, Kanishka is often described as an aggressive, hot tempered, rigid, strict, and a bit harsh kind of King before he got converted to Buddhism of which he was very fond, and after his conversion to Buddhism, he became an openhearted, benevolent, and faithful ruler. As in the Sri-dharma-pitaka-nidana sutra:<br />
:"At this time the King of Ngan-si (Pahlava) was very aggressive and of a violent nature....There was a bhikshu (monk) arhat who seeing the harsh deeds done by the king wished to make him repent. So by his supernatural force he caused the king to see the torments of hell. The king was terrified and repented and cried terribly and hence dissolved all his negatives within him and got self realised for the first time in life ." ''{{IAST|Śri-dharma-piṭaka-nidāna sūtra}}''<ref>Kumar (1973), p. 95.</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, the arrival of Kanishka was reportedly foretold or was predicted by the Buddha, as well as the construction of his stupa:<br />
:". . . the Buddha, pointing to a small boy making a mud tope....[said] that on that spot {{IAST|Kaṇiṣka}} would erect a tope by his name." ''Vinaya sutra''<ref>Kumar (1973), p. 91.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Kanishka I with Maitreya.jpg|thumb|Coin of Kanishka with the Bodhisattva Maitreya "Metrago Boudo".]]<br />
[[File:Ahin Posh stupa reconstitution, Simpson 1878.jpg|thumb|The [[Ahin Posh]] stupa was dedicated in the 2nd century CE and contained coins of Kaniska]]<br />
The same story is repeated in a [[Khotan]]ese scroll found at [[Dunhuang]], which first described how Kanishka would arrive 400 years after the death of the Buddha. The account also describes how Kanishka came to raise his stupa:<br />
:"A desire thus arose in [Kanishka to build a vast stupa]....at that time the four world-regents learnt the mind of the king. So for his sake they took the form of young boys....[and] began a stūpa of mud....the boys said to [Kanishka] 'We are making the {{IAST|Kaṇiṣka-stūpa}}.'....At that time the boys changed their form....[and] said to him, 'Great king, by you according to the Buddha's prophecy is a {{IAST|Saṅghārāma}} to be built wholly (?) with a large stūpa and hither relics must be invited which the meritorious good beings...will bring."<ref>Kumar (1973). p. 89.</ref><br />
<br />
Chinese pilgrims to India, such as [[Xuanzang]], who travelled there around 630 CE also relays the story:<br />
:"{{IAST|Kaṇiṣka}} became sovereign of all Jambudvīpa (Indian subcontinent) but he did not believe in Karma, but he treated Buddhism with honor and respect as he himself converted to Buddhism intrigued by the teachings and scriptures of it. When he was hunting in the wild country a white hare appeared; the king gave a chase and the hare suddenly disappeared at [the site of the future stupa]....[when the construction of the stūpa was not going as planned] the king lost his patience and took the matter in his own hands and started resurrecting the plans precisely, thus completing the stupas with utmost perfection and perseverance. These two stupas are still in existence and were resorted to for cures by people afflicted with diseases."<br />
King Kanishka because of his deeds was highly respected, regarded, honored by all the people he ruled and governed and was regarded the greatest king who ever lived because of his kindness, humbleness and sense of equality and self-righteousness among all aspects. Thus such great deeds and character of the king Kanishka made his name immortal and thus he was regarded "THE KING OF KINGS"<ref>[[Xuanzang]], quoted in: Kumar (1973), p. 93.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Transmission of Buddhism to China ===<br />
{{Main|Silk Road transmission of Buddhism}}<br />
Buddhist monks from the region of [[Gandhara]] played a key role in the development and the transmission of Buddhist ideas in the direction of northern Asia from the middle of the 2nd century CE. The [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] monk, [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokaksema]] ({{Circa|178 CE}}), became the first translator of [[Mahayana]] Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and established a translation bureau at the Chinese capital [[Loyang]]. Central Asian and East Asian Buddhist monks appear to have maintained strong exchanges for the following centuries.<br />
<br />
Kanishka was probably succeeded by [[Huvishka]]. How and when this came about is still uncertain. The inscription on The [[Sacred Rock of Hunza]] also shows the signs of Kanishka.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Menander I]]<br />
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]<br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last = Bopearachchi<br />
|first = Osmund<br />
|author-link=Bopearachchi<br />
|title = De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale<br />
|year = 2003<br />
|publisher = Association imago-musée de Lattes<br />
|location = Lattes<br />
|language = fr<br />
|isbn = 978-2-9516679-2-1<br />
}}<br />
* Chavannes, Édouard. (1906) "Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch'ao (32–102 p. C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K'in (112 p. C.). Chapitre LXXVII du ''Heou Han chou''." ''T'oung pao'' 7, (1906) p.&nbsp;232 and note 3.<br />
* Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971). ''The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I''. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.<br />
* Falk, Harry (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." In: ''Silk Road Art and Archaeology'' VII, pp.&nbsp;121–136.<br />
* Falk, Harry (2004): "The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records." In: ''Silk Road Art and Archaeology'' X (2004), pp.&nbsp;167–176.<br />
* Foucher, M. A. 1901. "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chapitre de Hiuen-Tsang)." ''BEFEO'' No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp.&nbsp;322–369.<br />
*Gnoli, Gherardo (2002). "The "Aryan" Language." ''JSAI'' 26 (2002).<br />
* Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī"; ''Archaeological Survey of India, 1910–11''.<br />
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Harmatta |editor1-first=János |editor1-link=János Harmatta |editor-last2=Puri |editor-first2=B. N. |editor-last3=Etemadi |editor-first3=G. F. |year=1999 |orig-year=1994 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700&nbsp;B.C. to A.D.&nbsp;250 |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8-1208-1408-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C |access-date=31 July 2021}}<br />
** {{harvc |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |c=The Kushans |in=Harmatta |in2=Puri |in3=Etemadi |year=1999 |pages=247–264}}<br />
* Hill, John E. (2009) ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE''. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4392-2134-1}}.<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last = Kulke<br />
|first = Hermann<br />
|author2=Rothermund, Dietmar<br />
|title = A history of India<br />
|year = 1998<br />
|publisher = Routledge<br />
|location = London; New York<br />
|isbn = 978-0-415-15481-9<br />
}}<br />
* Kumar, Baldev. 1973. ''The Early {{IAST|Kuṣāṇas}}''. New Delhi, Sterling Publishers.<br />
* Sims-Williams, Nicholas and Joe Cribb (1995/6): "A New Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great." ''Silk Road Art and Archaeology'' 4 (1996), pp.&nbsp;75–142.<br />
* Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1998): "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." ''Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies''. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. 1998, pp.&nbsp;79–93.<br />
