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Uruku Patela

2026-05-08T03:00:45Z

Digitalvivek: adding the info from scratch...

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Vivek Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Uruku Patela.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vivek Reddy
| writer = {{plain list|
* Vivek Reddy
* Tejus Kancherla
}}
| producer = Kancherla Bala Bhanu
| starring = {{plain list|
* Tejus Kancherla
* Khushboo Choudhary
}}
| cinematography = Sunny Kurapati
| editing = Sasank Vupputuri
| music = Pravin Lakkaraju
| studio = Lead Edge Pictures
| distributor = {{plain list|
* [[Mythri Movie Makers|Mythri Movie Distributors]]
* [[Annapurna Studios]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2024|9|7|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Uruku Patela''''' ({{translation|Run Patela}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film co-written and directed by Vivek Reddy. It stars Tejus Kancherla and Khushboo Choudhary in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-31 |title=Adivi Sesh launched the teaser for 'Uruku Patela' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/adivi-sesh-launched-the-teaser-for-uruku-patela# |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released on 7 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-26 |title=The horror-comedy Uruku Patela's theatrical trailer is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/26/the-horror-comedy-uruku-patelas-theatrical-trailer-is-out |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The protagonist finds himself entrapped in a maze of love and deceit from the lady whom he loves but is trying to have him killed.

==Cast==
* Tejus Kancherla as Patela
* Khushboo Choudhary as Dr. Akshara
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Rama Raju, Patela's father
* [[Chakrapani Ananda]]
* Uma Maheshwar Rao Inabathi
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Attar Mawa
* [[Sudharshan]] as Dr. Chirag
* Viva Raghav
* Jay Chandra
* Lavanya Reddy as Shreya
* Malakpet Sailaja

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack is composed by Pravin Lakkaraju.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-13 |title=Uruku Patela makers release first single 'Patnam Pilla' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/13/uruku-patela-makers-release-first-single-patnam-pilla |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Pravin Lakkaraju
| title1 = Patnam Pilla
| length1 = 3:28
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra1 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| title2 = Ori Mayaloda
| length2 = 3:56
| lyrics2 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra2 = [[Spoorthi Yadagiri|Spoorthi Jithender]]
| title3 = Melam Mogene
| length3 = 4:21
| lyrics3 = Sreejo
| extra3 = Saketh Komanduri, Sahithi Chaganti
| title4 = Bhayam
| length4 = 1:45
| lyrics4 = Sreejo
| extra4 = Sai Charan
}}

== Release ==
''Uruku Patela'' was released on 7 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=South Theatrical Releases This Weekend (September 5-8): Watch GOAT, 35-Chinna Katha Kadu, Uruku Patela And More |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/south-theatrical-releases-this-weekend-september-5-to-8-watch-goat-35-chinna-katha-kadu-uruku-patela-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-10185882 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and premiered on 18 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Comedy Thriller OTT: స‌డెన్‌గా ఓటీటీలో రిలీజైన‌ లేటెస్ట్ తెలుగు కామెడీ థ్రిల్ల‌ర్ మూవీ - స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎందులో అంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/latest-tollywood-crime-comedy-thriller-movie-uruku-patela-lands-on-amazon-prime-video-ott-121729217360427.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[News18 Telugu]]'' gave a mixed rating of 2.75 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=ఉరుకు పటేల మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/tejus-kancherla-uruku-patela-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2575535.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref> Satya Pulagam of ''[[ABP Desam]]'' praised the performance of lead cast while being negative about screenplay and direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2024-09-07 |title=ఉరుకు పటేల రివ్యూ: హుషారు హీరోకి మరో హిట్ వచ్చిందా? తెలంగాణ బ్యాక్‌డ్రాప్ సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-in-telugu-uruku-patela-rating-starring-tejus-kancherla-khushboo-choudhary-178811 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|32992976}}
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2022]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s comedy thriller films]]

Kancheepuram Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T19:59:10Z

Digitalvivek: Done

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 37
| map_image = Constitution-Kancheepuram.svg
| Existence =
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Kancheepuram
| electors = 278,775
| reservation = None
}}

'''Kancheepuram''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Kancheepuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 37. It comprises a portion of [[Kanchipuram taluk]] and is a part of the [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|similarly named constituency]] that is used for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Deivasigamani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[C. N. Annadurai]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=A K-Plan that led to Annadurai's defeat|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-kplan-that-led-to-annadurais-defeat/article8428150.ece|website=thehindu}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[S. V. Natesa Mudaliar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[N. Krishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| C. V. M. Annamalai
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| K. Balaji
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| P. Venkatasubramanian
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| K. Balaji
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[P. Murugesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| C. P. Pattabiraman
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| P. Murugesan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[S. S. Thirunavukkarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2005 by-election
| Mythili Thirunavukkarasu
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[P. Kamalambal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[V. Somasundaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"|[[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=37}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[R. V. Ranjithkumar]]
|
|[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|47.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|51.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}|41.83}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kancheepuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. V. Ranjithkumar]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Somasundaram]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. P. Vetriselvi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nithya Sugumar|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =278775 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,02,712 |percentage=44.77% |change=4.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Magesh Kumar|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=91,117|percentage=39.71%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Saldin|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=13,946|percentage=6.08%|change=5.29%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Gopinath|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=12,028|percentage=5.24%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=2,534|percentage=1.10%|change=-0.52%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Manogaran|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=2,301|percentage=1.00%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Arulnathan|party=Independent politician|votes=2,055|percentage=0.90%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Prabakaran|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,193|percentage=0.52%|change=0.23%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,595 |percentage=5.05% |change=1.69% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,29,430|percentage=74.22%|change=-1.26%}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=385 |percentage=0.17% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,09,117 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,533 |percentage=40.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Mythili |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,985 |percentage=37.03% |change=-16.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Magesh Kumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=30,102 |percentage=13.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Eagambaram |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,986 |percentage=4.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vasan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,646 |percentage=1.63% |change=0.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,645 |percentage=1.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Usha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,758 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,548 |percentage=3.37% |change=-10.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,24,112 |percentage=75.49% |change= -5.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,96,893 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Somasundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,02,710 |percentage=53.43% |change=12.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Ulagarakshagan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=76,993 |percentage=40.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. N. Radhakrishnan |party= |votes=2,806 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Perumal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,441 |percentage=1.27% |change=0.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ta. V. Passamighu Annan Venkatesanor |party= |votes=1,623 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=1,417 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Subramanian |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,201 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,717 |percentage=13.38% |change=6.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,37,837 |percentage=80.83% |change= 8.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,235 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 6.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Kamalambal]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=81,366 |percentage=47.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mythili Thirunavukkarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,082 |percentage=40.57% |change=-15.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eagambaram, S |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,187 |percentage=8.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mari, G |party=Independent politician |votes=2,337 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raghavan, K. T |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,730 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,284 |percentage=6.53% |change=-9.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,72,723 |percentage=72.21% |change= 12.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,201 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Thirunavukkarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,246 |percentage=55.81% |change=23.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sekar A |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,643 |percentage=40.17% |change=-15.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Valayapathy E |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,479 |percentage=1.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravi K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,545 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohan K. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=772 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,603 |percentage=15.64% |change=-7.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,50,953 |percentage=59.96% |change= -12.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,51,748 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,723 |percentage=55.90% |change=22.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Thirunavukkarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,094 |percentage=32.43% |change=-23.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Elumalai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,643 |percentage=5.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. M. Narayanasamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,683 |percentage=4.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Govindaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,017 |percentage=0.73% |change=0.08% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,629 |percentage=23.47% |change=0.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,39,031 |percentage=72.29% |change= 4.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,98,315 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. P. Pattabiraman]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,429 |percentage=56.03% |change=27.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,163 |percentage=33.03% |change=-14.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chakkaravarthi Nayagar G. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=10,360 |percentage=8.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gevarchand A. |party=Janata Party |votes=828 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,266 |percentage=23.00% |change=4.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,18,566 |percentage=67.83% |change= -4.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,367 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,821 |percentage=47.66% |change=4.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Thirunavukkarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,408 |percentage=28.70% |change=-26.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanaswamy. V. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,084 |percentage=15.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balaji. K. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,643 |percentage=5.88% |change=-49.43% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amirthalingam. M. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,666 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,413 |percentage=18.96% |change=7.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,12,932 |percentage=72.33% |change= -7.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,59,038 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balaji (politician)|K. Balaji]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,363 |percentage=55.31% |change=7.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palani Raja Kumar. C. M. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,362 |percentage=43.40% |change=-2.56% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,001 |percentage=11.91% |change=9.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,137 |percentage=80.19% |change= 6.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,497 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Venkatasubramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,051 |percentage=48.25% |change=12.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sambandan. V |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,859 |percentage=45.95% |change=12.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrakumar. K |party=Janata Party |votes=4,350 |percentage=4.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anandan. J |party=Independent politician |votes=519 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ranganathan. M |party=Independent politician |votes=437 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,192 |percentage=2.30% |change=0.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,445 |percentage=73.95% |change= 1.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,410 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balaji (politician)|K. Balaji]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,327 |percentage=35.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sambandan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,380 |percentage=33.27% |change=-19.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Narendran |party=Janata Party |votes=16,623 |percentage=18.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C.R. Umapathy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,346 |percentage=9.45% |change=-35.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,153 |percentage=2.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,947 |percentage=2.20% |change=-5.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,312 |percentage=72.41% |change= -7.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,23,336 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[C. V. M. Annamalai]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,009 |percentage=52.52% |change=-4.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. V. Natesa Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,697 |percentage=44.98% |change=2.69% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Partthasarthy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,094 |percentage=2.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,312 |percentage=7.53% |change=-6.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,800 |percentage=79.58% |change= -4.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,911 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Krishnan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,266 |percentage=56.78% |change=12.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. C. S. Nayagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,716 |percentage=42.30% |change=-12.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Jeevarathinam |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=733 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,550 |percentage=14.49% |change=3.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,715 |percentage=83.99% |change= -4.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,322 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]] : Kancheepuram<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. V. Natesa Mudaliar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,018 |percentage=54.80% |change=21.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. N. Annadurai]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,828 |percentage=43.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Parasuram Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=1,128 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,190 |percentage=10.94% |change=-7.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,974 |percentage=88.16% |change= 20.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,287 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.86% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]] : Kancheepuram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. N. Annadurai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=31,861 |percentage=51.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Srinivasan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,718 |percentage=33.77% |change=2.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Parthasarathi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,742 |percentage=10.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chakravarthi Nayagar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,448 |percentage=2.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Veradarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=576 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,143 |percentage=18.16% |change=7.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,345 |percentage=67.39% |change= 7.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,027 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing= 10.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kancheepuram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Deivasigamani]] |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=17,543 |percentage=41.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Srinivasan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,016 |percentage=31.04% |change=31.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kuppuswami |party=Independent politician |votes=3,558 |percentage=8.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Parthasarathy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,410 |percentage=8.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalyanasundaram |party=Commonweal Party |votes=2,128 |percentage=5.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. K. Kannan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,987 |percentage=4.74% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,527 |percentage=10.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,935 |percentage=59.49% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,489 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"; width:300px"
|+ Demographics (2016)
! Category
! Data
|-
|Created
|2016
|-
|[[Sengunthar|Sengunthar Kaikola Mudaliyar]]
|30%
|-
|[[Vanniyar]]
|30%
|-
|[[Adi Dravida]]
|20%
|-
|Others
|20%
|-
|Total Electorate
|2,96,893
|-
|}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-chennai/kanchipuram/2016/apr/09/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95-1310129.html|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|title=காஞ்சிபுரத்தில் சீட் யாருக்கு?திமுகவினரிடையே கடும் போட்டி
|year=2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|12.82|N|79.71|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

2025–26 BDFA Super Division

2026-05-06T04:31:54Z

Digitalvivek: creating the pg initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[BDFA Super Division]]
| image = BFS on a matchday May 2023.jpg
| size = 300px
| caption = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]] on a matchday in May 2023.
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| dates = 10 September 2025 — 24 November 2025
| winners = [[Kickstart FC]]
| promoted = Kickstart FC
| relegated = Students Union FC and Bharat Bengaluru FC
| matches = 171
| total goals = 528
| league topscorer = Ngairangbam Rakesh Singh (20 goals; Kickstart FC)
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| prevseason = [[2024–25 BDFA Super Division|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 BDFA Super Division|2026–27]]
| updated = 30 April 2026
}}

The '''2025–26 BDFA Super Division''' was the 23rd season of the [[BDFA Super Division]], the fifth-tier league in the Indian football system, and [[Karnataka]]'s top-tier football league. [[FC Agniputhra]] were the defending champions, having won the 2024-25 BDFA Super Division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Agniputhra win BDFA Super Division League Championship |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/fc-agniputhra-win-bdfa-super-division-league-championship-3415000 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Nineteen teams competed in the league in the 2025-26 season, one more than the previous season.<ref name="bdfa_awayend">{{Cite web |title=Bangalore/BDFA Super Division League Table |url=https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/}}</ref>

After being runners-up of [[2020–21 BDFA Super Division|2020–21]] and [[2024–25 BDFA Super Division|2024–25]] seasons, this season saw Kickstart FC clinching their first ever Super Division title.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kickstart FC crowned KSFA Super Division champions |first=Vignesh |last=Bharadwaj |date=20 November 2025 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/kickstart-fc-crowned-ksfa-super-division-champions-3805089 |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref>

==Changes from previous season==
===Relegated to A Division===
* Bangalore United FC
* Real Chikkamagaluru

===Withdrew===
* Bangalore Independents

===Promoted from A Division===
* Bangalore Dream United
* Bangalore City FC

===Direct entrants===
* Bharat Bengaluru FC
* United Stars FC

==Teams==
{{OSM Location map |nolabels=1 |width=300 |height=220 |coord={{coord|12.968866|77.611585}} |zoom=16 |shapeD=circle |mark-sizeD=16 |label-sizeD=10,background,outline |label-posD=south |shape-colorD=#197C92|caption=Location of the host venue of the 2025-26 BDFA Super Division.

|label1='''[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]''' |mark-coord1={{Coord|12.968866|77.611585}}
|mark-title1=[[Bengaluru]] |mark-description1=Location of [[Bangalore Football Stadium]] in Bengaluru where all of the BDFA Super Division matches are held.
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Competing teams in the 2025-26 BDFA Super Division League
! Team
! Location
! Region
! Stadium
|-
| [[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC & C FC]]
| [[Domlur|Dommaluru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASC Football Club |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/13231 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| [[Bengaluru Central City Corporation|Central]]
| rowspan="19" | [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|-
| Bangalore City FC
| Kasturinagara<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore City FC |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/13802 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| [[Bengaluru East City Corporation|East]]
|-
| Bangalore Dream United FC
| ''Unknown''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Dream United |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/12973 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]]
| [[Ulsoor|Halasuru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=We are Official Bengaluru Football Club - BFC |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.bengalurufc.com |language=en}}</ref>
| Central
|-
| Bharat Bengaluru FC
| [[Fraser Town, Bengaluru|Fraser Town]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHARAT BENGALURU FOOTBALL CLUB |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/21101 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| [[Bengaluru North City Corporation|North]]
|-
| FC Agniputhra
| Basavanagara<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agniputhra |url=http://fcagniputhra.com/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=fcagniputhra.com}}</ref>
| East
|-
| [[FC Bengaluru United]]
| ''Unknown''<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Bengaluru United |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/12681 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| FC Real Bengaluru
| [[yemalur|Yemaluru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Real Bengaluru |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/19327 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| East
|-
| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL SC]]
| [[Vibhutipura Lake|Vibhutipura]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=HAL Sports Club |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/13281 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| East
|-
| [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
| [[Horamavu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kickstart FC Karnataka |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/12772 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| East
|-
| Kodagu FC
| [[Kushalanagar]], [[Kodagu district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodagu FC |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/14105 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Madras Engineer Group|MEG & C FC]]
| Kasturinagara<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Maisy |title=Royal Engineers Memorial, at Madras Engineers Group, Bangalore, India |url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/9460/remem.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027133925/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/9460/remem.htm |archive-date=2009-10-27 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.geocities.com}}</ref>
| Central
|-
| Parikrma FC
| [[Byatarayanapura]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parikrma Football Club – parikrmafoundation.org |url=https://parikrmafoundation.org/parikrma-football-club/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| North
|-
| Rebels FC
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RFC Football Academy {{!}} Rebels FC |url=https://rfcfootballacademy.in/club.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=rfcfootballacademy.in}}</ref>
| West
|-
| Roots FC
| [[Domlur|Dommaluru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About - Roots Football {{!}} Coaching across Bangalore, Delhi NCR {{!}} Youth League, Senior Super Division Team - Men & Women |url=https://www.rootsfootball.in/about |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.rootsfootball.in}}</ref>
| Central
|-
| [[Sporting Club Bengaluru|SC Bengaluru]]
| [[VV Puram Food Street|VV puram]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sporting Club Bengaluru |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/16032 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| Central
|-
| [[South United FC|South United]]
| Halasuru<ref>{{Cite web |title=South United FC |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/11949 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| Central
|-
| Students Union FC
| ''Unknown''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Student Union FC |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/13400 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| United Stars FC
| [[Malleshwaram]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNITED STARS FOOTBALL CLUB |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/21030 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| West
|}

== Regular season ==
=== League table ===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|update= complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/ The Away End]


|team1 = KFC
|team2 = FCBU
|team3 = KOD
|team4 = BFC
|team5 = SOU
|team6 = SCB
|team7 = AGN
|team8 = USFC
|team9 = MEG
|team10 = PRK
|team11 = FCRB
|team12 = REB
|team13 = BCY
|team14 = ASC
|team15 = ROO
|team16 = HAL
|team17 = BDU
|team18 = STU
|team19 = BHA


|result1=C
|result18=R
|result19=R



|win_KFC = 15| draw_KFC = 3| loss_KFC = 0| gf_KFC = 43| ga_KFC = 8 | status_KFC = C 
|win_FCBU = 13| draw_FCBU = 3| loss_FCBU = 2| gf_FCBU = 40| ga_FCBU = 3 
|win_KOD = 12| draw_KOD = 3| loss_KOD = 3| gf_KOD = 52| ga_KOD = 16 
|win_BFC = 11| draw_BFC = 5| loss_BFC = 2| gf_BFC = 45| ga_BFC = 16 
|win_SCB = 10| draw_SCB = 4| loss_SCB = 4| gf_SCB = 27| ga_SCB = 19 
|win_SOU = 10| draw_SOU = 4| loss_SOU = 4| gf_SOU = 36| ga_SOU = 16 
|win_AGN = 7| draw_AGN = 4| loss_AGN = 7| gf_AGN = 33| ga_AGN = 23 
|win_USFC = 7| draw_USFC = 4| loss_USFC = 7| gf_USFC = 30| ga_USFC = 35 
|win_MEG = 6| draw_MEG = 6| loss_MEG = 6| gf_MEG = 32| ga_MEG = 33 
|win_PRK = 6| draw_PRK = 5| loss_PRK = 7| gf_PRK = 23| ga_PRK = 28 
|win_FCRB = 6| draw_FCRB = 4| loss_FCRB = 8| gf_FCRB = 23| ga_FCRB = 33 
|win_REB = 7| draw_REB = 1| loss_REB = 10| gf_REB = 21| ga_REB = 31 
|win_BCY = 6| draw_BCY = 3| loss_BCY = 9| gf_BCY = 20| ga_BCY = 27 
|win_ASC = 5| draw_ASC = 6| loss_ASC = 7| gf_ASC = 21| ga_ASC = 30 
|win_ROO = 5| draw_ROO = 5| loss_ROO = 8| gf_ROO = 13| ga_ROO = 18 
|win_HAL = 4| draw_HAL = 3| loss_HAL = 11| gf_HAL = 16| ga_HAL = 27 
|win_BDU = 4| draw_BDU = 2| loss_BDU = 12| gf_BDU = 22| ga_BDU = 47 
|win_STU = 3| draw_STU = 1| loss_STU = 14| gf_STU = 21| ga_STU = 58 | status_STU = R 
|win_BHA = 1| draw_BHA = 0| loss_BHA = 17| gf_BHA = 10| ga_BHA = 60 | status_BHA = R 



|name_ASC = [[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC & C FC]]
|name_AGN = FC Agniputhra[[I-League 3|IL3]]
|name_BHA = Bharat Bengaluru
|name_BFC = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]][[Indian Super League|ISL]]
|name_BCY = Bangalore City
|name_BDU = Bangalore Dream United
|name_FCBU = [[FC Bengaluru United]][[I-League 2|IL2]]
|name_FCRB = FC Real Bengaluru
|name_HAL = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL SC]]
|name_KFC = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|name_KOD = Kodagu FC
|name_MEG = [[Madras Engineer Group|MEG & C FC]]
|name_PRK = Parikrma FC
|name_REB = Rebels FC
|name_ROO = Roots FC
|name_SCB = [[Sporting Club Bengaluru|SC Bengaluru]][[I-League 2|IL2]]
|name_SOU = [[South United FC|South United]]
|name_STU = Students Union
|name_USFC = United Stars


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored
|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=green1 |text_C=Champions and promotion to [[2026–27 I-League 3]]
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to 2026–27 [[BDFA A Division]]

}}</onlyinclude>

== Awards ==
Champions [[Kickstart FC]] were awarded the George Hoover Trophy while the Runners-up [[FC Bengaluru United]] were presented with thw GMH Basha Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Super Divn Football League 2025 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DRcWVtGEk4u/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Individual awards for the season are as follows:<ref name="bdfa_awayend"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Winner
! Team
|-
| Best Goalkeeper
| Srijith R
| [[FC Bengaluru United]]
|-
| Best Defender
| Arjun Gouda M
| [[SC Bengaluru]]
|-
| Best Midfielder
| [[Shreyas Ketkar]]
| [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]]
|-
| Top Scorer
| Nagairangbam Rakesh Singh (20 Goals)
| [[Kickstart FC]]
|}

== See also ==
* '''Men'''
** [[2025–26 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2025–26 Indian Football League]] (Tier II)
** [[2025–26 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2025–26 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2025–26 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[Super Cup (India)|2025-26 Super Cup]]
** [[2025 Durand Cup]]

* '''Women'''
**[[2025–26 Indian Women's League]]
**[[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 I-League 3}}
[[Category:BDFA Super Division seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]

Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express

2026-05-05T15:10:08Z

Digitalvivek: creating initial post first draft

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru ''Humsafar Express''
| logo =
| image = Agartala SMVT Humsafar.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = BNC–AGTL HumSafar Express trainboard
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|01|5}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| end = {{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}} ('''SMVB''')
| stops = 29
| start = {{stnlnk|Agartala}} ('''AGTL''')
| distance = {{convert|3529|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 62 hr 40 min
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC 3 tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12503 / 12504
| speed = {{cvt|65.66|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Agartala - Bengaluru) Humsafar Express route map.png|300px|(Agartala–Bengaluru) Humsafar Express route map]] {{Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12504/12503 '''Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru ''Humsafar Express''''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Agartala Banglore Humsafar Express will now run from World class station Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/bn_BD/agartala-bangalore-humsafar-express-via-badarpur-will-now-arrive-at-world-class-sir-m-visvesvaraya-terminal/|website=barakbulletin.com}}</ref> is the longest-running [[Humsafar Express]] and [[Longest train services of Indian Railways|7th longest train service of Indian Railways]], It is a fully air conditioned express train, connecting [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru]], the capital city of [[Karnataka]] and [[Agartala railway station|Agartala railway station, Agartala]], the capital city of [[Tripura]] via [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]], [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]] . It is currently being operated with 12503/12504 train numbers on a weekly basis. The train runs through states of Karnataka, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]] and Tripura. On its journey the train also touches some parts of [[Jharkhand]] in [[Pakur district]] but does not have the stoppage there.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180108060652/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/humsafar-express-extended-to-agartala/articleshow/62380923.cms Humsafar Express extended to Agartala]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=10315&did=1515152671279ED9F4CCAC116C3F7A0987817A6ED3E08.web91 Extension of Train No. 12504/12503 Kamakhya (Guwahati) – Bengaluru Cantonment Humsafar Express upto Agartala With Effect From 5 January 2018 ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2018/01/05/rajen-gohain-flags-off-agartala-bangalore-humsafar-express-and/ |title=Rajen Gohain flags off Agartala – Bangalore Humsafar Express and |access-date=11 January 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805192858/https://theshillongtimes.com/2018/01/05/rajen-gohain-flags-off-agartala-bangalore-humsafar-express-and/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Coach composition==

This train consists of sixteen AC III Tier coaches, one Pantry car and two Generator Power Car coaches. And it was hauled by [[WAG-5]] or [[WAP-7]] and [[WAP-4]] even with [[WDP-4D]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+Coach Position
|Loco
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7
|8
|9
|10
|11
|12
|13
|14
|15
|16
|17
|18
|19
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|GC
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|B6
|B7
|PC
|B8
|B9
|B10
|B10
|B11
|B12
|B13
|B14
|B16
|GC
|}

== Important halts ==
Some important halts of this train are :

[[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]], [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Junction]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Junction]], [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]], [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam Junction]] etc.

== Service ==
It averages 65 km/h as 12503 Humsafar Express starts on Tuesday and covers 3529 km in 64 hrs 35 mins and it averages 66 km/h as 12504 Humsafar Express starts on Saturday and covers 3529 km in 62 hrs 20mins.<ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1594&did=1482471614157627BB9B88B76266D5F5346E0BBC52015.web107 Introduction of Kamakhya-Bengaluru Cantonement-Kamakhya Humsafar Express]</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Bangalore Cantonment–Kamakhya Humsafar Express]]
*[[Bhubaneswar–Krishnarajapuram Humsafar Express]]
*[[Nagaon Express]]
*[[Chennai–New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express]]
*[[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express]]
*[[New Tinsukia–Bengaluru Weekly Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore Cantonment-Agartala Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tripura]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Agartala]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]

Devesh Kant Singh

2026-05-01T13:33:54Z

Digitalvivek: creating bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Devesh Kant Singh''' (born 8 August 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Goriakothi Assembly constituency]] in [[Siwan district|Siwan District]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Goriakothi Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Devesh Kant Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/goriakothi-election-result-2020-live-updates-goriakothi-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061709.html |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Goriakothi]], Siwan District, Bihar. He is the son of Bhumendra Narayan Singh, a two time MLA from Goriakothi constituency for BJP. He completed his graduation in 1988 at Patna from a college affiliated with [[Patna University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devesh Kant Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GORIAKOTHI(SIWAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12411 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Goriakothi Assembly constituency in Siwan district in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He polled 87,368 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Nutan Devi of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], by a margin of 11,891 votes.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Bihar Assembly Election Result 2020: Goriakothi Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno111-2-1795495 |access-date=2024-10-07 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He lost the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election to [[Satyadeo Prasad Singh]] of RJD by 7000 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goriakothi Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Goriakothi Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-goriakothi-assembly-election-result-2020-111.html |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Devesh Kant}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ballari Medical College and Research Centre

2026-04-29T13:56:27Z

Digitalvivek:

{{Short description|Medical college in Bellary, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Ballari Medical College and Research Centre
|former_name = Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences
|type = [[Government]]
|established = {{start date and age|1961}}
|director = Dr. B. Devanand
|address = Cantonment, [[Ballari]], [[Karnataka]], India - 583104
|city =
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{coord|15|9|15.49|N|76|53|47.2|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|affiliation = [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] |
|website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624131638/http://www.vimsbellary.org/ Official Website]
}}

The '''Ballari Medical College and Research Centre''', formerly '''Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences''', is a public [[medical school]] located in [[Ballari district]], [[Karnataka]]. It is run by the [[Government of Karnataka]].

== History ==
The campus of Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences is situated in the former Allipur Jail Buildings. Indian freedom fighters including Sri. Chakravarthi Rajgopalachary, Sri. V.V. Giri, Sri. Bejawada Gopala Reddy, Sri. Ghantasala Venkateshwara Rao, and Sri. Tekur Subramanya were lodged in this jail. This jail was closed in 1958 and the old buildings and entire area of {{convert|173|acre|km2}} was handed over by the Government to start the Medical College in Bellary in 1961. To overcome the shortcomings the Medical College was made autonomous Institution "Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary" in 1996.

The Medical College Hospital was commissioned in 1966 and has bed strength of 680 beds. The District Hospital is situated in the heart of city and is spread over an area of {{convert|15|acre|m2}} and has bed strength of 210 for the pediatrics, Gyanecology and Post Partum Cases. Recently 20 bedded Infosys ward was added for the treatment of Japanese Encephalitis cases. To bring all departments under one roof, for the purpose of better-coordinated teaching and better treatment to the patients even these two departments of [[Gynaecology]] and Paediatrics department will be shifted to VIMS campus before the end of this year to the newly constructed wards in the VIMS campus.

Government Wellesly TB & Chest Diseases Hospital was started in 1929 over spacious area of {{convert|20|acre|m2}} and has a bed strength of 280 beds. The Urban Health Center in the heart of the City was constructed in 1999 and about 120 to 140 patients are treated as outpatients daily in this center.

The [[National Medical Commission]] recognized the undergraduate [[MBBS]] course with and annual intake of 100 students in 1977. But due to the shortage of staff and other infrastructure facilities threatened to de-recognise the UG MBBS course in 1997 and immediate measures were taken to fill up the vacancies of teaching posts and to construct the buildings and purchase the equipments required by NMC. And so NMC agreed to continue the recognition of UG courses. The post graduate courses started with permission of NMC in 1980 in different subjects and today 32 candidates for degree courses in 15 subjects, 23 candidates for diploma courses in 9 subjects are admitted every year in this institute.

NMC has recognized PG courses of following subjects –
Total No. of PG Seats Available – 53

Anatomy – 1, Physiology – 1, Pathology – 2, Microbiology – 1, Preventive and [[Social medicine|Social Medicine]] – 1, Anaesthesia – 2, Dermatology – 1, Paediatrics – 2, General Medicine – 5, Ophthalmology – 1, ENT – 4, General Surgery – 7, OBG – 3, Radiology – 2 .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vimsbellary.org/pg.html |title=Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences |accessdate=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612133702/http://www.vimsbellary.org/pg.html |archivedate=12 June 2011 }}</ref>

In the following 7 subjects, the appointment of staff and purchases of the equipments to fulfill the MCI norms are made and MCI has been already requested to inspect these departments and consider for PG courses recognition in these subjects. The 7 subjects are (1) Ophthalmology (2) Skin & STD (3) Anaesthesiology (4) Pharmacology (5) Pathology (6) Paediatrics (7) Orthopaedics. In the remaining subjects the efforts are being made to develop infrastructures and invite the MCI for PG course recognition.

The Super specialty departments like Urology, Plastic Surgery, Paediatric Surgery and Neurosurgery are functioning and they are well equipped with modern equipments for the treatments and operations of the patients. This Institute also offers M.Ch in Urology courses.

The Institute is affiliated to [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]], [[Bangalore]] and it is to be mentioned that in all the University examinations more than 80% of the students have passed in the last many years. One student of this college got 15th rank in All India PG entrance examination. All the needy students both men, women are provided hostels and have the separate working women hostel.

This Institute runs its own nursing school for diploma nursing studies with annual admission of 30 students and also 8 school of nursing and two college of nursing private nursing institutes are availing the clinical facilities of different hospital of this institute.
General Nurse Midwife (GNM) Course : School of nursing started in 1963 with intake of 12 students. Up to 1995, it was a 3-year, 9 month midwifery course. later it changed course as a 3yrs in 1996-2004. In 2005 curriculum has changed and the duration of course 3 years and internship 6 months under the guidance of Indian Nursing Council and Karnataka State Nursing Council.
It is stipendiary course, each student get after submission of bond paper as per 1957 Note 2 Para G Rule 7 they receive Rs.1000/- per month for 3yrs 6 month.

Basic B.Sc Nursing (B.Sc Nsg) : It is started in 2008 with an intake of 20 students and in the next academic year 2009-10 the intake of student is 25. It is running successfully and first batch students has got 100% results out of which one distinction, 16 first class and 3 second class.

Also courses of different para clinical subjects are conducted in this institution and 60 students are admitted every year.

== Recent developments ==
Dr.T.GANGADHARA GOUDA who was appointed as a regular Director of VIMS for a period of three years, was the brain child of the recent construction and developmental drive in the Institution.
Department of community medicine spearheading the creation of awareness in the public especially awareness on healthcare facilities.

==See also==
*[[Education in Ballari]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624131638/http://www.vimsbellary.org/ Institute's Official Website]
* [http://www.karnatakacet.com CET Karnataka]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Education in Ballari]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ballari district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ballari]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Hyderabad-Karnataka]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Vikramjit Singh Sahney

2026-04-27T10:37:03Z

Digitalvivek: adding some bio more to come...

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and educationist (born 1962)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2011}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2011}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikramjit Singh Sahney
| image = Padma shri.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sahney receiving the Padma Shri from [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]] in 2008
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|02|20}}
| birth_place = [[Kotkapura]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<ref name="With friends across party lines, businessman-philanthropist Sahney is an ‘apolitical’ person">{{cite news |title=With friends across party lines, businessman-philanthropist Sahney is an 'apolitical' person |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/with-friends-across-party-lines-businessman-philanthropist-sahney-is-an-apolitical-person-7941838/ |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 May 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529020049/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/with-friends-across-party-lines-businessman-philanthropist-sahney-is-an-apolitical-person-7941838/ |archive-date=29 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| organisation = {{ubl|World Punjabi Organisation|Chairman Sun Foundation}}
| employer =
| known_for = {{hlist|Social reform|Entrepreneurship|Education|Philanthropy}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessperson|politician}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2008)
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Daisy Paramjit Kaur|1987}}
| children = 2
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (until 2026)
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 5 July 2022
| predecessor =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]
}}
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|http://vikramsahney.com}}
}}
'''Vikramjit Singh Sahney''' (born 20 February 1962) is an Indian [[entrepreneur]], [[educationist]] and [[social worker]]. Sahney has been conferred with the honour of [[Padma Shri]] by the President of India [[Pratibha Patil]] and [[International Peace Award]] by President of Mauritius [[Anerood Jugnauth]] at [[New Delhi]]. He is a [[Rajya Sabha]] member from [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-05-28 |title=Balbir Singh Seechewal, Vikramjit Singh Sahney to be AAP candidates for Rajya Sabha from Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/balbir-singh-seechewal-vikramjit-singh-sahney-to-be-aap-candidates-for-rajya-sabha-from-punjab/article65470035.ece |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has been selected for his contributions in social works.<ref name="Balbir Singh Seechewal, Vikramjit Singh Sahney to be AAP candidates for Rajya Sabha from Punjab">{{cite news |title=Balbir Singh Seechewal, Vikramjit Singh Sahney to be AAP candidates for Rajya Sabha from Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/balbir-singh-seechewal-vikramjit-singh-sahney-to-be-aap-candidates-for-rajya-sabha-from-punjab/article65470035.ece |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531135013/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/balbir-singh-seechewal-vikramjit-singh-sahney-to-be-aap-candidates-for-rajya-sabha-from-punjab/article65470035.ece |archive-date=31 May 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He is the international president of the [https://www.worldpunjabi.org World Punjabi Organisation],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title=World Punjabi Conference in Dubai to be held next year |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/world-punjabi-conference-in-dubai-to-be-held-next-year-1.371611 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> which aims at fostering social, economic and cultural bondage and is functional in 22 countries.<ref name="Balbir Singh Seechewal, Vikramjit Singh Sahney to be AAP candidates for RajyaSabha from Punjab">{{cite news |title=Balbir Singh Seechewal, Vikramjit Singh Sahney to be AAP candidates for RajyaSabha from Punjab |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/28/balbir-singh-seechewal-vikramjit-singh-sahney-to-be-aap-candidates-for-rajya-sabha-from-punjab-2459091.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531135814/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/28/balbir-singh-seechewal-vikramjit-singh-sahney-to-be-aap-candidates-for-rajya-sabha-from-punjab-2459091.html |archive-date=31 May 2022}}</ref>

A true visionary, Vikramjit Sahney is a multifaceted personality, playing many roles with panache. He is a force to reckon with, not just because he is a self-made person and having achieved success rising from grass root level by sheer hard work but also because of his charismatic personality that is a motivation for many. Mr. Sahney is a passionate Sufi Singer with many Albums to his credit.

His academic credentials include Masters in Economics as well as in Business Administration. He is currently pursuing Public Leadership credential from Harvard School of Business

As International President, World Punjabi Organisation (WPO) - a non-political international body to bring about 'Punjabi Renaissance' with Shri I.K. Gujral, former Prime Minister of India as its Chief Patron, he has been a catalyst in outreach of WPO to over 22 countries including UK, US, Canada, Middle East, South Africa, Thailand, Singapore and SAARC Nations to foster social, economic & cultural bondage. He formed World Punjabi Parliamentarian Forum;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-08 |title=World Punjabi Parliamentarians Forum Launched |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/world-punjabi-parliamentarians-forum-launched/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> led various friendship delegations; organized annual Punjabi conferences; produced and showcased light & sound shows like 'Bole So Nihal' , 'Guru Manyo Granth' & 'Sarbansdani; scholarships to students, celebrating Guru Nanak Devji's birthday celebrations at President & Prime Minister's house, instrumental in installing an equestrian statue of Shere Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Parliament House of India etc.

Mr. Sahney has dedicated himself towards creating a humane & equitable society through his NGO- Sun Foundation. Sun Foundation has set up a World Class Skill Centre<ref>{{Cite web |last=SkillReporter |date=2021-02-23 |title=Delhi Government launched new World Class Skill Centre for free training to 800 students |url=https://www.skillreporter.com/regional/delhi/delhi-government-world-class-skill-development-centre-free-training/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Skill Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> in New Delhi and Amritsar. These multi skilling centres with international standards, imparts World Class Skill courses for Indian/ global needs supported by Industry. The Centre has the capacity of training approximately 2000 students per year. We endeavour to position the successfully certified students for 100% placement opportunity.

Sahney launched selfless service during covid pandemic by donating Artificial Intelligence enable Corona Mobile Testing Clinic and Life Ambulance in Delhi-NCR and state of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bus equipped with COVID-19 test facility launched in Delhi |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2020/06/01/des61-dl-virus-mobile-clinic-testing.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> He donated a PSA Oxygen plant to GMERS Hospital, Gandhinagar<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-03 |title=Sun Foundation donates oxygen plant to Gujarat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sun-foundation-donates-oxygen-plant-to-gujarat/articleshow/83205716.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and lifesaving ECMO Machine to Bala Sahib Hospital and organized langar for one lakh people every day. He also donated 2000 oxygen cylinders on SOS basis for rural areas of Punjab<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun Foundation donates 200 oxygen concentrators to Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sun-foundation-donates-200-oxygen-concentrators-to-punjab-251888 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> and donated 1000 oxygen concentrators free of charge in Delhi, Punjab, various Gurdwaras, Golden Temple - Amritsar and various Red Cross Societies.

Sahney evacuated over 500 Afghan Hindus and Sikhs by sending 3 chartered flights<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arranging evacuation of 400 Sikhs, Hindus from Afghanistan: Punjabi body |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/arranging-evacuation-of-400-sikhs-hindus-from-afghanistan-punjabi-body-120080701672_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183954/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/arranging-evacuation-of-400-sikhs-hindus-from-afghanistan-punjabi-body-120080701672_1.html |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> and rehabilitating them under programme “My Family, My Responsibility” by bearing their monthly household expenses, free Medical and Health Insurance, education and skilling of their children.

