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Baharampur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T22:50:22Z

Digitechroshni: added

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
'''Baharampur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baharampur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Baharampur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Baharampur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Subrata Maitra (politician)|Subrata Maitra (Kanchan)]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| constituency_no = 72
| established = 1951
| electors = 260,667
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 55.55
| value2 = 11.11
| value3 = 16.67
| value4 = 5.56
| value5 = 11.11
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]] (10 times)
| label2 = [[Communist Party of India]] (2 times)
| label3 = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (3 times)
| label4 = [[Independent politician]] (1 time)
| label5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2 times)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color2 = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}
| color3 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| color4 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
| color5 = {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| caption = Most Successful parties from Murshidabad assembly
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 72 Baharampur Assembly constituency covers [[Baharampur]] municipality, and Bhakuri I, Daulatabad, Gurudaspur, Hatinagar and Manindranagar [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 13 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Baharampur Assembly constituency is part of No. 10 [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Berhampore''
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="2"|Bijoy Kumar Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sanat Kumar Raha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S. Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Sanat Kumar Raha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Sankar Das Paul
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Debabrata Bandyopadhyay]]
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Sankar Das Paul
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Maya Rani Paul]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Manoj Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''Major boundary changes; constituency renamed as Baharampur''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Manoj Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan=2|[[Subrata Maitra (politician)|Subrata Maitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baharampur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Subrata Maitra (politician)| Subrata Maitra]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=91,088|percentage=40.61|change={{Decrease}}4.59}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=73,540|percentage=32.79|change={{increase}}12.46}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naru Gopal Mukherjee|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=49,586|percentage=22.11|change={{decrease}}9.51}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sukbor Molla|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes=4,207|percentage=1.88|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,359|percentage=0.61|change={{Decrease}}0.67}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,548|percentage=7.82|change={{Decrease}}5.77}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=224,268|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baharampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Subrata Maitra (politician)|Subrata Maitra]]
|votes = 89,340
|percentage = 45.21
|change = {{increase}}35.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Naru Gopal Mukherjee|votes=62,488|percentage=31.62|change={{increase}}12.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Manoj Chakraborty]]|votes=40,167|percentage=20.33|change={{decrease}}48.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,525|percentage=1.28|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=26,852|percentage=13.59|change={{decrease}}36.41}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,97,607|percentage=75.81|change={{decrease}}4.39}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,60,667}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Manoj Chakraborty of Congress defeated his nearest rival Sujata Banerjee of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Baharampur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=72| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190351/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=72| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Baharampur| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoj Chakraborty]]
|votes = 127,762
|percentage = 69.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dr. Sujata Banerjee
|votes = 35,489
|percentage = 19.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mala Banerjee
|votes = 18,805
|percentage = 10.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = SUCI(C)
|candidate = Kousik Chatterjee
|votes = 1,727
|percentage = 0.90%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sujit Kumar Das
|votes = 881
|percentage = 0.50%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 92,273
|percentage = 50.00%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,84,664
|percentage = 80.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +3.34#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2011.

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Manoj Chakraborty of Congress defeated his nearest rival Tarit Brahmachari of RSP.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Baharampur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=72| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190351/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=72| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Baharampur| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoj Chakraborty]]
|votes = 91,578
|percentage = 54.90
|change = +4.52#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Tarit Brahmachari
|votes = 48,265
|percentage = 28.93
|change = -7.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debasis Sarkar
|votes = 12,758
|percentage = 7.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Debjani Saha
|votes = 8,162
|percentage = 4.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Tayebdul Islam
|votes = 3,787
|percentage = 2.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian People's Forward Bloc
|candidate = Sujit Kumar Das
|votes = 1,331
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Mondal
|votes = 940
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 43,313
|percentage = 26.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 166,821
|percentage = 81.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +3.34#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2011.

===2006===
In the 2006 election, Manoj Chakraborty of Congress MP of [[Baharampur]], [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] Supported Independent defeated his nearest rival Amal Karmakar of RSP.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Baharampur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=72| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190351/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=72| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006 |work = Baharampur| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent/[[Indian National Congress|INC]] supported
|candidate = [[Manoj Chakraborty]]
|votes = 94,562
|percentage = 50.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Amal Karmakar
|votes = 68,836
|percentage = 36.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Maya Rani Paul
|votes = 16,596
|percentage = 8.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Apurba Banerjee
|votes = 2,834
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Mandal
|votes = 2,737
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Md. Hayatur Rahaman
|votes = 1,516
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 187,081
|percentage = 81.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +3.34#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Manoj Chakraborty (Independent) vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Manoj Chakraborty]], Independent, won the Berhampore assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Amal Karmakar of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]. Manoj Chakraborty, contesting as an independent, was a rebel congress candidate put up by [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury|Adhir Choudhury]] as a protest against the official Congress candidate Maya Rani Paul.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/bengal/story_6214010.asp| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120912213550/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/bengal/story_6214010.asp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 12 September 2012|title = Adhir beats Cong at home | publisher = The Telegraph 12 May 2006|access-date = 13 May 2011| location=Calcutta, India| date= 12 May 2006}}</ref> He was subsequently taken back into the Congress.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110417/jsp/bengal/story_13864257.jsp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120913234738/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110417/jsp/bengal/story_13864257.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 September 2012 |title = Didi turns up heat on dissidents | publisher = The Telegraph 17 April 2011|access-date = 25 May 2011| location=Calcutta, India | first=Alamgir | last=Hussain | date=17 April 2011}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Maya Rani Paul of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Kartick Sahana of RSP in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Biswanath Banerjee of RSP in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Sankar Das Paul of Congress defeated Ipsita Gupta of RSP in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Debabrata Bandopadhyay of RSP defeated Sankar Das Paul of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Subrata Saha of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp63.htm | title = 63 - Berhampore Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Sankar Das Paul of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Sanat Kumar Raha of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> S. Bhattacharya of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Sanat Kumar Raha of CPI won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Bejoy Kumar Ghosh of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Berhampore]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Anubrata Mondal

2026-05-07T10:32:07Z

Digitechroshni: done - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues |
{{Update|date=February 2026}}
{{POV|date=February 2026}}
{{Disputed|date=February 2026}} }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Anubrata Mondal
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|4|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bolpur]], [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| office = [[Trinamool Congress|President of Birbhum District Trinamool Congress]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2025
| office1 = [[Trinamool Congress|Convenor of Core Committee of Birbhum District Trinamool Congress]]
| term_start1 = 2025
| term_end1 =
}}
'''Anubrata Mondal'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://najarbandi.in/tag/anubrata-mondal/|title=Anubrata Mondal Archives » Najarbandi : Best Bengali News Paper, Read Latest Bengali News Headlines, Kolkata 24X7, বাংলা খবর|website=najarbandi.in}}</ref> (born 1 April 1960), also known as '''Kesto Mondal''', is an Indian [[politician]] from West Bengal, who belongs to [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He is known to be a close aide of [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]]. He is currently serving as [[All India Trinamool Congress|President of Birbhum District Trinamool Congress]] after getting [[bail]] for cattle case from [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]] in lack of evidence from [[Tihar Jail]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 August 2022|title=Who is Anubrata Mondal, a close aide of Mamata Banerjee now bailed from CBI custody ?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-anubrata-mondal-a-close-aide-of-mamata-banerjee-now-in-cbi-net-101660226028759.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022|title=Anubrata Mondal: Bengal's 'Bahubali' politician and trusted aide of Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/who-is-anubrata-mondal-west-bengal-bahubali-politician-trusted-aide-of-mamata-banerjee-tmc-cattle-smuggling-case-latest-updates-2022-08-11-799272|work=[[India TV]]|access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> The [[National Investigation Agency]] also tried to nab him on national treasure (coal, sand, etc.) smuggling but failed. Due to this his daughter Sukanya Mondal had also spent 16 months in [[Tihar Prisons|Tihar]] but nothing could be proven and she was bailed out.

==Controversies==
On 11 August 2022, he was arrested by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] after interrogation in West Bengal for [[2022 West Bengal cow smuggling scam|smuggling cows]]. The Central Investigation Agency claims that apart from the ₹48.06 crore, they have found property worth ₹29 crore 50 lakh from cow smuggling since last December.{{Vague|reason=Not clear what this sentence is trying to say. How much is the total figure and the division between money and other "property".|date=August 2025}} So far, the [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] has found property worth 77.56 crore rupees gained from cow smuggling money.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/trinamools-birbhum-strongman-anubrata-mondal-arrested-by-cbi-in-cattle-smuggling-case-3245774|title=Trinamool Congress leader Anubrata Mondal arrested by CBI in cattle smuggling scam|work=[[NDTV]]|date=11 August 2022|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> On 12 August 2022, he was brought to [[Kolkata]] from [[Asansol]] after presenting him in the court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-cbi-arrests-trinamool-congress-birbhum-president-anubrata-mandal-gets-10-days-custody/articleshow/93509634.cms|title=TMC Leader Anubrata Mondal brought to Kolkata, after arrest by CBI|date=12 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> On 7 March 2023, the ED took him to [[Delhi]] for interrogation. Anubrata was sent to [[Tihar Prisons|Tihar Jail]] on 21 March 2023. He was bailed on 30 july 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-congress-leader-anubrata-mondal-in-tihar-jail-till-april-3/cid/1924054|title=Anubrata Mondal in Tihar jail till April 3 over cattle smuggling case|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

On 30 May 2025, an [https://najarbandi.in/cbi-in-action-due-to-anubrata-mondal-not-arrested-despite-police-fir/ audio conversation] between Anubrata Mondal and Bolpur Police Station IC Liton Halder has been leaked,<ref>{{Cite web |title=A TMC Leader's Rape Threats Contribute to the Sustained Misogyny in Bengal Politics |url=https://thewire.in/women/anubrata-mondal-women-politicians-rape-sexual-abuse-threats |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> in which he is heard attacking the police officer, making abusive remarks to the officer’s wife and mother in clearly [https://najarbandi.in/anubrata-was-questioned-for-two-hours/ inaudible language].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2025-06-05 |title=Trinamool leader Anubrata Mondal appears before police; NCW seeks report on 'abusive' audio |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/trinamool-leader-anubrata-mondal-appears-before-police-ncw-seeks-report-on-abusive-audio/article69661848.ece |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Anubrata initially denied the authenticity of the audio, but later practically admitted it in a letter sent to the party's state president. On 31 May 2025, a letter written by Mondal has become a subject of [https://najarbandi.in/apology-letter-of-tm-leader-anubrata-mondal/ mockery]. Though the intention was to apologise to police officials, [https://najarbandi.in/apology-letter-of-tm-leader-anubrata-mondal/ the language and spelling] used in the letter have turned it into a laughingstock. Linguists have remarked that such a distortion of the Bengali language is rarely seen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-31 |title=West Bengal: TMC leader Anubrata Mondal says sorry in 40 minutes after party fire over 'abuse' audio |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/anubrata-says-sorry-in-40-mins-after-party-fire-over-abuse-audio/articleshow/121525401.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Anubrata}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Basanti Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T07:07:58Z

Digitechroshni: done

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basanti
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Basanti.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Basanti Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]]
| constituency_no = 128
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Shyamal Mondal]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 260,618
}}
'''Basanti''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Basanti Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* Amjhara, Basanti, Bharatgarh, Charabidya, Foolmalancha, Jharkhali, Jyotishpur, Kanthalberia, Nafarganj, Ramchandrakhali and Uttar Mokamberia gram panchayats of [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]] community development block
* Atharobanki gram panchayat of [[Canning II]] community development block

Basanti Assembly constituency is a part of No. 19 [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shakila Khatun]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Ashok Chaudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | Panchanan Sinha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Kalipada Burman
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Subhas Naskar]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Shyamal Mondal]]
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Basanti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nilima Mistry
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:127,495}}
|percentage = 54.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bikash Sardar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:71,314}}
|percentage = 30.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asit Roy
|party = Indian Secular Front
|votes = {{formatnum:25,924}}
|percentage = 11.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Samar Biswas
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:2,099}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopinath Naiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1,186}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:1,402}}
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Basanti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Shyamal Mondal]]
|votes = 111,453
|percentage = 52.10
|change = +2.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramesh Majhi
|votes = 60,811
|percentage = 28.43
|change = +22.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Subhas Naskar]]
|votes = 36,688
|percentage = 17.15
|change = -23.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,907
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -1.58
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Biswajit Mondal
|votes = 1,635
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Debabrata Mondal
|votes = 728
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Nimai Chandra Mondal
|votes = 688
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 213,910
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: Basanti (SC) constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
|votes = 90,522
|percentage = 49.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Subhas Naskar]]
|votes = 73,915
|percentage = 40.72
|change = -8.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pankaj Roy
|votes = 10,373
|percentage = 5.71
|change = +1.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,487
|percentage = 2.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Mulnibasi Party of India|MPOI]]
|candidate = Himanshu Kayal
|votes = 1,141
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Taranga Mondal
|votes = 1,069
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 181,507
|percentage = 80.61
|change = -0.72
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Basanti<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=128| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170412/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=128| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Basanti| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Subhas Naskar]]
|votes = 72,772
|percentage = 49.07
|change = -17.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Arnab Roy]]
|votes = 66,636
|percentage = 44.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amal Kanti Roy]]
|votes = 5,676
|percentage = 3.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = [[Samir Das]]
|votes = 3,333
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 148,516
|percentage = 81.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
Subhas Naskar of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won the Basanti Assembly constituency from 1982 to 2006, defeating Amal Kanti Roy of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Jayanta Sarkar of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Bipin Behari Sardar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and Jnanendranath Majumdar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Kalipada Barman of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] defeated Chittaranjan Naskar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp101.htm |title = 101 - Basanti (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1962-1972===
Panchanan Sinha of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Ashok Chaudhuri of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Shakila Khatun of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1967<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> The seat did not exist prior to that.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Congee

2026-04-29T11:19:02Z

Digitechroshni: New Some Stub W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Asian savoury rice porridge dish}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Congee
| image = Chinese rice congee.jpg
| caption = [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] ''zhou'' (rice congee) with ''[[rousong]]'' and ''[[zha cai]]'' (with [[coriander]] in side bowl)
| alternate_name =
| place_of_origin =
| associated_cuisine =
| creator =
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| type = [[Porridge]]
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Rice
| minor_ingredient =
| variations =
| serving_size =
| calories =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| other =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Congee''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|dʒ|iː}} {{Respell|KON|jee}}, derived from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{lang|ta|கஞ்சி}} {{IPA|ta|kaɲdʑi|}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of CONGEE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/congee |website=www.merriam-webster.com |date=22 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1903|author=Yule, Henry, Sir|authorlink=Henry Yule|title=Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive.|chapter=|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/hobsonjobson_query.py?qs=CONGEE&searchhws=yes|quote=It is from the Tamil kanjī, 'boilings.'}}</ref><ref name="scmphistory">{{cite news |last=Lim |first=Lisa |title=Where the word congee comes from – the answer may surprise you |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2119163/where-word-congee-comes-answer-may-surprise-you |website=Post Magazine |publisher=South China Morning Post |access-date=22 August 2021 |date=10 November 2017}}</ref> is a form of savoury rice [[porridge]] of Asian origin, primarily made by boiling [[rice]] in a large amount of water until the rice softens. Depending on the rice–water ratio, the thickness of congee varies from a Western [[oatmeal]] porridge to a [[gruel]]. Since the [[history of rice cultivation]] in Asia stretches back to the [[Baiyue]]-inhabited lower [[Yangtze]] circa 10,000 BC,<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Occurrence of Cereal Cultivation in China|first=Tracey L-D|last=Lu|date=2006|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=45|issue=2|pages=129, 135, 138|doi=10.1353/asi.2006.0022 |hdl=10125/17249 |s2cid=162414736 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Archaeological and genetic insights into the origins of domesticated rice |first1=Briana L. |last1=Grossa|first2=Zhijun|last2= Zhao|date=2014|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=111|issue=17|page=6191|doi=10.1073/pnas.1308942110 |pmid=24753573 |pmc=4035933 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6190G |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Multiple indicators of rice remains and the process of rice domestication: A case study in the lower Yangtze River region, China|first=Yongchao|last=Ma|date=2018|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=12|page=2|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0208104 |pmid=30507965 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1308104M |doi-access=free |pmc=6277086}}</ref> congee is unlikely to have appeared before that date. Congee is typically served with side dishes, or it can be topped with meat, fish, and [[Chinese pickles|pickled vegetables]].

Vivid experiences of eating or delivering thin congee as wartime or [[famine food]] often feature in diaries and chronicles.<ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=黃花崗雜誌|issue=70–71|page=65|date=July 2021|title=一個愛國知識份子的流亡生涯——陳嘉遠先生日記（1950.9.1-9.30）|last=陳嘉遠|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=2yA3EAAAQBAJ}}</ref> In some cultures, congee is eaten primarily as a breakfast food or late supper; some may also eat it as a substitute for rice at other meals. It is often considered suitable for the sick as a mild, easily digestible food.<ref>Robert Saunders (1789) "Boutan & Thibet", ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' Vol. 79, p. 101</ref>

== Etymology ==
The popular English name ''congee'' derives from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word {{wikt-lang|ta|கஞ்சி}} (''kañci''). The Portuguese adopted the name as ''canje'', with the first document mentioning the dish and the word in 1563. The English name was adopted from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2119163/where-word-congee-comes-answer-may-surprise-you |title= Where the word congee comes from – the answer may surprise you |first=Lisa |last=Lim |date=10 November 2017 |website=South China Morning Post }}</ref> In China, congee is known as ''zhou'' ({{lang-zh|c=粥|p=zhōu|cy=jūk}}), with the first recorded reference traced back to 1000 BC during [[Zhou dynasty]]. Across Asia, various similar dishes exists with varying names.

== Varieties ==
=== East Asia ===
==== Mainland China ====
By porridge ({{Lang-zh|c=粥|p=zhōu|labels=no}} or {{Lang-zh|t=稀飯|p=xīfàn|labels=no}} in Standard Chinese), [[varieties of Chinese|Chinese languages]] across the south usually mean rice porridge, while in the north it may be [[cornmeal|cornmeal porridge]], [[proso millet|proso millet porridge]], [[foxtail millet|foxtail millet porridge]], or [[sorghum|sorghum porridge]], reflecting the north–south divide of grain production.

In northwest Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, fermented rice and millet porridge known as 酸粥 ([[Jin Chinese]]: {{IPA|cjy|suɤ tʂɑo|}}) is popular. Rice and millet are soaked to allow fermentation, then water is drained to obtain porridge. The water is served as a drink, 酸米湯 ([[Jin Chinese|Jin]] Chinese: {{IPA|cjy|suɤ mi tʰɤu|}}). The porridge is eaten with [[Chinese pickles|pickles]] of turnips, carrots, radish or celery. When stirred-fried, the porridge is called 炒酸粥 ({{IPA|cjy|tsʰo suɤ tʂɑo|}}). The porridge may also be steamed into solids known as 酸撈飯 ({{IPA|cjy|suɤ lo fã|}}). While the traditional grain is [[proso millet]], it is mixed with rice when available. Many folk idioms of sourness derive from this dish.<ref name="Zhao Xirong 2">{{cite news|title=东拉西扯唠酸粥（二）|date= 2023-06-05|last= 赵喜荣|work=府谷故事|publisher=府谷县委史志研究室|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/CPt_a6nVmkcAHRL2V7fA9Q |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230827155049/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/CPt_a6nVmkcAHRL2V7fA9Q |archivedate=2023-08-27}}</ref><ref name="ordos daily 20221129">{{cite news|title=可口的烂腌菜|work=鄂尔多斯日报|last=若希|date=2022-11-29|page=6|url=http://www.ordosnews.com/wenlv/2022-11/29/content_430080.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825100032/http://www.ordosnews.com/wenlv/2022-11/29/content_430080.html |archivedate=2023-08-25}}</ref><ref name="Du 2022">{{cite news|title=准格尔的酸味|last=杜洪涛|date=2022-11-07|work=內蒙古日報|url=http://szb.northnews.cn/nmgrb/resfile/2022-11-07/06/nmgrb2022110706.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821043108/http://szb.northnews.cn/nmgrb/resfile/2022-11-07/06/nmgrb2022110706.pdf |archivedate=2023-08-21}}</ref><ref name="Fugu 2018">{{cite news|title=府谷酸捞饭、酸稀粥、酸米汤，只属于我们府谷人的味道|work=府谷报|publisher=府谷县融媒体中心|last1=魏二保|last2= 王二永|date=2018-01-18|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5ODc0OTA4MQ==&mid=2649782513&idx=3&sn=62146bdf3835f6889ccd8a905ac4684b}}</ref><ref name="youdu">{{cite news|title=准格尔的酸粥！口水直流|date=2019-01-13 |last= 闫桂兰|work=右读|via=准格尔旗发布|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2853841}}</ref><ref name="sour wubu">{{cite book|title=吴堡方言调查研究|date=2014|last1=邢向东|last2=王兆富|publisher=中华书局|pages=43, 44, 48, 51, 61, 150}}</ref>

In Shanghai, Suzhou and nearby, an iconic glutinous rice porridge topped by red bean paste, sweet olive syrup and brown sugar is
赤豆糊糖粥 ([[Wu Chinese]]: {{IPA|wuu|tsʰaʔ dɤ ɦu dɑ̃ tsoʔ|}}).<ref name="lifeweek">{{Cite news|title=桂花赤豆汤粥，甜得讲究 |work=三联美食|publisher=三联生活|location=Beijing|url=https://www.lifeweek.com.cn/article/178107|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827155720/https://www.lifeweek.com.cn/article/178107 |archivedate=2023-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=上海话大词典|last=钱乃荣|date=2007|publisher=上海辞书出版社| url=http://www.shanghainese.info/download/wugniu/%A1%B6%C9%CF%BA%A3%BB%B0%B4%F3%B4%CA%B5%E4%A1%B7.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407030033/http://www.shanghainese.info/download/wugniu/%A1%B6%C9%CF%BA%A3%BB%B0%B4%F3%B4%CA%B5%E4%A1%B7.pdf|archivedate=2021-04-07|pages=49, 56}}</ref> Street hawking of this porridge is featured in a well-known [[Wu Chinese]] nursery rhyme.<ref>{{Citation|title="音频"|last=予安老师| url=https://res.wx.qq.com/voice/getvoice?mediaid=MzUzNjYwNjI1NF8yMjQ3NDg3NTgz}}. In {{cite news|title=笃笃笃，卖糖粥……小辰光，我们常哼的童谣，你还记得吗？|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9Kdj05ITd31g5XxIE-wtkg|editor=更苏州 |date=2018-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=笃笃笃,卖糖粥——100首上海里弄童谣 (附光盘)|last1=郑土有|last2=王士均|date=2006|publisher=华东师范大学出版社|url=https://wap.libaclub.com/t_123_4474069_1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828165012/https://wap.libaclub.com/t_123_4474069_1.htm|archivedate=2023-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=闲说苏州（7）旧时街头交响（上）|last=冯大诚|work=科学网|date=2012-04-16| url=https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=612874&do=blog&view=me&classid=167213&page=4|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831041425/https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=612874&do=blog&view=me&classid=167213&page=4|archivedate=2023-08-31}}</ref>

Originating in [[Guangdong]], [[century egg]] congee ({{lang-zh|c=皮蛋瘦肉粥|labels=no|out=|p=|cy=pèihdáan sauyuhk jūk}} in [[Cantonese]]) has become popular nationwide since the 2000s. It was first tested on the menu of [[KFC in China|KFC in Shanghai]] in 2002 and later rolled out to all KFCs in mainland China and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news|title=肯德基大打"本土"牌金针鸡丝汤月底上市|date=2022-12-09|work=江南时报|last=周锡娟|location=Wuxi|via=Sina|url=https://finance.sina.cn/sa/2002-12-09/detail-ikknscsi0700427.d.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=乱弹东西(十六): 肯德基的皮蛋瘦肉粥和麦当劳的金牌饮料|date= 2005-03-30| last=草梅 | work=e-yep.com|url=http://www.e-yep.com/articleCH/20646.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230828175719/http://www.e-yep.com/articleCH/20646.html |archivedate=2023-08-28}}</ref> Century egg porridge ranked in the top ten in breakfast orders in almost every Chinese major city as far north as Harbin.<ref>{{cite news|title= 中国人的早餐藏着什么秘密|work= 网易数读|last=严珏|date=2020-08-21 | url=https://www.huxiu.com/article/377163.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200822181847/https://www.huxiu.com/article/377163.html |archivedate=2020-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=2017年中国互联网本地生活服务蓝皮书| last=饿了么|publisher=饿了么|date=2018-01-20 | url=https://freewechat.com/a/MzA3NDM1NTY0Nw==/2651373498/1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822141326/https://freewechat.com/a/MzA3NDM1NTY0Nw==/2651373498/1 |archivedate=2023-08-22}}</ref>

Additional common regional ingredients include [[salted duck egg]]s, ''[[rousong]]'', ''[[zhacai]]'', [[pickled tofu]], [[mung bean]]s and [[offal|organ meats]] (especially [[pig liver]]). ''[[Youtiao]]'' is served as a side dish in some Chinese cultures. Congee with multiple ingredients tends to be seen as expensive and festive congee, such as [[Laba congee]].{{citation needed|date = March 2024}}

====Taiwan====
In Taiwan, congee is known as {{Lang-zh|c=糜|tl=muê|labels=no|out=tl}} in [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] or {{Lang-zh|c=稀飯|p=xīfàn|labels=no|out=p}} in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. [[Sweet potato]], [[taro]] root, or [[century egg]] is often added for taste. A famous congee dish in Taiwan is [[milkfish congee]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Maggie |date=27 July 2015 |title=40 of the best Taiwanese foods and drinks |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/40-taiwan-food/index.html |accessdate=27 September 2022 |publisher=CNN Travel}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
[[File:Rice porridge breakfast by Vicky f04 in Kyoto.jpg|thumb|left|Rice porridge breakfast in [[Kyoto]]]]
[[File:Nanakusa gayu on Nanakusa no sekku.jpg|thumb|''Nanakusa-gayu'', seven-herb porridge|alt=Grains of white rice still hold their shape in brothy porridge mixed with green herbs]]

{{Nihongo||粥|Kayu}}, or often {{Nihongo||お粥|okayu}} is the name for the type of congee eaten in [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://japanesefood.about.com/od/rice/r/okayu.htm |title=''Okayu'' recipe |publisher=about.com |access-date=2 May 2007 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128030212/http://japanesefood.about.com/od/rice/r/okayu.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> which typically uses water to rice ratios of 5:1 or 7:1 and is cooked for about 30 minutes. There are recipes that use a water to rice ratio of up to 20:1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=お粥（全粥・七分粥・五分粥・三分粥・重湯） |url=https://www.hokeniryo.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/nisitama/hokeneiyou/eiyousyokuseikatsu/fureiuyobou/recipe/porridge.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=東京都保健医療局|date=13 September 2023 }}</ref>

''Kayu'' may be made with just rice and water, and is often seasoned with salt. [[Egg (food)|Eggs]] can be beaten into it to thicken it. Toppings may be added to enhance flavour; [[Allium fistulosum|welsh onion]], [[Salmon as food|salmon]], [[roe]], [[ginger]], and ''[[umeboshi]]'' (pickled plums) are among the most common. ''[[Miso]]'' or [[Chicken as food|chicken]] stock may be used to flavor the broth. Most Japanese [[electric rice cooker]]s have a specific setting for cooking congee.

In Japan, porridge – because it is soft and easily digestible – is regarded as a food particularly suitable for serving to the sick and elderly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21251aZNevcC&q=okayu+japan+sick+ill&pg=PA57 |title=The Ultimate Rice Cooker Cookbook: 250 No-Fail Recipes for Pilafs, Risotto … - Beth Hensperger – Google Books |date=2010-03-31 |access-date=2012-11-24|isbn=9781458769589 |last1=Hensperger |first1=Beth |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com }}</ref> For similar reasons, it is commonly the first solid food served to Japanese infants, being used to help with the transition from liquids to normally cooked rice, the latter being a major part of the [[Japanese cuisine#Traditional cuisine|Japanese diet]].

A type of ''kayu'' referred to as ''[[Nanakusa-no-sekku|nanakusa-gayu]]'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|七草粥}}, "seven herb porridge") is traditionally eaten on [[Nanakusa no sekku|7 January]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1OMoSSSEkQC&q=nanakusagayu&pg=PT206 |title=ジャパン: 四季と文化 - Clive W. Nicol – Google Books |access-date=2012-11-24|isbn=9784770020888 |last1=Bester |first1=John |last2=Carpenter |first2=Juliet |year=1997 |publisher=Kodansha International }}</ref> with special herbs that some believe protect against evils and invite good luck and longevity in the new year. As a simple, light dish, ''nanakusa-gayu'' serves as a break from the many heavy dishes eaten over the [[Japanese New Year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=日本人新年吃「七草粥」祈福 |url=https://zh.cn.nikkei.com/columnviewpoint/tearoom/38822-2020-01-07-05-05-49.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=[[The Nikkei]]}}</ref>

''Kayu'' is also used in [[Kayu ura|Shinto divination rituals]].<ref name="robertson2016">{{cite journal|last1=Robertson|first1=Stephen|title=Hope that sustains: revisiting New Year's divination at Suwa Taisha|journal=Contemporary Japan|date=2016|volume=1|issue=28|pages=101–122|doi=10.1515/cj-2016-0006|s2cid=131527379|url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cj.2016.28.issue-1/cj-2016-0006/cj-2016-0006.pdf|access-date=14 February 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Nihongo|''[[Zōsui]]''|雑炊}} is a similar dish, which uses already cooked rice, rather than cooking the rice in the soup.

==== Korea ====
{{Main|Juk (Korean food)}}

[[File:Heugimja-juk.jpg|thumb|{{lang|ko-Latn|[[Heugimja-juk]]}} (black sesame porridge)]]

{{lang|ko-Latn|Juk}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=죽|hanja=粥|labels=no|ko_ipa=tɕuk̚}}) is a Korean porridge dish made by boiling [[Japonica rice|rice]] or other [[grain]]s or [[legume]]s, such as [[bean]]s, [[sesame]], [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], and [[pumpkin]]. {{lang|ko-Latn|Juk}} is often eaten warm, especially as a morning meal, but is now eaten at any time of the day.<ref name="IGKC">{{cite book | year=2002 | title=An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words | publisher=Hakgojae Publishing Co | location=Seoul | isbn=978-8985846981 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_j0p0/page/20 20–21] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_j0p0/page/20 }}</ref>

Depending on the ingredients and consistency, {{lang|ko-Latn|juk}} can be considered as food for recuperation, a delicacy, or [[famine food]].<ref name="juk doosan">{{in lang|ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=140915 Juk]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Doosan Encyclopedia</ref> It is also sold commercially by many chain stores in South Korea, and is a common takeout dish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clubcity.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=57572|title=Busy juk restaurants|date=17 May 2010|publisher=City News|language=ko|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112130859/http://www.clubcity.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=57572|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The most basic form of {{lang|ko-Latn|juk}}, made from plain rice, is called {{lang|ko-Latn|ssaljuk}} ({{lang|ko|쌀죽}}; 'rice porridge') or {{lang|ko-Latn|huinjuk}} ({{lang|ko|흰죽}}; 'white porridge'). It is usually served with more flavorful side dishes, such as {{lang|ko-Latn|[[jeotgal]]}} (salted seafood) and various types of [[kimchi]].

There are more than forty varieties of {{lang|ko-Latn|juk}} mentioned in historical documents.<ref name="juk doosan" /> Notable varieties include {{lang|ko-Latn|[[jatjuk]]}} made from finely ground [[pine nut]]s, {{lang|ko-Latn|[[jeonbok-juk]]}} made with [[abalone]]s, {{lang|ko-Latn|yulmu-juk}} made from {{lang|ko-Latn|[[yulmu]]}} (''Coix lacryma-jobi'' var. ''ma-yuen''), and {{lang|ko-Latn|[[patjuk]]}} made from red beans.

=== Southeast Asia ===
==== Myanmar ====
In [[Myanmar]], congee is called ''{{lang|my-Latn|hsan byoke}}'' or ''{{lang|my-Latn|hsan pyoke}}'', literally "(uncooked) rice boiled". It is plain [[porridge]], often made with just rice and water, but sometimes with chicken or pork stock and served with a simple garnish of chopped spring onions and crispy fried onions.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Paired with garnishes of choice. (Fish sauce, chilli flakes, etc.)

==== Cambodia ====
[[File:Chicken congee at Psar Chaa Market in Siem Reap, Cambodia.jpg|thumb|right|Cambodian chicken congee at the [[Old Market (Siem Reap)|Old Market]] in [[Siem Reap]]]]
In [[Khmer language|Khmer]], congee is called ''babor'' ({{Wikt-lang|km|បបរ}}). It is one of the options for breakfast along with ''[[kuyteav]]'', another popular Cambodian breakfast dish.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldberg |first1=Lina |title=How Breakfast Has Shaped Cambodia's Cultural Identity |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170217-a-national-cuisine-defined-by-breakfast |website=BBC |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jimmy |title=The Cambodian Breakfast |url=http://jimmyeatsworld.com/2014/03/03/cambodian-breakfast/ |website=Jimmy Eats World |date=2014-03-03 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082207/http://jimmyeatsworld.com/2014/03/03/cambodian-breakfast/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Congee is eaten throughout Cambodia both in the countryside and in the cities.

Congee can be eaten plain or with a variety of side dishes and toppings such as soy sauce, added to enhance taste, as well as dried salted fish or [[Youtiao#Cambodia|fried breadsticks]] ({{lang|km|ឆាខ្វៃ}}, {{lang|km-latn|cha kway}}).<ref>{{cite web |last1=lov |first1=lisa |title=Congee – Asian Rice Porridge |url=http://aortafood.com/congee-asian-rice-porridge/ |website=aorta food|date=September 2015 }}</ref>

There are two main versions of congee: plain congee, and chicken congee ({{lang|km|បបរមាន់}}, {{lang|km-latn|babor mŏən}}). It is usually eaten during the colder [[dry season]] or when someone is sick. After the congee is prepared, a variety of toppings can be added to enhance the flavour such as bean sprouts, green onions, coriander, pepper, along with the dried fish and fried breadsticks on the side. The chicken congee is the same as plain congee but contains more herbs and chicken.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Larson |first1=Tevy |title=Chicken Rice Congee (Khmer Borbor Sach Mouan) |url=http://tevysfoodblog.blogspot.com/2012/04/chicken-rice-congee-khmer-borbor-sach.html |website=Tevys Food Blog |publisher=blogspot|date=2013-02-25 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See reliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=June 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Joanne |title=BUILD YOUR OWN Cambodian Chicken Rice Soup |url=https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/food/cambodian-chicken-rice-soup/ |website=The Family Dinner Project}}</ref>

==== Indonesia ====
{{Main|Bubur ayam}}
[[File:Bubur ayam chicken porridge.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Bubur ayam]]'', [[Indonesia]]n chicken congee]]
[[File:Instant congee with meat floss.jpg|thumb|Instant chicken congee from a convenience store, served with [[meat floss]]]]
In [[Indonesian language|Indonesia]], congee is called ''bubur'', and it is a popular breakfast food.<ref name="Kraig Sen 2013 p. 185">{{cite book | last1=Kraig | first1=B. | last2=Sen | first2=C.T. | title=Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-59884-955-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=185}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Dalby | first=A. | title=The Breakfast Book | publisher=Reaktion Books | series=EBL-Schweitzer | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-78023-121-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/breakfastbook0000dalb | url-access=registration | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=[https://archive.org/details/breakfastbook0000dalb/page/98 98]}}</ref> Travelling ''bubur ayam'' vendors frequently pass through residential streets in the morning selling the dish.<ref name="Kraig Sen 2013 p. 185"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Tan | first=M.G. | title=Etnis Tionghoa Di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan | publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia | year=2008 | isbn=978-979-461-689-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HP9K-GOds8C&pg=PT115 | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=115}}</ref> A popular version is ''[[bubur ayam]]'', which is congee with shredded chicken meat. It is also served with many condiments, such as green onion, crispy fried shallot, fried soybean, Chinese crullers (''[[youtiao]]'', known as {{lang|id|cakwe}} in Indonesia), both salty and sweet soy sauce, and sometimes it is topped with yellow chicken broth and ''[[Krupuk|kerupuk]]'' (Indonesian style crackers). Unlike some other Indonesian dishes, it is not spicy; ''sambal'' or chili paste is served separately.

Some food vendors serve ''[[sate]]'' alongside it, made from quail egg or chicken intestine, liver, gizzard, or heart.

On the north coast of [[Bali]], famously in a village called Bondalem, there is a local congee dish called ''mengguh'', a popular local chicken and vegetable congee that is spicier than common ''bubur ayam'' and more similar to ''[[tinutuan]]'', using a spice mix of onions, garlic, [[coriander]] seeds, pepper and chili.<ref>{{cite web|author=indonesiasecretkitchen |url=http://indonesiasecretkitchen.blogspot.nl/2011/08/bubur-mengguh-recipe.html |title=Indonesia Secret Kitchen: Bubur Mengguh recipe |publisher=Indonesiasecretkitchen.blogspot.nl |access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref>

In another region of Indonesia, the city of [[Manado]] in North Sulawesi, there is a very popular type of congee called ''[[tinutuan]]'', or also known as ''bubur Manado'' (Manadonese porridge). It is rice porridge served with ample amount of vegetables. A bit different from the one sold in Java, it is made from rice porridge, enriched with vegetables, including ''kangkung'' ([[water spinach]]), corn kernels, yam or sweet potato, dried salted fish, ''kemangi'' ([[lemon basil]]) leaves and ''melinjo'' (''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'') leaves.

In the eastern parts of Indonesia, the local congee is called [[Papeda (food)|''papeda'']], which is made from [[sago]] flour. It is a staple food of [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] and [[Papuan peoples|Papuan]] people. Usually, it is eaten with yellow soup made from [[Tuna as food|tuna]] or ''mubara'' fish spiced with [[turmeric]] and lime.

==== Laos ====
In [[Laos]], congee is called ''khao piak'',<ref>{{cite book | last=Philpott | first=D. | title=The World of Wine and Food: A Guide to Varieties, Tastes, History, and Pairings | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4422-6804-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dIbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=444}}</ref> literally "wet rice" ({{langx|lo|ເຂົ້າປຽກ}}, {{IPA|lo|kʰȁ(ː)w.pȉak|IPA}}). It is cooked with rice and chicken broth or water. The congee is then garnished with fried garlic, scallions and pepper. The dish will sometimes be served with chicken, quail eggs, [[century eggs]] or ''[[youtiao]]''. In Laos, congee is usually eaten as breakfast and during the cold season.

==== Malaysia ====
In Malaysia, congee is known as porridge or bubur.

==== Philippines ====
{{Main|Lugaw}}

[[File:Lugawjf.JPG|thumb|[[Bulacan]] ''Lugaw na tokwa't baboy'', rice gruel with ''[[tokwa at baboy]]'' ([[tofu]] and pork, commonly referred to as "LTB")]]
[[File:Home - Dinner.jpg|thumb|''[[Arroz caldo]]'', chicken rice gruel with [[ginger]], [[scallion]]s, toasted [[garlic]], and [[safflower]]|alt=Golden yellow porridge garnished with scallions and fried bits]]

''[[Lugaw]]'' (pronounced {{IPA|tl|ˈluɡaw}}) is the [[Filipino language|Filipino]] generic term for rice gruel.{{NoteTag|"This dish is sometimes referred to as rice porridge and in the Philippines it is usually called lugaw or lugao (from Tagalog)."<ref>{{cite book | last1=Moore | first1=B. | last2=Centre | first2=Australian National Dictionary | title = Who's centric now?: the present state of post-colonial Englishes | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-19-551450-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ws1ZAAAAMAAJ | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=178 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book | title = Philippines Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments | publisher=International Business Publications, USA | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4387-7532-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7W-RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 | access-date=11 August 2017 | page = 111 }}</ref> It encompasses a wide variety of dishes, ranging from savory dishes very similar to Chinese-style congee to dessert dishes. In the [[Visayas|Visayan]] regions, savory ''lugaw'' are known as ''pospas''. ''Lugaw'' typically use [[glutinous rice]] (Tagalog: ''malagkit''; Visayan: ''pilit''). It is usually thicker than other Asian congees, retaining the shape of the rice, yet with a similar texture.

Savory versions of ''lugaw'' are flavored with [[ginger]] and traditionally topped with [[scallion]]s and toasted [[garlic]]. Dried red [[safflower]] (''kasubha'') may also be used as a topping, mainly as a visual [[Garnish (food)|garnish]] and to impart a more appealing yellow tinge to the dish. As with Japanese ''kayu'', [[Fish as food|fish]] or [[chicken stock]] may be used to flavor the broth. The most popular variants of ''lugaw'' include ''[[arroz caldo]]'' (chicken), ''[[goto (food)|goto]]'' (beef tripe), ''lugaw na baboy'' (pork), ''lugaw na baka'' (beef), and ''lugaw na tokwa't baboy'' ([[Tokwa at baboy|diced tofu and pork]]). Other versions can also use ''[[tinapa]]'' (smoked fish), ''palakâ'' ([[frog leg]]s), ''utak'' (brain [of pig]), ''dilà'' (tongue [of pig]), and ''litid'' ([beef] ligaments). They are traditionally seasoned with [[calamansi]], [[fish sauce]] (''patís''), [[soy sauce]] (''toyò''), and [[black pepper]]. It is often served to the ill and the elderly, and is favored among [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] living in colder climates because it is warm, soft, and easy to digest.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nolisoli.ph/43801/lugaw-goto-arroz-caldo/ |title=The difference between lugaw, goto, and arroz caldo |date=13 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aranas|first=Jennifer M.|title=Tropical Island Cooking: Traditional Recipes, Contemporary Flavors |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. |year=2006 |page=50 |isbn=978-1-4629-1689-4 }}</ref>

Dessert versions of ''lugaw'' include ''[[champorado]]'' (''lugaw'' with home-made chocolate topped with milk), ''[[binignit]]'' (''lugaw'' in coconut milk with various fruits and root crops), and ''[[ginataang mais]]'' (''lugaw'' with [[sweet corn]] and coconut milk), among others. Like the savory versions, they are usually eaten for breakfast, but can also be eaten as a snack. In [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon-speaking]] areas, ''lugaw'' may refer to ''binignit''.

==== Singapore ====
{{Main|Teochew porridge}}
In [[Singapore]], Teochew porridge or Singapore-style porridge is a version of Singapore congee.<ref name="Lee 2016 p. 49">{{cite book | last=Lee | first=S.H. | title=Chicken and Rice: Fresh and Easy Southeast Asian Recipes From a London Kitchen | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-241-27877-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rBpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=49}}</ref> In Singapore, it is considered a comfort food for both breakfast and supper. Teochew porridge dishes are often accompanied by various small plates of side dishes.<ref name="Lee 2016 p. 49"/> Usually, it is served as a banquet of meats, fish egg and vegetables eaten with plain rice porridge. The recipes that early immigrants prepared in Singapore have been modified over the generations to suit local tastes. Singapore Teochew style porridge is usually consumed with a selection of Singaporean Chinese side dishes. There is no fixed list of side dishes, but in Singapore, accompaniments typically include lor bak (braised pork), steamed fish, stir-fried water spinach (kangkong goreng), salted egg, fish cake, tofu, omelette, minced meat, braised tau kway, Hei Bee Hiang (fried shrimp chilli paste), and vegetables.<ref name="Food">{{cite web | url=http://www.yorkhotel.com.sg/displays/uploaded/cms-specialcontent/TeochewPorr_EDM_mar2013-HR.pdf | title=Enjoy Teochew porridge with popular dishes | access-date=2 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009000533/http://www.yorkhotel.com.sg/displays/uploaded/cms-specialcontent/TeochewPorr_EDM_mar2013-HR.pdf | archive-date=9 October 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Thailand ====
[[File:Jok mu sap.JPG|thumb|''Jok mu sap'': Thai congee with minced pork]]
[[File:Bkk prince cinema 02.JPG|thumb|left|''Jok Prince'' or written ''Jok Prince'', a Bib Gourmand ''Jok'' eatery in Bang Rak]]
In [[Thai cuisine]], rice porridge, known as ''Chok'' or ''Jok'' ({{langx|th|โจ๊ก}}, {{IPA|th|tɕóːk|IPA}}, a loanword from [[Min Nan]] Chinese), is often served as breakfast with a raw or partially cooked egg added.<ref>{{cite book | last=Press | first=R. | title=Thai Slow Cooker Cookbook: Classic Thai Favorites Made Simple | publisher=Callisto Media Incorporated | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-62315-650-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfY_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT75 | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=75}}</ref> Minced pork or beef and chopped spring onions are usually added, and the dish is optionally topped with a small donut-like ''[[youtiao|pathongko]]'', fried garlic, slivered ginger, and spicy pickles such as pickled radish. Although it is more popular as a breakfast dish, many stores specializing in ''Jok'' sell it throughout the day. Variations in the meat and toppings are also frequently found. It is especially popular during Thailand's cool season.

Plain congee, known as ''khao tom kui'' ({{langx|th|ข้าวต้มกุ๊ย}}), is served at specialty restaurants, which serve a multitude of side dishes to go with it, such as ''yam kun chiang'' (a [[Thai salad]] made with sliced dried Chinese sausages), ''mu phalo'' (pork stewed in soy sauce and [[five-spice powder]]), ''mu nam liap'' (minced pork fried with chopped [[Canarium|Chinese olives]]), and ''pla rak kluai thot krob'' or ''pla rak kluai thot kratiam'' (deep-frying or frying with garlic [[horseface loach]]).

Notable ''Jok'' eateries in Bangkok can be found in areas like [[Bang Rak]] on [[Charoen Krung]], home to Jok Prince which received the [[Bib Gourmand]] from Michelin Guidebook,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guide.michelin.com/th/en/bangkok/jok-prince/restaurant|work=[[Michelin Guide]]|title=Jok Prince|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323154827/https://guide.michelin.com/th/en/bangkok/jok-prince/restaurant|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Talat Noi]] in [[Chinatown, Bangkok|Chinatown]] beside [[Wat Traimit]] near [[Hua Lamphong]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownyaowarach.com/index.php?mo=3&art=42288134|script-title=th:ร้านโจ๊ก ตลาดน้อย เจ๊หมวยเกี้ย ย่านเยาวราช|language=th|work=Chinatownyaowarach}}</ref> and the Chok Chai neighbourhood in [[Lat Phrao District|Lat Phrao]], where the dish is available 24 hours a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mgronline.com/travel/detail/9600000066897|script-title=th:"เจ๊เกียง โจ๊กกองปราบ" อร่อยอุ่นท้อง ได้ตลอด 24 ชั่วโมง|date=2 July 2017|website=[[Manager Online]]|access-date=23 March 2018|language=th|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2026-0429-1241-45/https://mgronline.com:443/travel/detail/9600000066897|archive-date=29 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Khao tom kui'' is found in areas, such as the [[Plaeng Nam|Yaowarat]] and [[Wong Wian Yi Sip Song Karakadakhom]] (July 22 Circle).<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Channel 3 (Thailand)|Channel 3]]|date=2018-03-18|script-title=th:ครัวคุณต๋อย: ขาหมูต้มถั่ว ร้านข้าวต้มแปลงนาม|url=http://www.ch3thailand.com/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87/program/59474/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2---%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1-.html|language=th|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323154917/http://www.ch3thailand.com/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87/program/59474/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2---%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownyaowarach.com/articles/42000903/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1_3/1.html|work=Chinatownyaowarach|script-title=th:ร้านข้าวต้ม 3/1|language=th}}</ref>

In a popular reference within the 2011 US comedy film [[The Hangover Part II]] set in Thailand, ''Jok'' is described as being a food for ″small babies and very old people″ with ″no taste″ that is nourishment ″everybody can digest″. The reference is used to describe the character of the protagonist Stu Price (portrayed by [[Ed Helms]]).

==== Vietnam ====
[[File:Cháo trắng hột vịt muối.JPG|thumb|A simple ''cháo'']]

In Vietnam, congee ({{langx|vi|cháo}})<ref>{{cite book | last1=Le | first1=A. | last2=Ashborn | first2=J. | title=Little Saigon Cookbook: Vietnamese Cuisine and Culture in Southern California's Little Saigon | publisher=Globe Pequot Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-7627-9949-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-eYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=46}}</ref> is sometimes cooked with [[Pandanus amaryllifolius|pandan]] leaves or Asian [[mung bean]]. In its simplest form (plain rice [[porridge]], known as ''cháo hoa''),<ref>{{cite book | last=Van Giuong | first=P. | title=Tuttle Concise Vietnamese Dictionary: Vietnamese-English English-Vietnamese | publisher=Tuttle Publishing | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4629-1417-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbxGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=33}}</ref> it is a food for times of famine and hardship to stretch the rice ration. Alternately, as is especially common among Buddhist monks, nuns and lay persons, it can be a simple breakfast food eaten with pickled vegetables or [[fermented bean curd]] (''chao'').

[[File:Cháo củ quả.jpg|thumb|left|Vietnamese congee with [[youtiao|''cháo quẩy'']]]]

Despite its ubiquity among the poor, it is also popular as a main dish when cooked with a variety of meats. For example, ''cháo gà'' is cooked with chicken, garlic, and ginger. The rice porridge is cooked in chicken broth, and when the chicken is cooked, the meat is sliced and layered on a bed of shredded raw [[cabbage]] and sliced [[scallions]] and drizzled with a vinegar-based sauce to be eaten as a side dish. Other combinations include ''cháo vịt'' (duck porridge), which is cooked in the same manner as chicken porridge. ''Cháo lòng heo'' is made with ''lòng heo'', a variety of [[offal]] from pork or duck with sliced portions of congealed pork blood. ''Cháo'' is typically served with ''[[quẩy]]'' on the side.

{{lang|vi|Cháo bầu dục}} is a congee containing pig [[kidney]] ({{lang|vi|bầu dục lợn}}). A specialty of the [[Hóc Môn District]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], it is typically eaten in rural areas of southern Vietnam. Well-known {{lang|vi|cháo bầu}} vendors include {{lang|vi|Cánh Đồng Hoang}}, {{lang|vi|Cô Ba Nữ}}, and {{lang|vi|Sáu Quẻn}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cánh Đồng Hoang quán – một điểm đến thú vị|work=Kenh14.vn|publisher=VC Corp|date=1 December 2010|access-date=13 October 2013|url=http://kenh14.vn/doi-song/canh-dong-hoang-quan-mot-diem-den-thu-vi-20101201015930718.chn}} (Originally in ''Pháp luật & Xã hội''.)</ref> Another typical Vietnamese dish is {{lang|vi|cháo nấm}}, a congee with mushrooms.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rzIsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT436 |chapter= Grains of Rice - Mixed Mushroom Rice Porridge with Bitter Greens - Cháo Nấm |title= Vegetarian Viet Nam |author= Cameron Stauch |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |year= 2018 |isbn= 978-0393249347 }}</ref>

[[Youtiao]] is usually added to congee especially at congee vendors.

It is also common to eat ''cháo'' when ill, as it is believed the porridge is easy to digest while being fortifying. For such purposes, the ''cháo'' is sometimes cooked with roasted white rice, giving the porridge broth a more nuanced body and a subtle, nutty flavor. In some parts of Vietnam, local customs call for making ''cháo'' as offerings for the "wandering souls" during the Buddhist [[Ghost Festival|Vu Lan]] summer feast.