* Sims-Williams, Nicholas. {{Cite book|last=Sims-Williams|first=Nicolas|chapter=Bactrian Language|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=3|location=London|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul}} [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bactrian-language Accessed: 20/12/2010]<br />
* Spooner, D. B. (1908–9): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī."; ''Archaeological Survey of India, 1908-9''.<br />
* Wood, Frances (2003). ''The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia''. University of California Press. Hbk (2003), {{ISBN|978-0-520-23786-5}}; pbk. (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-520-24340-8}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline|Kanishka I}}<br />
*[http://www.kushan.org/ A rough guide to Kushana history.]<br />
*[http://coinindia.com/galleries-kanishka.html Online Catalogue of Kanishka's Coins]<br />
*[http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=200&search=Kanishka&Thumb=1 Coins of Kanishka]<br />
*[http://www.kushan.org/essays/chronology/kanishka.htm Controversy regarding the beginning of the Kanishka Era]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009191332/http://www.kushan.org/essays/chronology/kanishka.htm |date=9 October 2004 }}.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090817052335/http://www.bpmurphy.com/COTW/week2.htm Kanishka Buddhist coins]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090109171953/http://www.trincoll.edu/classes/relg254pics/relg254pics/class3/if000000.htm Photograph of the Kanishka casket]<br />
<br />
{{Kushans}}<br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Kanishka| ]]<br />
[[Category:Kushan emperors]]<br />
[[Category:2nd-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Scott_Waugh&diff=471694Andrew Scott Waugh2026-02-05T02:19:18Z<p>DilKhus: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|British Army officer and Surveyor General of India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
[[File:Andrew_Scott_Waugh_1810-1878.jpg|thumb|1852 painting by [[George Duncan Beechey]]]]<br />
[[Major General]] '''Sir Andrew Scott Waugh''' (3 February 1810 &ndash; 21 February 1878) was a British [[Officer (armed forces)|army officer]] and [[Surveyor General of India]] who worked in the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]]. He served under [[George Everest|Sir George Everest]] and succeeded him in 1843. Waugh established a gridiron system of traverses for covering northern India. Waugh is credited with naming the peak of [[Mount Everest]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Waugh was the first son of General [[Gilbert Waugh]] who served as military auditor-general in Madras. After studying at Edinburgh he joined [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] in 1827 and was commissioned with the Bengal Engineers on 13 December of the same year. He trained at Chatham where he studied under Sir [[Charles Pasley]] before reaching India in May 1829. He assisted Captain Hutchinson in establishing a foundry at Kashipur and became an adjutant of the Bengal sappers and miners on 13 April 1831. In 1832 he was posted to the Great Trigonometrical Survey under George Everest. Waugh surveyed many parts of central India before moving to the headquarters in Dehra Dun. Everest noted that Waugh and Renny were the best in mathematical skills and in the handling of instruments.<ref name=odnb /><br />
<br />
==Surveyor General==<br />
[[File:Andrew Scott Waugh grave, Brompton Cemetery.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Andrew Scott Waugh's grave in [[Brompton Cemetery]], west London.]]<br />
In 1843, Everest retired and recommended that Waugh was the best replacement for the position of Surveyor General.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Pritchard |date=1867-04-12 |title=Sir Andrew Scott Waugh, 7 Petersham Terrace; |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/27/6/213/975912 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/mnra |doi-broken-date=9 October 2025 |issn=0035-8711 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605101048/https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/27/6/213/975912 |archive-date=2018-06-05}}</ref> Waugh surveyed the Himalayan region. The survey covered nearly 1690 miles from Sonakoda to [[ Dehradun]]. The great height of this area, however, combined with its unpredictable weather, meant that few useful sightings were obtained before 1847. In an era before the [[Computer|electronic computer]], it then took many months for a team of humans to calculate, analyze and extrapolate the [[trigonometry]] involved. According to accounts of the time,<ref>{{cite book| year=1894 | title = Reminiscences and anecdotes of great men of India: both official and non-official for the last one hundred years | editor=Ram Gopal Sanyal | page=25 | url=https://archive.org/stream/ReminiscencesAnecdotesIndianStatesmen/Reminiscences%20and%20Anecdotes%20of%20Indian%20statesmen#page/n29/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>See report in 'The Illustrated London News', 15 August 1857</ref><ref name=BBC_mwde>{{cite news|title=The man who 'discovered' Everest|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3193576.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=20 October 2003|access-date=9 August 2016|first=Soutik|last=Biswas}}</ref> it was 1852 when the team's leader of the human computers, [[Radhanath Sikdar]], came to Waugh to announce that what had been labeled as "Peak XV" was the highest point in the region and most likely in the world. Sikdar and Waugh checked their calculations again and again in order to make no mistake in them and then sent a message to Royal Geographical Society from their headquarters in Dehradun, where they found that [[Kangchenjunga]] is not the highest peak of the world.<ref name=odnb /><br />
<br />
To ensure that there was no error, Waugh took his time and did not publish this result until 1856, when he also proposed that the peak be named Mount Everest in honor of his predecessor. Waugh initially proposed "Mont Everest" but amended it.<ref>{{cite journal|title=[Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic2583asia#page/438/mode/2up/|year=1856|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|pages=437–439|issue=5|author=Thuillier, Major|volume=25}}</ref> Everest had always used local names for the features he surveyed, and Waugh had continued the practice. In the case of Peak XV, Waugh argued that with many local names for the mountain, it was impossible for him to identify the name that was most commonly used. [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]] argued that the native name<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic2583asia#page/467/mode/1up/|title=Native name of Mount Everest|author=Hodgson, B.H.|authorlink=Brian Houghton Hodgson|pages=467–470|year=1856|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=25}}</ref> for it was Deodanga.<ref name=waugh1858>{{cite journal|author=Waugh, Andrew Scott| title=Mounts Everest and Deodanga| journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=2|issue=2| pages=102–115|year= 1858|doi=10.2307/1799335| jstor=1799335}}</ref> Another suggestion was that the peak was what [[Hermann Schlagintweit]] had identified as Gaurisankar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=J. T.|date=1886|title=A Last Note on Mont Everest|jstor=1801364|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography|volume=8|issue=4|pages=257–263|doi=10.2307/1801364|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449418}}</ref> Though Everest himself objected,<ref>Notice appended to Waugh 1857.</ref> the name "Mount Everest" was officially adopted by the [[Royal Geographical Society]] several years later.<br />
[[File:Everest_Deodanga_1858.jpg|thumb|Waugh's map to show Hodgson's incorrect identification of Deodanga]]<br />