The projects of Sun Foundation duly recognized by NSDC include Surya Kiran - free vocational and skill development training to underprivileged women and girls; Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Campaign to raise strong concern about exacerbating sex discrimination and female feticide through awareness campaigns and Public interest messages; Running Govt. Drug Rehabilitation centers in Amritsar, Taran Taran & Jalandhar; Taare Zameen Par - free skill development centers for disabled needy youth; Angels of Sun -: scholarship to underprivileged children; adopted Shivkarwadi & SuvidhaChawl in Mumbai under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan; extending aid to Children of poor widows, war victims, families of farmers who committed suicide in Vidharbha as also national disasters like tsunami; Sikh Heritage Multimedia Museum at Gurdwara Bangla Sahib, highlighting the life of Sikh Gurus and key tenets of Sikhism through Paintings, Murals, Translites, audio/video and several others projects.

As a former President ICC Paris-India, Sahney's endeavour has been to enable & strengthen business worldwide to secure peace, prosperity and opportunity for all. He is committed to take forward the agenda of ICC, through continued deep engagements with the United Nations (UN), WTO and other Multilateral Organisations, to shape the international policy landscape on behalf of its members worldwide.

As a former Honorary Consul General of South Africa, Sahney's responsibilities are directed towards development of commercial, economic, cultural and social relations between India and South Africa and also promote friendly relations between the two.

As Chair, BRICS Agri Business Forum, Sahney has also made observations and given presentation before the Heads of States of all BRICS Nations underlining the need to take firm steps to tackle the global food crisis, promote global economic recovery and initiatives on food security to boost economic growth.

Sahney has been in Board of National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC); a former Trustee India Brand Equity Foundation, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Member Board of Trade, Govt. of India, Member India-UAE Joint Task Force, Board Member – Muntajat (Govt. of Qatar) India, Board member – FICCI & ASSOCHEM, Chair - India Africa Business Forum, Chair – India-Arab Council, Secretary General – Maharaja Ranjit Singh Trust.

On 24 April 2026, Singh defected to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] after quitting the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] along with a group of 6 fellow MPs led by [[Raghav Chadha]].<ref name="Raghav Chadha, Sandeep Pathak, Ashok Mittal join BJP after quitting AAP">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=24 April 2026 |title=Raghav Chadha, Sandeep Pathak, Ashok Mittal join BJP after quitting AAP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raghav-chadha-sandeep-pathak-ashok-mittal-join-bjp-after-quitting-aap-4-more-mps-to-follow-2901107-2026-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260424144033/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raghav-chadha-sandeep-pathak-ashok-mittal-join-bjp-after-quitting-aap-4-more-mps-to-follow-2901107-2026-04-24 |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-par|in-rs}}
{{Rajya Sabha succession box
| state= Punjab
| before= [[2022 Indian Rajya Sabha elections#Punjab|List]]
| after=
| years= 2022 – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Rajya Sabha members from Punjab}}
{{Rajya Sabha}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahney, Vikramjit Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Aam Aadmi Party]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]

Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses

2026-04-25T20:39:05Z

Digitalvivek: adding a details needs work

{{short description|Indian think-tank based in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
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'''Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA)''' is an Indian [[think tank]] for advanced research in [[international relations]], especially defence, strategic and security issues. It also provides training to civilian, military and police officers of the [[Government of India|Indian government]]. It is non-partisan and autonomous. It is funded by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|India's Ministry of Defence]].

It aims to promote national and international security by carrying out research on defence and security-related issues and disseminating the knowledge among the policy-makers and wider public.<ref name=yearbook/><ref name=About>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.idsa.in/aboutidsa|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-date=30 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030230653/http://www.idsa.in/aboutidsa|url-status=live}}</ref>

The current director general is Ambassador [[Sujan R. Chinoy]], who took over the reins of MP-IDSA on 3 January 2019 on a three-year assignment. MP-IDSA is the only think-tank in India whose director general is appointed by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet, chaired by the prime minister of India.

MPIDSA has long been regarded as one of India's most influential think-tanks. The University of Pennsylvania's [[Global Go To Think Tank Index]] ranked IDSA 41st in the world in 2017. It received the top position among Indian think tanks.<ref>[https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=think_tanks 2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330003743/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=think_tanks |date=30 March 2019 }}, University of Pennsylvania, 31 January 2018.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2015 - Colnect 637812 - Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.jpeg|thumb|right|Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses postal stamp issued in 2015]]
IDSA was established on 11 November 1965 as a non-partisan and autonomous body. It is funded by the Indian Ministry of Defence and plays a key role in shaping India's foreign and security policies.<ref name=yearbook>{{citation |title=The Statesman's Yearbook: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World 2017 |year=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |location=London |page=80 |isbn=978-1-349-68398-7 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-68398-7_149|chapter=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) |series=The Statesman's Yearbook |doi-access=free }}</ref> In February 2020 IDSA was renamed as ''''Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA)'''<nowiki/>' after former Defence Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/idsa-renamed-as-manohar-parrikar-institute-for-defence-studies-and-analyses/article30850268.ece|title=IDSA renamed Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|date=2020-02-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209033155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/idsa-renamed-as-manohar-parrikar-institute-for-defence-studies-and-analyses/article30850268.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Governance==
MP-IDSA is governed by an Executive Council, whose members are distinguished personalities from various walks of life and which is headed by a president. The council is supported by committees covering different aspects of the institute's work. Executive Council Committees cover subjects such as administration, academics, finance, membership, etc. Members of the council are elected for two-year terms at the Annual General Body meeting.

The president of the Executive Council is by convention, an ex-officio position, held by the incumbent [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]]. The current president is [[Rajnath Singh]].

==Activities==

===Research===
The institute's presently focused research areas are divided in following categories: [[South Asia]], [[East Asia]], [[Russia]] and [[Central Asia]], [[West Asia]] and [[Africa]], [[Europe]] and [[Americas]], [[Military science|Military Affairs]], [[Human security|Non-Traditional Security]], [[Weapons of Mass Destruction]], and [[Terrorism]] and [[International Security]]. The institute has a strong research faculty of more than fifty distinguished scholars drawn from academia, defence, foreign affairs, media and other civil services. The institute's state-of-the-art library, situated at the heart of the [[India]]n capital [[New Delhi]] caters to the needs of policymakers.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://meafsi.gov.in/?2820%3F000 | title=News /Updates : Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) | access-date=5 July 2014 | archive-date=15 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715103506/http://meafsi.gov.in/?2820%3F000 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Training===
The institute provides training and refresher courses to senior government officers drawn from various branches of Indian Civil Service, i.e., the Indian Administrative Service, the Indian Foreign Service, the Indian Police Service, the Armed Forces and the Para-Military Forces.

===International interactions===
MP-IDSA has international interactions through various means. The institute holds international seminars and conferences, publishes journals, hosts to visiting scholars, and ties up with institutes from all over the world.

===Government policy===
The MP-IDSA plays a role in shaping the Indian government's foreign and security policies. For example; the [[Indian Parliament]]'s Standing Committee on Defence frequently calls on the institute's experts.<ref name=MoD>{{cite web|title=Associated Institutions, Ceremonial Honours and Awards, Official Language Division and Defence Co-operation with Foreign Countries|url=http://mod.nic.in/ainstitutions/welcome.html|publisher=Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407164524/http://mod.nic.in/ainstitutions/welcome.html |archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Officers of the armed forces come to spend up to two years at the institute to gain a policy perspective. The institute's annual report is tabled in the Indian Parliament.<ref name=Jha>Prashant Jha, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-s-most-influential-think-tanks/story-emb0db2lmqltL8pKeYuZiL.html India's most influential think-tanks], Hindustan Times, 16 August 2015.</ref>

The Defence Minister of India informed the Indian parliament in 2012 that the IDSA appoints both civilian and military personnel to publish books, journal articles and reviews.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Research Project Reports of MP-IDSA |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=86773 |access-date=2 May 2018}}</ref>

==Publications==
The institute's flagship journal ''Strategic Analysis'' is published bimonthly in collaboration with [[Taylor & Francis]]. It aims to promote an understanding of Indian strategic thinking on national and international themes.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rsan20 Strategic Analysis: Aims and Scope], Taylor & Francis, retrieved 2 May 2018.</ref>

Other periodical publications include:
* ''Journal of Defence Studies'' – a quarterly journal focusing on core issues of defence.
* ''Africa Trends'' – a quarterly magazine on providing information on significant and strategic developments taking place in Africa.
* ''CBW Magazine'' – a magazine focusing on arms control, disarmament, roles of state and non-state actors, regarding chemical and biological weapons.
* Various policy briefs, issue briefs, occasional papers and newsletters.<ref>[https://idsa.in/publications Publications], Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, retrieved 2 May 2018.</ref>

The members of the institute actively publish various books and monographs via regular publishing houses in India and overseas.

==Ranking==
The [[Global Go To Think Tank Index]], prepared annually by the [[University of Pennsylvania]] Foreign Policy Research Institute, ranked IDSA 55th in the world in 2013,<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Institute-for-Defence-Studies-and-Analyses-IDSA-has-been-ranked-55-th-amongst-the-top-think-tanks-worldwide-non-US-in-the-2013-Global-Go-To-Think-Tank-Index-published-by-The-Think-Tanks-and-Civil-Societies-Program-TTCSP-of-the-University-of-Pennsylvania-/articleshow/29211916.cms Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) has been ranked 55th amongst the top think tanks worldwide (non US), in the 2013 Global Go To Think Tank Index published by The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) of the University of Pennsylvania], Times of India, 22 January 2014.</ref> 105th in 2016 and 41st in 2017.<ref name="ranking 2017">[https://idsa.in/pressrelease/global-go-to-think-tank-index-2018 IDSA retains top position among Indian think tanks in the 2017 Global Go To Think Tank Survey], Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 5 February 2018.</ref> This was the top position received by any Indian think tank in 2017.<ref name="ranking 2017"/>

== Past heads ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! style="width:20em;" |Name
! style="width:20em;" |From
! style="width:20em;" |To
|-
| D. Som Dutt || 1 August 1966 || 31 July 1968
|-
|[[K. Subrahmanyam]]|| 10 October 1968 || 30 September 1975
|-
| P.R. Chari || 1 October 1975|| 31 March 1980
|-
|[[K. Subrahmanyam]]|| 1 April 1980 || 31 July 1987
|-
|[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)|Jasjit Singh]]|| 1 August 1987 || 31 July 2001
|-
| K.Santhanam || 1 August 2001 || 31 July 2004
|-
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[C. Uday Bhaskar]] (Acting)|| 1 August 2004 || 8 September 2005
|-
| N.S. Sisodia || 9 September 2005 || 15 November 2011
|-
|[[Arvind Gupta (administrator)|Arvind Gupta]]|| January 2012 || July 2014
|-
| [[Jayant Prasad]]|| September 2015 || September 2018
|}

==See also==

*[[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]]
*[[Centre for Air Power Studies (India)]]
*[[United Service Institution]]
*[[Indian Council of World Affairs]]
*[[Observer Research Foundation]]
*[[National Defence College (India)]]
* [[List of think tanks in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.idsa.in Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Institute For Defence Studies And Analysis}}
[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research institutes of international relations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Think tanks established in 1965]]
[[Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in India]]
[[Category:Political and economic think tanks based in India]]

Hasnain Baqai

2026-04-24T11:50:05Z

Digitalvivek: New

{{Short description|Indian Sufi and Islamic scholar (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Hasnain Baqai
| image = Hasnain Baqai during Urs e Baqa Safipur Sharif.jpg
| caption = Hasnain Baqai, March 2016
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| movement = [[Sufi]]
| influenced = [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]],[[Waris Ali Shah]], [[Ahmed Raza khan]],
| religion = [[Islam]]
| school = [[Sufi]]
| lineage = Syed
| subsect =
| order = [[Chishtiya]],[[Qadriya]]
| other_name = Shah Saheb, Umdatus Sadaat, Syed e Millat
| pen_name =
| parents = Syed Waliullah Baqai
| posthumous_name =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|26 February 1994}}
| birth_place = [[Safipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| location = [[Safipur]]
| title = Khatibul Hind
| profession = Islamic scholar
| education = Alim,Fazil,Graduate
| initiation = Khanqah Aliyah Baqaiyah
| present_post = Nayeb Sajjada Nasheen

| known_for = Islamic scholar and social leader,educational and humanitarian activist

| post =
| website = https://sufiboard.org/
}}

'''Hasnain Baqai''', (also known as '''Shah Saheb'''), is an Islamic scholar. He is the patron and parts of various social, academic and other developmental activities of Sufi Sunni Muslims in India.

== Offices ==
He has held the following offices:
*Executive Member of the [[All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board]]
*National President of Rashtriya Shia Sufi Sangh<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rastogi |first=Amulya |date=20 May 2019 |title=राजनाथ की हिमायत करने पर शिया धर्मगुरु को फिर मिली जान से मारने धमकी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/shia-religious-teacher-again-threat-to-kill-for-supporting-rajnath-singh |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1208028984828518401|user=swatantrabjp|title=इस बैठक में प्रमुख शिया धर्मगुरू मौलाना कल्बे जवाद साहब,वरिष्ठ शिया धर्मगुरु मौलाना रज़ा हुसैन साहब, मौलाना मोहिउ…|date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
*Official representative of Member of Parliament [[Sakshi Maharaj]], for minorities in Loksabha Unnao.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Jitendra |date=2022-05-19 |title=साक्षी महाराज के प्रतिनिधि पर हमला, की ताबड़तोड़ फायरिंग, सफीपुर चेयरमैन समेत 4 लोगों पर FIR दर्ज |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttar-pradesh/crime-in-uttar-pradesh-firing-on-bjp-mp-sakshi-maharaj-representative-in-unnao-au142-1239987.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |language=hi}}</ref>
*National General Secretary of Sufi Islamic Board<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Executive Committee (C.E.C) |url=http://sufiboard.org/central-executive-committee-c-e-c/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427222954/http://sufiboard.org/central-executive-committee-c-e-c/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*National General Secretary of [[All India Sufi Sajjadanashin Council|All India Sufi Sajjada Nashin Council]].
== Triple Talaq ==
[[File:Maulana_shah_syed_hasnain_baqai_adressing_media_in_triple_talaq_issue_in_lucknow_13_may_2017.jpg|thumb|right|Baqai addressing the media]]
Baqai disagrees with the notion of a “[[Divorce in Islam|Triple Talaq]]” divorce. He is of the view that pronouncing Triple Talaq will not render marriage void. He supported the then ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] rendition of an opinion against the legality of “Triple Talaq” divorce for Muslim women, during the proceedings of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Nawal |date=12 May 2017 |title=तीन तलाक गैर इस्लामी मामला, सती प्रथा की तरह एक कुप्रथाः हसनैन बकाई |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-fatwa-of-khan-khan-alia-bakaiya-like-a-satipratha-three-divorce-is-a-mal-practice-16019162.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-14 |title=Sufis join the chorus against triple talaq in single sitting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sufis-join-the-chorus-against-triple-talaq-in-single-sitting/articleshow/58664033.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
== CAA & NRC ==
He held a large public meeting with Shia and Sufi religious leaders of the state of Uttar Pradesh, along with BJP's state president [[Swatantra Dev Singh]] regarding CAA, NRC in Uttar Pradesh and supported the government in favor of CAA, NRC.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1208028982181937152|user=swatantrabjp|title=देश भर से आए मुस्लिम वर्ग के प्रमुख धर्मगुरुओं, सूफ़ी संतो एवं प्रबुद्ध जनों के साथ लखनऊ में भेंट कर #NRC, #CAA जै…|date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
== Execution of Nimr al-Nimr & Faris Zarani ==
In an interview condemning the [[execution of Nimr al-Nimr]] in [[Saudi Arabia]], Baqai said: “One Shia and [one] Sunni cleric were hanged just because they were raising voices for minorities’ rights and against the sheltering of terrorism by Saudi Arabia.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-04 |title=Protests in Srinagar, Lucknow over Saudi execution |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/protests-in-srinagar-lucknow-over-saudi-execution/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/restrictions-srinagar-after-shias-protest-execution-cleric-by-saudi-arabia-661906|title=Restrictions in Srinagar after Shias protest execution of cleric by Saudi Arabia|last=IBTimes|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=4 January 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
== Terrorism ==
In forums, he speaks vocally against terrorism, as he holds the belief that terrorism has no place in religion. According to him, the youth is being misled in the name of religion and it should be the responsibility of the religious leaders of every religion that the person of their religion should not fall under such mischief.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anurag |date=24 February 2019 |title=आतंकी राष्ट्र घोषित हो पाकिस्तान, शिया-सुन्नी उलेमाओं ने सरकार से की मांग |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-pakistan-should-declared-terrorist-country-demands-shia-sunni-ulama-18985519.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashish |first=Ishwar |date=24 February 2019 |title=आतंकवाद के खिलाफ इकट्ठा हुए मौलाना, बोले- हिंदुस्तान पर हमला बर्दाश्त नहीं कर सकते |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/rashtriya-ekta-adhiveshan-in-protest-of-terrorism |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1513879769422897155|user=Republic_Bharat|title=#LIVE | आतंकवाद और कट्टरता का कोई मजहब नहीं होता : मौलाना हसनैन बकाई, इस्लामिक स्कॉलरदेखिए 'पूछता है भारत' ऐश्व…|date=12 April 2022}}</ref>
== Unity between Shia and Sunni ==
Baqai advocated the unity of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=आतंकवादी धमकी के बावजूद 25 को होगा शिया-सूफी सुन्नी सम्मेलन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/shia-sufi-sunni-conference-will-be-held-on-25th-despite-terrorist-threats/articleshow/63113546.cms |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Husain |first=Yusra |date=2018-02-23 |title=Shia cleric Kalbe Jawad claims he got threat call for speaking against terrorism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/shia-cleric-kalbe-jawad-claims-he-got-threat-call-for-speaking-against-terrorism/articleshow/63049688.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tahlkanews.in/2023/03/lucknowbada-imambada-shiya--sufi-sammelan--469773.html|title=Lucknow Bada Imambada Shiya Sufi Sammelan|date=March 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ankur |first=Anil |date=2018-03-26 |title=आतंकवाद का मुकाबला इमाम हुसैन ने किया था |trans-title=Muslim sammelan in Lucknow : opposed terrorism and its supporters |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/muslim-sammelan-in-lucknow-opposed-terrorism-and-its-supporters-1-2550356/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आतंकवाद के खिलाफ बड़े इमामबाड़े शिया-सूफी सम्मेलन आज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-muslim-1867549.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yojana Monitor |url=https://www.kashmirmonitor.in/Details/148556/a-curious-friendship }}{{dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref>

== Popular Front of India ==
He started an agitation against the [[Popular Front of India]], as he claims PFI. to be a threat to the Peace and Integrity of the Indian nation and because they were radicalizing Indian youth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Dev |date=2020-12-01 |title=जिहाद के नाम पर 72 हूरों का लालच देकर युवाओं को किया गुमराह |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/misguided-youth-by-luring-pretty-girls-in-the-name-of-jihad-pfi-charges-for-terror-school |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/bharat/bharat-news/sufi-islamic-board-in-lucknow-demands-ban-on-pfi/na20201124012435466 | title=पीएफआई पर आईएसआईएस से संबंध रखने का आरोप, प्रतिबंध की मांग | date=24 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.up.punjabkesari.in/uttar-pradesh/news/pfi-and-its-political-arm-sdpi-should-be-banned-at-indian-level-sufi-society-1285671?amp | title=Pfi और उसकी राजनीतिक शाखा Sdpi को भारतीय स्तर पर किया जाए प्रतिबंधित: सूफी समाज | date=23 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sufiboard.org/s-i-b-movement-against-p-f-i/ | title=S.I.B. Movement against P.F.I. }}</ref>

== Family background ==

[[File:Official logo name of hasnain baqai.jpg|thumb|Official logo name of hasnain baqai]]

He was born on 26 February in Sufi City of [[Safipur]], in a highly religious Sufi family. He is the great grand son of Syed Baqa-Ullah Shah Safvi Khadmi Chishty and the son of Syed Shah Waliullah Baqai. He is the present Gaddi-nashin of Safipur.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baqai, Hasnain}}
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:People from Unnao district]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic studies scholars]]

Ranbir Singh Nikka

2026-04-23T09:26:24Z

Digitalvivek: Added bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ranbir Singh Nikka
| office = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nurpur Assembly constituency|Nurpur]]
| native_name = रणबीर सिंह निक्का
| native_name_lang = Hi
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 2022
}}

'''Ranbir Singh Nikka''' (born 23 January 1978) is an Indian politician.He was born in village baranda, tehsil Nurpur.He is a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Nurpur Assembly constituency]]. He is an ex-[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] secretary general.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HpVidhanSabha |url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/515 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Nurpur, Himachal Election Result: नूरपुर सीट पर भाजपा के रणवीर सिंह ने 18 हजार वोटों से दर्ज की जीत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/himachal-pradesh/nurpur-vidhansabha-seat-result-live-update-himachal-pradesh-election-result-ajay-mahajan-ranveer-singh-nikka-manisha-kumari-bjp-aap-congress-loose-winner-5003611.html |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nurpur Election Result 2022 Live: Nurpur MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/nurpur-assembly-elections-hp-6/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal pradesh nurpur Election Results, Himachal Elections 2022 Vote Counting Livefsng |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/himachal-pradesh-nurpur-constituency-6.html |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS086.htm?ac=6 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{HimachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Rashmi Arya

2026-04-23T09:25:51Z

Digitalvivek: Added a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rashmi Jayprakash Arya
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = [[Social Worker]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| spouse = Jay Prakashji Arya
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| party = [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|Apna Dal (S)]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mauranipur (Assembly constituency)|Mauranipur]]
| term_start = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| predecessor = [[Bihari Lal Arya]]
}}
'''Rashmi Jayprakash Arya''' is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She won as a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Mauranipur (Assembly constituency)|Mauranipur]] Assembly Constituency in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]].

== Early life ==
Arya belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-17 |title=मुलायम की राह पर उनके समाजवादी चेले {{!}} seven members in politics of same family Mauranipur |url=https://www.patrika.com/jhansi-news/seven-members-in-politics-of-same-family-mauranipur-13529/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> She hails from Ghatampur, a constituency reserved for SC community members.<ref>https://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/35661/Saroj-Kureel</ref>

== Career ==
Arya won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election]] as a representative of [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|Apna Dal (S)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimati Saroj Kureel |url=https://sarkarihelpline.com/portfolio/shrimati-saroj-kureel/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Sarkari Helpline |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601100355/https://sarkarihelpline.com/portfolio/shrimati-saroj-kureel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is an alliance partner of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She defeated the [[Samajwadi party]] candidate. Later, she joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-30 |title=UP election 2022: Apna Dal expands footprint, fields candidate from Jhansi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/apna-dal-expands-footprint-fields-candidate-from-jhansi/articleshow/89213071.cms |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Tilakchandra Ahirwar by a margin of 58,595 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मऊरानीपुर : जनता ने रश्मि को लगाया जीत का तिलक |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/jhansi-city-22533757.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=m.jagran.com |language=hi}}</ref> Previously in 2012, she was a member of [[Samajwadi party]] and won [[Results of the 2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashmi arya join bjp: पूर्व सपा विधायक डॉ. रश्मि आर्य ने थामा भाजपा का हाथ, मऊरानीपुर सीट से हो सकती हैं प्रत्याशी! |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/former-sp-mla-dr-rashmi-arya-joins-bjp-may-be-candidate-from-mauranipur-seat/articleshow/88954112.cms |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya, Rashmi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Apna Dal (Sonelal) politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Bhagirathi Gomango

2026-04-18T23:46:40Z

Digitalvivek: creating new post from scratch

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhagirathi Gamang
| image =
| caption = Bhagirathi Gomango, politician from Odisha, India
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]], [[Odisha]]
| term = 1971-1972
| predecessor = [[Ramachandra Ulaka]]
| successor = [[Giridhar Gamang]]
| constituency2 =
| office1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Bhagirathi Gamang ''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]], [[Odisha]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Reed1954">{{cite book|author=Sir Stanley Reed|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgQfAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 June 2020|year=1954|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=1147}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/gamang-set-to-win-elections-for-the-10th-time/657672 | title=Gamang Set to Win Elections for the 10th Time | publisher=Outlook | date=8 April 2009 | accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/tribal-leader-bhagirathi-gomango-dead/777402 | title=Tribal Leader Bhagirathi Gomango Dead | publisher=Outlook | date=6 October 2012 | accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref>

He died in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2012-10-06 |title=Tribal leader Bhagirathi Gomango dead |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tribal-leader-bhagirathi-gomango-dead-112100600164_1.html |access-date=2022-10-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomango, Bhagirathi}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Patparganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:50Z

Digitalvivek: Added a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patparganj
| mla = [[Ravinder Singh Negi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[East Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
| electors = 2,32,125
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 57
}}
'''Patparganj Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Patparganj assembly constituency is a part of [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]]. 1

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Gyan Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Anil Chaudhary (politician)|Anil Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Manish Sisodia]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Ravinder Singh Negi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Patparganj<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Patparganj">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Patparganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0557.htm |access-date=8 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208071641/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0557.htm |archive-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ravinder Singh Negi]]|votes=74,060|percentage=53.41|change={{Increase}}6.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Awadh Ojha|votes=45,988|percentage=33.17|change={{decrease}}16.16}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Anil Chaudhary (politician)|Anil Chaudhary]]|votes=16,549|percentage=11.94|change={{Increase}}9.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=692|percentage=0.50|change=+0.13}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,072|percentage=20.24|change=+17.99}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,38,652|percentage=60.70|change=-0.82}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =+6.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020" />{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Patparganj]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://results.eci.gov.in/DELHITRENDS2020/ConstituencywiseU0557.htm?ac=57 | title=Election Commission of India | url-status=dead | access-date=11 February 2020 | archive-date=4 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504152054/http://results.eci.gov.in/DELHITRENDS2020/ConstituencywiseU0557.htm?ac=57 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2020 |title=General Legislative Election 2020|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Manish Sisodia]]
| votes = 70,163
| percentage = 49.33
| change = -4.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ravinder Singh Negi
| votes = 66,956
| percentage = 47.07
| change = +13.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Laxman Rawat
| votes = 2,802
| percentage = 1.97
| change = -9.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rakesh
| votes = 676
| percentage = 0.48
| change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Right to Recall Party
| candidate = Rakesh Suri
| votes = 60
| percentage = 0.04
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 529
| percentage = 0.37
| change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,207
| percentage = 2.25
| change = -18.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,42,397
| percentage =61.52
| change = -3.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -4.25
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020" />

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Patparganj]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=57 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Manish Sisodia]]
| votes = 75,477
| percentage = 53.58
| change = +12.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Vinod Kumar Binny]]
| votes = 46,716
| percentage = 33.16
| change = +1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anil Chaudhary (politician)|Anil Chaudhary]]
| votes = 16,260
| percentage = 11.54
| change = -11.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Nem Singh Premi
| votes = 1,213
| percentage = 0.86
| change = -0.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 533
| percentage = 0.38
| change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 28,761
| percentage = 20.42
| change = +10.93
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,40,359
| percentage =65.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +5.47
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015" />

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Patparganj]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=57 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Manish Sisodia]]
| votes = 50,211
| percentage = 41.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Nakul Bhardwaj
| votes = 38,735
| percentage = 32.04
| change = -9.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anil Chaudhary (politician)|Anil Chaudhary]]
| votes = 28,067
| percentage = 23.21
| change = -19.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Irshad Ali
| votes = 2,127
| percentage = 1.76
| change = -12.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Kehar Singh
| votes = 362
| percentage = 0.30
| change = -0.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 475
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,476
| percentage = 9.49
| change = +8.73
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 120,977
| percentage =63.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +25.57
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013" />

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi state assembly elections]]: Patparganj<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anil Chaudhary (politician)|Anil Chaudhary]]
| votes = 36,984
| percentage = 42.40
| change = -10.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Nakul Bhardwaj
| votes = 36,336
| percentage = 41.64
| change = +14.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Madan Singh
| votes = 12,032
| percentage = 13.79
| change = -2.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Shashi Kumar
| votes = 613
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pramod
| votes = 462
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Krishan Kamal
| votes = 310
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Jaiveer Choudhary
| votes = 248
| percentage = 0.28
| change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| candidate = Shyamji Rai
| votes = 101
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gopal Lal Sharma
| votes = 92
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Sher Mohammed
| votes = 74
| percentage = 0.08
| change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 663
| percentage = 0.76
| change = -25.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 82,767
| percentage = 54.5
| change = +7.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -10.97
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008" />

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Patparganj<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Amrish Singh Gautam
| votes = 36,930
| percentage = 53.37
| change = -4.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Gian Chand
| votes = 18,932
| percentage = 27.36
| change = -2.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dhani Ram Shankhwar
| votes = 11,322
| percentage = 16.36
| change = +8.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Sunil
| votes = 637
| percentage = 0.92
| change = +0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = JaiveMadan Lal
| votes = 569
| percentage = 0.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
| candidate = Jetender Kumar
| votes = 451
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Sanjeev Kumar
| votes = 198
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Navbharat Nirman Party
| candidate = Deep Chand
| votes = 156
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 17,998
| percentage = 26.01
| change = -2.40
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 69,195
| percentage = 47.29
| change = +2.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -4.69
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003" />

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Patparganj<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Amrish Singh Gautam
| votes = 33,351
| percentage = 58.06
| change = +28.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ganga Ram Pipal
| votes = 17,030
| percentage = 29.65
| change = -6.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rajveer Singh
| votes = 4,363
| percentage = 7.60
| change = +6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bachan Singh
| votes = 722
| percentage = 1.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
| candidate = Ranjana
| votes = 650
| percentage = 1.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Son Dayal
| votes = 511
| percentage = 0.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Dhan Devi
| votes = 336
| percentage = 0.58
| change = -30.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Utthan Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 157
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Raj Kumar Anand
| votes = 154
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Rajendra Kumar
| votes = 82
| percentage = 0.14
| change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sher Singh
| votes = 54
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Narendra Kumar
| votes = 31
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,321
| percentage = 28.41
| change = +23.90
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 58,121
| percentage = 44.98
| change = -10.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +28.57
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998" />

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Patparganj<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Gyan Chand
| votes = 17,020
| percentage = 35.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Amrish Singh Gautam
| votes = 14,873
| percentage = 31.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rame
| votes = 14,065
| percentage = 29.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Shakuntala
| votes = 703
| percentage = 1.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Kehar Singh
| votes = 394
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mukut Lal
| votes = 279
| percentage = 0.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Ranshyam Singh
| votes = 166
| percentage = 0.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Ambedkar Dal
| candidate = Budh Ram
| votes = 125
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Mukt Bharat
| candidate = Rajender Prasad Gautam
| votes = 69
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,147
| percentage = 4.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 48,664
| percentage = 55.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.61|77.29|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Dharwad Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:33Z

Digitalvivek: creating a data

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharwad Rural
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad]]
| constituency_no = 174
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| electors =
}}
'''Dharwad Rural Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. S. Vishwanathaprasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | Sumati Balachandra Madiman
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1981 elections in India#Karnataka|1981 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 21 December 1980}} || rowspan="2" | Pudakalakatti Channabasappa Virupaxappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Desai Ayyappa Basavaraj || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Babagouda Rudragouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Kranti Sabha}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | Ambadagatti Shrikant Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 elections in India#Karnataka|1998 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 23/06/1997}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Ambadagatti Shivananda Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Vinay Kulkarni]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinay Kulkarni]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,744 |percentage = 32.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Ayyappa Basavaraj |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 30,514 |percentage = 29.28% |change = {{increase}}28.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadagatti Shivananda Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,342 |percentage = 18.56% |change = {{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ilyas Ahmad Siraj Ahmed Mulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,203 |percentage = 6.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivananda Holehadagali |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,357 |percentage = 6.10% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangamesh Channabasappa Hampannavar |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,900 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malimath Parvatidevi Chandrashekarswamy |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,362 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh K. Malledi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,355 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mangaji Sumitra Somaning |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,230 |percentage = 3.10% |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,238 |percentage = 71.97% |change = {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,206}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,829 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadagatti Shivananda Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,375 |percentage = 34.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanand Shivagoud Holehadagali |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,473 |percentage = 31.54% |change = {{increase}}8.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lohit D. Naikar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,325 |percentage = 25.63% |change = {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parameshwar Siddalingappa Dandin |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,229 |percentage = 6.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nadaf Hussain Sab Dasthagirsab |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 967 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,902 |percentage = 3.33% |change = {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,568 |percentage = 71.49% |change = {{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,095}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,407 |percentage = 7.83% |change = {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,289 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1998 elections in India#Karnataka|1998 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/byeelection/BE98/Bye-Feb1998.htm |title=Bye Elections - Feb. 1998 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 29 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041029184500/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/byeelection/BE98/Bye-Feb1998.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadagatti. S. R |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,884 |percentage = 35.76% |change = {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. B. Desai |party = Janata Dal |votes = 29,406 |percentage = 32.98% |change = {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Holehadagali |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,309 |percentage = 22.78% |change = {{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narendra. K. B |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 5,480 |percentage = 6.15% |change = {{decrease}}18.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. D. Haveripeth |party = Karnataka Vikas Party |votes = 1,099 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Dandagi |party = Independent politician |votes = 636 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,478 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,976 |percentage = 73.35% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,163}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,793 |percentage = 6.10% |change = {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,475 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadagatti Shrikant Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,054 |percentage = 30.19% |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. B. Desai |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,812 |percentage = 26.28% |change = {{increase}}2.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Najundaswamy |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 20,043 |percentage = 24.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yeligar Ravi Ramachandra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,472 |percentage = 13.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. K. Patil |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,611 |percentage = 3.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Teragaon Abdussami Huseinsab |party = Independent politician |votes = 898 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadev Bhimappa Yeligar |party = Independent politician |votes = 889 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,242 |percentage = 3.91% |change = {{decrease}}13.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,379 |percentage = 70.87% |change = {{decrease}}2.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,984}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,395 |percentage = 2.81% |change = {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,471 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.78 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Kranti Sabha |swing = {{decrease}}15.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Babagouda Rudragouda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 35,497 |percentage = 45.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadagatti Shrikant Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,688 |percentage = 27.96% |change = {{decrease}}13.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Ayyappa Basavaraj |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,353 |percentage = 23.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurunakoppa Basappa Kallappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 869 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Rudrappa Basavanneppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 795 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,809 |percentage = 17.80% |change = {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,309 |percentage = 73.64% |change = {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,566}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,743 |percentage = 5.76% |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,772 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Kranti Sabha |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Ayyappa Basavaraj |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,492 |percentage = 57.77% |change = {{increase}}17.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pudakalakatti Channabasappa Virupaxappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,199 |percentage = 41.02% |change = {{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gudasalamani Davalsab Imamsab |party = Independent politician |votes = 587 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,293 |percentage = 16.75% |change = {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,256 |percentage = 72.11% |change = {{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,436}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,820 |percentage = 2.88% |change = {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,722 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pudakalakatti Channabasappa Virupaxappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,240 |percentage = 56.00% |change = {{decrease}}8.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Contractor |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,946 |percentage = 40.64% |change = {{increase}}12.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramaswamy Bheemmappa Surpur |party = Independent politician |votes = 638 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neelagangayya Basayya Pujar |party = Independent politician |votes = 606 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallappa Irappa Dasankoppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 567 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,294 |percentage = 15.36% |change = {{decrease}}21.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,670 |percentage = 69.08% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,997}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,673 |percentage = 4.72% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,035 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1981 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1981 elections in India#Karnataka|1981 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. V. Pudakalakatti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,317 |percentage = 64.91% |change = {{increase}}62.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Virupazappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,652 |percentage = 27.69% |change = {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Vibhuti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,285 |percentage = 5.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekharappa. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 450 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 381 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,665 |percentage = 37.22% |change = {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,085}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madiman Sumati Bhalachandra |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,354 |percentage = 63.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dasankop Abdul Hamid Hasansab |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,378 |percentage = 32.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wai Venkannacharya Vadhirajacharya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,279 |percentage = 2.69% |change = {{decrease}}67.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Soppi Chandrashekhar Lingabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 622 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,976 |percentage = 31.44% |change = {{decrease}}16.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,921 |percentage = 68.86% |change = {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,633}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,288 |percentage = 4.58% |change = {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,498 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sumatibalachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,710 |percentage = 70.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. L. Patil |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 7,392 |percentage = 22.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. I. Doddayallappa |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 2,170 |percentage = 6.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,318 |percentage = 47.47% |change = {{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,857 |percentage = 57.14% |change = {{decrease}}5.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,272}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,257 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharwad Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Vishwanathaprasad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,267 |percentage = 70.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Veerabasayyaswami |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 9,157 |percentage = 29.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,110 |percentage = 41.72% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,866 |percentage = 62.47% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,424}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,213 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|15.471851|74.992858|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Nettapakkam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:51Z

Digitalvivek: Added new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nettapakkam
| type= SLA
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| constituency_no =22
| map_image = Nettapakkam-assembly-constituency-22.png
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[P. Rajavelu]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India N.R. Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = {{formatnum:32707}}
}}
'''Nettapakkam''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name=delimit>{{cite web|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> Nettapakkam Assembly constituency is part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]]. This assembly constituency has been reserved for [[Scheduled Caste|SC]] candidates since the 2011 election.<ref name=delimit/>

==Segments==
#[[Maducarai]]
#[[Nettapakkam]]
#[[Kariyamanickam]]
#[[Sooramangalam]]
#[[Pandasozhanallur]]
#[[Earipakkam]]