=== South Asia ===
==== Tamil Nadu ====
Kanji is a popular dish in the state of [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil Nadu]]. Among the working classes, it is a staple nourishing breakfast dish, although consumed often for lunch and dinner as well. In addition, all classes regard kanji as an excellent food during convalescence, for its ability to be easily digested. The different kinds of kanji in Tamil Nadu includes rice kanji (the most popular): variations of this include sweet rice kanji (milk and sugar/jaggery added to the cooked rice soup) or salt rice kanji (buttermilk and salt added to the rice soup); wheat kanji, mung bean kanji, ragi/millet kanji, multi-grain kanji.

==== Karnataka ====

In [[Karnataka]], a plain rice porridge, or the thick supernatant water from overcooked rice, is known as {{lang|ta-Latn|ganji}} ({{lang|ka|ಗಂಜಿ }}).<ref>{{cite book|year=1903|author=Yule, Henry, Sir|authorlink=Henry Yule|title=Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive.|chapter=|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/hobsonjobson_query.py?qs=CONGEE&searchhws=yes |quote=It is from the Tamil kanjī, 'boilings.']}}</ref> Kanji is also prepared with different grains available in different parts of [[Karnataka]], for example minor millet or pearl millet,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3794507.ece |title=NATIONAL / TAMIL NADU : Minister moots heritage tourism plan for Jawadu Hills |journal=The Hindu |date=2012-08-19 |access-date=2012-11-24|author=Staff Reporter }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Shonali Muthalaly |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Food/article452875.ece |title=Life & Style / Food: The Reluctant Gourmet – Back to the basics |work=The Hindu |date=2010-06-11 |access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref> finger millet,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Syed Muthahar Saqaf |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3292659.ece |title=NATIONAL / TAMIL NADU: Desi version of porridge sold like hot cakes|journal=The Hindu |date=2012-04-08 |access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref> broken wheat, maize. In coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi of [[Karavali]] region of Karnataka state, '''Ganji''' made from parboiled or red, brown or white rice was the staple food of most inhabitants of those districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://simpleindianmeals.com/ganji/|title=Ganji|author=Anushree Shetty|date=September 2015 |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> A special type of Ganji is prepared on the occasion of Dwadashi in Tulu-speaking [[Shivalli Brahmin]] households.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udupi-recipes.com/2015/09/coconut-milk-rice-porridge-dwadashi-ganji-kanji-recipe-3.html|title=Coconut Milk Rice Porridge, Ganji|author=udupi-recipes|date=26 September 2015 |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> Even today still many households in those districts have Ganji as staple food. In [[Kerala]], it is eaten as a porridge with green lentils or chutney.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} {{lang|ml-Latn|Kanji}} is prepared with rice or [[Eleusine coracana|ragi]]. Nuts and spices are added to the {{lang|ml-Latn|kanji}} depending on the economic status or health requirements. Rice {{lang|ml-Latn|kanji}} is prepared by boiling rice in large amounts of water. To this preparation, either milk and sugar (usually [[jaggery]]) or curd (yoghurt) and salt are added. {{lang|ml-Latn|Ragi kanji}} is prepared by drying {{lang|ml-Latn|ragi}} sprouts in shade, and then grinding them into a smooth powder. This powder is added to water and cooked. Milk and brown sugar are added to this cooked preparation for taste. {{lang|ml-Latn|Ragi kanji}} can be given to infants after six months. Another kanji preparation uses {{lang|ml-Latn|jevvarisi}} ([[sago]]) in {{lang|ml-Latn|kanji}}. Sago is dry roasted and powdered with/ without sugar. Powdered sago is boiled in water until cooked. This is eaten by all ages from adults to infants as young as three months.

==== Maharashtra ====
In the Konkan region of Maharashtra in India, congee is known as {{lang|kok-Latn|pez}}, is a home remedy for treating a fever as it is easy to digest. The farming and manual labour community of the same region, on the other hand, consume it on a daily basis in the late morning as a source of energy. Variants of the dish include {{lang|kok-Latn|nachnyachi pez}} ({{lang|mr-Latn|ambil}}) which is made with ragi and rice, {{lang|kok-Latn|athwal}} or {{lang|kok-Latn|metheachi pez}} is a sweeter version which is made with rice, [[fenugreek]] and jaggery, which is usually served to a nursing mother. The rice here is usually eaten boiled, with dry fish, vegetables or pickles.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|author1=Gauree Malkarnekar | TNN|title='Pez' soothes the fever and the brow|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Pez-soothes-the-fever-and-the-brow/articleshow/54874130.cms|website=The Times of India |format=Newspaper article|date=16 October 2016 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>

==== Western Karnataka and Goa ====

In [[Goa]] state and [[Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts, people usually eat rice {{lang|kn-Latn|ganji}} in a variant manner made by [[Kannada]]-speaking, [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking or [[Konkani people]] in and around Udupi and Mangalore ([[Karnataka]], [[South India]]). There, [[parboiled]] rice ({{lang|kn-Latn|kocheel akki}} in Kannada, {{lang|tcy-Latn|oorpel aari}} for black rice, {{lang|tcy-Latn|bolenta aari}} for white rice in Tulu or {{lang|kok-Latn|ukde tandool}} in Konkani) is steamed with a large amount of water. ''Jain ganji matt'' are famous in these districts. Usually, simple ''ganji'' with pickle and milk are served, in ''Jain matts''. Fresh coconut is grated, and the resulting milk skimmed and added to the ''ganji'' (called ''paez or pyaaz'' in Konkani), which is served hot with fish curry, coconut [[chutney]], or [[Indian pickle]]s. In Goa, it is normally served with dried or fresh cooked fish, ''[[papad]]'' or vegetables.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==== Kerala ====

In the Indian state of [[Kerala]], {{lang|ml-Latn|kanji}} used to be considered as a main course, particularly for dinner, by the majority. This is normally taken with roasted coconut chutney, tossed [[mung bean]] known locally as {{lang|ml-Latn|payar}}, roasted {{lang|ml-Latn|pappadam}} (lentil crackers), {{lang|ml-Latn|puzhukku}} (a side dish consisting mainly of root tubers/underground stems, especially during [[Thiruvathira]]); sometimes coconut scrapings are also added to the kanji to increase the flavour. The royal households as well as rich people used to have a special kind of {{lang|ml-Latn|kanji}} called as {{lang|ml-Latn|palkanji}} (lit. 'milk congee') where milk was substituted for water base.<ref name="SarasYummyBites 2014">{{cite web | title=Payaru Kanji with Thenga Chammanthi ~ SarasYummyBites | website=SarasYummyBites | date=15 April 2014 | url=http://www.sarasyummybites.com/2014/04/payaru-kanji-with-thenga-chammanthi.html | access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> During the Malayalam month of Karkkidakam, a medicinal {{lang|ml-Latn|kanji}} is made using [[Ayurvedic]] herbs, milk and jaggery. Karkkidakam is known as the month of diseases since the [[monsoon]] starts during Karkkidakam. {{lang|ml-Latn|Karikkidaka kanji}} is eaten to promote the immune system.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Some households of Kerala used to re-cook leftover rice and all available leftover curries into congee water and take as a mix-mash dish known as {{lang|ml-Latn|pazhamkanji}} (old congee).<ref>{{cite book | last1=Singh | first1=K.S. | last2=Menon | first2=T.M. | last3=Tyagi | first3=D. | last4=India | first4=Anthropological Survey of | last5=Kulirani | first5=B.F. | title=Kerala | publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India | series=People of India | issue=v. 1 | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-85938-99-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBQwAQAAIAAJ | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=706}}</ref>

{{lang|ml-Latn|Pazhamkanji}} means old congee (leftover from the previous day). It is not necessarily re-heated with leftover curries.

According to the Indian writer [[Madhur Jaffrey]], {{lang|ta-Latn|kanji}} is, or derives from, a Tamil word for "boiling"—which refers to the porridge and also to any water in which rice has been cooked.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

Muslims of south India especially [[Tamil Muslim]], [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] and [[Beary]] prepare special congee during [[Ramadhan]] called {{lang|ta-Latn|nombu kanj}} (lit. 'fasting porridge'). This is prepared by adding spices like turmeric, dry ginger, pepper, onion, and coconut paste to the congee. Sometimes fenugreek seeds are added to it to enhance the flavour.

==== Andhra Pradesh ====

In the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], it is called ''ganji'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Ganji is made by boiling rice in large amounts of water and then the filtered liquid is known as Ganji. Ganji mixed with buttermilk is believed to add to the flavor, and is also suggested by doctors for patients with ailing health.

==== Odisha ====

''Kaanji'' is a traditional [[Odia cuisine|Odia]] dish. It is a soup-based dish like ''dal'', but tastes a little sour. It is made of rice starch fermented for a few days in an earthen pot. This is considered a healthy dish as many winter vegetables are used as main ingredients. It is seasoned with mustard seeds and turmeric and served hot.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}. [[Pakhala]] is a separate dish with certain similarities to the congee.

In the Buddhist Yāgu Sutta of the Aṅguttara Nikāya (AN 5.207), the Buddha recommends eating rice porridge, "yāgu": "There are these five benefits in rice porridge. What five? It stills hunger, dispels thirst, settles wind, cleans out the bladder, and promotes the digestion of the remnants of undigested food. These are the five benefits of rice porridge.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awake.kiev.ua/dhamma/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara3/5-pancakanipata/021-kimbilavaggo-e.html|title=5:21 Kimbilavaggo - English|website=awake.kiev.ua|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614102521/http://awake.kiev.ua/dhamma/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara3/5-pancakanipata/021-kimbilavaggo-e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Sri Lanka ====
{{main|Kola kanda}}
In [[Sri Lanka]], several types of congee are known as ''kenda'' in [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Uragoda | first=C.G. | title=Traditions of Sri Lanka: A Selection with a Scientific Background | publisher=Vishva Lekha Publishers | year=2000 | isbn=978-955-96843-0-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOmAAAAAMAAJ | access-date=11 August 2017 | page=259}}</ref> Sinhala people use congee as a breakfast, a side dish, an accessory to indigenous medical therapies,<ref>{{cite web | title=Appetizing kenda to titillate Royalists' tastebuds | website=The Island | date=11 August 2017 | url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=96108 | access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> and a sweet. ''Kenda'' can be prepared with many ingredients, including rice, roasted rice, rice flour, finger millet flour, sago, coconut milk, herbs, tubers, ''kitul'' flour, and mung bean. When it is prepared with rice and water only, it is known as ''hal kenda''. If salt is added to bring a much saltier taste, it is known as ''lunu kenda,'' a dish commonly used as a supplementary diet in purgation therapy in indigenous medical traditions. If roasted rice is used, the congee becomes ''bendi hal kenda'', used to treat diarrheal diseases. If rice flour and coconut milk are the main ingredients, such congee is known as ''kiriya''. If finger millet flour and water is used, it is known as ''kurakkan anama''. If coconut milk is added, the dish is called ''kurakkan kenda''. If sago is used, such congee is known as ''sawu kenda''. A special type of congee prepared from the byproducts of coconut oil production is known as ''pol kiri kenda''. There are many varieties of ''[[Kola kanda|kola kenda]]'', congee with herbs as an ingredient; sometimes, a ''vaidya'' or ''veda mahttaya'' (a physician trained in indigenous medical traditions) might prescribe a special type of ''kola kenda'', known under such circumstances as ''behet kenda''. Sinhala villagers use specific tubers for preparing congee, such as ''Diascorea'' species tubers. If ''kitul'' flour is mixed with boiling water and coconut milk added to it, this special type of congee is known as ''kitul piti kenda''. ''Kenda'' prepared with mung beans is known as ''mung eta kenda''.

Most of the time, ''kiriya'', ''kurakkan kenda'', ''sawu kenda'', ''pol kiri kenda'' and ''kitul piti kenda'' are used as sweets. Sugar, candy, dates, raisins, cashew nut, jaggery, and treacle are among the ingredients that may be added to sweeten these congees.

Congee is also eaten by [[Sri Lankan Moors]] for ''[[iftar]]'' during [[Ramadan]]. It is also occasionally made with oats. [[Tamil people|Tamils]] and [[Sri Lankan Moors|Moors]] in Sri Lanka call it {{lang|ta-Latn|arisi kanji}} (rice {{lang|ta|kanji}}) and may use chicken or beef for it. It is just as often made with milk (''paal kanji''), and there are many other combinations with appropriate prefixes in Tamil; one very special type is Chithirai kanji, Chithirai being the Tamil month coinciding with April/May, made for a festival in this month. It is a salty simple kanji with green chilis, onions and coconut milk.

====Nepal====
In Nepal, congee is known as ''jaulo'', it can be prepared by mixing pulses like moong or red lentil, or plain with salt and lots of water. It is tempered with fenugreek seeds and ghee. It is considered a light food which is why it eaten in sick days or as light supper.

==== Maldives ====
Baipen is a bland rice porridge from the Maldives. During [[Ramadan]], [[Islam in Maldives|Maldivian Muslims]] break their fast with baipen and [[Rihaakuru]]. It is eaten with [[maskurolhi]], a spicy tuna and coconut [[sambal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Baipen |url=https://lonumedhu.com/content/baipen |website=Lonumedhu |date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

Baipen can be made savory or sweet depending on the occasion, and its preparation varies regionally. In [[Eydhafushi]], baipen is fermented for a week before consumption. It is known as 'Honihiru baipen' (Saturday rice porridge) since it is consumed on Saturday.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

=== The Americas ===
==== Caribbean Tamil Community ====
Among the [[Indo-Caribbean]] [[Tamils|Tamil]] Community, a dish called "Kandji" or "Kanchi" is made with [[rice]], [[chickpeas]], [[black eyed peas]], [[onions]], grated [[coconuts]], and [[Edible salt|salt]]. It is traditionally eaten after a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] and is traditionally offered to Kali Amman (a syncretic mix of [[Mariamman]] and [[Kali]]), the main goddess of the Caribbean Tamil Community (see also: [[Caribbean Shaktism]]). The ingredients are traditionally gathered from begging door to door and then preparing the dish in the temple's complex.

=== Europe ===
==== Hungary ====
In [[Hungary]], it is called {{Wikt-lang|hu|rizskása}}, a traditional [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungarian food]] in the Hungarian population of Upper-Hungary (today [[Slovakia]]) and is also used as strudel filling.

==== Portugal ====
In [[Portugal]], a traditional soup made of rice and chicken meat is named ''[[canja]]'' or ''[[canja de galinha]]''. The Portuguese had likely picked up the dish from their colonies in Western/Southern India or Sri Lanka; where the soup remains a staple (particularly for the ill). The rice is not cooked for as long as in Asian congee, so it is very soft, but not disintegrated. Traditionally, a boiling fowl containing small, immature eggs is used; the eggs are carefully boiled and served in the ''canja''. This soup is sometimes served with a fresh [[Lamiaceae|mint]] leaf on top. Strongly valued as comfort food, it is traditionally given to people recovering from disease, as in Asia, and in some regions of Portugal, there is even a custom of feeding the mother a strict diet of ''canja'' in the first weeks after childbirth. It is also eaten traditionally in Brazil and Cape Verde, former Portuguese colonies.

== See also ==
{{portal|Food}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* ''[[Bap (food)|Bap]]''
* [[Cooked rice]]
* [[Curd rice]]
* [[Gruel]]
* ''[[Kasha]]''
* ''[[Lâpa]]''
* ''[[Mieum (food)|Mieum]]''
* [[Oatmeal]]
* ''[[Papeda (food)|Papeda]]''
* [[Rice cereal]]
* [[Rice pudding]]
* [[Sampan congee]]
* ''[[Sungnyung]]''
* [[List of ancient dishes]]
* [[List of porridges]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category multi|Congee|Juk}}
{{Wiktionary|congee}}
{{cookbook|Chinese Congee}}
* [https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1018321-chicken-congee Chicken Congee]. ''[[NYT Cooking]]''.

{{Rice dishes}}
{{Glutinous rice dishes}}
{{Burmese cuisine}}
{{Cambodian cuisine}}
{{Filipino food}}
{{Thai cuisine}}
{{Vietnamese cuisine}}
{{Japanese food and drink|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient dishes]]
[[Category:Buddhist cuisine]]
[[Category:Burmese rice dishes]]
[[Category:Chinese rice dishes]]
[[Category:Congee| ]]
[[Category:Hong Kong cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Japanese rice dishes]]
[[Category:Korean rice dishes]]
[[Category:National dishes]]
[[Category:Philippine rice dishes]]
[[Category:Taiwanese rice dishes]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Thai rice dishes]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vietnamese rice dishes]]

Sangatpur, Gurdaspur

2026-04-26T08:42:39Z

Digitechroshni: started a info!

{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sangatpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab
| coordinates = {{coord|29.9583| 75.7554}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Batala]]
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 = [[Majha]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank2_title = Total Households
| population_blank2 = 174
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 872 464/408 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_density_km2 =
| population_note =
| population_blank1_title = Scheduled Castes
| population_blank1 = 5 4/1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_total_ha = 110
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 01871
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-18
| iso_code = IN-PB
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|gurdaspur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sangatpur''' is a village in [[Batala]] in [[Gurdaspur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|4|km}} from the sub district headquarters, {{convert|34|km}} from the district headquarters, and {{convert|2|km}} from [[Sri Hargobindpur]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by [[Sarpanch]], an elected representative of the village.

== Demography ==
{{as of|2011}}, the village has a total of 174 houses and a population of 872, of which 464 are males and 408 are females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_0300.xlsx|title=DCHB Village Release|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref> According to the report [[published]] by [[Census India]] in 2011, out of the total population of the village, 5 people are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]], and the village does not have any [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] population so far.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103437|title=Child Sex Ratio in India (2001-2011)|work=pib.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]
*[[Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.punjabtourism.gov.in/ Tourism of Punjab]
* [http://punjabcensus.gov.in/ Census of Punjab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201629/http://punjabcensus.gov.in/ |date=4 August 2018 }}

{{Gurdaspur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

{{Gurdaspur-geo-stub}}

Salem West Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:55:14Z

Digitechroshni: started info

{{short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 88
| map_image = Constitution-Salem (West).svg
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Color box|{{Party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}}} [[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]]
| mla = [[Arul Ramadas]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Salem (West)
| electors = 257,950
| reservation =
}}

'''Salem West''' or 'Salem (West)' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] that was formed after the constituency [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]]s of 2008. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 88. The previous constituencies, [[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem I]] and [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem II]], were redrawn as [[Salem North]], [[Salem South]] and Salem West.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It comprises portions of the [[Omalur taluk|Omalur]] and [[Salem taluk]]s. It is a part of the wider [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="Final notification">{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 27 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

==Boundaries==
Salem West consists of the following parts in its limits:<ref name="Final notification" />

* [[Omalur taluk]] (part): Muthunaickenpatti, Chellapillaikuttai, Pagalpatti, Manguppai, Saminayakkanpatti, Kottagoundampatti, Anaigoundampatti, Vellakkalpatti, T. Konagapadi, Alagusamudram and Karukkalvadi villages.
* [[Salem taluk]] (part):
**Sarkar Gollappatti, A. Ayyamperumalpatti, Chettichavadi, Kondappanayakkanpatti, M. Palapatti and Selathampatti villages.
**Thalavaipatti (CT) and Mallamooppampatti (CT).
**[[Salem Municipal Corporation]] Wards - No.1 to 5 and No.17 to 25

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan=2| [[G. Venkatachalam]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=88}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Arul Ramadas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|49.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.50}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem (West)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karthe|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Mohanraj]]
|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=[[Arul Ramadas]]|party=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss)|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Suresh Kumar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= S. Lakshmanan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257950|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem (West)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arul Ramadas]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=105,483 |percentage=49.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajendran|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=83,984|percentage=39.07%|change=2.77%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nagammal|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=10,668|percentage=4.96%|change=4.28%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thiyagarajan|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=7,939|percentage=3.69%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj]]|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=2,307|percentage=1.07%|change=-3.35%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=1,683|percentage=0.78%|change=-0.75%}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,499 |percentage=10.00% |change=6.42% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=214,945|percentage=71.74%|change=-2.91%}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=507 |percentage=0.24% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 299,605 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem (West)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Venkatachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,755 |percentage=39.88% |change=-16.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Panneer Selvam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,508 |percentage=36.30% |change=-3.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Arul]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=29,982 |percentage=14.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj]]|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,962 |percentage=4.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,107 |percentage=1.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rasa |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,374 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,247 |percentage=3.58% |change=-12.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=202,478 |percentage=74.66% |change= -5.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,212 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem (West)<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Venkatachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,935 |percentage=56.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,274 |percentage=40.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Elumalai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,327 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Annadurai |party=Ambedkar People's Movement |votes=853 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Balaji |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=796 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,661 |percentage=16.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=212,454 |percentage=79.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,785 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.67|78.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Government of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Florentia Sale

2026-04-23T10:31:06Z

Digitechroshni: New A Entry Initial Version.

{{Short description|British writer (1790–1853)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Florentia Sale
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Lady Sale.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sale by Richard Thomas Bott, 1844
| birth_name = Florentia Wynch
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1790|08|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, [[Company rule in India|India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1853|07|06|1790|08|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cape Town]], South Africa
| body_discovered =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| notable_works = ''A Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan, 1841–2''
| spouse = [[Robert Sale|Sir Robert Henry Sale]] (1809–1845)
}}

'''Florentia Sale, Lady Sale''' (née '''Wynch'''; 13 August 1790 – 6 July 1853)<ref name=":0">{{Cite DNB|wstitle=Sale, Robert Henry|last=Vetch|first=R. H.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite ODNB|id=24533|title=Sale, Sir Robert Henry}}</ref> was an Englishwoman who travelled the world while married to her husband, [[Robert Henry Sale|Sir Robert Henry Sale]], a British army officer. She was dubbed "the [[Grenadier]] in [[Petticoat]]s"<ref>{{citation|author=Hugh Williams|title=Fifty Things You Need to Know About British History |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=2008|pages=302–303|isbn=978-0-00-727841-1}}</ref> for her travels with the army, which took her to regions such as [[Mauritius]], [[Burma]], [[Afghanistan]], [[India]], and various other areas under the control of the [[British Empire]].

==Early life==
Florentia Wynch was born on 13 August 1790,<ref name=":0" /> in [[Madras]], during [[Company rule in India]], the daughter of George Wynch, a member of the civil service.<ref name="Wynch early">{{cite web|url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/india_during_the_raj_parts_1_and_2/biographical-notes-part-1.aspx|title=India during the Raj |publisher=Adam Matthew Publications|access-date= 15 September 2011}}</ref> George's father [[Alexander Wynch]] was the [[Governors of Madras|Governor of Madras]] for a time during the 1770s.<ref name="Wynch early"/> It is possible she is named after her paternal grandmother, Florentia Craddock, wife of Alexander.<ref name="Alexander">{{cite web|url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=370|title=Gifford Lodge: Twickenham|publisher=The Twickenham Museum|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324104119/http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=370|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was raised by her uncles and received a good education as a child.<ref name="Jalalabad">{{cite web|author=Omrani|first=Bijan|author-link=Bijan Omrani|date=2006|title=Will we make it to Jalalabad?|url=http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=jalala|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185139/http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=jalala|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=15 September 2011|website=Bijan Omrani}}</ref>

==Marriage and adult life==
[[File:Prison Sketches. Comprising portraits of the Cabul prisoners, and other subjects (BM 1970,0527.2.7).jpg|thumb|Portrait of Lady Sale from ''Prison Sketches. Comprising portraits of the Cabul prisoners, and other subjects'' by [[Vincent Eyre]]|alt=]]
In 1809, Wynch married Sir [[Robert Henry Sale]] of the [[British Army]]. She accompanied him on his numerous postings, raising their children while he fought. The Sales had three sons and seven daughters. During the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], Lady Sale, along with other women and children, as well as soldiers, were taken prisoner in 1842 during the British Army's retreat from Kabul and detained for nine months.<ref name="WiWH">{{cite web|url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson8/lesson8.php?s=5 |title=British Empire primary sources: Diary, Lady Florentia Sale |publisher=Women in World History|access-date= 16 July 2010}}</ref> The group were taken hostage by [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] following the massacre in the Khurd Karbul Pass. Amongst the hostages with Lady Sale was her youngest daughter Alexandrina, along with her husband Lieutenant John Sturt.<ref name="Sale pdf">{{Cite book|last=Parker|first=Sarah E.|url=http://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Grace%20and%20Favour%20%20-%20A%20handbook%20of%20who%20lived%20where%20in%20Hampton%20Court%20Palace%201750%20to%201950.pdf|title=Grace & Favour: A handbook of who lived where in Hampton Court Palace 1750 to 1950|publisher=Historic Royal Palaces|year=2005|isbn=1-873993-50-1|location=Surrey|pages=18|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320030631/http://www.hrp.org.uk/Resources/Grace%20and%20Favour%20%20-%20A%20handbook%20of%20who%20lived%20where%20in%20Hampton%20Court%20Palace%201750%20to%201950.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sturt was fatally injured by a severe wound to his abdomen, in an attack in which Lady Sale was shot in the wrist and Mrs Sturt's pony was shot in the neck and ear. The two women nursed him during his final hours.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lady Sale's Afghanistan : an indomitable Victorian lady's account of the retreat from Kabul during the First Afghan War|author=Sale, Florentia Wynch|date=2009|publisher=Leonaur/Oakpast Ltd|isbn=9781846777325|oclc=547500668}}</ref> Upon his death, she secured him a Christian burial. After nine months, the party managed to negotiate the Afghan captors into releasing them; they were then rescued by Sir [[Richmond Shakespear]] on 17 September 1842.<ref name="India">{{cite web |author=Adam Matthew |url=http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/india_during_the_raj_parts_1_and_2/Biographical-Notes-Part-1.aspx |title=India during the Raj |publisher=Adam Matthew Publications |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006064447/http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/india_during_the_raj_parts_1_and_2/Biographical-Notes-Part-1.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Throughout her time as a captive, Lady Sale kept a diary, detailing the events of the ordeal in a very straight forward and thoughtful manner. She sent parts of her diary through her captivity to her husband and he sent it on to the authorities in England and it was quoted by the papers at the time. She was unimpressed by how the newspapers had reported her actions. A year later, she published this as ''A Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan, 1841–42'', which documented her experiences throughout the Afghan War,<ref>Sale, Florentia (1843) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0fZAAAAAcAAJ A Journal of the Disasters in Affghanistan, 1841–42]''. Baudry's European Library, Paris.</ref> and the book received critical acclaim. During her time in Afghanistan, Lady Sale collected some ancient coins and donated 20 of them to the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lady Florentia Sale - 21 related objects|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG141936|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716022627/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG141936|archive-date=16 July 2020|access-date=15 July 2020|website=British Museum}}</ref> One of the coins is on display today.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jansari|first=Jansari|date=16 March 2018|title=International women collectors|url=https://blog.britishmuseum.org/international-women-collectors/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117212445/https://blog.britishmuseum.org/international-women-collectors/|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 July 2020|website=British Museum}}</ref>

Lady Sale's husband was [[killed in action]] in 1845 during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], leaving her widowed. From 1846-1848 she had a [[grace and favour]] apartment at [[Hampton Court Palace]], just outside London.<ref name="Sale pdf"/> She remained in [[Company rule in India|India]] for most of the rest of her life.<ref name="Kabul">{{cite web|author= Adam Matthew |url=http://www.onlinegalleries.com/antiques/d/lady-florentia-sale-on-retreat-from-kabul-the-kabul-disaster-january-1842/10483 |title=Lady Florentia Sale on retreat from Kabul |publisher=Online Galleries|access-date= 16 July 2010}}</ref> After her husband's death she received a pension of £500 per annum in light of her conduct as a prisoner and her husband's military services.<ref name="Sale pdf"/> Sale took a trip to the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1853 for her health,<ref name="Sale pdf"/> though she died not long after her arrival, on 6 July 1853, in [[Cape Town]], South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> Lady Sale was originally buried in the Somerset Road Cemetery. After the leveling of this cemetery, the monument for Lady Sale and her remains were re-erected in the Maitland Cemetery, Cape Town,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1986|title=BACSA Photographs|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/chowkidar/pdf/chowkidar_04_04.pdf|journal=Chowkidar Journal|volume=4|pages=63–65|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804083032/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/chowkidar/pdf/chowkidar_04_04.pdf|archive-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> where her grave exists to this day. Her tombstone reads "underneath this stone reposes all that could die of Lady Sale".<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |title=Return of a King; the Battle for Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ud4_AQAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-1-4088-1830-5 |oclc=955470310}}</ref>

== Works ==
* {{Cite book|last=Sale|first=Florentia|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/17719/view/1/7/|title=A Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan, 1841–42|publisher=John Murray|year=1843|location=London}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195438/http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=jalala Will we make it to Jalalabad?] Biographical article on Lady Sale by [[Bijan Omrani]].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sale, Florentia}}
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:1853 deaths]]
[[Category:People of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British people of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Kidnapped British people]]
[[Category:British autobiographers]]
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British women writers]]
[[Category:British women autobiographers]]
[[Category:19th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:Wives of knights]]

Aravidu Rama Raja I

2026-04-23T04:55:16Z

Digitechroshni: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian military leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aravidu Rama Raja I
| image =
| caption =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| parents = Aravidu Bukka
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| issue =
| children = Aravidu Sri Ranga Raja [[Aravidu Thimma]]
| monarch = [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]] [[Viranarasimha Raya]]
| monarch2 =
| monarch1 =
| office3 =
| monarch3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| honorific_prefix =
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
** [[Battle of Manvi (1493)]]
* [[Yusuf Adil Shah's Invasion of Vijayanagara (1505)]]
** [[Yusuf Adil Shah's Invasion of Vijayanagara (1505)#Invasion|Battle of Kandanavolu]]
** [[Yusuf Adil Shah's Invasion of Vijayanagara (1505)#Invasion|Battle of Adavani]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
| resting_place =
| relations =
| successor =
| death_place =
| term_end =
| term_start =
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| occupation = [[Commander]]
| service_years = 1493-1505
| branch = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Army]]
| unit = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Infantry]]
| office = [[General]] of The [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| rank = [[General]]
| birth_place = Aravitipura, [[Vijayanagara Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
}}

'''Aravidu Rama Raja I''' was a prominent military leader and noble of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] belonging to the [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu Family]]. He played a key role in defending the empire against the expansionist ambitions of the [[Bahamani]] and [[Bijapur]] sultanates. Alongside his son, Timma Raja, he inflicted a defeat on [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of Bijapur in the battles of Kandanavolu and Adavani securing [[Vijayanagara]]’s northern frontiers. He also supported [[Viranarasimha Raya]] in consolidating his rule in 1505.<ref name="dps"/><ref name="ops"/><ref name="cps"/>

==Family==
Aravidu Rama Raja I was a member of the [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] family. He was the son of Aravidu Bukka and Ballambika, the father of [[Aravidu Thimma]] and Sri Ranga Raja, and the grandfather of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] regent [[Rama Raya]]. served as general under [[Saluva Dynasty]] ruler [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]] and [[Tuluva Dynasty]] ruler [[Viranarasimha Raya]].<ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=Krishnaswami Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich/page/204/mode/1up |title=Sources of Vijayanagar history |date=1919|pages=204–205 |publisher=[Madras] : The University of Madras |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqZCAAAAYAAJ&dq=Araviti+Rama+Raja+Son+of+Bukka&pg=PA4 |title=Epigraphia Indica |date=1896 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en|page=4}}</ref><ref name="aps"/><ref name="ops">{{Cite book |last=K.A.Nilakanta Sastry |url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory/page/n95/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Further Sources Of Vijayanagara History |date=1946 |language=English|pages=83–84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.490178/page/n33/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Journal Of The Andhra Historical Research Society Volume Xvii |date=1947|page=29}}</ref>

==Military career==

===Battle of Manvi (1493)===
In April 1493, [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] advanced his army and encamped near [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]]’s forces, carefully fortifying his position by distributing the ground among his officers and constructing entrenchments to guard against surprise attacks. His army was led by several distinguished generals, including Kamal Khan, Deccani Ghuzunfur Beg, Mirza Jehangeer, and Dawood Khan Lody. On the Vijayanagara side, [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]] was accompanied by key leaders such as [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]], Aravidu Bukka, and possibly his son, Aravidu Rama Raja. After days of inactivity, both armies finally engaged in battle on a Saturday in April. Initially, the [[Vijayanagara]] forces had the upper hand, inflicting heavy losses on the [[Bijapur]] troops, who retreated in disorder after losing around five hundred soldiers. Mistaking this for a complete rout, [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]]’s men turned to looting the enemy’s abandoned supplies, scattering in the process. Seizing this opportunity, a captured officer from [[Yusuf Adil Shah]]’s army managed to escape and reported to his commander that the [[Vijayanagara]] forces had dispersed, leaving them vulnerable to a counterattack. Encouraged by this intelligence, [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] decided to shift his approach. Rather than launching an immediate offensive, he sent a diplomatic message to [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]], requesting peace and offering to acknowledge allegiance to the [[Vijayanagara]] Raya in exchange for the territories he currently controlled.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385/page/n113/mode/1up?view=theater |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956|page=93|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY}}</ref><ref name="kps"/>

Believing Yusuf Adil Khan’s offer of allegiance to be genuine, the [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]] and his general, Thimma Raja, attended a field conference with only a few hundred followers and their principal nobles. However, this meeting turned into an ambush as [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] with his entire army, launched a sudden and devastating attack. The Raya was wounded in the skirmish, and seventy high-ranking officers were killed, causing panic among the Hindu troops, who fled in disarray. Seizing the moment, Yusuf advanced further, forcing [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]] to hastily assemble a defensive force of 7,000 cavalry, a large number of infantry, and 300 war elephants. Despite these efforts, [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] led a ferocious charge, breaking through the [[Vijayanagara]] ranks. Overwhelmed, [[Thimma Bhupala|Thimma Raja]] retreated, leaving behind 200 elephants, 1,000 horses, and a massive treasure of sixty lakhs of hoons in enemy hands. Capitalizing on this victory [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] rewarded his general Roab Jung Bahadur Khan with fifty elephants and one lakh of hoons assigning him the task of capturing the strategically important forts of [[Mudgal]] and [[Raichur]]. Within forty days both forts fell under Bijapur’s control. Triumphant, [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] returned to his capital.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="kps">{{Cite book |last=M. A. Nayeem |url=https://archive.org/details/the-external-relations-of-the-bijapur-kingdom-1489-1686-ad-study-in-diplomatic-hisory/page/n221/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The External Relations Of The Bijapur Kingdom 1489-1686 AD (Study In Diplomatic Hisory) |date=1973|page=221}}</ref>

===Battles of Kandanavolu and Adavani===
[[Yusuf Adil Shah]] the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, sought to expand his territory by bringing the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab under his control. After successfully acquiring this region in 1502. The political instability in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] caused by the usurpation of the throne by [[Viranarasimha Raya]] in 1505 and the subsequent rebellions of nobles, provided [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] with an opportunity to advance his territorial aspirations. Forming an alliance with Kasappa Odaya, the governor of Adavani ([[Adoni]]), he led his forces into Vijayanagara territory and laid siege to the fort of Kandanavolu ([[Kurnool]]). His goal was likely to capture Kandanavolu join forces with Kasappa Odaya and march toward [[Vijayanagara]] itself. However his plans were thwarted by the [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] chiefs, Rama Raja I and his son Timma, who were sent by [[Viranarasimha Raya]] to counter the invasion. The Vijayanagara forces defeated Yusuf Adil Khan, forcing him into a hasty retreat toward Adavani. As he attempted to regroup, the Aravidu defeated him again near Adavani. Seizing the advantage, they then besieged and captured the fort of Adavani.<ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Rajagopal |first=M. V. Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460339/page/n68/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers Kurnool |date=1974|page=47}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Munshi |first=K. M. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.106322/page/307/mode/1up |title=History and Culture Of The Indian People Vol.6 Delhi Sultanate |date=1960|pages=307–308|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref name="dps"/><ref name="ops"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bh. Sivasankaranarayana |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135802/page/n81/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers |date=1970|pages=62}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rama Raya]]
* [[Aravidu dynasty]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Aravidu dynasty]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Sultanpur Majra Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:44:12Z

Digitechroshni: started new info!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sultanpur Majra
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North West Delhi]]
| reservation = SC
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 10
| mla = [[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
}}
'''Sultanpur Majra''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Sultan Pur Majra assembly constituency is a part of [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/sultanpur-majra.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Jai Kishan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Sushila Devi
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Jai Kishan]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan =2|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Sultanpur Majra<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Sultanpur Majra">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Sultanpur Majra |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0510.htm |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308090141/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0510.htm |archive-date=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Sultan Pur Majra Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Sultan Pur Majra Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/sultan-pur-majra |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308090150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/sultan-pur-majra |archive-date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]|votes=58,767|percentage=52.09|change=−}}(Decrease)
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Karam Singh Karma]]|votes=41,641|percentage=36.91|change=}}(decrease)
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jai Kishan]]|votes=8688|percentage=|change=−}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=−}}
{{Election box majority|votes=17,126|percentage=|change=−}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,12,825|percentage=|change=−}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Aam Aadmi Party|swing=−}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections]]: Sultanpur Majra <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=General Legislative Election 2020 |website=Election Commission of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618214500/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |archive-date=June 18, 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]|votes=74,573|percentage=66.51|change=−2.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ram Chander Chawriya|votes=26,521|percentage=23.65|change=+9.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jai Kishan]]|votes=9,033|percentage=8.06|change=−4.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Neelam|votes=671|percentage=0.60|change=−1.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=460|percentage=0.41|change=−0.04}}
{{Election box majority|votes=48,052|percentage=42.86|change=−12.93}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,12,184|percentage=63.88|change=−4.08}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Aam Aadmi Party|swing=−2.99}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Sultanpur Majra}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]]
| votes = 80,269
| percentage = 69.50
| change = +40.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Parbhu Dayal
| votes = 15,830
| percentage = 13.71
| change = −1.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jai Kishan]]
| votes = 15,036
| percentage = 13.02
| change = −16.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Nathu Ram
| votes = 2,838
| percentage = 2.46
| change = −21.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Gurdayal Singh
| votes = 549
| percentage = 0.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 521
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 64,439
| percentage = 55.79
| change = +54.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,15,531
| percentage = 67.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +28.77
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Sultanpur Majra <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=10 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jai Kishan]]
| votes = 31,458
| percentage = 29.79
| change = −18.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]]
| votes = 30,346
| percentage = 28.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat
| votes = 25,424
| percentage = 24.08
| change = +1.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sushila Kumari
| votes = 15,866
| percentage = 15.03
| change = 10.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Peoples Green Party
| candidate = Ajay Raj
| votes = 643
| percentage = 0.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Babu Singh @ Dangi
| votes = 361
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Bhagat Singh
| votes = 252
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 1,232
| percentage = 1.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,112
| percentage = 1.05
| change = −21.71
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 105,626
| percentage = 66.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = −18.40
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Sultanpur Majra<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jai Kishan]]
| votes = 39,542
| percentage = 48.19
| change = −4.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Nand Ram Bagri
| votes = 20,867
| percentage = 25.43
| change = −10.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Satya Pal Singh
| votes = 18,559
| percentage = 22.62
| change = +17.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhand Bharat Samaj Party
| candidate = Mehar Singh
| votes = 737
| percentage = 0.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sonu
| votes = 729
| percentage = 0.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Ambedkar Samaj Party
| candidate = Rajesh
| votes = 494
| percentage = 0.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
| candidate = Geeta
| votes = 256
| percentage = 0.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anil Kumar
| votes = 256
| percentage = 0.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Zile Singh Ranga
| votes = 253
| percentage = 0.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pappu Sagar
| votes = 223
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Rajender Khatik
| votes = 131
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 18,675
| percentage = 22.76
| change = −4.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 82,047
| percentage = 61.9
| change = +3.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = −4.08
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Sultanpur Majra<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jai Kishan]]
| votes = 36,164
| percentage = 52,27
| change = −4.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Satish Kumar
| votes = 17,243
| percentage = 24.92
| change = −3.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Bhagwan Dass
| votes = 10,812
| percentage = 15.63
| change = +10.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Nand Ram Bagri
| votes = 1,550
| percentage = 2.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Mangat Ram
| votes = 1,139
| percentage = 1.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Veena
| votes = 934
| percentage = 1.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rakesh
| votes = 567
| percentage = 0.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Jai Singh
| votes = 352
| percentage = 0.51
| change = +0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Babu Lal Bairwa
| votes = 221
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Zile Singh Ranga
| votes = 207
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 18,921
| percentage = 27.35
| change = −0.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 69,189
| percentage = 58.77
| change = +3.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = −4.52
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Sultanpur Majra<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sushila Devi
| votes = 34,194
| percentage = 56.79
| change = +19.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kailash
| votes = 17,261
| percentage = 28.67
| change = +5.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kiran Devi
| votes = 3,085
| percentage = 5.12
| change = −0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nand Ram Bagri
| votes = 2,646
| percentage = 4.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Ranbir Singh
| votes = 1,695
| percentage = 2.82
| change = −21.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pradeep Kumar
| votes = 416
| percentage = 0.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Manav Samaj Party
| candidate = Shubhash
| votes = 389
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Shakti
| candidate = Asha Rani
| votes = 322
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Vinod
| votes = 108
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shoshit Samaj Party
| candidate = Kalyani
| votes = 92
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,933
| percentage = 28.12
| change = +14.73
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 60,208
| percentage = 55.47
| change = −5.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +19.04
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Sultanpur Majra<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jai Kishan]]
| votes = 20,890
| percentage = 37.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Nand Ram Bagri
| votes = 13,478
| percentage = 24.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Bhagwan Dass
| votes = 12,562
| percentage = 22.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jagdhari Lal
| votes = 2,893
| percentage = 5.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mangat Ram
| votes = 2,252
| percentage = 4.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nihal Chand
| votes = 1,337
| percentage = 2.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Delhi Poorvanchal Party
| candidate = Ram Sumer Thekedar
| votes = 1,132
| percentage = 2.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Madan Lal Bairwa
| votes = 315
| percentage = 0.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bal Kishan Dulgach
| votes = 123
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Mazdoor Dal
| candidate = Ram Pal Brajwal
| votes = 83
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Kumar Dabriwal
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Babu Rao Nagorao Gavai
| votes = 61
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Ram Murti
| votes = 59
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Sher Singh Bedi
| votes = 48
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Manohar Lal
| votes = 30
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,412
| percentage = 13.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,336
| percentage = 61.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.696|77.081|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]

Raima Valley Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:18Z

Digitechroshni: made new article needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raima Valley
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Dhalai district|Dhalai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Raima Valley Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 44
| mla = [[Nandita Debbarma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Tipra Motha Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:53421}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Raima Valley''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Dhalai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Baju Ban Riyan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=2 | Rabindra Debbarma || {{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Ananda Mohan Roaja || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Rabindra Debbarma || {{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra}}
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Lalit Mohan Tripura]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Dhananjoy Tripura]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Nandita Debbarma]] || {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nandita Debbarma]] |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=19,269 |percentage=40.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikash Chakma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,827 |percentage=33.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pabin Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,339 |percentage=23.93% |change={{decrease}}18.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=958 |percentage=2.02% |change={{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,442 |percentage=7.26% |change= {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,393 |percentage=90.11% |change= {{decrease}}2.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,421 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tipra Motha Party |loser=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |swing= {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhananjoy Tripura]] |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=18,673 |percentage=46.93% |change={{increase}}45.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lalit Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,751 |percentage=42.10% |change={{decrease}}9.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shib Chandra Debbarma |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=1,815 |percentage=4.56% |change={{decrease}}39.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khagendra Reang |party=Tripura Peoples Party |votes=840 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=584 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakul Bikash Chakma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=476 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakendra Chakma |party=Tipraland State Party |votes=377 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,922 |percentage=4.83% |change= {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,793 |percentage=91.07% |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,430 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}5.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lalit Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,527 |percentage=51.99% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakshatra Jamatia |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=15,651 |percentage=43.92% |change={{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bugerai Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=798 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Reang |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=662 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,876 |percentage=8.07% |change= {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,638 |percentage=92.51% |change= {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,592 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lalit Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,120 |percentage=52.58% |change={{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Debbarma |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=15,256 |percentage=41.95% |change={{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sindhu Mani Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nalini Bhagya Chakma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=474 |percentage=1.30% |change={{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achai Khasrang Jamatia |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=362 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Falguni Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=273 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabir Kumar Kalai |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,864 |percentage=10.63% |change= {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,367 |percentage=92.39% |change= {{increase}}18.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,404 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |swing= {{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Debbarma |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=13,483 |percentage=47.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lalit Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,334 |percentage=47.45% |change={{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumanta Mohan Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=758 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pakhi Tripura |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=529 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=149 |percentage=0.53% |change= {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,104 |percentage=74.13% |change= {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,921 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=12,987 |percentage=53.39% |change={{increase}}8.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ananda Mohan Roaja |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,631 |percentage=43.70% |change={{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Mitra Chakma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=340 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pakhi Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=286 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,356 |percentage=9.68% |change= {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,327 |percentage=75.73% |change= {{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,967 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ananda Mohan Roaja |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,426 |percentage=54.22% |change={{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=11,134 |percentage=44.97% |change={{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,292 |percentage=9.26% |change= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,760 |percentage=80.50% |change= {{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,202 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=10,640 |percentage=50.99% |change={{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,225 |percentage=49.01% |change={{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=415 |percentage=1.99% |change= {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,865 |percentage=82.29% |change= {{increase}}10.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,795 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=7,772 |percentage=51.82% |change={{increase}}36.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Mohan Reaja |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,225 |percentage=48.18% |change={{decrease}}24.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=547 |percentage=3.65% |change= {{decrease}}53.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,997 |percentage=71.66% |change= {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,358 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Raima Valley<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baju Ban Riyan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,661 |percentage=72.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monojay Roaja |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=1,588 |percentage=15.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Chandra Debbarma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=890 |percentage=8.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panji Ham Reang |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=212 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Kumar Reang |party=Janata Party |votes=194 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,073 |percentage=57.59% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,545 |percentage=67.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,085 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dhalai district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.81|91.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Dhalai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tripura]]

Balasore Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:38:07Z

Digitechroshni: new - done

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Balasore {{Small|OD-6}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Balasore.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Balasore Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| electors = 16,10,043{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image = Pratap Chandra Sarangi.jpg
| mp = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi]] [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]] [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]] [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]] [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]] [[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]] [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
}}

'''Balasore''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Odisha]].

== Assembly Segments ==

Assembly Constituencies which constitute this Parliamentary Constituency, after delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies and Legislative Assembly Constituencies of 2008 are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa
|publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2008-09-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108040424/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |archivedate=2005-11-08}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|32
|[[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi]] (SC)
|[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|[[Sanatan Bijuli]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|35
|[[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|[[Aswini Kumar Patra|Ashwini Kumar Patra]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|36
|[[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
|[[Goutam Buddha Das (politician)|Goutam Buddha Das]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|37
|[[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
|[[Subasini Jena]]
|-
|38
|[[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
|[[Manas Kumar Dutta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|39
|[[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]] (SC)
|[[Gobinda Chandra Das]]
|-
|40
|[[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
|[[Santosh Khatua]]
|}

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.49}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|41.74}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|31.75}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|24.73}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|58.37}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.68}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|53.17}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.9}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.08}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.27}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.55}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|59.09}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|55.74}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.97}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 18 elections have been held till date. It was a two member constituency for 1952 & 1957.

List of members elected from Balasore constituency are

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagabat Sahu]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Gokulananda Mohanty]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Samarendra Kundu]]
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Shyam Sunder Mahapatra]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Samarendra Kundu]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chintamani Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Samarendra Kundu]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kartik Mohapatra]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Balasore 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/orissa/balasore/7463/6/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/orissa/balasore/7463/6/15 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Balasore 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=16&pcname=Balasore&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Rabindra Kumar Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Balasore 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=17&pcname=Balasore&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Balasore lok sabha election results 2024: Balasore Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/balasore-constituency-result-18506 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Lekhashree Samantsinghar by a margin of 1,47,156 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Balasore]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
|votes = 5,63,865
|percentage = 45.49
|change = {{increase}}3.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Lekhashree Samantsinghar
|votes = 4,16,709
|percentage = 33.62
|change = {{decrease}}7.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
|votes = 2,37,007
|percentage = 19.12
|change = {{increase}}3.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,350
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,47,156
|percentage = 11.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,40,999
|percentage = 77.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rabindra Kumar Jena]] by a margin of 12,956 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Balasore]]<ref name="FP Par Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-IV) (PC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase4/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%284th%20Phase-PC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019 candidate list for Odisha |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |accessdate=18 April 2019 |work=Business Insider India |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410080632/https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
|votes = 4,83,858
|percentage = 41.79
|change = {{increase}}13.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rabindra Kumar Jena]]
|votes = 4,70,902
|percentage = 40.62
|change = {{decrease}}0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nabajyoti Patnaik
|votes = 1,79,403
|percentage = 15.49
|change = {{decrease}}10.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,436
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Haji Sk Abdul Istar
|votes = 3,900
|percentage = 0.34
|change = {{decrease}}0.59
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,956
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,59,335
|percentage = 75.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = {{increase}}7.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rabindra Kumar Jena]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]] by a margin of 1,41,825 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Balasore]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rabindra Kumar Jena]]
|votes = 4,33,768
|percentage = 41.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
|votes = 2,91,943
|percentage = 27.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
|votes = 2,77,517
|percentage = 26.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Prashant Kumar Mishra
|votes = 14,538
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kartikeswar Patra
|votes = 9,856
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,716
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,41,825
|percentage = 13.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,49,861
|percentage = 76.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 13,66,218
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Srikant Kumar Jena]] defeated [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate Arun Dey by a margin of 38,900 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Balasore]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
|votes = 3,13,888
|percentage = 35.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Arun Dey|votes=2,74,988|percentage=30.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]|votes=2,19,908|percentage=24.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Arun Jena|votes=25,577|percentage=2.87|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,900|percentage=4.36|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,92,263|percentage=70.29|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}
==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|21.489723|86.920189|display=title}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Balasore district]]
[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]

Hermann Gundert

2026-03-23T14:18:42Z

Digitechroshni: rework citations and improved wording

{{short description|German missionary, scholar, and linguist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Hermann Gundert
| image = Hermann Gundert.png
| alt = Photograph of Dr. Hermann Gundert
| birth_place = [[Stuttgart]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1814|02|4|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1893|04|25|1814|02|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calw]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]], [[German Empire]]
| monuments = Gundert Statue, Tellichery
| organization = [[Basel Mission]]
| known_for = Proselytizing Christianity, Contributions to Malayalam language
| father = Ludwig Gundert
| mother = Christiana Enslin
| relatives = [[Hermann Hesse]] (grandson)
}}

'''Hermann Gundert''' ([[Stuttgart]], 4 February 1814 – 25 April 1893) was a German missionary, scholar, and linguist, as well as the maternal grandfather of German novelist and [[Nobel laureate]] [[Hermann Hesse]]. Gundert is chiefly known for his contributions as an Indologist, and compiled a [[Malayalam]] grammar book, ''Malayalabhaasha Vyakaranam'' (1859), in which he developed and constricted the grammar spoken by the [[Malayalis]], nowadays; a [[Malayalam]]-English dictionary (1872), and contributed to work on [[Bible translations into Malayalam]]. He worked primarily at [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]] on the [[Malabar coast]], in present day [[Kerala]], India. Gundert also contributed to the fields of history, geography and astronomy.<ref>"Achatiyum Aadyakaala Pathramaasikakalum" (Printing, Early Newspapers and Magazines). ''Madhyamangalum Malayalasahithyavum (Media and Malayalam Literature)'' Kunhukrishnan, K. Sivasankaran, M.K et al. Thiruvananthapuram: State Institute of Languages, 2000.{{clarify|date=November 2010}}</ref> Gundert gave the famous epithet "God's own country" to Kerala seeing the beauty of the land while he traveled from Kunnamkulam to Mangalore on a boat.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

==Early years==
Hermann Gundert was born to Ludwig Gundert and Christiana Enslin, and was the couple's third child.<ref name="KeralaCulturecite">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/hermann-gundert/638|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224054638/http://www.keralaculture.org/hermann-gundert/638|url-status=live|archive-date=24 February 2020|title=Dr. Hermann Gundert - lover of language and literature|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> His father was the secretary of the Bible Society and started a missionary magazine in 1823, which gave the young Gundert his first experiences in printing and publishing.<ref name=KeralaCulturecite/> At the age of five Hermann entered Latin school in [[Stuttgart]], joined the "Lower Seminary" at [[Maulbronn]] in 1827 and later entered the "higher [[seminary]]" – the Protestant ''[[Stift]]'' – at the [[University of Tübingen]]. In 1835 he obtained a doctoral degree in [[philology]] from [[Tübingen]] and successfully completed his theological studies. In the course of his education, Gundert mastered Hebrew, Latin, English, and French at a young age.<ref name=KeralaCulturecite/>

==Journey to India and marriage==
Having been engaged as a private tutor in [[Calcutta]], India, he prepared for this job in England. In April 1836 he left Bristol with the party of his employer. While travelling on the ship he concentrated on learning [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and taught these languages to his fellow passengers.
Instead of Calcutta the party reached Madras ([[Chennai]]) in July 1836 and settled there. Gundert immediately started learning [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Soon he was giving a duty in [[Tirunelveli]], and after some time in [[Chittoor]] (in nowadays [[Andhra Pradesh]]). There he married Julie Dubois in July 1838. She originated from [[French-speaking Switzerland]] and had come to India in the same party. After marriage, the two left for Tirunelveli, and on the way they were invited to join the [[Basel Mission]] in [[Mangalore]]. They accepted, and en route Gundert left Tamil drawing ups with a printer in Nagercoil.
In Trivandrum ([[Thiruvananthapuram]]) Hermann Gundert had an audience with [[Sree Swathi Thirunal|His Highness Sree Swathi Thirunal]] Maharaja, the ruler of [[Travancore]]. Most probably it was here he heard [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] for the first time.