The height of Mount Everest was calculated to be exactly {{convert|29000|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=5}} high, but was publicly declared to be {{convert|29002|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=5}} in order to avoid the impression that an exact height of {{convert|29000|ft|m|sigfig=5}} was nothing more than a rounded estimate.<ref name=tas1982>{{cite journal|title=Letters to the Editor, The problem of numeracy: Mount Everest shrinks|journal=The American Statistician|volume= 36|issue=1 |year=1982|pages= 64–67|jstor=684102|author=Bellhouse, David|doi=10.1080/00031305.1982.10482782}}</ref> Waugh is therefore wittily credited with being "''the first person to put two feet on top of Mount Everest''".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pendulum Paradigm: Variations on a Theme and the Measure of Heaven and Earth|page=267| author=Beech, Martin|year=2014| publisher=Universal-Publishers}}</ref><br />
<br />
Waugh noticed errors in the triangulation that appeared to be due to the attraction of the plumbline to the Himalayan mountains and approached the clergyman mathematician Archdeacon [[John Henry Pratt]] with the problem. Pratt studied the problem and came up with the idea of [[isostasy]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/10848779608579384|title=Modern science in India: A legacy of British imperialism?|journal=The European Legacy|volume=1|pages=132–136|year=1996|last1=Subbarayappa|first1=B. V.}}</ref><br />
[[File:Andrew_Scott_Waugh_1861.jpg|thumb|Waugh around 1861]]<br />
Plaudits followed soon after Waugh's identification of Mount Everest. In 1857, the Royal Geographical Society awarded him its [[Patron's Medal]] and the following year he was made a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]. Three years later, in 1861, he attained the rank of Major General and was replaced as Surveyor General by [[Henry Edward Landor Thuillier|Henry Thuillier]].<ref name=odnb /><br />
<br />
Waugh published a manual of ''Instructions for Topographical Surveying'' in 1861 while his survey results were published in numerous reports.<ref name=odnb>{{Cite ODNB|author=Vetch, R. H. (revised by Elizabeth Baigent)|chapter=Waugh, Sir Andrew Scott (1810-1878)| title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year= 2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28900 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Later life==<br />
Waugh died in 1878 and is buried in [[Brompton Cemetery]]<ref name=odnb /> in west London, midway along the eastern wall.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
His first wife, Josephine, daughter of Dr. William Graham of Edinburgh, died 22 February 1866, aged 42. His second wife was Cecilia Eliza Adelaide, daughter of Lieutenant-general Thomas Whitehead died on 9 February 1884.<ref name=odnb /><br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* [[John Keay]], ''The Great Arc: The Dramatic Tale of How India was Mapped and Everest was Named'', HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 2000 ({{ISBN|0-00-257062-9}}).<br />
* Andrew Scott Waugh:<br />
** "Papers relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest", ''Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London'', no.IX pp.&nbsp;345–351, April–May 1857.<br />
** ''Instructions for Topographical Surveying'', [[Roorkee]]: Thomason College Press, 1861 ([[Library of Congress|LoC]] ctrl# 05033399).<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Andrew Scott Waugh}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Waugh, Andrew Scott}}<br />
<!--Categories--><br />
[[Category:1810 births]]<br />
[[Category:1878 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:British Army major generals]]<br />
[[Category:Surveyors General of India]]<br />
[[Category:Burials at Brompton Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal Engineers officers]]<br />
[[Category:History of Mount Everest]]<br />
[[Category:British surveyors]]<br />
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Smith_(British_Army_officer)&diff=445487Eric Smith (British Army officer)2026-01-24T12:44:56Z<p>DilKhus: small fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British Army officer and military historian (1923–1998)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| name =Eric (E D) Smith<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Eric David Smith<br />
| birth_date =19 August 1923<br />
| death_date =7 March 1998<br />
| birth_place =[[Cupar]], Fife, Scotland<br />
| death_place =<br />
| nickname =Birdie<br />
| allegiance =United Kingdom<br />
| branch ={{army|United Kingdom}}<br />
| serviceyears =1942–1978<br />
| rank =Brigadier<br />
| unit =<br />
| commands =<br />
| battles =[[Second World War]]<br>[[Malayan Emergency]]<br>[[Malaysia-Indonesia Confrontation]]<br />
| awards =[[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]<br>[[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]]<br />
| relations =<br />
| laterwork =<br />
}}<br />
Brigadier '''Eric David''' "'''Birdie'''" '''Smith''' [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (19 August 1923 – 7 March 1998) was a senior [[British Army]] officer and [[military historian]] who was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]], for leadership and gallantry on 3 September 1944, whilst serving with the 2nd Battalion, the [[7th Gurkha Rifles]] in Italy, during the [[Second World War]]. Smith later commanded the 1st/2nd Gurkhas in the [[Borneo Confrontation]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Brunei]]. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1975.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Birdie Smith, was born in [[Cupar]], Fife, [[Scotland]] in August 1923.<ref name="Herald">{{cite news| title=Obituary |newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow |date=24 March 1998}}</ref> He was nicknamed Birdie because his nose was considered to resemble a bird's beak. He was educated at [[Allhallows College]], Dorset.<ref name="Herald" /> He joined the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] in 1941 and following attendance at the Officer Training Unit at [[Bangalore]] was commissioned and posted to the [[7th Gurkha Rifles]] in 1942.<ref name="Herald" /> He served with the 2nd/7th Gurkhas in [[India]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] from 1942 to 1944.<ref name="oral history">{{cite web | url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80014193 | title= Smith, Eric David 'Birdie' (Oral history) | publisher=Imperial War Museums | date=22 September 1994 | accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
He joined the 4th Indian Division in Italy and fought at Castle Hill during the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]].<ref name="oral history" /> Later in the Italian campaign, at midnight on 3 September 1944, Smith led C Company, 2nd Battalion, the 7th Gurkha Rifles in the attack on [[Tavoleto]], on the [[Gothic Line]], which was heavily defended. The Gurkhas' attack was met by heavy enemy machine gun fire and later a heavy mortar barrage. Smith although wounded in the leg, killed all the occupants of the first Spandau post encountered with grenades and machine-gun fire; he continued to lead his company which during the fierce fighting was reduced from approximately 100 men to 28 and successfully cleared the village. He was awarded the DSO for his leadership and gallantry.<ref name="Herald" /> The 7th Gurkha Rifles was awarded the battle honour 'Tavoleto' for this action which is held today by its successor regiment [[The Royal Gurkha Rifles]].<br />
<br />