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pondicherry Assembly!!Duration!!Name of M.L.A.!! colspan="2" | Party Affiliation !!Election Year
|-
| First||1964-69||[[V. Venkatasubha Reddiar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1964
|-
| Second||1969-1973||[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||1969
|-
| Third||1974-1977||V. Venkatasubha Reddiar|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1974
|-
| Fourth||1977-80||S. Sivaprakasam|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| 1977
|-
| Fifth||1980-83||R. Subbaraya Gounder|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}|| 1980
|-
| Sixth||1985-90||[[V. Vaithilingam]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| 1985
|-
| Seventh||1990-91||V. Vaithilingam|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| 1990
|-
| Eighth||1991-96||V. Vaithilingam|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| 1991
|-
| Ninth||1996-01||V. Vaithilingam|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| 1996
|-
| Tenth||2001-06||V. Vaithilingam|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| 2001
|-
| Elewenth||2006-11||V. Vaithilingam|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| 2006
|-
| Twelfth||2011-16||L. Periyasamy|| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|| 2011
|-
| Thirteenth||2016 – 2021||V. Vizeaveny|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| 2016
|-
| Fourteenth ||2021-26||[[P. Rajavelu]]|| {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}|| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|56.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|66.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|72.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|49.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|83.54}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=All India N.R. Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gnanaprakasam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= L. Periyasamy|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =30129 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Rajavelu]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=15,978 |percentage=56.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vizeaveny |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,340 |percentage=33.21% |change=-5.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Govury |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=649 |percentage=2.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Krishnagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=599 |percentage=2.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Thirunavukkarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=470 |percentage=1.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=282 |percentage=1.00% |change=-0.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Selvam |party=Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam |votes=253 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Gnanaoly |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=241 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Paranthaman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=133 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,638 |percentage=23.61% |change=18.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,121 |percentage=86.93% |change= -1.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,350 |change =5.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 17.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vizeaveny |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,577 |percentage=38.93% |change=1.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rajavelu |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=9,109 |percentage=33.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Periasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,917 |percentage=18.10% |change=-41.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Vadivelu |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=744 |percentage=2.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Subramanian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=439 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Viswamohan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=381 |percentage=1.40% |change=0.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=307 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ayanar |party=Independent politician |votes=274 |percentage=1.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Anandadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ezhilarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=129 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,468 |percentage=5.40% |change=-16.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,171 |percentage=88.61% |change= -1.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,665 |change =12.43% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Periyasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,686 |percentage=59.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Muthukumarasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,219 |percentage=37.54% |change=-14.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Viswamohan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=237 |percentage=0.96% |change=-0.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Somasundaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=129 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Viraganabady |party=Independent politician |votes=110 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,467 |percentage=22.26% |change=14.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,560 |percentage=90.05% |change= -0.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,274 |change =40.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Vaithilingam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,166 |percentage=52.20% |change=12.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Muthunarayanan |party=Puducherry Munnetra Congress |votes=7,830 |percentage=44.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Dhanaboopathy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=305 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Datchinamoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=244 |percentage=1.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,336 |percentage=7.61% |change=-0.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,558 |percentage=90.41% |change= 11.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,421 |change =1.71% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Vaithilingam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,984 |percentage=39.47% |change=-15.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Dhanraju |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,771 |percentage=31.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Muthunarayanan |party=Pondicherry Makkal Congress |votes=3,722 |percentage=24.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Dhanaboopathy |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=3.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Dhakshanamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=118 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=95 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,213 |percentage=8.00% |change=-10.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,161 |percentage=79.40% |change= 8.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,095 |change =11.13% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -26.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Vaithilingam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,563 |percentage=54.86% |change=-11.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Muthunarayana Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,036 |percentage=36.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Mathy @ Subbarayan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=567 |percentage=4.11% |change=-26.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=67 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Chinnasamy |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=64 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,527 |percentage=18.33% |change=-16.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,785 |percentage=83.58% |change= 12.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,182 |change =-2.54% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Vaithilingam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,095 |percentage=66.14% |change=10.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Subbaraya Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,782 |percentage=30.90% |change=6.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Subramanian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=119 |percentage=0.97% |change=0.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Valaramani |party=Independent politician |votes=95 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,313 |percentage=35.24% |change=4.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,240 |percentage=70.68% |change= -6.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,629 |change =1.77% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Vaithilingam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,332 |percentage=55.34% |change=-17.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Devadass |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,193 |percentage=24.10% |change=-2.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Subbaraya Gounder |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,027 |percentage=15.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kothandapani Counder |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=268 |percentage=2.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Dhanam Munusamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=117 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Subramanian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=98 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Subbarayan |party=Independent politician |votes=88 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,139 |percentage=31.24% |change=-14.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,250 |percentage=77.31% |change= -5.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,322 |change =49.04% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Vaithilingam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,946 |percentage=72.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ramamurthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,577 |percentage=27.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,369 |percentage=45.88% |change=44.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,523 |percentage=82.73% |change= -7.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,622 |change =20.20% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= 23.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Subbaraya Gounder |party=Janata Party |votes=4,201 |percentage=49.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Vaithilingam]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=4,076 |percentage=48.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Nara Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=1.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=125 |percentage=1.48% |change=-1.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,421 |percentage=89.86% |change= 4.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,669 |change =8.53% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Srvaprakasam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,122 |percentage=41.73% |change=-13.92% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Subbaraya Goundar |party=Janata Party |votes=2,915 |percentage=38.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. R. Veerappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,378 |percentage=18.42% |change=-17.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramabadra Reddiar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66 |percentage=0.88% |change=-7.96% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=207 |percentage=2.77% |change=-17.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,481 |percentage=85.00% |change= -7.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,909 |change =9.47% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.92% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,072 |percentage=55.65% |change=6.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Vengatachalapathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,598 |percentage=35.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramamoorthi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=647 |percentage=8.84% |change=-42.25% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,474 |percentage=20.14% |change=17.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,317 |percentage=92.00% |change= -0.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,138 |change =6.21% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,545 |percentage=51.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,393 |percentage=48.90% |change=-34.64% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=152 |percentage=2.19% |change=-64.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,938 |percentage=92.09% |change= 3.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,662 |change =8.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -32.45% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Nettapakkam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,965 |percentage=83.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramaputhiran |party=Independent politician |votes=978 |percentage=16.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,987 |percentage=67.09% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,943 |percentage=88.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,031 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}ś

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Puducherry district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.863|79.632|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Jamnagar South Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:59Z

Digitalvivek: Post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jamnagar South
| mla = [[Divyesh Akbari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:230816}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 79
}}
'''Jamnagar South''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]] district and covers a major area of [[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Jamnagar Taluka (Part) – Jamnagar Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan =3|[[Vasuben Trivedi]]
|rowspan rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[R. C. Faldu|Ranchhodbhai Chanabhai Faldu]]<ref name=election2017/>
|
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Divyesh Akbari|Divyeshbhai Ranchhodbhai Akbari]]<ref name="Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise|last1=Hindustan Times|date=8 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|archivedate=18 September 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies|last1=The Times of India|date=9 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|archivedate=18 September 2023}}</ref>
|
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamnagar South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Divyesh Akbari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 86,492
|percentage = 65.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kathiriya Manojbhai Gordhanbhai|party=Indian National Congress|votes=23,795|percentage=17.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=2,182|percentage=1.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vishal Rajbal Tyagi|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=16,585|percentage=12.49|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=63,349|percentage=12.27|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,815|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamnagar South<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranchhodbhai Chanabhai Faldu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 71,718
|percentage = 53.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Ashok lal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 55,369
|percentage = 41.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party =None of the above
|votes = 2,326
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashvinbhai Nathabhai Chavda
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,627
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =16,349
|percentage = 12.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,357
|percentage =64.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jamnagar|Jamnagar South]]}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vasuben Narendrabhai Trivedi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 55,894
|percentage = 46.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Lal Haridas
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 53,042
|percentage = 43.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Sabhaya Tulshibhai Mavjibhai
|party = GPP
|votes = 5,747
|percentage = 4.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khafi Ashraf Jummabhai
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,251
|percentage =1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,852
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,21,128
|percentage = 65.78
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Jamnagar district}}

{{coord|22.45|70.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Jamnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:Jamnagar]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Piramal Foundation

2026-04-15T13:08:17Z

Digitalvivek:

{{Short description|Indian philanthropic organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{advert|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Piramal Foundation
| logo =
| foundation = 2006
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| key_people = [[Ajay Piramal]] (''Chairperson cum Managing Director'')
| parent = [[Piramal Group]]
| homepage = {{URL|piramalfoundation.org}}
}}

'''Piramal Foundation''' is the [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] arm of [[Piramal Group]]. The foundation undertakes projects under the four broad areas – [[healthcare]], [[education]], livelihood creation and [[youth empowerment]]. These projects are rolled out in partnership with various [[communities]], [[corporate citizens]], [[NGO]]’s and [[government]] bodies.

==Projects==
===Swasthya===

Piramal Swasthya earlier known as Health Management and Research Institute (HMRI) is a [[non-profit organization]] supported by Piramal Foundation. The project has signed deal with the [[Karnataka]] government to provide a Health Information Help Line Services in the state through 104 [[BSNL]] telephone number. This service is called "Arogya Vani".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal Foundation's Swasthya project, HMRI sign deal with Karnataka govt |date = 12 March 2013|url = http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Piramal-Foundations-Swasthya-project-HMRI-sign-deal-with-Karnataka-govt/5636505182|publisher = IIFL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal Foundation's project to provide telemedicine solution in Maharashtra |date = 15 March 2013|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Piramal-Foundations-project-to-provide-telemedicine-solution-in-Maharashtra/articleshow/18992523.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223324/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-15/mumbai/37743891_1_hmri-health-information-helpline-telemedicine|url-status = live|work = [[The Times of India]] |archive-date = 2 December 2013}}</ref> The [[helpline]] service works towards providing basic medical information, advice, counseling without visiting a [[Physician|doctor]], [[pharmacist]] or a [[health center]]. Piramal Swasthya in association with National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), [[Assam]] has set up a [[call centre]] for pregnant women in [[Assam]]. The efforts are focused towards reducing the Maternity Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) through this initiative.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Ghulam Nabi Azad inaugurates HMRI MCTS call centre in Assam|date = 12 September 2013|url = http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Ghulam-Nabi-Azad-inaugurates-HMRI-MCTS-call-centre-in-Assam/5777751056|publisher = IIFL}}</ref> [[File:HMRI.jpg|thumb|Piramal HMRI]]

===Sarvajal===

Sarvajal is a social enterprise that provides clean water through Water [[Automated teller machine|ATM]]’s.<ref>{{Cite news|title = An ATM for clean water|date = 2 Jan 2013|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/an-atm-for-clean-water-113010200091_1.html|publisher = Business Standard}}</ref> The Water ATM is in essence a modular RFID controlled standalone water dispensing unit. It is very simple to use, and like any usual ATM the customer swipes a [[Prepaid debit card|prepaid card]] on the screen and chooses the amount of water one wishes to dispense. The RFID device sends a GPRS message to the SEMS server (Sarvajal Enterprise Management System) which authorizes the transaction instantly. This server keeps a record of the user’s transaction and deducts the amount used on the card. The plant works on a [[reverse osmosis]] and UV-based filtration technology. The water is filtered through 5 stages and the quality is in accordance with the international drinking water quality standard, IS 10500. Two [[patents]] for this technological innovation has been filed – one for the RFID based [[remote sensing]] & quality control and the second for the ATM dispensing system. [http://sarvajal.com/ Sarvajal] presently operates in [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Divine Boxes|date = 21 October 2012|url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-21/special-report/34627060_1_atm-penetration-clean-water-ro-water|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201210708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-21/special-report/34627060_1_atm-penetration-clean-water-ro-water|url-status = dead|work = [[The Times of India]]|archive-date = 1 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Let's drink to that|date = 19 August 2012|url = http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/innovation-drinking-water-supply-sarvajal-waterlife/1/186622.html|publisher = Business Today}}</ref> [[File:Sarvajal.jpg|thumb|Sarvajal]]

===Udgam===

Source for Change is a rural [[Business process outsourcing|BPO]] which provides [[employment]] opportunities to rural youth from [[Bagar, Jhunjhunu|Bagar]], [[Rajasthan]]. The [[call center]] trains the youth of which 70 percent are rural women through a comprehensive and rigorous training. Over the last four years of its existence, Source for Change has worked with clients such as India's leading education [[NGO]] [[Pratham]], India's largest private corporate group (with their [[Telecommunication|Telecom]] arm), and leading [[universities]] in the [[US]] in a wide array of services.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Source For Change: India's 1st All Women Rural BPO|date = 13 September 2010|url = http://www.thebetterindia.com/1888/source-for-change-indias-first-all-women-rural-bpo/|publisher = The Better India}}</ref> [[File:Source for Change.jpg|thumb|Source for Change]]

===Fellowship===

Piramal Fellowship p is run by Piramal Foundation for Education Leadership, in parallel, where over 100 young students from the best colleges and B-schools of India develop on-ground leadership skills as they get a hands-on experience for 2 years in the remote villages of India. These students are attached to school headmasters to assist them in formulating and executing programmes to bring about a measurable impact on the school’s performance.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal Fellowship for Sustainable Business: A Two-Year Programme|url = http://chandni.org/piramal-fellowship-for-sustainable-business-a/|publisher = Chandni.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Ajay Piramal Foundation to support 100 Rajasthan schools|date = 26 August 2008|url = http://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/26/ajay-piramal-foundation-to-support-100-rajasthan-schools-1219736183.html|publisher = Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = A Good Education Is The Bedrock For Creating Enlightened Citizens|date = 24 August 2013|url = http://www.tehelka.com/a-good-education-is-the-bedrock-for-creating-enlightened-citizens/|publisher = Tehelka}}</ref>

===Leadership school===

Piramal School of Leadership (PSL) was inaugurated in December 2013 at Bagar in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal School of Leadership launched in Rajasthan|date = 4 December 2013|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Piramal-School-of-Leadership-launched-in-Rajasthan/articleshow/26863107.cms/|work = The Times of India}}</ref> The aim is to build a world class university for education in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite news|title = A Good Education Is The Bedrock For Creating Enlightened Citizens|date = 24 August 2013|url = http://www.tehelka.com/a-good-education-is-the-bedrock-for-creating-enlightened-citizens/|publisher = Tehelka}}</ref> The Piramal School of Leadership (PSL) offers a three-year Principal Leadership Development Program for government school headmasters to develop leadership skills and relevant knowledge to impact the quality of education in the schools.

Their vision is to provide a master's degree in innovative new disciplines for the first time in India like Education Leadership, District Education Management, Coaching for School Improvement, Instructional Design, Educational Assessment and Policy Design. This is a 3-year part-time program for Head Masters of schools, with the programme co-created with the foremost management college in India.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal School of Leadership is now in Rajasthan |date = 6 December 2013|url = https://www.careerindia.com/news/piramal-school-of-leadership-is-now-in-rajasthan-007974.html |publisher = One India, Education}}</ref>

==Supported Projects==

Piramal Foundation is actively supporting the Annamrita initiative of [[ISKON]] Food Relief Foundation in providing [[midday meals]] to students daily in various cities.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Annamrita brings hope for the children – in Asia's 2nd largest slum|date = 25 June 2012|url = http://www.socialfront.in/index.php/making-better-lives-index/164-radhanath-swami-annamrita-brings-hope-to-slum.html |publisher = SocialFront}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Annamrita ISKCON announces Michelin starred celebrity Chef Vikas Khanna as its Goodwill Ambassador|date = 7 August 2012|url = http://glamgold.com/?p=31079|publisher = GLAMGOLD.COM}}</ref>

Piramal Foundation promotes Education Leadership through the Piramal School of Leadership (PSL) at Bagar, Jhunjhunu District, Rajasthan. Mr. B.L Joshi, Honourable Governor of Uttar Pradesh inaugurated the school in the presence of Mr. Ajay Piramal – Chairman, Piramal Enterprises, Dr. Swati Piramal – Vice Chairperson, Piramal Enterprises and over 500 headmasters & headmistress.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal Foundation promotes 'Education Leadership' through Piramal School of Leadership |date = 4 December 2013 |url = http://pharma.financialexpress.com/latest-updates/3040-piramal-foundation-promotes-education-leadership-through-piramal-school-of-leadership |publisher = Express Pharma}}</ref>

Piramal Foundation’s primary healthcare initiative, Health Management and Research Institute (HMRI) and Dr. Raman Singh, the Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh inaugurated the 104 Health Information Helpline in Raipur. The 30 seat helpline would operate on 24 x7, throughout the year and would handle a call volume of 2,500 calls a day.
<ref>{{Cite news|title = HMRI launches 104 Health Information Helpline in Raipur |date = 23 September 2013 |url = http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=77788&sid=2 |publisher = Pharmabiz.com}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Piramal Group]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2006]]

Agripada Madanpura Foras Road Chunna Bhatti Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:17:05Z

Digitalvivek: creating the article v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Agripada Madanpura Forasr Bhatti
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 50,210
| mla = Mohamed, Taher Habib
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Agripada Madanpura Forasr Bhatti Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Mohamed, Taher Habib || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Agripada Madanpura Foras Road Chunna Bhatti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamed, Taher Habib |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,276 |percentage = 50.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh, Adam Adil |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,750 |percentage = 35.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bakashi, Mohammad Siddiq Bakshi |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,485 |percentage = 14.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,526 |percentage = 14.39% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,511 |percentage = 48.82% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,210 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-02T15:03:50Z

Digitalvivek:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bharatpur
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Bharatpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bharatpur Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Sanjana Jatav]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kathumar Assembly constituency|Kathumar]] [[Kaman Assembly constituency|Kaman]] [[Nagar Assembly constituency|Nagar]] [[Deeg-Kumher Assembly constituency|Deeg-Kumher]] [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]] [[Nadbai Assembly constituency|Nadbai]] [[Weir Assembly constituency|Weir]] [[Bayana Assembly constituency|Bayana]]
}}
'''Bharatpur''' ({{IPA|hi|bʱəɾət̪.pʊɾ}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight Legislative Assembly segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|69
|[[Kathumar Assembly constituency|Kathumar]] (SC)
|[[Alwar district|Alwar]]
|[[Ramesh Khinchi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|70
|[[Kaman Assembly constituency|Kaman]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Deeg district|Deeg]]
|[[Nauksham Chaudhary]]
|-
|71
|[[Nagar Assembly constituency|Nagar]]
|[[Jawahar Singh Bedham]]
|-
|72
|[[Deeg-Kumher Assembly constituency|Deeg-Kumher]]
|[[Shailesh Singh]]
|-
|73
|[[Bharatpur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
|[[Subhash Garg]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|74
|[[Nadbai Assembly constituency|Nadbai]]
|[[Jagat Singh (politician)|Jagat Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|75
|[[Weir Assembly constituency|Weir]] (SC)
|[[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|76
|[[Bayana Assembly constituency|Bayana]] (SC)
|[[Ritu Banawat]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|Maharaja Girraj Sharan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raj Bahadur]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Brijendra Singh|Maharaja Brijendra Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Raj Bahadur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Ram Kishan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Rajesh Pilot]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Natwar Singh|Kunwar Natwar Singh]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Vishvendra Singh|Maharaja Vishvendra Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)|Krishnendra Kaur]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Maharani Divya Singh]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Natwar Singh|Kunwar Natwar Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishvendra Singh|Maharaja Vishvendra Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Ratan Singh (Bharatpur Member of Parliament)|Ratan Singh Jatav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Bahadur Singh Koli|Bahadur Koli]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Ranjeeta Koli]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Sanjana Jatav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Bharatpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjana Jatav]]
|votes = 579,890
|percentage = 51.05
|change = {{up}}17.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramswaroop Koli]]
|votes = 5,27,907
|percentage = 46.47
|change = {{down}}15.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anjila Jatav
|votes = 9,508
|percentage = 0.84
|change = {{down}}1.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Aneeta
|votes = 5,119
|percentage = 0.45
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Purushottam Lal
|votes = 2,747
|percentage = 0.24
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Pushpendar Kumar
|votes = 2,386
|percentage = 0.21
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 52,983
|percentage = 4.58
|change = {{down}}23.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,36,014
|percentage = 53.46
|change = {{down}}5.65
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing = {{up}}17.14
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Bharatpur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ranjeeta Koli]]|votes=7,07,992|percentage=61.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Abhijeet Kumar Jatav|votes=3,89,593|percentage=33.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Suraj Pradhan Jatav
|votes = 31,615
|percentage = 2.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = API
|candidate = Mangal Ram Godra
|votes = 5,715
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=5,638|percentage=0.49|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,18,399
|percentage = 27.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,46,797|percentage=59.11|change=+2.11}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Bharatpur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bahadur Singh Koli]]|votes=5,79,825|percentage=60.38 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate= Dr. Suresh Jatav|votes=3,34,357|percentage=34.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahendar Kumar Jatav
|votes = 22,090
|percentage = 2.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Gopal Paharia
|votes = 7,013
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,45,468
|percentage = 25.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,63,675|percentage=57.00|change=+17.98}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]:
Bharatpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ratan Singh Jatav |votes=3,01,434|percentage=53.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Khemchand|votes=2,19,980|percentage=39.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Muhar Singh|votes=23,178|percentage=4.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Raman Lal|votes=4,176|percentage=0.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Dr. Padam Singh]]|votes=3,569|percentage=0.25|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 81,454
|percentage =14.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,60,698|percentage=39.02|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]:
Bharatpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=BJP|candidate=Vishvendra Singh|votes=3,19,904|percentage=55.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ved Prakash|votes=2,08,555|percentage=36.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mandleshwar Singh
|votes = 38,723
|percentage = 6.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Khursheed Ahamad
|votes = 3,963
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = DR.Samundra Singh
|votes = 3,117
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Singh
|votes = 1495
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaikam Deen
|votes = 1230
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 111349
|percentage = 19.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=576987|percentage=48.54|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]:
Bharatpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=BJP|candidate=Vishvendra Singh|votes=2,77,460|percentage=48.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jagat Singh|votes=1,80,442|percentage=31.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nasru Khan
|votes = 81,628
|percentage = 14.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = PT. Ram Kishan
|votes = 18,941
|percentage = 3.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Shakti
|candidate = Ravindra Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 4555
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Khurshid Ahmed
|votes = 3163
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brij Kishore
|votes = 2957
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Man Singh
|votes = 2120
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Harbir Singh
|votes = 1381
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ajeya Bharat Party
|candidate = Dayaram
|votes = 311
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena (1966–2022)
|candidate = Jagdish
|votes = 267
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Chandar Singh
|votes = 244
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Singh Sinsinwar
|votes = 188
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 97,018
|percentage = 16.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,73,657|percentage=54.45|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bharatpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/rajasthan/bharatpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Bharatpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.22|77.49|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Deeg district]]
[[Category:Alwar district]]

Deivapiravi (1960 film)

2026-04-01T04:27:14Z

Digitalvivek: creating new details

{{short description|1960 film by Krishnan–Panju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deivapiravi
| image = Deivapiravi 1960 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| writer = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[S. S. Rajendran]]
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| editing = S. Panjabi
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| studio = Kamaal Brothers
| released = {{Film date|1960|04|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 182 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Deivapiravi''''' ({{translation|Noble Soul}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]] and [[M. N. Rajam]]. It was dubbed and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Anumanam'' on 24 June 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movies from AVM Productions |url=http://www.avm.in/movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607080546/http://www.avm.in/movies.html |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=14 February 2018 |website=[[AVM Productions]]}}</ref> At the [[8th National Film Awards]], the film won the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Third Best Feature Film|All India Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1961 |title=State Awards For Films |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052231/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=11 April 2015 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> It was also remade in [[Hindi]] in the same year under the title ''[[Bindya]]''.

== Plot ==
Madhavan is a successful businessman and a respected figure in society. He has a brother, Manohar, who is irresponsible and lazy. Madhavan marries Thangam, and her brother, Ramu, comes to live with them, where he is educated with Madhavan's help. Unlike Manohar, Ramu works hard and earns Madhavan's respect. Both Ramu and Manohar fall in love with Thilagam, but Thilagam prefers Ramu. Perceiving this as a betrayal, Thangam convinces Ramu to give up his love for Thilagam and let Manohar marry her.

Unknown to the rest of them, Nandhini is Madhavan's stepsister. He decides to help her by asking her to live with them. She starts to manipulate the household by raking in controversies between Ramu and Manohar, Madhavan and Thangam by insinuating an affair between her and Nair while making it look like she is having an affair with Madhavan subtly there by aiming to take over the family's wealth.

Ultimately, Ramu forces a frank conversation by all regarding their individual relationships. Madhavan confesses that Nandhini is his sister while Thangam says that she and Nair too treated each other as siblings. Ramu make it clear to Manohar that he will not marry Thilagam. Seeing her plot break open, Nandhini runs away with family gold only to be caught by Nair and Manohar. Thangam, however, decides to give off the family jewels to her so that she can marry and have a normal life.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Madhavan
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Thangam
*[[S. S. Rajendran]] as Ramu
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]]
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Thilagam
*[[M. S. Sundari Bai]]
*[[Tambaram Lalitha]] as Nandhini
*[[M. Saroja]] as Arundhathi
*[[Kallapart Natarajan]] as Manohar
*[[K. Sarangapani]] as Saminatha Pillai
*[[A. Karunanidhi]] as Nair
*Radhabhai as Thangam and Ramu's mother
*P. S. Gnanam
*K. S. Angamuthu
* S. Rama Rao
*[[S. P. Muthuraman]] as Angamuthu's son{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=66}}}}

== Production ==
''Deivapiravi'' was written by K. S. Gopalakrishnan. A writer accused him of story theft and Gopalakrishnan was taken to court, but was exonerated after his story was found to be original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: கதை திருட்டு புகாருக்கு புதுமையான தீர்ப்பு |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52527/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Judegement-for-stolen-story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228113938/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52527/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Judegement-for-stolen-story.htm |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[S. P. Muthuraman]] who went on to become a popular director made his acting debut with this film portraying a small role of Angamuthu's son.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=66}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]]. The lyrics were written by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]], [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]], Kavi Rajagopal and [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |location=Chennai |pages=201 |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.DeivaPiravi_Krishnan-Panchu_1960/59.%20DeivaPiravi_Krishnan-Panchu_1960.pdf |title=தெய்வப்பிரவி |publisher=Kamal Brothers |year=1960 |language=Tamil |type=[[song book]] |access-date=28 June 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deivapiravi Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by R Sudarshan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/deivapiravi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-r-sudarshan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223065116/https://mossymart.com/product/deivapiravi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-r-sudarshan/ |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Anbale Thediya En" ||[[C. S. Jayaraman]] & [[S. Janaki]] || rowspan=3|Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 03:55
|-
| "Thaara Thaara Vandhaaraa" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 02:26
|-
| "Thannaitthaane Nambaadhadhu" || C. S. Jayaraman || 04:10
|-
| "Atho Keerathanaa.... Manidhanai Manidhan" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || rowspan=2|K. S. Gopalakrishnan || 10:20
|-
| "Kattadatthukku Manai Poruttham" || [[S. C. Krishnan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]] || 05:00
|-
| "Vayasu Pennai Marandhidalaamaa" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || rowspan=2|Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 05:24
|-
| "Kaalai Vayasu Kattaana Saisu" || K. Jamuna Rani || 04:05
|-
| "Ivar Kaanaa Avar Paanaa" || K. Jamuna Rani || Kavi Rajagopal || 04:00
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Deivapiravi'' was released on 13 April 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 1960 |title=Deiva Piravi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600413&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the performances of the lead actors, and called Thangavelu's comedy a major attraction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 1960 |title=Sivaji and Padmini co-starred again |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600415&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was a success, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 1960 |title=Deiva Piravi: 100th Day Celebration |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600722&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=1 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
Before [[AVM Productions]] remade ''Deivapiravi'' in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bindya]]'' in the same year, Ganesan advised them not to remake the film as he felt it would not come well.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=19 December 2004 |title=பூனைக்கு மணி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2004-12-19/kalki2004-12-19.pdf |access-date=10 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–55 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> However AVM ignored him and went on to make the film in Hindi. ''Bindya'' was a failure and many years later, [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] expressed regret for ignoring Ganesan's advice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |pages=66 |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |title=AVM Thandha SPM |publisher=Vikatan |year=2017 |edition=3rd |language=Tamil |oclc=607342391 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{AVM Productions}}
{{Krishnan–Panju}}
{{National Film Award Third Best Feature Film}}

[[Category:1960 drama films]]
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1960s controversies]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Third Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]

Mir Jumla III

2026-03-27T20:02:43Z

Digitalvivek: slightly cleaned up information as per guidelines for accuracy

{{Short description|Noble at the Mughal court (c. 1671–1734)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox noble|type
| name = Ubaidullah Khan
| title = Mir Jumla
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| CoA =
| more = no
| succession = [[Bihar Subah|Subahdar of Bihar]]
| reign =
| reign-type =
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Muhammad Muradyab Khan|Sarbuland Khan]]
| suc-type =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| issue =
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| full name = Ubaidullah Shariyatullah Khan
| native_name =
| styles =
| titles =
| noble family =
| house-type =
| father = Mir Muhammad Wafa
| mother =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1671}}
| birth_place = [[Samarkand]], [[Turan]]
| christening_date =
| christening_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1734|||1671|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Awadh]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| occupation =
| memorials =
| website = 
| module = {{infobox royalty |embed=yes |religion = [[Islam]] }}
}}

'''Ubaidullah Shariyatullah Khan''' ({{circa|1671–1734}}), commonly known as '''Mir Jumla III''', was a noble who served at the court of the Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]. He was the leader of the anti-[[Sayyid brothers]] faction of the Mughal court and exerted great influence over the Mughal emperor.

==Early life==
Mir Jumla was born as Ubaidullah Shariyatullah Khan in 1670 or 1671 at [[Samarkand]]. His father was Mir Muhammad Wafa. He migrated to India at a young age during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]. He was employed as a ''[[qadi|qazi]]'' (Islamic judge), initially at Jahangirnagar (present-day [[Dhaka]]) in [[Bengal]] province and later at [[Azimabad]] (present-day [[Patna]]) in [[Bihar]]. Mir Jumla became a close confidante of [[Azim-ush-Shan]], the then governor of Bengal and Bihar, and his second son [[Farrukhsiyar]].{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=267}}

==Career==
During the Mughal war of succession in 1713, Mir Jumla secretly negotiated between [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] and [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani|Amin Khan]] and persuaded them not to fight.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=227}} Following [[Farrukhsiyar]]'s accession to the Mughal throne in 1713, with the help of the [[Sayyid brothers]], Mir Jumla became the head of the court faction which was against the dominance of the brothers. The members of his faction included Samsam-ud-Daulah Khan Dauran, who was a personal friend of the Emperor.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=248}} On 17 January 1713,{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=248}} Farrukhsiyar made Mir Jumla the superintendent of the ''khawas'' and the ''ghusal-khana'' (privy council room).{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=260}} In June 1713, Mir Jumla was appointed governor of [[Bengal]], with [[Murshid Quli Khan]] as his deputy.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=262}} Between March 1713 and April 1714, Farrukhsiyar executed several rebels including: Saadullah Khan, a news-writer; and Sidi Qasim, a police officer.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=276}}

===Conflict with the Sayyid brothers===
While [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha]] was in the Deccan campaigning against the [[Maratha]]s, Mir Jumla became more influential.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=290}} He took advantage of a [[famine]] and manipulated [[Farrukhsiyar]] into believing that the Sayyid brothers were unfit for their offices, and that they would act as a hindrance to peace in the kingdom.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=477}} The Emperor authorized Mir Jumla to sign documents on his behalf, saying: "The word and seal of Mir Jumla are the word and seal of Farrukhsiyar".{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=291}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=476}} Mir Jumla appointed his favourite followers to various posts, without the approval of the Prime Minister's office. This irked [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha]], who was also concerned that Mir Jumla was more accessible to the masses who were in search of employment, than he was.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=291}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=476}}

From July 1714, the breach between the Emperor and the Sayyid brothers widened. Along with Khan Dauran, Mir Jumla was promoted in rank and selected by the Emperor to overthrow the Sayyid brothers. Mir Jumla was given charge of a further 5,000 Mughal troops.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=293}} Subsequently, Mir Jumla became the ''de facto'' prime minister of the empire, replacing Sayyid Hassan.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=294}} However, on the advice of [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani|Muhammad Amin Khan]], the Emperor dropped the idea of directly fighting the Sayyid brothers and instead contemplated making Mir Jumla the de jure ''[[dewan]]'' (prime minister of the state). It was hoped that the Sayyid brothers would then fight against the new ''dewan''. However, Mir Jumla made excuses and declined to take up the responsibility.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|pp=296–297}} [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] writes that he was an armchair warrior and not a true fighter.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=478}} Despite repeated orders, none of Farrukhsiyar's nobles were prepared to fight the Sayyid brothers. As a result, he opened peace negotiations with them. They demanded that Mir Jumla be dismissed from the Mughal court and he was duly despatched to [[Bihar]] on 11 December 1714 in accordance with the treaty agreed between the Emperor and the brothers.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|pp=298–301}}

===Return to Delhi===
On 16 January 1716, Mir Jumla returned to [[Delhi]]. As news of his arrival spread in the city, the Emperor expressed his displeasure. The Sayyid brothers' complained, and Farrukhsiyar exiled him to [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=330}} Mir Jumla was reluctant to leave the city and his troops broke into revolt. They claimed that they had not received their entire salary and refused to move until their dues were met. Under Mir Jumla's leadership, they surrounded the house of [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]], the paymaster, and that of Khan Dauran. The siege continued for one month. Ultimately, Farrukhsiyar paid the troops {{INRConvert|1|m|year=1716|to=USD}}. He also stripped Mir Jumla of his titles and dismissed him from all his posts. On 3 March, he went to the house of [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]], who in turn sent him to [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]].{{sfn|Irvine|2006|pp=330–332}}

Mir Jumla re-entered to Delhi in September 1718. On 31 October 1718, he was granted an audience by the Emperor due to the support of Nizam-ul-Mulk. His titles were restored and ''[[Tarkhan]]'' was added to them.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=356}}

==Titles==
His full name including his titles was Mutamid-ul-Mulk, Muazzam Khan, Khan Khannan, Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang, Mir Jumla, Tarkhani, Sultani.{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=268}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{citation|title=The Later Mughals|authorlink=William Irvine (historian)|first=William|last=Irvine|year=2006 |isbn=81-7536-406-8|publisher=Low Price Publications}}
*{{citation|first=Satish|last= Chandra|authorlink=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughal Empire|date= July 2007|publisher=Har Anand Publications Pvt Ltd.|isbn=978-81-241-1269-4}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir Jumla}}
[[Category:1670s births]]
[[Category:People from Samarkand]]
[[Category:Mughal Subahdars]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian nobility]]
[[Category:1734 deaths]]

ICICI Securities

2026-03-25T11:36:03Z

Digitalvivek: New

{{Short description|Indian financial services company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ICICI Securities Limited
| logo =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1995}}
| founders =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| area_served = India and international markets
| key_people = T.K. Srirang (MD & CEO)<ref>{{Cite web|title=lCICI Securities appoints T K Srirang as MD & CEO|url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/lcici-securities-appoints-t-k-srirang-as-md-ceo/115245862|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>
| products = Securities brokerage, Financial product distribution, Wealth management, Investment banking services
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| parent = ICICI Bank Limited
| homepage = [https://www.icicisecurities.com icicisecurities.com]
| footnotes =
| logosize =
| tradedas =
| netincome =
}}
'''ICICI Securities Limited''' is an Indian financial services company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is a subsidiary of [[ICICI Bank]] and operates in the areas of investment banking, retail and institutional broking, and wealth management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICICI Securities Company Profile: Service Breakdown & Team {{!}} PitchBook |url=https://pitchbook.com/profiles/advisor/40826-80 |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=pitchbook.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ICICI Securities Ltd Share Price Today, 895.70 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/icici-securities-ltd-share-price-12466.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
ICICI Securities was incorporated on March 9, 1995, as ICICI Brokerage Services Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of ICICI Bank.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=ICICI Securities Limited Red Herring Prospectus |url=https://www.icicisecurities.com/Upload/ResearchAttachments/ICICI_Securities_Limited_RHP.pdf#page=48 |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=icicisecurities.com |page=48 |format=PDF}}</ref>

In 2000, the company launched ICICI Direct, an online trading platform, a key part of its retail brokerage business. Over the following years, it expanded into derivatives and commodity trading, insurance distribution, and private wealth management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of ICICI Securities Ltd., Company |url=https://www.goodreturns.in/company/icici-securities/history.html#1757961000 |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Goodreturn |language=en}}</ref>

In 2007, the company was renamed ICICI Securities Limited.<ref name=":0" /> It also began offering overseas services and global investment options through digital infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-10-08 |title=ICICI enables trading in global stocks for Indian investors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/icici-enables-trading-in-global-stocks-for-indian-investors/articleshow/2440347.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On June 29, 2023, ICICI Bank's board and [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] approved a proposal to delist the company through a share swap arrangement, as part of a strategic restructuring to consolidate operations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deva |first=Pranati |date=2025-03-25 |title=ICICI Securities becomes a wholly owned subsidiary company of ICICI Bank. Details here {{!}} Stock Market News |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/icici-securities-becomes-a-wholly-owned-subsidiary-company-of-icici-bank-details-here-11742872477441.html |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Financial performance ==
For the financial year ended March 2025, ICICI Securities reported a net profit of ₹1,941.45 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICICI Securities consolidated net profit declines 28.98% in the March 2025 quarter |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/icici-securities-consolidated-net-profit-declines-28-98-in-the-march-2025-quarter-125041600360_1.html#:~:text=For%20the%20full%20year%2Cnet%20profit%20rose%2014.43%25%20to%20Rs%201941.45%20crore%20in%20the%20year%20ended%20March%202025%20as%20against%20Rs%201696.69%20crore%20during%20the%20previous%20year%20ended%20March%202024 |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[ICICI Prudential|ICICI Prudential Life Insurance]]
* [[ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.icicisecurities.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Brokerage firms]]
[[Category:ICICI Bank]]

{{finance-company-stub}}
{{India-company-stub}}

Shruti Ramachandran

2026-03-24T17:37:26Z

Digitalvivek: adding basic article basic info...

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian patronymic|Shruti|Ramachandran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shruti Ramachandran
| image = Shruti Ramachandran 2018.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma mater = The Choice School
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Francis Thomas|2016}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/25/actor-sruthy-ramachandran-francis-real-life-love-story-video.html |title=Actor Shruti Ramachandran reveals her love story!}}</ref>
| parents =
}}
'''Shruti Ramachandran''' is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She co-wrote the "Ilamai Idho Idho" segment in the 2020 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] [[anthology film]] ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''. In 2020, she won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist]] for her work in ''[[Kamala (film)|Kamala]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shruti Ramachandran and her versatile spirit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Oct/17/shruti-ramachandran-and-her-versatilespirit-2211203.html}}</ref> In 2022, she won the Critics' mention for best actress by the Kerala Film Critics' Association for her work in ''[[Madhuram]]''.

==Career==
She is best known for her role in the 2021 film ''[[Madhuram]]'' with [[Joju George]], 2016 film [[Pretham]] with [[Jayasurya]], 2017 film [[Sunday Holiday]] with [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] and 2021 film, [[Kaanekkaane]] with [[Tovino]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiancinemagallery.com/celebrity/shruti-ramachandran-biography-movies-age-family/ |title=Shruti Ramachandran – Biography, Movies, Age, Family & more – Indian Cinema Gallery |date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinetrooth.in/2016/05/26/shruti-ramachandran-actress-profile-and-biography/ |title=Shruti Ramachandran Actress Profile and Biography |website=cinetrooth.in}}</ref> She also played a supporting role as Jaya in the 2019 Telugu movie ''[[Dear Comrade]]''.<ref name="deccan dear">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/010819/here-to-stay.html |title=Here to stay |first=priya |last=sreekumar |date=1 August 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She also starred in the movie ''[[Anveshanam]]'', alongside Jayasurya in 2019.

Along with her husband Francis Thomas, Shruti wrote the segment "Ilamai Idho Idho" for the anthology film ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' which released in 2020.

Shruti won the ‘Special Jury mention for Acting excellence’ by the Kerala State Critics Association for her performance in ''[[Madhuram]]''.
Shruti also won the Kerala State Film Awards for the best Dubbing artist in 2020 for the movie ''[[Kamala (film)|Kamala]]'', directed by Ranjith Sankar.

==Personal life==

Shruti Ramchandran was born in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and later moved to [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].

She did her montessori schooling at [[Lady Andal|Lady Andal Venkatasubba Rao School, Chennai]]. She later went on to doing her primary to senior school education at [[The Choice School|The Choice School, Kochi]].

Shruti is a trained architect who did her Bachelors in Architecture at The University School of Design, [[Mysore]]. Post her bachelors, she worked at architecture firms in Chennai and Bombay before doing her Masters in Self Sufficient Buildings from [[Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia|IAAC]], [[Barcelona]].

Shruti has also worked as a professor in Asian School of Architecture and Design Innovations (ASADI) in Kochi.