==In Kerala==
In November 1838 Gundert and his wife reached [[Mangalore]]. From there he visited Cannanore (Kannur), [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]] (Thalassery) and the cinnamon plantation near Anjarakandy. He lived in [[Thalassery]] for around 20 years. He learned the language from well-established local teachers [[Uracheri Gurukkanmar]] from Chokli, a village near [[Thalassery]] and consulted them in his works. He also translated the Bible into Malayalam.<ref>[http://www.pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert Herman Gundert | Kerala Press Academy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003031/http://pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert |date=14 May 2013 }}. Pressacademy.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories |page=289 |quote=This Bungalow in Tellicherry ... was the residence of Dr Herman Gundert. He lived here for 20 years |author=S. C. Bhatt and Gopal K. Bhargava |isbn=978-81-7835-370-8 |year=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102140/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC |archive-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> T. L. Strange, a British judge, offered his bungalow on Illikkunnu near Tellicherry to the Basel Mission on condition that a mission station will be established over there. The Gunderts moved there and took up work in April 1839. In August 1839, Gundert stated that he had studied Malayalam intensively and that he had established the first Malayalam school on the veranda of the bungalow in May. At the same time, his wife started the first girls' institute with boarding. In the following months, Gundert opened Malayalam schools in Kadirur, Thalassery Fort, Mahe, and Dharmadam. Regularly he visited all these schools and invited the teachers to Illikkunnu for further education.
At times Gundert had five Pandits in his house, discussing old Indian history, philosophy and religion and studying classical Indian literature.
At his numerous visits to the villages around Tellicherry, Gundert got in close contact with the people, collected as many words, phrases and proverbs as possible and spread the Gospel. During this period, he published around thirteen books in Malayalam. Many of the material – old Malayalam documents and scriptures from Tellicherry and other places in Malabar – which Gundert had collected he later gave to the University of Tübingen.

In the beginning of 1857, the government appointed Gundert as the first Inspector of Schools in Malabar and Canara – from Calicut (Kozhikode) in the South till [[Hubli]] in the North. He appointed teachers, wrote textbooks for schools, colleges and the newly established [[Madras University]] and also compiled examination papers.
In Kerala, Gundert is venerated for his deep interest in the local culture as well as the development of the Malayalam language, for compiling grammatical books for school starters as well as for the University level. These grammars were the prominent non-Sanskrit-based approaches to real Indian grammar.
Gundert is held in high regard to this day among linguistic experts in Kerala for the high scholastic aptitude exhibited in his work.

==Scholarly work==

[[File:തലശ്ശേരിയിലെ ഗുണ്ടർട്ട് സ്മാരക പ്രതിമ.jpg|thumb|Gundert's statue near [[Thalassery Stadium]]]]

During his stay in Illikunnu near Tellicherry (Thalassery), he published around thirteen books in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] including a translation of the Bible, Old Testament from Hebrew and New Testament from Greek.<ref name="gundert">Malayalam-English Dictionary, by Dr. Herman Gundert, 1872. Ed. 3, Published by Sahythia Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham, Kerala, 2000. Biography. Pages 7-11</ref> The archives of information he collected from Tellicherry are kept in the University of Tübingen and were collected and compiled by the scholar Dr. Scaria Zacharia as ''Thalassery Rekhakal''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thalassery Rekhakal|editor=Skaria Zakharia|location=Kottayam|publisher=DC Books}}</ref>

In Kerala, he took a deep interest in the local culture and the Malayalam language, attempting a systematic grammar of the language. This was one of the prominent non-[[Sanskrit]]-based approaches to Indic grammar. Gundert considered Malayalam to have diverged from Proto-Tamil–Malayalam, or [[Proto-Dravidian]]. Apart from the early inscriptions found on copper and stone, Gundert traced Malayalam to the Rāma Charitam, a poem predating the Sanskrit alphabet.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gundert|first=Hermann|title=A Malayalam and English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog|year=1872|publisher=C. Stolz for Basel Mission Book Tract Depository|location=Mangalore|page=[https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n50 14]}}</ref>

Gundert is highly regarded among linguistic experts and his dictionary has been described as "monumental" in a review of the work on [[Dravidian languages]].<ref>p. 18, [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti]]. 2003. ''The Dravidian Languages.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}}.</ref>

==Publications==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year published !! Title !! Description
|-
| 1843 || ''Keralolpathi'' || Origin of [[Kerala]], translation from Malayalam [[Keralolpathi]].
|-
| 1845 || ''Pazhancholmala'' || String of Malayalam proverbs for Christian theological idioms.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pazhancholmala by Hermann Gundert |date=1845 |publisher=Tübingen University Library |url=https://archive.org/details/pazhancholmala_gundert_1845/page/n3 |access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 1851 || ''Malayala Bhasha Viyakaranam'' || Malayalam Grammar
|-
| 1860 || ''Paathamala'' || First textbook in Malayalam
|-
| 1868 || ''[[Kerala]] pazhama'' ||33 years of Malayali history, from [[Vasco da Gama]]'s arrival in 1498 (an English translation has been published by [[T Madhava Menon]] in 2003)
|-
| 1868 || [https://archive.org/details/1868_Malayalam_New_Testament_Hermann_Gundert/ ''New Testament''] || Translation of the New Testament in Malayalam
|-
| 1870 || [https://archive.org/details/1870_School_Dictionary_English_And_Malayalam/ ''School Dictionary''] ||
|-
| 1872 || [https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/ ''Malayalam-English Dictionary''] ||
|-
| 1879 || ''Malayalarajyam'' || The land of Malayalam
|-
| 1847 June || ''[[Rajyasamacharam]]'' (''News of the Kingdom'') || Newspaper<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003031/http://pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2013|title=Herman Gundert - Kerala Press Academy|date=14 May 2013|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 1847 October || ''Paschimodayam'' || "Rise of the West" or "Dawn of the West", a magazine
|-
| 1881 || [https://archive.org/details/dli.mal.GaXXXIV5a ''Sankeerthanangal''] || "The Book of Psalms" translated by Gundert
|}

==Other contributions==

* He was the one who introduced the [[punctuation]] marks – [[full stop]], comma, [[semicolon]], [[colon (punctuation)|colon]], and question mark – into the Malayalam language.
* ''Malayalam-English Dictionary''. He returned to Germany in 1859. There he took ten more years to complete the dictionary. (1872)<ref name="gundert"/> A number of words in this dictionary are not in use these days. But this is a priceless treasure for those who study the development of Malayalam.

==Years in Germany==
Due to poor health Gundert had to leave India in 1859. In [[Calw]], the [[Black Forest]], he joined the Calw Publishing House and became its director in 1862. He published many books and articles as well as several magazines, including a children’s magazine.
Julie Gundert died in Calw on 18 September 1885, and Hermann Gundert on 25 April 1893. Both were buried in the Calw cemetery, where the family grave still exists.<ref name="gundert"/> The Nobel laureate, [[Hermann Hesse]] was his grandson through his daughter, Marie Gundert (1842-1902).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hesse.projects.gss.ucsb.edu/life/jennifer.html|title = Hermann Hesse}}</ref>

Though Gundert came to Kerala as a missionary, he is remembered today mainly for his literary contributions. In the city of [[Thalassery]] (Tellicherry), he has been honored with a statue. The bungalow in which he used to live remained the home of the Nettur Technical Training Foundation (NTTF) for many years.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} In 2022 The Tourism Department of Kerala converted the Gundert Bungalow into a museum that sheds light on the life and contributions of Hermann Gundert.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gundert Museum opened in Thalassery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gundert-museum-opened-in-thalassery/article65394261.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 May 2022 |publisher=Hindu Daily |access-date=15 November 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Volbrecht Nagel]]
* [[Ferdinand Kittel]]
* [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]]
* [[Njattyela Sreedharan]]
* [[Gundert Museum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite conference|author=Frenz, Albrecht|year=1979|title=Hermann Gundert: A Biography|book-title=IX All India Conference of Dravidian Linguists|pages=9–15|location=Calicut}}
*{{citation|author=Frenz, Albrecht|year=1993|contribution=Gundert as a Man|editor=K. K. N. Kurup |editor2=K. J. John|title=Legacy of Basel Mission and Hermann Gundert in Malabar|pages=9–32|location=Calicut}}
*{{cite book|author=Frenz, Albrecht and Scaria Zacharia|year=1993|title=Dr. Hermann Gundert and Malayalam Language|location=Kottayam|publisher=Centre for Kerala Studies}}
*{{citation|author=Jenkins, Paul|year=1998|contribution=Gundert, Hermann|title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions|editor=Gerald Anderson|pages=270–271|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster Macmillan}}
*''Malayalam-English Dictionary'', by Dr. Herman Gundert, 1872. Ed. 3, Published by Sahythia Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham, Kerala, 2000. Biography.

==External links==
* [http://www.hermann-gundert-gesellschaft.de/english.html Hermann Gundert Society (in English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223110830/http://www.hermann-gundert-gesellschaft.de/english.html |date=23 December 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120606161101/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/gundert.html Hermann Gundert]

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Hermann Hesse}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gundert, Hermann}}
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:German Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Dravidologists]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Malayalam]]
[[Category:19th-century German translators]]
[[Category:19th-century German writers]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:19th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:German expatriates in India]]
[[Category:German missionary linguists]]
[[Category:19th-century German linguists]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century German lexicographers]]
[[Category:People from Stuttgart]]
[[Category:19th-century German biblical scholars]]

Siamese crocodile

2026-03-20T04:18:08Z

Digitechroshni: started stub

{{Short description|Species of reptile}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Siamese crocodile
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]]–[[Holocene|Present]], {{fossil_range|2.6|0|ref=<ref name="Rio2021">{{cite journal |author1=Rio, J. P. |author2=Mannion, P. D. |date=2021 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=[[PeerJ]] |volume=9 |article-number=e12094 |pmid=34567843 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |pmc=8428266 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>}}
| image = Crocodylus siamensis in moscow zoo 01.jpg
| image_caption = Siamese crocodile at Moscow Zoo
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Crocodylus siamensis'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Bezuijen, M. |author2=Simpson, B. |author3=Behler, N. |author4=Daltry, J. |author5=Tempsiripong, Y. |date=2012 |article-number=e.T5671A3048087 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T5671A3048087.en |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Crocodylus
| species = siamensis
| authority = [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801
| range_map = Crocodylus siamensis Distribution.png
| synonyms = * {{extinct}}''Crocodylus ossifragus'' [[Eugène Dubois|Dubois]], 1908
}}

The '''Siamese crocodile''' ('''''Crocodylus siamensis''''') is a medium-sized freshwater [[crocodile]] native to [[Indonesia]] ([[ East Kalimantan]] and possibly other areas historically), [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]]. Historical records from [[Myanmar]] remain unverified. The species is [[critically endangered]] and already [[Local extinction|extirpated]] from many regions. Its other common names include Siamese freshwater crocodile, Singapore small-grain, and soft-belly.<ref name="species list">{{cite web|author=Crocodilian Species List: (January 2009)|title=Crocodylus siamensis|url=http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp_csia.htm}}</ref>

==Phylogeny==
[[File:Crocodylus ossifragus-Naturalis-PeterMaas2.jpg|thumb|Fossils, formerly referred to as ''Crocodylus ossifragus'']]
Below is a [[cladogram]] based on a 2018 [[tip dating]] study using [[morphology (biology)|morphological]], molecular [[DNA sequencing]], and [[stratigraphic]] [[fossil]] age data.<ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal |author1=Lee, M. S. Y. |author2=Yates, A. M. |date=2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=285 |issue=1881 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |pmid=30051855 |pmc=6030529 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This was revised in a [[paleogenomics]] study using DNA extracted from the extinct ''[[Voay]]''.<ref name="Hekkala2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Hekkala |first1=E. |last2=Gatesy |first2=J. |last3=Narechania |first3=A. |last4=Meredith |first4=R. |last5=Russello |first5=M. |last6=Aardema |first6=M. L. |last7=Jensen |first7=E. |last8=Montanari |first8=S. |last9=Brochu |first9=C. |last10=Norell |first10=M. |last11=Amato |first11=G. |date=2021 |title=Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=505 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 |pmid=33907305 |pmc=8079395 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Crocodylus halli|Hall's New Guinea crocodile]] placement was suggested in 2023.<ref name="Sales-Oliveira2023">{{cite journal |author=Sales-Oliveira, V. |author2=Altmanová, M. |author3=Gvoždík, V. |author4=Kretschmer, R. |author5=Ezaz, T. |author6=Liehr, T. |author7=Padutsch, N. |author8=Badjedjea G. |author9=Utsunomia, R. |author10=Tanomtong, A. |author11=Ciof, M. |title=Cross‑species chromosome painting and repetitive DNA mapping illuminate the karyotype evolution in true crocodiles (Crocodylidae) |journal=Chromosoma |volume=132 |year=2023 |issue=4 |pages=289–303 |doi=10.1007/s00412-023-00806-6 |pmid=37493806 }}</ref>
{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:85%
|label1=''[[Crocodylus]]''
|1={{clade
|grouplabel1=Indo-Pacific
|bar1=black
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade|1={{clade|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus johnstoni'' [[Freshwater crocodile]] }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus novaeguineae'' [[New Guinea crocodile]] }}
|2={{clade|1=''Crocodylus halli'' [[Crocodylus halli|Hall's New Guinea crocodile]] }} }}
|2={{clade|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus mindorensis'' [[Philippine crocodile]] }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade|1={{clade|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus porosus'' [[Saltwater crocodile]]}} }} }}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus siamensis'' [[Siamese crocodile]] }} }}
|2={{clade|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus palustris'' [[Mugger crocodile]] }} }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |label1=Africa |top1=80%}}
|bar1=black
|1={{clade|1={{clade|1={{clade|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus suchus'' [[West African crocodile]] }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|bar1=black
|1={{clade|1={{clade|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus niloticus'' [[Nile crocodile]] }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |label1=Latin America|top1=180%}}
|bar1=black
|1={{clade|1={{clade|1=''Crocodylus rhombifer'' [[Cuban crocodile]] }} }}
|bar2=black
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Crocodylus intermedius'' [[Orinoco crocodile]]
|2=''Crocodylus acutus'' [[American crocodile]] }}
|2={{clade|1=''Crocodylus moreletii'' [[Morelet's crocodile]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Characteristics==
[[File:Siamese Crocodile-Biblical Zoo.JPG|thumb|Siamese Crocodile – Biblical Zoo]]
The Siamese crocodile is a medium-sized, freshwater [[crocodilian]], with a relatively broad, smooth snout and an elevated, bony crest behind each eye. Overall, it is olive-green, with some variation to dark-green.<ref name="Steel">{{cite book|last=Steel|first=R. |title=Crocodiles|year=1989 |location=London |publisher=}}</ref> Young individuals measure {{cvt|1.2|to(-)|1.5|m}} and weigh {{cvt|6|to|12|kg}}, growing to a length of {{cvt|2.1|to(-)|3|m}} and a weight of {{cvt|40|to|120|kg}} as an adult.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12790420|title=Experimental inoculation of broad-nosed caimans (''Caiman latirostris'') and Siamese crocodiles (''Crocodylus siamensis'') with ''Mycoplasma alligatoris'' |jstor=20096098 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10722940 |author1=Pye, G. W. |author2=Brown, D. R.| author3=Nogueira, M. F.| author4=Vliet, K. A.| author5=Schoeb, T. R. |author6=Jacobson, E. R.| author7=Bennett, R. A. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=196–201| doi=10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032[0196:eiobnc]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=26640928}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Behavior in a captive family group of Siamese Crocodiles (''Crocodylus siamensis'') at the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust near Chennai, India |journal=Reptiles & Amphibians |volume=29 |issue=1 |author1=Whitaker, N. |author2=Sivaraman, C. |year=2022 |pages=71–75 |doi=10.17161/randa.v29i1.16247 |s2cid=245870729 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref> Three individuals measuring {{Cvt|2.12|to(-)|2.63|m}} and weighing {{Cvt|40|-|87|kg}} had bite force of {{Cvt|2073|-|4577|N|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Erickson, G. M. |author2=Gignac, P. M. |author3=Steppan, S. J. |author4=Lappin, A. K. |author5=Vliet, K. A. |author6=Brueggen, J. A. |author7=Inouye, B. D. |author8=Kledzik, D. |author9=Webb, G. J. W. |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |article-number=e31781 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031781 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...731781E |pmid=22431965 |pmc=3303775|doi-access=free}}</ref> Large male individuals reach {{cvt|4|m|ftin}} and {{cvt|350|kg}} in weight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-07/10/content_15566282.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094858/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-07/10/content_15566282.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |title=Farmer raises 6000 crocs |publisher=China Daily |date=2012}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The Siamese crocodile inhabits a wide range of freshwater habitats, including slow-moving [[river]]s and [[stream]]s, [[lake]]s, seasonal [[oxbow lakes]], [[marsh]]es and [[swamp]]s.<ref name=Bezuijen>{{cite journal|last=Simpson|first=B. |author2=Bezuijen|title=Siamese Crocodile ''Crocodylus siamensis'' |journal=Crocodiles|year=2010|volume=Third Edition|url=http://www.iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/ActionPlan3/20_Crocodylus_siamensis.pdf|access-date=2011-11-29}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Since 2000, around 30 sites have been identified in Cambodia that harbour Siamese crocodiles, conservatively estimated to number between 200 and 400 individuals; small population survive in Thailand and Vietnam and in [[Laos]].<ref name=iucn/> In March 2005, conservationists found a nest containing juvenile Siamese crocodiles in the southern Lao province of [[Savannakhet Province|Savannakhet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Endangered crocodiles discovered in Laos |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7923138 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=NBC News}}</ref>
A small but important population lives in [[East Kalimantan]], Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurniati |first=H. |date=2007 |title=Surveys of Siamese Crocodile (''Crocodylus siamensis'') habitat in the Mahahakam River, East Kalimantan |url=https://biologyjournal.brin.go.id/index.php/zoo_indonesia/article/view/116 |journal=Zoo Indonesia |language=id |volume=16 |issue=2 |doi=10.52508/zi.v16i2.116 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[Image:Siamese Crocodile.jpg|thumb|Siamese crocodile sleeping with its mouth open to release heat]]
Despite conservation concerns, many aspects of ''C. siamensis'' life history in the wild remain unknown, particularly regarding its reproductive biology.<ref name=Bezuijen />

Adults feed mainly on [[fish]] and [[snakes]], but also eat [[amphibians]] and small [[mammals]].<ref name="species list" />

Very little is known about the [[natural history]] of this species in the wild, but females build mound-nests constructed from scraped-up plant debris mixed with mud.<ref name=Steel /> In captivity, these crocodiles breed during the wet season (April to May), laying between 15 and 50 eggs, which are then guarded until they hatch.<ref name=Ross /> After [[Egg incubation|incubation]], the female will assist her young as they break out of their eggs and then carry the hatchlings to the water in her jaws.<ref name=Alderton>{{cite book |last=Alderton |first=D.|title=Crocodiles and Alligators of the World|year=1991|location=Blandford, London}}</ref>

Pure, unhybridised examples of this species are generally unaggressive towards humans,<ref>Cox, M.J. van Dijk, P.P, Nabhitabhata, J and Thirakhupt, K. (2009) ''A photographic guide to Snakes and other reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia''. Asia Books Co. Ltd. Bangkok. {{ISBN|0883590433}}.</ref> and there are only four confirmed attacks, none of them fatal. One was defending its young,<ref>CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database: [http://www.crocodile-attack.info/node/3403 Siamese crocodile, 15 June 2008]. [[Charles Darwin University]], Northern Territory, Australia.</ref> another was probably defending itself,<ref>CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database: [http://www.crocodile-attack.info/node/2710 Siamese crocodile, 15 July 2012]. [[Charles Darwin University]], Northern Territory, Australia.</ref> one was provoked,<ref>CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database: [http://www.crocodile-attack.info/node/6310 Siamese crocodile, 1 January 2017]. [[Charles Darwin University]], Northern Territory, Australia.</ref> and the reason for the last is unclear.<ref>CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database: [http://www.crocodile-attack.info/node/5804 Siamese crocodile, 15 June 1944]. [[Charles Darwin University]], Northern Territory, Australia.</ref> A fifth attack in 1928 that was probably done by a Siamese crocodile was fatal, with the victim being a child.<ref>CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database: [http://www.crocodile-attack.info/node/4493 Siamese crocodile, 1 January 1928]. [[Charles Darwin University]], Northern Territory, Australia.</ref>

==Threats==
Siamese crocodiles are under threat from human disturbance and habitat occupation, which is forcing remaining populations to the edges of their former range.<ref name=Ross /> Extinct from 99% of its original range, the Siamese crocodile is considered one of the least studied and most critically endangered crocodilians in the world.<ref name=Bezuijen /> Although few wild populations remain, more than 700,000 ''C. siamensis'' are held on commercial [[Alligator farm|crocodile farms]] in Southeast Asia.<ref name=Bezuijen />

In 1992, it was thought to be extremely close to or fully [[extinct in the wild]] until 2000 when scientists from [[Fauna and Flora International]] and the Government of Cambodia's Forestry Administration confirmed the presence of Siamese crocodiles in the [[Cardamom Mountains]] in southwest Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Daltry |first1=J. |last2=Han |first2=S. |last3=Leng |first3=H. |last4=Ratanapich |first4=Nhek |last5=Piseth |first5=Sorn |last6=Sovannara |first6=Heng |last7=Simpson |first7=Boyd |last8=Starr |first8=A. |last9=Brook |first9=S. |last10=Frechette |first10=J. |date=2015 |title=Status, distribution and ecology of the Siamese crocodile ''Crocodylus siamensis'' in Cambodia |journal=Cambodian Journal of Natural History |pages=153–164}}</ref>
There are no recent records in [[Malaysia]], [[Burma]] or [[Brunei]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critically Endangered Siamese Crocodile to Get Key Recognition as Mascot |url=https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/11080/Critically-Endangered-Siamese-Crocodile-to-Get-Key-Recognition-as-Mascot.aspx |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=newsroom.wcs.org}}</ref>

===Habitat degradation===
Factors causing [[Habitat loss|loss of habitat]] include conversion of wetlands for agriculture, use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides in rice production, and an increase of the cattle population.<ref name=wetlands>{{cite report |last=Phiapalath |first=P. |author2=Voladet, H. |author3=Hicks, C. |year=2011 |title=Wetland Priority Sites in Lao PDR – the top five priority sites |publisher=IUCN |place=Vientiane |url=http://www.icem.com.au/documents/biodiversity/wetlands%20wshop/g.Lao_wetland_shortlist.ppt.pdf |access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> The effects of warfare stemming from the conflicts in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia during the [[Vietnam War]] (from land mines to aerial bombardment) have also been factored.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pierret |first1=A. |last2=Lacombe |first2=G. |last3=Hoanh |first3=C. T. |title=Environmental and migratory consequences of the Vietnam War |work=Environmental Migration Portal |url=https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/blogs/environmental-and-migratory-consequences-vietnam-war |access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref>

Many river systems, including those in protected areas, have [[Hydroelectric dam|hydroelectric power dams]] approved or proposed, which are likely to cause the loss of about half of the remaining breeding colonies within the next ten years.<ref name=Bezuijen /> One cause for [[habitat degradation]] via hydrological changes, for the Siamese crocodile, is the implementation of dams on the upper [[Mekong River]] and its major tributaries.<ref name=hogan>{{cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Z.S. |author2=Moyle, M. |author3=Vander Zanden, B. |title=The imperiled giants of the Mekong|journal=American Scientist|year=2004|volume=92|issue=3 |pages=228–237|doi=10.1511/2004.3.228}}</ref> Potential impacts of dam construction include wetland loss and altered flooding cycle with a dry season flow 50% greater than under natural conditions.<ref>{{cite report |last=Lamberts|first=D. |title=Tonle Sap fisheries: A case study on floodplain gillette fisheries in Siam Reap Cambodia |year=2001 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission |place=Bangkok |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/26fa4abf-77d5-4d60-a5f0-421f17293362/content}}</ref>

===Exploitation and fragmentation===
[[File:Farma krokodila.jpg|thumb|Siamese crocodile farm on [[Tonle Sap]] in Cambodia]]
Illegal capture of wild crocodiles for supply to farms is an ongoing threat, as well as incidental capture/drowning in [[fishing net]]s and traps.<ref name=Bezuijen /> The Siamese crocodile currently has extremely low and fragmented remaining populations with little proven reproduction in the wild.<ref name=Ariyaraphong>{{Cite journal |last1=Ariyaraphong |first1=N. |last2=Wongloet |first2=W. |last3=Wattanadilokchatkun |first3=P. |last4=Panthum |first4=T. |last5=Singchat |first5=W. |last6=Thong |first6=T. |last7=Lisachov |first7=A. |last8=Ahmad |first8=S. F. |last9=Muangmai |first9=N. |last10=Han |first10=K. |last11=Duengkae |first11=P. |last12=Temsiripong |first12=Y. |last13=Srikulnath |first13=K. |date=2023 |title=Should the identification guidelines for Siamese Crocodiles Be Revised? Differing post-occipital scute scale numbers show phenotypic variation does not result from hybridization with Saltwater Crocodiles |journal=Biology |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=535 |doi=10.3390/biology12040535 |doi-access=free |pmid=37106736 |pmc=10136156}}</ref>

Siamese crocodiles have historically been captured for skins and to stock commercial crocodile farms. In 1945, skin hunting for commercial farms was banned by the French colonial administration of Cambodia.<ref name="Thuok & Tana">{{cite book |author1=Thuok, N. |author2=Tang, T.S. |chapter=Country report on crocodile conservation in Cambodia |title=Crocodiles: Proceedings of the 12th Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group |volume=1 |year=1994 |publisher=IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group |pages=3–15 |editor=Crocodile Specialist Group |place=Gland, Switzerland |url=https://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/4908e09b6d80b93c0d49c76d96adea3d.pdf}}</ref> In the late 1940s, populations spurred the development of farms and harvesting wild crocodiles for stocking these farms.<ref name=kimura>{{cite report |last=Kimura |first=W. |title=Crocodiles in Cambodia, Research Report No. 3 |publisher=Atawgawa Tropical Garden and Alligator Farm |year=1969}}</ref> Protection was abolished by the [[Khmer Rouge]], but later reinstated under Article 18 of the Fishery Law of 1987, which "forbids the catching, selling, and transportation of...[wild] crocodiles..."<ref name="Thuok & Tana"/>

Crocodile farming now has a huge economic impact in the provinces surrounding Tonle Sap, where 396 farms held over 20,000 crocodiles in 1998.<ref name="Thuok & Tana"/> Many crocodiles were exported from Cambodia since the mid-1980s to stock commercial farms in Thailand, Vietnam, and China.<ref name="Thorb 2001">{{cite report |last=Thorbjarnarson|first=J. |title=Herpetology trip report: Cambodia |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society |year=2001}}</ref>

Despite legal protection, a profitable market exists for the capture and sale of crocodiles to farms since the early 1980s.<ref name="Thorb 2001"/> Chronic hunting has led to the decline of the wild Siamese crocodile.<ref name=Ariyaraphong/>

==Conservation==
This crocodile is classified as [[critically endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]], and is listed on Appendix I of [[CITES]].<ref name=iucn /> It is one of the most endangered crocodiles in the wild, although it is extensively bred in captivity.<ref name="Ross">{{cite web|last=Ross|first=R.P.|title=Crocodiles: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|edition=Second|url=http://iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/action_plan1998/plan1998a.htm|access-date=2011-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224000853/http://www.iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/action_plan1998/plan1998a.htm|archive-date=2011-12-24}}</ref>

Yayasan [[Ulin]] (The Ironwood Foundation) ran a small project to conserve an important wetland habitat in the area of East Kalimantan which is known to contain the crocodiles.<ref>{{cite web|author=PAC2013 |url=http://www.speciesconservation.org/projects/Siamese-Crocodile/309 |title=Siamese Crocodile Conservation Case Study | The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund |publisher=Speciesconservation.org |date=2009-07-05 |access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref>

In Cambodia [[Fauna and Flora International]] and the Government of Cambodia's Forestry Administration have established the Cambodian Crocodile Conservation Programme for the protection and recovery of Siamese crocodiles. This programme works with a network of indigenous villages who are helping to protect key sites such as Veal Veng Marsh (Veal Veng District), the Tatai River (Thmar Bang District) and the Araeng River. The latter is considered to have the second largest population of Siamese crocodiles in the world, but is currently threatened by the proposed construction of a massive dam in the river. During the heavy monsoon period of June–November, Siamese crocodiles take advantage of the increase in water levels to move out of the river and onto large lakes and other local bodies of water, returning to their original habitat once water levels start receding back to their usual levels.<ref name=":2" />

The Cambodian Crocodile Conservation Programme conducted DNA analysis of 69 crocodiles in [[Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre]] in Cambodia 2009, and found 35 of them were purebred ''C. siamensis''. Conservationists from the Forestry Administration and [[Fauna and Flora International]] subsequently launched a conservation breeding program at the Centre. Since 2012, approximately 50 purebred Cambodian Siamese crocodiles have been released into community-protected areas to reinforce the depleted wild populations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crocs thought to be extinct found in Cambodia |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34015517 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=[[NBC News]] |date=18 November 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

Poaching is a severe threat to this species, with the value of wild Siamese crocodiles reaching hundreds of dollars in the black market, where they are illegally taken into crocodile farms and hybridized with other, larger species.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/endangered-crocodiles-hatched-in-cambodia-1.967899 Endangered crocodiles hatched in Cambodia]. ''The Associated Press'' via cbc.ca (June 10, 2010)</ref> The total wild population is unknown, since most groups are in isolated areas where access is extremely complicated. A number of captively held individuals are the result of hybridization with the [[Saltwater Crocodile|saltwater crocodile]], but several thousand "pure" individuals do exist in captivity, and are regularly bred at crocodile farms, especially in Thailand.

[[Pang Sida National Park]] in Thailand, near Cambodia, has a project to reintroduce Siamese crocodile into the wild. A number of young crocodiles have been released into a small and remote river in the park, not accessible to visitors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lovgren |first=Stefan |date=2024-05-18 |title=They're one of Earth's rarest reptiles. But these crocodiles are bouncing back. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/siamese-crocodiles-rare-reptiles-cambodia |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref>

[[The Wildlife Conservation Society]] (WCS) is working with the [[government of Laos]] on a new programme to save this critically endangered crocodile and its wetland habitat. In August, 2011, a press release announced the successful hatching of a clutch of 20 Siamese crocodiles. These eggs were then incubated at the [[Laos Zoo]]. This project represents a new effort by WCS to conserve the biodiversity and habitat of Laos' [[Savannakhet Province]], promotes conservation of biodiversity for the whole landscape, and relies on community involvement from local residents.<ref name=wcs>{{cite web|title=WCS Helps Hatch Rare Siamese Crocodiles in Lao PDR|url=http://www.wcs.org/press/press-releases/siamese-crocodiles.aspx|access-date=2011-12-01}}</ref>

In September 2021, eight hatchlings were found in a wildlife sanctuary in eastern Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=Hatchlings of endangered crocodile species found in Cambodia|url=https://apnews.com/article/environment-and-nature-asia-environment-southeast-asia-wildlife-a66fc369a49f4064accd82e518889fef|access-date=2021-10-05|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref>

In [[Cambodia]]'s [[Southern Cardamom National Park]], sixty Siamese crocodiles from five distinct nests successfully hatched in July 2024. This marks the largest wild breeding record of the species this century and significantly enhances the survival prospects of this critically endangered reptile.<ref>{{cite web|title=New hope for critically endangered Siamese crocodile|url=https://phys.org/news/2024-07-critically-endangered-siamese-crocodile.html|website=Phys.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=For These Nearly Extinct Crocodiles, Life Found a Way|website=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/climate/siamese-crocodile-extinct-hatchlings.html|first=Austyn|last=Gaffney|date=July 17, 2024}}</ref>

=== Priority projects ===
High priority projects include:<ref name="Status survey">{{cite web|last=Ross|first=James|title=Crocodiles: Status Survey and conservation Action Plan. Second Edition. IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group|url=http://iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/action_plan1998/plan1998a.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329004620/http://iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/action_plan1998/plan1998a.htm|archive-date=2012-03-29|year=1998|access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref>
*Status surveys and development of crocodile management and conservation programmes in '''Cambodia and Laos''': These two countries appear to be the remaining stronghold of the species. Identifying key areas and populations, and obtaining quantitative estimates of population size as a precursor to initiating conservation programs is needed.
*Implementation of protection of habitat and restocking in '''Thailand''': Thailand has the best-organized protected-areas system, the largest source of farm-raised crocodiles for restocking, and the most-developed crocodile management programme in the region. Although the species has virtually disappeared from the wild, re-establishment of viable populations in protected areas is feasible.
*Protection of crocodile populations in '''Vietnam''': a combination of habitat protection and captive breeding could prevent loss of the species in Vietnam. A breeding population has been successfully re-established in [[Cát Tiên National Park]]. Further surveys, identification of suitable localities and the implementation of a conservation programme coordinated with the captive breeding efforts of Vietnamese institutions is needed.
*Investigation of the taxonomy of the freshwater crocodiles in Southeast Asia and the '''Indo-Malaysian Archipelago''': The relationships among the freshwater crocodiles in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago are poorly understood. Clarification of these relationships is of scientific interest and has important implications for conservation.
Other projects include:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Conserving Siamese crocodiles in Cambodia |url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/conserving-siamese-crocodiles-cambodia/ |website=Fauna & Flora}}</ref>
*Coordination of captive breeding, trade and conservation in the South east Asian region: Several countries in the region are already deeply involved in captive breeding programs for commercial use. Integration of this activity with necessary conservation actions for the wild populations (including funding surveys and conservation) could be a powerful force for conservation. A long term aim could be the re-establishment of viable wild populations and their sustainable use by ranching.
*Maintain a stock of pure ''C. siamensis'' in crocodile farms: The bulk of the captives worldwide are maintained in several farms in Thailand where extensive interbreeding with ''C. porosus'' has taken place. Hybrids are preferred for their superior commercial qualities, but the hybridisation threatens the genetic integrity of the most threatened species of crocodilians. Farms should be encouraged to segregate genetically pure Siamese crocodiles for conservation, in addition to the hybrids they are promoting for hide production.
*Survey and protection of Siamese crocodiles in Indonesia: Verification of the presence of'' C. siamensis ''in Kalimantan and Java is a first step to developing protection for the species within the context of the developing crocodile management strategy in Indonesia.

==Cultural references==
A [[Malay folklore#Animal fables (cerita binatang)|Malay folktale]] features a crocodile that is outwitted by a mouse-deer and buffaloes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Winsedtt, R. V. |year=1906 |title=Some Mouse-deer Tales |journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=45 |issue= |pages=61–69 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofstrait451906roya/page/62/mode/2up}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Crocodylus siamensis}}
* [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_csia.htm Crocodylus siamensis] – The Crocodile Specialist Group.
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Crocodylus_siamensis Crocodylus siamensis] – from the Biodiversity Heritage Library [http://www.biodiversityheritagelibrary.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014003102/http://www.biodiversityheritagelibrary.org/ |date=2016-10-14 }}
* [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/herpetology/act-plan/csiam.htm Action Plan for Crocodylus siamensis]. IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2nd edition.
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7873550.stm |title=Rare crocs back from extinction (video) |publisher=BBC |date=5 February 2009}}
* {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8351747.stm |title=New crocodile hope in Cambodia |publisher=BBC |date=10 November 2009}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fauna-flora.org/crocodiles.php |title=Saving the last Siamese crocodiles |publisher=[[Fauna and Flora International]] |access-date=2009-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923085328/http://www.fauna-flora.org/Crocodiles.php |archive-date=2010-09-23 }}

{{Crocodilia|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q208277}}

[[Category:Crocodylidae]]
[[Category:Crocodilians of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Borneo]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Laos]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Thailand]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1801]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]

Kazhugu (2012 film)

2026-03-10T22:53:25Z

Digitechroshni:

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Sathyasiva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kazhugu 2012.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sathyasiva]]
| writer = Sathyasiva
| producer = K. K. Sekhar K. S. Madhubala
| starring = [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] [[Bindu Madhavi]]
| cinematography = Sathya Ponmar
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = Talking Times Arun Film Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|03|16|}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kazhugu''''' ({{translation|Eagle}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film written and directed by newcomer [[Sathyasiva]], starring [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] and [[Bindu Madhavi]]. The film, produced by Krishna's father K. K. Sekhar along with K. S. Madhubala, features music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The story revolves around four persons, referred to as "Kazhugu", who recover the bodies of [[Suicide by jumping from height|suicide victims who jump off a cliff]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=2011-07-09 |title=Itsy-Bitsy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2214035.ece |access-date=2011-11-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film, based on real-life incidents, has been shot in real locations, including [[Kodaikanal]], [[Theni]], and [[Munnar]]. It had been in making since late 2010 and eventually released on 16 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-16 |title=Friday Fury — March 16 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-16-news-tamil-mdqklGfdifd.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161626/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-16-news-tamil-mdqklGfdifd.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=2014-05-22 |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sera is a man who earns his living by retrieving [[dead bodies]] from [[Kodaikanal]]'s Green Valley View suicide point. Nandu, Shanmugam, and a mute friend are part of Sera's crew. Sera meets Kavitha when he and his crew retrieve her sister's body from a gully after her sister had committed suicide with her boyfriend. Kavitha falls in love with Sera. A parallel plot is of Ayya, who trades in stolen tea, with corrupt officials turning a blind eye to his activities. Ayya's gang kills four police officers during a raid and throws the dead bodies from the suicide point. Ayya, who knows Shanmugam, threatens him not to retrieve the bodies of the police officers. Fearing for their lives, Shanmugam tries to convince Sera not to retrieve the bodies. Brushing aside Shanmugam's fears, Sera's crew retrieves the bodies. After retrieving the bodies, Sera informs the police of the murder by Ayya, resulting in Ayya's arrest. Ayya comes out on bail, and his men kill Shanmugam, Nandu, and Sera's mute friend, Kumar. Sera kills Ayya's henchmen. Kavitha consoles Sera, and they both decide to run away from Kodaikanal to lead a peaceful life. They both board a jeep, and on the way, Ayya arrives with his men, and they start attacking Sera. Sera kills most of them and also Ayya. He rushes back to the jeep but is shocked to see Kavitha dead. Sera understands that Kavitha was accidentally stabbed to death during the fight. Sera cries loud, jumps from the mountain, and kills himself along with Kavitha's dead body.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Krishna Sekhar|Krishna]] as Sera
* [[Bindu Madhavi]] as Kavitha
* [[Karunas]] as Nandu
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Shanmugam (Chittappa @ Chithu)
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Ayya
* [[Nellai Siva]] as a [[Constable]]
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as a drunkard
* [[Nitish Veera]] as Maari, Ayya's henchman
* Praveen G. Vadivelu
* [[Sujibala]] as Valli
* Umashree as Kavitha's sister
* [[Visweswara Rao]] as Ramlal Seth
* [[Sampath Ram]] as a factory manager}}

Special appearances in promotional songs by (in alphabetical order):
{{colbegin}}
*[[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
*[[Divyadarshini]]
*[[Ganeshkar]]
*Jennifer
*[[Jiiva]]
*[[Kala (choreographer)|Kala]]
*Keerthi
*[[N. Linguswamy|Linguswamy]]
*[[Oviya]]
*[[Pandiraj]]
*[[Perarasu]]
*[[Premji Amaren]]
*[[Priya Anand]]
*[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
*[[S. J. Surya]]
*[[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]]
*[[Sivakarthikeyan]]
*[[S. Thaman|Thaman]]
*[[Venkat Prabhu]]
*[[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi]]
*[[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kazhugu
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Kazhugu
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 February 2024
| recorded = 2011
| venue = Chennai
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:51
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Panjaa]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Rajapattai (soundtrack)|Rajapattai]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

The soundtrack of ''Kazhugu'' was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. He said he composed two of the songs keeping the visuals in mind after he had seen the video montages that were shot.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2011-12-03 |title=Twin treat |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2684004.ece |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The lyrics were penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Snehan]] and Eaknath. The soundtrack album was released on 23 November 2011 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=23 November 2011 |title=Audio launch of Kazhugu |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-23/regional/30438077_1_music-audio-romantic-melody |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707112225/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-23/regional/30438077_1_music-audio-romantic-melody |archive-date=2012-07-07 |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In March 2012, the video of the song "Aambalaikum Pombalaikum" was released as a promo track featuring several film personalities from Tamil cinema (see [[#Cast|cast]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2012 |title=Kazhugu's promo is the new rage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Mar/06/kazhugus-promo-is-the-new-rage-346555.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:44
| title1 = Aambalaikum Pombalaikum
| lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]
| extra1 = Krishnaraj, [[Velmurugan]], [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]]
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Aathadi Manasudhan
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra2 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| length2 = 5:09
| title3 = Paathagathi Kannupattu
| lyrics3 = [[Snehan]]
| extra3 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Raju Krishnamurthy
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Vaadi Vaadi
| lyrics4 = Eaknath
| extra4 = [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[SuVi]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
| length4 = 4:01
| title5 = Aathadi Manasudhan
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = [[Karthik Raja]]
| length5 = 5:10
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| note4 =
| writer4 =
}}

==Critical response==
A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' said ''Kazhugu'' was a "realistic romantic thriller that seldom loses its grip on your attention. Credible performances from its leads, a nail-biting screenplay along with a fresh milieu makes it an engaging film".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazhagu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kazhagu-review-tamil-14994245.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231011336/http://www.sify.com/movies/kazhagu-review-tamil-14994245.html |archive-date=2013-12-31 |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3.5 out of 5, claiming that it was "gripping from start to finish".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=16 March 2012 |title=Kazhugoo |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Kazhugoo/movie-review/12297289.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317080745/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Kazhugoo/movie-review/12297289.cms |archive-date=17 March 2012 |access-date=2012-08-18 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajam from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "It's heartening to see young filmmakers daring to steer clear of stereotypes. S. Sathyasiva who makes his bow with ''Kazhugu'' is the latest in this category". She further cited that director Sathyasiva was "a director to watch out for".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2012-03-17 |title=Dark knights |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3006213.ece |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan from [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and commented: ''Kazhugu'' starts well but the extreme predictability of the screenplay makes sure that tedium sets in, leading to a rather tame climax".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2012-03-16 |title=Review: Kazhugu disappoints due to shaky screenplay |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kazhugu-disappoints/20120316.htm |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Sathyasiva}}

[[Category:2000s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyasiva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hello Nandan

2026-03-04T09:46:48Z

Digitechroshni: New

{{Short description|2014 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hello Nandan
| image = Hello Nandan.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Rahul Jadhav
| writer = Sourabh Bhave
| screenplay =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Navin Ramnani
* Reenu Ohlan
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Adinath Kothare]]
* [[Mrunal Thakur]]
* [[Neena Kulkarni]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Amitraj]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|03|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hello Nandan''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by Rahul Jadhav and produced by Navin Ramnani and Reenu Ohlan. The film stars [[Adinath Kothare]], [[Mrunal Thakur]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2013 |title=Adinath Kothare teams up with Mrunal Thakur for Hello... Nandan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/adinath-kothare-teams-up-with-mrunal-thakur-for-hello-nandan/articleshow/22093896.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124193659/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/adinath-kothare-teams-up-with-mrunal-thakur-for-hello-nandan/articleshow/22093896.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=English}}</ref> and [[Neena Kulkarni]]. The film was released on 14 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2014 |title=हॅलो नंदन १४ मार्चपासून |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/hello-nandan-marathi-film/articleshow/31846846.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124194052/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/hello-nandan-marathi-film/articleshow/31846846.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2014 |title='हॅलो नंदन'घालणार तरुणाईला भुरळ |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/hallo-nandan-film-marathi/articleshow/31614574.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124194601/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/hallo-nandan-film-marathi/articleshow/31614574.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The movie revolves around Nandan Dikshit, who loses his mobile phone, which carries the number which can change the fortunes of his life. In his quest of finding the phone, he will discover his true self and against the corrupt and indifferent system.

== Cast ==
* [[Adinath Kothare]] as Nandan Dikshit
* [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Ruby
* [[Anant Jog]]
* [[Neena Kulkarni]]
* Devendra

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hello Nandan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amitraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2014 |title=Marathi film 'Hello Nandan' music out, composer happy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/marathi-film-hello-nandan-music-out-composer-happy-114020400958_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124202511/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/marathi-film-hello-nandan-music-out-composer-happy-114020400958_1.html |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=English}}</ref>
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:01
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2013
| year = 2015
| next_title =
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|FQN6EDgGfVE| Hello Nandan – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:01
| title1 = Hello Nandan
| extra1 = [[Aaman Trikha]]
| length1 = 2:22
| title2 = Zule Zule
| extra2 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| length2 = 3:05
| title3 = Dhoon Ka Dhoon
| extra3 = [[Neeti Mohan]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Hans chala Kawa ki Chaal
| extra4 = A.V. Prafullachandra
| length4 = 3:15
| title5 = Bedhund Tu Bedhund Me
| extra5 = [[Amitraj]], Sayali Pankaj
| length5 = 2:39
}}

== Critical response ==
Hello Nandan received mixed reviews from critics. A reviewer from [[The Times of India]] gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "The film is twisted and thrilling for its subject that everyone can identify with and can be enjoyed by those looking for a light thriller without putting much pressure on their brains".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2016 |title=HELLO NANDAN MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/hello-nandan/movie-review/32018424.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124203619/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/hello-nandan/movie-review/32018424.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=English}}</ref> Jaydeep Pathakji of [[Maharashtra Times]] rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote: "The events shown in the film do not approach the original content for the purpose of showing 'happening' in the film. They show something wrong. In fact, the original character in the film does not get an answer as to why he behaves so strangely. There is no problem to experience the movie as a time pass".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2014 |title=हॅलो!! नंदन...राँग नंबर...! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hallo-nandan/amp_moviereview/32029140.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125033139/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hallo-nandan/amp_moviereview/32029140.cms |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Loksatta]] wrote "For those who have ever had their mobile phone stolen in their life, this film is a must watch and for those who haven't, this film is a must watch for a thrilling and equally fun experience, the same fun experience For this the film is worth watching".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2014 |title=फिल्म रिव्ह्यूः 'हॅलो..नंदन !' …. मोबाईलचा अनोखा प्रवास |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/movie-review-hello-nandan-401855/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125034545/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/movie-review-hello-nandan-401855/lite/ |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Muqaddar Ka Badshaah

2026-03-03T23:39:33Z

Digitechroshni: add content for accuracy

{{short description|1990 Indian Hindi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muqaddar Ka Badshah
| image = Muqaddar Ka Badshaah.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[T. Rama Rao]]
| producer = A. Poornachandra Rao
| writer = [[Iqbal Durrani]]
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Vijayshanti]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Kader Khan]]
| music = [[Viju Shah]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Lakshmi Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Muqaddar Ka Badshah''''' ({{translation|King of Destiny}}) is a 1990 [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[T. Rama Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Onam |date=13 October 2024 |title=Meet actor who worked with Shah Rukh, Salman Khan, Kajol- Bollywood career failed, got no work for years, survived on maggi, now a TV star |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/vijaya-shanti-birthday-check-films-career-personal-life-of-this-actress/ar-AA1HiunP?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=MSN}}</ref> The film stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Vijayshanti]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Kader Khan]] and [[Amrish Puri]]. Dialogues of this movie became very popular and therefore audio cassette of Dialogues were released it was written by [[Iqbal Durrani]].

== Plot ==
He is a union leader, who was falsely accused of several crimes because his regular fight for the rights of the workers annoys his employer. He proves his innocence but faces with new problems when his sister falls in love.