He later served in [[Greece]] from November 1944 to 1946 and in [[India]] from 1946 to 1947. He served as a Gurkha recruiting officer in [[Darjeeling]], India, from 1948 to 1950.<ref name="oral history" /> He served as an intelligence officer and company commander with 2nd/7th Gurkhas in the [[Malayan Emergency]] and Hong Kong from 1950 to 1955.<ref name="Herald" /> He attended the [[Staff College, Camberley]] in 1956 and on graduation served as a staff officer in the [[British Army of the Rhine]] and then with HQ 63 Gurkha Brigade as Deputy Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster General (DAA&QMG) in Malaya and UK. <br />
<br />
In 1962 Smith was posted to Malaya as Second-in-Command of 1/7th Gurkhas and deployed with the Battalion to [[Borneo]].<ref name="Herald" /><ref name="oral history" /> On 20 April 1964 he was involved in a helicopter crash in the Borneo jungle.<ref name="obit">Obituary Major-General Patrick Crawford, The Daily Telegraph 23 March 2009.</ref> The Journey made on a Wessex helicopter commenced at [[Sibu]], Sarawak, and the destination was a forward company base operating north of the Indonesian border.<ref name="savage p 92" /><ref name="obit" /> Following the crash, to free him from the wreckage, his right arm was amputated by the battalion's medical officer Captain, later Major-General [[Patrick Crawford]] using an Army clasp knife. During the amputation he was fully conscious.<ref name="Herald" /> He was later taken by another helicopter to [[Kuching]] for further surgery.<ref name="savage p 93">{{Cite book |title=The Savage Wars of Peace: Soldiers' Voices, 1945–89 |year=1990 |publisher=Michael Joseph |isbn=978-0718128821 |page=[https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac00char/page/93 93] |url=https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac00char/page/93 }}</ref> After rehabilitation in UK, he returned to operations in Borneo 18 months after losing his arm in the helicopter crash, taking command of the 1st/2nd Gurkhas.<ref name="Herald" /><ref name="savage p 92">{{Cite book |title=The Savage Wars of Peace: Soldiers' Voices, 1945-89 |year=1990 |publisher=Michael Joseph |isbn=978-0718128821 |page=[https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac00char/page/92 92] |url=https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac00char/page/92 }}</ref> He remained in command of the 1st/2nd Gurkhas following their move to Hong Kong and then as the first resident battalion at [[Seria]], Brunei.<ref name="Herald" /><br />
<br />
His final posts were commanding the Brigade of Gurkhas in [[Nepal]] and as a Vice President of the Army's [[Regular Commissions Board]].<ref name="Herald" /><br />
<br />
He retired from the British Army on 1 June 1978.<ref>{{Cite news| newspaper=[[The London Gazette]]|date=12 June 1978}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours and later life==<br />
<br />
Smith was Colonel of the 7th Gurkhas from 1975 to 1982.<ref name="Herald" /><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=46685 |date=16 September 1975 |page=11642 |supp=y}}</ref> He was appointed MBE in 1952 and CBE in 1975.<ref name="Herald" /><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=49142 |date=19 October 1982 |page=13583 |supp=y}}</ref><ref>Supplement to London Gazette 1 January 1975.</ref><br />
<br />
Smith died on 7 March 1998. He was survived by his wife Jill and daughters Joanna and Beverly.<ref name="Herald" /><br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
<br />
Smith was the author of several books,<ref name="Herald" /> including:<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Eric |author-mask=0 |title=Even the Brave Falter |year=1978 |publisher=Robert Hale |isbn=0709168195}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Eric |author-mask=0 |title=East of Katmandu The Story of the 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles |year=1976 |isbn=9780850522112}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Eric |author-mask=0 |title=Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas |year=1983 |publisher=Leo Cooper (Famous regiments) |isbn=9780436475108}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Eric |author-mask=0 |year=1985|title=Counter-Insurgency Operations. 1, Malaya and Borneo|location=London|publisher=Ian Allan|isbn=9780711014626}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Eric |author-mask=0 |title=VALOUR - A History of the Gurkhas |publisher=Spellmount Staplehurst |year=1997 |isbn=1873376588}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* Supplement to the London Gazette, 8 March 1945.<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Eric}}<br />
[[Category:1998 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1923 births]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]<br />
[[Category:Royal Gurkha Rifles officers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Allhallows College]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cupar]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]]<br />
[[Category:British brigadiers]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel from Fife]]<br />
[[Category:British military personnel of the Malayan Emergency]]<br />
[[Category:British military personnel of the Cyprus Emergency]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish amputees]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laloor_Bhagavathy_Temple&diff=457423Laloor Bhagavathy Temple2026-01-23T12:16:55Z<p>DilKhus: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Laloor Bhagavathy Temple<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| map_type = <!-- India Kerala --><br />
| map_caption = Location in Kerala<br />
| coordinates =<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Kerala]]<br />
| district = [[Thrissur District]]<br />
| location = City of [[Thrissur]]<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = [[karthyayani]]<br />
| festivals= [[Thrissur Pooram]]<br />
| architecture = [[Kerala]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Laloor Bhagavathy Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to goddess karthyayani situated in [[Laloor]], [[Thrissur]] City of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. [[Cochin Devaswom Board]] controls the temple. The temple is a participant in the [[Thrissur Pooram]] every year.The goddess here has a bala bhava. It is one of the 108 [[Durga]] Temples in [[Kerala]] found by Saint [[Parasurama]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/20/stories/2005042013230300.htm<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428095823/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/20/stories/2005042013230300.htm<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=2005-04-28<br />
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]<br />
|title=Thrissur all set for Pooram<br />
|date=2005-04-20<br />
|access-date=2013-04-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref>{{cite web <br />
|url=http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/laloor_karthyayini_temple.html <br />
|title=Laloor Bhagavathy Temple <br />
|publisher=Thrissur Pooram <br />
|access-date=2013-04-04 <br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602094124/http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/laloor_karthyayini_temple.html <br />
|archive-date=2 June 2013 <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
}}</ref> The place is said to have site for many yagas (sacred rituals) thus it was called "yagoor ",Which latter known by "laloor" . On Thrissur pooram,the goddess arrives with nine elephants to pay tributes to [[Vadakkunnathan Temple|Vadakkunnathan]] .Devi also arrives to Vadakkumnathan temple on [[Shivratri]]<br />
<br />
A mantra used by Gopis to worship goddess for attaining Sri Krishna as their husband can be seen inscribed inside the temple<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Bhagavathi temples in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Thrissur Pooram]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemmeen_(novel)&diff=448419Chemmeen (novel)2026-01-15T05:15:36Z<p>DilKhus: Page refined with updated information</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1956 novel by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox book <br />