In 2016, she married her longtime boyfriend, Francis Thomas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=Shruti Ramachandran celebrates 16 years of togetherness with husband Francis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shruti-ramachandran-celebrates-16-years-of-togetherness-with-husband-francis/articleshow/102398192.cms |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Njaan]]'' || Susheela || ||<ref>[http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=46575 Three heroines to romance Dulqar]</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pretham]]'' || Clara || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayasurya-ropes-in-shruti-ramachandran-for-pretham/articleshow/52416843.cms |title=Jayasurya ropes in Shruti Ramachandran for Pretham |access-date=25 May 2021 |date=24 January 2017 |first=Deepa |last=Soman |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' || Sithara || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sruti-ramachandran-plays-asif-alis-ex-in-sunday-holiday/articleshow/57690323.cms |title=Sruti Ramachandran plays Asif Ali's ex in Sunday Holiday |access-date=25 May 2021 |date=18 March 2017 |first=Anjana |last=George |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Chanakya Thanthram]]'' || Andrea || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sshivada-and-sruthi-ramachandran-in-chanakya-thanthram/articleshow/61945411.cms |title=Sshivada and Sruthi Ramachandran in Chanakya Thanthram |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 December 2017 |access-date=25 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'' || Sheena Miss || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/090917/shruti-ramachandran-in-nonsense.html |title=Shruti Ramachandran in Nonsense |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=9 September 2017 |accessdate=25 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' || Jaya || [[Telugu film]]||<ref name="deccan dear"/>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anveshanam]]'' || Kavitha || ||<ref name="kavitha">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shruti-ramachandran-my-film-stint-made-my-hubbys-dream-to-write-a-script-easier/articleshow/71125341.cms |title=Shruti Ramachandran: My film stint made my hubby's dream to write a script easier |website=The Times of India|date=18 September 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' || Sherin || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaanekkaane trailer hints at a mystery element |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/14/kaanekkaane-trailer-hints-at-a-mystery-element-2358269.html |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=The New Indian Express|date=14 September 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Madhuram]]'' || Chitra
| || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/12/11/madhuram-trailer-sweet-simple-malayalam-movie-joju-george.html |title=Madhuram trailer promises sweet and simple movie, Joju-starrer to release on SonyLIV |date=11 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021 |work=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]'' ||Train passenger|| [[Cameo appearance]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=Fahadh Fasil's Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum movie review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pachuvum-athbutha-vilakkum-movie-review-fahadh-faasils-phenomenal-comic-timing-is-up-against-a-rambling-plot-12564572.html |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neeraja]]'' || Neeraja || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=New song from Shruti Ramachandran's Neeraja out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Marivillin Gopurangal]]'' || Sherin || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Bose's next with Indrajith Sukumaran and Shruti Ramachandran titled Marivillin Gopurangal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/24/arun-boses-next-with-indrajith-sukumaran-and-shruti-ramachandran-titledmarivillin-gopurangal-42626.html |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Grrr (film)|Grrr]]'' || Mridula || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-06 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Grrr gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/kunchacko-bobans-grrr-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]'' || Roshi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Biju Menon-Suraj Venjaramoodu starrer Nadanna Sambhavam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/mar/01/teaser-of-biju-menon-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer-nadanna-sambhavam-out-52543.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan =2|2025 || ''[[JSK: Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]]'' || Adv. Niveditha Abel || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-28 |title=Suresh Gopi and Anupama Parameswaran's JSK gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/28/suresh-gopi-and-anupama-parameswarans-jsk-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalamkaval]]'' || Deepa || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-12-05 |title=Kalamkaval OTT partner revealed! Here's where to watch Mammootty-Vinayakan's thriller online post-theatrical run |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kalamkaval-ott-partner-revealed-heres-where-to-watch-mammootty-vinayakans-thriller-online-post-theatrical-run/94468ab839102 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Network
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
|''Dollhouse Diaries''
| Mythili
|[[MX Player]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref name="deccan dear"/>
|-
|''Mimicry Mahamela''
|Mentor
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
|
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Tamil
|Co-writer with Francis Thomas. Segment: ''Ilamai Idho Idho''
|<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2020 |title=AR Rahman unveils Putham Pudhu Kaalai trailer; Amazon Original to premiere on 16 October |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-rahman-unveils-putham-pudhu-kaalai-trailer-amazon-original-to-premiere-on-16-october-8880931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008213121/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-rahman-unveils-putham-pudhu-kaalai-trailer-amazon-original-to-premiere-on-16-october-8880931.html |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Panam Tharum Padam''
|Contestant
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Miss Perfect]]''
|
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Co-writer with Francis Thomas
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-23 |title=Shruthi Ramachandran speaks about creating 'Miss Perfect' with her husband, Francis Thomas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shruthi-ramachandran-speaks-about-creating-miss-perfect-with-her-husband-francis-thomas/articleshow/107080340.cms |access-date=2025-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Pharma (TV series)|Pharma]]''
|Dr. Janaki
|[[JioHotstar]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-05 |title=Nivin Pauly's Pharma gets a premiere date, trailer out|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Dec/05/malayalamnews2025dec05nivin-paulys-pharma-gets-a-premiere-date-trailer-out |access-date=2025-12-06 |work=The New Indian Express|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm6603487}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Shruti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Taj West End Bangalore

2026-03-24T04:28:27Z

Digitalvivek: adding some info w/ infobox

{{short description|Hotel in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Taj West End
| logo = Taj Hotels logo.svg
| logo_size = 125px
| image = File:Heritage Block, the Taj West End, Bangalore.jpg
| caption = Heritage Block, Taj West End
| location = [[Bengaluru]], India
| address =
| hotel_chain = [[Taj Hotels]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.98|77.58|display=inline,title}}
| opening_date = 1887
| developer =
| architect =
| operator = [[Taj Hotels]]
| owner =
| number_of_rooms = 117
| number_of_suites =
| number_of_restaurants =
| floor_area =
| floor_count =
| height =
| parking =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Taj West End''' is a [[Hotel rating|five-star]] [[Industrial heritage|heritage]] hotel in [[Bengaluru]], India. Classified under the [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Group's]] business hotels section, the 133-year-old hotel is considered the oldest hotel in the city.<ref name="125 years old, still retains grandeur of the past">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = 125 years old, still retains grandeur of the past
| newspaper = Deccan Herald
| location = Bengaluru
| pages =
| language =
| date = 11 August 2011
| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/270930/125-years-old-still-retains.html
| accessdate = 3 Dec 2011}}</ref>

==History==
In 1887, a British woman named Mrs. Bronson started a boarding house with 10 beds. As the popularity of the first hotel in the city grew, it began to expand. In 1912, the place changed hands, with Spencer's buying it for a princely Rs.4,000. Decades later, in 1984, it was sold again, to the management of what is now the Taj West End.<ref name="A walk that takes you through 125 years of history">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = A walk that takes you through 125 years of history
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Bengaluru
| pages =
| language =
| date = 9 August 2012
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-walk-that-takes-you-through-125-years-of-history/article3745248.ece
| accessdate = 8 Oct 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of hotels in Bengaluru]]
*[[List of hotels in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]]
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]
[[Category:Hotels in Bengaluru]]

{{Asia-hotel-stub}}

Amazon (company)

2026-03-23T22:08:46Z

Digitalvivek: expanded content

{{Short description|American multinational technology conglomerate}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Amazon.com, Inc.
| logo = [[File:Amazon 2024.svg|frameless|upright=0.9|class=skin-invert]]
| image = Amazon Tower I topped out, June 2015.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = [[Doppler (building)|Doppler]], home to Amazon's corporate headquarters
| trade_name = Amazon
| former_name = Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NASDAQ|AMZN}}|[[Nasdaq-100]] component|[[DJIA]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|US0231351067}}
| industry = {{hlist| [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1994|07|05}}, in [[Bellevue, Washington]], U.S.
| founder = [[Jeff Bezos]]
| hq_location_city = [[Seattle]], Washington, and [[Arlington County, Virginia]]
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|[[Jeff Bezos]] ([[Chair (officer)|executive chairman]])|[[Andy Jassy]] ([[President (corporate title)|president]] and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Amazon Echo|Echo]]|[[Amazon Fire|Fire Tablet]]|[[Amazon Fire TV|Fire TV]]|[[Fire OS]]|[[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]]}}
| services = {{plainlist|
* Amazon.com
* [[Amazon Alexa]]
* [[Amazon Luna]]
* [[Amazon Music]]
* [[Amazon Pay]]
* [[Amazon Prime]]
* [[Amazon Prime Video]]
* [[Amazon MGM Studios]]
* [[Amazon Robotics]]
* [[Amazon Web Services]]
* [[MGM+]]
* [[One Medical]]
* [[Ring (company)|Ring]]
* [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]]
}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|716.9}}{{nbsp}}billion
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{US$|79.98}}{{nbsp}}billion
| income_year = 2025
| net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|77.67}}{{nbsp}}billion
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets = {{increase}} {{US$|818.0}}{{nbsp}}billion
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{increase}} {{US$|411.1}}{{nbsp}}billion
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = 1,576,000
| num_employees_year = 2025
| subsid = {{collapsible list|[[AbeBooks]]|[[Amazon.com]]|[[Amazon Air]]|[[Amazon Books]]|[[Amazon Fresh]]|[[Amazon Games]]|[[Amazon Lab126]]|[[Amazon Leo]]|[[Amazon Logistics]]|[[Amazon Pharmacy]]|[[Amazon Publishing]]|[[Amazon Robotics]]|[[Amazon MGM Studios]]|[[Amazon Web Services|AWS]]|[[Audible (service)|Audible]]|[[Blink Home|Blink]]|[[Body Labs]]|Brilliance Audio|[[Eero (wireless networking brand)|Eero LLC]]|[[Goodreads]]|[[IMDb]]|[[PillPack]]|[[Ring (company)|Ring]]|[[Twitch Interactive]]|[[Whole Foods Market]]|[[Woot]]|[[Zappos]]|[[Zoox (company)|Zoox]]}}
| owner = Jeff Bezos (8.92%)
| website = {{URL|https://www.amazon.com/|amazon.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000004/amzn-20241231.htm | title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=February 7, 2025 | access-date=February 7, 2025 | archive-date=February 7, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207163728/https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000004/amzn-20241231.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |title=California Secretary of State Business Search |publisher=[[Secretary of State of California]] |access-date=October 26, 2018 |archive-date=February 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223134214/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465922045572/tm223357-5_def14a.htm#tBOOS | title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2022 Proxy Statement | publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=April 14, 2022 | access-date=July 8, 2022 | archive-date=July 8, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708001850/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465922045572/tm223357-5_def14a.htm#tBOOS | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-employees-number-1-of-153-us-workers-head-count-2021-7 |title=1 out of every 153 American workers is an Amazon employee |work=Business Insider |last=Reuter |first=Dominick |date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=February 4, 2022 |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203235019/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-employees-number-1-of-153-us-workers-head-count-2021-7 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Amazon.com, Inc.'''<ref name="10K" /> ([[doing business as]] '''Amazon'''){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|ə|z|ɒ|n|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Amazon (company).wav}}, {{respell|AM|ə|zon}}; {{IPAc-en|Ukalso|ˈ|æ|m|ə|z|ə|n}}, {{respell|AM|ə|zən}}}} is an American multinational technology company engaged in [[e-commerce]], [[cloud computing]], [[online advertising]], [[digital streaming]], and [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon Empire: The Rise and Reign of Jeff Bezos|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/amazon-empire/?|publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 15, 2020|archive-date=January 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116035015/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/amazon-empire/|url-status=live}}</ref> Founded in 1994 by [[Jeff Bezos]] in [[Bellevue, Washington]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon's John Schoettler has helped change how we think of corporate campuses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417003045/https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/11/17/skyline-shaper-john-schoettler.html |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/11/17/skyline-shaper-john-schoettler.html |date=November 17, 2020 |last1=Guevara |first1=Natalie |work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]] |access-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref> the company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as "The Everything Store".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|date=October 28, 2013|title=Selling as Hard as He Can|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/books/the-everything-store-jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029073241/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/books/the-everything-store-jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-access=limited|url-status=live|access-date=December 20, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Amazon has been described as a [[Big Tech]] company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Tech |url=https://sdialliance.org//dictionary/big-tech/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=sdialliance.org}}</ref>

It is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping [[retailer]] and [[marketplace]], best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells [[books]], [[electronics]], [[pharmacy]], [[car parts]], [[video games]], [[dining]], [[jewelry]], [[food]], [[music]], and [[sports equipment]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon: From Books to Everything|url=https://quartr.com/insights/company-research/amazon-from-books-to-everything|date=June 17, 2024|access-date=17 January 2026|archive-date=January 2, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102133246/https://quartr.com/insights/company-research/amazon-from-books-to-everything|url-status=live}}</ref>

The company has multiple subsidiaries, including [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS), providing cloud computing; [[Zoox (company)|Zoox]], a [[self-driving car]] division; [[Kuiper Systems]], a satellite Internet provider; and [[Amazon Lab126]], a computer hardware [[R&D]] provider. Other subsidiaries include [[Ring (company)|Ring]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], [[IMDb]], and [[Whole Foods Market]]. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for {{USD}}13.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a [[physical retailer]].<ref name="wf">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170824006124/en/Amazon-and-Whole-Foods-Market-Announce-Acquisition-to-Close-This-Monday-Will-Work-Together-to-Make-High-Quality-Natural-and-Organic-Food-Affordable-for-Everyone |title=Amazon and Whole Foods Market Announce Acquisition to Close This Monday, Will Work Together to Make High-Quality, Natural and Organic Food Affordable for Everyone |website=[[Business Wire]] |date=August 24, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913230014/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170824006124/en/Amazon-and-Whole-Foods-Market-Announce-Acquisition-to-Close-This-Monday-Will-Work-Together-to-Make-High-Quality-Natural-and-Organic-Food-Affordable-for-Everyone |url-status=live }}</ref> Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[MGM+]], [[Amazon Music]], Twitch, [[Audible (service)|Audible]] and [[Wondery]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Carman |first=Ashley |date=December 30, 2020 |title=Amazon buys Wondery, setting itself up to compete against Spotify for podcast domination |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/30/22098312/amazon-music-wondery-acquire-buy-podcast-industry |access-date=March 16, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929181931/https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/30/22098312/amazon-music-wondery-acquire-buy-podcast-industry |url-status=live }}</ref> units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, [[Amazon Publishing]], produces and distributes film and television content through [[Amazon MGM Studios]], including the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] studio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute [[audiobook]]s, respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably, [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] e-readers, [[Amazon Echo|Echo]] devices, [[Amazon Fire|Fire]] tablets, and [[Amazon Fire TV|Fire]] TVs.

Amazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/312481|title=Why Amazon and Jeff Bezos Are So Successful at Disruption|last=Furth|first=John F.|date=May 18, 2018|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019|archive-date=August 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826131641/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/312481|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/299129|title=Amazon's Lesson About Disruption: Rattle Any Market You Can|last=Bylund|first=Per|date=August 29, 2017|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328011716/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/299129|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How to compete with Amazon |url=https://fortune.com/2013/10/24/how-to-compete-with-amazon/ |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927183139/https://fortune.com/2013/10/24/how-to-compete-with-amazon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Reinvesting for Growth – Why Amazon.com, Inc. (NASDAQ:AMZN) is Undervalued Even in this Market |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/reinvesting-growth-why-amazon-com-015452330.html |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo Finance]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927213908/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/reinvesting-growth-why-amazon-com-015452330.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it is the world's largest [[online retailer]] and [[Online marketplace|marketplace]], [[smart speaker]] provider, cloud computing service through AWS,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-cloud-revenues-leap-amazon-still-way-out-front|title=Microsoft Cloud Revenues Leap; Amazon is Still Way Out in Front|publisher=Synergy Research Group|location=[[Reno, Nevada]]|date=October 29, 2014|access-date=July 2, 2015|archive-date=May 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504111318/https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-cloud-revenues-leap-amazon-still-way-out-front|url-status=live}}</ref> [[live-streaming]] service through Twitch, and [[List of largest Internet companies|Internet company]] as measured by revenue and market share.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jopson |first=Barney |url=https://www.ft.com/content/61828252-ac1d-11e0-b85c-00144feabdc0 |title=Amazon urges California referendum on online tax |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=July 12, 2011 |access-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714230245/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/61828252-ac1d-11e0-b85c-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, it surpassed [[Walmart]] as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, [[Amazon Prime]], which has 200 million subscribers worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon Prime now has 200 million members, jumping 50 million in one year|url=https://news.yahoo.com/amazon-prime-has-200-million-members-142910961.html|access-date=December 20, 2021|website=[[Yahoo News]]|date=April 15, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122002252/https://news.yahoo.com/amazon-prime-has-200-million-members-142910961.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=April 15, 2021|title=Amazon Prime Tops 200 Million Members, Jeff Bezos Says|url=https://variety.com/2021/digitaHapgoodews/amazon-prime-200-million-jeff-bezos-1234952188/|access-date=February 14, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415124656/https://variety.com/2021/digitaHapgoodews/amazon-prime-200-million-jeff-bezos-1234952188/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the [[List of largest United States–based employers globally|second-largest private employer in the United States]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/23/amazon-climbs-into-list-of-top-five-largest-us-stocks-by-market-cap.html|title=Amazon climbs into list of top five largest US stocks by market cap|last=Cheng|first=Evelyn|date=September 23, 2016|publisher=CNBC|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=May 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510043319/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/23/amazon-climbs-into-list-of-top-five-largest-us-stocks-by-market-cap.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[List of largest companies by revenue|second-largest company in the world]] and [[List of largest companies in the United States by revenue|in the U.S.]] by revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart).<ref>{{cite news |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114130124/https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of October 2024, Amazon is the [[List of most-visited websites|12th-most visited website in the world]] and 84% of its traffic comes from the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |website=Similarweb |access-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/amazon.com/#geography|title=amazon.com|website=[[similarweb]].com|access-date=January 8, 2024|archive-date=October 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012112/https://www.similarweb.com/website/amazon.com/#geography|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Criticism of Amazon|Amazon has been criticized]] for its business practices, including [[surveillance]] partnerships, poor worker conditions, [[Union busting|anti-union]] efforts, [[Environmental degradation|environmental harm]], [[Anti-competitive practices|anti-competitive behavior]], [[censorship]] controversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers.


== History ==
{{main|History of Amazon}}

=== 1994–2009 ===
[[File:Amazon's founding site in Bellevue, Washington - exterior.jpg|thumb|right|Jeff Bezos's home in [[Bellevue, Washington]], where the company was founded in 1994]]

On July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as "Cadabra" by [[Jeff Bezos]], after he relocated from [[New York City]] to [[Bellevue, Washington]], near [[Seattle]], to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from [[Microsoft]] and the [[University of Washington]], as well as its smaller population for [[sales tax]] purposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in [[Roseburg, Oregon]]. Other options Bezos considered included [[Portland, Oregon]], and [[Boulder, Colorado]].<ref name="SeattleTimes-25">{{cite news |last=Romano |first=Benjamin |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Amazon at 25: The magic that changed everything |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-25-the-magic-that-changed-everything/ |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |access-date=July 7, 2024 |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183908/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-25-the-magic-that-changed-everything/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spector |first=Robert |date=April 16, 2000 |title=Homegrown Amazon |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20000416&slug=4015638 |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=July 7, 2024}}</ref>

On July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers.<ref name="SeattleTimes-25"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Perez |first=Elizabeth |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Store on internet is open book — Amazon.com boasts more than 1 million titles on web |page=E1 |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/store-on-internet-is-open-book-amazon-com-boasts-more-than-1-million-titles-on-web-from-the-archives/ |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=July 7, 2024 |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183910/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/store-on-internet-is-open-book-amazon-com-boasts-more-than-1-million-titles-on-web-from-the-archives/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebowitz |first=Shana |title=Amazon is celebrating its 25th birthday. Here's how the e-commerce giant got its name. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-chose-company-name-2018-5 |access-date=August 16, 2025 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611125234/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-chose-company-name-2018-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 1997, Amazon went [[public company|public]].<ref name="anders1999a"/><ref name="anders1999b"/>

In 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.<ref name="anders1999a">{{Cite news |last1=Anders |first1=George |last2=Tessler |first2=Joelle |date=June 8, 1999 |title=Amazon.com Steps Into World Of Online, Downloadable Music |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB92877726979442347 |access-date=September 27, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927184149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB92877726979442347 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="anders1999b">{{Cite news |last=Anders |first=George |date=July 13, 1999 |title=Amazon.com Unveils Plans to Open Two More 'Stores' on Its Web Site |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB931823473942188601 |access-date=September 27, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927184149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB931823473942188601 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, the company launched [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build [[web application]]s on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=July 16, 2002 |title=Amazon.com Launches Web Services; Developers Can Now Incorporate Amazon.com Content and Features into Their Own Web Sites; Extends ''Welcome Mat'' for Developers |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-launches-web-services |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date= 2022-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192432/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-launches-web-services/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=March 19, 2003 |title=Amazon.com Web Services Announces Trio of Milestones - New Tool Kit, Enhanced Web Site and 25,000 Developers in the Program |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-web-services-announces-trio-milestones-new-tool-kit |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192430/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-web-services-announces-trio-milestones-new-tool-kit |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=October 4, 2004 |title=New Amazon Web Services Offerings Give Developers Unprecedented Access to Amazon Product Data and Technology, and First-Ever Access to Data Compiled by Alexa Internet |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/new-amazon-web-services-offerings-give-developers-unprecedented |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192431/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/new-amazon-web-services-offerings-give-developers-unprecedented |url-status=live }}</ref> AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with [[Amazon S3|Simple Storage Service]] (S3) in 2006,<ref>{{Cite press release |date=March 14, 2006 |title=Amazon Web Services Launches |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-web-services-launches-amazon-s3-simple-storage-service |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date=December 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216213157/https://press.aboutamazon.com/2006/3/amazon-web-services-launches |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud|Elastic Compute Cloud]] (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=October 23, 2008 |title=Amazon Web Services Launches Amazon EC2 for Windows |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-web-services-launches-amazon-ec2-windows |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |quote=Additionally, AWS today announced that Amazon EC2 is now Generally Available, having successfully exited its beta period and now offers a Service Level Agreement (SLA) |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192429/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-web-services-launches-amazon-ec2-windows |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, Amazon launched the'' Fulfillment by Amazon ''program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called "third-party sellers") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.<ref name=amazon-fulfill-press>{{Cite press release |date=September 19, 2006 |title=Amazon Launches New Services to Help Small and Medium-Sized Businesses Enhance Their Customer Offerings by Accessing Amazon's Order Fulfillment, Customer Service, and Website Functionality |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-launches-new-services-help-small-and-medium-sized |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192433/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-launches-new-services-help-small-and-medium-sized |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2010–present ===
Amazon purchased the [[Whole Foods Market]] supermarket chain in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon.com - History & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom |access-date=January 3, 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |archive-date=June 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608125826/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US$178 billion [[Sales (accounting)#Gross sales and net sales|net sales]] in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.<ref>{{Citation |last=Schmidt |first=Gordon B. |title=Amazon |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483375519.n28 |encyclopedia=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society |access-date=May 1, 2023 |place=Thousand Oaks, California|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |language=en |doi=10.4135/9781483375519.n28 |isbn=978-1-4833-7551-9|s2cid=240656642 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Amazon saw large growth during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], hiring more than 100,000 staff in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Otto |first=Ben |date=September 14, 2020 |title=Amazon to Hire 100,000 in US and Canada |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-hire-100-000-in-u-s-and-canada-11600071208 |access-date=December 15, 2020 |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213172920/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-hire-100-000-in-u-s-and-canada-11600071208 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to "run normal shifts" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Amazon hiring spree as orders surge under lockdown |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52276149 |access-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707182733/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52276149 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FTMarch19">{{cite news |date=March 19, 2020 |title=Amazon workers protest over normal shifts despite Covid-19 cases |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/08395e49-0bb1-4f49-a6f5-c6639ce3d719 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/08395e49-0bb1-4f49-a6f5-c6639ce3d719 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,<ref name="BBCMarch31">{{Cite news |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Amazon workers strike over virus protection |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52096273 |access-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211073405/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52096273 |url-status=live }}</ref> while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.<ref name="TheVergeMarch31">{{cite news |last=Dzieza |first=Josh |date=March 30, 2020 |title=Amazon warehouse workers walk out in rising tide of COVID-19 protests |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/30/21199942/amazon-warehouse-coronavirus-covid-new-york-protest-walkout |access-date=March 31, 2020 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=July 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712090322/https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/30/21199942/amazon-warehouse-coronavirus-covid-new-york-protest-walkout |url-status=live }}</ref>

On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS [[Andy Jassy]] replacing him as CEO.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=February 2, 2021 |title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos will step down as CEO |url=https://fox8.com/news/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-will-step-down-as-ceo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208045855/https://fox8.com/news/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-will-step-down-as-ceo/ |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |publisher=[[Fox8]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Haselton|first=Todd|date=February 2, 2021|title=Jeff Bezos to step down as Amazon CEO, Andy Jassy to take over in Q3|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-to-take-over-in-q3.html|access-date=February 2, 2021|publisher=CNBC|language=en|archive-date=November 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104005654/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-to-take-over-in-q3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64171008 | title=Amazon to shed over 18,000 jobs as it cuts costs, CEO says | date=January 5, 2023 | publisher=BBC News | access-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105021351/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64171008 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for [[Jeff Bezos]] to sell approximately 50 million [[Share (finance)|shares]] of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about $2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|language=en|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/jeff-bezos-sells-roughly-2-billion-of-amazon-shares/articleshow/107594980.cms|title=Jeff Bezos sells roughly $2 billion of Amazon shares|website=The Economic Times|date=February 11, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2024|archive-date=February 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225192713/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/jeff-bezos-sells-roughly-2-billion-of-amazon-shares/articleshow/107594980.cms}}</ref>

On February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/documents/indexnews/announcements/20240220-1470711/1470711_djiadjtawbajblu-feb2024.pdf |title=Amazon Set to Join Dow Jones Industrial Average and Uber to Join Dow Jones Transportation Average |publisher=[[S&P Dow Jones Indices]] |date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226123355/https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/documents/indexnews/announcements/20240220-1470711/1470711_djiadjtawbajblu-feb2024.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

On December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] labor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teamster.org/2024/12/teamsters-launch-largest-strike-against-amazon-in-american-history/|title=Teamsters Launch Strike Against Amazon In American|publisher=International Brotherhood of Teamsters|date=December 19, 2024|access-date=December 19, 2024|archive-date=December 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219011342/https://teamster.org/2024/12/teamsters-launch-largest-strike-against-amazon-in-american-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/teamsters-announce-strike-amazon-holiday-delivery-rush-rcna184810|title=Teamsters announce strike against Amazon amid holiday delivery rush|first=Marlene|last=Lenthang|publisher=NBC News|date=December 19, 2024|access-date=December 19, 2024}}</ref>

On October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLain |first=Sean |date=2025-10-27 |title=Amazon Lays Off 14,000 Corporate Workers |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/amazon-to-layoff-tens-of-thousands-of-corporate-workers-056ebc4d |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=October 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028152636/https://www.wsj.com/tech/amazon-to-layoff-tens-of-thousands-of-corporate-workers-056ebc4d |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=Amazon European hub in Luxembourg braces for record job cuts |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/telcos-media-tech/amazon-european-hub-luxembourg-braces-record-job-cuts |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Business Times |language=en |archive-date=December 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218065831/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/telcos-media-tech/amazon-european-hub-luxembourg-braces-record-job-cuts |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce [[bureaucracy]], and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of [[artificial intelligence]] technologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon confirms 16,000 more corporate job cuts, bringing total to 30,000 since October|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2026/amazon-confirms-16000-more-job-cuts-bringing-total-layoffs-to-30000-since-october/|website=GeekWire|date=2026-01-28|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-US|first=Taylor Soper, Todd|last=Bishop|archive-date=February 1, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201090931/https://www.geekwire.com/2026/amazon-confirms-16000-more-job-cuts-bringing-total-layoffs-to-30000-since-october/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon cuts about 16,000 corporate jobs in the latest round of layoffs|url=https://apnews.com/article/amazon-layoffs-job-cuts-tech-74387fae2313ff7b0b1e638c00863443|website=AP News|date=2026-01-28|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|first=KELVIN CHAN Leer en|last=español|archive-date=January 31, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131094742/https://apnews.com/article/amazon-layoffs-job-cuts-tech-74387fae2313ff7b0b1e638c00863443|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/amazon-cuts-16000-jobs-globally-broader-restructuring-2026-01-28/|title=Amazon axes 16,000 jobs as it pushes AI and efficiency}}</ref>

In January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested $475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Gabrielle Fonrouge,Annie |date=2026-01-15 |title=Amazon threatens 'drastic' action after Saks bankruptcy, says $475M stake is now worthless |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/15/amazon-says-saks-investment-is-worthless-after-bankruptcy.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to $50 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon could invest up to $50 billion in OpenAI in coming weeks, source says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/29/amazon-openai-investment-jassy-altman.html|website=CNBC|date=2026-01-29|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=Ashley Capoot,Kate Rooney,Annie|last=Palmer|archive-date=January 30, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130041441/https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/29/amazon-openai-investment-jassy-altman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Amazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/amazon-considers-another-multibillion-dollar-investment-anthropic-ft-reports-2025-07-10/|title=Amazon considers another multibillion-dollar investment in Anthropic, FT reports|date=10 July 2025|website=Reuters}}</ref>

In January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to [[Artificial intelligence|AI]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valinsky |first=Jordan |date=2026-01-28 |title=Amazon is laying off 16,000 employees as AI battle intensifies {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/28/tech/amazon-layoffs-ai |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest $12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon plans $12 billion Louisiana data center buildout |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/business/amazon-plans-12-billion-louisiana-data-center-buildout-5947956 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

According to an analysis by [[Bridgewater Associates]], Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about $650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Tech to invest about $650 billion in AI in 2026, Bridgewater says |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/business/big-tech-invest-about-650-billion-in-ai-in-2026-bridgewater-says-5947656 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renshaw and Kearney |first=Jarrett and Laila |date=4 March 2026 |title=Tech Giants sign energy pledge at white house ahead of midterms |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/trump-meet-tech-giants-energy-pledge-ahead-midterms-2026-03-04/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>

== Products and services ==
{{Main|List of Amazon products and services}}

=== Amazon.com ===
{{Infobox website
| name = amazon.com
| logo = [[File:Amazon 2024.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo since November 2024
| screenshot = amazon.com screenshot.jpeg
| collapsible = yes
| collapsetext = Screenshot
| caption = Homepage
| url = {{URL|Amazon.com}} (original US site)
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[E-commerce]]
| registration = Optional
| language = {{hlist|Arabic|Chinese|Dutch|English|French|German|Hindi|Italian|Japanese|Polish|Portuguese|Spanish|Swedish|Turkish}}
| programming_language = [[C++]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
| owner = Amazon
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1995}}
| current_status = Active
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |title=The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0 |first=Vincent |last=Lextrait |date=January 2010 |access-date=March 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317223153/http://lextrait.com/vincent/implementations.html |archive-date= 2010-03-17}}</ref>
}}

Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media ([[book]]s, movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, [[consumer electronics]], [[Cosmetics|beauty products]], gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, [[Jewellery|jewelry]], watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, [[Sports equipment|sporting goods]], tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm [[agrochemical|supplies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Departments |url=https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=19097677011 |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=Amazon |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928022110/https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=19097677011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[agronomy|consulting services]].<ref name="Rai">{{cite news | access-date=September 20, 2022 | last=Rai | year=2021 | website=[[Bloomberg News]] | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-01/amazon-woos-farmers-to-help-unlock-world-s-no-2-farm-market | title=Amazon Tries to Crack India's Produce Market by Wooing Farmers | archive-date=September 27, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927232410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-01/amazon-woos-farmers-to-help-unlock-world-s-no-2-farm-market | url-status=live }}</ref> Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon.com, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Jan 30, 2013 |url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1562/0001193125-13-028520.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1562/0001193125-13-028520.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=February 26, 2013 |publisher=SEC database}}</ref>

Visits to ''amazon.com'' grew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008,<ref>[http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ SnapShot of amazon.com, amazonsellers.com, walmart.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516154151/http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ |date=May 16, 2010 }}. Retrieved April 12, 2008.</ref> to more than 2 billion per month in 2022.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} The e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world.<ref name="auto5"/>

In February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, "Rufus" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 27, 2024 |title=Amazon launches AI assistant 'Rufus' in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/amazon-launches-ai-assistant-rufus-in-india/articleshow/112837014.cms |access-date=November 19, 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=December 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206190233/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/amazon-launches-ai-assistant-rufus-in-india/articleshow/112837014.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

"Rufus" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions.<ref>{{cite news |title=The weird way AI assistants get their names |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241030-the-weird-way-ai-assistants-get-their-names |access-date=November 19, 2024 |publisher=BBC |date=October 31, 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=November 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116152532/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241030-the-weird-way-ai-assistants-get-their-names |url-status=live }}</ref>

Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine |last=Packer |first=George |author-link=George Packer |date=February 17, 2014 |title=Cheap Words |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/02/17/140217fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all |magazine=[[The New Yorker|newyorker.com]] |access-date=March 22, 2014 |archive-date=June 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625183648/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/02/17/140217fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all |url-status=live }}</ref> The company's [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by [[top-level domain]] and [[country code]]:
[[File:Amazon Marketplaces worldwide.svg|thumb|400x400px|Amazon Marketplaces worldwide{{legend|#215ea7|Top-Level Domain}}{{legend|#abd9e9|Served by neighboring Domain}}|center]]
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by country (2023)<ref name=":2" />
!Country
!share
|-
|United States
|69.3%
|-
|Germany
|6.5%
|-
|United Kingdom
|5.8%
|-
|Japan
|4.8%
|-
|Other
|13.6%
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" | Region !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | [[Domain name]] !! scope="col" | Since !! scope="col" style="width: 220px;" | Languages
!Notes
|-
! rowspan="2" {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Africa
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Egypt}} || amazon[[.eg]] || {{sort|2021-09|September 2021}} || Arabic, English
| Formerly known as [[Souq.com]] Egypt
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|South Africa}} || amazon.co[[.za]] || {{sort|2024-05|May 2024}} || English
|
|-
! rowspan="4" {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Americas
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Brazil}} || amazon.com[[.br]] || {{sort|2012-12|December 2012}} || Portuguese
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Canada}} || amazon[[.ca]] || {{sort|2002-06|June 2002}} || English, French
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Mexico}} || amazon.com[[.mx]] || {{sort|2013-08|August 2013}} || Spanish
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United States}} || amazon[[.com]] || {{sort|1995-07|July 1995}} || English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional)
| International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the [[Kindle Store]] on Amazon US.<ref name="buy-ebooks-on-amazon-us">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.ae/How-to-buy-Kindle-eBooks/b?ie=UTF8&node=16043036031|title=Amazon.ae: Kindle Store|publisher=Amazon.ae|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204141045/https://www.amazon.ae/How-to-buy-Kindle-eBooks/b?ie=UTF8&node=16043036031|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" {{rh2|align=right}} scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Asia
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|China}} || amazon[[.cn]] || {{sort|2004-09|September 2004}} || Chinese (Simplified)
| Formerly known as [[Joyo.com]] CHN
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|India}} || amazon[[.in]] || {{sort|2013-06|June 2013}} || English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Japan}} || amazon.co[[.jp]] || {{sort|2000-11|November 2000}} || Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified)
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Saudi Arabia}} || amazon[[.sa]] || {{sort|2020-06|June 2020}} || Arabic, English
| Formerly known as [[Souq.com]] KSA
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Singapore}} || amazon[[.sg]] || {{sort|2017-07|July 2017}} || English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Turkey}} || amazon.com[[.tr]] || {{sort|2018-09|September 2018}} || Turkish
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United Arab Emirates}} || amazon[[.ae]] || {{sort|2019-05|May 2019}} || Arabic, English
| Formerly known as [[Souq.com]] UAE
|-
! rowspan="10" {{rh2|align=right}} scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Europe
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Belgium}} || amazon.com[[.be]] || {{sort|2022-10|October 2022}} || Dutch, French, English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|France}} || amazon[[.fr]] || {{sort|2000-08|August 2000}} || French, English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Germany}} || amazon[[.de]] || {{sort|1998-10|October 1998}} || German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish
| Also serves Austria,<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon's impact on Austria's society, sustainable development and economy|date=June 18, 2021|publisher=Amazon|url=https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/amazons-impact-on-austrias-society-sustainable-development-and-economy|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722070158/https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/amazons-impact-on-austrias-society-sustainable-development-and-economy|url-status=live}}</ref> Denmark<ref>{{cite web|title=About Deliveries to Denmark|publisher=Amazon.de|url=https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=TcdmitiBTXgXUwqUJw|access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref> and Switzerland<ref>{{cite web|title=About Deliveries to Switzerland|publisher=Amazon.de|url=https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201910940|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817152913/https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201910940|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Ireland}} || amazon[[.ie]] || {{sort|2025-03|March 2025}} || English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Italy}} || amazon[[.it]] || {{sort|2010-11|November 2010}} || Italian, English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Netherlands}} || amazon[[.nl]] || {{sort|2014-11|November 2014}} || Dutch, English
| Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecommercenews.nl/amazon-nl-officieel-van-start|title=(Dutch) Amazon.nl officieel van start|work=Ecommerce News Netherlands|date=March 10, 2020|access-date=November 29, 2021|quote=(Translated) Amazon has officially launched their Dutch (Netherlands) store front Amazon.nl. Instead of only books, e-books and e-readers, the e-commerce-giant now sells numerous products.|archive-date=November 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129221426/https://www.ecommercenews.nl/amazon-nl-officieel-van-start/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Poland}} || amazon[[.pl]] || {{sort|2021-03|March 2021}} || Polish
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Spain}} || amazon[[.es]] || {{sort|2011-09|September 2011}} || Spanish, Portuguese, English
| Also serves Portugal<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Prime now available to customers in Portugal|date=May 25, 2021|publisher=aboutamazon.eu|url=https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/press-lounge/amazon-prime-now-available-to-customers-in-portugal|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722070211/https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/press-lounge/amazon-prime-now-available-to-customers-in-portugal|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Sweden}} || amazon[[.se]] || {{sort|2020-10|October 2020}} || Swedish, English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United Kingdom}} || amazon.co[[.uk]] || {{sort|1998-10|October 1998}} || English
|
|-
| {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Oceania || {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Australia}} || amazon.com[[.au]] || {{sort|2017-11|November 2017}} || English
| Also serves New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|title=Customers in New Zealand can now shop millions of products on Amazon.com.au|date=June 6, 2021|publisher=Amazon.com.au|url=https://amazonau.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/customers-new-zealand-can-now-shop-millions-products-amazoncomau|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722070202/https://amazonau.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/customers-new-zealand-can-now-shop-millions-products-amazoncomau|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==== Merchant partnerships ====
In 2000, US toy retailer [[Toys "R" Us]] entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 18, 2017 |title=Toys R Us bankruptcy: A dot-com-era deal with Amazon marked the beginning of the end |url=https://qz.com/1080389/a-dot-com-era-deal-with-amazon-marked-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-toys-r-us/ |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=Quartz |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119085215/https://qz.com/1080389/a-dot-com-era-deal-with-amazon-marked-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-toys-r-us/ |url-status=live |first=Alison|last=Griswold}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 3, 2006 |title=Toys R Us wins Amazon lawsuit |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4769896.stm |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=January 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129225117/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4769896.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Metz |first=Rachel |date=June 12, 2009 |title=Amazon to pay Toys R Us $51M to settle suit |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-06-12-amazon-toys_N.htm |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=January 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102003413/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-06-12-amazon-toys_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with [[Borders (retailer)|Borders]], under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 11, 2001 |title=Amazon/Borders form online partnership |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/04/11/companies/amazon/index.htm |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=CNN Money |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016075708/https://money.cnn.com/2001/04/11/companies/amazon/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 13, 2015 |title=How 'Amazon factor' killed retailers like Borders, Circuit City |work=SFGate |url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/How-Amazon-factor-killed-retailers-like-6378619.php |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133859/https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/How-Amazon-factor-killed-retailers-like-6378619.php |url-status=live |first=Benny |last=Evangelista}}</ref>