==Cast==
*[[Vinod Khanna]] ... Naresh
*[[Shabana Azmi]] ... Advocate Sharda Singh
*[[Vijayshanti]] ... Bharti Rathod
*[[Anupam Kher]] ... Adv Rana Vijay Singh
*[[Kader Khan]] ... Inspector Gulshan
*[[Amrish Puri]] ... Vikral Singh
*[[Navin Nischol]] ... DSP Vikram Singh Rathod
*[[Tej Sapru]] ... Manik Singh
*[[Asrani]] ... Inspector Officer
*[[Suparna Anand]] ... Geeta
*[[Guddi Maruti]] ... Mrs Gidwani
*[[Aasif Sheikh]] ... Ashok Singh<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=THIS co-star of Salman & SRK was jobless after film stint; now plays 350 characters in a show |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/170786-aasif-sheikh-acted-with-salman-khan-and-shah-rukh-khan-now-famous-tv-star.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Jaya Mathur as Anu Singh: Vijay and Sharada's daughter; Ashok's younger sister
* Ghanashyam Roheira ... Panditji
* [[Mohan Choti]] ... Panditji
* Rammohan Sharma
* [[Ghanashyam Nayak]]
* Master Antriksh

==Music==
{{Tracklist
| all_music = [[Viju Shah]]
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aiko Haina
| extra1 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]] and [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
| length1 = 5:00
| title = Jaaneman
| extra2 = Amit Kumar and [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 5:10
| title3 = Muqaddar Ka Badshah
| extra3 = Amit Kumar
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Shararat Karoonga
| extra4 = Amit Kumar & Sapna Mukherjee
| length4 = 5:46
| title5 = Ho Jaayega Loaccha
| extra5 = Amit Kumar & Boney
| length5 = 7:05
| title6 = Aiko Haina
| extra6 = Amit Kumar
| length6 = 1:50
}}

== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0260212|title=Muqaddar Ka Badshaah}}

{{T. Rama Rao}}

[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viju Shah]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)

2026-03-03T21:20:25Z

Digitechroshni: new - done

{{Short description|2019 Kannada language film by P Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ayushman Bhava
| image = Ayushman Bhava.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = [[Dwarakish|B. S. Dwarakish]] Yogish Dwarakish Bunggale & Alankar Pandian
| screenplay = P. Vasu [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| story = P. Vasu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shiva Rajkumar]]
*[[Ananth Nag]]
*[[Rachita Ram]]
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Dwarakish Chitra & [[Invenio Origin]]
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{film date|2019|11|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ayushman Bhava''''' ({{translation|Long Live}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]] and produced by [[Dwarakish|B. S. Dwarakish]] and Yogish Dwarakish Bunggale, co-produced by Alankar Pandian. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Rachita Ram]], and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] along with [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] in a special appearance. The music was composed by [[Gurukiran]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by PKH Das and [[Gowtham Raju]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivarajkumar-starrer-anand-title-is-changed-as-ayushman-bhava/articleshow/70203435.cms|title=ShivalingaShivarajkumar starrer Anand title is changed as Ayushman Bhava|publisher=Times of India|date=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/14/ayushman-bhava-to-come-out-on-kannada-rajyotsava-14278.html|title=Ayushman Bhava to come out on Kannada Rajyotsava|date=14 September 2019|publisher=Cinema Express|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018173251/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/14/ayushman-bhava-to-come-out-on-kannada-rajyotsava-14278.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/shiva-rajkumar-takita-takita-song-of-aayushman-bhava-movie-is-giving-different-feel-to-film-lovers-ae-261205.html|title=Ayushman Bhava|language=kn|date=7 October 2019|website=News18 Kannada|access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/sep/14/ayushman-bhava-to-come-out-on-kannada-rajyotsava-2033239.html|title=Ayushman Bhava to come out on Kannada Rajyotsava|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=6 April 2025|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406010512/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/sep/14/ayushman-bhava-to-come-out-on-kannada-rajyotsava-2033239.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was scheduled to be released on 1 November 2019, but was postponed to 15 November 2019.<ref name="newsmin:r1" />

==Plot==
Gopi is the head of a joint family consisting of his three sons, their wives, and children. When his family decides to punish him by not speaking to him due to his consumption of alcohol, he advertises for a caretaker. Later, the family apologises and he forgives them. Gopi's granddaughter, Sridevi, has her engagement. Krishna arrives with Sridevi's fiancée's family and wins everyone’s hearts with his friendliness. When it is revealed that Krishna has come in response to Gopi's advertisement for a caretaker, Gopi immediately hires him.

Lakshmi, Gopi's other granddaughter, became mentally unstable after witnessing the death of her parents, Devaki and Vasudeva, three years ago. She lives in the outhouse. Krishna befriends Lakshmi, who later begins to recover. After Sridevi's wedding, the family decides to marry Lakshmi to Chetan, her cross-cousin, who is primarily interested in inheriting her wealth. Krishna suggests that they wait to arrange her marriage until she has fully recovered, but he is rebuked. The next day, it is discovered that Krishna has fled with Lakshmi. With the help of a boatwoman named Chukki, they reach a music college.

Through music, Krishna helps Lakshmi, who loves it, regain her stability. Eventually, they return to the joint family. After initially beating him up, the family apologises when they find out that Lakshmi has fully recovered. Lakshmi is informed about her upcoming wedding. While she believes that Krishna is the groom, the family has chosen Chetan instead. Krishna leaves the house, and Lakshmi is shocked, returning to the outhouse. One of Gopi's friends reveals details about Krishna's past.

'''Past''': Krishna's real name is Shivaram Krishna, and he is the son of a hospital chairman named Ram Kumar. One day, a wealthy businessman dies in the hospital, and the blame falls on Krishna's hospital. Krishna later discovers that the businessman was actually killed by his partners. He manages to obtain evidence and decides to hand it over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. The businessman's partners learn of this and send their henchman to kill him on the train. However, the henchman instead kills Lakshmi's parents, who had exchanged their seats with Krishna. Upon discovering that this incident has driven Lakshmi to insanity, a guilt-ridden Krishna seeks the help of Gopi's friend to take him to her house, so that he can assist in treating her illness.

'''Present''': Gopi calls Ram Kumar and reveals everything, only to later discover that Krishna has left for Europe. However, Krishna arrives at Gopi's house and plays the tune of Lakshmi's song on the piano. Lakshmi meets Krishna, who refuses to take her with him, as she has a loving family and cannot leave them. Gopi intervenes and sends Lakshmi with Krishna, telling him that she is not abandoning her family; rather, Krishna has joined their family.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Krishna
* [[Ananth Nag]] as Gopi
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Lakshmi
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Ram Kumar
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Astrologist Raghu
* Yashwanth Shetty as Chethan
* [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] as Chukki
* Arohita Gowda
* Anantha Velu
* [[Giri Dwarakish]]
* Sundar Ram
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* Swapna Raj
* Lakshmi Siddayya
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
* Babu Hirannayya
* Neenasam Ashwath
* Mahesh Raj
* Nitesh Nittur
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ayushman Bhava
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 October 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = DGK Audio
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Amma I Love You]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

This is composer [[Guru Kiran]]'s 100th film. Lyrics are by Santosh Naik and V. Nagendra Prasad.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Krishna Nee
| lyrics1 = Santosh Naik
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length1 = 1:39
| title2 = Thakita Thakita
| lyrics2 = Santosh Naik
| extra2 = Vyasa Raj
| length2 = 3:49
| title3 = Sara Sara
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 = 4:18
| title4 = Magic Ide Nannalli
| lyrics4 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra4 = Revanth
| length4 = 3:44
| title5 = Thembare Bottuvana
| extra5 = [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length5 = 3:44
| title6 = Payana Saagali
| extra6 = Siddhartha Belmannu, [[Ajay Warriar]], Shrunti Tumkur
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj
| length6 = 4:10
| title7 = Body Percussion Theme
| extra7 =
| lyrics7 =
| length7 = 1:36
}}

==Release==
The film was scheduled to be released on 1 November 2019, coinciding with [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]] day.<ref name="newsmin:r1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shiva-rajkumar-s-ayushman-bhava-release-date-announced-108996|title=Shiva Rajkumar's 'Ayushman Bhava' release date announced|publisher=The News Minute|date=16 September 2019|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018162329/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shiva-rajkumar-s-ayushman-bhava-release-date-announced-108996|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later postponed to 15 November due to production and technical reasons.
<ref name="newsmin:r2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayushman-bhava-review-shivarajkumar-p-vasu-entertainer-formulaic-112381|title='Ayushman Bhava' review: Shivarajkumar-P Vasu entertainer is formulaic|publisher=The News Minute|date=15 November 2019|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806134525/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayushman-bhava-review-shivarajkumar-p-vasu-entertainer-formulaic-112381|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "While the film has a few roadblocks, it does have a lot of entertainment, which ranges from sentimental scenes to comedy to romance."<ref>{{cite news |title=Aayushmanbhava Movie Review: The film is a multi-starrer melodrama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/aayushmanbhava/movie-review/72069693.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave it 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Ayushman Bhava'' is a film that can attract all kinds of audiences, including ardent followers of Vasu’s kind of subjects, especially films like ''[[Apthamitra]]'', and ''[[Aptharakshaka]]''."<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title='Ayushman Bhava' review: Shivaanna gives therapeutic touch to Vasu’s musical thriller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Nov/16/ayushman-bhava-review-shivaanna-gives-therapeutic-touch-to-vasus-musical-thriller-2062490.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Manjula of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave it 3.5/5 and wrote, "The songs just complement the movie plot. Even though ''Ayushman Bhava'' is a clean movie, there are certain parts that seemed unnecessary and tests the patience of the audience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Sandalwood demands legal committee to address ‘casting couch’, harassment issues |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/sandalwood-demands-legal-committee-to-address-casting-couch-harassment-issues-904628 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=5 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Aravind Shwetha of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "Overall, ''Ayushman Bhava'' is a typical P Vasu film and the team seems to have succumbed to the director’s way of working. [...] If age-old formulaic movies are what you love, ''Ayushman Bhava'' may just work for you."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shwetha |first1=Aravind |title='Ayushman Bhava' review: Shivarajkumar-P Vasu entertainer is formulaic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/ayushman-bhava-review-shivarajkumar-p-vasu-entertainer-formulaic-112381 |work=The News Minute |date=15 November 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=12 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205073043/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/ayushman-bhava-review-shivarajkumar-p-vasu-entertainer-formulaic-112381 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Despite being a copy, ‘Apthamitra’ worked because it was highly entertaining, but ‘Aayushmanbhava’ is painfully bland and completely predictable."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayushmanbhava review: A wannabe Apthamitra |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ayushmanbhava-review-a-wannabe-apthamitra-776813.html |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
In [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]] movie got 2 nominations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822030250/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2021-check-out-full-winners-list-840868|title=SIIMA 2020: Check Out Full Winners' List|website=ibtimes|access-date=20 September 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920015501/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2021-check-out-full-winners-list-840868|url-status=live}}</ref>
* won the Best Actress - [[Rachita Ram]]
* nominated, Best supporting actress -[[Nidhi Subbaiah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{P. Vasu}}
{{Dwarakish}}

[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwarakish]]

NH 47 (film)

2026-03-03T21:06:00Z

Digitechroshni: created first details v1

{{short description|1984 film directed by Baby}}
{{for|National Highway 47 |National Highway 47 (India)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = NH 47
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Baby (director)|Baby]]
| producer = Sajan
| writer = Saj Movies [[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan
| starring = [[Sukumaran]] [[T. G. Ravi]] [[Lalu Alex]] [[Balan K. Nair]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[C. I. Paul]] [[Jose (actor)|Jose]] [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] [[Prathapachandran]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = K. B. Dayalan
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Saj Productions
| distributor = Saj Productions
| released = {{Film date|1984|05|19|India}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''NH 47''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]] film, directed by [[Baby (director)|Baby]] and produced by Sajan. The film stars [[TG Ravi]], [[Sukumaran]], [[Balan K Nair]], [[CI Paul]], [[Jose (actor)|Jose]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] and [[Prathapachandran]]. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1602|title=NH 47|access-date=2014-10-20|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2154|title=NH 47|access-date=2014-10-20|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/n.h.-47-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021015043/http://spicyonion.com/title/n.h.-47-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 October 2014|title=N.H. 47|access-date=2014-10-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> [[Sukumaran]] played as the victim Chacko of the notorious Chacko Murder Case that shook Kerala and [[T. G. Ravi]] played the character of [[Sukumara Kurup]], who allegedly plotted the murder.

Even though in real life, Kurup still remains untraced, the film showed that he was caught by the Police.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050616080100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320113607/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050616080100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2007 |title=Hunt for Sukumara Kurup hots up |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 May 2006 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sudhakaran Pilla, a businessman arrives from the Gulf for the housewarming of his new house under construction. His subordinate Sunny accompanies him from the Gulf. Thankappan, Sudhakaran Pillai's driver stays with his mother Gauriyamma and daughter Mini. Rahim, a medical representative, is Thankappan's neighbour and stays with his wife Nazeera and father-in-law Khaderikka. Ramani is the younger sister of Sudhakaran Pillai's wife Sumathi. Ramani's husband Bhargavan Pilla is not on good terms with Sudhakaran Pillai as he had borrowed money from him long ago and has not returned it till now. Moreover they done a illicit affair without bhargavan's knowledge.

In the meanwhile, Sunny makes a short visit to his house near the beach. Sunny's father was a fisherman and has three daughters, the elder being Elsy, who is still not married owing to their poor financial circumstance. After an injury that disabled one of his hands, Sunny's father is not able to go to work and they have a terrible time making a living. They were heartbroken after finding that Sunny did not bring anything for them in their visit. Sunny tells them that once he receives the money that Sudhakaran Pillai had promised to give him, he will settle all financial problems. That night, Sunny was shocked to find out that Elsy was spending nights with another man in that area who was funding his family in return.

Things take a turn on one midnight when the police get informed that a car is set on fire on the National Highway. It was found that the person in drivers seat is burnt to death. Police has some suspicion on finding the presence of gloves near the burnt car. From the confirmation provided by Bhargavan Pilla, police infer that it is Sudhakaran Pillai, and they bury the body as per custom (if one's mother is alive, the body cannot be cremated, and it has to be buried).

S. I. Johnson, the main investigator behind the case, takes the suspected persons under custody and finds out that it was Rahim who was burnt to death instead of Sudhakaran Pillai. The plan was constructed by Sudhakaran Pillai whose main aim was to get the compensation from the Dubai-based company where Sudhakaran Pillai was employed. Sudhakaran Pillai consults an advocate to debate his case, however the advocate refuses. Finally the crowd punishes Sudhakaran Pillai.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}

*[[T. G. Ravi]] as [[Sukumara Kurup|Sudhakara Pillai]]
*[[Sukumaran]] as Rahim (Chacko)
*[[Sreenath]] as Sunny
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Pushpangathan
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as Thankappan
*[[C. I. Paul]] as Bhargavan Pillai
*[[Jose (actor)|Jose]] as Alikunju
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Ramani
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Advocate
*[[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]] as Mini
*Harippad Soman
*[[Jalaja]] as Nazeera
*[[Kunjandi]] as Sunny's father
*[[Lalu Alex]] as SI Johnson
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as PC Velu Pilla
*[[Nanditha Bose]] as Sumathi
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]] as Khaderikka
*[[Philomina]] as Sudhakaran's mother
*[[Sathyakala]] as Elsy
*[[Vallathol Unnikrishnan]] as P. C. Purushu
*Radhadevi as Gauriyamma/Thankappan's mother
{{colend}}

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Allah Allah Allah" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Poovachal Khader]], C. A. Aboobacker || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kannukondu Kessezhuthum" || K. J. Yesudas, Chorus || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 3 || "Punnarapoomanimaran" || [[S. Janaki]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0351401|N.H. 47}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Baby (director)]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language crime thriller films]]

Dulari Devi (artist)

2026-03-03T08:35:25Z

Digitechroshni: New Some Bio W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Indian folk Madhubani artist}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Dulari Devi
| image = Dulari Devi.jpg
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| known_for = [[Madhubani Art]]
| style = Bharni, Kachnhi
}}
'''Dulari Devi''' (born 1968) is an Indian artist and illustrator, working in the [[Madhubani art|Mithila art]] tradition. In 2021, she was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]], a civilian honour granted by the [[Government of India]], for her contributions to art.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awardees 2021 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2021AwardeesList.pdf |website=Padma Awards}}</ref>

== Life and education ==
Devi lives in the village of Ranti, in the State of [[Bihar]], in India, and was born into the marginalised Dalit [[Mallaah]] [[caste]]. She was married at the age of thirteen, but returned to live with her family at the age of eighteen, after the death of her child. She did not receive any formal education, and learned to draw and illustrate in the Madhubani style while she was working as a domestic servant in the home of Madhubani artist [[Mahasundari Devi]]. Mahasundari Devi introduced her to another artist, [[Karpoori Devi]], who also taught Dulari Devi Madhubani art and techniques.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=Padma Shri Ramchandra Manjhi and Dulari Devi: Tale of two artists, and of art, caste and grit in Bihar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tale-of-two-padma-shri-winners-of-art-caste-and-grit-in-bihar-7167011/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=सिंह|first=अजय धारी|date=2021-01-26|title=मधुबनी की मिथिला पेंटिंग की मशहूर कलाकार दुलारी देवी को मिलेगा पद्मश्री|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/renowned-mithila-painting-artist-dulari-devi-one-of-padam-shree-recipient-know-how-she-worked-as-domestic-help-as-well-ann-1741094|access-date=2021-02-24|website=www.abplive.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-30|title=बिहार के दो दलित जिन्हें मिला पद्म श्री, जानें किस कला में हैं माहिर, 74 साल से नाच रहे हैं मांझी|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/padma-shri-ramchandra-manjhi-and-dulari-devi-won-padma-shri-award-know-tale-of-two-artists-and-art/1626786/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Jansatta|language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dulari's work follows the [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]] art tradition (sometimes called Mithila art), a folk art school that developed in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. She practices both, the ‘Kachnhi' (line sketching) ‘and ‘Bharni’ (colored) styles of Madhubani but has indicated a preference for the latter.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Although the usage of these styles has traditionally been confined to membership in specific castes, critic Sunil Kumar has described her work as being able to move between traditional stylistic divisions and occupy both fields, praising her "immense skill."<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Tripathi">{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Shailaja|date=2013-11-22|title=Madhubani beyond the living rooms|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/madhubani-beyond-the-living-rooms/article5380171.ece|access-date=2021-02-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In addition, her choice of themes and description has been cited as an example of the increasing expression of empowerment among women.<ref name="Tripathi"/> Her work has also been described as "...combining community traditions with modern themes".<ref name="kirkusreviews.com">{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/dulari-devi/following-my-paint-brush/|title=FOLLOWING MY PAINT BRUSH {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Book_Cover_of_Following_my_Paint_Brush_by_Dulari_Devi.jpg|right|thumb|''Cover of Following My Paint Brush'']]
Her work has been featured as part of course material in the [[Maithili language|Maithili]] language at the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=मधुबनी : नेशनल अवार्ड की रेस में सबसे आगे चल रही राज्य पुरस्कार से सम्मानित मिथिला पेंटिंग कलाकार दुलारी देवी|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-mithila-painting-artist-dulari-devi-of-madhubani-is-leading-in-the-race-for-national-award-21277256.html|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> In 2005, her work was curated as part of an exhibition focusing on the use of traditional imagery in Madhubani art by Narendra Narayan Sinha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nirala|first=Narendra Narayan Sinha|title=Madhubani: A Contemporary History (1971-2011)|date=2010|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147593|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=71|pages=1243–1250|jstor=44147593|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> In 2010, Devi and several other folk artists recorded tribal folklore in their art, which was anthologized by publisher Tara Books in a volume of silk-screen prints, titled ''Sun and Moon''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhuyan|first=Avantika|date=2019-07-20|title=Art's steadfast muse|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/art-s-steadfast-muse-1563538481002.html|access-date=2021-02-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, her painting titled "Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] arriving at a village in a helicopter" was part of a curated exhibit of Madhubani art at the [[Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)|Asian Art Museum]] in [[San Francisco]]. The exhibition, titled '[https://exhibitions.asianart.org/exhibitions/painting-is-my-everything-art-from-indias-mithila-region/ Painting is My Everything]', curated by Qamar Adamjee, was named after a quote taken from Devi's description of her own career as an artist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-23|title=Lively Mithila village art graces museum walls|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/lively-mithila-village-art-graces-museum-walls/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=The San Francisco Examiner|language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to painting, Devi has completed a number of murals for the Central and state governments in India, and teaches Madhubani art techniques to children.<ref name=":1" /> She is an instructor at the Madhubani Art Institute, located in Madhubani, in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|title="History" - Madhubani Art Institute|url=http://mithilaartinstitute.org/Home/History|url-status=live|website=Madhubani Art Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713151758/http://mithilaartinstitute.org:80/Home/History |archive-date=2017-07-13 }}</ref>

In 2011, Devi published an illustrated autobiography titled ''[https://tarabooks.com/shop/following-my-paint-brush/ Following My Paint Brush],'' which she co-wrote with writer and publisher [[Gita Wolf]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Devi|first1=Dulari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KwcQAACAAJ|title=Following My Paint Brush|last2=Wolf|first2=Gita|date=2011|publisher=Tara Books|isbn=978-93-80340-11-1|language=en}}</ref><ref name="kirkusreviews.com" /> Her recent paintings, documenting the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns in her community, have been acquired by [[Princeton University]] for their Graphic Arts Collection.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mellby|first=Julie|date=2021-01-29|title=The Graphic Narratives of Dulari Devi|url=https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2021/01/29/the-graphic-narratives-of-dulari-devi/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Graphic Arts|language=en-US}}</ref> Her work has also been featured at an exhibition called 'Tradition and Transformation: Mithila Art of India' at the [[William Benton Museum of Art]] following a donation of her art pieces from the Ethnic Art Foundation and Katherine Myers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madison |first=Marquez |date=2021-11-12 |title=Tradition and Transformation: Mithila Art of India {{!}} The William Benton Museum of Art |url=https://benton.uconn.edu/tradition-and-transformation-mithila-art-of-india/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Kimberly |date=2022-04-06 |title=Art Professor Shares Personal Collection of Mithila Art in Latest Exhibition at the Benton |url=https://today.uconn.edu/2022/04/art-professor-shares-personal-collection-of-mithila-art-in-latest-exhibition-at-the-benton/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=UConn Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Director Nataša Urban is in research to build a documentary starring her, called "Better to be a tree than a girl". It is a documentary about a group of young women painters from Bihar, India, who use the ancient Mithila painting style to fight discrimination and patriarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Better to be a Tree than a Girl |url=https://natasaurban.com/better-to-be-a-tree-than-a-girl |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=natasaurban.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* 2021 - Padma Shri<ref name=":0" />
* 2012 - State of Bihar Award for Excellence in Art<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Dulari}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Indian folk artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Women artists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]

Vaigasi Poranthachu

2026-03-03T05:01:30Z

Digitechroshni: started post

{{short description|1990 film by Radha Bharathi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vaigasi Poranthachu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Radha Bharathi]]
| writer = Radha Bharathi
| producer = K. Prabhakaran
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prashanth]]|[[Kaveri (Tamil actress)|Kaveri]]}}
| cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj
| editing = Lancy Mohan
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Anbalaya Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|11|16}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vaigasi Poranthachu''''' ({{IPAc-en|v|aɪ|ɡ|ɑː|s|i|_|p|ɔːr|ən|ð|ɑː|tʃ|u}} {{translation|[[Vaisakha|Vaigasi]] is born}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Radha Bharathi]] in his debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2004 |title=Returning back |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/returning-back-kannada-news-10403 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229114440/https://www.indiaglitz.com/returning-back-kannada-news-10403 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film stars debutants [[Prashanth]] and [[Kaveri (Tamil actress)|Kaveri]]. It was released on 16 November 1990 and became a commercial success.<ref name="S">{{Cite web |title=Prasanth |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=16006107&cid=2409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403222258/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=16006107&cid=2409 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=27 October 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Prema Vijayam'' and was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[I Love You (1992 film)|I Love You]]'' (1992) with Prashanth reprising his role.<ref name="S"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |pages=205}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kumaresan belongs to a poor family and lives with his mother Lakshmi and his grandmother. He is often mocked for not knowing who his father is. He compensates for it with his naughtiness. Kumaresan is a brilliant student but naughty at school. Along with his friends, he teases Ranjitha, the daughter of Pandidurai, the village head. She is the apple of her father's eye and is a spoilt rich brat. A few months later, after a few encounters, attracted by Kumaresan's wit and pranks, Ranjitha falls in love with him. The major factor in this was when she mocked Kumaresan as son of a unmarried mother only to find out from her own adoptive mother that she herself was the daughter of an unmarried woman raped by her father.

Pandidurai becomes furious knowing his daughter's love affair. His henchmen lock Kumaresan up, in Pandidhurai's house and lash him with a whip. Not able to stand this savage treatment on Kumaresan Ranjitha swoons. Ranjitha's mother Parvathi helps her daughter to elope with Kumaresan. A massive hunt is launched by the village head & what happened to the young lovers is the rest of the story. In the end, Mayilappan, the most trusted and notorious henchman of Pandidhurai comes from prison and is tasked to finish off Kumaresan. In a climatic twist, Mayilappan kills Pandidhurai revealing himself to be Kumaresan's father and exposing Pandidhurai's betrayal in not taking care of his lover or bailing him out as promised.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prashanth]] as Kumaresan
*[[Kaveri (Tamil actress)|Kaveri]] (Dubbing voice by Kokila) as Ranjitha
*[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Lakshmi, Kumaresan's mother
*[[Sangeetha (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Ranjitha's mother
*K. Prabhakaran as Pandidurai, Ranjitha's father
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Parvathi, Pandidurai's first wife
*[[Janagaraj]] as Chinnarasu
*[[Charle]] as Teacher
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Headmaster
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Vaiyapuri
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Malaiyappan, Kumaresan's father
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaigasi Porandhachu (1990) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001927 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117040915/https://www.raaga.com/album/?mid=t0001927 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=7 October 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaigasi Poranthachu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Deva |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/vaigasi-poranthachu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-deva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229114621/https://macsendisk.com/product/vaigasi-poranthachu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-deva/ |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref> Deva composed all the songs in one day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dileep |first=Lalita |date=16 August 1992 |title=Play on, play on |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=f4BlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1029%2C1148619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418135415/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=f4BlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1029%2C1148619 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The soundtrack became hugely popular and gave Deva a break as composer.<ref name="dinakaran">{{Cite web |date=28 December 1999 |title=Cine Biography: Music Director Deva (Part-1) |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/28-12-99/Deva.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010111211000/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/28-12-99/Deva.htm |archive-date=11 January 2001 |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2 November 2007 |title=My first break |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/02/stories/2007110250471600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125130356/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/02/stories/2007110250471600.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=7 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Chinna Ponnuthaan" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:00
|-
| "Kanne Karisal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:34
|-
| "Neela Kuyile" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra || 4:41
|-
| "Thani Kudam Yedhuthu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:20
|-
| "Pappalungure Pala Pala" || Sunder Rajan, Rajan Sakaravarthi || 1:18
|-
| "Inji Idupazhagi" || Sunder Rajan, Rajan Sakaravarthi || 0:46
|-
| "Pallikudam Pogamale" || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:54
|-
| "Aatha Un Kovililae" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], K. S. Chithra || 5:04
|-
| "Vazha Maram" || Sunder Rajan, [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] || 1:40
|}

== Reception ==
C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the film had all the typical cliches of Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=9 December 1990 |title=வைகாசி பொறந்தாச்சு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-12-09/page/34/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230605141911/https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-12-09/page/34/mode/2up |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=34 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director]], and Viswanathan won the award for Best Sound Effects at the same ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title=Chinnathambi bags six awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=29 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 July 2017 |title=Music composer Deva: the monarch of Gaana music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-deva-talks-about-tweaking-ragas-and-understanding-film-music-in-his-journey-from-composer-to-singer/article19316698.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128160028/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-deva-talks-about-tweaking-ragas-and-understanding-film-music-in-his-journey-from-composer-to-singer/article19316698.ece |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1990 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Radha Bharathi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Saif Ali Khan

2026-02-28T17:34:18Z

Digitechroshni: general reworked citations per sources further and updated info after review

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer (born August 1970)}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Saif SG screening.jpg
| caption = Khan in 2024
| birthname = Sajid Ali Khan Pataudi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|08|16}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer}}
| years_active = 1991–present
| works = [[Saif Ali Khan filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Amrita Singh]]|1991|2004|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Kareena Kapoor]]|2012}}
}}
| children = 4, including [[Sara Ali Khan]] and [[Ibrahim Ali Khan (actor)|Ibrahim Ali Khan]]
| mother = [[Sharmila Tagore]]
| father = [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
| family = [[Pataudi family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Saif Ali Khan|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2010)
| title =
}}

'''Saif Ali Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi''' (born '''Sajid Ali Khan Pataudi'''; 16 August 1970)<ref>{{cite news|title=Saif-Kareena wedding: Saif gets married as Sajid Ali Khan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Kareena-wedding-Saif-gets-married-as-Sajid-Ali-Khan/articleshow/16835439.cms|date=16 October 2012|access-date=18 October 2012|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909165613/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Kareena-wedding-Saif-gets-married-as-Sajid-Ali-Khan/articleshow/16835439.cms|archive-date=9 September 2016}}</ref> is an Indian actor and film producer who primarily works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. The titular head of the [[Pataudi family]] since 2011, he is the son of actress [[Sharmila Tagore]] and cricketer [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-01 |title=Saif Ali Khan is now the 10th Nawab of Pataudi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saif-Ali-Khan-is-now-the-10th-Nawab-of-Pataudi/articleshow/10562215.cms |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Khan has won [[List of awards and nominations received by Saif Ali Khan|several awards]], including a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] and seven [[Filmfare Awards]], and received the [[Padma Shri]], the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|fourth highest Indian civilian]] award in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aamir, Rahman to receive Padma Bhushan; Padma Shree for Rekha, Saif|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128214849/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/01/25/13696/index.html|archive-date=28 January 2010|date=25 January 2010|url-status=live|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>

Khan made his acting debut in ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]'' (1993),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2025-03-12 |title=Saif Ali Khan time-travels! Shoots at his debut film spot after 32 years! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-time-travels-shoots-at-his-debut-film-spot-after-32-years-1503407310.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> and had success in the multi-starrers ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'' (1994), ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994), ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]'' (1999) and ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]'' (1999). In the 2000s, he gained praise and won multiple awards for his roles in the romantic comedies ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001) and ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), and had success as a solo male star in the romances ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' (2004), ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'', ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (both 2005) and ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' (2007).

Khan also earned critical acclaim for playing a manipulative businessman in ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' (2004),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parashar |first=Shivam |date=2021-01-13 |title=Omkara to Tandav, what makes Saif Ali Khan the only Khan unafraid to take risks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/omkara-to-tandav-what-makes-saif-ali-khan-the-only-khan-unafraid-to-take-risks-1758663-2021-01-13 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> an apprentice in the English film ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' (2006) and the [[Iago]] character in ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' (2006). He had further commercial success in the action thrillers ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' (2008) and ''[[Race 2]]'' (2013), and the romantic comedies ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' (2009) and ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012). Between another string of under-performing ventures, Khan was appreciated for headlining [[Netflix]]'s first original Indian series ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' (2018–2019)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Jayanti |date=2018-07-08 |title=Saif Ali Khan Shines in Netflix's 'Sacred Games' And Aren't We Glad to Have Him Back |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/livewire/sacred-games-netflix-saif-ali-khan/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=LiveWire |publisher=The Wire |location=India |language=en-US}}</ref> and had his highest-grossing releases in the action films ''[[Tanhaji]]'' (2020) and ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' (2024).

Khan has been noted for [[Saif Ali Khan filmography|his roles]] in a range of film genres—from crime dramas to action thrillers and comic romances. In addition to his film career, Khan is a frequent television presenter and stage performer, endorses various brands and products, and owns the production companies Illuminati Films and Black Knight Films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-03 |title=Saif Ali Khan sets up production company Black Knight Films, to produce Nitin Kakkar's Jawani Janeman - Entertainment News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saif-ali-khan-sets-up-production-company-black-knight-films-to-produce-nitin-kakkars-jawani-janeman-5306411.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210306104544/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saif-ali-khan-sets-up-production-company-black-knight-films-to-produce-nitin-kakkars-jawani-janeman-5306411.html |archive-date=2021-03-06 |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref> Khan was married to his first wife, [[Amrita Singh]], for thirteen years, after which he married actress [[Kareena Kapoor]]. He has four children—two with Singh and two with Kapoor.

== Early life and family ==
{{See also|Pataudi family}}
Khan was born on 16 August 1970 in [[New Delhi]], [[India]] to [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]], a former captain of the [[India national cricket team]], and his wife [[Sharmila Tagore]], a film actress.<ref name="legacy" />{{r|rmajor}} Khan's father, who was the son of the last ruling [[Nawab]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]] during the [[British Raj]], received a [[privy purse]] from the [[government of India]] under terms worked out in the [[political integration of India]], and was allowed to use the title [[Nawab of Pataudi]] until 1971 when the title was abolished. Following Mansoor Ali Khan's death in 2011, a symbolic [[Rasam Pagri|pagri ceremony]] was held in the village of [[Pataudi]], [[Haryana]] to "crown" Khan as the "tenth Nawab of Pataudi", which Khan attended to please the sentiments of the villagers, who wanted him to continue a family tradition.{{efn|name=nawab|Official recognition of titles was ended by the [[Government of India]] in 1971.<ref name="nawab">{{cite news|title=Saif Ali Khan is now the 10th Nawab of Pataudi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saif-Ali-Khan-is-now-the-10th-Nawab-of-Pataudi/articleshow/10562215.cms|access-date=1 November 2011|work=The Times of India|date=1 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102034403/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saif-Ali-Khan-is-now-the-10th-Nawab-of-Pataudi/articleshow/10562215.cms|archive-date=2 November 2011}}</ref>}} Khan has two younger sisters, jewellery designer [[Saba Ali Khan]] and actress [[Soha Ali Khan]].

He is the paternal grandson of [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]], who played for the [[Indian cricket team in England in 1946]], and [[Sajida Sultan]], the [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab Begum of Bhopal]]. [[Hamidullah Khan]], the last ruling [[Nawab of Bhopal]] was his great-grandfather, and the cricketer [[Saad Bin Jung]] is his first cousin.<ref name="legacy" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/assam-ulfa-opposes-award-to-sharmila-tagore/20130514.htm|title=Assam: ULFA opposes award to Sharmila Tagore|first=K.|last=Anurag|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mangaokar, Shalvi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-am-very-proud-of-my-bengali-heritage-saif-ali-khan/story-mAWZhuq7LofadF2XAsaebJ.html|title=I am very proud of my Bengali heritage: Saif Ali Khan|date=11 November 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=30 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913233823/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-am-very-proud-of-my-bengali-heritage-saif-ali-khan/story-mAWZhuq7LofadF2XAsaebJ.html|archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> He is also the great-grandnephew of [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab Begum of Bhopal]] [[Abida Sultan]], the great-grandnephew of [[Major general|Major-General]] [[Sher Ali Khan Pataudi]] who served as the [[Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Army]], the grandnephew of [[Shahryar Khan]] (diplomat and former Chairman of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]]) and [[Ashiq Hussain Qureshi]] (Pakistani cricketer), his paternal uncle Major-General Isfandiyar Ali Khan Pataudi (son of Sher Ali Khan Pataudi), has served as the [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence|Deputy Director General of Pakistan's ISI]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Swarup, Shubhangi |date=29 January 2011 |title=The Kingdom of Khan |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/the-kingdom-of-khan |url-status=live |journal=OPEN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402073310/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/the-kingdom-of-khan |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=24 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=প্রতিবেদন |first=নিজস্ব |title=কাকা-ভাই ভারতীয় ক্রিকেট দলের অধিনায়ক, ভাইপো বলি তারকা, এই পটৌডি ছিলেন আইএসআই কর্তা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/things-to-know-about-former-isi-official-isfandiyar-ali-khan-pataudi-one-of-the-distant-uncles-of-saif-ali-khan-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1425650 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925224343/https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/things-to-know-about-former-isi-official-isfandiyar-ali-khan-pataudi-one-of-the-distant-uncles-of-saif-ali-khan-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1425650 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=2025-02-01 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-26 |title=Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi's cousin in running for next Pak ISI chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/pakistan/story/pak-isi-chief-major-general-isfandiyar-ali-khan-pataudi-94286-2012-02-25 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-25 |title=Saif Ali Khan on Phantom, uncle Isfandiyar: My uncle is in equal trouble for having relatives in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/saif-ali-khan-on-phantom-uncle-isfandiyar-my-uncle-is-in-equal-trouble-for-having-relatives-in-india-290076-2015-08-25 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He has also a family connection with [[Urdu literature|Urdu]] poet [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]], as both Ghalib and Khan's paternal great-grandfather married daughters of the [[Loharu State|Nawab of Loharu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dubey |first1=Bharti |last2=Mankermi |first2=Shivani |date=23 July 2023 |title=ETimes BFFs: Did you know Saif Ali Khan's Pataudi family has an inter-relation with great Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/etimes-bffs-did-you-know-saif-ali-khans-pataudi-family-has-an-inter-relation-with-great-urdu-poet-mirza-ghalib/articleshow/102051129.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208214831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/etimes-bffs-did-you-know-saif-ali-khans-pataudi-family-has-an-inter-relation-with-great-urdu-poet-mirza-ghalib/articleshow/102051129.cms |archive-date=8 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Speaking about his childhood, Khan said that he was exposed to a "life beyond movies",<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kandpal, Kathika|title=All men must marry much younger women|url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/all-men-must-marry-much-younger-women-5136.html|access-date=29 July 2016|journal=Filmfare|date=13 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809104335/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/all-men-must-marry-much-younger-women-5136.html|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> and his mother described him as someone who was "not an easy child [...] He was impulsive [and] spontaneous."<ref>{{cite web|author=Saran, Sathya|title=Sharmila on Saif: He is not like Tiger at all|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/sharmila-on-saif-he-was-not-an-easy-child-329173.html|access-date=29 July 2016|publisher=Firstpost|date=1 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714211946/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/sharmila-on-saif-he-was-not-an-easy-child-329173.html|archive-date=14 July 2016}}</ref> Saif grew up a [[Muslim]].<ref name="rmajor">{{Cite web |title='Religion played a major role in my upbringing' |url=https://sabrangindia.in/interview/religion-played-major-role-my-upbringing |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210120165940/https://sabrangindia.in/interview/religion-played-major-role-my-upbringing |archive-date=20 January 2021 |date=1 August 1998}}</ref><ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319353/i-know-there-is-a-higher-power-but-i-cant-say-for-sure-what-that-is-saif-ali-khan "I Know There Is a Higher Power, but I Can't Say for Sure What That Is: Saif Ali Khan"] (9 September 2021). ''[[The Express Tribune]]''. Retrieved 20 June 2023.</ref> As a child, he recalls fond memories of watching his father playing cricket in the garden and has emphasized that his father's education and background had a lasting impression on how family life was conducted.<ref>{{cite news|title=My father was the last of his kind: Saif Ali Khan|date=8 November 2011|access-date=30 July 2016|author=Chaturvedi, Anshul|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-father-was-the-last-of-his-kind-Saif-Ali-Khan/articleshow/10641093.cms|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219173432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-father-was-the-last-of-his-kind-Saif-Ali-Khan/articleshow/10641093.cms|archive-date=19 February 2018}}</ref> Khan studied at [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], and was later sent to [[Lockers Park School]] in [[Hertfordshire]] at the age of nine.<ref name="legacy">{{cite news|author=Bhattacharya, Roshmila|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130421/jsp/7days/story_16809262.jsp|title='I've inherited his legacy of goodwill, but... he is a difficult role model to follow'|date=21 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=28 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818084008/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130421/jsp/7days/story_16809262.jsp|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref> He next enrolled at [[Winchester College]] and explained that "I did not take advantage of my tenure [there]. My classmates went on to [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], but I was not academically inclined. When I applied myself, which was not often, I stood first. I should have studied harder."<ref name="legacy" />

After graduating from the boarding school, Khan returned to India and worked for an advertising firm in [[Delhi]] for two months.<ref name="chameleon">{{cite news|author=Bamzai, Kaveree|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20060807-bollywood-star-saif-ali-khan-shows-his-range-in-omkara-784869-2006-08-06|title=Urban chameleon|date=7 August 2006|work=India Today|access-date=9 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805104328/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-star-saif-ali-khan-shows-his-range-in-omkara/1/190876.html|archive-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> He later appeared in a television commercial for ''[[Gwalior]] Suiting'' upon the insistence of a family friend, and was subsequently cast by director Anand Mahindroo. The project eventually got cancelled but Khan relocated to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in film; he recalls, "Finally I had some direction and focus. I remember [...] feeling so excited that I could go to Mumbai, stay in my own place and enjoy the adventure of starting my own career."<ref name="chameleon" />

== Personal life and career ==
{{See also|Saif Ali Khan filmography}}

=== First marriage, early roles, and breakthrough (1991–2000) ===
In 1991, Khan was cast as the male lead in [[Rahul Rawail]]'s romantic drama ''[[Bekhudi]]'' (1992) alongside debutante [[Kajol]]. After completing the first [[shooting schedule]] of the film, he was considered to be unprofessional by Rawail, and was replaced by [[Kamal Sadanah]].<ref name="Playing Saif">{{cite news|title=Playing Saif|date=24 May 2008|access-date=21 July 2009|author=Bose, Derek|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080524/saturday/main1.htm|work=The Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024100955/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080524/saturday/main1.htm|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> While filming ''Bekhudi'', Khan met actress [[Amrita Singh]] whom he married in October 1991.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Ali-Khan-Amrita-Singh-Kajol-Rahul-Rawail-Kareena-Kapoor-Khan/articleshow/24590195.cms|title=Saif Ali Khan and Amrita Singh's first date|date=27 October 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123233429/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Ali-Khan-Amrita-Singh-Kajol-Rahul-Rawail-Kareena-Kapoor-Khan/articleshow/24590195.cms|archive-date=23 January 2016}}</ref> Singh gave birth to their daughter [[Sara Ali Khan|Sara]] in 1995, and to their son [[Ibrahim Ali Khan (actor)|Ibrahim]] in 2001. The couple separated in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|author=Singh, Aparna|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/saif-ali-khans-daughter-sara-graduates-from-columbia-university-is-she-ready-to-be-part-of-bollywood-324421-2016-05-19|title=Saif Ali Khan's daughter Sara graduates from Columbia University|date=19 May 2016|work=India Today|access-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818061834/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/saif-ali-khans-daughter-sara-graduates-from-columbia-university-is-she-ready-to-be-part-of-bollywood/1/672012.html|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>

In 1993, Khan made his acting debut with Yash Chopra's ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]''. The film, which tells the story of two estranged brothers (played by [[Aamir Khan]] and Khan), failed to find a wide audience.<ref name="Saif BO" /> The same year, he appeared opposite [[Mamta Kulkarni]] and [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] in the box office Hit ''[[Aashiq Awara]]'' and Average Grosser ''[[Pehchaan (1993 film)|Pehchaan]]''.<ref name="Saif BO">{{cite web|title=Saif Ali Khan filmography|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/saifalikhan.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205061911/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/saifalikhan.htm|archive-date=5 December 2006 |publisher=Box Office India|access-date=26 January 2007}}</ref> For his performance in the former, Khan earned the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] at the [[39th Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="Awards" />

Following an appearance in the successful ''[[Imtihaan]]'' (1994) with [[Raveena Tandon]] and [[Sunny Deol]],<ref name="BO 1994">{{cite web|title=Box Office Results 1994|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1994.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206183759/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1994.htm|archive-date=6 December 2006|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=26 January 2007}}</ref> Khan paired up with [[Akshay Kumar]] for his next two releases— [[Yash Raj Films]]' hit romantic comedy-drama ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'' and the action film ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''. The former was an unofficial remake of the 1954 [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] film ''[[Sabrina (1954 film)|Sabrina]]'', and depicted a love triangle between a chauffeur's daughter (played by [[Kajol]]) and the two sons of her father's employers (played by Kumar and Khan).<ref>{{harv|McNally|2010|p=216}}</ref> ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (the second film in the [[Khiladi (film series)|''Khiladi'' series]]) featured Khan as an aspiring actor, and emerged as the fifth highest-grossing film of the year.<ref name="BO 1994" /> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reported that the success of both films proved a [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] for Khan, and his performance in ''Main Khiladi Tu Anari'' fetched him his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] at the [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="BO 1994" /><ref name="Journey">{{cite web|author=Tuteja, Joginder|date=17 March 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3188/|title=Exploring the two decade journey of Saif Ali Khan – Part I|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=22 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812233730/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3188/|archive-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' singled out his performances in both films, noting his comic timing in the latter kept the audience "in splits whenever he appears on screen".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mannath |first1=Malini |title=Racy despite holes in script |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWFlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 September 1994 |language=en}}</ref> Khan's next two releases of the year, the dramas ''[[Yaar Gaddar]]'' and ''[[Aao Pyaar Karen (1994 film)|Aao Pyaar Karen]]'', were unsuccessful. His career observed a steady decline through the 1990s; all nine films he starred in{{mdash}}''[[Surakshaa (1995 film)|Surakshaa]]'' (1995), ''[[Ek Tha Raja]]'' (1996), ''[[Bambai Ka Babu (1996 film)|Bambai Ka Babu]]'' (1996), ''[[Tu Chor Main Sipahi]]'' (1996), ''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1996 film)|Dil Tera Diwana]]'' (1996), ''[[Hameshaa]]'' (1997), ''[[Udaan (1997 film)|Udaan]]'' (1997), ''[[Keemat: They Are Back]]'' (1998) and ''[[Humse Badhkar Kaun]]'' (1998){{mdash}}were commercially Average Grossers and some unsuccessful.<ref name="Saif BO" /> During this time, critics perceived his career to be over.<ref name="Playing Saif" /><ref name="Journey" />

[[File:Saif and Salman at Mukti concert.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Salman Khan in a conversation with Saif|Pictured with co-actor [[Salman Khan|Salman]] at an event for [[World Aids Day]] in 2007, with whom he co-starred in the ensemble drama ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]'' (1999){{mdash}}Khan's biggest commercial success of the decade.]]