| name = Chemmeen<br />
| title_orig = ചെമ്മീൻ<br />
| translator = <br />
| image = Chemmeen (novel) cover.jpg<br />
| caption = First English edition cover<br />
| author = [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] <br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| genre = [[Romance novel|Romance]], [[Drama]]<br />
| publisher = National Book Stall, [[D. C. Books]]<br />
| release_date = 1956<br />
| english_release_date = 1962<br />
| media_type = <br />
| pages = 207<br />
| isbn = 9788171305506<br />
| preceded_by = [[Randidangazhi]]<br />
| followed_by = Enippadikal<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Chemmeen''''' ({{langx|ml|ചെമ്മീൻ}}, {{transliteration|ml|ISO|cemmīn}} {{IPA|ml|t͡ʃemmiːn|}}, lit. prawn) is a [[Malayalam]] [[novel]] written by [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] in 1956. ''Chemmeen'' tells the story of the relationship between Karuthamma, the daughter of a [[Hindu]] fisherman, and Pareekutti, the son of a [[Muslim]] fish wholesaler.<br />
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The theme of the novel is a myth among the fishermen communities along the coastal [[Kerala]] State in the Southern India. The myth is about chastity. If a married fisherwoman was adulterous when her husband was at sea, the Sea Goddess (''Kadalamma'' literally meaning Mother Sea) would consume him. It is to perpetuate this myth that Thakazhi wrote this novel. It was adapted into a [[Chemmeen|film of same name]], which won critical acclaim and commercial success.<br />
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Thakazhi made a departure from his a vowed commitment to realism as it appeared in his works till then he brought in a fresh breeze of lyricism and romanticism. The novel acquires the quality of a fable in which life in the fishermen's community is depicted with great emotional detail. The customs, taboos, beliefs, rituals and the day-to-day business of living through the pain of stark existence come alive magically through Thakazhi's pen.<br />
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''Chemmeen'' won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]], India's second highest literary prize, in 1957, becoming the first Malayalam novel to receive the national honor. ''Chemmeen'' was translated to more than 30 languages which include major Indian languages and foreign languages. The novel was accepted as part of the [[UNESCO]] collection of Representative Works - Indian series.<br />
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==Plot==<br />
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Chembankunju's only aim in life is to own a boat and a net. He finally succeeds in buying both with the help of Pareekutty, a young Muslim trader, on condition that the fish hauled by the boat will be sold to him. Chembankunju's pretty daughter Karuthamma and Pareekutty love each other. Karuthamma's mother, Chakki, knows about it and reminds her daughter about the life they lead within the boundaries of strict social tradition. Karuthamma sacrifices her love for Pareekutty and marries Palani, an orphan discovered by Chembankunju in the course of one of his fishing expeditions. Following the marriage, Karuthamma accompanies her husband to his village, despite her mother's sudden illness and her father's repeated requests to stay. In his fury, Chembankunju disowns her. On acquiring a boat and a net and subsequently adding one more, Chembankunju becomes more greedy and heartless. With his dishonesty, he drives Pareekutty to bankruptcy. After the death of his wife, Chembankunju marries Pappikunju, the widow of the man from whom he had bought his first boat. Panchami, Chembankunju's younger daughter, leaves home to join Karuthama, on arrival of her stepmother. Meanwhile, Karuthamma has endeavoured to be a good wife and mother. But scandal about her old love for Pareekutty spreads in the village. Palani's friends ostracize him and refuse to take him fishing with them. By a stroke of fate, Karuthamma and Pareekutty meet one night and their old love is revived. Palani, at sea, alone and baiting a large shark, is caught in a huge whirlpool and is swallowed by the sea. The next morning, Karuthamma and Pareekutty, are also found dead hand in hand, washed ashore. At a distance lies the washed-up corpse of Palani's baited shark.<br />
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==Characters==<br />
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* Chembankunju - A Dishonest Fisherman<br />
* Chakki - Spouse of Chembankunju<br />
* Pareekutty - Muslim Trader who falls in love with Karuthamma <br />
* Karuthamma - Daughter of Chembankunju<br />
* Palani - Fisherman who marries Karuthamma<br />
* Panchami - Chembankunju's younger daughter<br />
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==Reception==<br />
The novel was an immediate success although the critical reaction was mixed. Some critics wrote that the novel is the best social novel written in Malayalam since [[O. Chandhu Menon]]'s ''[[Sarada (novel)|Sarada]]''. Some thought that the central cord of superstition is a myth. Some critics wrote that the novel shows Thakazhi's decline as a progressive writer, as the story of ''Chemmeen'' is essentially romantic and does not bring in class struggle like Thakazhi's earlier novels ''Thottiyude Makan'' or ''[[Randidangazhi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=George |first1=K. M. |title=A survey of Malayalam literature |date=1968 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=Bombay |page=178 |edition=1st}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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==Inspiration and influences==<br />
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''Chemmeen'' is Pillai's best novel which expresses the aspirations, struggle and grief in the lives of the fishermen of Kerala. Chemmeen has so much to offer to the readers. This critical study will help students of advanced degree courses of various universities as well as general readers to understand various aspects related to this novel. The tragedy of the poor fisherman has been depicted on the epical scale. Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai's (Malayalam) novel Chemmeen, accepted as part of the [[UNESCO]] Collection of Representative Works - Indian Series, was translated by V.K.Narayana Menon, and published by Victor Gollancz, London in 1962. It was the first significant Malayalam novel to be translated into English after Independence or, rather, during the early post-colonial era.&lt;ref&gt;[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000822/082219eo.pdf "India: yesterday's heritage, tomorrow's hopes"]&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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==Translations==<br />
Widely successful, ''Chemmeen'' was translated into [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[French language|French]] along with several Indian languages.&lt;ref&gt;[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1989_Feb/ai_7546131/ "Anger of the Sea-Goddess - excerpt from Indian novel Chemmeen"]&lt;/ref&gt; Three years after the original publication, a translated Hindi version, titled ''मछुवारे/Machhuware'' (lit. fisherfolks) was published. The translation was done by Bharati Vidyarthi.<br />