On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with [[DC Comics]] for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including ''[[Superman]]'', ''[[Batman]]'', ''[[Green Lantern]]'', ''[[Sandman (comics)|Sandman]]'', and ''[[Watchmen]]''. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like [[Barnes & Noble]] to remove these titles from their shelves.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |date=October 18, 2011 |title=Bookstores Drop Comics After Amazon Deal With DC |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/technology/bookstores-drop-comics-after-amazon-deal-with-dc.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=February 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018234650/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/technology/bookstores-drop-comics-after-amazon-deal-with-dc.html |archive-date=October 18, 2011 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the [[United States Postal Service]] to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of [[Greater Los Angeles]] and [[New York metropolitan area|New York]] because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into [[Dallas]], [[Houston]], [[New Orleans]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] by 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barr |first=Alistair |date=November 11, 2013 |title=Amazon starts Sunday delivery with US Postal Service |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/11/11/amazon-sunday-delivery-usps/3479055/ |access-date=November 25, 2013 |archive-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121075007/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/11/11/amazon-sunday-delivery-usps/3479055/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2017, [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nike confirms 'pilot' partnership with Amazon |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/30/nike-amazon-confirmed/ |access-date=July 3, 2017 |website=Engadget |date=June 30, 2017 |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702190707/https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/30/nike-amazon-confirmed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNBC">{{cite news |last1=Cosgrove |first1=Elly |last2=Thomas |first2=Lauren |date=November 13, 2019 |title=Nike won't sell directly to Amazon anymore |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/13/nike-wont-sell-directly-to-amazon-anymore.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |access-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914225340/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/13/nike-wont-sell-directly-to-amazon-anymore.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.<ref name="CNBC" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmerman |first1=Ben |title=Council Post: Why Nike Cut Ties With Amazon And What It Means For Other Retailers |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2020/01/22/why-nike-cut-ties-with-amazon-and-what-it-means-for-other-retailers/ |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Companies including [[IKEA]] and [[Birkenstock]] also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Muldowney |first1=Decca |date=August 23, 2021 |title=As demand for bikes surged, Amazon got in the way |url=https://www.theverge.com/22618306/pacific-northwest-components-bike-company-quit-amazon-support-indie-shops |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en |access-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914225346/https://www.theverge.com/22618306/pacific-northwest-components-bike-company-quit-amazon-support-indie-shops |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$104.44 million ([[Indian rupee|₹]]759 [[crore]]) in financial year 2017–2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhumika |first=Khatri |date=September 27, 2018 |title=Amazon's JV Appario Retail Clocks In $104.4 Mn For FY18 |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/amazons-jv-appario-retail-clocks-in-104-4-mn-for-fy18/ |website=Inc42 Media |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182213/https://inc42.com/buzz/amazons-jv-appario-retail-clocks-in-104-4-mn-for-fy18/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{as of|2017|October|11|df=US}}, [[Amazon Fresh]] sold a range of [[Booths]] branded products for home delivery in selected areas.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 11, 2017 |title=Booths teams up with Amazon to sell down South for the first time |newspaper=Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/11/booths-teams-amazon-sell-south-first-time/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/11/booths-teams-amazon-sell-south-first-time/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022|first=Ashley |last=Armstrong}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with [[Apple Inc.]] to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amazon strikes deal with Apple to sell new iPhones and iPads |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/9/18079340/amazon-apple-iphone-ipad-watch-beats-deal-selling-products-online |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110154421/https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/9/18079340/amazon-apple-iphone-ipad-watch-beats-deal-selling-products-online |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 10, 2018 |title=Apple pumps up its Amazon listings with iPhones, iPads and more |language=en |work=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-pumps-up-its-amazon-listings-with-iphones-ipads-and-more/ |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110064612/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-pumps-up-its-amazon-listings-with-iphones-ipads-and-more/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup [[Anthropic]], following its initial $4 billion investment.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 8, 2024 |title=Amazon mulls new multi-billion dollar investment in Anthropic, the Information reports |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amazoncom-mulls-new-multi-billion-dollar-investment-anthropic-information-2024-11-07/}}</ref>

On 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Annie |date=2025-10-08 |title=Amazon launches prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/08/amazon-debuts-prescription-kiosks-at-los-angeles-one-medical-clinics.html |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

==== Private-label products ====
{{Main|List of Amazon brands}}

[[Image:Amazon Basics USB cable.jpg|thumb|right|Amazon Basics USB cable]]
Amazon sells many products under its [[Private label|own brand names]], including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dulaney |first=Chelsey |date=November 30, 1999 |title=Amazon's Private-Label Brands Could Deliver a $1 Billion Profit Boost |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazons-private-label-brands-could-deliver-a-1-billion-profit-boost-1507651025 |access-date=September 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925175712/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazons-private-label-brands-could-deliver-a-1-billion-profit-boost-1507651025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bensinger |first=Greg |date=May 15, 2016 |title=Amazon to Expand Private-Label Offerings—From Food to Diapers |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-expand-private-label-offeringsfrom-food-to-diapers-1463346316 |access-date=September 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928061258/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-expand-private-label-offeringsfrom-food-to-diapers-1463346316 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Third-party sellers ====
Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Enters the Cloud Computing Business |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee204/Publications/Amazon-EE353-2008-1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee204/Publications/Amazon-EE353-2008-1.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.<ref>{{cite web |title=Help |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=743056 |access-date=December 16, 2011 |publisher=Amazon |archive-date=January 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172629/https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=743056 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Affiliate program ====
Publishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 9, 2010 |title=Amazon.co.uk Associates: The web's most popular and successful Affiliate Program |url=http://affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk/gp/associates/join |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826210540/http://affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk/gp/associates/join |archive-date=August 26, 2008 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |publisher=Affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk}}</ref> In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after [[Google Ads]].<ref>{{cite web |date=July 22, 2014 |title=Usage of advertising networks for websites |url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/advertising/all |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=W3Techs.com |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813185655/https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/advertising |url-status=live }}</ref> It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.<ref>{{cite web |title=14 Easy Fundraising Ideas for Non-Profits |url=http://www.blisstree.com/2009/04/12/sex-relationships/14-easy-fundraising-ideas-for-non-profits/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120701/http://www.blisstree.com/2009/04/12/sex-relationships/14-easy-fundraising-ideas-for-non-profits/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=November 24, 2014 |website=blisstree.com}}</ref>

Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS) [[XML]] service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Seller Product Suggestions |url=http://www.amazonservices.com/content/product_alerts.htm?ld=AOguerillaPGJG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205225641/http://www.amazonservices.com/content/product_alerts.htm?ld=AOguerillaPGJG |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |publisher=Amazonservices.com}}</ref>

==== Product reviews ====
{{See also|Criticism of Amazon#Amazon reviews}}
Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a [[rating scale]] from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "...''the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used''." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100503005110/en/2010-Social-Shopping-Study-Reveals-Consumers%E2%80%99-Online |title=2010 Social Shopping Study Reveals Changes in Consumers' Online Shopping Habits and Usage of Customer Reviews |work=[[Business Wire]] |date=May 3, 2010 |access-date=January 31, 2013 |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126023159/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100503005110/en/2010-Social-Shopping-Study-Reveals-Consumers%E2%80%99-Online |url-status=live }}</ref>

When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose".<ref>{{cite book |author=Spector, Robert |title=Amazon.com |year=2002 |page=132}}</ref>

There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by [[public relations]] companies on behalf of their clients<ref>{{cite web |date=May 25, 2010 |title=BEACON SPOTLIGHT: Amazon.com rave book reviews – too good to be true? |url=http://www.cincinnatibeacon.com/index.php?/contents/comments/amazon.com_rave_book_reviews_too_good_to_be_true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004404/http://www.cincinnatibeacon.com/index.php?%2Fcontents%2Fcomments%2Famazon.com_rave_book_reviews_too_good_to_be_true |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=January 31, 2013 |work=The Cincinnati Beacon}}</ref> and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.

==== Amazon sales rank ====
The Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.<ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |title=Amazon FAQ |publisher=Amazon |access-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225095432/http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.<ref name="amazon" /> Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/movers-and-shakers |title=Amazon.com Movers and shakers |publisher=Amazon |access-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-date=September 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907192217/http://www.amazon.com/gp/movers-and-shakers |url-status=live }}</ref> For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release [[point of sale]] data via the [[BookScan]] service to verified authors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://authorcentral.amazon.com/gp/help?topicID=200580390 |title=Amazon.com Author Central |access-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-date=September 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908005118/https://authorcentral.amazon.com/gp/help?topicID=200580390 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Sales Estimator |publisher=Jungle Scout |url=http://www.junglescout.com/estimator/ |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=March 17, 2016 |archive-date=March 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317113932/http://www.junglescout.com/estimator/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though Amazon states:

{{blockquote|text=Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources|sign=Amazon.com Help<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |title=Frequently Asked Questions about Amazon.com |publisher=Amazon |access-date=September 6, 2012 |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225095432/http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

=== Physical stores ===
[[Image:Amazon Fresh Shop Sevenoaks (52626225962).jpg|thumb|right|[[Amazon Fresh]] store in [[Sevenoaks]], [[United Kingdom]]]]
In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical [[Amazon Books]] store in [[University Village, Seattle|University Village]] in [[Seattle]]. The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-plans-hundreds-of-brick-and-mortar-bookstores-mall-ceo-says-1454449475|title=Amazon Plans Hundreds of Brick-and-Mortar Bookstores, Mall CEO Says|last=Bensinger|first=Greg|date=February 2, 2016|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=February 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212191635/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-plans-hundreds-of-brick-and-mortar-bookstores-mall-ceo-says-1454449475|url-status=live}}</ref> Amazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recode.net/2017/3/8/14850324/amazon-books-store-bellevue-mall-expansion |title=Amazon just confirmed its tenth bookstore, signaling this is way more than an experiment |first=Jason Del |last=Rey |date=March 8, 2017 |website=Recode |access-date=May 12, 2017 |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323051235/https://www.recode.net/2017/3/8/14850324/amazon-books-store-bellevue-mall-expansion |url-status=live }}</ref> media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.<ref name=":1" /> All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the "Amazon 4-Star" brand.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rosenblatt |first=Lauren |date=March 2, 2022 |title=Turning the page on a bookstore push launched in Seattle, Amazon ditches dozens of brick-and-mortar shops |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/turning-the-page-on-a-bookstore-push-launched-in-seattle-amazon-ditches-dozens-of-brick-and-mortar-shops/ |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=March 21, 2024 |archive-date=March 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322034945/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/turning-the-page-on-a-bookstore-push-launched-in-seattle-amazon-ditches-dozens-of-brick-and-mortar-shops/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a {{cvt|1,100,000|ft|m|1}} square foot facility in [[Palmer Township, Pennsylvania|Palmer Township]] in the [[Lehigh Valley]] region of eastern [[Pennsylvania]]. As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.<ref>[https://www.lehighvalley.org/amazon-opening-new-lehigh-valley-facility-creating-over-500-new-jobs/ "Amazon opening new Lehigh Valley facility, creating over 500 new jobs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217092609/https://www.lehighvalley.org/amazon-opening-new-lehigh-valley-facility-creating-over-500-new-jobs/ |date=February 17, 2024 }}, Lehigh Valley Economic Development</ref><ref>[https://www.lehighvalley.org/about-lehigh-valley/lehigh-valley-s-largest-private-sector-employers/ "Lehigh Valley's Largest Private-Sector Employers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229142719/https://www.lehighvalley.org/about-lehigh-valley/lehigh-valley-s-largest-private-sector-employers/ |date=December 29, 2023 }}, Lehigh Valley Economic Development</ref>

In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in [[San Francisco]], as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leskin |first=Paige |title=Amazon is looking to open a brick-and-mortar liquor store in San Francisco |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-liquor-license-storefront-san-francisco-2019-8 |access-date=August 29, 2019 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=August 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829182234/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-liquor-license-storefront-san-francisco-2019-8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, [[Amazon Fresh]] opened several physical stores in the US and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soper |first=Taylor |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Amazon opens first Fresh grocery store, debuts high-tech shopping cart in retail expansion |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2020/amazon-opens-first-grocery-store-debuts-high-tech-shopping-cart-expands-retail-footprint/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217005435/https://www.geekwire.com/2020/amazon-opens-first-grocery-store-debuts-high-tech-shopping-cart-expands-retail-footprint/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avila |first=Kate King, Sean McLain and Joseph De |date=2026-01-27 |title=Amazon to Shut Down All Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh Stores |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/retail/amazon-to-shut-down-all-amazon-go-and-amazon-fresh-stores-0301dfb7 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=January 27, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127174759/https://www.wsj.com/business/retail/amazon-to-shut-down-all-amazon-go-and-amazon-fresh-stores-0301dfb7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Hardware and services ===
[[Image:Kindle Fire tablet HD 8 Plus - 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Amazon Fire]] tablet]]
Amazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]], [[Amazon Music]], and [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]] for music and videos respectively, the [[Amazon Appstore]] for Android apps, the [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] line of [[electronic paper]] e-readers, [[Amazon Fire|Fire]] and [[Fire HD]] color [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]] tablets. [[Audible (service)|Audible]] provides audiobooks for purchase and listening.

In September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of [[Amazon Astro|Astro]], its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Molloy |first1=David |date=September 28, 2021 |title=Amazon announces Astro the home robot |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58727057 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929001412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58727057 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. [[Amazon Prime]] members to pay a $5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] will not be able to sign up for RXPass.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meyersohn |first=Nathaniel |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Amazon launches $5-a-month unlimited prescription plan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/business/amazon-prescription-drugs-rxpass/index.html |access-date=January 26, 2023 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209110020/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/business/amazon-prescription-drugs-rxpass/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Subsidiaries ===
{{See also|List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon}}
Amazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including [[Amazon Web Services]], [[Audible (service)|Audible]], [[Diapers.com]], [[Goodreads]], [[IMDb]], Kiva Systems (now [[Amazon Robotics]]), [[One Medical]], [[Shopbop]], Teachstreet, [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], [[Zappos]], and [[Zoox (company)|Zoox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.jobs/team-category/subsidiaries|title=Amazon Jobs – Work for a Subsidiary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801055637/http://www.amazon.jobs/team-category/subsidiaries|archive-date=August 1, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=October 27, 2014}}</ref>

Bezos separately owns ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (through Nash Holdings, LLC), [[Blue Origin]], [[Bezos Expeditions]], [[Altos Labs]], and other companies.

====Amazon Live====
{{Infobox website
| name = Amazon Inspire
| logo = File:Amazon Live logo.png
| logo_caption =
| logo_size = 250px
| screenshot =
| caption = Screenshot of Amazon Inspire in December 2022
| type = [[Online video platform]]
| launched = {{start date and age|2019}}
| location = 98109, WA [[Seattle]], Washington
| country = United States
| area_served =
| owner = [[Amazon Inc.]]
| industry = * [[E-commerce]]
* Live streaming
| revenue =
| parent = [[Amazon Inc.]]
| url =
| content_license =
| programming_language =
| advertising =
}}
'''Amazon Live''' is an American video [[e-commerce]] live-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products.<ref name="AmazonLive">{{cite web |title=Amazon Live |url=https://www.amazon.com/live |publisher=Amazon |access-date=April 20, 2024 |archive-date=April 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419083641/https://www.amazon.com/live |url-status=live }}</ref> Users (mainly celebrities or [[Influencer|Internet influencers]]) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream.<ref name="AmazonLive" />

In 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and [[Mobile app|application]]. In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into [[Amazon Freevee]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Live introduces an interactive and shoppable channel on Prime Video and Amazon Freevee |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/amazon-live-free-channel-prime-video-freevee-shopping |website=aboutamazon.com |publisher=Amazon Staff |access-date=April 20, 2024 |date=April 16, 2024 |archive-date=April 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420083948/https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/amazon-live-free-channel-prime-video-freevee-shopping |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Amazon Web Services====
[[Image:AWS - Amazon Web Services Office in Houston, Texas (46600198075).jpg|thumb|right|[[Amazon Web Services]], [[Houston|HOU-14]]]]
{{main|Amazon Web Services}}

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides [[Software as a service|on-demand]] [[cloud computing]] [[computing platform|platform]]s and [[API]]s to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing [[web service]]s provide [[distributed computing]] processing capacity and software tools via AWS [[server farm]]s. As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors [[Microsoft Azure]] and [[Google Cloud Platform|Google Cloud]] have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to [[Synergy Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Joe|last=Panettieri|date=August 3, 2020|title=Cloud Market Share 2020: Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google, IBM|url=https://www.channele2e.com/channel-partners/csps/cloud-market-share-2020-amazon-aws-microsoft-azure-google-ibm/|access-date=October 12, 2020|website=ChannelE2E|language=en-US|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110030408/https://www.channele2e.com/channel-partners/csps/cloud-market-share-2020-amazon-aws-microsoft-azure-google-ibm/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Audible ====
{{Main|Audible (service)}}

Audible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital [[audiobook]]s, [[Radio program|radio]] and [[Television show|television programs]], and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sayer, Peter |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Amazon buys Audible for US$300 million |work=PC World |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/31/AR2008013101662.html |access-date=August 24, 2017 |archive-date=May 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530160655/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/31/AR2008013101662.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Goodreads====
{{Main|Goodreads}}

[[Goodreads]] is a "[[Social cataloging application|social cataloging]]" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Leslie |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Amazon to Buy Social Site Dedicated to Sharing Books |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/business/media/amazon-to-buy-goodreads.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=February 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329013203/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/business/media/amazon-to-buy-goodreads.html |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

====Ring====
{{main|Ring (company)}}

Ring is a [[home automation]] company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its [[Wi-Fi]] powered [[smart doorbell]]s, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US$1 billion in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Montag |first=Ali |date=February 27, 2018 |title=Amazon buys Ring, a former 'Shark Tank' reject |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/amazon-buys-ring-a-former-shark-tank-reject.html |access-date=February 20, 2019 |publisher=CNBC |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212234514/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/amazon-buys-ring-a-former-shark-tank-reject.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Twitch====
{{main|Twitch (service)}}

[[File:E3 – 2014 (23113432796).jpg|thumb|[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] at the [[E3|Electronic Entertainment Expo]]]]

[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] is a [[live streaming]] platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for $970 million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Amazon, not Google, is buying Twitch for $970 million |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/25/6066295/amazon-reportedly-buying-twitch-for-over-1-billion |access-date=August 8, 2017 |website=The Verge |archive-date=July 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719225746/http://www.theverge.com/2014/8/25/6066295/amazon-reportedly-buying-twitch-for-over-1-billion |url-status=live }}</ref> The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major [[esports]] competitions on the service, leading ''[[GameSpot]]'' senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the [[ESPN]] of esports".<ref>{{cite news |last=Popper |first=Ben |date=September 30, 2013 |title=Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/30/4719766/twitch-raises-20-million-esports-market-booming |access-date=August 8, 2017 |website=The Verge |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708025418/https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/30/4719766/twitch-raises-20-million-esports-market-booming |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Needleman |first=Sarah E. |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Twitch's Viewers Reach 100 Million a Month |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/29/twitchs-viewers-reach-100-million-a-month/ |access-date=February 20, 2019 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809175422/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/29/twitchs-viewers-reach-100-million-a-month/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Whole Foods Market====
[[File:Whole Foods Market Cranbrook Village Ann Arbor Michigan.JPG|thumb|[[Whole Foods Market]] store in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]]]

[[Whole Foods Market]] is an American [[supermarket]] [[chain store|chain]] exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Quality Standards |url=http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/quality-standards |publisher=Whole Foods Market |access-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221022541/http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/quality-standards |url-status=live }}</ref> Amazon acquired Whole Foods for $13.7 billion in August 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kelleher |first=Kevin |date=August 28, 2017 |title=Amazon closes Whole Foods acquisition. Here's what's next |work=[[VentureBeat]] |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/08/28/amazon-closes-whole-foods-acquisition-heres-whats-next/ |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919021932/https://venturebeat.com/2017/08/28/amazon-closes-whole-foods-acquisition-heres-whats-next/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Lauren |date=August 24, 2017 |title=Amazon says Whole Foods deal will close Monday, with discounts to begin then |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/24/amazon-says-whole-foods-deal-will-close-monday-prime-customers-to-immediately-get-discounts.html |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913230011/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/24/amazon-says-whole-foods-deal-will-close-monday-prime-customers-to-immediately-get-discounts.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wf" />

Since acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of [[Amazon Fresh|Fresh]] supermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations.

==== Other ====
Other Amazon subsidiaries include:
* '''[[A9.com]]''', a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://blogs.pcworld.com/techlog/archives/002876.html|title=Amazon's A9 Search as We Knew It: Dead!|last=McCracken|first=Harry|date=September 29, 2006|magazine=[[PC World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052029/http://blogs.pcworld.com/techlog/archives/002876.html|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Amazon Academy]], formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021
* '''Amazon Maritime''', Inc. holds a [[Federal Maritime Commission]] license to operate as a [[Freight forwarder|non-vessel-owning common carrier]] (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.<ref>Steele, B., [https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/26/amazon-shipping-ocean-freight/ Amazon is now managing its own ocean freight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129093941/https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/26/amazon-shipping-ocean-freight/ |date=January 29, 2017 }}, [[engadget.com]], January 27, 2017, accessed January 29, 2017</ref>
* '''[[Amazon Pharmacy]]''' is an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |author=Harry Dempsey |date=November 17, 2020 |title=Amazon launches online pharmacy in challenge to traditional retailers |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f45c4956-108f-4b69-b115-c73cfc55f0e3 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f45c4956-108f-4b69-b115-c73cfc55f0e3 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[Annapurna Labs]]''', an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M acquired by [[Amazon Web Services]] in January 2015 .<ref name="reut_Amaz">{{cite news |date=January 22, 2015 |title=Amazon to buy Israeli start-up Annapurna Labs |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122 |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915065319/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/22/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122 |archive-date=September 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="extr_Amaz">{{cite news |title=Amazon buys secretive chip maker Annapurna Labs for $350 million |url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/198140-amazon-buys-secretive-chip-maker-annapurna-labs-for-350-million |access-date=January 24, 2015 |work=ExtremeTech |date=January 23, 2015 |last1=Whitwam |first1=Ryan |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214090126/https://www.extremetech.com/computing/198140-amazon-buys-secretive-chip-maker-annapurna-labs-for-350-million |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hirschauge |first=Orr |date=January 22, 2015 |title=Amazon to Acquire Israeli Chip Maker Annapurna Labs |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/amazon-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-israels-annapurna-labs-1421936575 |access-date=October 20, 2020 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
* '''Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services''', which applied for a [[Freight forwarder|freight forwarding]] license with the [[Federal Maritime Commission|US Maritime Commission]]. Amazon is also building out its logistics in [[Trucking industry in the United States|trucking]] and [[Air cargo|air freight]] to potentially compete with [[United Parcel Service|UPS]] and [[FedEx]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/29/is-logistics-about-to-get-amazoned/ |title=Is Logistics About To Get Amazon'ed? |date=January 29, 2016 |work=TechCrunch |access-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |first=Zvi |last=Schreiber|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622225652/https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/29/is-logistics-about-to-get-amazoned/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2016/01/14/amazon-china-earns-its-ocean-shipping-license/ |title=Amazon China Has Its Ocean Shipping License – Fortune |author=David Z. Morris |date=January 14, 2016 |work=Fortune |access-date=January 30, 2016 |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205033011/http://fortune.com/2016/01/14/amazon-china-earns-its-ocean-shipping-license/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{anchor|Brilliance Audio}} '''Brilliance Audio''', an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in [[Grand Haven, Michigan]].<ref name="brilliance">{{cite web |url=http://www.brillianceaudio.com/company_overview |title=Company Overview |publisher=Brilliance Audio |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209063325/http://brillianceaudio.com/company_overview |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985.<ref name="brilliance" /> The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358 |title=amazon.com Acquires Brilliance Audio |work=Taume News |date=May 27, 2007 |access-date=May 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704192411/http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358 |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gigaom">{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/2007/05/23/419-amazon-acquires-audiobook-indie-brilliance-audio/ |title=Amazon Acquires Audiobook Indie Brilliance Audio |work=Gigaom |author=Staci D. Kramer |date=May 23, 2007 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222182233/http://gigaom.com/2007/05/23/419-amazon-acquires-audiobook-indie-brilliance-audio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.<ref name="gigaom" /> It operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.<ref name="blake">{{cite book |title=Information Literacies for the Twenty-First Century |chapter=Something New Has Been Added: Aural Literacy and Libraries |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co. |author=Virgil L. P. Blake |year=1990 |pages=203–218}}</ref> The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.<ref name="blake" /> It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.<ref name="blake" />
* '''[[ComiXology]]''', a [[Cloud computing|cloud]]-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads {{as of|2013|September|lc=y}}. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Buys ComiXology, Takes Over Digital Leadership |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-11/amazon-buys-comixology-takes-over-digital-leadership-of-comic-book-world |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411202203/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-11/amazon-buys-comixology-takes-over-digital-leadership-of-comic-book-world |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2014 |author=Stone, Brad |date=April 11, 2014}}</ref>
* '''[[CreateSpace]]''', which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createspace.com/|title=Independent Publishing with CreateSpace|website=CreateSpace: An Amazon Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161130/https://www.createspace.com/|archive-date=November 26, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createspace.com/AboutUs.jsp|title=About CreateSpace : History|website=CreateSpace: An Amazon Company|access-date=January 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706210134/https://www.createspace.com/AboutUs.jsp|archive-date=July 6, 2017}}</ref>
* '''{{visible anchor|[[Eero (wireless networking brand)|eero]]}}''', an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking [[Wi-Fi]] founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.<ref>{{cite news|work=CNBC Tech|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/11/amazon-is-acquiring-home-wifi-start-up-eero.html|title=Amazon is acquiring home Wi-Fi start-up Eero|author=Novet, Jordan|date=February 11, 2019|access-date=January 6, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106061316/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/11/amazon-is-acquiring-home-wifi-start-up-eero.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US$97 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Amazon's $97 million Eero acquisition screwed employees and minted millionaires|work=Mashable|url=https://mashable.com/article/amazon-eero-wifi-router-sale|author=Kraus, Rachel|date=April 5, 2019|access-date=January 6, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106061345/https://mashable.com/article/amazon-eero-wifi-router-sale|url-status=live}}</ref> Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.<ref>{{cite news|title=What Amazon's purchase of Eero means for your privacy|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/12/amazon-eero-privacy|author=Whittaker, Zack|date=February 12, 2019|access-date=January 6, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106061318/https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/12/amazon-eero-privacy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Health Navigator''' is a startup developing [[Application programming interface|APIs]] for online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of [[PillPack]] for under $1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shu |first1=Catherine |title=Amazon acquires Health Navigator for Amazon Care, its pilot employee healthcare program |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/23/amazon-acquires-health-navigator-for-amazon-care-its-pilot-employee-healthcare-program/ |website=Tech Crunch |date=October 24, 2019 |access-date=October 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031080428/https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/23/amazon-acquires-health-navigator-for-amazon-care-its-pilot-employee-healthcare-program/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Junglee''', a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980814/22650774.html |title=Junglee boys strike gold on the net|first=Chidanand |last=Rajghatta|work=Indian Express|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217162934/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980814/22650774.html |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref> Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/amazon-india-launch-idINDEE81108G20120202 |title=Amazon Launches Online Shopping Service In India |publisher=Reuters |date=February 2, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802064803/https://in.reuters.com/article/amazon-india-launch-idINDEE81108G20120202 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon brings the curtains down on Junglee.com, finally |url=https://www.vccircle.com/amazon-brings-the-curtains-down-on-junglee-com-finally/ |website=vccircle.com |access-date=February 1, 2018 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104022252/https://www.vccircle.com/amazon-brings-the-curtains-down-on-junglee-com-finally/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[Kuiper Systems]]''', a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a [[broadband]] [[satellite internet constellation]] with an announced 3,236 [[Low Earth orbit]] [[satellite]]s to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.<ref name="cnbc20190404">{{cite news |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Amazon wants to launch thousands of satellites so it can offer broadband internet from space |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/amazon-project-kuiper-broadband-internet-small-satellite-network.html |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404151556/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/amazon-project-kuiper-broadband-internet-small-satellite-network.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sn20190404">{{cite news |last=Henry |first=Caleb |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Amazon planning 3,236-satellite constellation for internet connectivity |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=https://spacenews.com/amazon-planning-3236-satellite-constellation-for-internet-connectivity/ |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405114142/https://spacenews.com/amazon-planning-3236-satellite-constellation-for-internet-connectivity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ars20190708">{{cite news |last=Brodkin |first=Jon |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Amazon plans nationwide broadband—with both home and mobile service |work=ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/07/amazon-follows-spacex-into-satellite-broadband-asks-fcc-to-ok-launch-plan/ |access-date=July 9, 2019 |quote=''Kuiper is wholly owned by Amazon, and its president is Rajeev Badyal, a former SpaceX vice president who was reportedly fired because SpaceX CEO Elon Musk was unsatisfied with his company's satellite-broadband progress.'' |archive-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708220112/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/07/amazon-follows-spacex-into-satellite-broadband-asks-fcc-to-ok-launch-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[Amazon Lab126|Lab126]]''', developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]], became a subsidiary in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/09/19/amazon-research-unit-lab-126-agrees-to-big-lease-that-could-bring-sunnyvale-2600-new-workers/|title=Amazon research unit Lab 126 agrees to big lease that could bring Sunnyvale 2,600 new workers|last=Avalos|first=George|date=September 19, 2012|work=The Mercury News|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224111922/https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/09/19/amazon-research-unit-lab-126-agrees-to-big-lease-that-could-bring-sunnyvale-2600-new-workers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Shelfari''', a former [[Social cataloging application|social cataloging]] website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, [[tag (metadata)|tag]] and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.<ref name=":0" /> Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with [[Goodreads]] and closing down Shelfari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thereadersroom.org/2016/01/12/amazon-kills-shelfari/|title=Amazon Kills Shelfari|date=January 13, 2016|website=The Reader's Room|language=en|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=February 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222171627/https://thereadersroom.org/2016/01/12/amazon-kills-shelfari/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebookmarketingnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/shelfari-is-closing-but-you-can-merge-your-account-with-goodreads |title=Shelfari Is Closing! BUT, You Can Merge Your Account with Goodreads! |author=Holiday, J.D. |date=January 13, 2016 |website=The Book Marketing Network |access-date=January 20, 2016 |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206034116/http://thebookmarketingnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/shelfari-is-closing-but-you-can-merge-your-account-with-goodreads |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[Souq (company)|Souq]]''', the former largest [[e-commerce]] platform in the [[Arab world]]. The company launched in 2005 in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and served multiple areas across the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/28/amazon-to-acquire-souqcom-a-large-e-commerce-site-in-the-middle-east.html|title=Amazon reaches deal to acquire Middle East e-commerce site Souq.com|publisher=CNBC|date=March 28, 2017|access-date=October 16, 2021|archive-date=October 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016200257/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/28/amazon-to-acquire-souqcom-a-large-e-commerce-site-in-the-middle-east.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for $580 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872417000051/amzn-20170331x10q.htm|title=Document|publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=February 3, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225171406/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872417000051/amzn-20170331x10q.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-rebrands-souq-launches-new-middle-east-marketplace.html|title=Amazon launches new Middle East marketplace, and rebrands Souq, the company it bought for $580 million in 2017|publisher=CNBC|date=April 30, 2019|access-date=October 16, 2021|archive-date=October 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016202030/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-rebrands-souq-launches-new-middle-east-marketplace.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Zoox]], Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerut |first=Amanda |title=Amazon robotaxi service Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026, with ‘laser focus’ on transporting people, not deliveries, says cofounder |url=https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=December 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209071850/https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Amazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four [[Small modular reactor|small nuclear reactor]]s at the [[Washington Xe-100 reactor site|Xe-100 reactor site]] in Eastern [[Washington (state)|Washington]], and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in [[Alberta]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon unveils plan for a major solar power project in southern Alberta|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-amazon-solar-energy-power-renewable-newell-county-1.5993225|access-date=May 21, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507140827/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-amazon-solar-energy-power-renewable-newell-county-1.5993225|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Operations ==
{{See also|List of Amazon locations}}

=== Logistics ===
[[File:Amazon Logistics, Borgstedt (APC 0067).jpg|thumb|Amazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station]]
[[File:Amazon Prime Delivery Trucks (44155424640).jpg|thumb|Amazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in [[Florida]]]]
Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:
* [[Amazon Air]], a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service.
* Amazon Flex, a [[Mobile app|smartphone app]] that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours [[Prime Now]], same or next day [[Amazon Fresh]] groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://flex.amazon.com/faq |access-date=December 31, 2020 |title=Frequently asked questions about Amazon Flex |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104112032/https://flex.amazon.com/faq |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Amazon Freight]], a [[freight brokerage]] and logistics service<ref>{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Eugene |title=Amazon Freight, 'Uber for trucking' service, running since last year |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=April 30, 2019 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-freight-uber-for-trucking-service-running-since-last-year.html |access-date=December 23, 2025 |archive-date=December 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224045801/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-freight-uber-for-trucking-service-running-since-last-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://logistics.amazon.com/marketing/faq |access-date=December 31, 2020 |title=Amazon Logistics / Frequently Asked Questions |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204213921/https://logistics.amazon.com/marketing/faq |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Amazon Prime Air]] is an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities.

Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "Amazon Hub Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=December 31, 2020 |url=https://www.amazon.jobs/en/search-jobcategory |title=Find jobs by job category |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129084657/https://www.amazon.jobs/en/search-jobcategory |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Rakuten Intelligence]] estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the [[United States Postal Service]] (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by [[United Parcel Service|UPS]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/10/14/amazon-prime-day-usps-ballots/ |title=Prime Day, early holiday sales create new potential for USPS ballot delivery tie-ups |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-date=December 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225114439/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/10/14/amazon-prime-day-usps-ballots/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon is spending big to take on UPS and FedEx |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/30/amazon-is-spending-big-to-take-on-ups-and-fedex.html |date=April 30, 2021 |first=Annie|last=Palmer |access-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922033211/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/30/amazon-is-spending-big-to-take-on-ups-and-fedex.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Supply chain ===
Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and [[New Castle, Delaware]]. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Routley |first1=Nick |title=Amazon's Massive Distribution Network in One Giant Visualization |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/footprint-all-amazons-warehouses/ |access-date=July 7, 2019 |date=September 8, 2018 |archive-date=July 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707122602/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/footprint-all-amazons-warehouses/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=9 facts about Amazon's unprecedented warehouse empire |url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/11/21/16686150/black-friday-2018-amazon-warehouse-fulfillment |access-date=July 7, 2019 |date=November 21, 2017 |archive-date=July 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707122602/https://www.curbed.com/2017/11/21/16686150/black-friday-2018-amazon-warehouse-fulfillment |url-status=dead }}</ref> Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by [[Amazon Robotics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Amazon announces 2 new ways it's using robots to assist employees and deliver for customers |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-introduces-new-robotics-solutions |access-date=October 22, 2023 |website=US About Amazon |language=en |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022174510/https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-introduces-new-robotics-solutions |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.<ref name=amazon-fulfill-press />

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Lauwin-Planque - Lauwin-Park (02).JPG|Amazon.fr fulfillment center in [[Lauwin-Planque]], [[France]]
File:Amazon España por dentro (San Fernando de Henares).JPG|Amazon.es fulfillment center in [[San Fernando de Henares]], [[Spain]]
File:Amazon warehouse Glenrothes.jpg|Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in [[Glenrothes]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]
File:Amazon.de 1204 - panoramio.jpg|Amazon.de fulfillment center in [[Graben, Bavaria|Graben]], [[Germany]]
File:AmazonIchikawaFC (78316917).jpg|Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in [[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]], [[Japan]]
File:Larry Hogan tours Amazon warehouse in Maryland (36490655883).jpg|Amazon.co fulfillment center in [[Baltimore]], Maryland, [[United States|US]] featuring [[Amazon Robotics]]
</gallery>

== Corporate affairs ==
=== Board of directors ===
[[File:Jeff Bezos Unveils Blue Origin Lunar Lander (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Amazon founder [[Jeff Bezos]] in 2019]]

{{As of|2025|August|df=US}}, Amazon's board of directors were:<ref>{{cite web |title=Officers & Directors |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/board-of-directors |publisher=Amazon |access-date=August 13, 2025 |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813231820/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/officers-and-directors/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jeff Bezos]], executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc.
* [[Andy Jassy]], president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc.
* [[Keith B. Alexander]], CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA director]]
* Edith W. Cooper, co-founder of Medley and former EVP of [[Goldman Sachs]]
* [[Jamie Gorelick]], partner, [[Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr]]
* [[Daniel Huttenlocher]], [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the [[MIT Schwarzman College of Computing]].
* [[Andrew Ng]], co-founder, [[Coursera]]
* [[Indra Nooyi]], former CEO, [[PepsiCo]]
* [[Jon Rubinstein]], former chairman and CEO, [[Palm, Inc.]]
* [[Brad D. Smith]], president, [[Marshall University]]
* [[Patty Stonesifer]], president and CEO, [[Martha's Table]]
* [[Wendell Weeks]], chairman, president and CEO, [[Corning Inc.]]