After four consecutive years of poorly-received films, Khan's career prospects began to improve in 1999; he appeared in four films: ''[[Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'', ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]'', ''[[Aarzoo]]'', and ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Raheja, Dinesh|title=Saif: Bollywood's rising star|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dinesh/20050912.htm|date=12 September 2006|work=Rediff.com|access-date=22 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910184540/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dinesh/20050912.htm|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> The romantic comedy ''[[Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' (alongside [[Twinkle Khanna]]) and the romance ''Aarzoo'' (alongside [[Madhuri Dixit]] and Akshay Kumar) earned little at the box office, but the action-thriller ''Kachche Dhaage'' (a story about two estranged brothers becoming the target of a terrorist conspiracy) was Khan's first commercial success since ''Main Khiladi Tu Anari and Imtihan'' .<ref name="BO 1999">{{cite web|title=Top India Total Nett Gross 1999|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828013058/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1999|archive-date=28 August 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref> Directed by [[Milan Luthria]], the film was generally well received, but critics noted that Khan was overshadowed by co-actor [[Ajay Devgn]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Verma, Sukanya|title=Birthday special: Unraveling Saif Ali Khan|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-birthday-special-unraveling-saif-ali-khan/20120816.htm|date=16 August 2012|work=Rediff.com|access-date=22 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910193620/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-birthday-special-unraveling-saif-ali-khan/20120816.htm|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> The film, however, earned Khan his second Best Supporting Actor nomination at Filmfare.<ref name="Awards" /> Khan described his final release of the year, the [[Sooraj Barjatya]]-directed family drama ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'', as a "morale-booster".<ref>{{cite news|title=These days Saif has a reason to smile|date=13 September 2001|access-date=22 July 2016|author=Grover, Gautam|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010913/main8.htm#1|work=The Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009163422/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010913/main8.htm#1|archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> The film featured an [[ensemble cast]] ([[Mohnish Behl]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Sonali Bendre]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]]) and emerged as the highest-grossing film of the year, earning over {{INRConvert|800|m}} worldwide.<ref name="BO 1999" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1999|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905031700/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1999|archive-date=5 September 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref> During the filming of ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'', Khan was charged with [[poaching]] two [[blackbuck]]s in Kankani along with co-stars Salman, Tabu, Bendre and [[Neelam Kothari]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sessions court confirms five-year imprisonment for Salman Khan|date=25 August 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082557720100.htm|access-date=17 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418162947/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082557720100.htm|archive-date=18 April 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> That year, he also appeared briefly in the [[David Dhawan]]-directed comedy ''[[Biwi No.1]]'', a box office hit.<ref name="BO 1999" />

The drama ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' by director [[Kundan Shah]] was Khan's only release of 2000, in which he played the [[wikt:casanova|casanova]] Rahul Modi. Co-starring alongside [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Chandrachur Singh]], Khan compared the portrayal of his character with his own evolving maturity as a father.<ref>{{cite news|title=My tapori days are over|date=1 March 2001|access-date=23 July 2016|author=Sehgal, Nutan|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010301/main8.htm#3|work=The Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709054723/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010301/main8.htm#3|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> The film addressed themes of [[single parent]]hood and [[teenage pregnancy]], and emerged as a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Releases 2000|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101155214/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2000|archive-date=1 November 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' believed Khan "looks debauched enough to be the rogue he plays. He is the only dark aspect in a film that is sunny and bright even at its most tragic."<ref>{{cite news|author=Jain, Mimmy|title=Steering clear of cliches|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/20000527/faf21002.html|date=27 May 2000|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309180926/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/20000527/faf21002.html|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Rise to prominence (2001–2004) ===
In 2001, Khan appeared in [[Eeshwar Nivas]]' box office flop ''[[Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]]'',<ref name="BO 2001">{{cite web|title=Releases 2001|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101174005/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2001|archive-date=1 November 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> (a film loosely inspired by the 1996 [[black comedy]] ''[[Fargo (1996 film)|Fargo]]'').<ref>{{cite web|author=Vijayan, Vipin|title=Bollywood can't do without 'love'!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/03slid3.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=3 July 2008|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910182858/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/03slid3.htm|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Following this, he featured alongside [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Akshaye Khanna]] in [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[comedy drama]] ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''. Depicting the contemporary routine life of Indian affluent youth, it is set in modern-day urban Mumbai and focuses on a major transitional period in the lives of three young friends.<ref>{{cite web|author=Arora, Pratiksha|title='It's the maddest unit I've worked with'|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/09pre2.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=9 August 2001|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316111939/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/09pre2.htm|archive-date=16 March 2008}}</ref> Khan played Sameer Mulchandani, a "hopeless romantic", and was particularly drawn to the qualities of his character.<ref name="Saif">{{cite news|author=Kalla, Avinash|date=25 January 2004|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040125/spectrum/main6.htm|title=A Sa(i)f bet|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=2 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903192029/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040125/spectrum/main6.htm|archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Sameer is closest to me': Saif Ali Khan on his role in Dil Chahta Hai|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/08dil2.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=8 August 2001|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910180508/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/08dil2.htm|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> ''Dil Chahta Hai'' was very popular with critics and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2002|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Allah-has-been-kind-to-me-Tabu/articleshow/17191630.cms|title=Allah has been kind to me: Tabu|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010075536/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Allah-has-been-kind-to-me-Tabu/articleshow/17191630.cms|archive-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The film performed well in big cities, but failed in rural areas, which was attributed by critics to the urban-oriented lifestyle it presented.<ref name="BO 2001" /><ref>{{harv|Chatterjee|Deenvi|Nihalani|2003|p=128}}</ref> The feature marked a significant turning point in Khan's career,<ref name="Playing Saif" /> earning him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] and awards for Best Supporting Actor at the [[Screen Awards|Screen]], [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine]] and [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Academy]] (IIFA) ceremonies.<ref name="Awards" /> [[Rediff.com]] wrote that Khan was able to rise above his "under-sketched character", and the critic [[Taran Adarsh]] described him as "excellent", arguing that it was his "career-best performance".<ref>{{cite web|author=Adarsh, Taran|title=Dil Chahta Hai Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54493|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 August 2001|access-date=26 January 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116062501/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54493|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Menon, Sita|title=Trip on Dil Chahta Hai|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/10dil.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=10 August 2001|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026005746/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/10dil.htm|archive-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Audio Launch of Kal Ho Naa Ho.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Khan pictured with [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] at an event for ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' in 2003]]

Following appearances in two poorly-received films (''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' (2001) and ''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]'' (2002),<ref name="BO 2001" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Releases 2002|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101184033/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2002|archive-date=1 November 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> Khan played a photographer in the second chapter ("No Smoking") of [[Prawaal Raman]]'s [[Anthology film|anthology]] ensemble thriller ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' (2003). The film failed to find a wide audience and earned little at the box office.<ref name="BO 2003">{{cite web|title=Releases 2003|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918185411/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2003|archive-date=18 September 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' described his next film, the [[Nikhil Advani]]-directed romantic comedy-drama ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), as a "landmark" in his career.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tuteja, Joginder|date=20 March 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3197/|title=Exploring the two decade journey of Saif Ali Khan – Part II|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813082848/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3197/|archive-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> Set in [[New York City]], it was written by [[Karan Johar]] and co-starred [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and Preity Zinta. With a worldwide revenue of over {{INRConvert|860|m}}, the film was received favourably by critics and became India's biggest hit of the year.<ref name="Worldwide 2003">{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2003|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905031710/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/2003|archive-date=5 September 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> It also did well internationally and became the highest-grossing film of the year overseas.<ref name="Worldwide 2003" /> Khan was cast in the role of Rohit Patel{{mdash}}a carefree young man who falls in love with Zinta's character{{mdash}}after Advani had seen his performance in ''Dil Chahta Hai''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Verma, Sukanya|date=26 November 2003|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/26advani.htm|title=KHNH bigger than KMG? I hope!|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214640/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/26advani.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', [[Komal Nahta]] described Khan as a "natural" and "extremely endearing", and [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]] from ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' opined that he was successful in displaying "a gamut of emotions".<ref>{{cite web|author=Nahta, Komal|date=8 December 2003|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/kal-ho-naa-ho/222273|title=Kal Ho Naa Ho|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407212514/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/kal-ho-naa-ho/222273|archive-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mukherjee, Ram Kamal|journal=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]|url=http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&subsection=&xml=December2003_reviews_standard50|title=Kal Ho Naa Ho|access-date=24 August 2016|archive-date=26 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031226072038/http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&subsection=&xml=December2003_reviews_standard50}}</ref> Khan garnered several awards for his performance, including his first Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor,<ref name="Awards" /> and expressed gratitude to Shah Rukh for teaching "me so much{{mdash}}mainly the responsibility of the main lead".<ref>{{cite news|author=Upala KBR|date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-favourite-roles-2114835|title=Birthday Special: Saif Ali Khan talks about his favourite roles|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727124320/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-favourite-roles-2114835|archive-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> He explained that the film's success led to Yash Raj Films casting him in the 2004 romantic comedy ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''. At the end of the year, he appeared briefly as Cpt. [[Anuj Nayyar]] in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s ensemble box office flop ''[[LOC Kargil]]''.<ref name="BO 2003" />

In an attempt to avoid [[Typecasting (acting)|typecasting]] and broaden his range as an actor, Khan starred as Karan Singh Rathod in the 2004 thriller ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'', a character he described as "a [[Charles Sobhraj]]-meets-[[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] kind of a guy".<ref name="Saif" /> The film (which marked the debut of [[Sriram Raghavan]]) tells the story of a young woman (played by [[Urmila Matondkar]]) who meets Khan's character and is subsequently arrested for having links with the underworld. When Khan was initially offered the project, he was unable to commit due to his busy schedule.<ref name="Saif" /> However, he agreed when Raghavan approached him for the second time, and in preparation for the role, exercised extensively for six months to achieve the physical attributes of his character.<ref name="Saif" /> Upon release, the film was positively received by critics, with Khan's performance earning praise. Film critic [[Anupama Chopra]] wrote that Khan gave "an accomplished performance", while ''[[Deccan Herald|The Deccan Herald]]'' opined that he was successful in "break[ing] out of the cool dude stereotype" and "hold[ing] his own in a movie that is completely Matondkar's."<ref>{{cite news|author=Chopra, Anupama|date=2 February 2004|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040202-film-review-ek-hasina-thi-starring-urmila-matondkar-saif-ali-khan-790626-2004-02-01|title=Patchy brilliance|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=22 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818111533/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-ek-hasina-thi-starring-urmila-matondkar-saif-ali-khan/1/196666.html|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=K, Kavitha|date=18 January 2004|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan182004/mr1.asp|title=Ek Hasina Thi – Hindi|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=2 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902084830/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan182004/mr1.asp|archive-date=2 September 2013}}</ref> For his performance, Khan received nominations at the [[Screen Awards|Screen]], Zee Cine and [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] ceremonies.<ref name="Awards" />

[[File:Saif at 52nd National Award.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Saif Ali Khan receiving award from A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Pictured with Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (left) at the [[52nd National Film Awards]] in 2005 where Khan won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]] award for ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'']]

For his next release, Khan starred opposite [[Rani Mukerji]] in [[Kunal Kohli]]'s ''Hum Tum'', a romantic comedy about two headstrong individuals meeting at different stages of their lives. He was cast in the role of Karan Kapoor (a young cartoonist and womanizer) after Aamir Khan was unable to do the film; Kohli said, "I realised that the role needed a younger man [...] someone who could present a more youthful picture. Saif has this unique quality, he can play a 21-year old as well as a 29-year old and was ideal for [the film]."<ref name="Saif arrives">{{cite news|author=Gangadhar, V.|date=25 June 2004|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/06/25/stories/2004062501120100.htm|title=Saif arrives|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005160618/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/06/25/stories/2004062501120100.htm|archive-date=5 October 2009}}</ref> With worldwide revenue of {{INRConvert|426|m}}, the film proved one of the biggest commercial successes of the year<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2004|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905031715/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/2004#.V5BMJpOAOko|archive-date=5 September 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> and Khan's first success in which he played the sole male lead.<ref name="Saif arrives" /> ''Rediff.com'' wrote of his performance: "Saif reprises his urbane self from ''Dil Chahta Hai'' and ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'', peppering it with occasional fits of introspection and angst, and marking himself as an actor whose time has come."<ref>{{cite web|author=Nanda, Tanmaya K|date=29 May 2004|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/29hum.htm|title=Hum Tum: a casting coup!|work=Rediff.com|access-date=2 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015000444/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/29hum.htm|archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> He won the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role, in addition to his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]], and was conferred the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] at the [[52nd National Film Awards]] amid much controversy.<ref name="Awards" /><ref name="NFA" /> It marked the beginning of his work with Yash Raj Films, one of the largest production houses in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news|author=Naval-Shetye, Aakanksha|date=25 October 2012|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-yash-chopra-saved-me-from-going-extinct-saif-ali-khan-1755953|title=Yash Chopra saved me from going extinct: Saif Ali Khan|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=22 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122192316/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-yash-chopra-saved-me-from-going-extinct-saif-ali-khan-1755953|archive-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> In 2004, Khan began dating model Rosa Catalano; they separated three years later.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jha, Subhash K|date=3 July 2008|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/marriage-announcement-very-soon-saif-ali-khan/story-m8WQ2lj4xsVMHRQ0w8chEP.html|title=Marriage announcement very soon: Saif Ali Khan|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913170604/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/marriage-announcement-very-soon-saif-ali-khan/story-m8WQ2lj4xsVMHRQ0w8chEP.html|archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Established actor and film production (2005–2010) ===
In 2005, Rediff.com published that Khan had established himself as a leading actor in Hindi cinema with starring roles in the romantic drama ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' and the comedy-drama ''[[Salaam Namaste]]''.<ref name="rediff05">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/22yend2.htm|title=Ten best Bollywood actors of 2005|author=Kulkarni, Ronjita|date=22 December 2005|work=Rediff.com|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009181037/http://www.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/22yend2.htm|archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> An adaptation of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s [[Parineeta (novel)|1914 Bengali novella by the same name]], ''Parineeta'' was directed by [[Pradeep Sarkar]], and narrated the love story of an idealist (Lalita, played by [[Vidya Balan]]) and a musician (Shekhar, played by Khan), the son of a capitalist businessman.<ref name="Parineeta">{{cite journal|author=Elley, Derek|date=7 February 2006|url=https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/parineeta-1200518683/|title=Parineeta:Film Review|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=2 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112182837/http://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/parineeta-1200518683/|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> Although the film's producer, [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], considered Khan too inexperienced for the part, he was persuaded by Sarkar who felt that Khan was perfect for the role.<ref>{{cite web|author=IndiaFM News Bureau|date=7 June 2005|url=http://indiafm.com/features/2005/6/7/16/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322234519/http://indiafm.com/features/2005/6/7/16/index.html|archive-date=22 March 2006|title="Small people with big egos, not for me!" – Vidhu Vinod Chopra|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> The film garnered critical acclaim upon release and Khan's portrayal earned him his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref name="Awards" /> [[Derek Elley]] from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote, "Khan, who has gradually been developing away from light comedy, again shows smarts as a substantial actor."<ref name="Parineeta" /> [[Siddharth Anand]]'s ''Salaam Namaste'' became the first Indian feature to be filmed entirely in Australia<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Film/Bollywood-on-Bourke-Street/2005/05/12/1115843307939.html|title=Bollywood on Bourke Street|author=Phillips, Mark|date=13 May 2005|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123192457/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Film/Bollywood-on-Bourke-Street/2005/05/12/1115843307939.html|archive-date=23 January 2016}}</ref> and went on to become the year's highest-grossing Bollywood production outside of India with worldwide ticket sales of {{INRConvert|572|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2005|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822061014/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/2005#.V48I5pOAOko|archive-date=22 August 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> The film tells the story of a contemporary [[cohabitation|cohabiting]] Indian couple (Khan and Preity Zinta), and their subsequent struggle with an unexpected pregnancy. Khan played the role of Nikhil Arora, a single modern young man who leaves India to make his own life in [[Melbourne]]. The critic Taran Adarsh praised Khan for delivering his third successive performance<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/65071|title=Salaam Namaste: Movie Review|author=Adarsh, Taran|date=16 September 2005|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910063426/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/65071|archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> and [[Khalid Mohamed]] noted that he "rescues several untidily written scenes with his neat wit and that flustered [...] facial expression."<ref>{{cite news|author=Mohamed, Khalid|date=11 September 2005|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_year-of-live-in-dangerously_1608|title=Year of live-in dangerously|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=2 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005044841/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_year-of-live-in-dangerously_1608|archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Saif at Omkara press conference.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|alt=Saif looking away from the camera|Khan at an event for ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' in 2006]]

He next played the protagonist in the English language [[art film]], ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' (2006), co-starring alongside [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Dimple Kapadia]]. Directed by debutant [[Homi Adajania]], the psychological drama revolves around a dysfunctional [[Parsi]] family with whom Khan's character moves. The film received predominantly positive reviews, and Khan was particularly praised.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshi, Poonam|date=19 March 2006|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/03/24/being_cyrus_2006_review.shtml|title=Being Cyrus (2006)|publisher=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=26 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930095542/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/03/24/being_cyrus_2006_review.shtml|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2006/dec/19yrsl6.htm|title=The Year That Was: 2006|date=19 December 2006|work=Rediff.com|access-date=26 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009151055/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2006/dec/19yrsl6.htm|archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Later in the year, he portrayed the character of [[Iago]] in ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'', the Indian adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Othello]]''. Directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], the film is a tragedy of sexual jealousy set against the backdrop of the political system in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Omkara">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/05/omkara_preview.shtml|title=Omkara|access-date=2 October 2011|author=Gajjar, Manish|date=May 2006|publisher=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111074642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/05/omkara_preview.shtml|archive-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[2006 Cannes Film Festival]] and was selected for screening at the [[Cairo International Film Festival]].<ref name="Omkara" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061206/asp/nation/story_7101465.asp|title=Omkara puzzle here, prize there|access-date=2 October 2011|author=Roy, Amit|date=6 December 2006|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024102206/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061206/asp/nation/story_7101465.asp|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> ''Omkara'' was received positively by critics, and Khan went on to receive widespread critical acclaim and accolades, earning the awards for Best Performance in a Negative Role at the Filmfare, Screen, Zee Cine and IIFA ceremonies; his performance was later included in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" by ''[[Filmfare]]''.<ref name="Awards" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html|title=Filmfare – 80 Iconic Performances 5/10|access-date=2 October 2011|journal=[[Filmfare]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407062344/http://filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html|archive-date=7 April 2011}}</ref> ''Variety'' described it as a "powerhouse performance" and wrote that "[i]t is Khan's film through and through, in a performance of rugged, contained malevolence which trades on his previous screen persona as a likable best friend as well as his stint as the manipulative outsider in ''Being Cyrus''. It is smart casting, superbly realized."<ref>{{cite journal|author=Elley, Derek|date=1 August 2006|url=https://variety.com/2006/film/reviews/omkara-1200514443/|title=Omkara:Film Review|journal=Variety|access-date=17 October 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731211812/http://variety.com/2006/film/reviews/omkara-1200514443/|archive-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>

By 2007, Khan was keen on branching out into [[Film producer|film production]] to "explore various genres of commercial and intellectually stimulating cinema".<ref name="Producer">{{cite news|author=Venkatesh, Jyothi|date=9 February 2007|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saif-turns-producer-1078981|title=Saif turns producer|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012024949/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saif-turns-producer-1078981|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> The critical success of ''Being Cyrus'' led him to create [[Illuminati Films]] and partner up with producer [[Dinesh Vijan]], someone whom he shared a "like-minded perspective and ideology [...] with regard to cinema".<ref name="Producer" /> Khan next reunited with producer Vidhu Vinod Chopra in the 2007 [[Epic film|epic drama]] ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]'' alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Boman Irani]], Sharmila Tagore, and Vidya Balan. Set in the state of [[Rajasthan]] during the early years of Indian independence, the movie revolves around a jealous and ungrateful ruler and his ailing wife. Although the film did not succeed at the box office,<ref>{{cite web|title=Releases 2007|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918193003/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2007#.V4-zzZOAOko|archive-date=18 September 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> it was chosen as [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's official entry to the Oscars]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Eklavya sent to Oscars|author=Dasgupta, Priyanka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Eklavya-sent-to-Oscars/articleshow/2402423.cms|access-date=20 July 2016|date=26 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930075552/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-26/news-interviews/27996379_1_eklavya-official-entry-oscar-entry|archive-date=30 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BBC Online]] described the film as a "cinematic experience" and praised Khan's growth as an actor, particular noting his scene with Bachchan's character.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshi, Poonam|date=1 February 2007|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/02/16/eklavya_2007_review.shtml|title=Eklavya (The Royal Guard) (2007)|publisher=BBC Online|access-date=26 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828085212/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/02/16/eklavya_2007_review.shtml|archive-date=28 August 2007}}</ref> Following an appearance in the poorly-received action-comedy ''[[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]]'' (a production that had been delayed since 2001),<ref>{{cite web|author=IndiaFM News Bureau|date=25 September 2006|url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/09/25/7925/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006220326/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/09/25/7925/index.html|archive-date=6 October 2008|title=Nehle Pe Dehla out this November|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=3 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Adarsh, Taran|date=2 March 2007|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7311/index.html|title=Nehlle Pe Dehlla: Movie Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926050927/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7311/index.html|archive-date=26 September 2009|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> Khan featured opposite Rani Mukerji in the 2007 family drama ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]''. Directed by Siddharth Anand, it received mixed reviews from critics, but earned over {{INRConvert|690|m}} in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2007|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822064703/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/2007#.V48OvZOAOko|archive-date=22 August 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Khalid Mohamed praised Khan for displaying a new maturity,<ref>{{cite news|author=Mohamed, Khalid|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Review: Ta Ra Rum Pum|date=27 April 2007|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-ta-ra-rum-pum/story-O29AD6AiGjTGMGbm4iPlMN.html|access-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031100821/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-ta-ra-rum-pum/story-O29AD6AiGjTGMGbm4iPlMN.html|archive-date=31 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> but [[Rajeev Masand]] thought that neither he nor Mukerji "are able to make much of an impression because their characters are so unidimensional and boring."<ref>{{cite web|author=Masand, Rajeev|publisher=RajeevMasand.com|title=Movie Review: Ta Ra Rum Pum|date=27 April 2007|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-tara-rum-pum/|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101920/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-tara-rum-pum/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Khan achieved further success in 2008, starring in the [[Abbas–Mustan]] thriller ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' with an ensemble cast including [[Anil Kapoor]], Akshaye Khanna, [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Sameera Reddy]]. The feature was loosely adapted from the 1998 [[United States|American film]] ''[[Goodbye Lover]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080420/TV/tv-times00008.html|title=Race|date=20 April 2008|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009151126/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080420/TV/tv-times00008.html|archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> and became one of the year's biggest box office hits, earning {{INRConvert|1.03|b}} worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /> [[CNN-IBN]]'s Rajeev Masand found Khan to be a standout among the ensemble, adding that he has "the least dialogue, but the one who makes the best impression".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-race-is-a-pacy-thriller/|title=Masand's Verdict: Race is a pacy thriller|access-date=3 October 2011|author=Masand, Rajeev|date=24 March 2008|publisher=RajeevMasand.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422233713/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-race-is-a-pacy-thriller/|archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> This was followed by three projects produced by Yash Raj Films: the action-thriller ''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]'', the fantasy comedy-drama ''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]'', and the animated film ''[[Roadside Romeo]]'', all of which were unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|title=Releases 2008|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101160906/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2008|archive-date=1 November 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Saif and Deepika at LAK first look.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|alt=Deepika and Saif pose for the camera|Khan with co-actor [[Deepika Padukone]] at an event for ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' in 2009; it was the first film to release under his production company [[Illuminati Films]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 June 2009|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/saif-turns-producer-with-love-aaj-kal/474819/|title=Saif turns producer with 'Love Aaj Kal'|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011200252/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/saif-turns-producer-with-love-aaj-kal/474819/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In 2009, Khan appeared in the romantic drama ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2009 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'', a production that had been delayed since 2000. The film garnered negative reviews and poor box office returns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Releases 2009|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101160622/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2009|archive-date=1 November 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> Khan's role was small, and not well received.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India|title=Sanam Teri Kasam Movie Review|date=22 May 2009|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Sanam-Teri-Kasam/movie-review/4567000.cms|access-date=23 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219173433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Sanam-Teri-Kasam/movie-review/4567000.cms|archive-date=19 February 2018}}</ref> He next starred in his company's first project: ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' (2009), a romantic comedy-drama from the writer-director [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]. Featured opposite [[Deepika Padukone]], the film documented the changing value of relationships among the youth, and Khan played dual roles{{mdash}}the younger version of [[Rishi Kapoor]]'s character (Veer Singh) and Jai Vardhan Singh, an ambitious architect. ''Love Aaj Kal'' received highly positive reviews from critics and became one of the highest-grossing films of the year, earning over {{INRConvert|1|b}} worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide gross">{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total#.VbC_lvmSiYA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919181138/http://boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total#.VqnmS_l97IU|archive-date=19 September 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> Gaurav Malani of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' described his performance as "refreshing natural" and "outstanding".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-12/news/27662031_1_love-aaj-kal-love-story-saif-ali-khan|title=Love Aaj Kal: Movie Review|author=Malani, Gaurav|date=12 December 2009|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709083450/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-12/news/27662031_1_love-aaj-kal-love-story-saif-ali-khan|archive-date=9 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[55th Filmfare Awards]], ''Love Aaj Kal'' was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and Khan received his fourth nomination for Best Actor.<ref name="Awards" />

He then starred in the thriller ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' alongside [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Dia Mirza]]. Produced by Dharma Productions, the film marked the directorial debut of Rensil D'Silva and featured Khan in the role of a terrorist. Upon release, ''Kurbaan'' was received favourably by critics and Khan's performance was critically acclaimed. A review in ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' praised his "easy transition from a charming lover to a heartless man on a deadly mission."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091121/jsp/entertainment/story_11765691.jsp|title=Sacrifice, not a simple word|author=Roy, Priyanka|date=21 November 2009|work=The Telegraph|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818115706/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091121/jsp/entertainment/story_11765691.jsp|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Career fluctuations and second marriage (2011–2015) ===
In 2011, he appeared in [[Prakash Jha]]'s multi-starrer drama ''[[Aarakshan]]''. Set in the city of [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh, the film deals with the policy of [[Caste system in India|caste-based reservations]] in government jobs and educational institutions.<ref name="Ban">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aarakshan-banned-in-UP-AP-Punjab/articleshow/9572642.cms|title='Aarakshan' banned in UP, AP, Punjab|date=12 August 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010075540/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aarakshan-banned-in-UP-AP-Punjab/articleshow/9572642.cms|archive-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> Khan portrayed Deepak Kumar, a rebellious student who joins the mafia. To prepare for the role, Khan was required to take acting workshops along with the rest of the cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/06/02/7548/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607202233/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/06/02/7548/index.html|archive-date=7 June 2011|title=Saif becomes Prakash Jha's new blue eyed boy after Ajay?|author=Tuteja, Joginder|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> Prior to its release, the film was banned from release in select cities across India due to its controversial subject.<ref name="Ban" /> While the film received a mixed critical reaction, his performance was generally well received.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/08/13/7815/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018201109/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/08/13/7815/index.html|archive-date=18 October 2011|title=Subhash K. Jha speaks about Aarakshan|author=Jha, Subhash K|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> The following year, Khan produced both of his own films. For his first release, he collaborated once again with director Sriram Raghavan, as the protagonist in the action thriller ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''. Khan described it as his "most ambitious project",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/11776/bollywood-tightens-its-purse-strings/|title=Bollywood tightens its purse strings|agency=Reuters|date=9 May 2010|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817091342/http://tribune.com.pk/story/11776/bollywood-tightens-its-purse-strings/|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> but the film opened to mixed reviews and eventually under-performed at the box office grossing {{INRConvert|400|m}} in India on a budget of {{INRConvert|620|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-ten-biggest-flops-of-2012/20121227.htm|title=Bollywood's Ten Biggest Flops of 2012|author=N, Patcy|date=27 December 2012|work=Rediff.com|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317185348/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-ten-biggest-flops-of-2012/20121227.htm|archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref>

In his next release, Homi Adajania's romantic comedy-drama ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'', he featured as software engineer Gautam Kapoor. Set in London, the film follows Kapoor's relationship with two temperamentally different women: an impulsive party girl (Veronica, played by Padukone) and a submissive [[girl next door]] (Meera, played by [[Diana Penty]]). Khan described the project as "a love story with a modern sensibility and treatment", and agreed to produce and feature in the film after his role was declined by [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1263381|title=Imran out; Saif and Deepika in Homi Adajania's next|date=13 December 2010|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072153/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1263381|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Critics were divided in their opinion of the film,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-verdict-cocktail-works-but-in-bits/story-cFNQiVGyPXFUTKmsSUSBEN.html|title=Critics verdict: Cocktail works, but in bits|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 July 2013|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122353/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-verdict-cocktail-works-but-in-bits/story-cFNQiVGyPXFUTKmsSUSBEN.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> but it emerged a financial success grossing over {{INRConvert|1.2|b}} worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /> Gaurav Malani of ''The Times of India'' described Khan's performance as "effortless" and noted that he was in his "comfort zone".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Cocktail-Movie-Review/articleshow/14862832.cms|title=Cocktail: Movie Review|author=Malani, Gaurav|date=13 July 2012|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010075553/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Cocktail-Movie-Review/articleshow/14862832.cms|archive-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>

On 16 October 2012, Khan married actress [[Kareena Kapoor]] after a five-year courtship in a private ceremony in [[Bandra]], Mumbai. A [[Wedding reception|reception]] was later held at [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] and the [[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]] in Mumbai and Delhi respectively. The couple have two sons, Taimur born in 2016 and Jeh born in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121017/jsp/frontpage/story_16099644.jsp|title=Sajid beats Saif to the altar – After civil marriage, a suspense at play|access-date=22 July 2015|date=16 October 2012|work=The Telegraph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219182545/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121017/jsp/frontpage/story_16099644.jsp|archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Saif & Kareena marriage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor pose for the camera|Khan with his wife [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena]] at their [[Civil marriage|registry marriage]] ceremony in 2012]]

The following year, Khan collaborated with Padukone for the fourth time (alongside Anil Kapoor, [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] and [[Ameesha Patel]]) in Abbas–Mustan's ''[[Race 2]]'' (2013), an ensemble action thriller that served as a sequel to ''Race'' (2008). The film received predominantly negative reviews from critics,<ref>{{cite news|title=Critics report: Race 2 not worth it|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-report-race-2-not-worth-it/story-QhSKezAX1YGfNcpJEyKCTJ.html|access-date=19 July 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081019/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-report-race-2-not-worth-it/story-QhSKezAX1YGfNcpJEyKCTJ.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> but with a total collection of {{INRConvert|1.62|b}}, it proved to be a commercial success.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /> He was next cast as Boris, a "[[Russian mafia]] don",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2013/may/09why-go-goa-gone-could-be-saifs-tropic-thunder.htm|title=Why Go Goa Gone could be Saif's Tropic Thunder|author=Sen, Raja|date=9 May 2013|work=Rediff.com|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910184444/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2013/may/09why-go-goa-gone-could-be-saifs-tropic-thunder.htm|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> in [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]]'s ''[[Go Goa Gone]]'' (described as "India's first [[Zombie comedy|zom-com]]")<ref name="GGG review">{{cite web|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/zombie-high/|title=Zombie High|author=Masand, Rajeev|date=10 May 2013|publisher=RajeevMasand.com|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822101857/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/zombie-high/|archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> alongside [[Kunal Khemu]] and [[Vir Das]]. Khan, who [[Hair coloring|bleached]] his hair for the film, was particularly drawn to the project for its novel concept and its "action, comedy and violence".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120728/jsp/entertainment/story_15780773.jsp|title=Saif's success|author=Upadhyay, Karishma|date=28 July 2012|work=The Telegraph|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818111305/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120728/jsp/entertainment/story_15780773.jsp|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-happy-to-take-a-backseat-in-go-goa-gone-saif-ali-khan-1830237|title=Happy to take a backseat in 'Go Goa Gone': Saif Ali Khan|date=3 May 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030005126/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-happy-to-take-a-backseat-in-go-goa-gone-saif-ali-khan-1830237|archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> The critic Rajeev Masand described the film as "a winning cocktail of laugh-out-loud dialogue and well-timed performances by the three leads", and in particular noted Khan's scene with Khemu's character.<ref name="GGG review" /> His final release of the year was ''[[Bullett Raja]]'', a crime drama directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]], and co-starring [[Jimmy Shergill]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]]. Khan explained that he found it challenging to play the role of Raja Mishra (a common man who turns into a [[gangster]]) and "totally relied" on Dhulia's guidance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131201/spectrum/main9.htm|title=From Chhote Nawab to Raja|date=1 December 2013|work=[[Sunday Tribune]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819212401/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131201/spectrum/main9.htm|archive-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> ''Bullett Raja'' earned little at the box office and received predominantly negative reviews. Writing for [[Firstpost]], Mihir Fadnavis found Khan to be "miscast" and described his performance as "[[Farce|farcial]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/fans-of-dhulia-saif-weep-bullett-raja-is-a-disaster-1257333.html|title=Fans of Dhulia, Saif, weep: Bullett Raja is a disaster|author=Fadnavis, Mihir|date=30 November 2013|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913091611/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/fans-of-dhulia-saif-weep-bullett-raja-is-a-disaster-1257333.html|archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

In an interview with ''The Times of India'', Khan explained that he regretted starring in [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]'s 2014 comedy ''[[Humshakals]]''.<ref name="Humshakals">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Ali-Khan-Humshakals-was-a-mistake/articleshow/38590378.cms|title=Saif Ali Khan: Humshakals was a mistake|author=Pathak, Ankur|date=18 July 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822125658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Ali-Khan-Humshakals-was-a-mistake/articleshow/38590378.cms|archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Co-starring with an ensemble cast ([[Ritesh Deshmukh]], [[Ram Kapoor]], Bipasha Basu, [[Tamannaah]] and [[Esha Gupta]]), Khan portrayed three different characters in an attempt to "expand my market" and step out of his comfort zone.<ref name="Humshakals" /> ''The Hindustan Times'' described it as a "dim-witted comedy" and criticised Khan for being "the worst thing about [the film]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-saif-ali-khan-is-the-worst-thing-about-humshakals/story-ARgTQStO9YSB5UBHi4SIcN.html|title=Movie review: Saif Ali Khan is the worst thing about Humshakals|author=Kaushal, Sweta|date=21 June 2014|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913233032/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-saif-ali-khan-is-the-worst-thing-about-humshakals/story-ARgTQStO9YSB5UBHi4SIcN.html|archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> He next produced and featured in ''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]'' (2014), a romantic comedy directed by Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K. [[NDTV]]'s Saibal Chatterjee found Khan's character (a struggling writer) to be "a breezy rejig of his ''Hum Tum'' and ''Salaam Namaste'' persona of a decade ago", and noted that "the many collegiate hook-ups and break-ups he pulls off in ''Happy Ending'' do not look completely at odds with the film's purpose."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/happy-ending-movie-review-1060|title=Happy Ending Movie Review|author=Chatterjee, Saibal|date=21 November 2014|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816014804/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/happy-ending-movie-review-1060|archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> ''Humshakals'' proved to be a commercial disaster and ''Happy Ending'' underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7584/|title=Why is Saif Ali Khan in unsafe waters today?|author=Vijayakar, Rajiv|date=2 December 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813003040/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7584/|archive-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

Following a brief appearance in the comedy ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]'' (2015), he appeared alongside Kaif in [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]'s [[counter-terrorism]] drama ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'' (2015). Based on the book ''Mumbai Avengers'' by [[Hussain Zaidi]], the film is a retelling of the aftermath of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai attacks]].<ref name="Phantom">{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/phantom-a-controversial-territory-for-katrina-kaif-saif-ali-khan|title=Phantom, a controversial territory for Katrina Kaif, Saif Ali Khan|author=Dani, Arti|date=27 August 2015|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809150238/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/phantom-a-controversial-territory-for-katrina-kaif-saif-ali-khan|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> Khan was cast as Cpt. Daniyal Khan, a former soldier hired by the [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW agency]]. ''Phantom'' generated controversy when the [[Central Board of Film Censors]] deemed that the film represented Pakistan in a negative light and banned the film from being released there.<ref name="Phantom" /> A review in ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' noted that Khan was "well cast" and "believable" in his role,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/phantom-film-review-818583|title='Phantom': Film Review|author=Tsering, Lisa|date=31 August 2015|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184126/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/phantom-film-review-818583|archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> and Rachit Gupta of ''Filmfare'' described his performance as "a heady mix of bravado and restrained intensity [which] works in parts only."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-phantom-10343.html|title=Movie Review: Phantom|author=Gupta, Rachit|date=27 August 2015|publisher=Filmfare|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428182846/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-phantom-10343.html|archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> Although Khan was pleased with the film's performance, ''Phantom'' was generally perceived to be a box-office failure grossing {{INRConvert|844|m}} worldwide on a budget of {{INRConvert|720|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-sajid-nadiadwala-kabir-khan-combo-in-phantom-paid-off-says-saif-ali-khan-2121570|title=The Sajid Nadiadwala-Kabir Khan combo in 'Phantom' paid off, says Saif Ali Khan|author=Upala KBR|date=4 September 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012013321/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-sajid-nadiadwala-kabir-khan-combo-in-phantom-paid-off-says-saif-ali-khan-2121570|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Phantom|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2979|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=28 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910205237/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2979|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Commercial setbacks and professional expansion (2016–2022) ===
[[File:Saif at Chef event.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Saif poses for the camera|Khan at an event for ''[[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]]'' in 2017]]

During his year-long absence from the screen, Khan actively looked to play different parts, saying: "These are smarter movies, the interaction with them is deeply rewarding... I think I am finally beginning to understand my sense of style as an actor. I am developing my craft, understanding what acting and communication is."<ref name="bandra">{{cite news|author=Joshi, Namrata|title='I want to shoot an entire film in Bandra': Saif Ali Khan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-want-to-shoot-an-entire-film-in-bandra/article19797556.ece|access-date=7 October 2017|work=The Hindu|date=4 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004194044/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-want-to-shoot-an-entire-film-in-bandra/article19797556.ece|archive-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> He found such a role in his second collaboration with director Vishal Bhardwaj, ''[[Rangoon (2017 Hindi film)|Rangoon]]'' (2017), an epic romance set during [[World War II]]. Cast alongside [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]], Khan drew inspiration from the mannerisms of his grandfather and the character [[Darth Vader]] to portray filmmaker Rustom "Rusi" Billimoria.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/saif-ali-khan-grandfather-iftikhar-ali-khan-pataudi-stylist-rangoon-rusi-billimoria-bollywood-news/18007155|title=Saif Ali Khan: My father was stylish, but my granddad was impeccably dressed|author=Shiware, Shweta|date=19 February 2017|work=Mid Day|access-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313125704/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/saif-ali-khan-grandfather-iftikhar-ali-khan-pataudi-stylist-rangoon-rusi-billimoria-bollywood-news/18007155|archive-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> Rajeev Masand termed the film "overlong, indulgent to the point of exhaustion", but praised Khan for "imbu[ing] Russi with the swagger and the arrogance of an aristocrat from the forties".<ref>{{cite web|author=Masand, Rajeev|title=Rangoon Movie Review: It's Overlong, Indulgent to the Point of Exhaustion|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/rangoon-movie-review-its-overlong-indulgent-to-the-point-of-exhaustion-1352927.html|access-date=13 March 2017|website=[[News18]]|date=26 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228192711/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/rangoon-movie-review-its-overlong-indulgent-to-the-point-of-exhaustion-1352927.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

He next starred as the protagonist (Roshan Kalra) in 2017 comedy-drama ''[[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]]'' (an official adaptation of the 2014 [[Chef (2014 film)|film of the same name]]) from the director [[Raja Krishna Menon]].<ref name="bandra" /> Khan was pleased to work with Menon, and identified with the film due to its "modern, slightly unorthodox take on relationships".<ref name="bandra" /> He drew upon several real-life experiences for his character, and trained at the [[JW Marriott Hotels]] in Mumbai in preparation.<ref name="bandra" /> The film received generally positive reviews, with several commentators declaring that it was Khan's best performance to that point.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saif Ali Khan Garners Praises From Critics For His Brilliant Performance In 'Chef'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/saif-ali-khan-garners-praises-from-critics-for-his-brilliant-performance-in-chef/18641182|access-date=22 October 2017|work=Mid Day|date=9 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063627/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/saif-ali-khan-garners-praises-from-critics-for-his-brilliant-performance-in-chef/18641182|archive-date=23 October 2017}}</ref> Anupama Chopra wrote: "Khan get[s] his groove back... [He] doesn't play Roshan as a hero having a bad day. He gives us a flawed, fumbling man who is trying to repair the broken chords of his life."<ref>{{cite web|author=Chopra, Anupama|title=Chef Movie Review|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/chef-movie-review-anupama-chopra|access-date=7 October 2017|publisher=Film Companion|date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008072512/http://www.filmcompanion.in/article/chef-movie-review-anupama-chopra|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As with his last few releases, ''Rangoon'' and ''Chef'' earned little at the box office, leading trade analysts to question his commercial appeal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kangana and Saif's brand endorsements take a hit after recent box office failures|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/131017/failures-at-box-office-affect-saif-and-kanganas-brands.html|access-date=22 October 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021060144/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/131017/failures-at-box-office-affect-saif-and-kanganas-brands.html|archive-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>

Following an appearance in the poorly-received 2018 black comedy ''[[Kaalakaandi]]'' directed by Akshat Verma, Khan appeared as [[Police ranks and insignia of India|Inspector]] Sartaj Singh in India's first [[Netflix#Original programming|Netflix original series]], the crime thriller ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'', based on [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]]'s [[Sacred Games (novel)|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Laha Roy|first=Tasmayee|title=Flop streak continues: Saif Ali Khan's recent films have been 'Kaalakaandi' for his career|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/flop-streak-continues-saif-ali-khans-recent-films-are-kaalakaandi-for-his-career-2483671.html|access-date=15 January 2018|publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|date=19 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116092727/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/flop-streak-continues-saif-ali-khans-recent-films-are-kaalakaandi-for-his-career-2483671.html|archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-how-india-s-first-netflix-original-came-together/story-qDGceqq9SR4jStYluu1vhM.html|author=Choudhary, Vidhi|title=Sacred Games: How India's first Netflix original came together|date=7 July 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-how-india-s-first-netflix-original-came-together/story-qDGceqq9SR4jStYluu1vhM.html|archive-date=15 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Cast alongside [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Radhika Apte]], Khan was drawn by the opportunity to be part of a "creative zone, devoid of certain pressures and constraints that one would associate with the kind of films we normally do."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/886789/there-is-a-fear-that-someone-would-just-skip-this-saif-ali-khan-on-netflix-series-sacred-games|author=Pal, Chandrima|title='There was a fear that someone would just skip this': Saif Ali Khan on Netflix series 'Sacred Games'|date=17 July 2018|work=[[Scroll.in]]|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718063632/https://scroll.in/reel/886789/there-is-a-fear-that-someone-would-just-skip-this-saif-ali-khan-on-netflix-series-sacred-games|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The show received high critical acclaim;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sacred-games-first-netflix-original-from-india-reviews-rotten-tomatoes-2018-7|author=Lynch, John|title=Netflix's first original series from India, 'Sacred Games,' is an addictive crime thriller with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes|date=9 July 2018|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726071835/https://www.businessinsider.com/sacred-games-first-netflix-original-from-india-reviews-rotten-tomatoes-2018-7|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/sacred_games/s01/|title=SACRED GAMES: SEASON 1 (2018)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726172404/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/sacred_games/s01|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ankur Pathak of ''[[HuffPost]]'' called it "a sure-shot winner" and took note of Khan's "stellar performance, one that [he] chews on slowly as he disappears into the broken persona of a tormented cop."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/09/sacred-games-review-india-finally-has-a-prestige-tv-drama-to-call-its-own_a_23477897/|author=Pathak, Ankur|title='Sacred Games' Review: India Finally Has A Prestige TV Drama To Call Its Own|date=10 July 2018|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716140626/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/09/sacred-games-review-india-finally-has-a-prestige-tv-drama-to-call-its-own_a_23477897/|archive-date=16 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In his next release, he starred as the businessman Skakun Kothari in Gauravv Chawla's ''[[Baazaar]]'', a drama set against the backdrop of [[National Stock Exchange of India|Mumbai's stock exchange market]]. Khan worked with Chawla to provide off-screen inputs, and was attracted to the idea of playing the antagonist, describing it as "a devious character" from the [[Indian epic poetry]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-character-in-his-new-release-baazaar-1376576-2018-10-27|author=Saxena, Manjari|title=Saif Ali Khan talks about his character in his new release Baazaar|date=27 October 2018|work=India Today|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011200253/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-character-in-his-new-release-baazaar-1376576-2018-10-27|url-status=live}}</ref> The critic Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' commended Khan for "blending the right amount of wickedness with willfulness", but [[Namrata Joshi]] found him to be "stiff [and] stern ... to communicate a rather facetious sense of menace."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/8fIVgtJx6GDzeQoTQuoBII/Movie-review-Baazaar.html|author=Jhunjhunwala, Udita|title=Movie review: Baazaar|date=25 October 2018|work=Mint|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505162058/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/8fIVgtJx6GDzeQoTQuoBII/Movie-review-Baazaar.html|archive-date=5 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baazaar-review-collapse-at-dalal-street/article25336974.ece|author=Joshi, Namrata|title='Baazaar' review: Collapse at Dalal Street|date=26 October 2018|work=Mint|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011200253/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baazaar-review-collapse-at-dalal-street/article25336974.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Baazaar'' was a box-office failure grossing {{INRConvert|399|m}} worldwide on a budget of {{INRConvert|340|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baazaar|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5526|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501115811/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5526|archive-date=1 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ajay Devgn & Saif Ali Khan at Tanhaji event.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Ajay and Saif pose together for the camera|Pictured with co-actor [[Ajay Devgn]] at an event for ''[[Tanhaji]]'' in 2020. It marked their second collaboration and the film emerged as Khan's highest-grossing release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ajay-devgns-tanhaji-heads-for-rs-200-cr-mark-after-smashing-weekend-becomes-saif-ali-khans-highest-grossing-film/articleshow/73432762.cms|title=Ajay Devgn's 'Tanhaji' heads for Rs 200 cr-mark after smashing weekend, becomes Saif Ali Khan's highest-grossing film|date=20 January 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011200253/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ajay-devgns-tanhaji-heads-for-rs-200-cr-mark-after-smashing-weekend-becomes-saif-ali-khans-highest-grossing-film/articleshow/73432762.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Khan's desire to choose films based upon artistic merit rather than commercial appeal led him to feature as the protagonist in the 2019 action-drama ''[[Laal Kaptaan]]''.<ref name="wildwolf">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-on-playing-a-wild-wolf-in-friday-film-laal-kaptaan/cid/1712153|author=Upadhyay, Karishma|title=Saif Ali Khan on playing a 'wild wolf' in Friday film Laal Kaptaan|date=18 October 2019|work=The Telegraph|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017171207/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-on-playing-a-wild-wolf-in-friday-film-laal-kaptaan/cid/1712153|archive-date=17 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Directed by [[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]], it is set in the 18th century and tells the story of a [[sadhu]] (Khan) who goes on a killing spree with the intention of exacting revenge upon a [[subedar]]. Filming in the barren landscape of rural Rajasthan proved physically daunting for Khan, and in preparation for the role he learned sword-fighting and horse-riding, and worked with a dialect coach to speak in a [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani accent]]. He described it as "the hardest thing I have done so far", and considered the opportunity a critical learning experience that helped him personally and professionally;<ref name="wildwolf" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-on-his-challenging-role-in-laal-kaptaan-it-was-the-hardest-thing-ive-ever-done-so-far-7507261.html|author=Sinha, Seema|title=Saif Ali Khan on his challenging role in Laal Kaptaan: 'It was the hardest thing I've ever done so far'|date=17 October 2019|work=Firstpost|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207220952/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-on-his-challenging-role-in-laal-kaptaan-it-was-the-hardest-thing-ive-ever-done-so-far-7507261.html|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> however, it failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office: Ghost, Laal Kaptaan flop|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-ghost-laal-kaptaan-flop/20191022.htm|access-date=10 May 2020|work=Rediff.com|date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023142133/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-ghost-laal-kaptaan-flop/20191022.htm|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Huffington Post'' praised Khan's decision to choose "morally ambiguous roles", but noted that he was "too wooden, bereft of any allure or mystery."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/laal-kaptaan-movie-review_in_5da8611de4b0b24e75de13c5|author=Pathak, Ankur|title='Laal Kaptaan' Movie Review: Saif Ali Khan's Revenge Saga Is Awfully Dull|date=17 October 2011|work=HuffPost|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105200128/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/laal-kaptaan-movie-review_in_5da8611de4b0b24e75de13c5|archive-date=5 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan began the new decade with a starring role in 2020's ''[[Tanhaji]]'', a [[historical drama]] directed by [[Om Raut]]. Set in the 17th century, it revolves around the attempt by a [[Tanaji Malusare|Maratha warrior]] (played by Devgn) to [[Battle of Sinhagad|recapture the Kondhana fortress]] from a [[Rajput]] fort keeper (played by Khan). He was attracted to the idea of starring in a "larger-than-life" film and felt challenged by Raut's insistence on [[Exaggeration|overplaying]] his character; he explained that the process left him "very enriched" and he was pleased with the collaboration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saif-ali-khan-on-reunting-with-ajay-devgn-on-tanhaji-hes-one-of-the-most-confident-and-generous-actors-today-7869751.html|author=Sinha, Seema|title=Saif Ali Khan on reunting with Ajay Devgn on Tanhaji: He's one of the most confident and generous actors today|date=7 January 2020|work=Firstpost|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107174043/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saif-ali-khan-on-reunting-with-ajay-devgn-on-tanhaji-hes-one-of-the-most-confident-and-generous-actors-today-7869751.html|archive-date=7 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tanhaji'' was acclaimed by critics and emerged as a major commercial success, grossing over {{INRConvert|3.67|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-victory-of-tanhaji/articleshow/73194952.cms|title=The victory of Tanhaji|date=8 May 2020|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112090313/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-victory-of-tanhaji/articleshow/73194952.cms|archive-date=12 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office: Tanhaji is the highest grosser of 2020 at the worldwide box office so far with approx. 367 crores|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-tanhaji-highest-grosser-2020-worldwide-box-office-far-approx-367-crores/|access-date=10 May 2020|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420185259/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-tanhaji-highest-grosser-2020-worldwide-box-office-far-approx-367-crores/|archive-date=20 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing the film for [[Film Companion]], Anupama Chopra found Khan's performance to be the film's prime asset, and credited him for playing "the exaggerated evil with a cheeky panache."<ref>{{cite web|author=Chopra, Anupama|title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior Movie Review – An Action Movie Rolled Into An Amar Chitra Katha Comic|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-an-action-movie-rolled-into-an-amar-chitra-katha-comic|access-date=10 May 2020|publisher=Film Companion|date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033717/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-an-action-movie-rolled-into-an-amar-chitra-katha-comic|archive-date=7 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Hindustan Times'' opined that Khan had delivered his best performance to date, noting his "moments of mirth with his sinister laugh amid killing people."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-ajay-devgn-s-classic-century-saif-ali-khan-goes-bad-in-style/story-q2rRPCQkpzDK3XiFpUo2EL.html|author=Kukreja, Monika Rawal|title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior movie review: Ajay Devgn's classic century, Saif Ali Khan goes bad in style|date=10 January 2020|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206091540/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-ajay-devgn-s-classic-century-saif-ali-khan-goes-bad-in-style/story-q2rRPCQkpzDK3XiFpUo2EL.html|archive-date=6 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tanhaji'' earned Khan his second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. His next release of the year was ''[[Jawaani Jaaneman]]'', a comedy-drama about the life of a bachelor (played by Khan) who discovers that he has a daughter (played by [[Alaya Furniturewala]]). The feature was produced under his new company, Black Knight Films, and received generally positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saif Ali Khan launches his new banner Black Knight Films, signs director Nitin Kakkar|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-launches-new-banner-black-knight-films-signs-director-nitin-kakkar/|access-date=4 October 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004133702/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-launches-new-banner-black-knight-films-signs-director-nitin-kakkar/|archive-date=4 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kunal Guha of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' found that the film allowed Khan to "slip into a familiar-yet-age appropriate avatar in a refreshing coming-of-age story."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/jawaani-jaaneman-movie-review-playing-saif/articleshow/73783921.cms|author=Guha, Kunal|title=Jawaani Jaaneman movie review: This Saif Ali Khan, Alaya F and Tabu-starrer does not have a dull moment|date=31 January 2020|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304154257/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/jawaani-jaaneman-movie-review-playing-saif/articleshow/73783921.cms|archive-date=4 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Khan first appeared as a politician in [[Amazon Prime Video]]'s drama series ''[[Tandav (TV series)|Tandav]]'' created and directed by [[Ali Abbas Zafar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2020|title=Tandav teaser: Saif leads the multi-player game of power and politics|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tandav-teaser-saif-ali-khan-leads-the-multi-player-game-of-power-and-politics-7108331/|access-date=17 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The show opened amid protests and police complaints against its makers for allegedly insulting [[Hindu deities]] and hurting the religious sentiments of Hindus,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |author1-link=Jeffrey Gettleman |author2-link=Suhasini Raj |title=Amazon Web Drama Draws the Wrath of India's Hindu Nationalists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/business/india-amazon-tandav.html |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707115602/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/business/india-amazon-tandav.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Dutta|2022|p=155}} following which Zafar cut several scenes and issued an apology.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Suhasini |last2=Gettleman |first2=Jeffrey |title=Director of Amazon India Drama Cuts Scenes Amid Outcry From Hindu Nationalists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/22/business/india-amazon-tandav.html |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128203228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/22/business/india-amazon-tandav.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Critical reception was mixed.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=16 January 2021 | archive-date=16 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116030316/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tandav-review-a-lackadaisical-attempt-at-portraying-indias-diverse-polity/article33580234.ece | first1=Sayan | last1=Ghosh | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tandav-review-a-lackadaisical-attempt-at-portraying-indias-diverse-polity/article33580234.ece | title=''Tandav'' review: A lackadaisical attempt at portraying India's diverse polity | url-status=live | work=The Hindu | date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date=17 April 2023 | archive-date=15 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115124146/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tandav-review-dimple-kapadia-saif-ali-khans-web-series-dances-to-a-facile-bollywood-beat-2-stars-out-of-5-2352860 | first1=Saibal | last1=Chatterjee | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tandav-review-dimple-kapadia-saif-ali-khans-web-series-dances-to-a-facile-bollywood-beat-2-stars-out-of-5-2352860 | title=''Tandav'' Review: Dimple Kapadia, Saif Ali Khan's Web-Series Dances to a Facile Bollywood Beat | publisher=NDTV | date=15 January 2021 | url-status=live}}</ref> Khan then starred in the crime comedy ''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]'' opposite Mukerji, and the horror comedy ''[[Bhoot Police]]'' alongside [[Arjun Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bhoot-police-poster-kareena-kapoor-shares-first-look-at-saif-ali-khan-s-horror-comedy-says-new-normal-is-paranormal/story-DraZ60FwqNARTiJH5fYtNN_amp.html|title=Bhoot Police poster: Kareena Kapoor shares first look at Saif Ali Khan's horror comedy, says 'new normal is paranormal'|date=4 November 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118173427/https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bhoot-police-poster-kareena-kapoor-shares-first-look-at-saif-ali-khan-s-horror-comedy-says-new-normal-is-paranormal/story-DraZ60FwqNARTiJH5fYtNN_amp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukerji reunite after 11 years for Bunty Aur Babli 2|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/saif-ali-khan-and-rani-mukerji-reunite-after-11-years-for-bunty-aur-babli-2-1629539-2019-12-19|work=India Today|date=19 December 2019|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219075555/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/saif-ali-khan-and-rani-mukerji-reunite-after-11-years-for-bunty-aur-babli-2-1629539-2019-12-19|archive-date=19 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, he collaborated with Hrithik Roshan on the action film [[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|''Vikram Vedha'']], a remake of the [[Vikram Vedha|2017 Tamil film]]. Saibal Chatterjee wrote that he "inhabits the character of the tough cop with conviction and exudes the external toughness that defines the man and his mission".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=September 30, 2022 |title=Vikram Vedha Review: Hrithik Roshan And Saif Ali Khan Deliver Standout Performances |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vikram-vedha-review-hrithik-roshan-and-saif-ali-khan-deliver-standout-performances-3-stars-3390754 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930044115/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vikram-vedha-review-hrithik-roshan-and-saif-ali-khan-deliver-standout-performances-3-stars-3390754 |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

=== Telugu cinema and stabbing incident (2023–present) ===
Khan began 2023 by playing the villainous [[Ravana|Lankesh]] in the mythological film ''[[Adipurush]]'', inspired by the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', starring [[Prabhas]] as the heroic [[Rama|Raghava]]. It was filmed simultaneously in Hindi and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Budgeted at {{INRconvert|500-700|c}}, it is one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian films]].{{cn|date=October 2025}} It received negative reactions from both critics and audiences, and emerged as a box office bomb.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-24 |title=Adipurush: Why audiences turned against this Bollywood epic |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65980227 |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the following year, Khan had his second Telugu film release in the action film ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'', starring [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]. Avinash Ramachandran of ''The Indian Express'' bemoaned that his performance suffered due to poor writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/devara-movie-review-jr-ntr-anchors-this-action-drama-burdened-by-the-allure-of-a-sequel-9591098/|title=Devara Movie Review: Jr NTR anchors this action drama burdened by the allure of a sequel|website=The Indian Express|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929141021/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/devara-movie-review-jr-ntr-anchors-this-action-drama-burdened-by-the-allure-of-a-sequel-9591098/|url-status=live}}</ref> With a gross of over {{INRConvert|5|b|year=2024}}, it emerged as the highest-grossing film of his career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=Devara: Part 1 Box Office: Jr. NTR starrer storms past Rs. 521+ crores worldwide :Bollywood Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/devara-part-1-box-office-jr-ntr-starrer-storms-past-rs-521-crores-worldwide/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