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''Chemmeen'' has been translated into English many times. Narayana Menon's translation titled ''Anger of the Sea-Goddess'' remains very popular even to this day. Another English translation is by [[Anita Nair]], titled ''Chemmeen'' as in Malayalam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120707190115/http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/12/shinie-antony-recommends-must-reads-of-2011/ "Shinie Antony recommends: Must reads of 2011"]&lt;/ref&gt; It has gone into several editions and is readily available at bookshops all over India.<br />
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The novel was translated into [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] by Kamal Jasapara, published in 1980.&lt;ref name="Rao2004"&gt;{{cite book|last=Rao|first=D. S.|title=Five Decades: The National Academy of Letters, India : a Short History of Sahitya Akademi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JDsBBDoMccC&amp;pg=PA48|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-2060-7|page=48}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Chemmeen'' has been translated into Arabic as well by Muhiyudheen Aluway titled as ''Shemmeen''.<br />
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==Film adaptation==<br />
{{Main|Chemmeen}}<br />
It was adapted into a film in 1965, which won critical acclaim and commercial success. The film, titled ''Chemmeen'' itself, was directed by [[Ramu Kariat]]. [[Sheela]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] and [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] played the lead characters in the film. It won the [[President of India|Indian President]]'s [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Gold Medal for the Best Film]] of 1965.<br />
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The screenplay was written by [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]], with cinematography by [[Marcus Bartley]], and editing by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] and K.D. George. Songs were set to music by [[Salil Chowdhury]], with lyrics by [[Vayalar Ramavarma|Vayalar]], and featuring voices of [[Manna Dey]], [[K. J. Yesudas]] and [[P. Leela]].<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
*https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085102/http://www.anukriti.net/ttoct/article4/page2.asp<br />
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{{Novels by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai}}<br />
{{UNESCO Collection}}<br />
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemmeen (Novel)}}<br />
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam novels]]<br />
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Novels by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]<br />
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]<br />
[[Category:DC Books books]]<br />
[[Category:1956 Indian novels]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gait&diff=498202Edward Gait2026-01-11T12:30:41Z<p>DilKhus: Added Initial Entry W/ Refs...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|British colonial administrator (1863–1950)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
'''Sir Edward Albert Gait''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|CIE}} (1863–1950) was an administrator in the [[Indian Civil Service]] who rose to serve as [[Lieutenant-Governor]] of the [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] in the [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[British India]]. He held that office for the years 1915–1920, with a brief absence during April–July 1918 when [[Edward Vere Levinge]] officially acted in the position.<ref name=ODNB>{{ODNBweb|id=93241|title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000)}}</ref><br />
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== Life and career ==<br />
Gait graduated from [[University College, London|University College]], London. He sat the [[competitive examination]] for the Indian Civil Service in 1882 and was subsequently appointed, arriving in India on 11 December of that year. He served as assistant commissioner in [[Assam]], and then from 1890 as provincial superintendent for the 1891 census in that region. He wrote the official report for that region's census, which formed a part of the national census undertaken in that year.<ref name=IndiaList1905>{{cite book |title=The India List and Office List |publisher=India Office |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3VQTAAAAYAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3VQTAAAAYAAJ/page/n503 499] |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |first=Sanjib |last=Baruah |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8122-3491-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC |page=181 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><br />
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After various other roles in the administration, Gait was appointed as a magistrate and [[District collector]] in November 1897.<ref name=IndiaList1905/> In April 1900 he became superintendent of census operations in [[Bengal]],<ref name=IndiaList1905/> where he worked with [[Herbert Hope Risley]], the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Census Commissioner]], to produce the official report of the 1901 [[Census of India]].<ref name=Crooke1915>{{cite book|last=Risley |first=Sir Herbert Hope |author-link=Herbert Hope Risley |editor-last=Crooke |editor-first=William |editor-link=William Crooke |title=The People of India |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024114773 |access-date=11 November 2011 |year=1915 |orig-date=1908 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |location=Calcutta|edition=Memorial }}</ref> He was himself Census Commissioner from 1902 until after the census of 1911.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Census Administration Under The Raj and After |first=Shriram |last=Maheshwari |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-7022-585-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2RP04HHopkC |page=78 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><br />
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Official recognition of his work came with the award of [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in 1907.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27981 |date=1 January 1907 |page=1 |supp=y }}</ref> In 1912 he became a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Star of India]] (CSI),<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28617 |date=11 June 1912 |pages=4298–4299 }}</ref> and in 1915 he was raised to the rank of Knight Commander (KCSI) in the same Order.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29180 |date=1 June 1915 |page=5327 }}</ref> In 1917 he was appointed a [[Knight of Grace]] of [[Venerable Order of Saint John|The Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in England]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30255 |date=28 August 1917 |page=8890 }}</ref><br />
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He was Lt.-Governor of [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha|Orissa]] during 1915 and 1920. He also founded Bihar and Orissa Research Society in 1915 which was devoted to explore more about Indology and anthropology. The society published a journal with title of ''Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society''. Lt. Gait acted as president of the society from 1915 to 1920 while he was taking his office in Patna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=S.C.|date=March 1921|title=ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN INDIA|journal=Man in India|volume=1 |number=1 |page=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108391/page/n27/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><br />