=== Ownership ===
The 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Amazon.com, Inc.: Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile {{!}} US0231351067 |website=MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AMAZON-COM-INC-12864605/company/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801073911/https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AMAZON-COM-INC-12864605/company/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Shareholder name
!Percentage
|-
|[[Jeff Bezos]]
|9.04%
|-
|[[The Vanguard Group]]
|7.96%
|-
|[[BlackRock]]
|4.93%
|-
|[[State Street Corporation]]
|3.5%
|-
|[[Fidelity Investments]]
|3.22%
|-
|[[Geode Capital Management]]
|2.03%
|-
|[[JPMorgan Chase|JP Morgan Investment Management]]
|1.81%
|-
|[[Eaton Vance]]
|1.5%
|-
|[[T. Rowe Price]]
|1.48%
|-
|BlackRock Life Ltd.
|1.45%
|-
|Others
|63.04%
|}

=== Finances ===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by business (2023)<ref name=":2" />
!Business
!share
|-
|Online Stores
|40.3%
|-
|Third-party Seller Services
|24.4%
|-
|Amazon Web Services
|15.8%
|-
|Advertising
|8.2%
|-
|Subscription Services
|7.0%
|-
|Physical Stores
|3.5%
|-
|Other
|0.9%
|}
Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html |title=SWOT Analysis Amazon |access-date=December 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203164606/http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html |archive-date=December 3, 2011 }}</ref> {{as of|2018}}, Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the [[Fortune 500]] rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List |website=Fortune |language=en-US |access-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Forbes Global 2000]] 2023 Amazon ranked 36th.<ref>{{cite news|language=en|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=51d599675ac0|title=The Global 2000 2023|editor-first=Andrea|editor-last=Murphy|editor-first2=Hank|editor-last2=Tucker|website=Forbes|date= June 8, 2023|access-date=February 7, 2024|archive-date=January 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0}}</ref>

For the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.<ref name="4Q 2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/technology/amazon-earningts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130220018/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/technology/amazon-earningts.html |archive-date=January 30, 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Amazon Powers Ahead With Robust Profit|date=January 30, 2020 |last=Streitfeld |first=David |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Year
!Revenue<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn/revenue-eps |title=Amazon.com, Inc. Common Stock (AMZN) |publisher=[[Nasdaq]] |access-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720164419/https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn/revenue-eps |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Net income
!Total Assets
! rowspan="2" |Employees
|-
! colspan="3" |in million US$
|-
|align=left|1995<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/566f6509-4b15-4cd4-929a-1cba79f822b2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/566f6509-4b15-4cd4-929a-1cba79f822b2.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=1997 Annual Report|publisher=Amazon 1997 10K |access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
|0.5
|−0.3
|1.1
|
|-
|align=left|1996<ref name="auto3"/>
|16
|−6
|8
|
|-
|align=left|1997<ref name="auto3"/>
|148
|−28
|149
|614
|-
|align=left|1998<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=2002 Amazon 10K |url=https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/fae0d139-777f-489f-8e63-c97285413f9d.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/fae0d139-777f-489f-8e63-c97285413f9d.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
|610
|−124
|648
|2,100
|-
|align=left|1999<ref name="auto2"/>
|1,639
|−720
|2,466
|7,600
|-
|align=left|2000<ref name="auto2"/>
|2,761
|−1,411
|2,135
|9,000
|-
|align=left|2001<ref name="auto2"/>
|3,122
|−567
|1,638
|7,800
|-
|align=left|2002<ref name="auto2"/>
|3,932
|−149
|1,990
|7,500
|-
|align=left|2003<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146|title=2007 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|5,263
|35
|2,162
|7,800
|-
|align=left|2004<ref name="auto1"/>
|6,921
|588
|3,248
|9,000
|-
|align=left|2005<ref name="auto1"/>
|8,490
|359
|3,696
|12,000
|-
|align=left|2006<ref name="auto1"/>
|10,711
|190
|4,363
|13,900
|-
|align=left|2007<ref name="auto1"/>
|14,835
|476
|6,485
|17,000
|-
|align=left|2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7|title=2008 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|19,166
|645
|8,314
|20,700
|-
|align=left|2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41|title=2009 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|24,509
|902
|13,813
|24,300
|-
|align=left|2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478|title=2010 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000053/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478|archive-date=November 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|34,204
|1,152
|18,797
|33,700
|-
|align=left|2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1|title=2011 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000117/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1|archive-date=November 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|48,077
|631
|25,278
|56,200
|-
|align=left|2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4|title=2012 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172625/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|61,093
|−39
|32,555
|88,400
|-
|align=left|2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487|title=2013 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172625/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|74,452
|274
|40,159
|117,300
|-
|align=left|2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/29/amazon-reports-89b-in-sales-2014|title=Amazon reports $89bn in sales last year as shares jump 11% after hours|last=Neate|first=Rupert|date=January 29, 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=November 7, 2018|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816053349/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/29/amazon-reports-89b-in-sales-2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|88,988
|−241
|54,505
|154,100
|-
! align="left" |
! colspan="3" |in billion US$
!
|-
| align="left" |2015<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/amazon-clocks-107-billion-in-revenue-in-2015-1201691106/ |title=Amazon Clocks $107 Billion In Revenue In 2015 |last=Roettgers |first=Janko |date=January 28, 2016 |website=Variety |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130110830/https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/amazon-clocks-107-billion-in-revenue-in-2015-1201691106/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|107.0
|0.59
|64.7
|230,800
|-
| align="left" |2016<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-revenues-hit-by-stronger-dollar-miss-wall-street-expectations/ |title=Amazon sales hit $136B in 2016; dollar hurts overseas business |date=February 2, 2017 |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204225/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-revenues-hit-by-stronger-dollar-miss-wall-street-expectations/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|135.9
|2.3
|83.4
|341,400
|-
| align="left" |2017<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42911123 |title=Amazon 2017 sales jump by nearly a third |date=February 1, 2018 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916133305/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42911123 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|177.8
|3.0
|131.3
|566,000
|-
| align="left" |2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ_AMZN_2018.pdf |title=2018 Annual Report |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127230014/https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ_AMZN_2018.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|232.8
|10.0
|162.6
|647,500
|-
| align="left" |2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=2019 Annual Report}}</ref>
|280.5
|11.5
|225.2
|798,000
|-
| align="left" |2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Results|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2021/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/default.aspx|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=ir.aboutamazon.com|language=en-US|archive-date= 2021-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202211902/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2021/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|386.0
|21.3
|321.1
|1,298,000
|-
| align="left" |2021<ref name="2022-10K" />
|469.8
|33.3
|420.5
|1,608,000
|-
| align="left" |2022<ref name="2022-10K">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872423000004/amzn-20221231.htm |title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2022 Form 10-K Annual Report |publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] |date=February 3, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203170438/https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872423000004/amzn-20221231.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|513.9
|−2.7
|462.6
|1,541,000
|-
| align="left" |2023<ref name="2023-10K">{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000008/amzn-20231231.htm | title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=February 2, 2024 | access-date=February 3, 2024 | archive-date=February 3, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203001041/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000008/amzn-20231231.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
|574.7
|30.4
|527.8
|1,525,000
|-
| align="left" |2024<ref name="10K" />
|637.9
|59.2
|624.8
|1,556,000
|-
| align="left" |2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Results |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2026/Amazon-com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=ir.aboutamazon.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |716.9
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |77.7
|818.0
|1,576,000
|}

=== Corporate culture ===
During his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of [[Warren Buffett]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last1=Gregg |first1=Tricia |last2=Groysberg |first2=Boris |date=May 17, 2019 |title=Amazon's Priorities Over the Years, Based on Jeff Bezos's Letters to Shareholders |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2019/05/amazons-priorities-over-the-years-based-on-jeff-bezoss-letters-to-shareholders |access-date=September 27, 2022 |issn=0017-8012 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927213908/https://hbr.org/2019/05/amazons-priorities-over-the-years-based-on-jeff-bezoss-letters-to-shareholders |url-status=live }}</ref> These annual letters gave an "invaluable window" into the famously "secretive" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Manjoo |first=Farhad |date=August 10, 2016 |title=Think Amazon's Drone Delivery Idea Is a Gimmick? Think Again |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/11/technology/think-amazons-drone-delivery-idea-is-a-gimmick-think-again.html |access-date=September 27, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927213915/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/11/technology/think-amazons-drone-delivery-idea-is-a-gimmick-think-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, "customer obsession") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritson |first=Mark |date=February 3, 2021 |title=Jeff Bezos's success at Amazon is down to one thing: focusing on the customer |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/mark-ritson-jeff-bezos-success-focusing-on-customer/ |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=Marketing Week |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927213910/https://www.marketingweek.com/mark-ritson-jeff-bezos-success-focusing-on-customer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for "all teams" to "expose their data and functionality" through service interfaces "designed from the ground up to be externalizable". This process, commonly known as a [[service-oriented architecture]] (SOA), resulted in mandatory [[Eating your own dog food|dogfooding]] of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Amazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-08 |title=Jeff Bezos, The Post’s incoming owner, known for a demanding management style at Amazon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/2013/08/07/b5ce5ee8-ff96-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810063239/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/2013/08/07/b5ce5ee8-ff96-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Amazon is built to try and learn |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/tech-and-ai/our-insights/fasttimes/interviews/beth-galetti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109065118/https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/tech-and-ai/our-insights/fasttimes/interviews/beth-galetti |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=McKinsey & Company |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-03 |title=Maximize Experimentation {{!}} Stanford eCorner |url=https://stvp.stanford.edu/clips/maximize-experimentation/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Stanford Technology Ventures Program |language=en-US |archive-date=September 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907151759/https://stvp.stanford.edu/clips/maximize-experimentation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to encourage employee initiative and experimentation.

===Lobbying===
Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and [[Information privacy|data protection]] and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the [[United States Congress]], the [[Federal Communications Commission]] and the [[Federal Reserve]]. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5 million, $5 million and $9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon's Lobbying Expenditures |language=en-US |website=Opensecrets.org |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000023883 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207101249/https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000023883 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, it spent $16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Client Profile: Amazon.com |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2019&id=D000023883 |access-date=February 4, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Responsive Politics |archive-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207101249/https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000023883 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Amazon.com was a corporate member of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2012/05/24/amazon-shareholders-met-by-protesters.html |first=Emily |last=Parkhurst |title=Amazon shareholders met by protesters, company cuts ties with ALEC |website=Bizjournals.com |date=May 24, 2012 |access-date=May 29, 2012 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727040920/https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2012/05/24/amazon-shareholders-met-by-protesters.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the [[Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld]] lobbying firm in June.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Romm |first1=Tony |title=In Amazon's shopping cart: D.C. influence |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/amazon-dc-influence-109776.html |date=August 6, 2014 |work=Politico |access-date=August 7, 2014 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729165308/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/amazon-dc-influence-109776 |url-status=live }}</ref> Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/technology/faa-drone-laws-start-to-clash-with-stricter-local-rules.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228045609/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/technology/faa-drone-laws-start-to-clash-with-stricter-local-rules.html |archive-date=December 28, 2015 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=F.A.A. Drone Laws Start to Clash With Stricter Local Rules|last=Kang|first=Cecilia|date=December 27, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.<ref>{{cite news|author=Matt McFarland|title=Amazon gets closer to drone delivery with FAA approval|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/tech/amazon-drone-faa-approval/index.html|access-date=September 4, 2020|publisher=CNN|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927162225/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/tech/amazon-drone-faa-approval/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated $1 million to Trump's inaugural fund.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 21, 2025|first=Ben|last=Kamisar|title=Major corporate interests and megadonors gave $239 million to fund Trump's inauguration|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/major-corporate-interests-megadonors-gave-239-million-fund-trumps-inau-rcna202074|access-date=April 29, 2025|publisher=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=April 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425020841/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/major-corporate-interests-megadonors-gave-239-million-fund-trumps-inau-rcna202074|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the [[Egg rolling#United States|White House Easter Egg Roll]], after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wise |first=Alana |date=April 19, 2025 |title=White House solicits corporate sponsors for its Easter Egg Roll event |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/19/g-s1-61377/white-house-easter-egg-roll-corporate-sponsors |access-date=April 24, 2025 |publisher=NPR |language=en |archive-date=April 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423222756/https://www.npr.org/2025/04/19/g-s1-61377/white-house-easter-egg-roll-corporate-sponsors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johansen |first=Ben |date=April 19, 2025 |title=Companies vying for Trump's attention are sponsoring the Easter Egg Roll |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/19/white-house-egg-roll-sponsors-00299714 |access-date=April 24, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> In October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the [[White House State Ballroom]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maher |first1=Kit |last2=Tapper |first2=Jake |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Alejandra |title=White House releases list of donors for Trump's multi-million-dollar ballroom |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/23/politics/ballroom-donors-white-house-trump |access-date=23 October 2025 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251023104311/https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/23/politics/ballroom-donors-white-house-trump |archive-date=October 23, 2025}}</ref>

Amazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Amazon |date=2025-07-15 |title=How Amazon is helping power America's AI future |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/amazon-aws-trump-summit-ai-energy-future |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Amazon News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LobbyMap: Amazon |url=https://lobbymap.org/evidence/42054067e63e4ca8188f8a550e687a14 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=lobbymap.org}}</ref> Amazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C3 Energy Summit - Dec 15, 2025 |url=https://c3energysummit.com/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=C3 Energy Summit |language=en-US}}</ref> A December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Takver |first=Rei |date=2025-12-18 |title=Amazon Sponsors AI Energy Summit Featuring Climate Deniers |url=https://www.desmog.com/2025/12/18/amazon-sponsors-ai-energy-summit-featuring-climate-deniers/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=DeSmog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LobbyMap: Amazon |url=https://lobbymap.org/evidence/d65938efb89d7db7a6acc0c7fab141a6 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=lobbymap.org}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
{{Main|Criticism of Amazon}}

[[File:Anti-Amazon sticker.jpg|thumb|A sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle]]Amazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/05/22/amazon-is-selling-facial-recognition-to-law-enforcement-for-a-fistful-of-dollars/|title=Amazon is selling facial recognition to law enforcement — for a fistful of dollars|first=Elizabeth|last=Dwoskin|date=May 22, 2018|language=en-US|access-date=August 18, 2018|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015001022/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/05/22/amazon-is-selling-facial-recognition-to-law-enforcement-for-a-fistful-of-dollars/|url-status=live}}</ref> forming cloud computing partnerships with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]];<ref name="vanity-fair">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|title='Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon': Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?|first=May|last=Jeong|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 13, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=August 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821034524/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|url-status=live}}</ref> leading customers away from bookshops;<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Lure's Shoppers Away from Stores |first=Nick |last=Leiber |url=http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/running_small_business/archives/2011/12/amazon_turns_shops_into_showrooms_with_new_app.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208221628/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/running_small_business/archives/2011/12/amazon_turns_shops_into_showrooms_with_new_app.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 8, 2011 |newspaper=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=December 7, 2011 |access-date=December 7, 2011}}</ref> adversely impacting the environment;<ref name="Cavaillez">{{cite news |author=Jean-Philippe Cavaillez |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Plateforme logistique Amazon : bras de fer dans l'Est lyonnais |language=fr |page=10 |newspaper=[[Le Progrès]] |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/rhone-69-edition-lyon-metropole/2019/03/05/plateforme-logistique-amazon-bras-de-fer-dans-l-est-lyonnais |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024154429/https://www.leprogres.fr/rhone-69-edition-lyon-metropole/2019/03/05/plateforme-logistique-amazon-bras-de-fer-dans-l-est-lyonnais |url-status=live }}</ref> placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greene |first1=Jay |last2=Alcantara |first2=Chris |title=Amazon warehouse workers suffer serious injuries at higher rates than other firms |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/01/amazon-osha-injury-rate/ |access-date=April 11, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331164313/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/01/amazon-osha-injury-rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakrabortty |first=Aditya |date=November 22, 2024 |title=Chronic pain and ravaged mental health: this is the brutal reality of Britain's new working class |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/nov/22/britain-working-class-pain-mental-health |work=The Guardian |language= |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> actively opposing unionization efforts;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matsakis |first1=Louise |title=Why Amazon Really Raised Its Minimum Wage to $15 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/why-amazon-really-raised-minimum-wage/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=June 10, 2019 |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030030200/https://www.wired.com/story/why-amazon-really-raised-minimum-wage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its [[1-Click]] technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and [[price discrimination]];<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Lina |date=January 2017 |title=Amazon's Antitrust Paradox |url=https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox |url-status=live |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=564–907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405144903/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=February 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="baum">{{cite news |last1=Baum |first1=Andrew |title=Amazon Wins Ruling on Results for Searches on Brands It Doesn't Sell |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/amazon-wins-ruling-results-searches-brands-it-doesn-t-sell |access-date=December 21, 2015 |work=The National Law Review |publisher=Foley & Lardner |date=October 23, 2015 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727055253/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/amazon-wins-ruling-results-searches-brands-it-doesn-t-sell |url-status=live }}</ref> and reclassifying [[LGBTQ]] books as adult content.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Slatterly |first=Brennon |title=Amazon 'Glitch' Yanks Sales Rank of Hundreds of LGBT Books |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/162996/amazon_glitch_yanks_sales_rank_of_hundreds_of_lgbt_books.html |magazine=[[PC World]] |date=April 13, 2009 |access-date=July 28, 2012 |archive-date=July 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728223422/http://www.pcworld.com/article/162996/amazon_glitch_yanks_sales_rank_of_hundreds_of_lgbt_books.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Armstrong |first=Paul |title=Amazon: 'Glitch' caused gay censorship error |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/14/amazon.gay.lesbian.ranking/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 17, 2020 |date=April 14, 2009 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024213304/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/14/amazon.gay.lesbian.ranking/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the [[WikiLeaks]] website, works containing [[Defamation|libel]], anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating [[dog fighting]], [[cockfighting]], or [[pedophilia|pedophile]] activities. An article published by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in the wake of social media website [[Parler]]'s termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5929888/amazon-parler-aws/|title=Why Amazon's Move to Drop Parler Is a Big Deal for the Future of the Internet|author=Alex Fitzpatrick|date=January 21, 2021|access-date=November 26, 2023|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-date=November 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128104146/http://time.com/5929888/amazon-parler-aws/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/12/20/groupon-launches-anti-amazon-promotion-of-sorts/|title=Groupon Launches Anti-Amazon Promotion of Sorts|last=Raice|first=Shayndi|date=December 20, 2011|website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725044624/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/12/20/groupon-launches-anti-amazon-promotion-of-sorts/|url-status=live}}</ref> Companies like [[Groupon]], [[eBay]] and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetretailer.com/commentary/2011/12/22/while-some-still-cry-others-fight-back |title=Focus on Mobile Commerce – While some still cry, others fight back |work=Internet Retailer |access-date=February 1, 2012 |archive-date=March 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327071349/https://www.internetretailer.com/commentary/2011/12/22/while-some-still-cry-others-fight-back |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay |title=What can retailers learn from Amazon, Groupon and eBay? – Mobile Commerce Daily – Multichannel retail support |work=Mobile Commerce Daily |date=December 20, 2011 |access-date=February 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207203932/http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to [[Brad Stone (journalist)|Brad Stone]], "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."<ref name="New Yorker"/> In July 2014, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complaint, Federal Trade Commission v. Amazon.com, Inc. |url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/FGNCSIQ/Federal_Trade_Commission_v_Amazoncom_Inc__wawdce-14-01038__0001.0.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/FGNCSIQ/Federal_Trade_Commission_v_Amazoncom_Inc__wawdce-14-01038__0001.0.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |website=PacerMonitor |access-date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> In 2019, Amazon banned selling [[Skin whitening|skin-lightening]] products after pushback from [[Minnesota]] health and [[Environmental movement|environmental activists.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-skin-lightening-products-with-high-mercury-levels/|title=Amazon pulls "racist" skin-lightening products|publisher=CBS News |date=November 22, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=November 24, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725042954/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-skin-lightening-products-with-high-mercury-levels/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general [[Letitia James]] was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Reuters |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Amazon.com wins dismissal of NY attorney general lawsuit over worker safety |language=en |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/appeals-court-dismisses-new-york-lawsuit-against-amazoncom-over-worker-safety-2022-05-10/ |access-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510155152/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/appeals-court-dismisses-new-york-lawsuit-against-amazoncom-over-worker-safety-2022-05-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden Administration]], to "reduce the visibility" of books critical of the [[COVID-19 vaccine]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Parker |date=February 8, 2024 |title=The Amazon Files: Biden likes banning books too, you hypocrites - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2845323/the-amazon-files-biden-likes-banning-books-too-you-hypocrites/ |access-date=February 14, 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214162534/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2845323/the-amazon-files-biden-likes-banning-books-too-you-hypocrites/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 13, 2024 |title=Biden administration pressured Amazon to censor books that questioned COVID vaccines - Washington Times |website=[[The Washington Times]] |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/feb/5/biden-administration-pressured-amazon-censure-book/ |access-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213074945/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/feb/5/biden-administration-pressured-amazon-censure-book/ |archive-date=February 13, 2024 }}</ref> which was revealed after Rep. [[Jim Jordan]] (acting on behalf of the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Jordan |first=Jim |user=Jim_Jordan |number=1754637204146581783 |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Amazon Files Thread |access-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214162533/https://twitter.com/Jim_Jordan/status/1754637204146581783 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Amazon Prime van blocking bike lane at CityCenterDC.jpg|thumb|upright|An Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C.]]
Amazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically [[double parking]], blocking [[bike lane]]s, and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to [[traffic congestion]] and endangering other road users.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haag |first1=Matthew |last2=Hu |first2=Winnie |title=1.5 Million Packages a Day: The Internet Brings Chaos to N.Y. Streets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/27/nyregion/nyc-amazon-delivery.html |access-date=December 13, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128210832/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/27/nyregion/nyc-amazon-delivery.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dungca |first1=Nicole |title=Seeing Red: Ride-hailing, deliveries add traffic to Boston's crowded streets |url=https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/investigations/spotlight/2019/11/21/seeing-red/convenience-culture-makes-traffic-worse/ |access-date=December 13, 2024 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=November 21, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212131528/https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/investigations/spotlight/2019/11/21/seeing-red/convenience-culture-makes-traffic-worse/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bergmann |first1=Joy |title=Locals Decry 'Total Madness' of Delivery Truck Parking; Proposed City Council Bill May Help |url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2019/01/28/locals-decry-total-madness-of-delivery-truck-parking-proposed-city-council-bill-may-help |access-date=December 13, 2024 |work=West Side Rag |date=January 28, 2019 |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213125201/https://www.westsiderag.com/2019/01/28/locals-decry-total-madness-of-delivery-truck-parking-proposed-city-council-bill-may-help |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Caldwell |first1=Christopher |title=Something Has Changed on City Streets, and Amazon Is to Blame |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/opinion/amazon-delivery-trucks-urban-planning.html |access-date=December 13, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 17, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213191616/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/opinion/amazon-delivery-trucks-urban-planning.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jane Friedman<ref name="janefriedman/books">{{cite web |title=Books by Jane Friedman |url=https://janefriedman.com/books/ |website=Jane Friedman.com |access-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810113239/https://janefriedman.com/books/ |url-status=live }}</ref> discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and [[Goodreads]]. Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)."<ref name="janefriedman/rather-my-books-pirated">{{cite web |last1=Friedman |first1=Jane |title=I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires) |url=https://janefriedman.com/i-would-rather-see-my-books-pirated/ |website=Jane Friedman |access-date=August 9, 2023 |date=August 7, 2023 |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809003245/https://janefriedman.com/i-would-rather-see-my-books-pirated/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="arstechnica/2023/08/ai-generated-counterfeit-books-amazon">{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=Author discovers AI-generated counterfeit books written in her name on Amazon |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/08/author-discovers-ai-generated-counterfeit-books-written-in-her-name-on-amazon/ |access-date=August 9, 2023 |work=Ars Technica |date=August 8, 2023 |language=en-us |archive-date=August 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808231428/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/08/author-discovers-ai-generated-counterfeit-books-written-in-her-name-on-amazon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vice/v7b774">{{cite web |last1=Roscoe |first1=Jules |title=AI-Generated Books of Nonsense Are All Over Amazon's Bestseller Lists |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists/ |website=Vice |access-date=August 9, 2023 |language=en |date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=August 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808123916/https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7b774/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost/amazon-goodreads">{{cite news |last1=O'Donovan |first1=Caroline |title=Goodreads was the future of book reviews. Then Amazon bought it. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/01/amazon-goodreads-elizabeth-gilbert/ |access-date=August 9, 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=July 2, 2023 |archive-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145218/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/01/amazon-goodreads-elizabeth-gilbert/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of [[Ring (company)|Ring]] (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news |date=January 27, 2024 |title=Ring will no longer allow police to request users' doorbell camera footage|publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/25/1226942087/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127172246/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/25/1226942087/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage |archive-date=January 27, 2024|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] for this change.<ref name="auto4"/>

In February 2025, [[Sky UK|Sky]] accused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via "jailbroken" Fire Sticks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalleres |first=Frank |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Sky accuses Amazon of failing to prevent piracy on Fire Sticks |url=https://www.cityam.com/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks/ |access-date=February 27, 2025 |website=City AM |language=en-GB |archive-date=February 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154039/https://www.cityam.com/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Project Nimbus]] is a contract by which Amazon and Google provide [[Israel]] and [[Israel Defense Forces|its military]] with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwet |first=Michael |title=How US Big Tech supports Israel's AI-powered genocide and apartheid |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid |access-date=July 17, 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=July 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716212913/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Nico |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Google Employee Who Played Key Role in Protest of Contract With Israel Quits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html |access-date=July 17, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531195403/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] human rights in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 12, 2021 |title=We are Google and Amazon workers. We condemn Project Nimbus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract |access-date=July 17, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518020549/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Annie |date=2025-09-11 |title=Amazon suspends engineer who protested company's work with Israeli government |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/11/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014034800/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/11/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hays |first=Kali |title=Amazon fires engineer after internal message critical of company's work with Israeli government |url=https://of-interest.beehiiv.com/p/amazon-fires-engineer-after-internal-message-critical-of-company-s-work-with-israeli-government |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Of Interest |language=en}}</ref>

On July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire [[San Francisco]]-based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern [[smartwatch]]es, equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Nicole |title=Why Amazon Wants an AI Bracelet That Records Everything You Say |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/personal-tech/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934 |access-date=July 25, 2025 |website=WSJ |date=July 23, 2025 |language=en-US |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724222242/https://www.wsj.com/tech/personal-tech/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a "Project Dawn" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Annie |date=2026-01-28 |title=Amazon inadvertently announces cloud unit layoffs in email to employees |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/27/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=February 1, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201214259/https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/27/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{anl|Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award}}
* {{anl|Amazon Pay}}
* {{anl|Amazon Standard Identification Number|abbr=ASIN}}
* {{anl|Amazon Storywriter}}
* [[Camelcamelcamel]] – A website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com
* [[History of Amazon]]
* [[Carbon tax#Internal price on carbon|Internal carbon pricing]]
* [[List of book distributors]]
* [[Statistically improbable phrase]]s – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books
{{Portal bar|Internet|Companies|Technology}}

== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brandt |first=Richard L. |year=2011 |title=[[One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com]] |location=New York |publisher=Portfolio Penguin |isbn=978-1-59184-375-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Daisey |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Daisey |year=2002 |title=21 Dog Years |url=https://archive.org/details/21dogyearsdoingt00dais |publisher=Free Press |isbn=0-7432-2580-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Mara |year=2004 |title=Amazon.com for Dummies |url=https://archive.org/details/amazoncomfordumm00frie |publisher=Wiley Publishing |isbn=0-7645-5840-4 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=James |year=2004 |title=Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut |url=https://archive.org/details/amazonia00marc |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=1-56584-870-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Spector |first=Robert |year=2000 |title=Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World |url=https://archive.org/details/amazoncomgetbigf00spec |url-access=registration |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-06-662041-4 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Stone |first=Brad |author-link=Brad Stone (journalist) |year=2013 |title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon |title-link=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon |location=New York |publisher=Little Brown and Co. |isbn=978-0-316-21926-6 |oclc=856249407}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{OpenSecrets}}
* {{OpenCorp|Amazon}}
{{Finance links
| name = Amazon.com, Inc.
| symbol = AMZN
| sec_cik = 1018724
| bloomberg = AMZN:US
| yahoo = AMZN
| google = AMZN:NASDAQ
}}

{{Amazon}}
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| list1 =
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Partha Chatterjee (politician)

2026-03-23T19:00:15Z

Digitalvivek: fixed issues

{{short description|Ex. Minister of School Education of West Bengal|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{distinguish|text=political theorist and historian [[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Partha Chatterjee
| image = Partha chatterjee.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| residence = Kolkata
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of West Bengal]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = {{ubl|[[Ministry of Commerce & Industries (West Bengal)|Ministry for Industry, Commerce and Enterprise]]|[[Ministry of Information Technology and Electronics (West Bengal)|Ministry for Information Technology and Electronics]]|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (West Bengal)|Ministry for Parliamentary Affairs]]}}
| constituency =
| term_start = 10 May 2021
| term_end = 28 July 2022
| term_start1 = 20 May 2011
| term_end1 = 20 December 2012
| predecessor = [[Nirupam Sen (politician)|Nirupam Sen]] [[Amit Mitra]] [[Sailen Sarkar]] Dr. Debesh Das
| successor =
| governor = [[M.K. Narayanan]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] [[La. Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)''
| office2 =
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|Ministry of School Education]]
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 = 20 May 2014
| term_end2 = 10 May 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Bratya Basu]]
| successor2 = [[Bratya Basu]]
| governor2 = [[M.K. Narayanan]] [[D. Y. Patil]] ''(additional charge)'' [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| office3 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Behala Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Paschim]]
| term_start3 = 13 May 2001
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = Nirmal Mukherjee
| office4 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in West Bengal]]
| constituency4 = [[Behala Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Paschim]]
| term_start4 = 21 September 2006
| term_end4 = 13 May 2011
| predecessor4 = [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
| successor4 = [[Surjya Kanta Mishra|Dr Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
| deputy4 = [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
| office5 = Secretary-General of Trinamool Congress
| term_start5 = 1998
| term_end5 = 2022
| office6 = Editor of [[Jago Bangla]]
| term_start6 = 2015
| term_end6 = 2022
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2022–present) [[Trinamool Congress]] (1998–2022) [[Indian National Congress]] ({{small|Until 1998}})
| spouse = Late Babli (Jayasree) Chatterjee<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=26 July 2017 |title=TMC secretary general Partha Chatterjee's wife dead |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tmc-secretary-general-partha-chatterjee-s-wife-dead-117072601292_1.html |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Kolkata |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>
| college =
| children = Sohini Chatterjee<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=5 April 2016 |title=Chip off the old block: Candidates turn to their sons, daughters for help during election campaigns|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/chip-off-the-old-block-candidates-turn-to-their-sons-daughters-for-help-during-election-campaigns-2713056.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |location=Kolkata |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management|IISWBM]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) 
[[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur]]
| website =
| source =
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| nationality =
}}

'''Partha Chatterjee''' (born 6 October 1952) is an Indian politician. He earlier served as the Minister of Commerce and Industries and formerly served as the Education Minister of [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Jayatri |title=WB Trinamool Minister Partha Chatterjee has been summoned by CBI again |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wb-trinamool-minister-partha-chatterjee-has-been-summoned-by-cbi-again/articleshow/91694078.cms |access-date=2022-05-24}}</ref> He represented the [[Trinamool Congress]]. He also held the political office of [[Secretary General]] of the TMC. In July 28 2022, he was suspended indefinitely from the party following his arrest by the [[Enforcement Directorate]].

==Early life==
Chatterjee was born in Calcutta. He attended [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Partha focus on poor show in tech tests|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150615/jsp/calcutta/story_25790.jsp#.WAueOfStjIU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618010035/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150615/jsp/calcutta/story_25790.jsp#.WAueOfStjIU|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> though some former students of the Mission claimed that he was only there for a year, after which he was given a transfer certificate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/outraged-by-ssc-scam-case-former-students-of-narendrapur-ramakrishna-mission-disown-partha-chatterjee-5680759.html|title=Outraged by SSC Scam Case, Former Students of Narendrapur Ramakrishna Mission 'Disown' Partha|publisher=[[Network18 Group]]}}</ref>

He studied economics from [[Asutosh College]] and completed his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management|IISWBM]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Tanmay |title=The 'rise and fall' of Partha Chatterjee, Mamata Banerjee's trusted loyalist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/the-rise-and-fall-of-partha-chatterjee-mamata-banerjee-s-trusted-loyalist-101658847583311.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Chatterjee worked as an [[Human resource management|HR]] professional with [[Andrew Yule and Company Ltd.|Andrew Yule]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal opposes Andrew Yule's shut down of Calcutta electrical division |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/bengal-govt-opposes-andrew-yules-decision-to-close-down-calcutta-electrical-division/cid/1823156 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

He was elected as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Behala Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Paschim]] in 2001, and subsequently re-elected from the same constituency in 2006. In 2011 he won by a margin of 59,021 votes.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp113.htm |title =113 - Behala West Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25154.htm|title = Behala Paschim|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-05-19|archive-date = 16 May 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050702/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25154.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> He was Leader of the Opposition in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 2006 to 2011.<ref name=partha2>{{cite news| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110409/jsp/nation/story_13831831.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110413230852/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110409/jsp/nation/story_13831831.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 April 2011 |title = Team Mamata | newspaper = The Telegraph 9 April 2011 |access-date = 2011-05-19 |location=Calcutta, India |date=2011-04-09}}</ref>

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal assembly elections]] he was re-elected from the same constituency.

He was sworn in as a Cabinet Minister under Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] on 20 May 2011 and allotted the portfolios of [[Ministry of Commerce & Industries (West Bengal)|Commerce and Industry]], [[Ministry of Public Enterprises (West Bengal)|Public Enterprises]], [[Ministry of Information Technology and Electronics (West Bengal)|Information Technology and Electronics]] and [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (West Bengal)|Parliamentary affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/images/21ministry.jpg |title = The Ministry |newspaper = The Telegraph, 21 May 2011 |access-date = 2011-05-21 |location = Calcutta, India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026071516/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/images/21ministry.jpg |archive-date = 26 October 2012 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

He was nominated as deputy leader of the house in 2011.<ref name="partha1">{{cite news| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110516/jsp/frontpage/story_13987791.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525130541/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110516/jsp/frontpage/story_13987791.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 May 2011 |title = Mamata issues model code Dos and don'ts for Trinamul ranks | newspaper =The Telegraph 16 May 2011 |access-date = 2011-05-19 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Arnab |last=Ganguly |date=2011-05-16}}</ref> After the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Assembly election 2016]], he became the Minister-in-Charge of [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|Higher Education and School Education Department]], [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal Government]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/feb/07/west-bengal-education-minister-calls-teachers-cows-1567977--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312035313/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/feb/07/west-bengal-education-minister-calls-teachers-cows-1567977--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2017|title=West Bengal education minister calls teachers 'cows'|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=7 February 2017|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/list-of-ministers-in-mamatas-cabinet/article8654872.ece|title=List of Ministers in Mamata's cabinet|date=27 May 2016|website=thehindu.com|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> and the Ministry of [[Ministry of Commerce & Industries (West Bengal)|Commerce and Industry]], [[Ministry of Public Enterprises (West Bengal)|Public Enterprises]], [[Ministry of Information Technology and Electronics (West Bengal)|Information Technology and Electronics]] replaced by [[Amit Mitra]].

==Controversy==
On 23 July 2022, Chatterjee was arrested from his residence by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] in connection with the [[West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam 2022|alleged State School Service Commission (SSC) recruitment scam]] cases along with his aide actress Arpita Mukherjee. He was admitted to [[SSKM Hospital]] after complaining of chest pains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=Bengal SSC scam case LIVE Updates: Arrested Bengal minister Partha Chatterjee admitted to state-run SSKM Hospital |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/enforcement-directorate-ssc-scam-case-live-updates-raids-minister-partha-chatterjee-tmc-bengal-teacher-recruitment-arpita-mukherjee-cbi-1978971-2022-07-23 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Later, he was shifted to [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS Bhubaneswar]] where doctors said that he suffers from chronic diseases but does not need immediate hospitalization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ED Gets 10 Days' Custody of Arrested WB Minister Partha Chatterjee, Associate |url=https://thewire.in/law/ed-gets-10-days-custody-of-arrested-wb-minister-partha-chatterjee-associate |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=The Wire}}</ref> As of 28 July 2022, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] has recovered ₹498 million(US$5.96 million) cash, gold worth ₹70 crore(US$8.3 million), ₹5.6 crore(US$670K) worth [[foreign currency]] and coded diaries from properties related to him and Arpita Mukherjee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=Rs 49.8 Crore Cash, Rs 5 Crore Gold and Coded Diaries: The Bengal Scam Haul So Far. And Counting? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rs-50-crore-cash-rs-5-crore-gold-and-coded-diaries-the-bengal-scam-haul-so-far-and-counting-5639179.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 July 2022, he was removed as the Minister of [[Ministry of Commerce & Industries (West Bengal)|Commerce and Industry]], [[Ministry of Information Technology and Electronics (West Bengal)|Information Technology and Electronics]] and [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (West Bengal)|Parliamentary Affairs]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2022-07-28 |title=Partha Chatterjee is out of Bengal Cabinet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/arrested-west-bengal-minister-partha-chatterjee-sacked-from-cabinet/article65693598.ece |access-date=2022-07-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=Bengal SSC Scam LIVE Updates: Partha Chatterjee Sacked as Minister Over Graft Charges, May be Removed as TMC Gen Secy Too |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bengal-ssc-scam-live-updates-partha-chatterjee-arpita-mukherjee-ed-tmc-mithun-bjp-wbssc-mamata-banerjee-livenews-5638663.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and suspended from the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-07-28 |title=Arrested leader Partha Chatterjee suspended from TMC, removed from all posts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ssc-scam-arrested-leader-partha-chatterjee-suspended-from-tmc-removed-from-all-posts-11659013284853.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> On 5 August 2022, he and his aide Arpita Mukherjee were sent to jail custody. He was bailed on 11 November 2025.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-08-05 |title=Partha Chatterjee, close Girlfriend Arpita sent to jail till 18 August in Bengal School Service scam |url=https://theprint.in/india/partha-chatterjee-close-aide-arpita-sent-to-jail-till-18-august-in-bengal-school-service-scam/1070800/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He is still under trial, but the people of his state proclaim him as a thief as they use the slogans "Partha is a thief ".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Chor, chor': Bengal minister Partha Chatterjee 'greeted' at AIIMS Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/partha-chatterjee-chor-chor-chant-aiims-bhubaneshwar-school-scam-case-1979687-2022-07-25 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=India Today |date=25 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Bratya Basu]] |
| title = Minister of Education in the [[West Bengal Government]]
| years = 2014 –
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{succession box
| before = ? |
| title = Parliamentary Affairs in the [[West Bengal Government]]
| years = 2014 –
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{succession box
| before = ? |
| title = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| years = 2011 – 2016
| after = [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Partha}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni]]
[[Category:Asutosh College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

ATN Bangla

2026-03-23T16:21:52Z

Digitalvivek: typo fix

{{Short description|Bangladeshi television channel}}
{{For|the unrelated Canadian Bengali language television channel operated by Asian Television Network|ATN Bangla (Canada)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = ATN Bangla এটিএন বাংলা
| logo = ATN Bangla Logo without slogan.svg
| logo_size = 240px
| image = ATN Bangla Dhaka.jpg
| caption = The headquarters of ATN Bangla in Kawran Bazar
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1997|07|15|df=y}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[16:9]] [[576i]] for [[SDTV]] sets)
| network =
| owner = Multimedia Production Company
| key_people = Mahfuzur Rahman (Managing Director and CEO)
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| area = Worldwide
| headquarters = Kawran Bazar, Dhaka
| former_names =
| replaced =
| sister_channels = [[ATN News]]
| website = {{URL|atnbangla.tv|ATN Bangla}}
| online_serv_1 = [[Sling TV]]
| online_chan_1 = [[IPTV|Internet Protocol television]]
}}
'''ATN Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|এটিএন বাংলা}}), 'ATN' being the acronym of the unused '''Asian Television Network''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nur E JannathTasnim |title=A Report on the Internship at ATN Bangla |url=http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/9069/13303012_ENH.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=[[BRAC University]] |publisher=Department of English and Humanities |access-date=28 June 2020 |page=10 |date=August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022013102/https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/9069/13303012_ENH.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-date=22 October 2019}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language [[Satellite television|satellite]] and [[Cable television|cable]] [[television channel]] owned by Multimedia Production Company. It is based in the [[Kawran Bazar]] neighborhood of [[Dhaka]]. ATN Bangla is the first privately owned television channel and the first to broadcast on satellite in Bangladesh. The channel began broadcasting on 15 July 1997. ATN Bangla is broadcast in over 130 countries worldwide.<ref name="10th">{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/07/15/d707151403107.htm|title=Tenth anniversary of ATN Bangla|date=15 July 2007|access-date=6 August 2022|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042259/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/07/15/d707151403107.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
As nothing of the kind existed in the country at the time, Mahfuzur Rahman had plans to establish a privately owned satellite television channel in Bangladesh, after seeing the popularity of [[Zee TV]] in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/in_depth/2010/05/100512_mk_bigint_mahfuzur_rahman|script-title=bn:এটিএন বাংলার চেয়ারম্যান মাহফুজুর রহমান|date=12 May 2010|access-date=31 July 2022|work=[[BBC Bangla]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720100814/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/in_depth/2010/05/100512_mk_bigint_mahfuzur_rahman|archive-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> He later rented a one-hour slot to broadcast Bengali-language programs on ''ATN Music'', a Mumbai-based television channel, which gained popularity. After ATN Music was shut down, Rahman thought of establishing a full-fledged Bengali-language satellite television channel.<ref name="ntv">{{cite news|url=https://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/154627/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B|script-title=bn:আমার গলায় সেট হয় রোমান্টিক গানগুলো|date=17 September 2017|access-date=6 August 2022|work=[[NTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|NTV]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920115923/https://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/154627/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B|archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>

ATN Bangla was the first Bangladeshi privately owned television channel to officially gain a license to broadcast. It officially began broadcasting using a [[Thaicom]] satellite on 15 July 1997, with the "Obiram Banglar Mukh" (অবিরাম বাংলার মুখ; {{lit|The face of eternal Bengal}}) slogan. It is also the first Bengali-language television channel in the world to broadcast worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Osmani|first=M. Haque|url=https://www.academia.edu/7825055/News_Coverage_and_Treatment_in_Prime_Time_Bulletins_A_Comparative_Study_on_BTV_and_ATN_Bangla|title=News Coverage and Treatment in Prime Time Bulletins: A Comparative Study on BTV and ATN Bangla|access-date=6 June 2022|work=[[Academia.edu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030035814/https://www.academia.edu/7825055/News_Coverage_and_Treatment_in_Prime_Time_Bulletins_A_Comparative_Study_on_BTV_and_ATN_Bangla|archive-date=30 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/tv/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE|script-title=bn:২২ বছরে এটিএন বাংলা|date=14 July 2018|access-date=13 June 2022|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613075321/https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/tv/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/03/17/d403171105101.htm|title=Bangladeshi television programs in different satellites|date=17 March 2004|access-date=2 August 2022|work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=11635|script-title=bn:এটিএন বাংলা’র রজত জয়ন্তী|date=15 July 2022|access-date=5 August 2022|work=[[Manab Zamin]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127203723/https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=11635|archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> The name of the channel, ''ATN Bangla'', was also derived from the defunct Indian channel.<ref name="ntv"/>

The channel broadcast commercials from advertisers that could not advertise on [[Bangladesh Television]] due to a strict policy on advertising on the network.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/factors-leading-the-growth-of-satellite-channels-43325|title=Factors leading the growth of satellite channels|date=27 September 2014|access-date=21 August 2022|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623032954/https://www.thedailystar.net/factors-leading-the-growth-of-satellite-channels-43325|archive-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> Aside from Bangladesh, the channel became popular among Bengali-speaking people in India as well. ATN Bangla had a sister channel known as ''ATN World'', which was devoted solely to Indian-produced programming. ATN World began test transmissions in November 1999.<ref>{{cite news|last=Majumdar|first=Sourav|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/usha-ispat-set-to-alter-terms-199072901043_1.html|title=Usha Ispat Set To Alter Terms|date=29 July 1999|access-date=3 September 2024|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609111350/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/usha-ispat-set-to-alter-terms-199072901043_1.html|archive-date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dutt|first=Ishita Ayan|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/atn-plans-another-bengali-channel-100051701032_1.html|title=Atn Plans Another Bengali Channel|date=17 May 2000|access-date=3 September 2024|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902231417/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/atn-plans-another-bengali-channel-100051701032_1.html|archive-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> ATN Bangla came under fire in India for its tobacco advertisements, which led to its replacement with a new channel named ATN Kolkata in November 2001 for West Bengal audiences.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/international-news/atn-kolkata-replaces-atn-bangla-4304.html|title=ATN Kolkata replaces ATN Bangla|date=3 November 2001|access-date=25 January 2026|work=Exchange4Media}}</ref>

ATN Bangla began using digital technology to broadcast, moving away from analog technology, in May 1999.<ref name="beyond">{{cite news |last=Deepita |first=Novera |date=4 February 2006 |title=From BTV to ETV and beyond: The television revolution |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/celebrating_bd/celeb_bd18.htm |work=15th Anniversary Supplement |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=4 February 2006 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313143917/http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/celebrating_bd/celeb_bd18.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ATN Bangla began broadcasting Bengali-language news programming on 16 August 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ATN Bangla celebrates 21st anniv|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/322116/ATN-Bangla-celebrates-21st-anniv|date=15 July 2018|access-date=12 October 2021|work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127210100/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/322116/ATN-Bangla-celebrates-21st-anniv|archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/87530/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE|script-title=bn:২১ বছরে এটিএন বাংলা|date=15 July 2017|access-date=11 August 2022|work=[[Daily Inqilab]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411145039/https://old.dailyinqilab.com/article/87530/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE|archive-date=11 April 2025}}</ref> It later began airing English-language news programming on 1 October 2002.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/mass-media/news/40138|script-title=bn:এটিএন বাংলার ১৯ বছরে পদার্পণ|date=15 July 2015|access-date=6 August 2022|work=[[Jago News 24]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007220422/https://www.jagonews24.com/mass-media/news/40138|archive-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> [[Naem Nizam]] was the first news editor of ATN Bangla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naem Nizam gets Lifetime Achievement Award {{!}} Daily Sun {{!}}|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/589050/Naem-Nizam-gets-Lifetime-Achievement-Award|access-date=30 July 2022|website=Daily Sun|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911061355/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/589050/Naem-Nizam-gets-Lifetime-Achievement-Award|archive-date=11 September 2025}}</ref> The channel was heavily praised for its coverage of the [[Iraq War]] in 2003. It also introduced hourly news bulletins during that period.<ref name="beyond"/>

In March 2004, ATN Bangla began broadcasting in the Americas.<ref name="ntv"/> On 22 November 2004, ATN Bangla won the International Children's Day of Broadcasting Award at the [[32nd International Emmy Awards]] for its segment, ''Amrao Pari'' (We, too, Can). The documentary was shot and directed by eighteen Bangladeshi teenagers and was focused on the story of Abul Khaer, a 9-year-old boy who stopped a passenger train from approaching a disjointed rail track and prevented a train disaster.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/videoaudio/video_24220.html |title=ATN Bangla wins International Children's Day of Broadcasting Award |date=2004 |website=UNICEF |access-date=9 October 2009 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510002450/http://www.unicef.org/videoaudio/video_24220.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="beyond"/> The channel had also won several more awards for its news and entertainment programming.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/atn-bangla-turns-17|title=ATN Bangla turns 17|date=15 July 2013|access-date=6 August 2022|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224210352/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/atn-bangla-turns-17|archive-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> [[ATN Bangla (Canada)|ATN Bangla]] was launched in Canada on 19 October 2005 by [[Asian Television Network]],<ref>[http://www.asiantelevision.com/pr/New%20Channel%20Launch%20and%20Cricket%202005.pdf ATN launches four more digital television channels and acquires more cricket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070924074421/http://www.asiantelevision.com/pr/New%20Channel%20Launch%20and%20Cricket%202005.pdf |date=24 September 2007 }} ATN press release</ref><ref>[http://www.channelcanada.com/Article1104.html ATN launches four more digital television channels and acquires more cricket] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017100053/http://www.channelcanada.com/Article1104.html |date=October 17, 2008 }} Channel Canada 24 October 2005</ref> which later lost the rights of airing programming from the Bangladeshi ATN Bangla. Thus, the Canadian ATN Bangla no longer has any connection with the Bangladeshi channel.