On 16 January 2025, Khan was stabbed multiple times during an attempted robbery inside his Mumbai residence. He was admitted to [[Lilavati Hospital]] for surgery.<ref>{{cite web|last=Farooque|first=Neyaz|title=Bollywood star Saif Ali Khan stabbed at his Mumbai home|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz0lrg2nrdvo|website=BBC|date=16 January 2024|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> He sustained major injuries on his neck, back and waist. A [[neurosurgery]] was conducted on his [[spinal cord]], where a piece of the knife was lodged which led to leaking [[spinal fluid]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Saif Ali Khan injured after being attacked in Mumbai home, taken to hospital|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1077997/actor-saif-ali-khan-injured-after-being-attacked-in-mumbai-home-taken-to-hospital|website=Scroll.in|date=16 January 2024|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Whittock|first=Jesse|title=Bollywood Star Saif Ali Khan Stabbed In Knife Attack At His Home|url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/saif-ali-khan-stabbed-knife-attack-1236258330/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=16 January 2024|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> Hospital representatives reported that Khan was stable after surgery.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Bollywood Star Saif Ali Khan Stabbed Multiple Times in Mumbai Home Invasion Attack|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/saif-ali-khan-stabbed-1236275567/|work=Variety|date=16 January 2024|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> He was discharged after five days.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bollywood-actor-saif-ali-khan-discharged-from-lilavati-hospital/article69122946.ece|title=Actor Saif Ali Khan discharged from Lilavati hospital after five days|work=The Hindu|date=21 January 2025|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> Using CCTV footage, [[Mumbai Police]] arrested Mohammad Shariful Islam Shahzad, a 30-year-old Bangladeshi national, as the culprit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-mumbai-police-cracked-saif-ali-khan-stabbing-case-using-facial-recognition-cctv-101738308920777.html |title=How Mumbai police cracked Saif Ali Khan stabbing case using facial recognition |author=Chaudhari, Kanchan V. |date=31 January 2025 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In March 2025, Mohammad Shariful Islam appealed for bail in the case, claiming that he was falsely implicated by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=Bangladeshi national arrested in Saif Ali Khan stabbing case claims 'false implication' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bangladeshi-national-arrested-in-saif-ali-khan-stabbing-case-claims-false-implicationnbspnbsp/3792781/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

Following no release in 2024, Khan played a jewel thief in the 2025 Netflix action thriller ''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief – The Heist Begins]]'', alongside [[Nikita Dutta]] and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/netflix-2025-india-content-slate-films-series-1236125713/ |title=Netflix Unveils 2025 India Content Slate: New Films and Series Announced |author=Brzeski, Patrick |date=3 February 2025 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Saif Ali Khan and Jaideep Ahlawat's 'Jewel Thief' gets 2 new dance numbers | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/saif-ali-khan-jaideep-ahlawat-jewel-thief-kookie-gulati-dance-songs-23429937 | website=Mid-day | date=15 November 2024}}</ref> Sukanya Verma criticised Khan's role but was appreciative of his "momentary banter" with Ahlawat.<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Jewel Thief: The Heist Begins Review: This Vault's Empty! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jewel-thief-the-heist-begins-review/20250425.htm |website=Rediff |date=25 April 2025 |accessdate=28 April 2025}}</ref>

== Off-screen work ==
[[File:SRK & SAK at Filmfare08.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Shah Rukh and Saif posing|Khan co-hosted the Filmfare Awards five times with [[Shah Rukh Khan]]: [[48th Filmfare Awards|2003]], [[49th Filmfare Awards|2004]], [[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008]], [[55th Filmfare Awards|2010]] and [[58th Filmfare Awards|2013]]. He also co-hosted once with [[Sonali Bendre]] in [[50th Filmfare Awards|2005]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Dixit, Rekha & Wallia, Kaajal|title=Devdas sweeps Filmfare Awards|date=21 February 2003|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Devdas-sweeps-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/38197713.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007183658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Devdas-sweeps-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/38197713.cms|archive-date=7 October 2016}} {{cite news|author=Rajadhyaksha, Radha & Ansari, Shabana|title=Rani reigns, Shah rules at 50th Filmfare Awards|date=26 February 2005|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rani-reigns-Shah-rules-at-50th-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/1034001.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010075533/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rani-reigns-Shah-rules-at-50th-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/1034001.cms|archive-date=10 October 2016}} {{cite news|title=Shah Rukh Khan to host Filmfare Awards once again!|date=11 January 2016|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-to-host-filmfare-awards-once-again-2164581|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012023434/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-to-host-filmfare-awards-once-again-2164581|archive-date=12 October 2016}} {{cite news|title="3 Idiots" shines at 55th Filmfare Awards|date=2 March 2010|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-128253|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813051925/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-128253|archive-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>]]

=== Tours and ceremonies ===
Alongside his acting career, Khan has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies. He performed in his first concert tour, ''Temptations 2004'', with actors Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta, [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. Showcased in over 22 countries across the world, it became Bollywood's most prominent international concert to that point.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood's Day Out...|date=2 December 2004|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-02/news-interviews/27157774_1_bernard-weber-new-list-aishwarya-rai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630201708/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-943930,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=30 June 2006|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> In 2006, he was part of the ''Heat 2006'' world tour along with Akshay Kumar, Preity Zinta, [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Celina Jaitley]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar & Preity Zinta in Bollywood New York Shows for Aron Govil Productions|date=10 March 2006|url=http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=9273|publisher=Business Wire India|access-date=16 March 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323185651/http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=9273|archive-date=23 March 2006}}</ref> He later performed along with several other Bollywood personalities at the closing ceremony of the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Ruhani, Faheem|title=Ash, Saif, Rani & Lara to rock the Commonwealth Games|date=21 February 2006|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ash-saif-rani-lara-to-rock-the-commonwealth-games-1014127|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024212451/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ash-saif-rani-lara-to-rock-the-commonwealth-games-1014127|archive-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Music ===
In December 2005, Khan performed alongside the band [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]] at the Mittal Gardens in New Delhi, and later reunited with them and [[Strings (band)|Strings]] of Pakistan for ''The Royal Stag Mega Music Concert'' (a four-city concert tour) two years later, Khan playing the [[guitar]] during these performances.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2008 |title=Saif, guitar in hand, Bebo in tow |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080119/jsp/calcutta/story_8800174.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822210539/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080119/jsp/calcutta/story_8800174.jsp |archive-date=22 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2016 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>

=== Philanthropy ===
Since October 2011, Khan has taken over the responsibility of managing his father's eye hospital, and has also made public appearances to support various other charitable causes.<ref name="nawab" /> In February 2005, Khan and several other Bollywood actors participated in the 2005 HELP! Telethon Concert to raise money for the victims of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood unites to present caring face|work=The Telegraph|date=8 February 2007|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp|access-date=21 February 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118103831/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> He took part in a charity cricket match organised by IIFA at [[Headingley Cricket Ground]] in [[West Yorkshire]], England in 2007, and later hosted an event organised by the award ceremony to help raise funds for various charities in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stars to participate in charity cricket match at IIFA|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=31 May 2007|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/news/type/view/id/6331/newsid/1176519|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818152429/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/news/type/view/id/6331/newsid/1176519|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Banerjee, Soumyadipta|title=Saif Ali Khan to host musical for charity|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=1 June 2011|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saif-ali-khan-to-host-musical-for-charity-1549891|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012021924/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saif-ali-khan-to-host-musical-for-charity-1549891|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> In November 2008, Khan performed in a concert to raise money for the victims of the [[2008 Bihar flood]] and in September 2013, he attended a charity dinner organised by the Venu Eye Institute, donating two of his personal belongings to help raise funds for [[Cataract surgery|cataract operations]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Passionate rockstar Saif plays the guitar till his fingers get cut!|date=5 November 2008|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/passionate-rockstar-saif-plays-the-guitar-till-his-fingers-get-cut_15084.html|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011093213/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/passionate-rockstar-saif-plays-the-guitar-till-his-fingers-get-cut_15084.html|archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A family event with Jeffrey Archer for Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor|date=18 September 2013|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-a-family-event-with-jeffrey-archer-for-saif-ali-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-1890440|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012030454/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-a-family-event-with-jeffrey-archer-for-saif-ali-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-1890440|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> Later that year, he spent time with underprivileged kids during the filming of ''Bullett Raja''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bollywood Hungama News Network|title=Saif Ali Khan spends time with underprivileged kids on 'Bullett Raja' sets|work=The Indian Express|date=7 November 2013|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a601984/saif-ali-khan-i-am-thrilled-to-be-the-brand-ambassador-of-ogq/|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910132853/http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a601984/saif-ali-khan-i-am-thrilled-to-be-the-brand-ambassador-of-ogq/|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> In October 2014, Khan was appointed as an ambassador for [[Olympic Gold Quest]] and donated {{INRConvert|2|m}} to help raise funds for the training of athletes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshi, Priya|title=Saif Ali Khan: 'I am thrilled to be the brand ambassador of OGQ'|work=[[Digital Spy]]|date=8 October 2014|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/saif-ali-khan-spends-time-with-underprivileged-kids-on-bullett-raja-sets/1191965/|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219173432/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/saif-ali-khan-spends-time-with-underprivileged-kids-on-bullett-raja-sets/1191965/|archive-date=19 February 2018}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Saif at pagri ceremony.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|alt=Saif Ali Khan looking away from the camera|Khan at his [[Rasam Pagri|pagri ceremony]] in October 2011 where he was anointed as the head of the [[Pataudi family]].]]
In an interview with Rajeev Masand, Khan described himself as "a very private person".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/i-am-no-superstar-saif-ali-khan/|title=I am no superstar: Saif Ali Khan|author=Masand, Rajeev|year=2014|publisher=RajeevMasand.com|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915191730/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/i-am-no-superstar-saif-ali-khan/|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> The journalist [[Roshmila Bhattacharya]] added, "Unlike most actors, his interests are not limited to box office collections and workout routines. [He] can converse on anything, from philosophy to politics, from sports to books and music."<ref name="legacy" /> ''Filmfare'' wrote that earlier in his career, Khan gained a reputation for being arrogant, but later matured into "one of showbiz's biggest and most respected stars."<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gupta, Rachit|title=Sultan of swing: Saif Ali Khan|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/sultan-of-swing-saif-ali-khan-5048-14.html|access-date=30 July 2016|journal=Filmfare|date=31 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122221/http://www.filmfare.com/features/sultan-of-swing-saif-ali-khan-5048-14.html|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> During his career, he has played roles in both high-profile mainstream productions and lesser-publicised films by independent filmmakers, and he has appeared in a range of film genres, although he has found a niche playing roles in romantic comedies.<ref name="chameleon" /><ref name="safe">{{cite journal|author=Pereira, Priyanka|title=Don't Play It Safe, Saif|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/don-t-play-it-safe-saif#all|access-date=11 August 2016|journal=[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]|date=28 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920004700/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/don-t-play-it-safe-saif#all|archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' wrote that his roles in ''Dil Chahta Hai'' (2001), ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' (2003), ''Hum Tum'' (2004), ''Salaam Namaste'' (2005), ''Love Aaj Kal'' (2009) and ''Cocktail'' (2012) were "essentially endearing pretty boys", and the success of these films established him as the "poster boy for romantic comedies".<ref>{{cite news|title=Star Track: Age is just a number|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140404/ttlife1.htm|date=4 April 2014|access-date=30 July 2016|work=The Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009162928/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140404/ttlife1.htm|archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Beth Watkins explains the typical role Khan played in romantic comedies and its appeal:
<blockquote>"Perhaps related is his finesse for playing petulant, arrogant, almost insufferable young men in need of reform, which, this being Bollywood, they can easily achieve through the love of a good woman. Does his real-life golden status—with literature, cinema, cricket and royalty in his lineage—make him exceptionally effective at coming across as spoiled?"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/03/26/bollywood-journal-agent-vinod-and-the-genius-of-saif-ali-khan/|title=Bollywood Journal: 'Agent Vinod' and the Genius of Saif Ali Khan|access-date=11 August 2016|author=Watkins, Beth|date=26 March 2012|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009181340/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/03/26/bollywood-journal-agent-vinod-and-the-genius-of-saif-ali-khan/|archive-date=9 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref></blockquote>

One of the highest-paid actors in Bollywood,<ref>{{cite news|title=B-town's highest paid actors|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/b-town-highest-paid-actors-369625-2013-04-22|access-date=11 August 2016|work=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821124406/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/b-town-highest-paid-actors/7/9157.html|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The evolution of Saif Ali Khan|url=http://www.thegulfindian.com/the-evolution-of-saif-ali-khan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821183457/http://www.thegulfindian.com/the-evolution-of-saif-ali-khan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2016|date=22 August 2015|access-date=11 August 2016|work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> Khan is considered among the most popular and high-profile celebrities in India.<ref name="birthday">{{cite news|author=Sen, Mriganka|title=Happy Birthday Saif: 5 reasons why Saif Ali Khan is the Nawab of Bollywood|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/happy-birthday-saif-5-reasons-why-saif-ali-khan-is-the-nawab-of-bollywood-288566-2015-08-16|date=16 August 2015|access-date=11 August 2016|work=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821122426/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/happy-birthday-saif-5-reasons-why-saif-ali-khan-is-the-nawab-of-bollywood/1/458959.html|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> He is known to commit heavily to each role and believes in "staying on a sharp learning curve".<ref name="safe" /> This commitment, combined with his busy schedule and heavy smoking, resulted in a health scare in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bollywood's Saif must stop smoking – worried mum |date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210120161617/https://www.reuters.com/article/film-india-actor-smoking-dc/bollywoods-saif-must-stop-smoking-worried-mum-idUSDEL32836420070221 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/film-india-actor-smoking-dc/bollywoods-saif-must-stop-smoking-worried-mum-idUSDEL32836420070221 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Analysing his career, the journalist Shomini Sen noted that "[t]he actor was part of some major films in the early 1990s [...] yet critics wrote him of[f] due to lack of a screen presence and poor dialogue delivery."<ref name="risk taker">{{cite web|author=Sen, Shomini|title=Saif Ali Khan: The original risk taker in Bollywood|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/saif-ali-khan-the-original-risk-taker-in-bollywood-652659.html|date=25 November 2013|access-date=11 August 2016|website=[[News18]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921135208/http://www.news18.com/news/india/saif-ali-khan-the-original-risk-taker-in-bollywood-652659.html|archive-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> Critics noted that ''Dil Chahta Hai'' marked a major turning point for Khan, and credited him for pioneering a movement in actors being part of "a new genre of films which was more urban";<ref name="risk taker" /> film historian [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]] stated that the film helped him find "his own style, combining great comic timing and a natural personality."<ref name="chameleon" /> Sen further explained that "his anglicized upbringing, which initially was a hindrance to his career, became his strongest point."<ref name="risk taker" /> Following his portrayal of a variety of character types in ''Ek Hasina Thi'' (2004), ''Parineeta'' (2005), ''Being Cyrus'' and ''Omkara'' (both 2006), Khan was noted for his versatility;<ref name="chameleon" /><ref name="birthday" /> ''India Today'' attributed his roles in these films to the establishment of a new image for leading actors in Bollywood, and ''The Tribune'' published that Khan had successfully "matured, both as an actor of substance and as a bankable star".<ref name="chameleon" /><ref name="Playing Saif" />

Starting in 2007, Khan's relationship with Kareena Kapoor became one of the country's most-reported celebrity stories, and they were listed amongst the top celebrity couple endorsers for brands and products worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/QDXQbBUI8346JsXpRAGChN/8216Saifeena8217-the-Rs6-crore-brand.html|title='Saifeena': the Rs6 crore brand|access-date=11 August 2016|author=Shah, Gouri|date=5 February 2009|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216000757/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/QDXQbBUI8346JsXpRAGChN/8216Saifeena8217-the-Rs6-crore-brand.html|archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110316/jsp/entertainment/story_13719013.jsp|title=Power couples|access-date=11 August 2016|date=16 March 2011|work=The Telegraph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012044423/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110316/jsp/entertainment/story_13719013.jsp|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> In a blog published by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Rupa Subramanya described their marriage as India's "wedding and social event of the year".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/17/economics-journal-saifeena-wedding-follows-an-indian-trend/|title=Economics Journal: 'Saifeena' Wedding Follows a Trend|access-date=22 July 2016|author=Subramanya, Rupa|date=17 October 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020010521/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/17/economics-journal-saifeena-wedding-follows-an-indian-trend/|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> Kapoor gave birth to their son Taimur in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-saif-ali-khan-are-happy-parents-now-kareena-delivers-baby-boy-4411736/|title=Kareena Kapoor Khan, Saif Ali Khan blessed with a baby boy, name him Taimur|work=The Indian Express|date=20 December 2016|access-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174500/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-saif-ali-khan-are-happy-parents-now-kareena-delivers-baby-boy-4411736/|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> From 2012 to 2019, Khan was featured on ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'}}s "Celebrity 100", a list based on the income and popularity of India's celebrities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/saif-ali-khan/1587/137|title=Saif Ali Khan|work=[[Forbes India]]|access-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226075024/http://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/saif-ali-khan/1587/137|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all|title=2017 Celebrity 100|work=Forbes India|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162711/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all|title=2018 Celebrity 100|work=Forbes India|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210225537/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/all|title=2019 Celebrity 100|work=Forbes India|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> He peaked at the fifteenth position in 2012 and 2014 with an estimated annual earning of {{INRConvert|642|m}} and {{INRConvert|629|m}} respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1|title=2012 Celebrity 100 List – Forbes India Magazine|work=Forbes India|access-date=30 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071335/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1|archive-date=11 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/all|title=2014 Celebrity 100 List – Forbes India Magazine|work=Forbes India|access-date=30 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213062618/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/all|archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> In 2003, Khan placed fourth on Rediff's list of "Top Bollywood Male Stars".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/18sld1.htm|title=Bollywood's Top 5, 2003: Saif Ali Khan|access-date=30 July 2016|author=Kulkarni, Ronjita|date=18 December 2003|work=Rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816071203/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/18sld1.htm|archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> He was later ranked second in 2005, sixth in 2006, and seventh in 2007.<ref name="rediff05" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd6.htm|title=Readers' Picks: Top Bollywood Actors|access-date=30 July 2016|date=17 August 2006|work=Rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910182805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd6.htm|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/24yrpoweractors5.htm|title=The most powerful actors of 2007|access-date=30 July 2016|author=Sen, Raja|date=24 December 2007|work=Rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009212337/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/24yrpoweractors5.htm|archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> In March 2011, Khan placed fifth on Rediff's list of "Top 10 Actors of 2000–2010".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-these-actors-have-fared-in-the-last-decade/20110308.htm|title=How Bollywood's top actors have fared last decade|access-date=30 July 2016|author=Dedhia, Sonil|date=8 March 2011|work=Rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009181055/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-these-actors-have-fared-in-the-last-decade/20110308.htm|archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> He was ranked among the top 30 on ''The Times of India''{{'}}s listing of the "Most Desirable Men" from 2010 to 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2010-The-Winners/articleshow/11778138.cms|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2010: The Winners|access-date=31 July 2016|date=9 January 2011|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510213330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2010-The-Winners/articleshow/11778138.cms|archive-date=10 May 2016}} {{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners|access-date=31 July 2016|date=4 February 2012|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=live}} {{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014|access-date=31 July 2016|author=Gupta, Priya|date=28 April 2015|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711070657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms|archive-date=11 July 2015}} {{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-The-Most-Desirable-Man-of-2015/articleshow/52086520.cms|title=Ranveer Singh: The Most Desirable Man of 2015|access-date=31 July 2016|date=3 May 2016|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127055530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-The-Most-Desirable-Man-of-2015/articleshow/52086520.cms|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> and has additionally featured in the UK magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'}}s "World's Sexiest Asian Men" list in 2008, 2011 and 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/john-chosen-sexiest-asian-for-2008/397604/|title=John chosen 'sexiest Asian' for 2008|access-date=10 August 2016|date=12 December 2008|work=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219173432/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/john-chosen-sexiest-asian-for-2008/397604/|archive-date=19 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ampnbspHrithik-Roshan-is-the-sexiest-Asian-manampnbsp/articleshow/10960835.cms|title=Hrithik Roshan is the sexiest Asian man|access-date=31 July 2016|author=Dubey, Bharti|date=3 December 2011|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629005822/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ampnbspHrithik-Roshan-is-the-sexiest-Asian-manampnbsp/articleshow/10960835.cms|archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-crowned-sexiest-asian-man-556181.html|title=Hrithik Roshan crowned sexiest Asian man|access-date=31 July 2016|date=14 December 2012|publisher=Firstpost|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914033942/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-crowned-sexiest-asian-man-556181.html|archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> In 2010 and from 2012 to 2014, Khan was featured as one of the best-dressed male celebrities in the Indian edition of ''[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/08/slide-show-1-glamour-poll-best-dressed-indian-men-of-2010.htm|title=Poll: Best-dressed Indian men of 2010!|access-date=28 August 2016|date=8 June 2010|work=Rediff.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304121359/http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/08/slide-show-1-glamour-poll-best-dressed-indian-men-of-2010.htm|archive-date=4 March 2017}} {{cite web|url=http://www.gqindia.com/content/bollywood%E2%80%99s-11-best-dressed-actors|title=Bollywood's 11 Best Dressed Actors|work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]|access-date=10 August 2016|author=Shah, Megha|date=15 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519014758/http://www.gqindia.com/content/bollywood%E2%80%99s-11-best-dressed-actors|archive-date=19 May 2012}} {{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-images-best-dressed-indian-men-of-2013/20130611.htm|title=IMAGES: Best-dressed Indian men of 2013!|access-date=28 August 2016|date=11 June 2013|work=Rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009074600/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-images-best-dressed-indian-men-of-2013/20130611.htm|archive-date=9 October 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/slide-show-1-glamour-gents-take-note-these-are-the-best-dressed-men-in-india/20140620.htm#1|title=Gents, take note! These are the best dressed men in India|access-date=10 August 2016|date=20 June 2014|work=Rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910180556/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/slide-show-1-glamour-gents-take-note-these-are-the-best-dressed-men-in-india/20140620.htm#1|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Saif Ali Khan}}

Among Khan's film awards are a [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] and seven [[Filmfare Awards]] out of twelve nominations: [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for ''Aashiq Awara'' (1993), [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]] for ''Dil Chahta Hai'' (2001) and ''Hum Tum'' (2004), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' (2003) and ''Tanhaji'' (2020), [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]] for ''Omkara'' (2006) and the "Moto Look of the Year" for ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' (2003).<ref name="Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10928/index.html|title=Saif Ali Khan: Awards & Nominations|access-date=20 July 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804150216/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10928/index.html|archive-date=4 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="NFA">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms|title=Mom serves Saif honour on platter|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 July 2016|date=14 July 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010074008/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms|archive-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian film actors]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Saibal|last2=Deenvi|first2=Gulzar|author-link2=Gulzar|last3=Nihalani|first3=Govind|author-link3=Govind Nihalani|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd|isbn=81-7991-066-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Anmol |editor1-last=Samuel |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Mitchell |editor2-first=Louisa |title=Streaming and Screen Culture in Asia-Pacific |date=15 October 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-09374-6 |pages=145–160 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_eVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|chapter=Content Carnival? (Re)Viewing Representation, Indianness, and OTT Culture in India}}
* {{cite book|last=McNally|first=Karen|title=Billy Wilder, Movie-Maker: Critical Essays on the Films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAOzV2hJri8C|date=16 December 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4211-9|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105830/https://books.google.com/books?id=LAOzV2hJri8C|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Saif Ali Khan}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Saif Ali Khan
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActor}}
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{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
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{{FilmfareAwardBestComedian}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleDebut}}
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}}
{{Tagore family}}

{{Subject bar
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|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Saif Ali}}
[[Category:Saif Ali Khan| ]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni]]
[[Category:Tagore family]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:People educated at Lockers Park School]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian agnostics]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:People of Bengali descent]]

1951–52 Indian general election in Travancore-Cochin

2026-02-27T22:40:33Z

Digitechroshni: done - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{For|State Assembly election|1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_date = 1952
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| next_election =
| next_year = {{efn|In 1956, the states of [[Southern India]] were [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|reorganized along linguistic lines]] into their present-day boundaries. This resulted in the transfer of territories between [[Madras State|Madras]] and [[Travancore–Cochin|Thiru-Cochin]] }}
[[1957 Indian general election in Kerala|1957 (KL)]] → [[1957 Indian general election in Madras|1957 (Madras)]]
| seats_for_election = 12 (of 489) seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| registered = 4,210,244
| turnout = 2,989,273 (71.00%)
| image1 = Jawaharlal Nehru stamp (cropped).jpg
| image1_size =
| leader1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| seats1 = 6
| popular_vote1 = 1,224,533
| percentage1 = 35.08%
| image2 =
| image2_size =
| leader2 = [[N. Sreekantan Nair]]
| party2 = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
| seats2 = 1
| popular_vote2 = 220,312
| percentage2 = 6.31%
| image3 =
| image3_size =
| leader3 = [[A. Nesamony]]
| party3 = Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress
| seats3 = 1
| popular_vote3 = 115,893
| percentage3 = 3.32%
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| after_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| elected_members = [[List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha#Travancore_Cochin|elected members]]
}}

The [[1951–52 Indian general election]] was the first democratic national election held in [[India]] after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Independence]], and the polls in [[Travancore-Cochin]] were held for 11 constituencies with 12 seats. The result was a victory for [[Indian National Congress]] winning 6 out of the 12 seats. And [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] and [[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]] each winning 1 seat and the rest 4 being won by [[Independent politician|Independents]].

== Results ==
===By Parties===
{{Election results
|image=
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]
|votes1=1224533
|seats1=6
|party2=[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|votes2=1265051
|seats2=4
|party3=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
|votes3=459669
|seats3=0
|party4=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|votes4=220312
|seats4=1
|party5=[[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]]
|votes5=115893
|seats5=1
|party6=[[Kerala Socialist Party]]
|votes6=102098
|seats6=0
|party7=[[All India Republican Party]]
|votes7=57815
|seats7=0
|party8=[[Tamil Nad Congress Party]]
|votes8=36158
|seats8=0
|party9=[[Cochin Party]]
|votes9=8947
|seats9=0
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=12 January 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=90}}</ref>}}

===By constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Constituency
! Turnout
! Winner<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
! Runner-up
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1
| [[Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency|Nagercoil]]
|{{Formatnum:227904}}
|[[A. Nesamony]]
|{{Party name with color|Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress}}
|Sivathanu Pillai
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 2
| [[Trivandrum Lok Sabha constituency|Trivandrum]]
|{{Formatnum:255044}}
|[[Annie Mascarene]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|T. K. Narayana Pillai
|{{Party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| 3
| [[Chirayinkil Lok Sabha constituency|Chirayinkil]]
|{{Formatnum:233287}}
|[[V. Parameswaran Nayar|V. Parameswaran Nair]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|[[T. K. Narayana Pillai]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | [[Quilon cum Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Quilon cum Mavelikara]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Formatnum:1028391}}
|[[N. Sreekantan Nair|Sreekantan Nair]]
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai|Kainikara N. Padmanabha Pillai]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[R. Velayudhan]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|Kunju Kunju (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5
| [[Alleppey Lok Sabha constituency|Alleppey]]
|{{Formatnum:275409}}
|[[P. T. Punnoose|P. T. Punnose]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|[[A. P. Udhayabhanu|A. P. Udayabhanu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 6
| [[Thiruvella Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvella]]
|{{Formatnum:257600}}
|[[C. P. Mathen|Mathen C. P.]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Narayana Pillai
|{{Party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| 7
| [[Meenachil Lok Sabha constituency|Meenachil]]
|{{Formatnum:267829}}
|[[P. T. Chacko]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Madhavan Pillai
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 8
| [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
|{{Formatnum:284961}}
|[[C. P. Mathew]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Varkey Santhisthan
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 9
| [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
|{{Formatnum:247832}}
|[[A. M. Thomas]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Padmanabha Menon
|{{Party name with color|Kerala Socialist Party}}
|-
|10
|[[Crangannur Lok Sabha constituency|Crangannur]]
|{{Formatnum:239313}}
|K. T. Achyuthan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|George Chadayammuri
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|11
|[[Trichure Lok Sabha constituency|Trichure]]
|{{Formatnum:172906}}
|[[Iyyunni Chalakka]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Joseph Mundassery|Joseph Mundaserry]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF Volume I, 1951 Indian general election, 1st Lok Sabha]

==External links==
*{{URL|https://eci.gov.in|Website of Election Commission of India}}

{{Kerala elections|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1951-52 Indian general election in Travancore-Cochin}}
[[Category:1951 Indian general election by state or union territory|Travancore–Cochin]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Kerala]]

Yumjaotaba

2026-02-26T19:09:59Z

Digitechroshni: started a info!

{{Short description|Meitei Prince}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yumjaotaba
| title = Ibungosicha (Ibungoshija)
| image = Yumjaotaba in Meitei Mayek and Bengali script, a prince of Manipur..png
| caption = "Yumjaotaba" in Meitei script and Bengali script.
| full name = Pitambar Singh, Yumjaosana
| regnal name = {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯤꯇꯝꯕꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}
| house = [[House of Karta]]
| father = [[Madhuchandra]]
| mother = Konsam Chanu
| occupation = Prince of Manipur
| religion = [[Traditional Meitei religion]]
| dynasty = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
}}

'''Yumjaotaba''' ({{Langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯨꯝꯖꯥꯎꯇꯥꯕ}}|Yum-jaao-taa-ba}}){{Efn|In Cheitharon Kumpapa Volume 2 by Saroj N. Arambam Parratt, he is referred to as "Yimchaotapa".}} was a Meitei prince of [[Manipur Kingdom]], which was under the [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese Empire]]. He played a significant role in the effort to liberate Manipur from the Burmese during the [[Seven Years Devastation]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Glorious Exploits of the Manipur Levy 1824 35 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.The-Glorious-Exploits-of-the-Manipur-Levy-1824-35 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Family ==
Yumjaotaba was the 4th son of King [[Madhuchandra]], the second son of King [[Bhagyachandra]]. Yumjaotaba was born to Queen Konsam Chanu.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2011|p=214}}{{Sfnp|Joykumar Singh, Colonialism to Democracy|2002|p=12}} Yumjaotaba was the elder brother (cousin) of Prince [[Herachandra]].{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988|p=60}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009|loc=p. 95. "12 Friday, Yipungsi Yimchao Tapa [Yumjaotaba] came and reached Maklang. 2 His royal younger brother Herachantra [Herachandra] met him"}}

== War tactics in 1820 ==
Yumjaotaba was assigned by his uncle, [[Chourjit Singh]] to support the [[guerrilla]] war against the Burmese. In 1820, Yumjaotaba arrived in Maklang. He was warmly welcomed by [[Herachandra]]. After conferring, the two princes made the decision to expel the foreign foe. Herachandra had 800 soldiers, 50 cavalry horses, 5 swords, and 12 muskets at the time. The sword, spear, and shield were the standard weapons used by his force. The dreaded weapon used by the cavalry against the Burmese was the [[Arambai]]. So, Yumjaotaba gave Herachandra 5 swords, 3 muskets, and 2 horses.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2011|p=248, 249}}{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988|p=9-13}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009|p=83, 84}}{{Sfnp|Joykumar, Colonialism to Democracy|2002|p=13}}

Yumjaotaba suggested meeting Kane Woon, the Burmese commander, pretending to ask for assistance. He approached the Commander by telling him that he was the son of King [[Madhuchandra]] (Modhuchandra) who was an ally of the Burmese,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Aheibam Koireng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYtjEQAAQBAJ |title=Manipur Myanmar Historical Connections |last2=Hanjabam |first2=Shukhdeba Sharma |date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5439-078-4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfnp|Joychandra Singh, The Lost Kingdom|1995|p=97}} and stayed in the Burmese stockade for five days. Kane Woon revealed that a shortage of food grains was causing starvation among the Burmese. So, Yumjaotaba and 100 Burmese soldiers went to collect paddy at [[Sekmai]].{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2011|p=248, 249}}{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988|p=9-13}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009|p=83, 84}}

Kane Woon was delighted by the prince's gesture. In exchange, he offered him the Manipur throne. Yumjaotaba accepted this alliance. He received 2 parasols, 2 silver-coated swords, 20 muskets, and 50 horses from Kane Woon. He then went to Herachandra with 200 Burmese soldiers, 40 cavalries and 20 rifles to Heiyen village. Then, the two princes killed all of the 200 Burmese soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Aheibam Koireng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYtjEQAAQBAJ |title=Manipur Myanmar Historical Connections |last2=Hanjabam |first2=Shukhdeba Sharma |date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5439-078-4 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref>

The guerrillas killed Burmese soldiers at Chaobok and established positions from Uchiwa Khundon to Heiyel close to Loktak Lake.{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988|p=9-13}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009|p=83, 84}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mall |first=Jagdamba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeRNEQAAQBAJ |title=Manipur in Flames: Conspiracy of The Cross |date=2025-03-12 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5562-489-5 |pages=55, 56 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reign ==
Another group of Burmese soldiers invaded Manipur in November 1820. There were thousands of them. Pakha Woon used 10,000 soldiers to attack [[Kakching]]. Despite retreating to Thoubal Moijing, [[Herachandra]] was vanquished by the vast army. After eight months of fighting, he and Yumjaotaba fled to [[Cachar]]. Many Manipuris were captured by Kane Woon and Pakha Woon. The two commanders installed Huidrom Shubol on the Manipur throne while the two princes were away. After returning to Manipur, Herachandra vanquished Huidrom Shubol, who then submitted to him. Yumjaotaba also returned to Manipur and was greeted by Herachandra and Huidrom Shubol.{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009|p=84}}<ref name=":0" />{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2011|p=248, 249}}

Yumjaotaba took the throne rather than returning it to his uncle, [[Chourjit Singh]]. He ruled for several months. Other Manipur princes were upset to hear this news.<ref name=":0" />

== Abdication ==
In April 1821, after learning that his nephew Yumjaotaba had ascended to the throne, [[Gambhir Singh]] left Cachar with a small force and deposed Yumjaotaba.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2011|p=249, 262}}{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 2|1988|p=64}} After that, Gambhir Singh ascended to the throne, while Yumjaotaba fled to [[Burma]] and spent his life in [[Inwa|Ava]].{{Sfnp|Joychandra Singh, The Lost Kingdom|1995|p=98}}{{Sfnp|Suresh Singh, The Endless Kabaw Valley|2014|p=133}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mall |first=Jagdamba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeRNEQAAQBAJ |title=Manipur in Flames: Conspiracy of The Cross |date=2025-03-12 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5562-489-5 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref>

Yumjaotaba met [[Robert Boileau Pemberton|Captain Pemberton]] while he was in Ava for the [[Kabaw Valley]] negotiations.<ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
The dialogue "How has this country been ravaged?" by Herachandra and "Alright, we fight on" by Yumjaotaba, as mentioned in the royal chronicle [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], shows the determination of the Meitei resistance against the powerful Burmese army.{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Pass and Present: Volume 4|1988|p=59}}

The liberation of Manipur was carried out under the help of Meitei princes like Yumjaotaba.<ref name=":Historical_War_Manipur.Glorious_Exploits_of_Manipur_Levy_1">{{Cite web |last=Kamei |first=Gangmumei |date=2009 |title=The Glorious Exploits of the Manipur Levy - Part 1 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Glorious_Exploits_of_Manipur_Levy_1}}</ref> He stands as an important figure in the history of Manipur's struggles against the Burmese Empire.<ref name=":2" />

== In popular culture ==
Yumjaotaba's story and patriotism are also told in the [[Meitei language]] film [[Mareibak Ningba Herachandra]] (Herachandra the Patriot), in addition to Herachandra's story. It depicts the valiant battles the two princes fought to liberate Manipur from Burma during the [[Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Parthajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cUrEQAAQBAJ&dq=herachandra&pg=PR16 |title=A History of India's North-East Cinema: Deconstructing the Stereotypes |date=2024-12-12 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-7651-2769-8 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |first1=Aheibam |last1=Koireng Singh |first2= Shukhdeba Sharma |last2=Hanjabam |first3=Homen |last3=Thangjam |title=Self Determination Movement in Manipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3VpEQAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Conflict and Human Rights Studies Network, Manipur |isbn= 9789351250975 |language= English |ref={{SfnRef|Koireng Singh; Hanjabam; Thangjam, Self Determination Movement in Manipur|2015}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Rajkumar |last=Somorjit Sana |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC |date=2011 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meitei |isbn=9788184652109 |language= |ref={{SfnRef|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2011}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Naorem |last=Sanajaoba |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170998532 |language=English |ref={{SfnRef|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |last=Parratt |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: Volume 2, The Cheitharon Kumpapa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZja9ZnSuakC |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9788175966383 |ref={{SfnRef|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009}}}}
* {{cite book |first=N |last=Joykumar Singh |title=Colonialism to Democracy: A History of Manipur 1819-1972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1xuAAAAMAAJ |date=2002 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |isbn=9788187502449 |ref={{SfnRef|Joykumar Singh, Colonialism to Democracy|2002}}}}
* {{cite book |first=L |last=Joychandra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1huAAAAMAAJ |title=The Lost Kingdom: Royal Chronicle of Manipur|date=1995 |publisher=Prajatantra Publishing House |isbn= |ref={{SfnRef|Joychandra Singh, The Lost Kingdom|1995}}}}

== External books ==
* {{cite book |first=Th |last=Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ |title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Vicious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India |date=2014 |publisher=Quills Ink Publishing |isbn= 9789384318000 |ref={{SfnRef|Suresh Singh, The Endless Kabaw Valley|2014}}}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian princes]]
[[Category:19th-century royalty]]
[[Category:Ningthouja dynasty]]

Kulamavu Saddle Dam (Right Bank)

2026-02-24T16:56:07Z

Digitechroshni: New

{{Short description|Earthen dam in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Kulamavu Saddle Dam
| name_official =
| image =
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| opening = 1977
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| dam_length = {{Convert|384.96|m}}
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'''Kulamavu Saddle Dam (RIght Bank)''' is an earthen dam constructed across Kilivallithodu at [[Arakkulam]] village in [[Idukki district]], [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the two saddle dams constructed to augment Idukki reservoir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Idukki Dam – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=108|access-date=2021-07-31|language=en-US}}</ref> The dam has a height of {{Convert|27.43|m}} and a length of {{Convert|384.96|m}}. It is a rolled-earth-filled dam which has no spillways or river outlets.

==Specifications==

*Latitude: 9°48'20.64"N
*Longitude: 76°53'16.32"E
*Panchayath Arakkulam
*Village Arakkulam
*District Idukki
*River Basin Periyar
*River Kilivallithodu
*Release from Dam to river N/A
*Taluk through which release flows N/A
*Year of completion 1977
*Name of Project Idukki HEP
*Purpose of Project Hydro Power
Project Identification Code (PIC) Nil
;Dam Features
*Type of Dam Rolled earth fill
*Classification: Saddle Dam
*Maximum Water Level (MWL) EL 2408.50 ft. (734.30 m)
*Full Reservoir Level (FRL) EL 2403.00 ft. (732.62 m)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dams – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?page_id=39|access-date=2021-07-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Storage at FRL 1996.30 Mm3
*Height from deepest foundation {{Convert|27.43|m}}
*Length {{Convert|384.96|m}}
*Spillway No spillway
*Crest Level N/A
*River Outlet Nil

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Dams in Kerala}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 1977]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Dams in Idukki district]]

Anwarul Abedin Khan

2026-02-08T19:45:45Z

Digitechroshni: basic improved structure as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anwarul Abedin Khan
| native_name = আনোয়ারুল আবেদীন খান
| native_name_lang = bn
| constituency_MP = Electoral Constituency 154, [[Mymensingh-9]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 6 January 2024
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor = [[Abdus Salam (general)|Major General (Retd)Abdus Salam]]
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh District]], [[East Pakistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| mother = [[Jahanara Khan]]
| image =
| nationality = Bangladeshi
}}
'''Anwarul Abedin Khan''' ({{langx|bn|আনোয়ারুল আবেদীন খান}}) is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and the incumbent member of parliament from [[Mymensingh-9]].

==Career==
Khan was elected to parliament unopposed in 2014 and in 2018 from Mymensingh-9 as a candidate of the Bangladesh Awami League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-29 |script-title=bn:একতরফা নির্বাচনে ভোটের আগেই ১৪৮ জন বিনা প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতায় নির্বাচিত হওয়ার পথে |url=http://www.dailysangram.com/post/134287-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8--%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87 |work=The Daily Sangram |language=bn |access-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225140/http://www.dailysangram.com/post/134287-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8--%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87 |archive-date=2018-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anwarul Abedin Khan History |url=https://www.amarmp.com/mp/569/history |website=Amarmp |access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> On 28 November 2015, a curfew was imposed on his locality following fights between his supporters and those of former member of parliament, Major General (retired) Abdus Salam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Section 144 in Nandail as AL factions face off |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/11/28/section-144-in-nandail-as-al-factions-face-off |accessdate=6 November 2018 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=28 November 2015}}</ref> He is one of the member of the standing committee on Ministry of Agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:কৃষি মন্ত্রণালয় সম্পর্কিত স্থায়ী কমিটি |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/parliamentary-business/2013-03-07-02-04-45/list-of-committees-bangla/name-of-committees-for-11th-parliament-bangla?id=4177 |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825111620/http://parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/parliamentary-business/2013-03-07-02-04-45/list-of-committees-bangla/name-of-committees-for-11th-parliament-bangla?id=4177 |archive-date=2022-08-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Anwarul Abedin}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Nandail Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mymensingh Division]]

{{Mymensingh-AL-politician-stub}}

Ishika

2026-02-08T10:49:07Z

Digitechroshni: Starting!

{{Not to be confused with|Ishikawa (disambiguation){{!}}Ishikawa}}
{{Infobox given name
| name = Ishika
| image=
| imagesize=
| caption=
| pronunciation=
| gender = Female
| meaning =
| region = India
| origin =
| related names =
}}

'''Ishika''' (ईशिका) is a feminine given name.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-20|title=Name Ishika Meaning, Origin etc. - Girl Names - Baby Name Ishika|url=https://www.thenamemeaning.com/ishika/|access-date=2022-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Ishika - meaning | Baby Name Ishika meaning and Horoscope|url=https://www.moonastro.com/babyname/baby%2520name%2520ishika%2520meaning.aspx|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.moonastro.com|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124160548/https://www.moonastro.com/babyname/baby%20name%20ishika%20meaning.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable people with the name include:

==People==
* [[Ishika Jaiswal]] (b. 28 July 2003), Indian-American a professional badminton player
* [[Ishika Taneja]] (b. 2 September 1994), beauty pageant contestant and businesswoman

==Fictional characters==
* Ishika Desai, a bogus-millionaire in 2011's ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
* Ishika Dhanrajgir, a character in 2000's ''[[Mohabbatein]]''
* Ishika Kanojia, a character in [[Welcome (2007 film)|''Welcome'' (2007 film)]]
* Ishika Kashyap, a character in 2010's ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
* Ishika Patel, a love interest in 2018's ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''
* Ishika, a character in 2008's ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{given name}}

[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

Phulaichi

2026-02-07T06:13:44Z

Digitechroshni: made a details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phulaichi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Phulaichi.png
| map_caption = Map showing Phulaichi in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.07885|N|78.46081|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.421
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1450
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Phulaichi''' is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,450, in 253 households.

== Geography ==
Phulaichi is located southeast of Firozabad and is surrounded by farmland with basically level terrain. Nearby villages include [[Matsena, India|Matsena]] to the southeast and [[Matamai]] to the northwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Phulaichi had a population of 1,450, in 253 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 55.4% male (803) and 44.6% female (647). The 0–6 age group numbered 226 (137 male and 89 female), making up 15.6% of the total population. 516 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 35.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Phulaichi as having a population of 722 people (418 male and 304 female), in 116 households and 115 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Phulaichi as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 500 people (277 male and 223 female), in 65 households and 58 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 350 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Phulaichi had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Banda district, India

2026-01-28T13:07:44Z

Digitechroshni: rework information for clarity and corrected details after review

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banda district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = KALINZER.jpg
| image_caption = [[Kalinjar Fort]]
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Banda.svg
| map_caption = Location of Banda district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Banda, Uttar Pradesh{{!}}Banda
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chitrakoot division|Chitrakoot]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 4413
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,799,410
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 275755
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 68.11 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 863
| leader_title = District Collector
| leader_name = J. Reebha (IAS)
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]] (shared with Chitrakoot district)
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://banda.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Banda district''' is a [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[India]], and [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] is the district headquarters. It is a part of [[Chitrakoot Division]].

Located in historical [[Bundelkhand]] region, Banda is famous for its [[Shajar]] stone which is used for making jewellery, and the historically and architecturally significant sites [[Khajuraho]] and [[Kalinjar]]. [[Khajuraho]] is a [[World Heritage Site]] famous for its elaborately carved temples. The fortress of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] is famed for its war history and its glorious rock sculptures.

==History==
In 1998, the tehsils of [[Karwi]] and [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], formerly part of Banda District, became the new [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot District]]. Banda was a town and district of British India, in the Allahabad division of the United Provinces. The population in 2011 was 1,799,410. It was formerly, but is no longer, a military cantonment.

===Administrative divisions===

There are five Tahsils namely Banda, Naraini, Baberu, Pailani and Atarra comprising eight blocks of Badokhar-khurd, Jaspura, Tindwari, Naraini, Mahua, Baberu, Bisanda and Kamasin from the present district of Banda.

There are seventeen thanas namely Kotwali City, Kotwali Dehat, Mataundh, Tindwari, Pailani, Chilla, Naraini, Atarra, Girwa, Kalinjar, Badousa, Bisanda, Baberu, Kamasin, Fatehganj, Jaspura and Marka.

===Hills===

The hills of the district consist of the part of the Vindhyan plateau which lies in the extreme southern portion of the tahsils Mau and Karwi (now known as the district Chitrakut). The northern flank of the Vindhyas known as Vindhyachal range, starts near the Yamuna in the extreme east of tahsil Mau. It recedes from the Yamuna in a south-westerly direction-gradually rising in elevation, although nowhere above 450 metre from the mean sea level. It leaves the district near the scared hills of Anusuiya to reappear of Godhrampur in the south-eastern part of Naraini tahsil. From this point westward to Kalinjar the hills from the border of the district.

==Geography==
The district largely consists of irregular uplands with outcrops of rocks intermingling with lowlands, which are frequently under water during the rainy season. The [[Baghein River]] traverses the district from south-west to north-east. Other important rivers are the [[Ken River]] in the east and the [[Yamuna]] to the north. The dominant communities of this area are of Kshatriyas, Patels, Chandrauls, Chandelas, Bundelas etc.

===Location and boundaries===

The district is located in the Chitrakutdham Division of Uttar Pradesh with its headquarter at Banda and lies between Lat. 24º 53' and 25º 55' N and Long. 80º 07' and 81º 34' E. It is bounded in the north by district of Fatehpur in the east by the district of Chitrakut in the west by the district of Hamirpur and Mahoba and in the south by Satna, Panna, and Chhatarapur the districts of adjoining [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Agriculture==

There are two main crops: Kharif and Rabi; the one between July and October and the other between November and March. The old records in the imperial gazetteer or the district gazetteer mentions cotton as one of the major crops here. But that has vanished now. The main crops grown presently are as follows:

'''Kharif''': Paddy, jowar, bajra, til, moong, urd, arhar and sanai are the main crops taken these days. Paddy is normally taken as mono crop while others are mixed sown. 100 years ago cotton was taken as a mixed crop along with other crops in Kharif. Presently Government is pushing [[soybean]] replacing all other Kharif crops. This tendency ultimately will starve this district.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

'''Rabi''': Wheat, barley along with gram, linseed, mustard, masoor and peas are the major crops. There is a tendency for mixed cropping and regional variation in choices of the crops depending upon the geographical situation and the availability of irrigation.

'''Zaid''': the third crops are usually taken in the river beds; that includes Kakri. Tarbooj (water melon), Kharbooja and some vegetables.

==Economy==
The economy is predominantly agricultural, with the main crops being paddy [[rice]], [[wheat]] and vegetables.

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Banda one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Divisions==
The district is divided into five [[tehsil]]s, [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]], [[Naraini]], [[Baberu]], [[Atarra]] and [[Pailani]].

===Villages===


* [[Barehta]]
* [[Tindwari]]
* [[Mandwal]]

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,06,944|13=1911|14=4,24,056|15=1921|16=3,96,194|17=1931|18=4,21,181|19=1941|20=4,86,491|21=1951|22=5,19,370|23=1961|24=6,31,666|25=1971|26=7,92,699|27=1981|28=10,23,644|29=1991|30=12,37,962|31=2001|32=15,01,602|33=2011|34=17,99,410|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Banda district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|8.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Banda District has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,799,410,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Banda|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1180/download/3734/DH_2011_0939_PART_A_DCHB_BANDA.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[The Gambia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nebraska]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011
|quote=Nebraska 1,826,341
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 265th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|404|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 17.06%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Banda has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 863 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 68.11%. 15.32% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 21.55% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Banda district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 95.81 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] |value2 = 1.96 |color2 = peru
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 1.50 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.73 |color4 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 95.81% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 1.96% [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] and 1.50% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The local dialect changes from Bundeli in the south to [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] in the north.

Among Banda's languages are [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], which has a [[lexical similarity]] of 72-91% with [[Hindi]]<ref name=bfy/> (compared to 60% for German and English)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = English | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng | access-date = 28 September 2011 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> and is spoken by about 7,800,000 people in [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name=bfy>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bagheli: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy | access-date = 28 September 2011 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

==Education==
* [[Government Medical College, Banda]]
* [[Rajkiya Engineering College, Banda]]
* [[Banda University of Agriculture and Technology]]

==Culture==
'''Kalinjar Mahotsava:''' Every Year Banda District celebrates week-long Kalinjar Mahotasava to promote Kalinjar Fort's Heritage & Tourism. Kalinjar Mahotsava includes many Cultural and Social activities.

== Banda MLA & MPs ==
There are 4 assembly constituencies and 1 parliamentary constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title = List of Candidates in BANDA :BANDA|url = http://myneta.info/up2012/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=235|website = myneta.info|access-date = 11 November 2015}}</ref>

=== MLA ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Constituency
!MLA
!Political Party
|-
|232
|[[Tindwari Assembly constituency|Tindwari]]
| Ramakesh Nishad
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|-
|233
|[[Baberu Assembly constituency|Baberu]]
| [[Vishambhar Singh Yadav]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|234
|[[Naraini Assembly constituency|Naraini]]
|Smt. Ommani Verma
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|-
|235
|[[Banda, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]]
|[[Prakash Dwivedi]]
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|}

=== MP ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Constituency
!MP
!Political Party
|-
|Banda
|[[Krishna Devi Shivshanker]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==People associated with Banda==
* [[Nasimuddin Siddiqui]], Former [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] cabinet minister is from Banda
* [[Babu Singh Kushwaha]], Former [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] cabinet minister is from Banda
* [[Daddu Prasad]], Former UP minister

==See also==
* [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Temple at Khatri Pahar.jpg|Khatri Pahar temple, local tourist attraction near to [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda City]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category | Banda district}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Banda}}
* {{Official website|http://banda.nic.in}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Banda district
|North = [[Fatehpur district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Chitrakoot district]]
|Southeast = [[Satna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|South = [[Panna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Southwest = [[Chhatarpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|West = [[Mahoba district]]
|Northwest = [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]
}}

{{Banda district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Chitrakoot division topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|25|30|N|80|30|E|display=title|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Banda district, India| ]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]

Raja Durbar Dev Roy

2026-01-24T04:41:42Z

Digitechroshni: made initial info more to come

{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}

'''[[Raja]] Durbar Deb Ray''' also known as '''Durbar Khan''' was a minor king in [[Bengal]] who governed Jhikira, in [[Howrah district]] and surrounding regions during the 16th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhaṭṭācāryya |first=Acala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba4HAQAAIAAJ |title=Haora Jelara itihasa |date=1980 |publisher=Siba ; Kalikata : paribesaka Pustaka Bipani |pages=164 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Origin ==
In 1582 CE. Raja Durbar Roy’s father, Kashyap Deb Roy was established as a minor king in the region along the banks of the Damodar River under [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Sultan Husyen Shah]], during his regein he was killed by the rebellious Dhyang group. Kashyap Deb Roy’s pregnant wife abandoned the kingdom and took refuge in her ancestral village, Kankrol, where Raja Durbar Dev Roy was born.<ref name=":0" />

After growing up and learning about his lineage, Durbar Roy set out to take revenge against the Dhyangs. In a single night, he ruthlessly defeated the entire Dhyang community and reestablished his authority over his ancestral kingdom.<ref name=":0" /> Because of this brutality, [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Sultan Nasrath Shah]] imprisoned Durbar Khan, but a few days later he released him from captivity, conferred upon him the title of [[Khan (title)|Khan Chowdhury]], and granted him administrative authority over the Jhikira region.