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Amrendra Thakur has said that with the publication of ''A History of Assam'' "historical research in North East India entered into a new age. Truly speaking Gait's was the first full-length history of the province. The book is freely used by scholars as an authentic source material."<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Re-assessing Researches into History of North-East India |first=Amrendra Kr. |last=Thakur |page=102 |title=Tribal Studies – Emerging Frontiers of Knowledge: Festschrift for Annada Charan Bhagabati |editor-first=Tamo |editor-last=Mibang |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8324-215-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FFHggw8rGgC |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref><br />
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==Publications==<br />
Aside from co-editing the official Reports of the 1901 census of India, Gait wrote other publications. These include:<br />
*{{cite book |title=Manual of local rules and orders under enactments applying to Assam |first=Edward Albert |last=Gait |location=India |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |year=1893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06x9NwAACAAJ |access-date=11 November 2011}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Manual of executive rules and orders in force in Assam |first=Edward Albert |last=Gait |location=India |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |year=1893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1x_NwAACAAJ |access-date=11 November 2011}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=The Assam immigration manual |first=Edward Albert |last=Gait |location=India |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |year=1893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjOyNwAACAAJ |access-date=11 November 2011}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=A History of Assam |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryassam01gaitgoog |first=Edward Albert |last=Gait |year=1906 |location=Calcutta |publisher=[[Thacker, Spink & Company|Thacker, Spink & Co.]] |access-date=11 November 2011}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=North Eastern India (Geography, archaeology, forests, flora, religion and races) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLDMYgEACAAJ |first=Edward Albert |last=Gait |year=1929 |publisher=Sumit Pub. |access-date=11 November 2011}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Census of India prior to independence]]<br />
*[[List of governors of Bihar and Orissa Province]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gait, Edward Albert}}<br />
[[Category:1863 births]]<br />
[[Category:1950 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]<br />
[[Category:British historians]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]<br />
[[Category:British civil servants in British India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century British civil servants]]<br />
[[Category:Historians from British India]]</div>DilKhushttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhavrao_Sapre&diff=514405Madhavrao Sapre2025-12-31T07:39:09Z<p>DilKhus: new a biography</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian writer, translator}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Madhavrao Sapre<br />
| image = माधवराव सप्रे की कहानियाँ.djvu<br />
| caption = Cover of ''Madhavrao Sapre ki Kahaniyan'', featuring Madhavrao Sapre seated, with [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] in the background<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|06|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Patharia]], [[Damoh district]], [[British India]] (now in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1926|04|23|1871|06|19}} <br />
| death_place = [[Raipur]], [[Central Provinces]], [[British India]] (now in [[Chhattisgarh]], India)<br />
| occupation = Writer, journalist, social reformer<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| nationality = [[British India|Indian]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]<br />
| notableworks = *''Ek Tokri Bhar Mitti'' (First Hindi short story)<br> ''Vigyan Shabdkosh'' (Science Dictionary)<br />
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]], Hindi journalism<br />
| years_active = 1900–1926<br />
}}<br />
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'''Madhavrao Sapre''' (June 1871 – 23 April 1926) was an Indian writer, journalist, and social reformer, widely regarded as a pioneer of Hindi short stories. He is best known for ''Ek Tokri Bhar Mitti'', considered the first Hindi [[short story]]. His contributions extended beyond storytelling to include editing, translation, lexicography, and institution-building.<ref>{{cite news|title=पत्रकारिता को राष्ट्रीय और लोकधर्मी संस्कार देने वाले संपादक थे माधवराव सप्रे |url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/personality/pandit-madhavrao-sapre-birth-anniversary-2021 |publisher=[[Prabhasakshi]]|date=June 19, 2021 |access-date=June 19, 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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Sapre played a key role in developing economic terminology in [[Hindi]] and edited the ''Vigyan Shabdkosh'' (Science Dictionary) in 1902 under the [[Kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha]]. Many scholars also consider him one of the first Hindi literary critics.<ref>Hindi Kahani Ka Itihas, Bhag-1, Gopal Rai, [[Rajkamal Prakashan]], [[New Delhi]], Sanskaran-2011, Pustak-48.</ref><ref name=jagran>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Abhishek |title=हिंदी सहित्य और पत्रकारिता को विज्ञान और अर्थशास्त्र का समृद्ध शब्दकोश |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-madhav-rao-sapre-gave-science-and-economics-vocabulary-in-hindi-21751967.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=June 19, 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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== Early life ==<br />
Sapre was born in June 1871 in [[Patharia]], [[Damoh district]], in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He belonged to a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking family and completed his education in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], graduating from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] in 1899. After initially working as a [[tehsildar]], he left his job to engage in activities related to India's independence movement and Hindi literary development.<ref name=jagran/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-06-19 |title=हिन्दी की पहली कहानी लिखने वाले पं. माधवराव सप्रे, जिन्होंने महिलाओं की आजादी पर खूब लिखा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/chhattisgarh/state/raipur/birth-anniversary-of-renowned-journalist-and-writer-pandit-madhavrao-sapre/ct20210619200737559 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पं.माधवराव सप्रे: हिंदी के विस्मृत महानायक |url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2024/6/18/Pt-Madhavrao-Sapre-The-forgotten-superstar-of-Hindi.php |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.hindusthansamachar.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