In 2007, ''[[Doll's House (TV series)|Doll's House]]'', the first Bangladeshi soap opera targeted towards a female audience, premiered on ATN Bangla.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamol|first=Ershad|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-174|title="Dolls House": Daily soap for women on ATN Bangla|date=16 August 2007|access-date=6 June 2022|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127212337/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-174|archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> ATN Bangla began airing ''[[The Lost World (TV series)|The Lost World]]'' in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-86624|title=Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World on ATN Bangla|date=4 May 2009|access-date=2 August 2022|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127210917/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-86624|archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> On 7 June 2010, ATN Bangla's sister, [[ATN News]], officially began broadcasting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-141748|title=ATN News goes on air today|date=7 June 2010|access-date=6 June 2022|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230000425/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-141748|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> In November 2011, ATN Bangla, along with three other Bangladeshi television channels, signed an agreement with [[UNICEF]] to air children's programming for one minute.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-209181|title=4 TVs to air one minute's free programme on child issues|date=4 November 2011|access-date=12 June 2022|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107123315/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-209181|archive-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

ATN Bangla received an award for the best entertainment channel for 2013 from the Bangladesh Cable Television Viewers Forum in May 2014. One of its programs, ''Amra Korbo Joy'', was also awarded the best children's show.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.thedailystar.net/ekattor-atn-bangla-best-tv-channels-26147|title=Ekattor, ATN Bangla best TV channels|date=29 May 2014|access-date=7 September 2024|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125053144/https://online.thedailystar.net/ekattor-atn-bangla-best-tv-channels-26147|archive-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> On the occasion of the month of [[Ramadan]], ATN Bangla was one of the eight television channels to broadcast the cooking series ''Pran Premium Ghee Star Cook'' in July 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:প্রাণ প্রিমিয়াম ঘি 'স্টার কুক' আট চ্যানেলে|url=https://banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/305141.details|date=6 July 2014|access-date=2 September 2024|work=[[Banglanews24.com]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007220410/https://banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/305141.details|archive-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> In June 2018, [[Dipankar Dipon]]'s directorial debut film ''[[Dhaka Attack]]'' had its world premiere on ATN Bangla.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2018/05/27/dhaka-attack-to-get-its-television-premiere|title=Dhaka Attack to get its television premiere|date=27 May 2018|access-date=6 June 2022|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> In August 2018, in observance of [[Eid al-Adha]], ATN Bangla aired several Hollywood films dubbed in Bengali, including ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1528762.bdnews|script-title=bn:'টাইটানিক' এবার এটিএন বাংলায়|date=12 August 2018|access-date=2 August 2022|work=[[BDNews24]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127215548/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1528762.bdnews|archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> In October 2018, ATN Bangla's ''Crime Patrol'' was ranked as the most popular television series in Bangladesh according to TRP reports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/157819/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2|script-title=bn:জনপ্রিয়তার শীর্ষে ধারাবাহিক নাটক ক্রাইম পেট্রোল|date=7 October 2018|access-date=31 July 2022|work=[[Daily Inqilab]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224132512/https://old.dailyinqilab.com/article/157819/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2|archive-date=24 February 2025}}</ref>

ATN Bangla began airing the Turkish drama ''[[Cennet'in Gözyaşları]]'', with the title being simplified to as ''Jannat'', on 14 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1608445.bdnews|script-title=bn:বঙ্গে এলো তুর্কি সিরিয়াল 'জান্নাত'|date=1 April 2019|access-date=2 August 2022|work=BDNews24|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223053425/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/article1608445.bdnews|archive-date=23 February 2025}}</ref> The channel also began airing the Chinese drama ''Feather Flies to the Sky'' in March 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/379273/Chinese-TV-drama-serial-debuts-in-Bangladesh|title=Chinese TV drama serial debuts in Bangladesh|date=21 March 2019|access-date=2 August 2022|work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225030759/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/379273/Chinese-TV-drama-serial-debuts-in-Bangladesh|archive-date=25 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/entertainment/178133/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%9C%E0%A7%87|script-title=bn:জনপ্রিয় হচ্ছে চীনের ড্রামা সিরিজ 'পালক আকাশে উড়ে'|date=16 May 2019|access-date=2 August 2022|work=[[Jugantor]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413040449/https://www.jugantor.com/entertainment/178133/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%9C%E0%A7%87|archive-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> ATN Bangla inaugurated two reality shows, ''South Asian Dance Competition'' and ''Agamir Taroka'', on 8 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-entertainment/article/200641744/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B|script-title=bn:এটিএন বাংলার নতুন রিয়েলিটি শো|date=10 June 2020|access-date=20 August 2022|work=[[Samakal]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030035818/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-entertainment/article/200641744/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B|archive-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> On 30 March 2022, ''Family Crisis Reloaded'', the second season of ''Family Crisis'' which aired on [[NTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|NTV]], premiered on ATN Bangla.<ref name="reloaded">{{cite news|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%a8/%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%93-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be/%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%95/%e0%a6%ab%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b8-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%9c-%e0%a6%a5%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87-331641|script-title=bn:'ফ্যামিলি ক্রাইসিস' নাটকের দ্বিতীয় সিজন আজ থেকে|date=30 March 2022|access-date=29 July 2022|work=The Daily Star|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203164253/https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-331641|archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> ATN Bangla won the Best TV Program (Lifestyle) award at the Bangladesh Media Innovation Awards 2022 held in September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2022/09/27/dhaka-tribune-wins-most-innovative-special-supplement-award|title=Dhaka Tribune wins most innovative special supplement award|date=27 September 2022|access-date=1 October 2022|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203050319/https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/277414/dhaka-tribune-wins-most-innovative-special|archive-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>

On 5 August 2024, the channel, along with its sister [[ATN News]], went off the air temporarily after its offices in Dhaka were attacked and set on fire by protesters during the [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|non-cooperation movement]], shortly after prime minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] resigned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/353757/rampage-at-atn-bangla-office-atn-news-off-air|title=Rampage at ATN Bangla office, ATN News off air|date=5 August 2024|access-date=5 August 2024|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810235643/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/353757/rampage-at-atn-bangla-office-atn-news-off-air|archive-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

== Programming ==
{{Main|List of programmes broadcast by ATN Bangla}}
ATN Bangla is a mixed entertainment television channel. Alongside entertainment and news programming, the channel provides educational, sports, cultural programming, and much more.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/anando-nagar/70099/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87|script-title=bn:এটিএন বাংলা ২২ বছরে|date=15 July 2018|access-date=5 August 2022|work=[[Jugantor]]|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805070523/https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/anando-nagar/70099/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87|archive-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> Religious programming, specifically Islamic, was introduced to the network on 8 September 1998.<ref name=":0"/>

== Related services ==
=== ATN Bangla UK ===
In 2001, the channel began broadcasting to the [[Bangladeshi diaspora]] in [[Europe]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atnbangla.tv/about/|title=About Us – ATN Bangla|website=ATN Bangla|language=en-US|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021014701/http://www.atnbangla.tv/about/|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> In June 2005, ATN Bangla was added to [[Sky UK|Sky Digital]] in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was later removed from the platform in May 2006.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/atn-bangla-launches-on-sky-digital/|title=ATN Bangla launches on Sky Digital|date=27 June 2005|access-date=6 August 2022|work=BizAsia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127222211/https://www.bizasialive.com/atn-bangla-launches-on-sky-digital/|archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/atn-bangla-removed-from-sky-digital/|title=ATN Bangla removed from Sky Digital|date=6 May 2006|access-date=6 August 2022|work=BizAsia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030035814/https://www.bizasialive.com/atn-bangla-removed-from-sky-digital/|archive-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

In 2016, the channel was reprimanded by British telecom regulator [[Ofcom]] due to violations of domestic [[product placement]] regulations (which require placements to be "editorially justified", not place "undue prominence", and have on-air disclosure).<ref name=guardian-ppofcom>{{cite news |title=Ofcom confirms product placement on UK TV|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/20/ofcom-product-placement-uk-tv|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195419/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/20/ofcom-product-placement-uk-tv|archive-date=10 September 2014|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=bbc-productplacement>{{cite news|title=Product placement ban on British TV lifted|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12593061|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=25 August 2013|date=28 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520030133/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12593061|archive-date=20 May 2011|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ATN Bangla attempted to defend the violations by arguing that its local subsidiary did not directly benefit from the placements, as the brands placed do not operate in Europe, but Ofcom still found the channel liable for violations of its broadcasting code.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/atn-bangla-rapped-for-product-placement-error/|title=ATN Bangla rapped for 'Product Placement' error|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=21 March 2016|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211012323/https://www.bizasialive.com/atn-bangla-rapped-for-product-placement-error/|archive-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>

== Audience share ==
ATN Bangla is one of the leading privately owned television channels in Bangladesh. In 2010, the channel held a total audience share of 36%, tied with [[Channel i]], thus both being the highest. In urban areas, ATN Bangla had an audience share of 61%, and in metropolitan areas, it had a share of 57%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hasan|first=Khalid|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2010/june/TV.htm|title=TV 2010|date=June 2010|access-date=21 August 2022|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907032516/https://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2010/june/TV.htm|archive-date=7 September 2013}}</ref> In May 2014, ATN Bangla won the best television channel award in an audience survey organized by the Bangladesh Cable TV Viewers Forum.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/public/entertainment/news/bd/294632.details|script-title=bn:দর্শক জরিপে সেরা এটিএন বাংলা|date=31 May 2014|access-date=21 August 2022|work=BanglaNews24|language=bn}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, ATN Bangla was the most watched Asian television channel with an audience share of 0.23% and 0.19% in February and March 2021 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baddhan|first=Lakh|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/overnights-atn-bangla-shatters-ratings-record-with-a-whopping-share/|title=Overnights: ATN Bangla shatters ratings record with a whopping share|date=11 February 2021|access-date=21 August 2022|work=BizAsia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211103802/https://www.bizasialive.com/overnights-atn-bangla-shatters-ratings-record-with-a-whopping-share/|archive-date=11 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Baddhan|first=Lakh|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/overnights-atn-bangla-makes-surprise-return-at-no-1-on-thursday-in-uk/|title=Overnights: ATN Bangla makes surprise return at No.1 on Thursday in UK|date=12 March 2021|access-date=21 August 2022|work=BizAsia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312124112/https://www.bizasialive.com/overnights-atn-bangla-makes-surprise-return-at-no-1-on-thursday-in-uk/|archive-date=12 March 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of television stations in Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|atnbangla.tv}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/atnbanglanewsofficial/ ATN Bangla] on [[Facebook]]
* [http://www.atnbanglauk.tv/ ATN Bangla UK]

{{Television in Bangladesh}}
{{Bengali-language television channels}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ATN Bangla}}
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1997]]
[[Category:Television channels in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Television stations in Dhaka]]

Rajgir

2026-03-21T18:40:15Z

Digitalvivek: updated page

{{Short description|Town in Bihar, India}}
{{Redirect|Rajagriha|the memorial and home of B. R. Ambedkar|Rajgruha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajgir
| other_name = Rajagriha
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 295
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Rajgir 12 hills panorama (31396985691).jpg
| alt1 = Rajgir Hills
| image2 = Shanti Stupa at Rajgir (cropped).jpg
| alt2 = Peace pagoda
| image3 = Rajgir - 035 Gijjhakuta from Above (9242176293).jpg
| alt3 = Vulture's peak
| image4 = Ghora Katora Lake in Rajgir Bihar (cropped).jpg
| alt4 = Ghora Katora Lake
| image5 = Naulakha Mandir.jpg
| alt5 = Jain temple, Rajgir
| image6 =
| alt6 =
| image7 =
| alt7 =
| image8 =
| alt8 =
}}
| caption = '''From top, left to right''': View of [[Rajgir Hills]], [[Vishwa Shanti Stupa]] (peace pagoda), [[Vulture Peak]], [[Ghora Katora]] lake, Naulakha Jain Temple
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Bihar
| pushpin_map_caption = Bihar
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|1|48|N|85|25|12|E|region:IN_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Patna division|Patna]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = [[Legendary kings of Magadha|≈2000 BC]]
| founder = [[Brihadratha]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal governance in India]]
| governing_body = Rajgir Municipal Council (Nagar Parishad)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = {{spaces}}(2015){{refn|group=A|name=|Constituents of Rajgir Regional Planning area are [[Community development|CD]] blocks of Rajgir, Silao, Giriak and Katrisarai<ref>{{cite web | url=http://urban.bih.nic.in/News/NE-02-15-04-2015.pdf| title=पत्रांक-213 : ''राजगीर क्षेत्रीय आयोजना क्षेत्र एवं बोधगया आयोजना क्षेत्र'' के सीमांकन एवं घोषणा | publisher=Urban Development Housing Dept., Government of Bihar, Patna | date=15 April 2015 | access-date=18 May 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618174436/http://urban.bih.nic.in/News/NE-02-15-04-2015.pdf | archive-date=18 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}
| area_total_km2 = 111.39
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title = Town
| area_blank1_km2 = 61.6
| area_blank1_sq_mi =
| area_blank2_title = [[Regional planning]]
| area_blank2_km2 = 517
| area_blank2_sq_mi =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 73
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magadhi language|Magadhi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 803116
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-6112
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-21
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/889 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 51.88%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Rajgir (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajgir (SC) (173)]]
| website = {{url|nalanda.bih.nic.in}}
| footnotes = {{Reflist|group=A}}
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=10|type=point|title=Rajgir|marker=town|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Rajgir
| population_rural =
| population_blank1_title = Rajgir (NP)
| population_blank1 = 41587
| population_blank2_title = Rajgir (CD Block)
| population_blank2 = 88596
}}
'''Rajgir''' (old name '''Rajagriha''', meaning "The City of Kings") is an ancient city and [[university town]] in the [[Nalanda district]] of [[Bihar]], India. Also a Cultural capital of Magadh. It was the capital of the [[Haryanka dynasty]], the [[Pradyota dynasty]], the [[Brihadratha dynasty]], the [[Mauryan Empire]], and it was the retreat center for [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] and his sangha. Other historical figures such as [[Mahavira]] and king [[Bimbisara]] lived there, and due to its religious significance, the city holds a place of prominence in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] scriptures.

Rajgir was the first capital of the ancient kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], a state that would eventually evolve into the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajgir |url=http://bstdc.bihar.gov.in/rajgir.htm |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=BSTDC |publisher=Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation}}</ref> It finds mention in India's renowned literary epic, the [[Mahabharata]], through its king [[Jarasandha]]. The town's date of origin is unknown, although ceramics dating to about 1000 BC have been found in the city. The 2,500-year-old [[Cyclopean Wall of Rajgir|cyclopean wall]] is also located in the region.

The ancient [[Nalanda]] university was located in the vicinity of Rajgir, and the contemporary [[Nalanda University]] named after it was founded in 2010 nearby. The town is also famed for its natural springs and towering hills that dominate the landscape. It is also depicted in Valmiki Ramayan when Ram along with Vishwamitra is on their way to visit King Janaka.

As of 2011, the population of the town was reported to be 41,000 while the population in the [[community development block]] was about 88,500.

== Etymology ==
The name Rajgir, literally meaning "royal mountain", comes from the historic Rājagṛiha ([[Sanskrit]] ''Rājagṛha'', [[Pali]]: ''Rajagaha''), meaning "house of the king" or "royal house".<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Law|1938|p=1}} It has also historically been known as Vasumati, Brhadrathapura, Grivraja/Girivraja and Kusagrapura.<ref name=":0"/>{{Sfn|Narayan|1983|p=91}} Girivraja, a name given in the ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]]'' as well as in Pali texts (as ''Giribajja''), is explained by [[Buddhaghosa]] as meaning "an enclosure of hills". "Vasumatī" is a name given in the ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]]'' because of the city's legendary founding by Vasu, the fourth son of [[Brahma|Brahmā]]. The ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'', on the other hand, attributes the city's founding to [[Brihadratha|Bṛhadratha]], and accordingly it calls the city Bārhadrathapura. The name Kuśāgrapura is given in the ''Jinaprabhasūri'' and also (in Chinese) by [[Xuanzang]]; this name means "the place of superior reed grass".<ref name="Das 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Chirantani |title=Geographic Factors to the Growth of Rājagṛha, the Old Magadhan Capital |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=2012 |volume=93 |pages=210-28 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26491236}}</ref>{{rp|211}}

==History==
[[File:Jarasandha's Akhara.JPG|left|thumb|Jarasandha's Akhara]]
The epic [[Mahabharata]] calls it Girivraja and recounts the story of its king, [[Jarasandha]], and his battle with the [[Pandava]] brothers and their allies [[Krishna]].<ref>See Bhagavata Purana, 10.70.30</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.krsnabook.com/ch52.html |title=Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead |access-date=25 April 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421134919/http://krsnabook.com/ch52.html |archive-date=21 April 2008 }}</ref> Mahabharata recounts a wrestling match between [[Bhima]] (one of the Pandavas) and Jarasandha, the then king of Magadha. Jarasandha was invincible as his body could rejoin any dismembered limbs. According to the legend, Bhima split Jarasandha into two and threw the two halves facing opposite to each other so that they could not join. There is a famous Jarasandha's Akhara (the place where martial arts are practised).

Rajgir was the capital of [[Haryanka dynasty]] kings [[Bimbisara]] (558–491 BC) and [[Ajatashatru]] (492–460 BC). Ajatashatru kept his father Bimbisara in captivity here. The sources do not agree on which of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s royal contemporaries, [[Bimbisara]] and Ajatashatru, was responsible for its construction. It was the ancient capital city of the [[Legendary kings of Magadha|Magadha]] kings until the 5th century BC when [[Udayin]] (460–440 BC), son of Ajatashatru, moved the capital to [[Pataliputra]] (modern [[Patna]]).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Monuments and Temples of Orthodox Buddhism in India and Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9gdYTnHrN0C&q=Rajgir+was+the+ancient+capital+city+of+the+Magadha+kings+until+the+5th+century+BC&pg=PA35|year=2013|page=35|publisher=AuthorHouse|author=W. Vivian De Thabrew|access-date=29 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150719/https://books.google.com/books?id=B9gdYTnHrN0C&pg=PA35&dq=Rajgir+was+the+ancient+capital+city+of+the+Magadha+kings+until+the+5th+century+BC&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB2_33os3QAhULs48KHXCqDSUQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=Rajgir%20was%20the%20ancient%20capital%20city%20of%20the%20Magadha%20kings%20until%20the%205th%20century%20BC&f=false|archive-date=29 November 2016|isbn = 9781481795517}}</ref> [[Shishunaga]] (413-395 BC) founded [[Shishunaga dynasty]] in 413 BC with Rajgir as its initial capital before it was moved to Pataliputra.
It is associated with the founders of both the religions: [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]], associated with both the historical [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]] [[Shraman]] [[ Bhagawan]] [[Mahavira]] and [[Buddha]].
It was here that Gautama Buddha spent several months meditating, and preaching at [[Vulture Peak|Gridhra-kuta, ('Hill of the Vultures')]].It was also the relaxing place of him in Venuban which is a government owned tourist place now. He also delivered some of his famous sermons and initiated king Bimbisara of Magadha and others to Buddhism. It was here that Budhha delivered his famous [[Atanatiya Sutra]]. On one of the hills is the [[Saptaparni Cave]] where the [[First Buddhist Council]] was held under the leadership of [[Maha Kassapa]].

[[Mahavira]], the 24th [[Tirthankara]] spent fourteen years of his life at Rajgir and Nalanda, spending ''Chaturmas'' (i.e. 4 months of the rainy season) at a single place in Rajgir (Rajgruhi) and the rest in the places in the vicinity. It was the capital of one of his Shravaks (follower) [[Bimbisara|King Shrenik]]. Thus Rajgir is also of religious importance to Jains. The twentieth Jain Tirthankara, [[Munisuvrata]] is supposed to have been born here. An ancient temple (about 1200 years old) dedicated to [[Tirthankara]] [[Munisuvrata]] is also present here along with many other Jain temples. This temple is also a place for four Kalyanakas of [[Tirthankara]] [[Munisuvrata]].[[File:Cyclopian wall, Rajgir. (5457385482) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The historic locality is surrounded by the [[Rajgir Hills]] and remains of [[Cyclopean Wall of Rajgir|cyclopean walls]].]]It is also mentioned in [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] scriptures, which give a series of place-names, but without geographical context. The attempt to locate these places is based largely on reference to them and to other locations in the works of [[History of China|Chinese]] [[Buddhist]] pilgrims, particularly [[Faxian]] and [[Xuanzang]]. It is on the basis of [[Xuanzang]] in particular that the site is divided into Old and New Rajgir. The former lies within a valley and is surrounded by low-lying hills, [[Rajgir hills|Rajgir Hills]]. It is defined by an earthen embankment (the Inner Fortification), with which is associated the Outer Fortification, a complex of [[cyclopean walls]] that runs (with large breaks) along the crest of the hills. New Rajgir is defined by another, larger, embankment outside the northern entrance of the valley and next to the modern town.

The old site of Rajgir was surrounded by an almost 50 km-long [[Cyclopean Wall of Rajgir|cyclopean wall]] that followed the tops of the surrounding hills. It likely served a dual purpose as both defence against attackers and protection from potential flooding caused by monsoon rainwater flowing down from the hills. 16 towers were also built along the walls at irregular intervals to strengthen the defences. The most notable of these was the Pippala stone house, whose remains have been identified on the eastern slope of the Vaibhara hill. Probably originally built to house guards, it later became known as a place where the Buddha often stayed. Later, when it was no longer used for defensive purposes, the Pippala house's 11 small cells were likely repurposed to serve as individual meditation rooms for Buddhist monks. Based on archaeological finds, the cyclopean walls of old Rajgir are dated to about the 6th century BCE, while "New" Rajgir was probably fortified around the 1st century BCE.<ref name="Das 2012"/>{{rp|214-6}}

=== Gupta and Pala periods ===
Rajgir appears to have declined in importance somewhat after the 1st or 2nd century CE. Xuanzang visited the site in the 7th century, but the only contemporary activity he mentioned was two old Buddhist monasteries that still had active monastic communities; other than that, he only wrote about Rajgir's ancient past. He attributed almost all the religious monuments he saw to Bimbisara or [[Ashoka]] and did not mention any contemporary patrons or building activity. This stands in stark contrast to his descriptions of [[Nalanda]] and [[Bodh Gaya]], which both contain reference to events that took place either during his own lifetime or in the recent past. (For example, he referred to Nalanda's alleged vandalism by [[Shashanka]] and restoration under Purnavarmana, as well as patronage at Bodh Gaya by the Gupta rulers [[Kumaragupta I]] [aka Shakraditya], [[Budhagupta]], and [[Narasimhagupta]] [aka Baladitya].) [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]]'s account from later in the 7th century also refers only to Rajgir's ancient past. Kakoli Ray describes the impression of Rajgir from these accounts as a place "[living] in its own past, haloed by sacred memory and association but uncared for by [their] contemporaries."<ref name="Ray 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Kakoli |title=Rajgir in the Gupta and Post-Gupta Period: Literary and Archaeological Evidence |journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]] |date=2001 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=1280–6 |jstor=44144440 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144440 |access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|1281, 4-5}}

Rajgir was hardly abandoned, though – in fact, the first clear evidence of Hindu activity dates from this period, during the 5th century. The Maniyar ''[[matha|maṭha]]'', variously identified as a Shiva temple or a Naga shrine, dates from this period, although it appears to have been built on the site of an older structure dating back to the early centuries BCE. Some ceramic and sculptural finds from the site are stylistically dated to later, with isolated sculptures dated as late as the 7th through 9th centuries, indicating that Hindu worship continued at the site throughout that period. Although Buddhist activity does seem to have dwindled significantly at Rajgir during this period, some Buddhist finds are attributed to as late as the 10th through 12th centuries. Some of these may have been made at Nalanda before being transported to Rajgir. Meanwhile, Rajgir never seems to have lost importance for Jains, who continued to actively patronise the site. A ruined Jain temple on the Vaibhara hill probably dates from the 5th century, while an image of Rishabhanatha donated by the [[acharya (Jainism)|acharya]] Vasantanandi is dated to the 8th or 9th century.<ref name="Ray 2001"/>{{rp|1281-5}}
Rajgir also kept political significance during this period, as the capital of a [[vishaya]] in Magadha [[bhukti]] attested during the Gupta and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] periods. An inscribed copper seal that once belonged to the Rajgir vishaya's guild of blacksmiths and carpenters, [[palaeography|palaeographically]] dated to perhaps the 5th century, was found at Rajgir, indicating a certain level of commercial organisation at Rajgir during this period.<ref name="Singh 1980">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sarjug Prasad |title=Inscribed Copper Seal From Rajgir |journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]] |date=1980 |volume=41 |pages=965–8 |jstor=44141928 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141928 |access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|965-7}}

== In Jainism ==
Rājagṛha is the place where [[Munisuvrata]], the 20th [[tirthankara]], experienced 4 (conception, birth, initiation into monkhood, and attainment of omniscience) of his [[Panch Kalyanaka|Panch Kalyanakas]] (4 except attainment of [[nirvana]], which happened at [[Shikharji|Sammet Shikharji]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=21 December 2017 |title=Part 4: Munisuvrata’s parents (king Sumitra and queen Padmāvatī) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213889.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Jain literature#The Śvētāmbara Siddhāntha|Śvētāmbara Siddhāntha]] notes that [[Vasupujya]], the 12th tirthankara, broke his fast at Rājagṛha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=15 October 2017 |title=Part 8: Vāsupūjya’s initiation |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213250.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
As per the [[Kalpa Sūtra]], a 3rd century BCE scripture of the [[Jain literature#The Śvētāmbara Siddhāntha|Śvētāmbara Siddhāntha]], [[Mahavira|Mahavira Swami]], the 24th tirthankara, spent 10 [[Chaturmasya|chaturmasyas]] (4 months-long rainy season retreats) at Rājagṛha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=15 March 2018 |title=Part 5: Founding of Rājagṛha |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc215980.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Yashodevasuri |first=Acharya |title=Tirthankar Bhagawan Mahavir 48 Chitro ka Samput |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/004065/172?highlight=gunashil%20chaitya}}</ref> It is also the place where the 11 [[Ganadhara|ganadharas]] (chief disciples) of Mahavira attained [[nirvana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=16 March 2018 |title=Part 16: Gautama’s omniscience and emancipation |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc216065.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Rājagṛha was the capital city of [[Magadha]], which was then ruled by [[Bimbisara|King Śreṇika]], a devout disciple of Mahavira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=15 March 2018 |title=Part 6: Śreṇika and Nandā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc215981.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The significance of each of the 5 hills of Rājagṛha is described at length in ''Aupapātika Sūtra'', a 5th century BCE [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jainism|Jaina]] scripture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepratnasagar |first=Muni |title=Agam 08 Ang 08 Antkruddasha Sutra English Translation |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006815/6}}</ref>

=== Naulakhā Jaina Temple ===
A Śvētāmbara Jaina temple located at the foothills of Rājagṛha, this temple is also known as ''"Gāon Mandira"'' (village temple). It spans 8,007 sq. ft. of area and its spire reaches a maximum height of 87 ft., including the flagstaff. The spire features 85 decorative [[Kalasha|kalaśas]]. The principal deity of this temple is a black-coloured stone idol of [[Munisuvrata]]. The idol was installed in 1447 CE by Jinadāsa, a lay follower, and features sculptures of demi-gods performing ritualistic bathing of the idol, and of attendant demi-gods. It also features lions carved at the base of the idol. The temple was renovated thrice - first time in 1763 CE by Manekchandbhai of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], the second time in 1961 CE by Devasibhai of [[Jharia]], and the third time in 2008. A new 9.1 ft. tall idol of Munisuvrata was installed by Ācārya Kailāśasāgarasūri in 1961 CE. Apart from these idols, it also features ancient idols of [[Rishabhanatha]] (dated to 1447 CE and brought from Suvarṇagiri, the 4th hill), and [[Shantinatha]] (dated to 1447 CE and brought from Ratnagiri, the 2nd hill). The idol of Rishabhanatha features long locks of hair in accordance with the beliefs of [[Śvetāmbara]] Jainas as described in [[Hemachandra|Ācārya Hemacandrasūri]]'s Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=20 September 2017 |title=Part 1: Ṛṣabha’s initiation |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212449.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> An undated (possibly 15th century CE) idol of [[Pārśvanātha]] (brought from Udayagiri, the 3rd hill) is also present here. In 2008, an idol of Mahavira was consecrated by Ācārya Muktiprabhasūri in the underground cellar of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain Trust |first=Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi |title=Jain Tirth Sarva Sangraha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/249}}</ref>

=== Vipulācalgiri (1st Hill) ===
As per ''Aupapātika Sūtra,'' Mahavira delivered sermons at the ''Guṇaśīla Caitya'', located on this hill. An inscription at the Naulakhā temple notes that Vaccarāja and Devarāja, two lay devotees, built a temple on this hill in the 14th century CE. The same temple was renovated by Saṅghapati Saṅgrām Chopra in the 17th century CE and by Rāi Bahādur Dhanpatsingh Dugar in the 18th century CE.<ref name=":1" /> A newer temple dedicated to Munisuvrata, was built on the same spot in 2008, under the guidance of Ācārya Muktiprabhasūri and Ācārya Vijayakunjarasūri. Historical records of Jaina travellers note the existence of 6 [[Śvetāmbara]] temples on this hill in the 17th century CE and 8 Śvetāmbara temples on this hill in the 18th century CE. A temple dedicated to Aimutta Muni, a popular Śvetāmbara monk who attained omniscience while reciting ''Iryavahiyam'' ''Sūtra'', exists on this hill.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jain Trust |first=Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi |title=Jain Tirth Sarva Sangraha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/254}}</ref>

=== Ratnagiri (2nd Hill) ===
Kavi Jayakīrti, a 16th century CE Jaina traveller, notes the presence of a [[Śvetāmbara]] temple dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha]], on this hill. At the beginning of the 17th century CE, Panyās Jayavijaya records the existence of 2 Śvetāmbara temples on this hill and by the end of the 17th century CE, Panyās Saubhāgyavijaya notes the presence of 3 Śvetāmbara temples on this hill. Currently, a ''caturmukha'' (four-faced) Śvetāmbara temple with [[Chandraprabha]] as the principal deity, exists on this hill. This temple was renovated once in 1763 CE and for the second time in 2008.<ref name=":2" />

=== Udayagiri (3rd Hill) ===
It is located 1.5 km from Ratnagiri and is home to the Śvetāmbara temple of Śyāmaliyā Pārśvanātha. Historical records indicate that this hill once housed idols of [[Pārśvanātha]], [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Abhinandananatha|Abhinandana Swami]], and [[Shantinatha|Śāntinātha]]. A ''caturmukha'' (four-faced) Śvetāmbara temple existed here until the early 16th century CE.<ref name=":2" />

=== Suvarṇagiri (4th Hill) ===
Historical accounts from the 16th-17th centuries CE mention the presence of 5-16 temples here. 16th century Jaina traveller Kavi Jayakīrti notes the presence of 6 Śvetāmbara temples here. At the beginning of the 17th century CE, Panyās Jayavijaya recorded 5 Śvetāmbara temples on this hill and by the end of 17th century CE, Panyās Saubhāgyavijaya noted the presence of 17 Śvetāmbara temples on this hill. The hill currently hosts a Śvetāmbara temple of [[Rishabhanatha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain Trust |first=Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi |title=Jain Tirth Sarva Sangraha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/255}}</ref>

=== Vaibhāragiri (5th Hill) ===
The site where [[Munisuvrata]] attained omniscience and the sacred ground where Mahavira's 11 [[Ganadhara|ganadharas]] (chief disciples) attained [[nirvana]]. Historical records from the 16th-17th centuries CE mention between 24-52 temples here (24 as per Hansasomavijaya in 16th century CE, 25 as per Jayavijaya in the early 17th century CE, and 52 as per Saubhāgyavijaya at the end of the 17th century CE). The hill currently houses 6 [[Śvetāmbara]] temples and features archaeological remains of ancient [[Gupta era|Gupta-era]] temples with rare sculptures including the first ever idol with a ''lānchana'' (Tirthankar [[Neminatha]], from early 5th century CE).<ref>{{Cite web |last=N/A |first=Jinamanjari |title=Jinamanjari 2000 09 No 22 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/524022/11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Umakant P. |title=Jain Rup Mandan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001961/108}}</ref> Notable temples here include Puruṣadāniya Pārśva temple (with footprints dating back to 1844 CE and 1855 CE), Mahavira temple, renovated in 1607 CE with [[Mughal Era|Mughal-era]] artistic elements housing footprints dating back to 1874 CE, Munisuvrata's temple (known as Baḍā Mandira) dating back to 1865 CE, with a nine-tier spire, Dhaññā-Śālibhadra's temple (installed in 1468 CE, rebuilt in 1954 CE and 2008), the site where Mahavira's ganadharas attained moksha through the practice of ''[[sallekhana]]'' and the place marking the attainment of nirvana by the 11 ganadharas, including [[Gautama Swami]] (current footprints installed in 1774 CE by Jagat Seth Mehtab Rai).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain Trust |first=Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi |title=Jain Tirth Sarva Sangraha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/257}}</ref>

=== Sona Bhaṇḍāra Cave ===
It is a 34 ft. long and 17 ft. wide cave on the foothills of Rājagṛha. Folk legends suggest it contains [[Bimbisara|King Śreṇika]]'s hidden treasure behind a sealed wall. An inscription indicates it was built for Jaina ascetics by Ācārya Vairadevasūri in the 4th century CE. The cave walls feature carved images of tirthankaras [[Padmaprabha]], [[Pārśvanātha]], [[Mahavira]], and others. The outer walls display the Jaina [[Dharmachakra]] (wheel of dharma) and a few 3rd-4th century CE inscriptions in mixed [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain Trust |first=Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi |title=Jain Tirth Sarva Sangraha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/256}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
The modern town of Rajgir lies just to the north of the [[Rajgir Hills]], an isolated pair of parallel ridges that rise sharply up from the flat surrounding plains. The ancient site of Rajgir was located in the narrow valley between the two sets of hills.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Rajgir Hills |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490145/Rajgir-Hills | accessdate = 10 September 2014 }}</ref> Historically, Rajgir was thought of as lying between five hills, but different texts give them different names (the ''Mahābhārata'' even gives two different lists of five names in the same chapter), making it difficult to identify the five hills with their modern counterparts. The modern names are Vaibhara, Vipula, Chaṭa (छठा-गिरि), Shaila, Udaya, Sona, and Ratnagiri.<ref name="Das 2012"/>{{rp|212}} Of these, Ratnagiri is the highest, at about 305 m.<ref name="Paul 1981">{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=S. R. |date=1981 |title=Flora of Rajgir Hills, Bihar |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/187326#page/7/mode/1up |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=78 |pages=16–37 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref>{{rp|16}}

Rajgir is known for its hot springs, which have held religious significance since ancient times. The best-known today is Brahmakuṇḍa, and there are several other springs in this area whose waters merge to form a stream. Another prominent spring is the Sūryakuṇḍa, which is part of a cluster of springs on the north side of the hills. Sūryakuṇḍa's water is stagnant and murky and a favoured habitat by frogs. Another major water feature in the area is the Panchane River (from ''Pañcānanā'', "having five mouths"), which flows to the east of Rajgir.<ref name="Das 2012"/>{{rp|221-2, 224-5}}

Rajgir has a monsoon climate, with an annual rainfall of about 113 cm. Rainfall peaks in July and August.<ref name="Paul 1981"/>{{rp|16}}
* Summer temperature: maximum 44 °C (111.2 °F), minimum 20 °C (68 °F)
* Winter temperature: maximum 28 °C (82.4 °F), minimum 6 °C (42.8 °F)
* Rainfall: 1,860 mm (mid-June to mid-September)
* Dry/warm season: March to October

=== Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary ===
{{See also|Rajgir Zoo Safari}}
The landscape of Rajgir or Pant WLS is uneven terrain enclosed by five hills; Ratnagiri, Vipulgiri, Vaibhagiri, Songiri and Udaygiri. It is situated in Nalanda Forest Division covering an area of 35.84 km2 under the [[Nalanda district]] administration. This wildlife sanctuary, notified in 1978, represents a remnant patch of forests nestled in the Rajgir Hills within the south [[Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Gopal |last2=Kumar |first2=Rahul |date=May 2017 |title=Butterfly diversity of Pant Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajgir (Bihar), India |journal=Bioglobal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39–46}}</ref>

It is home to a number of wild animals including: mammals – blue bull (''[[Boselaphus tragocamelus]]''), chital or spotted deer (''[[Axis axis]]''), Indian crested porcupine (''[[Hystrix indica]]''), small Indian civet (''[[Viverricula indica]]''), jungle cat (''[[Felis chaus]]''); birds – painted spurfowl (''[[Galloperdix lunulata]]''), Eurasian thick knee (''[[Burhinus oedicnemus]]''), painted sandgrouse (''[[Pterocles indicus]]''); reptiles and amphibians – Bengal monitor (''[[Varanus bengalensis]]''), Indian bullfrog (''[[Hoplobatrachus tigerinus]]''), Jerdon's bullfrog (''[[Hoplobatrachus crassus]]''), ornate narrow-mouthed frog (''[[Microhyla ornata]]''), and Indian tree frog (''[[Polypedates maculatus]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the officer in charge of the Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/08112018SL1JK1CDConservationvalueoftheProtectedarea.pdf}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to [[2011 Indian Census]], Rajgir had a total population of 41,587, of which 21,869 were males and 19,718 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 6,922. The total number of literates in Rajgir was 24,121, which constituted 58.0% of the population with male literacy of 65.4% and female literacy of 49.8%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Rajgir was 69.6%, of which the male literacy rate was 78.1% and the female literacy rate was 60.1%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 11,724 and 42 respectively. Rajgir had 7030 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Rajgir |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=277387 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

===Religion===
The town is also notable in [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]].<ref>Jain Dharma ka Maulik Itihas Part-1, Ed. Acharya Shri Hastimalji Maharaj, 1971 p. 739-742</ref> It was the birthplace of the 20th Jain [[Tirthankar]] [[Munisuvrata]], and is closely associated with the [[Mahavira]] and [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2014 |title=Rajgir – The Abode of Kings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/rajgir-the-abode-of-kings/as33022395.cms |website=Times Travel |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref> Both Mahavira and Buddha taught their beliefs in Rajgir during the 6th and 5th century BC, and the Buddha was offered a forest monastery here by the king [[Bimbisara]]. As such, the city of Rajgir became one of the Buddha's most important preaching locations.