== Family tree ==
{{Tree list}} [[Raja]] Kashyap Dev Ray
**Durbar Khan
***Kungar Narayan Ray
***Kanailal Mallick
***Sridhar Das
***Chandrabhushan Hazra
********Prabhuram (8th descendant)
*********Nilambar
**********Bancharam
***********Anandaram
************Ramjay Kerani
***Padmavati
{{Tree list/end}}

== Temples ==
Sources:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0812-3 |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal |first=India Superintendent of Census Operations, West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stXviS03_skC&q=jhikira |title=District Census Handbook, West Bengal: Purulia |date=1961 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Print. |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Garh Chandi Temple-Jhikira-West Bengal-DSC 0017.jpg|Garh Chandi Temple
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

2022 elections in India

2026-01-02T13:06:36Z

Digitechroshni: general add references for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2022
| type =
| incumbent_president =
| incumbent_vice_president = [[Vainkani Naidu]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
| election_day =
| next_lok_sabha = [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
| president_margin = BJP +1.5%
| president_candidate1 = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''676,803'''
| president_candidate2 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| electoral_vote2 = 380,177
| president_control = NDA hold
| lok_map =
| lok_map_caption =
| states_contested = 7 of 31 states
| state_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] -1
| state_map =
| state_map_caption =
| state_seats_contested = 86
| state_by_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +7
| lok_sabha_seats_contested = 4
| lok_sabha_by_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +13
| state_by_map. =
| state_by_map_caption =
|vp_control=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|vp_candidate1=[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]|vp_candidate2=[[Margaret Alva]]|vp_vote1='''528'''|vp_vote2=182}}

Elections in India in 2022 include election to the office of the [[President of India]], [[vice president of India]], [[by-election]]s to the [[Lok Sabha]], elections to the [[Rajya Sabha]], elections to [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]] of 7 (seven) states, by-elections to state legislative assemblies and numerous other elections and by-elections to state legislative councils and local bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=27 Aug 2019}}</ref>

== Presidential election ==
{{Main|2022 Indian presidential election}}
The presidential election was held on 18 July 2022. The counting of votes took place on 21 July 2022 and [[Droupadi Murmu]] was elected as the next [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |title=Droupadi Murmu elected 15th President of India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/droupadi-murmu-elected-15th-president-of-india/article65667766.ece |access-date=2022-07-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!President before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected president
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|18 July 2022
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Vice presidential election ==
{{Main|2022 Indian vice presidential election}}

Vice presidential election was held on 6 August 2022. The votes were counted on the same day and [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] was elected as the next [[Vice president of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-06-29 |title=Vice-Presidential poll on August 6 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/election-for-vice-president-on-august-6-election-commission/article65579489.ece |access-date=2022-07-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Vice president before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected vice president
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|6 August 2022
|[[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Lok Sabha by-elections ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
!colspan="2" |Party after election
!Remarks
|-
!40
|12 April 2022
|[[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|Resignation by [[Babul Supriyo]]
|-
!12
| rowspan="2" |23 June 2022
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeJune2022/ConstituencywiseS1912.htm |title=Bypoll results Sangrur}}</ref>
|{{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|dab=yes}}
|Resignation by [[Bhagwant Mann]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Punjab CM-designate Bhagwant Mann resigns as Lok Sabha MP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-cm-designate-bhagwant-mann-resigns-as-lok-sabha-mp-101647259293131.html}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|[[Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|Resignation by [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
|-
!69
|[[2022 Azamgarh by-election|23 June 2022]]
|[[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav "Nirahua"]]
|Resignation by [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
!21
|5 December 2022
|[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|[[Dimple Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|Death of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|}

== State legislative assembly elections ==
[[File:2022 Indian States Legislative assembly elections.png|thumb|280px|2022 Indian Election Results]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|14 February 2022]]
| rowspan="2" | [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Pramod Sawant]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Pramod Sawant]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|14 February 2022]]
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|[[File:IN-UT.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|20 February 2022]]
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Bhagwant Mann|Bhagwant Singh Mann]]
|[[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|28 February and 5 March 2022]]
| rowspan="3" | [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="3" |[[N. Biren Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" |[[N. Biren Singh]]
| rowspan="3"|[[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" | [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|10, 14, 20, 23, 27 February, 3 and 7 March 2022]]
| rowspan="3" | [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Yogi Adityanath]]
| rowspan="3"|[[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|NISHAD Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
|-
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|12 November 2022]]
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|[[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1 and 5 December 2022]]
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|[[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|}

== Legislative Assembly by-elections ==
=== [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|23 June 2022
!115
|[[Atmakur (Assembly constituency)|Atmakur]]
|[[Mekapati Goutham Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Mekapati Vikram Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|}

=== [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|7 March 2022
!99
|[[Majuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majuli]]
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhuban Gam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeMar2022/statewiseS031.htm?st=S031 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|12 April 2022
!91
|[[Bochahan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bochahan]]
|[[Musafir Paswan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
|Amar Kumar Paswan
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |3 November 2022
!101
|[[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj]]
|[[Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)|Subash Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kusum Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!178
|[[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]]
|[[Anant Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Nilam Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|5 December 2022
!93
|[[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
| Anil Sahani
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Kedar Prasad Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|12 April 2022
!73
|[[Khairagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khairagarh]]
|[[Devwrat Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}
|Yashoda Verma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5 December 2022
!80
|[[Bhanupratappur Assembly constituency|Bhanupratappur]]
|[[Manoj Singh Mandavi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Savitri Manoj Mandavi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|23 June 2022
!39
|[[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajinder Nagar]]
|[[Raghav Chadha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Durgesh Pathak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2"| Party after election
|-
|23 June 2022
!66
|[[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]]
|[[Bandhu Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
||[[Shilpi Neha Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|3 November 2022
!47
|[[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
|[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhavya Bishnoi (politician)|Bhavya Bishnoi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|31 May 2022
!83
|[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
|[[P. T. Thomas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Uma Thomas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|12 April 2022
!82
|[[Kolhapur North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur North]]
|[[Chandrakant Jadhav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jayshri Jadhav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|3 November 2022
!26
|[[Andheri East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Andheri East]]
|[[Ramesh Latke]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Rutuja Latke]]
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|dab=yes}}
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2"|Party after election
|-
|31 May 2022
!6
|[[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
|Kishore Kumar Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Alka Mohanty
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|3 November 2022
!46
|[[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
|[[Bishnu Sethi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Suryabanshi Suraj
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|5 December 2022
!1
|[[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
|[[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Barsha Singh Bariha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|}

=== [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2"|Party after election
|-
|5 December 2022
!21
|[[Sardarshahar Assembly constituency|Sardarshahar]]
|[[Bhanwar Lal Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anil Kumar Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2"|Party after election
|-
|3 November 2022
!93
|[[Munugode Assembly constituency|Munugode]]
|[[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kusukuntla Prabhakar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

=== [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan="4" |23 June 2022
!6
|[[Agartala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agartala]]
|[[Sudip Roy Barman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sudip Roy Barman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!8
|[[Town Bordowali (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Town Bordowali]]
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manik Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!46
|[[Surma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surma]]
|Asish Das
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Swapna Das Paul
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 57
| [[Jubarajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jubarajnagar]]
| [[Ramendra Chandra Debnath]]
|bgcolor=#FF1D15 |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Malina Debnath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|3 November 2022
!139
|[[Gola Gokrannath Assembly constituency|Gola Gokrannath]]
|[[Arvind Giri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Aman Giri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|rowspan=2|5 December 2022
!37
|[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rampur]]
|[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|Akash Saxena
|-
!15
|[[Khatauli Assembly constituency|Khatauli]]
|[[Vikram Singh Saini]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Madan Kasana
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|}

=== [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No.
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| 31 May 2022
!55
| [[Champawat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Champawat]]
| [[Kailash Chandra Gahtori]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-cm-pushkar-singh-dhami-wins-champawat-bypoll-7950353/|title=Pushkar Singh Dhami wins Champawat bypolls by 55,000 votes, retains CM post|work=The Indian Express|date=3 June 2022 |accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|12 April 2022
!161
|[[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]]
|[[Subrata Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Died on 4 November 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bengal-minister-subrata-mukherjee-dies-at-75/article37335811.ece|title=Bengal Minister Subrata Mukherjee dies at 75|work=The Hindu|accessdate=5 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== Local body elections ==
=== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Municipal council
! colspan="2" |Government before
! colspan="2" |Government after
|-
|6 March 2022
|[[Port Blair#Current PBMC members|Port Blair Municipal Council]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== Assam ===
{{Also|2022 Assam municipal elections}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal corporation/ Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
|20 January 2022
|Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|22 April 2022
|[[Guwahati Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|8 June 2022
|[[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|8 November 2022
|[[Deori Autonomous Council]]

|}

=== Delhi ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" |Government before
! colspan="2" |Government after
|-
|4 December 2022
| [[2022 Delhi Municipal Corporation election|Delhi Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" |Government before
! colspan="2" |Government after
|-
|28 October 2022
|[[Vijayapura City Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
{{main|2022 Madhya Pradesh municipal elections}}

{{Also|2022 Madhya Pradesh panchayat elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Municipal Corporation
! colspan=2|Government before
! colspan=2|Government after
|-
| rowspan="11" |6 July 2022
|[[Indore Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=17}}
| {{Full party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[Bhopal Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Burhanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Khandwa Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Sagar Municipal Corporation
|-
|Satna Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Singrauli Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Gwalior Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Chhindwara Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |13 July 2022
|[[Rewa Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Morena Municipal Corporation
|-
|Dewas Municipal Corporation
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Ratlam Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Katni Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

=== Mizoram ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal Corporation/ Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| 5 May 2022
| [[Mara Autonomous District Council]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Odisha ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal corporation
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| rowspan="3" |24 March 2022
| [[Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Cuttack Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Berhampur Municipal Corporation
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
! colspan="2" | Government after
|-
| rowspan="21" |19 February 2022
| [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=12}}
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=21}}
|-
| [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Madurai Municipal Corporation|Corporation of Madurai]]
|-
| [[Salem City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation|Tirunelveli City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Tiruppur Municipal Corporation|Tiruppur City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Vellore Municipal Corporation|Vellore Corporation]]
|-
|[[Erode Municipal Corporation|Erode City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Thanjavur Municipal Corporation|Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Dindigul Municipal Corporation|Dindigul City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Hosur Municipal Corporation|Hosur City Municipal Corporation]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" |''did not exist''
|-
| [[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation|Nagercoil Corporation]]
|-
| [[Avadi Municipal Corporation|Avadi City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation|Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Karur Municipal corporation|Karur City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Cuddalore Municipal corporation|Cuddalore City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Sivakasi Municipal corporation|Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation|Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation]]
|}

=== West Bengal ===
{{See also|2022 West Bengal municipal elections|2022 Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad Election}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal Corporation/ Autonomous Council
! colspan="2" |Government before
! colspan="2" |Government after
|-
| rowspan="4" |12 February 2022
| [[2022 Asansol Municipal Corporation election|Asansol Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2022 Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Election|Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2022 Chandernagore Municipal Corporation election|Chandernagore Municipal Corporation]]
|-
| [[2022 Siliguri Municipal Corporation election|Siliguri Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|26 June 2022
|[[2022 Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Election|Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
| {{Full party name with color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[2021 elections in India]]
* [[2023 elections in India]]
* [[2022 Indian Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[2022 Indian National Congress presidential election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://eci.gov.in Election Commission of India] (official website)

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:2022 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Pallithode

2025-12-05T08:56:19Z

Digitechroshni: made some data added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Pallithode
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
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| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.778352|N|76.280782|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = Chertala
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kuthiathode]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
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| government_footnotes =
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| unit_pref = Metric


| area_footnotes =
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| area_note =
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| area_total_km2 =
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| area_total_ha =
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST = +06:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 688584
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| footnotes = <ref name="Director1981">{{cite book |last=Director|first=census operations|year=1981 |title=Census of India Volume 3|publisher=Controller of Publications|location=Kerala, India}}</ref>
}}

'''Pallithode''' is a village in the [[Alappuzha district]], in the state of [[Kerala]], India, on the shores of the [[Arabian Sea]] at the west and [[Kerala backwaters|Backwaters]] in the east.<ref name="Director1981" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alappuzha.gov.in/wshome/default.htm |title=Official Website of Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India |publisher= Collectorate, Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India |date= |accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref> Pallithode comes under the [[Gram Panchayat]]s of [[Kuthiathode]] and [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panchayat.gov.in/ |title=MoPR-Home – NPP |publisher=Panchayat.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> Pattanakad [[Community development block in India|Block]],<ref>{{cite book |last=G.R.|first=Madan|year=1990 |title=India's Developing Villages Edition 2|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=India|isbn=9788170232810|page=60}}</ref> of Cherthala [[Tehsil|Taluk]]. During the 20th century, more than half of its width was eroded away by the action of [[backwater (river)|river backwater]]s and the sea. The village is very densely populated and has a wet, maritime tropical climate. Majority of the population depends on fishing industry for their livelihood.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==History==
In ancient times, Pallithode was a border post marking the northern border of the Kingdom of [[Travancore]] (16th century to 1947), adjacent to [[Chellanam]], a southern border post of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (Kochi) (12th century to 1947) and which now marks the southern border of [[Ernakulam district]].<ref>{{cite book |last=George |first=Mathew |year=1989 |title=Communal Road to A Secular Kerala |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=9788170222828 |page=20}}</ref> The border posts demarcated the kingdom boundaries and controlled trade between the kingdoms,{{refn|group=nb|The borderstones called “KothiKallu” (because “Thi” and “Ko” were written on their sides) are seen along Pallithode Chellanam borders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/history-etched-in-stone/article4504820.ece |title=History Etched in Stone |work=The Hindu |date=13 March 2013 |accessdate=24 July 2013}}</ref>}} which competed with each other for dominance and territory by means of war and diplomacy.<ref>{{cite book|last=A Sreedhara|first=Menon|date=January 1, 2007|title=A Survey of Kerala History|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786|pages=97–99}}</ref> Pallithode, as a border village, felt these struggles more intensely.

The arrival of foreign traders, starting with the Portuguese in 1498, followed by the Dutch, and then the British, made the situation more complex.<ref>{{cite book|last=P.Shungoonny|first=Menon|year=1879|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|publisher=Higginbotham & Co|location=Madras|page=307}}</ref> The kingdoms received military aid from the foreigners to fight one another, and ended up being ruled by them, finally as princely states under the British. Under British administration, trade restrictions continued, and the border checkpoints were maintained for collection of trade taxes, part of which went to British coffers.

Stability was finally achieved—with the independence of India in 1947, and with the formation of the State of Travancore-Cochin (Thiru-Kochi) in 1949—by the merger of these two princely states of British India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Varma |first=Sivadas |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article112248.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111205549/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article112248.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2015 |title=Glimpses of a historic moment |publisher=The New Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> Pallithode became a village of [[Alappuzha]] district bordering [[Ernakulam district]].{{refn|group=nb|The State of Kerala was formed in 1956 by the merger of the state of Travancore Cochin with the [[Malabar District]] of [[Madras State]] during that reorganization of Indian states.<ref>{{cite book |last=Paslithil |first=A. |title=Public Library Movement: Kerala |date=2006 |page=117 |location=Delhi |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=9788178355795}}</ref>}}

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Kerala}}

Pallithode is a green, palm-fringed, scenic village in the coastal region of Kerala, on a narrow strip of land, with white, sandy beaches bordering the Arabian Sea to the west, and a lake (''kayal'')—the Pallithode Pozhi, a part of the Cochin estuary—to the east, as well as extensive, interconnected [[paddy field]]s and backwaters to the east of the Pozhi.<ref name="news">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Fantastic family-friendly travel destinations |url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/holiday-ideas/fantastic-familyfriendly-travel-destinations/story-e6frfqd9-1226678430332 |publisher=News.com.au |date=14 July 2013 |accessdate=15 January 2015}}</ref> In the old days the only access to Pallithode was by water but this has changed today with modern roads, bridges and [[State Highway 66 (Kerala)]] (SH66) passing through Pallithode. Chappakadavu beach, in South Pallithode, provides local fishing boats access to the sea.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chacko |first=Tomy |title=Artisanal Fishing along Alleppey Coast, Southwest India |url=http://sfaa.metapress.com/content/733162668182j455/ |date=1998 |journal=Human Organization |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=61–62 |publisher=Society for Applied Anthropology |doi=10.17730/humo.57.1.733162668182j455 |issn=0018-7259 |accessdate=17 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150119032851/http://sfaa.metapress.com/content/733162668182j455/ |archive-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Chellanam]] is to the north; Valiathode, [[Parayakad]], Chavadi, and [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]] are to the east; [[Andhakaranazhy]] ({{convert|4|km|mi}} west of [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] at Pattanakad), Manokkam, Azheekal to the south.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harikumar |first=A. |title=Rehabilitation work progressing |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122800640500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103190004/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122800640500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |date=28 December 2005 |department=Kerala – Alappuzha |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>

The coastal land masses are formed or modified both by action of the sea currents and tides, and by the rainwater flow through the estuaries, from the rivers and backwater systems, supplying sediments.<ref name=Rajan2006>{{cite thesis |last=Rajan |first=R. V. |title=Texture, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sediments from the Coastal Plains Between Kodungallur and Chellanam, Central Kerala, India |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3548/6/06_chapter%201.pdf |date=November 2006 |accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref> Deposition or erosion of coastal areas are common and dynamic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narayana |first1=A.C. |last2=Priju |first2=C.P. |title=Landform and Shoreline Changes Inferred from Satellite Images along the central Kerala Coast |date=July 2006 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |volume=68 |pages=35–49 }}</ref> Sea erosion claims land in some areas with the eroded soil being deposited in other areas.<ref>{{cite tech report |last=Nair |first=K.K. |title=Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology of Coastal Plains of Kerala |date=2007 |series=Special Publication No.88, vi |location=Kolkata |publisher=Geological Society of India |issn=0254-0436}}</ref> Severe floods and tidal changes have caused more abrupt and drastic transformations at times.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sharma |editor1-first=Yogesh |title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India |year=2010 |page=81 |location=Delhi |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=9789380607009}}</ref> The Cochin estuary itself is said to have resulted from the floods of 1341, which caused the silting up of the ancient harbor of [[Muziris]] and the opening of the channel at Cochin Azhi.<ref name=Tomy2007>{{cite book |last=Tomy |first=P.J. |year=2007 |title=The Kerala Coast: Causes of its ruin and methods for revival |url=http://www.keralacoastfate.com/the%20kerala%20coast.pdf |publisher=Kerala Agricultural University |accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Search for India's ancient city |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4970452.stm |date=11 June 2006 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=18 January 2015}}</ref>

[[Chellanam]], on Pallithode's northern border,<ref name=HSN2013>{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Maintenance dredging may harm Kochi port |url=http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/News.aspx?ElementId=f3eac6ac-d159-4e33-90b9-7c80da13a3ea |publisher=Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide |date=17 June 2013 |accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref> extends from Kattiparambu (near [[Thoppumpady]]) in the north to St. George's Church at the Pallithode border, where a channel known as Andhakaranazhy once passed through to the sea at the church's current location.<ref name="ref1998"/> The channel connected Pallithode Pozhi to the sea. This channel closed later naturally and reformed at a more southern location and came to be known as the present [[Andhakaranazhy]]. Although Pallithode Pozhi is no longer an estuary, but a ''kayal'', or lake, no longer connected directly to the sea except by canals, the name remains.{{refn|group=nb|There is a spot at the old location known as Azhikkal as a remainder of the past. Azhikkal means by the Azhi.}}.<ref name=Soman2002>{{cite book |last1=Soman |first1=K. |title=Geology of Kerala |edition=2nd |date=2002 |pages=12, 315 |publisher=[[Geological Society of India]] |isbn=9788185867502}}</ref>

Recent sea erosion has caused loss of more than half the width of the village in the 20th century.<ref name=TNIE2013>{{cite news |title=Rs 16.73 crore additional aid for five districts |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Rs-16.73-crore-additional-aid-for-five-districts/2013/07/30/article1708854.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113150851/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Rs-16.73-crore-additional-aid-for-five-districts/2013/07/30/article1708854.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2015 |agency=Express News Service |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 July 2013 |accessdate=15 January 2015}}</ref> This recent erosion, in many geological analyses, is considered to be an indirect result of the man-made development of the Cochin estuary into Cochin harbor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Santhosh |first=K. |title=Maintenance dredging may harm Kochi port |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/maintenance-dredging-may-harm-kochi-port/article4819865.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 June 2013 |accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref> Sea erosion has been controlled for the last three decades by seawalls.<ref name=TIE2000>{{cite news |title=Coir to be used in bio-engineering technology |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/20001209/fco09065.html |date=9 December 2000 |agency=United News of India |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Bombay |publisher=The Indian Express Newspapers, Ltd. |accessdate=15 January 2015}}</ref> The price paid is the loss of the once long and beautiful white sandy beaches, except in a few areas left free of seawalls. Mechanized gates, where the backwaters flow into the Arabian Sea, regulate the flow of seawater entering the paddy fields of Pallithode, Thuravoor, Pattanakad, and [[Ezhupunna]], and they also prevent flooding of paddy fields during heavy rainfalls.{{clarify|date=January 2015|reason=More than seaside gates needed to prevent all paddy floods.}}

==Climate==
Pallithode's has a wet and maritime tropical climate, classified as a [[tropical monsoon climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Temperatures differ through the year, with average maximum highs between {{convert|24|C|F}} and {{convert|36|C|F}}.

==Demographics==
The population is mainly [[Latin Christian]] with a minority of [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. St.Sebastian’s Catholic Church in Pallithode is built in Portuguese architectural style and dates from 1880.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.churchesinindia.com/alleppey/st-sebastian-church-pallithode.html |title=St Sebastian Church Pallithode, Churches In India |publisher=Churchesinindia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> The nearest major Hindu temple is the ancient Thuravoor Mahakshetram.<ref>{{cite web |last=Administrator |title=Thuravoor Mahakshetram |url=http://www.thuravoortemple.org/ |publisher=Thuravoortemple.org |date=28 July 2011 |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

The local employment is mainly in the fishing industry or agriculture.

==Government==
Pallithode is in the [[Kerala Legislature|Kerala Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Aroor]] and the [[Lok Sabha|Indian Parliamentary]] constituency of [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]].{{refn|group=nb|Census villages are more numerous and heterogenous than political units (gram panchayats).<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark-Decis |first=Isabelle |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC&pg=PA1980 |year=2011 |page=1980 |isbn=9781444390582 |accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref>}}

==Transportation==

===Roads===
Pallithode village is connected to the nearest towns by [[National Highway 47 (India, old numbering)|NH-47]], [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]]-[[Ezhupunna]] Road, and the Pallithode-[[Chellanam]]-Kochi Beach Road ([[State Highway 66 (Kerala)]]). The [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC), and a number of private bus operators, provide bus service connecting the village to Ernakulam and Alappuzha.

===Rail===
The Alapuzha-Ernakulam Railway has a crossing station at [[Thuravoor railway station|Thuravoor]] providing access to the national railways.{{citation needed|date=January 2015|reason=Could be redundant of following.}} The [[Ernakulam-Kayamkulam coastal railway line]] connects to the national railways at [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station]].

===Inland waterways===
Inland waterway canals and backwaters with chains of lakes connect Pallithode with [[Kochi]] in the north and Alappuzha ([[Alleppey]]) in the south through [[National Waterway 3 (India)|National Waterway 3]]. A canal links Pallithode Pozhi to Chappakadvu.

==Economy==
Pallithode is a densely populated village<ref name="Director1981"/> with important fishing and tourism industries.<ref name="news"/>

===Fisheries===
The Kerala state government has designated Pallithode as a fishing village for development and has allocated funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/fund-sanctioned-for-15-matsya-gramams/article4084074.ece |title=Fund sanctioned for 15 'Matsya Gramams' |work=The Hindu |date=2012-11-10 |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> The Manakkodam minor fishing harbor is projected for up-gradation. Chappakadavu in Pallithode is among the major fish landings on the Kerala coast.<ref name="Jayakumar2004"/> The [[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute]] (CMFRI), the [[Central Institute of Fisheries Technology]] (CIFT), and the Fisheries ministry of Kerala use Pallithode as a field station for research and development of fisheries projects.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Prasad |first=G. |title=Length-Weight Relationships of Penaeus monodon Reared in Semi-Intensive Culture Systems of Kerala, India |url=http://www.worldfishcenter.org/Naga/Naga24-1&2/pdf/aquabyte%203.pdf |volume=24 |number=1 & 2 (January–June 2001) |journal=Naga, ICLARM Quarterly |accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite tech report |last=Rajendran |first=G. |title=Success Story of Matsya Keralam First Phase |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/docs/govt_departments/dept_fisheries/matsyakeralam.pdf |date=September 2009 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Fisheries |format=PDF |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Pallithode is also a model village in the pilot project of [[rainwater harvesting]] sponsored by the Center for Science and Environment to supplement sources of drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Pallithode.htm |title=Pallithode : Rural Water Harvesting |publisher=Rainwaterharvesting.org |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref>

===Tourism===
Tourism is a fast developing industry of increasing importance in the Kerala economy. Pallithode with its indisputable scenic beauty is playing its part in the tourism industry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biju|first=Mathew|year=2012|title=Kerala Traditions & Fascinating Destinations|publisher=Info Kerala|isbn=9788192128412|page=20}}</ref> There are cruises on offer in Pallithode Pozhi and surrounds, including excursions to [[Andhakaranazhy]]. The sandy beaches are attractive to visitors. Resorts in the backwaters of Pallithode cater to Indian and international tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kondailip.com/ |title=Backwater Heritage Resort |publisher=Kondai Lip |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> The Kerala government has developed infrastructure at [[Andhakaranazhy]] and its beaches to cater to tourists. Ecotourism is being promoted by the Kerala State Tourism Department and nongovernmental agencies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala's Ecotourism Initiatives |url=http://dqianalytics.in/articles/Ecotourism%20Projects%20in%20Kerala.pdf |website=dQi analytics.com |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref> [[Kumbalangy|Kumbalangi]], the first model tourism village in India, is close by.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.com/kumbalangi/htm/ecotourism.htm |title=Kumbalangi.Kerala.com – Kumbalangi, The Model Tourist Village, Kumbalangi, Kerala, India. A Worldviewr.com / Kerala.com Site |publisher=Kerala.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=1193906478 |title=Kumbalangi |publisher=Keralatourism.org |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> Help and guidance in setting up ecotourism ventures is provided by tourism offices. It's common to have visitors housed with local families, to gain insights into local culture and lifestyle. Apart from local excursions and cultural events, this may include agricultural or fish farm activities. NGO’s, including Women’s Initiative groups (WIN Society), and Farmer’s Co-operatives, give assistance and financial support in setting up homestays and associated activities.

==Places of interest==

===Pallithode Pozhi===
The Pallithode Pozhi is a backwater lake that is situated very close to the sea, less than two to three hundred meters in many spots. Its network of canals connects it to the [[Arabian Sea]] at Andhakaranazhy, as well as to the [[Kerala backwaters]] system, and by the [[Kuthiathode]] Canal to [[Vembanad]] Kayal. The Pozhi, lined with [[Chinese fishing nets]] (cheenavala), and the neighboring paddy fields are important sources of freshwater fish, as well as a scenic lake important to tourism.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

The action of the sea and backwaters have caused changes in geography through the ages, changes in the nature and location of the sea outlets of the backwater system in the remote past,<ref name="ref1998">{{cite book |last=Sebastian |first=P.L. |title=The Parayakattil Story |date=1998 |page=4 |publisher=Mukhachitra Publications}}</ref> and the loss of land mass due to sea erosion in the more recent times.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=B.S. |last2=Conner |first2=P.E. |title=Geographical and Statistical Memoir of the Survey of Travancore & Cochin States 1816–20 |volume=II |date=1891 |location=Madras |publisher=Government Press}}</ref>

===Andhakaranazhy===
[[Andhakaranazhy]] means "Azhi of darkness". {{refn|group=nb|Azhi means a bar, a sand bar in this context. It can also mean "sea" or "deep".}} It is a part of the Kerala backwater system at the Arabian Sea.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} There are sandy beaches at Andhakaranazhy. The area has been developed by the [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]] into a tourist spot.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/the-shadow-lines/article3865940.ece |title=The shadow lines |work=The Hindu |date=2012-09-06 |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> There are Restaurants and an aerial walkway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4yathra.com/Destinations/Andhakaranazhi.aspx |title=Kerala Tourism Guide |publisher=4yathra.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}}</ref> It is a natural harbor rated as a minor port by the Central Port Authority. The Kerala government, the Indian Ports Association, and the Inland Waterways Authority of India are planning its development jointly.<ref>{{cite journal |last=G K |first=Aby Abraham |title=Taking to the water |url=http://www.economic-update.in/stories/2012/03/26/taking-to-the-water/ |journal=Enterprise & Economic Update Kerala |publisher=Economic-update.in |date=26 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719082831/http://www.economic-update.in/stories/2012/03/26/taking-to-the-water/ |archivedate=19 July 2013 |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

Manakkodam fishing harbor, with its [[lighthouse]], is at [[Andhakaranazhy]], and is designated as a minor port and a [[Greenfield land|green field site]].<ref name=OldKeralaPorts>{{cite web |title=Department of Ports Index |url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_port/index.htm |date= |website=Official Website of Kerala.gov.in |accessdate=15 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924055706/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_port/index.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Chappakadavu===
Chappakadavu{{refn|group=nb|Kadavu means a landing place.}} is the mainstay of the fishing industry in the area.<ref name="Jayakumar2004">{{cite web |last1=Jayakumar |first1=C. |last2=Dillepkumar |first2=N. |title=Study of turtles, traditional practices and rights of fishermen in the Kerala coast and development of an education strategy for protecting the coastal biodiversity through a community-based Turtle conservation programme |url=http://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/report/turtle.pdf |date=September 2004 |publisher=Thanal Conservation Action and Information Network |accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> Earlier it was a unique place close to the sea, with a canal having quick and easy access to the backwater system and thence to the consumers.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Now transport is mainly overland, but the prominence of this fish processing area and market continues. The provision of the fishing gap has helped to retain the importance of Chappakadavu.<ref name="Jayakumar2004"/>{{clarify|date=January 2015|reason=What is meant by "fishing gap"?}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{ div col}}
*{{cite book |last=Puthur |first=John Jacob |title=The Untold Story of a Coast|publisher=CreateSpace IPP |isbn=978-1482531558 |date=19 February 2013}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jayappa |first1=K S |last2=Narayana |first2=A C |title=Coastal Environments: Problems And Perspectives |date=15 June 2009 |publisher=I.K.International |isbn=978-9380026282}}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
*[http://www.archive.india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/16116.pdf Archives of India] Model fishing village scheme
*[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/rOFyi3baM1800Zif2DDrkK/The-vanishing-wetlands-in-India.html Livemint] About ecology of wetlands

{{Alappuzha district}}

[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]

Chocolate (Tamil TV series)

2025-11-11T19:18:22Z

Digitechroshni:

{{short description|2019 Tamil-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chocolate serial.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = soap opera
| creator = Inspire Films Content Private Limited
| writer = S.Marathu Shankar
| director = * [[Suresh Krissna]] (1-32)
* Azhagar (33-70)
* Anshar Khan (71–84)
| creative_director = V.Chandrasekhar
K.Ramakrishnan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Priyanka Kumar
* [[Rahul Ravi]]
* Vandana Brundha
* Vicky Roshan
}}
| theme_music_composer = Dhina
| opentheme = "Yaar Ival Chocolate Pennival"
| endtheme =
| composer = Hari
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 84
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Dhivya Dinesh R.Dinesh
| producer = Vaidehi Ramamurthy
| editor = K.Lakshmikanth Vasigaran
| location =
| cinematography = Sanjay Loganath G.K Ganesh Raja
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = Vision Time India Pvt Ltd
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|12|16|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|03|25|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Chocolate (Malayalam TV series)]]''
}}

'''Chocolate''' is a 2019–2020 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[soap opera]] starring Priyanka Kumar, [[Rahul Ravi]], and Vandana Brundha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=சாக்லெட்: வர வர கொஞ்சம் புளிக்கிற மாதிரி இருக்கே...|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-news-sun-tv-chocolate-serial-vikram-iniya-176710/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322063240/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-news-sun-tv-chocolate-serial-vikram-iniya-176710/ |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> It premiered on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from 16 December 2019, replacing the serial Mahalakshmi. The show is produced by Vision Time India Pvt Ltd and directed by K Venpa Kadhiresan. It is the official remake of the [[Surya TV]]'s Malayalam serial ''[[Chocolate (Malayalam TV series)|Chocolate]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 February 2020|title=Chennai Times 20 Most Desirable Men on TV 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-tv-2019/articleshow/73769241.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102095241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-tv-2019/articleshow/73769241.cms |archive-date=2 January 2021 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Chocolate is the story of Vikram and Iniya. Vikram is a wealthy businessman, and Iniya an ordinary girl with an extraordinary talent for baking mouthwatering dark chocolate cookies. Circumstances force her to quit baking until she crosses paths with Vikram.

==Cast==

===Main===
* Priyanka as Iniya:<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=சாக்லெட்' இனியாவா இது?: உண்மையான முகத்த பாத்தா அசந்துடுவீங்க!|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/sun-tv-chocolate-serial-iniya-priyanka-kumar-177000/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318081612/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/sun-tv-chocolate-serial-iniya-priyanka-kumar-177000/ |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Vikram's wife
*[[Rahul Ravi]] as Vikram: Iniya's husband
* Vandana Brundha as Pallavi

===Recurring===
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]] as Renuka: Vikram's mother
* [[Abhishek Shankar]] as Sanjay Kumar: Vikram's father
* Akshitha Ashok as Vaishali: Vikram's younger sister
* [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] as Narayanan; Vikram's paternal grandfather
* Gayathri Priya as Sivagami: Iniya's mother
* Sathish as Vasudevan: Iniya's father
* [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]] as Amrudha aka Ammu: Iniya's younger sister
* Swapna as Ramya: Vikram's paternal aunt
* Moses R Wilky as Ramesh: Vikram's paternal uncle
* Vignesh Reddy as Rahul: Vikram's paternal cousin brother
* Bhanuprakash as Pallavi's father
* Kiran and Gve Krishna as Siddharth aka Siddhu: Vikram's paternal cousin brother
* Vishwanathan as Vishwanathan: Vikram's office worker
* Vicky Roshan as Kumaravel aka Kumaran: Iniya's maternal cousin; Parvathi's son
* Rekha Suresh as Parvathi: Kumaran's mother; Vasudevan's sister; Iniya's maternal aunt
* Hensha Deepan as Sumathi: Kumaran's wife

===Special appearance===
* [[Chef Damodharan]] as himself

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Chocolate (Malayalam TV series)|Chocolate]]'' ചോക്ലേറ്റ്
|20 May 2019
|[[Surya TV]]
|20 March 2020
|Original
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Chocolate'' சாக்லேட்
|16 December 2019
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|25 March 2020
|Remake
|}

==Production==
Initially aired during afternoons from Monday to Saturday, in March 2020, it was shifted to a night slot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sun TV chocolate serial time changed|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-chocolate-serial-time-changed-iniya-vikram-180000/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605174819/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-chocolate-serial-time-changed-iniya-vikram-180000/ |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Rahul Ravi played the lead role of Vikram in the Malayalam version of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=10 May 2019|title=Chocolate: Actor Rahul Ravi all set to make a comeback|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chocolate-actor-rahul-ravi-all-set-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/69267821.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022202954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chocolate-actor-rahul-ravi-all-set-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/69267821.cms |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> However, he also joined the lead for this Tamil version as Vikram and he worked for both the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=5 February 2020|title=Actor Rahul Ravi looks unrecognizable in these pictures; take a look|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-rahul-ravi-looks-unrecognizable-in-these-pictures-take-a-look/articleshow/73969213.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024215845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-rahul-ravi-looks-unrecognizable-in-these-pictures-take-a-look/articleshow/73969213.cms |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> However, due to work schedule conflict, he was replaced by Bipin Jose in the Malayalam series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 January 2020|title=Shyamili has helped other women also to be proud of who they are: Sandra Babu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shyamili-has-helped-other-women-also-to-be-proud-of-who-they-are-sandra-babu/articleshow/73586735.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724144602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shyamili-has-helped-other-women-also-to-be-proud-of-who-they-are-sandra-babu/articleshow/73586735.cms |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 March 2020|title=Malayalam TV show 'Chocolate' completes 200 episodes; actress Sandra Babu thanks viewers for the support|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalam-tv-show-chocolate-completes-200-episodes-actress-sandra-babu-thanks-viewers-for-the-support/articleshow/74494646.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717115208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalam-tv-show-chocolate-completes-200-episodes-actress-sandra-babu-thanks-viewers-for-the-support/articleshow/74494646.cms |archive-date=17 July 2021 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Works by Vision Time Tamil}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
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Tajuddin Chishti

2025-11-02T02:13:24Z

Digitechroshni: started new post

{{Short description|Sufi saint of 14th century}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[File:SufiTajSarwar.JPG|thumb|alt=SufiTajSarwar|Shrine of [[Sufi]] saint Shaikh Khawaja Tajuddin Chishti (14th century), located in the city of [[Chishtian]].]]
{{Sufism}}

'''Tajuddin Chishti''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq| شیخ خواجه تاج الدين چشتی}}}}) also called '''Taj Sarwar Chishti''' was a 14th century [[Sufi]] saint of [[Chishti Order]] in [[Chishtian]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]].

Taj-ud-din Chishti was a grandson [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Farid-ud-din Ganjshakar]] (1179 - 1266) of [[Pakpattan]] and his descendants founded the village of [[Chishtian]] around 1265 CE (574 [[Islamic calendar|Hijri, Islamic calendar]]).<ref name=GoogleBooks>{{cite book|author=H. A. Rose (1990)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QmrSwFYe60C&dq=Taj+Sarwar+Chishti&pg=PA172 |title= A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West ..., Volume 2, page 72| date=1990 | publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-2060505-5}}</ref>

The [[dargah]] of Taj-ud-din Chishti is called Roza Taj Sarwar.

Many native tribes in [[Punjab region]] accepted [[Islam]] due to his [[missionary]] [[Dawah|Da‘wah]].<ref name=GoogleBooks/> Khawaja Tajuddin Chishti faced hostility from tribes that opposed his [[Muslim]] [[missionary]] [[Dawah|Da‘wah]] and he was [[Shahid|martyred]] in a battle and was buried in [[Chishtian]].<ref name=GoogleBooks/>

==Chishti Order==
The [[Chishti Order]] is a [[tariqa|Sufi order]] within the mystic [[Sufism|Sufi]] tradition of [[Islam]]. It began in [[Chisht]], a small town near [[Herat]], Afghanistan about 930 CE. The Chishti Order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and openness.<ref>Ernst, Carl W. and Lawrence, Bruce B. (2002) ''Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond'' Palgrave Macmillan, New York, p. 1 {{ISBN|1-4039-6026-7}}</ref><ref name=chishties>{{cite web|url=http://www.dargahsharif.com/CHISHTISM_%20ORIGIN,%20SCHOLARS,%20BAIT,%20BASANT,%20SAMA................htm |title=Chishti Order of Sufis - Origin Of Chishties|website=Dargahsharif.com website|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2011|access-date=15 December 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708233146/http://www.dargahsharif.com/CHISHTISM_%20ORIGIN,%20SCHOLARS,%20BAIT,%20BASANT,%20SAMA................htm}}</ref>

The [[Chishti Order]] is primarily followed in [[Afghanistan]] and [[South Asia]].<ref name=chishties/> It was the first of the four main Sufi orders (Chishti, [[Qadiriyya]], [[Suhrawardiyya]] and [[Naqshbandi]]) to be established in this region. [[Moinuddin Chishti]] (1142 - 1236) introduced the Chishti Order in [[Lahore]] ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]]) and [[Ajmer]] ([[Rajasthan]]), sometime in the middle of the 12th century AD. He was eighth in the line of succession from the founder of the Chishti Order, Abu Ishaq Shami. There are now several branches of the order, which has been the most prominent South Asian Sufi brotherhood since the 12th century.<ref name=chishties/><ref>Rozehnal, Robert. Islamic Sufism Unbound: Politics and Piety in Twenty-First Century Pakistan. Palgrave MacMillan, 2007. Print.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chishti, Tajuddin}}
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:People from Pakpattan]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sufi saints]]
[[Category:14th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in Pakistan]]

Ansari (Panipat)

2025-10-18T15:52:55Z

Digitechroshni: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
The '''Ansaris''' of [[Panipat Taraf Ansar|Panipat]] are descended from [[Abdullah Ansari|Khwaja Abdullah Pir]] of Herat, one of whose descendants settled in Panipat, which was a centre of learning and was already famous for its ''[[Mashaikh]]'' and ''[[Wali|Auliya]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1p5hEAAAQBAJ&dq=ansaris+of+panipat&pg=PA2 |title= Pakistan in an Age of Turbulence |page= 4 |author= Masuma Hasan |date= 2022 |publisher= Pen and Sword |isbn= 9781526788634 }}</ref>

==History==
According to Tazkiratus Saleheen of Muhammad Abdul Aleem, Khwaja Malik Ali son of Birak Shah, the King of Herat, who was a descendant in the seventeenth generation of [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari]] through his son Muhammad Khwaja. the Panipat Ansaris, or Helpers of the Prophet, who trace their descent from Khwaja Abdula Pir of Hirat, one of whose children, Khwaja Malak, in the reign of Sultan Alaudin Musud, the grandson of Abdullah Ansari, migrated to Dehli, and finally fixed his abode at Panipat. Khwaja Malik Ali was also assigned to become the [[Qadi|Qazi]] of [[Panipat]] during this time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsfamiliesof00massrich/page/202/mode/2up | title=Chiefs and families of note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat divisions of the Panjab | date=1890 | publisher=Allahabad, Printed at the Pioneer Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/ansaris-of-firangi-mahal/page/19/mode/2up | title=Ansari's of Firangi Mahal | date=3 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Modern Era==
[[File:AltafHussainhali.jpg|[[Altaf Hussain Hali]] of Panipat|thumb]]
The Ansaris of Panipat intermarry with the [[Pir (Sufism)|''Pir'']] families and ''[[Makhdoom|Makhdum]]'' families of Panipat and the [[Sayyid|''Syeds'']] of Barsat and Sonepat.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZifwYm8MT0C&q=panipat+ansaris+makhdumzadas|page= 51 |title= Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab-Volume 1 |author= Gulshan Lall Chopra |date= 1940 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nBZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Makhdumzadas+ansari |title= The Punjab Chiefs: Volume 1 |date= 1993 |author1=Sir Lepel Henry Griffin |author2=W. L. Conran |author3=Sir Henry Craik |page= 48|publisher= Sang-e-Meel |isbn= 9789693503036 }}</ref> The Urdu poet and writer, [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], was born in Panipat as a descendant of the Ansaris.<ref>Syeda Saiyidain Hameed, 'Introduction', ''Hali's Musaddas: A Story in Verse of the Ebb and Tide of Islam'' (New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 24.</ref> Pakistani nationalist scholars consider his ''Musaddas-e Hali'' as an important text leading to the development of [[Pakistani nationalism]].<ref>[[Masood Ashraf Raja|Raja, Masood Ashraf]] (2010). ''Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780195478112}}</ref> He also wrote the ''Yadgar-e Ghalib'', ''Hayat-e Saadi'', and ''Hayat-e Javed'', which were biographies of Ghalib, Saadi, and [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Syed Ahmed Khan]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://rekhta.org/poets/altaf-hussain-hali/ebooks |title= Rekhta}}</ref><ref name=APNA>[http://apnaorg.com/books/urdu/hayat-e-javed-1/book.php?fldr=book ''Hayat-e-Javed''] by Altaf Hussain Hali, digitized on Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website. Retrieved 15 August 2018.</ref><ref name=rekhta>[https://rekhta.org/poets/altaf-hussain-hali/ebooks ''Hayat-e-Javed'' and other e-books by Altaf Hussain Hali first published in the year 1900, digitized on rekhta.org website] Retrieved 15 August 2018.</ref>

==Mughal Empire==
The Ansaris of Panipat held high offices during Muslim rule for several generations.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&dq=third+family+ansaris+panipat&pg=PA38 |title= Political Inheritance of Pakistan |date= 1991 |author= D. A. Low |page= 38 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 9781349115563 }}</ref>
[[File:A PORTRAIT OF LUTFULLAH KHAN SADIQ.jpg|thumb|left|A portrait of Lutfullah Khan Sadiq]]

=== Lutfullah Khan Sadiq ===
Shams ud-Daulah Lutfullah Khan Panipati was the wakil of Prince Jahan Shah in Bahadur Shah's time, and deserted him during the War of Succession, gaining the favour of Jahandar Shah.<ref>{{cite book |title= Proceedings - Volume 45 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vRVDAAAAYAAJ&q=Lutfullah+Khan+wds+the+vakil+of+Prince+Jehan+Shah+in+the+time+of+Bahadur+Shah+and+deserted+him+during+the+war+of |page= 311 |publisher= Indian History Congress |date= 1985 }}</ref> Lutfullah Khan enjoyed the confidence of [[Farrukhsiyar]] through flattery, but worked hand in glove with the Sayyid brothers.<ref>{{ cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QhuAAAAMAAJ&q=lutfullah+khan+farrukhsiyar |page= 360 |title= Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century |first=Muhammad | last=Umar |date= 1998|publisher= Available with the author |isbn= 9788121508308 }}</ref> The Syed brothers considered him to be a source of mischief and deprived him of his rank, and his gardens and mansions were confiscated.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=lutfullah++bihar&pg=PA301 |title= Later Mughal |first=William | last=Irvine |date= 1971 }}</ref> As the Mir-i-Saman of [[Muhammad Shah]] and later Diwan-i-Khalisa,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NXsBAAAAMAAJ&q=lutfullah+khan+diwna |page= 32 |title= A Mughal Statesman of the Eighteenth Century, Khan-i-Dauran, Mir Bakshi of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1739 |first=Zahiruddin | last=Malik |date= 1973 |publisher= Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University |isbn= 9780210405444 }}</ref> Lutfullah Khan enjoyed the confidence of the Emperor and enjoyed great influence at court.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ&q=Lutfullah+Khan+Sadiq+was+raised+to+the+mansab+of+7,000+/+-+and+made+governor+of+Multan+. |page= 311 |title= the Reign of Muhammad Shah |isbn= 9780210405987 |last1= Malik |first1= Zahiruddin |last2= Malik |first2= Zahir Uddin |year= 1977 |publisher= Asia Publishing House }}</ref> He succeeded his brother Sher Afgan Khan as governor of [[Multan]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ&q=lutfullah+multan |page= 251 |first=Zahiruddin | last=Malik |date= 1977 |publisher= Asia Publishing House |title= The reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748 |isbn= 9780210405987 }}</ref> He was later the governor of [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LO1tAAAAMAAJ&q=lutfullah+khan+shahjahanabad |title= Indo-iranica: Volume 29 |date= 1976 |publisher= Iran Society (Kolkata, India) }}</ref> In spite of having so much wealth, he seized the lands of poorer and weakened people all around Panipat, and had converted them into agricultural lands over an area of 12 km. This was an evidence of the rustic habits and tastes of the noble of this dignified rank. He was known as "Sadiq" or truthful in appreciation of and respect for the fame of his homeplace, Panipat.<ref>{{cite book |title=Iqbalnama: By an Anonymous Contemporary Writer |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=C4dDAAAAYAAJ&q=This+was+an+evidence+of+the+rustic+habits+and+tastes+of+this+noble+of+dignified+rank+.+At+last+Izzat+-+ud+-+Daulah+Sher+Afgan+was |page= 96 |first=Syed H. | last=Askari |date=1983 }}</ref>

=== Sher Afgan Khan Panipati ===
Sher Afgan Khan of Panipat was the governor of Multan in the reign of Muhammad Shah.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ&q=lutfullah+khan+sadiq+nazim |page= 251 |first=Zahiruddin | last=Malik |date= 1977 |publisher= Asia Publishing House |title= The reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748|isbn= 978-0-210-40598-7 }}</ref> His son was married to the daughter of the Mughal [[Grand vizier]] [[Roshan-ud-Daulah|Turrah Baz Khan]],<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R8TXAAAAMAAJ&q=sher+afgan+khan+panipat |title= Islam in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century |date= 1993 |first=Muhammad | last=Umar |publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn= 9788121505499 }}</ref> another native of Panipat.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4dDAAAAYAAJ&q=raushan+shaikhzada+panipat |title= Iqbalnama: by an anonymous contemporary writer |first=Syed H. | last=Askari |publisher= Janaki Prakashan |date= 1983 |page= 243 }}</ref> At court the Mughal Vizier relied on him to support his own faction at court, which was opposed to [[Khan Dowran VII|Khan-i Dauran]],<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ&q=Zafar+Khan+and+Sher+Afghan+Khan+,+who+had+employed+a+large+number+of+Afghans+and+Hindustanis+in+their+armies+,+formed+their+own+group+which+did+not+identify+either+with+Qamr+-+u%27d+-+din+Khan+or+Khan+-+i+Dauran+.+Zafar+Khan+,+though |title= The reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748 |first=Zahiruddin | last=Malik |date= 1977 |publisher= Asia Publishing House |page= 100 |isbn= 9780210405987 }}</ref> an Indian Muslim from Agra who was the Commander-in-Chief of the Mughal empire.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ca4ABAAAQBAJ&dq=khan+commander+dauran+chief&pg=PT229 |title= Hist Afghanistan |author= Percy Sykes |date= 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn= 9781317845867 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gxluAAAAMAAJ&q=khan+dauran+indian+born+muslim |title= Historians of Medieval India
|date= 1982 |publisher= Meenakshi Prakashan |page= 159}}</ref>

=== Zakariya Khan ===
[[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]] was a descendant of the Ansaris.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&dq=third+family+ansaris+panipat&pg=PA38 |title= Political Inheritance of Pakistan |date= 1991 |author= D. A. Low |page= 38 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 9781349115563 }}</ref> Originally governor of Jammu, he took part in the expeditions against the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&dq=zakariya+khan+jammu&pg=PT73 |title= The Sikhs |date= 2007 |isbn= 9780307429339 |last1= Singh |first1= Patwant }}</ref> Zakariya Khan was the governor of Lahore at the time of Nader Shah's invasion.<ref>{{cite book |title= Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab |page= 203 |date= 1890 |author= Charles Francis Massy |publisher= Pioneer Press}}</ref>

=== Diler Dil Khan ===
Moin ud-Daulah Diler Dil Khan, originally Khwaja Abdullah, was the son of Khwaja Abdur Razzaq of Panipat. He is mentioned in the Siyar-ul-Mutahkerin as "Dilere Khan, of Puniput, brother of Zakariah Khan Sadik".<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PItTAAAAYAAJ&q=zakariah+sadik |title= The Siyar-mutakherin: A History of the Mahomedan Power in India During the Eighteenth Century|author= Ghulām Ḥusayn Khān Ṭabāṭabāʼī, Ḥājī Muṣṭafā |date=1924 |page= 109 }}</ref> He had the mansab of 6000,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7c4gAAAAMAAJ&q=of+Khwaja++Abdur+Razzaq+ansari |page= 258 |publisher= Aligarh Muslim University. Department of History. Centre of Advanced Study |title= Medieval India: Volume 2 |date= 1972 |isbn= 9780210223932 }}</ref> and was the governor of Thatta and Kabul during the reign of Muhammad Shah.<ref>{{cite book |title= Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab |page= 203 |date= 1890 |author= Charles Francis Massy |publisher= Pioneer Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xvgADgAAQBAJ&dq=himmat+diler+dil+khan&pg=PT139 |title= Sufis Of Sindh |author= Dr. Motilal Jotwani |publisher= Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn= 9788123023410 }}</ref> From 1735 to 1738, he was governor of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kashmir:History and People |page=132 |author=S.R. Bakshi |date=1997 |publisher=Sarup }}</ref>

===Yahya Khan===
Yahya Khan, the son of Zakariya Khan, succeeded his father as governor of Lahore.<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern Indian History |page= 57 |author= V D. MAHAJAN |date= 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Panipat]]

Exostoma labiatum

2025-09-30T13:50:23Z

Digitechroshni: New Initial Stub W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 March 2024">{{cite iucn |author=Ng, H.H. |date=2010 |title=''Exostoma labiatum'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T166549A6234038 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166549A6234038.en |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Exostoma labiatum
| authority = ([[John McClelland (doctor)|McClelland]], 1842)
| synonyms =
* ''Glyptosternon labiatus'' McClelland, 1842
* ''Exostoma labiatus'' (McClelland, 1842)
}}

'''''Exostoma labiatum''''', the '''Burmese bat catfish''', is a [[species]] of [[sisorid catfish]] in the family [[Sisoridae]]. It is found in India.