In 1900, Sapre founded ''Chhattisgarh Mitra'', one of the earliest Hindi magazines, from [[Pendra]] in present-day [[Chhattisgarh]]. Although ''Chhattisgarh Mitra'' had a short run, it is credited with laying the foundation of Hindi journalism in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title='छत्तीसगढ़ मित्र' और 'हिंदी केसरी' के माध्यम से पत्रकारिता में किया गया माधवराव सप्रे का कार्य अविस्मरणीय - Pandit Madhavrao Sapre Birth Anniversary work in journalism through Chhattisgarh Mitra and Hindi Kesari is unforgettable jagran special |url=https://www.jagran.com/editorial/apnibaat-pandit-madhavrao-sapre-birth-anniversary-work-in-journalism-through-chhattisgarh-mitra-and-hindi-kesari-is-unforgettable-jagran-special-21752069.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He edited several Hindi language journals, including the Hindi edition of [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]. He translated notable works of [[Marathi literature]] into Hindi, including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]'s ''Geeta Rahasya'' and [[Samarth Ramdas]]'s [[Dasbodh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Sanjay |title=पं. माधवराव सप्रे होने के मायने |url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/comment/meaning-of-being-pt-madhavrao-sapre-49902/ |publisher=[[Dainik Tribune]] |date=June 19, 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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He was instrumental in standardizing Hindi economic terminology and compiling a science dictionary (Vigyan Shabdkosh) for the [[Kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha]]. He also started the ''Hindi Mathematical'' Magazine in [[Nagpur]] in 1906 to support Hindi literary writers, however, it was shut down by the British government due to its nationalist content in 1908.<ref name=cgculture>{{cite news |title=Pandit Madhav Rao Sapre National Creativity |url=http://www.cgculture.in/samman_front_list.aspx?id=j71hMdczTmZCV9bCw7JDhQ%3D%3D |publisher=Chhattisgarh Culture Department |date=January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=माधवराव सप्रे जयंती: राजद्रोह का मुकदमा झेलने वाले हिंदी के पहले पत्रकार {{!}} - News in Hindi - हिंदी न्यूज़, समाचार, लेटेस्ट-ब्रेकिंग न्यूज़ इन हिंदी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/blogs/pankaj-shukla_1/pandit-madhavrao-sapre-writer-journalist-freedom-fighter-movement-literature-journalism-chhattisgarh-nodakm-3625631.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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In 1920, Sapre founded the Hindi Mandir in [[Jabalpur]]. In 1921, he founded the National School and established the first girls' school, Janaki Devi Mahila Pathshala, in Raipur. In 1924, he chaired the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan session in [[Dehradun]]. He died on 23 April 1926 at Tatipara, Raipur.<ref name=cgculture/><ref>{{cite news |title=पंडित माधवराव सप्रे जयंती - 'छत्तीसगढ़ मित्र' और हिंदी 'केसरी' के माध्यम से पत्रकारिता में किया गया कार्य अविस्मरणीय |url=https://www.jagran.com/editorial/apnibaat-pandit-madhavrao-sapre-birth-anniversary-work-in-journalism-through-chhattisgarh-mitra-and-hindi-kesari-is-unforgettable-jagran-special-21752069.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=19 June 2021 |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref><br />
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{{Quote box |width=400px |quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |align=center|quote=For the past twenty-five years, Pt. Madhavrao Sapre had been a cornerstone of Hindi, contributing significantly to the institutions of literature, society, and politics. He traveled across the villages of the region, using his pen to voice the needs of the nation and the suffering of the poor, oppressed by foreign rule. He immersed himself in religion, driving it toward national service, and humbly erased his own presence to uplift those around him, ensuring their significance and making them enduring. |source=—[[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]] wrote in ''Karmveer'' on 11th September 1926 about Madhavrao Sapre's struggles, literary contributions, and his role in Hindi journalism, social service, and political activism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tadbhav.com/issue_17/manager_pandey.htm#manager|title=माधवराव सप्रे का महत्व|access-date=May 2, 2009|format=|publisher=Tadbhav.com|language=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124141149/http://www.tadbhav.com/issue_17/manager_pandey.htm#manager|archive-date=November 24, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
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== Notable works ==<br />
* ''Swadeshi Andolan aur Boycott''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mukim |first=Mantra |date=2023-05-19 |title=Madhavrao Sapre at the Advent of Writing: Reading the "First" Hindi Short Story |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099941 |journal=Interventions |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=485–502 |doi=10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099941 |issn=1369-801X|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
* ''Europe ke Itihas Se Seekhne Yogya Baatein<ref name=":0" />''<br />
* ''Hamare Samajik Hras ke Kuch Karanon ka Vichar<ref name=":0" />''<br />
* ''Madhavrao Sapre ki Kahaniyan'' (Edited by Devi Prasad Verma)<ref name=":0" /><br />
;Translations<br />
* ''Hindi [[Dasbodh]]'' (Marathi work by [[Samarth Ramdas]])<ref name=":0" /><br />
* ''Geeta Rahasya'' (By [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]])<ref name=":0" /><br />
* ''Mahabharat Mimamsa'' (Marathi work by [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya]])<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
=== Madhavrao Sapre Smriti Newspaper Museum ===<br />
On 19 June 1984, the "Madhavrao Sapre Smriti Samacharpatra Sangrahalaya Evam Shodh Sansthan" was established in [[Bhopal]] to preserve the nation's intellectual heritage. It was named to honor Madhavrao Sapre's contributions to Hindi journalism and literature.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Pankaj |title=माधवराव सप्रे जयंती: राजद्रोह का मुकदमा झेलने वाले हिंदी के पहले पत्रकार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/blogs/pankaj-shukla_1/pandit-madhavrao-sapre-writer-journalist-freedom-fighter-movement-literature-journalism-chhattisgarh-nodakm-3625631.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=June 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ambreesh |title=Museum of rare and old newspapers in Bhopal chronicles growth of Indian journalism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20050926-madhavrao-sapre-museum-of-rare-old-newspapers-and-periodicals-in-bhopal-786878-2005-09-25 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=September 26, 2005}}</ref><br />
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=== National Creativity Award ===<br />
The [[Chhattisgarh government]] instituted the "Pandit Madhavrao Sapre Rashtriya Rachnatmakta Samman" (National Creativity Award) to recognize excellence in [[creative writing]] and contributions to Hindi literature. The award is presented annually by the state's Public Relations Department.<ref>{{cite news |title=राज्य अलंकरण:राजेन्द्र धोड़पकर को मिलेगा छत्तीसगढ़ सरकार का प... |url=https://www.naidunia.com/ |publisher=Nai Dunia]|date=June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Culture Department {{!}} Welcomes to you |url=http://www.cgculture.in/samman_front_list.aspx?id=j71hMdczTmZCV9bCw7JDhQ== |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.cgculture.in}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sukla |first=Santosha Kumara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxdlOyXkxWkC&dq=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87&pg=PA46 |title=Patrakarita Ke Yug Nirmata: Madhavrao Sapre: Bestseller Book by Santosha Kumara Sukla: Patrakarita Ke Yug Nirmata: Madhavrao Sapre |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-754-7 |language=hi}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sapre, Madhavrao}}<br />
[[Category:1871 births]]<br />
[[Category:1926 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]<br />
[[Category:Translators to Hindi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]<br />
[[Category:People from Damoh district]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian lexicographers]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language journalists]]</div>DilKhus