== Description ==
''Exostoma labiatum'' reaches a [[total length]] of {{convert|11.0|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Exostoma|species= labiatum| month = February | year = 2015}}</ref>

==References==
*Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5525148}}

[[Category:Catfish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John McClelland (doctor)]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1842]]
[[Category:Exostoma|labiatum]]

{{Sisoridae-stub}}

Jhumar song

2025-09-08T02:46:07Z

Digitechroshni: New

{{Short description|Folk music of East India}}
{{about|folk music of Sadanic ethnolinguistic group|its eponymous dance|Jhumair}}
'''Jhumar''', also known as '''Jhumur''' or '''Jhumair''', is a form of [[folk music]] prevalent in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], primarily in [[Jharkhand]], the southwestern region of [[West Bengal]] and the northern part of [[Odisha]]. It is also found in the [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Tea states]] of [[Assam]] due to emigration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Anindya |date=August 2018 |title=Jhumur Song: A Geo – Environmental Analysis |url=http://ignited.in/a/57671 |journal=Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education |volume=XV |issue=6 |pages=35–37 |doi=10.29070/15/57671 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |s2cid=135187216 |issn=2230-7540 |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007055802/http://ignited.in/a/57671 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Jhumar songs are sung during various social events, primarily during festivals such as [[Karam (festival)|Karam]], [[Tusu Festival|Tusu]], and [[Bandna]] by [[agricultural]] and indigenous communities like [[Kudmi Mahato|Kuṛmi]], [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], [[Chik Baraik]], [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Rajuar|Rajwar]], and [[Munda people|Munda]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw8wAQAAIAAJ |title=People of India: Bihar, including Jharkhand (2 pts) |date=2008 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7046-302-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Manik Lal |title=Jhumar of the West Bengal highlands |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/jhumar-west-bengal-highlands |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Indianculture.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Vakoch |first1=Douglas A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-h9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=Indian Feminist Ecocriticism |last2=Anae |first2=Nicole |date=2022-08-08 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-6669-0872-5 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sattar|1975|page=149}}</ref>

==Overview==
The word "Jhumar" is derived from ''[[Jhum]]'' (Shifting cultivation), a regional term for the primitive method of farming practiced by indigenous-agricultural communities in [[East India|eastern India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. In earlier times, it originated as a form of shouting (locally known as ''Hawka'' or ''Hanka'') by working women, expressed through short lines describing their emotions while working in the fields. Under the influence of Hinduism, these songs became infused with religious themes, often featuring deities such as [[Radha Krishna|Radha–Krishna]] and [[Rama]]–[[Lakshmana]].<ref name=":0" />

Jhumar songs vary depending on the singer's region, as the Jhumar culture spans a vast area of eastern India. Due to this diversity, dominant regional languages intermingle with the songs, resulting in different dialectical variations. However, Jhumar songs are primarily composed in [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], and [[Bengali language]]. Since non-Aryan tribal groups also observe Jhumar-associated festivals, they often sing in a synthesized form that blends their native languages with Nagpuri, Kurmali, or Bengali.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhary |first=P.C. Roy |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06808 |title=The Jhumur of Bengal |journal=Mainstream |volume=6 |issue=19–41 |date=17 February 1968 |pages=27–28}}</ref> In general, Jhumar songs are classified into two broad groups: Traditional Jhumar and Modified Jhumar. Some examples of Traditional Jhumar include Adivasi Jhumur, Kathi Jhumur, and Nachni Jhumur, while Darbari, Pala, and Dand are examples of Modified Jhumar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dey |first=Falguni |title=Folk Culture of West Bengal |journal=Journal of Institute of Landscape Ecology and Ekistics |volume=35 |issue=1 |issn=0971-4170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Manik Lal |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.15085 |title=Jhumar of the West Bengal highlands |date=1974 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi}}</ref>

Adibasi, Bagalia, Baha, Bhaduria, Burihi, Chaitali, Dand, Darbari, Darsalia, Galoari, Jharkhandia, Jheta, Jhika, Jhikadang, Karam, Khatinach, Kurmali, Lagrey, Magha, Matoari, NachniNach, Pala, Pata, Raila, Riuja, Sadhu, Saharja, Tand, Thant and many more are the various disciplined forms of Jhumar songs. These songs are themed around ''Laukik Prem'' (worldly love), ''Pouranik'' (mythological tales), ''Prahelika'' (riddles), Radha–Krishna and Samajik (social themes).<ref name=":0" /><ref>Narayan Chattopadhyay (1999). "Jhumur" Lokosanskriti and Adivasi Sanskriti Kendra, Kolkata.</ref>

== Notable singer ==


* [[Dulal Manki]], Jhumair singer from Assam
*[[Mahavir Nayak]], Theth Nagpuri singer



==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last=Sattar |first=Abdus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IQKAQAAIAAJ |title=Tribal Culture in Bangladesh |year=1975 |pages=128–132, 149–152 |publisher=Muktadhara |location=Dacca, Bangladesh |language=en |oclc=2423269 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119074425/https://books.google.com/books?id=9IQKAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 }}

[[Category:Indian folk music]]
[[Category:Indigenous music| ]]
[[Category:Traditional music]]

Diocese of Purnea

2025-08-24T08:27:18Z

Digitechroshni: New First Info Initial Version.

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Bihar, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Purnea
|latin = Dioecesis Purneaensis
|country = [[India]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Patna]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Patna]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = St. Peter’s Cathedral in [[Purnia]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 15,733
|population = 8,349,215
|population_as_of = 2004
|catholics = 24,391
|catholics_percent= 0.3
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop =
|metro_archbishop = [[Sebastian Kallupura]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops = [[Angelus Kujur]]
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Purnea''' ({{langx|la| Purneaen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Purnea]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Patna]] in India.

==History==
* 27 June 1998: Established as Diocese of Purnea from the [[Diocese of Dumka]]

==Bishops==
* [[Vincent Barwa]] (27 June 1998 – 29 September 2004)
* [[Angelus Kujur]] (20 January 2007 – 8 December 2021)<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = 8 December 2021 | language = it | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/12/08/0828/01739.html | date = 8 December 2021 | title = Rinunce e nomine, 08.12.2021 | publisher = Holy See Press Office}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/purn0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dpurn.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|25.7733|N|87.4673|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purnea}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1998]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Bihar]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Purnia]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Bombay Dockyard (Royal Navy)

2025-08-04T01:10:41Z

Digitechroshni: New Basic Entry V1.

{{for|the present-day dockyard|Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = His Majesty's Indian Naval Dockyard, Bombay
| ensign = Flag of the Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom.svg
| ensign_size = 130px
| native_name =
| partof =

| location = Bombay
| nearest_town = 
| country = India
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 = 
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| type = [[Naval Base]] and [[Naval Dockyard]]
| coordinates =
| gridref =
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
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| pushpin_map =
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| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_marksize =
| ownership = 
| operator = [[Royal Navy]]
| controlled by = [[Navy Board]], [[Board of Admiralty]]
| open_to_public =
| site_other_label = 
| site_other =
| site_area = 
| code = 
| built =
| used = 1670–1949
| builder =
| materials =
| height = 
| length = 
| fate =
| condition =
| battles =
| events =
| current_commander = 
| past_commanders =
| garrison =
| occupants = East India Marine Bombay Marine [[East Indies Station|Royal Navy East Indies Squadron]] [[Royal Indian Navy]]
| website =
| footnotes = 
}}
'''Bombay Dockyard''', or formally '''His Majesty's Indian Dockyard, Bombay''', was originally a naval facility developed by the [[East India Company]] beginning in 1670. It was formally established as a [[Royal Navy Dockyard]] in 1811 and base of the [[East Indies Station]] when the [[Department of Admiralty]] in London took over it. The yard was initially managed by the [[Navy Board]] through its [[Resident Commissioner, Bombay Dockyard|Resident Commissioner, Bombay]] until 1832 when administration of the yard was taken over by the [[Board of Admiralty]].

After the [[Independence of India]] the dockyard was taken over by the [[Indian Navy]].

==History==
Britain's representation in the [[East Indies]] was dominated by the [[English East India Company]] formed in 1600.<ref name=day5661>Day, pp. 56–61.</ref> The company created its own navy as early as 1613 and became known as the East India Marine and equipment for building ships at [[Bombay]] was sent directly from England.<ref name=day5661/> Around 1670, Bombay began to be developed as a shipyard, and by 1686, it had become the headquarters of the English East India Company and its fleet in India was renamed the Bombay Marine.<ref name=day5661/> To support the Bombay Marine, a refit yard was built with a supporting shore organisation consisting of a marine storekeeper, Mr. William Minchen, who was appointed in 1670, and a master shipbuilder, Mr. Warwick Pett. The structure followed that of other [[Royal Navy Dockyards]] such as those in England where in the early 17th century the naval storekeeper and master shipwright were key posts.<ref name=day58>Day, p. 58.</ref> The development in the administrative structure was notable for the combination of shore and ship establishments.<ref name=day58/>

In 1735 by the [[East India Company]], brought in shipwrights from their base at [[Surat]] in order to construct vessels using [[Malabar region|Malabar]] [[teak]]. One of their number, [[Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia]], was (along with several generations of his descendants) a key figure in the success of the Yard, as indicated in ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India''.<ref>Arnold, pp. 101–102.</ref> In 1742 a post of Superintendent of the Bombay Marine was created along with a Commodore, Bombay Marine and seven other commanders. The superintendent controlled the dockyard with the commodore reporting to him, a purser of the marine being in charge of accounts, a master builder, and storekeeper in charge of their departments.<ref>Day, pp. 58–59.</ref> Additionally in 1742 a [[Royal Indian Navy|Bombay Marine Board]] was established to administer the dockyard consisting of the superintendent, the commodore and two senior captains as the facilities customers, and the superintendent’s deputy, the master attendant.<ref>Day, p. 59.</ref>

In the first decade of the 19th century the [[Department of Admiralty]] in London gradually took over responsibility for the yard, and day to administration of the yard passed from the superintendent to the [[Navy Board|Navy Boards]], [[Resident Commissioner, Bombay Dockyard|Resident Commissioner, Bombay]], who continued working with the [[Wadia family]] as Master Shipwrights. There was much construction on the site around this time. Duncan Dock, which was the largest dry dock outside Europe at the time, was constructed in 1807–1810, and remains in use today.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy (heritage) |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/resources/naval-dockyardmumbai/heritage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501201528/http://indiannavy.nic.in/resources/naval-dockyardmumbai/heritage |archive-date=2015-05-01}}</ref> The main Dockyard building, which fronts onto Shahid Bhagat Singh Road, dates from 1807, as does the administration block. In 1832 the Navy Board was abolished and responsibility for the management of the yard passed to the [[Board of Admiralty]].

The nearby [[Great Western Building]] (formerly Admiralty House) had housed the [[Port Admiral]] from around 1764–1792.

==Administration of the Dockyard==

===Superintendent Bombay Marine===
Included:<ref name=day429>Day, p. 429</ref>
* 1794–1801: Captain [[Philip Dundas]].
* 1802–1804: Captain Robert Anderson.
* 1805–1808: Captain [[William Taylor Money]]. (remained superintendent until 1810).
* Post not recorded

===Resident Commissioner, Bombay===
{{main|Resident Commissioner, Bombay Dockyard}}

====Naval Storekeeper, Bombay====
Included:<ref name=day429/>
* 1794: James Moseley. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Peter A. |title=British Naval Power in the East, 1794-1805: The Command of Admiral Peter Rainier |date=2013 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781843838487 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erLeKKbVz88C&q=naval+storekeeper%2C+bombay&pg=PA181 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1796–1801: [[Philip Dundas]].
* 1801–1807: Simon Halliday.
* 1807–1808: De Souza
* 1808–1810: [[William Taylor Money]].
* 1810–1811: Hamilton.
* 1811–1816: Charles Northcoate.

====Master Shipwright, Bombay====
[[File:Jamsetjee Bomanjee Wadia (1756-1821) and Nourojee Jamsetjee Wadia (1774-1860), Shipbuilders RAS 01.007-8.jpg|thumb|Nourojee Jamsetjee Wadia (1774–1860) and Jamsetjee Bomanjee Wadia (1756–1821), shipbuilders]]
Included:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Simon |title=Master Shipwright at Bombay Dockyard |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_appointment&appointmentid=10&locationid=144 |website=threedecks.org |publisher=S. Harrison |access-date=7 November 2019 |date=2010–2018}}</ref><ref name=wadia>{{cite book |last1=Wadia |first1=Ruttonjee Ardeshir |title=Bombay Dockyard And The Wadia Master Builders |date=1955 |publisher=R. A. Wadia |location=Bombay, India |page=xiii |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57463/page/n27}}</ref>
* 1670: [[Pett dynasty|Warwick Pett]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Low |first1=Charles Rathbone |author-link1=Charles Rathbone Low |title=History of the Indian Navy 1613-1863 Volume I |date=2012 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |location=Luton, England |isbn=9781781501672 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUy-BAAAQBAJ&q=warwick+pett+shipbuilder&pg=PA59 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1736–1774: [[Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia]].
* 1774–1792: Maneckjee Lowjee Wadia and Bomanjee Lowjee Wadia (1774–1790, joint)
* 1792–1804: Framjee Maneckjee Wadia and Jamsetjee Bomanjee Wadia (1792–1821, joint)
* 1821–1844: Nowrojee Jamsetjee Wadia.
* 1844–1857: Gursetjee Rustomjee Wadia.
* 1857–1866: Jehangir Nowrojee Wadia.
* 1866–1884: Jamsetjee Duhunjibhoy Wadia.

=====Assistant Master Shipwright, Bombay=====
* 1821–1840: [[Ardaseer Cursetjee|Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia]].<ref name=wadia/>

====Master Builder, Bombay====
* 1814–1821: Joseph Seaton. (transferred from [[Deptford Dockyard]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Admiralty |first1=Great Britain |title=The Navy List |date=1823 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |location=London |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDKtks_vpZ4C&q=Master+shipwright+Bombay+Joseph+Seaton&pg=PA123 |language=en}}</ref>

====Chief Inspector of Machinery, Bombay====
* 1841–1857: Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia.<ref name=wadia/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Admiralty, Great Britain (1823). The Navy List. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
* Arnold, David (2004), The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0521563194}}.
* Day, John Frederick. (April 2012) 'British Admiralty Control and Naval Power in the Indian Ocean (1793-1815) (Volume 1 of 2)'. Submitted as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Maritime History, University of Exeter.
* Harrison, Simon (2010–2018). "Master Shipwright at Bombay Dockyard". threedecks.org. S. Harrison. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
* Low, Charles Rathbone (2012). History of the Indian Navy 1613-1863 Volume I. Luton, England.: Andrews UK Limited. {{ISBN|9781781501672}}.
* Wadia, Ruttonjee Ardeshir (1955). Bombay Dockyard And The Wadia Master Builders. Bombay, India: R. A. Wadia.

{{Royal Navy shore establishments}}

[[Category:Royal Navy bases outside the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military installations established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Military installations closed in 1949]]

Bangitola

2025-08-01T13:49:35Z

Digitechroshni: added - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bangitola
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Populated place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.976611|N|88.002544|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732207
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03512
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mothabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mothabari]]
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bangitola''' is a populated place, not identified as a separate place in 2011 census, in the [[Kaliachak II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|57|0|N|88|1|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Malda district (including Kaliachak I, Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Manikchak and English Bazar CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|0|54|N|88|7|0|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbari | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbari]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|52|46|N|88|2|5|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Baliadanga| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Baliadanga]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|51|4|N|88|1|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Alipur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Alipur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|53|37|N|88|5|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bamangram| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bamangram]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|54|16|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bara Suzapur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bara Suzapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|4|56|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chaspara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chaspara]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|55|55|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Chhota |labela7= Suzapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chhota Suzapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|53|30|N|88|2|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jadupur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jadupur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|44|N|87|56|43|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Jagannathpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jagannathpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|54|18|N|88|3|50|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jalalpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jalalpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|50|4|N|88|0|40|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Karari Chandpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Karari Chandpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|47|34|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Krishnapur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Krishnapur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|1|7|N|87|59|59|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Milki| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Milki Town]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|6|29|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Nazirpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Nazirpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|52|45|N|88|1|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silampur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Silampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|59|14|N|88|7|2|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonatala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Sonatala, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|0|42|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Malda| numbered17=M| mark-title17=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color17= #800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|25|3|26|N|88|8|11|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Old Malda| numbered18=M| mark-title18=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color18= #800000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Farakka Barrage| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color19=#967117
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|50|30|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Baisnabnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Baisnabnagar, Malda]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|58|35|N|88|0|9|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bangitola| numbered21=R| mark-title21= Bangitola (R) |shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|48|40|N|87|59|43|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bedrabad| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bedrabad]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|7|50|N|87|52|15|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bhutni| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bhutni, Malda]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|49|23|N|87|59|19|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Dariapur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dariapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|52|5|N|88|1|29|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Kaliachak| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Kaliachak]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|50|47|N|88|8|26|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Mahadipur|labela26= checkpoint| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mahadipur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|4|53|N|87|53|56|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Manikchak| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manikchak, Malda]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|56|4|N|88|2|33|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Mothabari| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Mathabari]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|6|37|N|87|53|24|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Mathurapur| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Mathurapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|56|55|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Panchanandapur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchanandapur]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|49|0|N|87|57|17|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Pubarun| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Pubarun]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|59|37|N|88|2|24|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Sattari| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Sattari, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|51|17|N|88|0|2|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Sultanganj| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Sultanganj, Malda]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|52|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Gauda | mark-title34= [[Gauḍa (city)]] (H)| numbered34=H |shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|5|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|label35=Mahananda|labela35= River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=45| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|1|30|N|87|55|0|E}}|label36= Ganges River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=30| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|3|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label37= Tangon River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-60| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|25|3|20|N|88|2|0|E}}|label38= Kalindri |labela38= River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|57|33|N|87|59|30|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Birodhi| numbered39=CT| mark-title39=[[Birodhi]] (CT)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|55|0|N|88|11|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|51|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}

===Location===
Bangitola is located at {{coord|24.976611|N|88.002544|E|display=inline}}.

Bangitola is a [[gram panchayat]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Malda district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 August 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The area shown in the adjoining map is the physiographic sub-region known as the ''diara''. It "is a relatively well drained flat land formed by the [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] deposition of newer [[alluvium]]." The most note-worthy feature is the [[Farakka Barrage]] across the Ganges.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The area is a part of the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]], which is an overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural region]], but the area shown in the map has pockets of [[Urbanisation in India|urbanization]] with 17 census towns, concentrated mostly in the [[Kaliachak I]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The bank of the [[Ganges]] between [[Bhutni, Malda|Bhutni]] and [[Panchanandapur]] (both the places are marked on the map), is the area worst hit by [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|left bank erosion]], a major problem in the Malda area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The ruins of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], capital of several empires, is located in this area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Education==
Bangitola High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution, established in 1937. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a playground, a library with 1,200 books and 16 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/maldah/19060500301/bangitola-high-school.html | title = Bangitola High School | publisher = Schools.org | accessdate = 16 August 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Bangitola Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, is the main government medical facility in Kaliachak II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malda District}}

[[Category:Villages in Malda district]]

Namsang Assembly constituency

2025-07-28T10:05:10Z

Digitechroshni: created first article from scratch - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Namsang
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirap district|Tirap]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 54
| map_image = Namsang Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Wangki Lowang]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 9,491
}}
'''Namsang''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Tirap district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2019, it is represented by [[Wangki Lowang]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |access-date= 24 January 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Wangpha Lowang]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Wangcha Rajkumar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=6 | [[Wangki Lowang]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsang<ref name="Namsang Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Wangki Lowang wins">{{cite news |title=Namsang Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Wangki Lowang wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/namsang-assembly-election-results-2024-namsang-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110634612.cms |accessdate=30 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530104541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/namsang-assembly-election-results-2024-namsang-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110634612.cms |archivedate=30 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Namsang">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Namsang |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0254.htm |accessdate=30 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530104636/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0254.htm |archivedate=30 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Namsang (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Namsang (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/namsang |accessdate=30 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530104626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/namsang |archivedate=30 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wangki Lowang]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,781 |percentage=49.65% |change={{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngonglin Boi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,725 |percentage=48.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=109 |percentage=1.43% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=56 |percentage=0.74% |change= {{decrease}}22.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,615 |percentage=80.23% |change= {{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,491 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wangki Lowang]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,202 |percentage=45.09% |change={{increase}}15.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngonglin Boi |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,520 |percentage=21.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tawang Lowang |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,466 |percentage=20.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Litwang Lowang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=821 |percentage=11.56% |change={{decrease}}31.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=93 |percentage=1.31% |change={{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,682 |percentage=23.68% |change= {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,102 |percentage=77.31% |change= {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,186 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wangki Lowang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,956 |percentage=42.95% |change={{decrease}}25.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wanglong Rajkumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,040 |percentage=29.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Namati |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,760 |percentage=25.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=126 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=916 |percentage=13.31% |change= {{decrease}}23.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,882 |percentage=73.22% |change= {{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,399 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}25.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wangki Lowang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,968 |percentage=68.59% |change={{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wanglong Rajkumar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,275 |percentage=31.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,693 |percentage=37.18% |change= {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,243 |percentage=75.46% |change= {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,599 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wangki Lowang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,449 |percentage=62.13% |change={{increase}}14.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangpha Lowang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,284 |percentage=23.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Windong Sawin |party=Independent politician |votes=818 |percentage=14.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,165 |percentage=39.00% |change= {{increase}}34.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,551 |percentage=61.23% |change= {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,890 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wangki Lowang]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,623 |percentage=52.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Changkom Hondik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,402 |percentage=47.80% |change={{increase}}8.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=221 |percentage=4.40% |change= {{decrease}}16.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,025 |percentage=61.61% |change= {{decrease}}23.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,396 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangcha Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,842 |percentage=60.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangpha Lowang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,502 |percentage=39.44% |change={{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,340 |percentage=21.12% |change= {{increase}}17.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,344 |percentage=84.70% |change= {{increase}}7.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,621 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangpha Lowang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,772 |percentage=40.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngongbey Kanglom |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,628 |percentage=36.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hatwang Lowang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,008 |percentage=22.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=144 |percentage=3.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,408 |percentage=76.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,842 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tirap district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.11|95.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Tirap district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]

Saraswathi Mahal Library

2025-06-24T12:36:23Z

Digitechroshni: updated

{{Short description|Library located in Thanjavur (Tanjore), Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox library
| name = Maharaja Serfoji's Sarasvati Mahal Library
| library_logo =
| image = File:2013-Sarasvati-Mahal-Library-101.JPG
| caption = Maharaja Serfoji's Sarasvati Mahal Library
| location = [[Thanjavur]], [[India]]

| type = Medieval library
| coordinates =
| established = 16th century
| num_branches = N/A
| collection_size = More than 49,000
| items_collected = Books and Manuscripts
| annual_circulation = Open to public
| pop_served =
| budget =
| director =
| num_employees =
| website = {{url|http://tmssmlibrary.com/|tmssmlibrary.com}}
}}

'''Saraswathi Mahal Library''', also called '''Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji's Saraswathi Mahal Library''' is a [[library]] located in [[Thanjavur]] (Tanjore), [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is one of the oldest subsisting libraries in [[Asia]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Indian culture |title=Thanjavur Mah Serfojis Sarawswathi Mahal Library, Thanjavur |url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/thanjavur-mah-serfojis-sarawswathi-mahal-library-thanjavur |website=India culture |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref> established during 16th century by the [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayak]] kings of Thanjavur and has on display a rare collection of [[Palm leaf manuscripts]] and paper written in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and a few other [[Languages of India|indigenous languages of india (especially southern regional languages)]]. The collection comprises well over 49,000 volumes, though only a tiny fraction of these are on display. The library has a complete catalog of holdings, which is being made available online. Some rare holdings can be viewed on site by prior arrangement.<ref>See official website of the library, under External links, for details of holdings and access.</ref> Encyclopedia Britannica mentions the library as the "Most remarkable library of India".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=80}}</ref>

== History ==
The Saraswathi Mahal library was started by Nayak Kings of Tanjavur as a Royal Library for the private intellectual enrichment of Kings and their family of Thanjavur (see [[Nayaks of Tanjore]]) who ruled from 1535 CE till 1676 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pillai |first1=Subramania S |title=TOURISM IN TAMIL NADU: Growth and Development |date=Mar 2019 |publisher=MJP Publisher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=saraswathi+mahal&pg=PA124 |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref> The [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Maratha]] rulers who captured Thanjavur in 1675 promoted local culture and further developed the Royal Palace Library until 1855. Most notable among the Maratha Kings was [[Serfoji II]] (1798–1832), who was an eminent scholar in many branches of learning and the arts. In his early age Sarfoji studied under the influence of the [[German people|German]] missonary [[Christian Friedrich Schwarz|Christian Friedrich Schwartz]], and learned many languages including English, French, Italian and Latin. He enthusiastically took special interest in the enrichment of the Library, employing many [[Pandits]] to collect, buy and copy a vast number of works from all renowned Centres of Sanskrit learning in Northern India and other far-flung areas.

During 1918 the Saraswathi Mahal Library was open to public.<ref name="nic1">{{cite web |last1=Tanjavur District |first1=Govt site |title=Tanjuvur District |url=https://thanjavur.nic.in/tourist-place/saraswathi-mahal-library/ |website=tanjavur.nic.in |publisher=Govt |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref> The Library is located within the campus of Tanjavur palace.<ref name="serf">{{cite web |last1=serfojimemorial hall |title=Sarasvathi Mahal Library |url=https://serfojimemorialhall.com/saraswati-mahal-library.html |website=Serfoji Memorial Hall |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>

== Security ==
[[File:2013-Sarasvati-Mahal-Library-102.JPG|thumb|Painting outside the Sarasvati Mahal Library.]]
The library is open to the public; it also supports efforts to publish rare manuscripts from the collection, as well as ensuring all volumes are preserved on microfilm. The Library has installed computers in 1998 for the Computerisation of Library activities. As a first phase, the Library catalogues are being stored in the Computer for easy information retrieval. It is also proposed to digitalise the manuscripts of this Library shortly.<ref name="http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/library/Library_History/library_history.html">{{cite web |url=http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/library/Library_History/library_history.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-01-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228023159/http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/library/Library_History/library_history.html |archivedate=2010-12-28 }}</ref>

== The Collection ==

The bulk of the manuscripts (39,300) are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]]. Manuscripts number over 4500, comprising titles in literature and medicine. The Library has a collection of 3076 Marathi manuscripts from the [[South Indian Maharastrian]] of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries; this includes the hierarchy of the Saints of Maharashtra belonging to [[Sri Ramadasi]] and [[Dattatreya Mutt]]s. The Marathi manuscripts are mostly on paper but a few were written in Telugu script on palm-leaf. There are 846 Telugu manuscripts in the holdings, mostly on palm leaf. There are 22 Persian and Urdu manuscripts mostly of 19th century also within the collection. The library also holds medical records of Ayurveda scholars, including patient case studies and interviews in the manuscripts classified under the Dhanvantari section.

Apart from these manuscripts there are 1342 bundles of [[Maratha Raj]] records available at the Library. The Raj records were written in the [[Modi script]] (fast script for Devanagari) of the Marathi language. These records encompass the information of the political, cultural and social administration of the Maratha kings of Thanjavur.<ref name="http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/library/Departments/Manuscripts/manuscripts.html">{{cite web |url=http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/library/Departments/Manuscripts/manuscripts.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226234818/http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/library/Departments/Manuscripts/manuscripts.html |archivedate=2011-02-26 }}</ref>

==Some of the rare books and manuscripts==
* Dr. Samuel Johnson's dictionary published in 1784
* The pictorial Bible printed in Amsterdam in the year 1791
* The Madras Almanac printed in 1807
* Lavoisier's ''[[Traité Élémentaire de Chimie]]'' ("Elements of Chemistry")
* The notes of Bishop Heber on Raja Serfoji II
* The correspondence letters of William Torin of London who purchased a lot of books for Raja Serfoji II and the Saraswathi Mahal Library
* Ancient maps of the world
* Town planning documents of Thanjavur including the underground drainage system, the fresh water supply ducting system

== Library museum ==
Efforts were made to microfilm and catalogue the contents way back in 1965 when [[Indira Gandhi]] was Information and Broadcasting Minister, Government of India who sanctioned the fund for the library's development. Since then no efforts were made to scan the documents and computerise the same using present day technology. It is also a designated 'Manuscript Conservation Centre' (MCC) under the [[National Mission for Manuscripts]] established in 2003.<ref>[http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm Manuscript Conservation Centres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506234603/http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm |date=2012-05-06 }} ''[[National Mission for Manuscripts]]''.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sarasvati Mahal Library}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041129095134/http://www.tmssmlibrary.com/ Sarasvati Mahal Library] — official website (archived) {{in lang|en}}
* [http://cloud.ap.nic.in/disha/s2/s2intro.jsp Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts at Saraswati Mahal Library, Tanjavur] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130814081617/http://cloud.ap.nic.in/disha/s2/s2intro.jsp |date=14 August 2013 }}

{{Thanjavur district}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|10|47|29|N|79|8|10|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Libraries in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Museums in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:Manuscript collections]]
[[Category:Public libraries in India]]
[[Category:Libraries established in the 16th century]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]

The Chindits order of battle

2025-05-31T13:56:53Z

Digitechroshni:

{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
The '''Order of battle of the [[Chindits]]''', an Allied ''special force'' which carried out two deep penetration raids behind Japanese line during the [[Burma campaign]] in the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]] of [[World War II]]

==First Chindit expedition, 1943, codenamed Operation Longcloth==
Headquarters [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<ref>Appendix 26: The Composition of 77th Indian Infantry Brigade (The Chindits), February 1943, Woodburn Kirby, Vol II, p. 503–4.</ref>
:Commander [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Orde Wingate]]
:[[Brigade Major]] Major R.B.G. Bromhead (succeeded by Major G.M. Anderson)
:Staff Captain Captain H.J. Lord

Deception party
:Officer Commanding (O.C.) [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] Jeffries

No. 1 Group (Southern)
:Officer Commanding (O.C.) [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Leigh Alexander]] (died during the operation)
:: 1 Column (Major Dunlop)
:: 2 Column (Major Burnett)

No. 2 Group (Northern)
:O.C. Lieutenant Colonel S.A. Cooke
:: 3 Column (Major [[Mike Calvert|Michael Calvert]])
:: 4 Column (Major R.A. Conron)(replaced by Major R.B. Bromhead March 1, 1943)
:: 5 Column (Major [[Bernard Fergusson]])
:: 7 Column (Major K. Gilkes)
:: 8 Column (Major Walter Scott)

HQ Group ([[Burma Rifles]])
:O.C. Lt-Colonel L.G. Wheeler 2nd Burma Rifles (replaced by Captain P.C. Buchanan on the death of Lt-Colonel Wheeler)

==Second Chindit expedition, 1944, codenamed Operation Thursday==
Headquarters [[3rd Indian Infantry Division]]<ref>Appendix 16: Outline Order of battle of Special Force (3rd Indian Division), Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, pp. 484–85.</ref>
:Division Commander Major-General Orde.C. Wingate (''succeeded by [[Walter David Alexander Lentaigne|Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne]]'')
:Deputy Commander Major-General G.W. Symes (''succeeded by Brigadier D. Tulloch'')
:Brigadier General Staff Brigadier D. Tulloch ('' succeeded by Brigadier H.T. Alexander'')
::Locations of Headquarters
:::Rear HQ at Gwalior, Central India
:::Main HQ first at [[Imphal]] later at [[Sylhet]], [[Assam]]
:::Launching HQ at [[Lalaghat]]
:::Tactical/Forward HQ, [[Shaduzup]], [[Burma]]

'''Thunder''' [[3rd West African Brigade]]
:Officer Commanding (O.C.) Brigadier A.H. Gillmore, (''succeeded by Brigadier A.H.G. Ricketts''): 10 HQ column
:6th Battalion, [[Nigeria Regiment]]: 66 and 39 Columns
:7th Battalion, [[Nigeria Regiment]]: 29 and 35 Columns
:12th Battalion, [[Nigeria Regiment]]: 12 and 43 Columns
:3rd West African Field Ambulance: Support

(From disbanded [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th British Infantry Division]] );

'''Javelin''' [[British 14th Infantry Brigade]]
:O.C. Brigadier [[Thomas Brodie]]: 59 HQ column
:2nd Battalion, [[Black Watch]]: 42 and 73 Columns - Lt.Col.G.C.Green
:1st Battalion, [[Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment]]: 16 and 61 Columns
:[[2nd Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment|2nd Battalion]], [[York and Lancaster Regiment]]: 65 and 84 Columns
:7th Battalion, [[Leicestershire Regiment]]: 47 and 74 Columns - Lt Col F.R.(Wilf) Wilford; Maj (later Lt Col) F.H.J.Wileman & Maj J.G.Lockett MC (att from Seaforth H.). Maj F.H.J.Wileman later detached to help train Merrill's Marauders in Jungle Warfare.
:54th Field Company Royal Engineers & Medical Detachment:support

'''Enterprise''' [[British 16th Infantry Brigade]]
:O.C. Brigadier [[Bernard Fergusson|B.E. Fergusson]]: 99 HQ column
:2nd Battalion, [[The Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)]]: 21 and 22 Columns
:2nd Battalion, [[Leicestershire Regiment]]: 17 and 71 Columns
:[[51st/69th Regiment, Royal Artillery]]: 51 and 69 Columns (infantry columns made up of R.A. personnel)
:[[45th Reconnaissance Regiment]]: 45 and 54 Columns (infantry columns made up recce units)
:2nd Field Company Royal Engineers & Medical Detachment: support

'''Emphasis''' [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
:O.C. Brigadier [[Michael Calvert|Mike Calvert]]: 25 HQ column
:1st Battalion, [[The King's Regiment (Liverpool)]]: 81 and 82 Columns
:1st Battalion, [[The Lancashire Fusiliers]]: 20 and 50 Columns
:1st Battalion, [[South Staffordshire Regiment]]: 38 and 80 Columns
:3rd Battalion, [[6th Gurkha Rifles]]: 36 and 63 Columns
:3rd Battalion, [[9th Gurkha Rifles]]: 57 and 93 Columns
:142 Company, [[Hong Kong Volunteer Company|Hong Kong Volunteers]] & Medical and veterinary detachments: Support

'''Profound''' [[111th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
:O.C. Brigadier [[Joe Lentaigne|W.D.A. Lentaigne]], (''succeeded first by Major [[John Masters]] and then by Brigadier Morris''): 48 HQ Column
:1st Battalion, [[The Cameronians]]: 26 and 90 Columns
:2nd Battalion, [[The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)]]: 41 and 46 Columns
:3rd Battalion (part), [[4th Gurkha Rifles]]: 30 Column
:Mixed Field Company Royal Engineers/Royal Indian Engineers & Medical and veterinary detachments: Support

'''Morris Force'''
:O.C. Lt-Colonel (''later promoted Brigadier'') J.R. Morris
:4th Battalion, [[9th Gurkha Rifles]]: 49 and 94 Columns
:3rd Battalion (part), [[4th Gurkha Rifles]]: 40 Column

'''Dah Force'''
:O.C. Lieut-Colonel D.C. Herring
:Kachin Levies

'''Bladet''' (Blain's Detachment)
:O.C. Major Blain
:Gliderborne commando engineers

[[Royal Artillery]] Supporting non-mobile units designed to defend Chindit Jungle Fortresses.
:R, S and U Troops [[160th Field Regiment]] Royal Artillery (All 25 pounders)
:W, X, Y, and Z Troops [[69th Light Anti Aircraft Regiment]] (40mm [[Bofors]])

Support Units
:NO 1 Air Commando USAAF – strike and casualty evacuation (until 1/5/1944 only)
:Eastern Air Command – supply
:U.S. Army 900th Field Unit (engineers)

Divisional Support Troops
:2nd Battalion [[Burma Rifles]] – one section assigned per column except for columns in the 3rd West African Brigade
:145th Brigade Company R.A.S.C.
:[[Tower Hamlets Engineers|219th Field Park Company]], [[Royal Engineers]]
:61st Air Supply Company R.A.S.C.
:2nd Indian Air Supply Company, R.I.A.S.C.

----
'''Galahad''' [[5307th Composite Unit (Provisional)]] US Army
:1st Battalion; Red and White Combat Teams
:2nd Battalion; Blue and Green Combat Teams
:3rd Battalion; Khaki and Orange Combat Teams
:''Also known as [[Merrill's Marauders]]. After being trained, the force was transferred to General [[Joseph Stilwell]]'s [[Northern Combat Area Command]] and operated independently of the Chindits.''

[[23rd British Infantry Brigade]]
:O.C. Brigadier [[Lancelot Perowne]]: 32 HQ Column
:1st Battalion [[Essex Regiment]]: 44 and 56 Columns
:2nd Battalion [[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]]: 33 and 76 Columns
:4th Battalion [[Border Regiment]]: 34 and 55 Columns
:[[1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers|60th (North Midland) Field Regiment]], Royal Artillery: 60 and 68 Columns (fighting as infantry)
:12th Field Company Royal Engineers & Medical Detachment: Support
:''This Brigade trained as a Chindit Brigade, but was diverted to the main front in [[Assam]] and took part in the [[Battle of Kohima]].''

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, ''History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan'' Vol II, ''India's Most Dangerous Hour'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1958/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, {{ISBN|1-845740-61-0}}.
* Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, ''History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan'' Vol III, ''The Decisive Battles'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1961/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, {{ISBN|1-845740-62-9}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Order Of Battle Of The Chindits}}
[[Category:Groups of World War II|Chindits]]
[[Category:Indian World War II divisions]]
[[Category:World War II orders of battle|Chindits]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of India in World War II]]

Uhiaguri

2025-05-11T22:34:13Z

Digitechroshni: started page!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udhiaguri
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 781318
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Udhiaguri''' is a small village near [[Salbari]] in [[Baksa district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Villages in Baksa district]]

Shahi Masjid

2025-03-04T10:20:23Z

Digitechroshni: started article!

{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{about|the mosque in Hyderabad|the former mosque in Madhya Pradesh|Shahi Mahal and Mosque}}
{{For|the mosque in Chiniot, Pakistan|Shahi Mosque}}
{{single source|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Shahi Masjid
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Shahi Masjid Hyderabad 1952.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in 1952
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.443811|78.472616|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| locale =
| location = [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| deity =
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition =
| festival = 
| country = [[India]]
| administration =
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| founded_by = [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established = 1924
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1933
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Three
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| shrine_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m = 
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| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| footnotes =
| website =
}}
The '''Shahi Masjid''', also known as the '''''Masjid Awan e Shahi''''' , the '''Public Garden Mosque''', and as the '''''Bagh E Aam ke Masjid''''', is a [[mosque]], located within the [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]], adjacent to [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India.

In 1924 the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] commissioned the construction of the Shahi Masjid thru "the City Improvement Board" and was completed in 1933. The mosque served as a principal mosque for the VII Nizam and his courtiers.<ref name="DC">{{cite news |title=Ramadan around the World in picture s|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031019/hyderabad-century-old-shahi-masjid-under-threat.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |last=Moin |first=Ather |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
[[File:Hyderabad, Chowmahalla Palace, collezione di modellini architettonici inmetallo, moschea e Osmania.jpg|thumb|right| A model of Shahi Masjid at [[Chowmahalla Palace]]]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:20th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in 1933]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Mahesh Baldi

2025-03-01T07:23:45Z

Digitechroshni: expand formatting per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahesh Baldi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| order =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 21 October 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Manohar Bhoir]], [[Shiv Sena|SS]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Uran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uran]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| nationality = Indian
| website =
}}

'''Mahesh Baldi '''is an Indian politician. He is elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Uran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uran]], [[Maharashtra]] in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-24|title=Election Results: BJP-Shiv Sena combine set to retain power; NCP improves tally|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2019-live-updates-11571830615369.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahesh Baldi(Independent(IND)):Constituency- URAN(RAIGAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7642|access-date=2021-06-07|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uran Election 2020 Result: Uran (Maharashtra) Election Result 2020, Winning Candidate and Party Name|url=https://beta.financialexpress.com/elections/uran-election-results-in-maharashtra/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Financialexpress|language=en-US}}</ref> He contested the election as an [[Independent politician|independent]] candidate and announced his support of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra: Two more independent MLAs extend support to BJP|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-two-more-independent-mlas-extend-support-to-bjp-1613707-2019-10-29|access-date=2021-06-07|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He is originally from Rajasthan. His village name is Rid in Nagaur District.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldi, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Palot

2025-02-19T14:43:17Z

Digitechroshni: improved section also

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palot
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Tejaji Temple Inside Photo.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Veer Tejaji Temple
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Palot in [[Rajasthan]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.24|N|74.26|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Palot
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 18.1609
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1072
| population_total = 2,232
| population_as_of = 2019
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 341305
| registration_plate = RJ-37
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/40422_palot-gram-panchayat#}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Palot''' is a village in [[Didwana]] tehsil in [[Nagaur district]] of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palot Village Population - Didwana - Nagaur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/82477-palot-rajasthan.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> It is located 85km towards East from district headquarters [[Nagaur district]]. 13km from [[Didwana]] and 184km from the state capital [[Jaipur]]. Pin code is 341305 and postal head office is Koliya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/RAJASTHAN/NAGAUR/P/PALOT|title = Pin Code: PALOT, NAGAUR, RAJASTHAN, India, Pincode.net.in}}</ref>
== Gallery ==

[[File:Tejaji Temple.jpg|thumb|Veer Tejaji Temple]]
[[File:Tejaji Temple Inside Photo.jpg|thumb|Veer Tejaji Temple]]
[[File:Sunset Photo.jpg|thumb|Sunset view]]
[[File:Peacocks Picture.jpg|thumb|Peacocks]]
[[File:Camel Walking.jpg|thumb|Camels]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagaur district}}
[[Category:Villages in Didwana Kuchaman district]]
[[Category:Villages in Rajasthan]]

Pipra railway station

2025-01-23T22:07:33Z

Digitechroshni: made new data v1

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Pipra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = [[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 28]], Pipra, [[East Champaran district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.489784|N|84.985735|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|69|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Central Railway
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PPA
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 1930s
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Kunwarpur Chintamanpur|right=Kuria|type=[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
'''Pipra railway station''' is a railway station on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]] under the [[Samastipur railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone]]. This is situated beside [[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 28]] at Pipra in [[East Champaran district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pipra Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/pipra-ppa/1924|access-date=14 September 2021|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pipra Railway Station (PPA) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/pipra-ppa-station|access-date=14 September 2021|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

M. Y. Ghorpade

2024-11-14T20:39:22Z

Digitechroshni: correct article further and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian politician and photographer (1931–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Murarirao Yeshwantrao Ghorpade''' (7 December 1931 – 29 October 2011) was an Indian politician. He was the son of the last [[Raja]] of the [[Sandur State]], a former Princely State.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_renowned-photographer-my-ghorpade-dies-at-80_1604978 |title=Renowned photographer MY Ghorpade dies at 80 - Bangalore - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2011-10-30 |accessdate=2013-01-16}}</ref> He was a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Sandur Assembly constituency|Sandur]] and one-time [[Member of Parliament|MP]] from [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Bellary|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/201144/an-invincible-leader.html |title=An invincible leader |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date=1931-12-07 |accessdate=2013-01-16}}</ref> He also served as Minister for Rural Development, Panchayat Raj and Finance in the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka State Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/former-karnataka-minister-m-y-ghorpade-passes-away_607386.html |title=Former Karnataka minister M Y Ghorpade passes away - PTI |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date= 29 October 2011|accessdate=2013-01-16}}</ref> Ghorpade was the Chairman-emeritus of Sandur Manganese and Iron Ore Pvt. Ltd. (SMIORE). He held a Master's Degree in Economics from the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://churumuri.wordpress.com/2011/10/29/m-y-ghorpade-a-maharaja-as-minister-lensman/ |title=M.Y. Ghorpade: maharaja, minister & a lensman « churumuri |publisher=Churumuri.wordpress.com |date=2011-10-29 |accessdate=2013-01-16}}</ref>

Ghorpade was a wildlife photographer famous for his black-and-white photography.

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ghorpade Dynasty]]||7 December 1931|29 October 2011}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Yeshwantrao Ghorpade]]
}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Sandur State|Raja of Sandur]]|years=1996–2011|reason=Monarchy abolished}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Ajai M. Ghorpade]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghorpade, M. Y.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ballari]]
[[Category:People from Raichur district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Members of the Mysore Legislature]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

National Highway 534 (India)

2024-10-17T21:46:48Z

Digitechroshni: quick fix

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=534
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 534|text= Map of National Highway '''534''' in red}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_km=151
|direction_a=North
|terminus_a= [[Najibabad]], [[UttarPradesh]]
|junction=
|destinations= [[Najibabad]], [[Kotdwar]], [[Satpauli]], Bubakhal
|direction_b=South
|terminus_b= [[Bubakhal]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|states=[[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=334C
|next_type=NH
|next_route=734
}}
'''National Highway 534''', commonly referred to as '''NH 534''', is a highway connecting the city of [[Najibabad]] to [[Bubakhal]].<ref name="New Numbers">{{cite web |title=Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=Govt of India |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=21 Aug 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+
! Highway Number !! Source !! Destination !! Via !! Length (km)
|-
| 534 || [[Najibabad]] || [[Bubakhal]] || [[Kotdwar]], [[Satpauli]] || 151
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

* Openstreetmap {{OSM|r|11646840}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH34 sr}}

[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu|81]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]

Shreemantagharchi Suun

2024-09-04T16:17:27Z

Digitechroshni: started a article

{{Short description|Marathi-language drama TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shreemantagharchi Soon SM.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Iris Production
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|07|10|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|10|26|df=y}}
| network = [[Sony Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 208
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = Vidyadhar Pathare
| country = India
| director = Kedar Vaidya
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related =
}}

'''''Shreemantagharchi Soon''''' ({{translation|Daughter-in-law of a rich family}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] drama series which aired on [[Sony Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrimanta Gharchi Suun to go off-air soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shrimanta-gharchi-suun-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/83778309.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It starred Yashoman Apte and Rupal Nand in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rupal Nand shares an emotional note on the last day of Shrimanta Gharchi Suun shoot; says, "It is one of the favourite feathers in my hat" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rupal-nand-shares-an-emotional-note-on-the-last-day-of-shrimanta-gharchi-suun-shoot-says-it-is-one-of-the-favourite-feathers-in-my-hat/articleshow/84014459.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is produced by Vidyadhar Pathare and directed by Kedar Vaidya under the banner of ''Iris Production''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Falguni Rajani bids adieu to Shrimanta Gharchi Suun; Supriya Pathare to replace her - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-falguni-rajani-bids-adieu-to-shrimanta-gharchi-suun-supriya-pathare-to-replace-her/articleshow/82598718.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 26 October 2020 and ended on 10 July 2021 completing 208 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananya-Aruna to participate in a Puranpoli competition - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shrimanta-gharchi-sun-ananya-aruna-to-participate-in-a-puranpoli-competition/articleshow/81690613.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
This show challenges the general social notion ‘Marry daughters in rich families but have daughters-in-law from a poor family’. This notion has been followed since generations and it show peeps into the truth of this ideology. The show conveys that people should not be judged by their class and family backgrounds. A kind-hearted person can belong to any class of the society. The story is set on the backdrops of Mumbai. The Karnik family is a joint family residing in Mumbai. Financially they are well to do but not very rich. The protagonist of the show Atharva Karnik is the youngest among 2 brothers. The family consist of father (Sudhir Karnik), mother (Aruna Karnik), 2 sons, Shekhar karnik (Atharva’s uncle) and Devika karnik (Atharva’s aunt). Atharva is in love with Ananya who hails from a rich family. Atharva’s mother is already tolerating the tantrums of rich daughter in law and co-sister in law and the above mentioned social notion seems to be true from her perspective. Atharva and Ananya’s relation is put to test on every front and Atharva’s family find themselves in situations where the age-old claim seems to come true. But Ananya stands tall by the family and faces every of the situation trying to prove that rich girls do make good daughter in laws.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rupal Nand thanks fans for showering love on Atharva and Ananya in Shrimanta Gharchi Suun; read post - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rupal-nand-thanks-fans-for-showering-love-on-atharva-and-ananya-in-shrimanta-gharchi-suun-read-post/articleshow/83146058.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Yashoman Apte as Atharv
* Rupal Nand as Ananya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Rupal Nand: Aanandi He Jag Sare is going off-air but I'm glad Srimanta Gharchi Soon is going to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-rupal-nand-aanandi-he-jag-sare-is-going-off-air-but-im-glad-srimanta-gharchi-soon-is-going-to-launch-soon/articleshow/78831109.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Aishwarya Narkar]] as Aruna<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Aishwarya Narkar urges fans to not compare her Gopikabai Peshwe's and grow with the characters" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actress-aishwarya-narkar-urges-fans-to-not-compare-her-gopikabai-peshwes-character-with-aruna-says-we-learn-and-grow-with-the-characters/articleshow/78361783.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Falguni Rajani / [[Supriya Pathare]] as Devika<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supriya Pathare leaves fans awed with her makeover as Devika; take a look - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/supriya-pathare-gets-a-makeover-to-play-devika-in-shrimanta-gharchi-suun-take-a-look/articleshow/82764916.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Avinash Narkar
* Manasi Singh
* Mugdha Godbole
* Shrirang Deshmukh
* Siddhesh Prabhakar
* Sudesh Mhashalikar as Jagdish
* Dipali Jadhav as Simran

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14033052}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/shrimantaa-gharchi-sunn-1700000299 ''Shreemantagharchi Soon''] at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sony Marathi original programming]]