==Tourism==
[[File:Rajgir - 040 Chanting at Boar's Cave (9244902902).jpg|thumb|Boar's Cave]]

The main tourist attractions include the ancient city walls from Ajatashatru's period, [[Bimbisar]]'s Jail, Jarasandh's Akhara, [[Vulture Peak|Gridhra-kuta, ('Hill of the Vultures')]], [[Son Bhandar Caves]]<ref>Middle Land, Middle Way: A Pilgrim's Guide to the [[Buddha]]'s India, Shravasti Dhammika, Buddhist Publication Society, 1992 p. 98</ref> and the Jain temples on the five peaks.<ref name="jainglory" />[[File:Rajgir lord mahavira.jpg|thumb|Closeup of Buddha at Vishwa Shanti Stupa|left]]
Another major attraction is the [[peace pagoda]], ''[[Vishwa Shanti Stupa]]'', built-in 1969, one of the 80 peace pagodas in the world, to spread the message of peace and non-violence. It is the oldest peace pagoda in India. The rope-way that leads to it is another attraction, which was gifted by Japanese spiritual leader Fuji Guruji in the 1960s.[[File:Rope way, Rajgir.jpg|thumb|Rope way from the 1960s]]

A new rope way has been planned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Prabhash K. |date=5 September 2018 |title=Rajgir: Bihar's highest revenue earning tourist destination is a story of neglect |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/bihar/story/rajgir-bihar-s-highest-revenue-earning-tourist-destination-is-a-story-of-neglect-1332458-2018-09-05 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Rajgir has hot water springs, locally known as ''Brahmakund'', a sacred place for [[Hindu]]s where water from seven different springs (''[[Saptarshi]]'') merge and is notable for its healing effects.<ref name="book1">{{cite book |last1=Kishore Sharma |first1=Jugal |title=Punya Bhoomi Bharat |date=February 2014 |publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan]] |isbn=978-9381500095 |page=70}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2017 |title=गर्म पानी के इस कुंड में नहाने से होती है सभी बीमारिया दूर |url=https://www.newstracklive.com/news/shower-this-hot-water-pond-for-removing-all-daisies-1116970-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419121152/https://www.newstracklive.com/news/shower-this-hot-water-pond-for-removing-all-daisies-1116970-1.html |archive-date=19 April 2018 |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=News Track}}</ref>

There is a Japanese temple beside the Venu Vana, an artificial forest with historical associations to Buddha and the kings of the region. Other places of interest include the Rajgir Heritage Museum,<ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2013 |title=Rajgir Heritage Museum inaugurated by CM Nitish Kumar |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/rajgir-heritage-museum-inaugurated-by-cm-nitish-kumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911003740/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/rajgir-heritage-museum-inaugurated-by-cm-nitish-kumar/ |archive-date=11 September 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013 }}</ref> the Sariputta Stupa,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Shashank Shekhar |date=1 April 2018 |title=The Lesser Known Journey of Buddhist Relics - from India to UK and Back |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/history/the-lesser-known-journey-of-buddhist-relics-from-india-to-uk-and-back |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> [[Ghora Katora|Ghora Katora Lake]], and the Rajgir glass bridge.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2020 |title=Rajgir in Bihar now has a 200-ft glass bridge, set to open on New Year which is located in the nature safari. |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/rajgir-in-bihar-now-has-a-200-ft-glass-bridge-set-to-open-on-new-year/as79822593.cms}}</ref> [[File:Son Bhandar cave shrine Rajgir.jpg|thumb|The [[Son Bhandar Caves]] (Caddy 1895)]]
The [[Son Bhandar Caves]] are situated in Rajgir. The caves are concerned with Jainism and are considered to belong to 3–4 century AD. After Cunningham's inspection, several scholars visited this place and some had opinions to concern with Buddhism. After some time all Buddhism connections were refused because of an inscription found on the southern wall of a cave. According to this inscription these caves were built by inspiration of a Jain Muni Vair for [[Jain]] ascetics. Sculptures of Teerthankaras were also carved in these caves. From an architectural aspect; these caves are analogous to [[Barabar Caves#Nagarjuni Caves|Nagarjuni cave]] and [[Barabar Caves]] caves of [[Mauryan]] era. Therefore, it can be concluded that construction time should not differ much from the above-mentioned caves.

These caves should be related to [[Digambar]] sect of Jainism as [[Xuanzang]] wrote in his book about Vaibhar Hill of Rajgir that the place was occupied by [[Digambar]] [[Jain]] monks for meditation purposes. After some centuries these caves were converted by [[Hindus]] as [[Vishnu]] sculpture was also found from the mound of a cave.<ref name="jainglory">[http://www.jainglory.com/research/son-bhandar History behind Son Bhandar cave of Rajgir.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093335/http://www.jainglory.com/research/son-bhandar |date=4 March 2016 }} {{snd}} JainGlory.com</ref> {{Clear}}

[[Makhdum Kund]], also recognised as Dargah-e-Makhdoomiya is a sacred site situated in Rajgir. Renowned for its thermal spring and the tomb of Makhdoom Syed Ghulam Ali, as well as the prayer space of [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri]], it holds significance for pilgrims and visitors alike.
The thermal spring, dating back approximately 800 years, attracts numerous visitors who utilise it for ablution (Wudu) and bathing purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water is not for all |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/water-is-not-for-all-3130 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date=15 March 2009 |language=en}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Nitish Kumar]] also took bath here in his childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Nitish chastised Makhudam Saheb said In his childhood he has bathed in the pond here {{!}} CM नीतीश ने मखुदम साहब को की चादरपोशी, कहा- बचपन में यहां के कुंड में किया है स्नान {{!}} Hindi News, बिहार एवं झारखंड |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/cm-nitish-chastised-makhudam-saheb-said-in-his-childhood-he-has-bathed-in-the-pond-here/832590/amp |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=नीतीश ने गुरुद्वारा नानक देव और शीतलकुंड एवं मखदूम कुंड का दौरा किया |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/nitish-visited-gurudwara-nanak-dev-and-sheetal-kund-and-makhdoom-kund/articleshow/80390932.cms |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

[[Rajgir Zoo Safari]] or Rajgir Wildlife Safari is a Wildlife safari located in Rajgir, Bihar, India, that opened to public on 16 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Shubh Narayan |date=19 February 2022 |title=राजगीर में खुल गया उत्तर भारत का पहला जू-सफारी; बाघ, शेर, भालू, तेंदुआ और हिरण भी दिखेंगे यहां |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-first-zoo-safari-in-north-india-opened-at-rajgir-nalanda-bihar-you-can-see-here-tiger-lion-bear-leopard-and-deer-22479612.html |work=Jagran Prakashan |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadim |first=Farrukh |date=17 February 2022 |title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar inaugurated this Rajgir zoo safari, on 16th February 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-opens-rajgir-zoo-safari-thanks-pm-for-gujarat-lions/articleshow/89627655.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]] provides travel facility from state capital [[Patna]] to visit Bodh circuit ([[Bodhgaya]], Rajgir, [[Nalanda]], [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Kesaria]], [[Lumbini]], [[Kushinagar]], [[Sarnath]]), Jain Circuit (Rajgir, [[Pawapuri]]) and Sikh Circuit in Bihar.
* '''Air:''' The nearest is [[Gaya International Airport]], Gaya which is 78 km which is connected to International Destinations like [[Bangkok]], [[Colombo]], etc. Another airport is at [[Patna]] 101 km. Air India, Indigo, Jet Airways and Go Air connect [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]] of Patna to [[Kolkata]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Ranchi]] and [[Lucknow]].
* '''Rail:''' [[Rajgir railway station]] connects the city to other parts of country yet the nearest convenient railhead is at [[Gaya Junction railway station]] 78 km.The [[Shramjeevi Superfast Express|Shramjeevi SF Express]], connects Rajgir with [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]], serving as a vital link between these cities. The [[Bakhtiyarpur-Tilaiya line|Bakhtiyarpur-Gaya line]] provides improved rail connectivity to many places. It is one of the destinations of the prestigious Buddhist pilgrimage train of Indian Railways-[[Mahaparinirvan Express]].
* '''Road:''' Rajgir is connected by road to [[Patna]] – 110 km, Nalanda – 12 km, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] – 78 km, [[Pawapuri]] – 19 km, [[Bihar Sharif]] – 25 km, etc. [[National Highway 120 (India)|NH 120]], transverses the city of Rajgir, connecting it with Bodhgaya, Gaya, Nalanda, Bihar Sharif and further to Patna. State Highway 71 also passes through Rajgir connecting it with Giriyak, Islampur and Jahanabad.
* '''Bus:''' Regular buses are available from all the above said points to Rajgir.
* '''Local Transport:''' Electric Rickshaw and Buses and Tongas are available.

==Economy==
Located in Patna division, this [[Nagar Panchayat]] type of [[municipal council]] mainly depends upon tourism and is supplemented by agriculture. A number of resorts and hotels are located in Rajgir to serve the tourists. In addition, Rajgir is located near the tourist spots like Nalanda, [[Pawapuri]] and [[Kundalpur, Bihar|Kundalpur]].

Rajgir ranks top in Bihar, in reference to revenue collected by tourism.

*An ordinance factory for defence forces is located in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=Ordnance Factory Rajgir |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106590 |access-date=4 April 2022 |website= |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>
*Rajgir is also home to [[Bihar Police Academy]].
*RTC CRPF – Rajgir is also home to the Recruit Training centre of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] for three states namely Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
*Government of Bihar has acquired 100 acres of land to build an IT city near Nalanda university and also develop India's first multimedia hub which will provide advanced courses in different spheres of IT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/23rd-february-2002-when-gilchrist-hit-a-record-breaking-double-ton-1670191.html|title=23rd February 2002: When Gilchrist Hit a Record-breaking Double Ton|date=23 February 2018|website=News18}}</ref>
*[[Rajgir Film City]] is an integrated film studio complex. Spread over 20 acres, it is the second largest integrated film city in Bihar. It is being built by the Bihar government since 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar to get two film cities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bihar-to-get-two-film-cities/article6177330.ece |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=4 July 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhary |first1=Neena |title=Shatrughan Sinha's Dream Comes True, Bihar Gets its Own Film City |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/shatrughan-sinhas-dream-comes-true-bihar-gets-its-own-film-city |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=TheQuint |date=12 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[Rajgir International Cricket Stadium]] is a under construction cricket stadium in the city. It is located within [[Rajgir Sports Complex]]. In 2013, it was announced by the Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] that an international cricket stadium will be constructed at Rajgir in Bihar's Nalanda district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Joy |date=2 August 2014 |title=Land in Rajgir for cricket stadium on Ranchi model |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/land-in-rajgir-for-cricket-stadium-on-ranchi-model/cid/316330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160026/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140803/jsp/bihar/story_18680153.jsp |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2013|title=Bihar to construct world class cricket stadium |url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/softspot/bihar-to-construct-world-class-cricket-stadium_775132.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063431/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/softspot/bihar-to-construct-world-class-cricket-stadium_775132.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

==Nalanda University==
[[Nalanda University]], a modern university that is based on the famous university and Buddhist monastery of ancient India, has been established with its campus in Rajgir. It began its first academic session on 1 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |date=22 June 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nalanda-university-an-ancient-centre-of-learning/article68321755.ece |title= Nalanda University An ancient centre of learning |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

==Events==
[[File:Nitish Kumar, Kaushal Kishore and others at 55th anniversary of establishment of Vishwa Shanti Stupa.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar, Kaushal Kishore, Prem Kumar, Shrawan Kumar and others at 55th anniversary of establishment of Vishwa Shanti Stupa.]]
* [[Rajgir Mahotsav]]
* Purushottam Maas Mela
* Sariputta World Peace Walk
* Makar Sankranti Mela

Japanese monk [[Nichidatsu Fujii]], the founder of Nipponzan Myohoji order of Buddhism established a white stupa atop Ratnagiri hills in Rajgir, which was inaugurated on 25 October 1969. This stupa is called Vishwa Shanti Stupa and from then onwards the anniversary of its establishment is celebrated every year. This event is attended by Budhhist monks and devotees from various south-east Asian countries and the ministers and officials of Government of Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raj |first=Dev |date=26 October 2024 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nitish-kumar-stresses-on-following-the-path-of-buddha/cid/2058513 |title=Nitish Kumar stresses on following the path of Budhha |work=The Telegraph |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Bimbisara]], ruler of Haryanaka Dynasty
*[[Ajatashatru]], ruler of Haryanaka Dynasty
*[[Udayin]], ruler of Haryanaka Dynasty
*[[Sariputta]], one of the two chief disciples of Budhha
*[[Jivaka]], a physician and contemporary of Bimbisara and Buddha
*[[Abhay K]], poet, diplomat, editor, translator, ambassador, artist
*[[Satyadev Narayan Arya]], Governor of [[Haryana]], former 8-time MLA from Rajgir and former Minister of Mines and Geology of Bihar
*[[Jabir Husain]], author and former chairperson of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]

== See also ==
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
* [[Rajgir Hills]]
* [[Atanatiya Sutta]]
* [[Rajgir Mahotsav]]
* [[Legendary kings of Magadha]]
* [[Bhadda Kundalakesa]]
* [[Nahub]]
* [[Kurkihar hoard]]
* [[Avanti-Magadhan Wars]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Sachindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIkd7opbWI0C |title=Sacred Complexes of Deoghar and Rajgir |date=1983 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Karaishi |first1=Muhammad Hamid |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4420 |title=Rajgir |last2=Ghosh |first2=A. |date=1956 |publisher=Department of Archaeology, India |edition=4}}
*{{Cite book |last=N. Kumar |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3102 |title=Bihar District Gazetteers Image of Patna |date=1971 |publisher=Patna, Department of District Gazetteers}}
*{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/four-reports-made-during-years-1862-63-64-65-vol-i |title=Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65, Vol. I |year=1871 |via=Indian Culture}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=Kakoli |date=2000 |title=Rajgir in the Gupta and the post Gupta period: Literary and Archaeological Evidence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144440 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=1280–1286 |jstor=44144440 |issn=2249-1937}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Gautam |first1=Anant |last2=Rai |first2=S. C. |last3=Shekhar |first3=Ravi |date=February 2018 |title=Hot-Springs of Rajgir: Spatial Re-distribution and Conservation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339078170 |journal=Sree Journal of Spatial Perspectives |volume=2 |issue=1 |via=ResearchGate}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Mani |first1=B.R. |title=The Texts, Political History and Administration till c. 200 BC |last2=Gupta |first2=Vinay |work=History of Ancient India |publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation. Aryan Books International. |year=2014 |isbn=9788173054822 |editor-last=Chakrabarti |editor-first=Dilip K. |volume=3 |chapter=VII.11. Rajagriha |editor-last2=Lal |editor-first2=Makkhan}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://vvgnli.gov.in/sites/default/files/rural-labour-camps-vol-1_0.pdf#page=191 |title=Organising Rural Labour. Process and Experiences |publisher=V.V. Giri National Labour Institute |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-82902-21-8 |editor-last=Chauhan |editor-first=Poonam S. |volume=1 |editor-last2=Sekar |editor-first2=Helen R. |editor-last3=Rehman |editor-first3=M.M.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Law |first=Bimla Churn |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69727 |title=Rajagriha in Ancient Literature |work=Memoirs of The Archaeological Survey Of India |year=1938 |volume=58 |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=S. R. |date=1981 |title=Flora of Rajgir Hills, Bihar |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/187326#page/7/mode/1up |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=78 |pages=16–37 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}
*{{Citation |last=Shukla |first=Ganesh Shankar |title=Geochemical Interpretation of Water Quality in The Rajgir-Monghqr Hot Spring Belt, India |date=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.197440 |publisher=IIT Kanpur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kuraishi |first=Maulvi Muhammad Hamid |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.528840 |title=List of Ancient Monuments Protected under Act VII of 1904 in the Province of Bihar and Orissa |work=Archaeological Survey of India. New Imperial Series. |year=1931 |volume=LI}}
*{{Official website |https://rajgir.co.in/}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rajgir}}
* [http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Rajgir.htm Bihar state tourism development corporation – Rajgir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901024331/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Rajgir.htm |date=1 September 2014 }}
* [http://travelnewsindia.com/best-tourist-places-visit-rajgir/ Places to visit in Rajgir]

{{Nalanda district}}
{{Patna Division}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Jain Caves in India}}
{{Tourist sites in Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajgir| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Hot springs of India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Landforms of Bihar]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:3rd-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]

Kanya Bharathi

2026-03-18T02:04:26Z

Digitalvivek: Creating

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanya Bharathi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date ={{birth year and age|1974}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress, Producer
| years_active = 1991 – present
}}
'''Sri Kanya''', '''Kanya Bharathi''' and mononymously known as '''Kanya''', is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kanya-bharathi-about-discrimination-from-malayalam-film-industry-q2d5bg|title='സീരിയലുകാരോട് ഇവിടുത്തെ സിനിമക്കാര്‍ക്ക് പുച്ഛം'; തുറന്നടിച്ച് കന്യ ഭാരതി|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television soap operas.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She made her debut with [[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]] and later went on to act in several Malayalam films.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She is popularly known for her roles in TV series namely Manasi, Chandanamazha, [[Deivam Thandha Veedu]], [[Valli (TV series)|Valli]], [[Nandini (TV series)|Nandhini]] and [[Amma (2011 TV series)|Amma]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/suntv-anbe-vaa-serial-parvathy-actress-kanya-bharathi-biography-314439/|title=90'களில் மலையாள ஹீரோயின்.. இப்போ ஃபேவரைட் வில்லி.. அன்போ வா பார்வதி லைஃப் ட்ராவல்..|language=Tamil|date=16 June 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=6 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/kanya-and-kavitha-bharathi-interview|title=விகடன் TV: இதுவும் குடும்பக்கதைதான்!|first=அய்யனார்|last=ராஜன்|website=vikatan.com|date=3 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Language!! Channel
|-
|||''Neelavanam''||||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]||rowspan=2|[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|||''Malathipookkalkku Mounam''||
|-
|||''Avalum Penthane''||||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2000||''Snehaseema''||||rowspan="4"|[[Malayalam]]||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2003–2004||''Ahalya''||||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2004||''Manasi''||Meera IPS||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2004–2005||''Omanathingal Pakshi''|| Dr. Vimala George||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2005–2006||''Selvi''||Janaki||rowspan=4|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2005||''Kavyanjali''||Anjali||[[Vijay TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2006||''[[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|Lakshmi]]''||||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]]''||
|-
|2006–2008||''Kalyani''||||[[Malayalam]]||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2006-2008||''Bhandham''||Thamirabharani ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan=5|2007||''Nirmalyam''||||rowspan=4|[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|''Dream City''||Jayanthi||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|''Nombarappoovu''||Vasundhara||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|''Vepilaikari''||Vadivu||rowspan=|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2010–2012||''[[Chellamay]]''||Madhumita
|-
|2010||''Devi Mahatmyam''||Arundati Thampuratti||[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2010||''[[Meera (2010 TV series)|Meera]]''||Mekala||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
|2011–2014||''Amma''||Subhadra||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2012||''Manasaveena''|| Anuradha||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|''[[Aval (TV series)|Aval]]''||||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
|2013–2019||''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''||Mythili||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2013||''Ullkadal''|| ||[[Malayalam]]||[[Kairali TV]]
|-
|2013–2017||''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]''||Bhanumathy||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
|2014–2017||''Chandanamazha''||Mayavathy||[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2017–2018||''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]''||Devi||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Kannada]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2017||''Sathyam Shivam Sundaram''||Swarna Thampuratti||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2017–2019||''Ennu Swantham Jaani''||Yamini||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magal]]''||Maya||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2019–2021||''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum (TV series)|Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]''||Indrani||[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2019||''[[Pournami Thinkal]]''||Vasanthamallika||[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2020-2024||''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]''||Parvathi||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2020–2023||''[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|Kaiyethum Dhoorathu]]''||Mangala||[[Malayalam]]||[[Zee Keralam]]
|-
|2021||''[[Kannana Kanne (TV series)|Kannana Kanne]]''||Parvathi||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi (2021 TV series)|Chithiram Pesuthadi]]''||Producer||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2023–2025||''Anandharagam''||Sumangala||[[Malayalam]]||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2024–2025||''[[Valliyin Velan]]''||Vedhanayagi||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Zee Tamil]]
|}

==Other TV shows==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel!! Language !! Notes
|-
|2016||''Ammayimar Varum Ellam Sheruyakum''||Mayavati||Asianet||Malayalam||Telefilm
|-
|2016||''Comedy Stars''||Judge||Asianet||Malayalam||Reality show
|-
|2019||''Annies Kitchen''||Guest||[[Amrita TV]]||Malayalam||

|-
|2022||''Mathappu Mamiyar Pattas Marumagal''||rowspan=2|Parvathi||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Tamil||
|-
|2023||''Super Kudumbam''||Tamil
|
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1990||''Appu''||Sarojini's friend||Malayalam||
|-
|rowspan=2|1991||''[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]''||Hema||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Karpoora Mullai]]''||Maya's friend||Tamil||
|-
|1993||''Ithu Manjukalam''|| Susan||Malayalam||
|-
|Rowspan=4|1994||''Bharya''||Chithra||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Ilayum Mullum]]''||Lakshmi||Malayalam||{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
|-
|''The Porter''||Shalini||Malayalam||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|''Kadalkakka''|| ||Malayalam||
|-
|rowspan=3|1995||''Punnaram''||Sumithra||Malayalam||
|-
|''Bali''||||Malayalam||
|-
|''Oru Panchathanthram Katha''||-||Malayalam||Unreleased
|-
|rowspan=4|1996||''Hitlist''||Sophiya||Malayalam||
|-
|''Mookkilla Rajyathu Murimookkan Rajavu''||Bhama ||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Kanchanam]]''||Meera||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Kaalapani]]''||Mukundan's sister||Malayalam||
|-
|rowspan=2|1997||''[[Kalyana Kacheri]]''||Sathyabhama||Malayalam||
|-
|''Nagarapuraanam''||Jessy Jose||Malayalam||
|-
|rowspan=2|1998|||''[[Amma Ammaayiyamma]]''||Renuka||Malayalam||
|-
||''[[Saat Rang Ke Sapne]]''||Rampyari Devi's daughter||[[Hindi]]||
|-
|2001||''Ladies and Gentlemen''||Annie||Malayalam||
|-
|2001||''Jyothirgamaya''||||Malayalam||
|-
|||''Khathakan''||||Malayalam||
|-
|2002||''[[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]]''||Kunjunnooli||Malayalam||
|-
|2006||''[[Prajapathi]]''||Devaki||Malayalam||
|-
|rowspan=2|2010
|''[[Thanthonni]]''
|Kochukunju's aunt
|Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|''Pokkiriraja'']]||Malini Rajendra Babu||Malayalam||
|-
|2015||''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]''||Herself||Malayalam||Guest appearance
|-
|2019||''[[Mr. Local]]''||Kuthala Chidambaram's wife||Tamil||Cameo Appearance
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10609606|Kanya}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharathi, Kanya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Chunni Lal Khetrapal

2026-03-11T18:31:08Z

Digitalvivek: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian chemical physicist (1937–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Chunni Lal Khetrapal
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Son name = Subhash Khetrapal and Munish Khetrapal
Grand child's name = Meghna Khetrapal, Mehul Khetrapal and Meona Khetrapal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|8|25}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|7|21|1937|8|25}}
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Chemical physics]] | [[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | | [[National Institutes of Health]] | [[Raman Research Institute]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Allahabad University]] | [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] | Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | | [[Allahabad University]] | Atomic Energy Establishment Training School | [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] | [[Bombay University]] | [[University of Basel]] | [[Kent State University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
| awards = {{ublist | 1982 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1996 [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] C. V. Raman Award | 1998 Goyal Prize | 1996 Goyal Prize | 2002 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] P. C. Ray Memorial Medal | 2005 [[Indian Chemical Society|ICS]] Lifetime Achievement Award }}
}}

'''Chunni Lal Khetrapal''' (25 August 1937 – 21 July 2021) was an Indian chemical physicist and a vice chancellor of the [[Allahabad University]].<ref name="Former vice chancellors">{{Cite web |url=http://allduniv.ac.in/home/pages/136 |title=Former vice chancellors |date=2016 |publisher=Allahabad University}}</ref> He was known for his studies in chemical physics, particularly in the field of [[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=157 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N87-0956 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306024140/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N87-0956 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=12 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315081652/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K |archivedate=15 March 2016 }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1982, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Aerial View of Senate Hall, University of Allahabad.png|thumb|235px|University of Allahabad]]
C. L. Khetrapal, born on 25 August 1937 in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], did his college studies at the [[Allahabad University]] from where he graduated in 1957 and completed his master's degree in 1959.<ref name="Director profile">{{Cite web |url=http://cbmr.res.in/wp-content/themes/twentythirteen/CV/CV_Prof_Khetrapal.pdf |title=Director profile |date=2016 |publisher=Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance}}</ref> He started his career by joining the Atomic Energy Establishment Training School, Mumbai the same year, simultaneously doing his doctoral research at [[Mumbai University]] to secure a PhD in 1965. In between, he worked at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] under [[Shrinivasa Shridhar Dharmatti|S. S. Dharmatti]] for a while and moved to Switzerland where he did his post-doctoral studies at the [[University of Basel]] from 1967 till 1969. Then he shifted his base to the US to work at the Liquid Crystal Institute of [[Kent State University]] as a research assistant. He returned to India in 1973 and joined the [[Raman Research Institute]] as an assistant professor where he spent over eleven years till his move to the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as a professor and the head of the ''Sophisticated Instruments Facility'' in 1984. On his superannuation from service in 1998, he was appointed the vice chancellor of the [[Allahabad University]].<ref name="Former vice chancellors" /> When his tenure ended in 2001, he joined the [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] as a distinguished professor for a five-year term (2001–06) and also held the directorship of Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Lucknow, an autonomous research centre of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. In between, he had two stints at the [[National Institutes of Health]] as a visiting scientist during 1979–80 and in 1984.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Legacy ==
Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Khetrapal studied the molecular orientation in the [[nematic phase]] of liquid crystals, the [[Nonplanar|non-planar]] distortions in [[peptide]]s in the liquid phase and weak molecular interactions involved in [[hydrogen bonding]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | accessdate=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Apart from pioneering NMR studies in India, he established the ''Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies'' and the ''Institute of Professional Studies'' at Allahabad University.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His contributions are also reported to be behind the establishment of the National Centre on NMR in Bangalore. He has published a number of articles and books, besides contributing chapters to books published by others including the 8-volume ''Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance''.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance">{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance-Set/dp/B00456S4BM |title=Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |date=1996 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0471938712 |editor=Robin K. , Grant |editor2=D.M. Harris}}</ref> He was one of the founders of the National Magnetic Resonance Society and the Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance and served as the first president of the former and was an incumbent director of the latter.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Deb the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1982.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | accessdate=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archivedate=12 September 2012 }}</ref> He is also a recipient of the C. V. Raman Award of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] (1996), Goyal Prize (1996), [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|P. C. Ray]] Memorial Medal of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (2002) and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[Indian Chemical Society]] (2005).<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has delivered several award orations including the R. K. Asundi Memorial Lecture Award of the Indian National Science Academy in 1990<ref name="R. K. Asundi Memorial Lecture Award">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#rango |title=R. K. Asundi Memorial Lecture Award |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#rango |url-status=dead }}</ref> and N. R. Dhar Memorial Lecture Award of National Academy of Sciences, India in 2005.<ref name="N. R. Dhar Memorial Lecture Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/leca.htm |title=N. R. Dhar Memorial Lecture Award |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413015954/http://www.nasi.org.in/leca.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Sciences, India.<ref name="NASI fellows" />

== See also ==
* [[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{|
|{{Authority control}}
|}
{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khetrapal, Chunni Lal}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Basel alumni]]
[[Category:Kent State University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]

Education in Bengaluru

2026-03-11T07:51:33Z

Digitalvivek: creating post

{{Short description|Education in the city of Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[Bengaluru]] is home to many educational and research institutions and has played a significant role in the contribution towards skill development. [[Bengaluru]] is considered to be one of the educational hubs in [[India]].

[[File:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Entrance.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]], one of the premier management institutes in India]]

==History==
Until the early 19th century, education in Bengaluru was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion.<ref name="gaz">{{harvnb|Rao|1929|p=494|Ref=mg}}</ref> The western system of education was introduced during the rule of [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]]. Subsequently, the British [[Wesleyan]] Mission established the first English school in 1832 known as Wesleyan Canarese School.<ref>[http://www.stjosephsindianinstitutions.com//?page_id=9 started in 1858] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324111204/http://www.stjosephsindianinstitutions.com/?page_id=9 |date=2014-03-24 }}</ref> The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore Government in 1858, and [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] was started in 1865. In 1945 when World War II came to an end, [[King George Royal Indian Military Colleges]] was started at Bengaluru by King George VI, the school is popularly known as [[Bangalore Military School]]<ref name="gaz1">{{harvnb|Rao|1929|p=497|Ref=mg}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Punekar | first1 = Vijaya Bhaskar | title = Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore | publisher = Popular Prakashan | year = 1974 | pages = 54 | isbn = 9788171540129}}</ref>

In independent India, schools for young children (16 months to 5 years) are called nursery, [[kindergarten]] or [[Pre-school playgroup|Play school]] which are broadly based on [[Montessori education|Montessori]] or [[Multiple intelligence]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Pre-schools-work-on-developing-multiple-intelligence/articleshow/5224559.cms | title=Pre-schools work on developing multiple intelligence | date=13 November 2009 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Karthika | last=Gopalakrishnan | accessdate=17 December 2018 }}</ref> methodology of education.<ref name="kinder">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-a-hot-destination-for-foreign-students-/articleshow/122968.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061135/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-09/bangalore/27193880_1_international-schools-canadian-school-international-baccalaureate|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Bangalore a hot destination for foreign students|access-date=16 October 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 August 2003}}</ref> Primary and secondary education in Bengaluru is offered by various schools and junior colleges which are affiliated to one of the boards of education, such as the [[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]], [[Central Board for Secondary Education]], [[International Baccalaureate]], [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] and [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] and [https://pue.karnataka.gov.in/english Karnataka PUC Board]. [[List of schools in Bengaluru|Schools in Bengaluru]] are either government run or are private (both aided and un-aided by the government).<ref name="aid">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Trimester-system-in-all-Karnataka-schools-from-June-1/articleshow/682256.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-18/bangalore/28338778_1_karnataka-schools-fear-psychosis-trimester|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Trimester system in all Karnataka schools from 1 June|access-date=16 October 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = S. | last = Bageshree | title = What will happen to government schools now? | date = 9 May 2012 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece | work = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate = 14 September 2013}}</ref> Bengaluru has a significant number of [[International schools]] due to expats and IT crowd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-02/bangalore/40328374_1_igcse-schools-nine-schools-igcse-syllabus IT crowd, elite prefer international schools]</ref> Students after completing their secondary education ([[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|SSLC]], [[Secondary School Certificate|SSC]]) i.e Class 10th, will further pursue higher secondary education i.e Class 11th and Class 12th by either attending a [[Junior College#India|Junior College]] or by continuing [[Education in India#School education|High School]] in one of three ''streams'' – [[Science]], [[Commerce]] or [[Humanities|Arts]]. Alternatively, students may also enroll in Diploma courses. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through regular or lateral entry.<ref>{{cite news | title = Diploma students have a chance in government engineering colleges | date = 29 August 2013 | url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060905/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 September 2013 | work = [[The Indian Express]] | accessdate = 14 September 2013}}</ref>

Below are some of the historical schools in Bengaluru and their year of establishment.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[United Mission School]] (1832)
* [[St. John's High School, Bangalore|St John's High School]] (1854)
* Sacred Heart Girls' High School (1854)
* [[St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore|St. Joseph's Boys' High School]] (1858)
* [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] (1865)
* [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]] (1865)
* [[Cathedral High School, Bangalore|Cathedral High School]] (1866)
* [[Baldwin Boys' High School]] (1880)
* [[Baldwin Girls' High School]] (1880)
* [[St. Joseph's Indian High School]] (1904)
* [[St Anthony's Boys School, Cleveland Town|St Anthony's Boys' School]] (1913)
* [[Clarence High School (India)|Clarence High School]] (1914)
* [[St. Germain High School]] (1944)
* [[Bangalore Military School]] (1946)
* [[Sophia High School]] (1949)
{{div col end}}

==Institutions==
The [[Bangalore University]], established in 1886, provides affiliation to over 500 colleges, with a total student enrolment exceeding 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bengaluru – Jnanabharathi and Central College.In 2017, the Karnataka government trifurcated [[Bangalore University]] (BU) into three separate universities: [[Bangalore University|Bengaluru University]] (Jnana Bharathi campus), [[Bengaluru City University|Bengaluru Central( city) University]] (Central College), and [[Bengaluru North University]] (Jangamakote) due to Reduction of Burden on One University <ref name="univ">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/BU-overloaded-wants-to-split/articleshow/1114542.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-09/bangalore/27875270_1_bu-bed-colleges-bangalore-university|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=BU overloaded, wants to split|access-date=16 October 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 January 2007}}</ref> [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] was established in the year 1917, by Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya, At present, the UVCE is the only engineering college under the [[Bangalore University]]. Bengaluru also has many private Engineering Colleges affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]].

[[Indian Institute of Science]], which was established in 1909 in Bengaluru, [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] and the [[Raman Research Institute]] are the premier institutes for scientific research and study in India. Nationally renowned universities and institutes such as the, [[National Institute of Design, Bangalore|National Institute of Design]], [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], [[National Law School of India University]], the [[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management]], [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore|International Institute of Information Technology]], [[Christ University]], [[Brindavan College of Engineering]], [[Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust|RV Educational Institutions]], [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]], the ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] are located in Bengaluru. Bengaluru also has some of the best medical colleges in the country, like [[St. John's Medical College]] and [[Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute]].<ref name="blredu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20060908002809900.htm&date=fl2317/&prd=fline&|work=the Hindu, Volume 23 – Issue 17|date=8 September 2006|title=Hub of research|author=Parvathi Menon and Ravi Sharma|accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Bangalore, the education hub | date = 27 June 2011 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bangalore-the-education-hub/articleshow/9007746.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130416035129/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/education/29708615_1_education-hub-indian-institute-education-destination | url-status = live | archive-date = 16 April 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 14 September 2013}}</ref> The [[M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research]] has a branch located in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mpbifr-blr.in/about.htm | title=About Us | publisher=M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research | accessdate=6 May 2012}}</ref> [[Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru|Mount Carmel College]], a premier institution for women's education in India is located in Bengaluru. It is affiliated to Bangalore University, as is [[Acharya Bangalore Business School]], established in 2008.

The list of best college and University in Bengaluru area

'''Institute of Eminence'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Institution
!Location
!Type
!Established
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc)
|[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
|Research
|1909
|}
'''Institute of National Importance'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Institution !! Location !! Type !! Founded
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Bengaluru]]|| Management || 1973
|-
|[[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]]
|Medicine
|1847
|}

'''List of Colleges & Institute under NIRF Ranking :'''

{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!College Name
!Location
!NIRF Rank
!Affiliated University
|-
|1
|[[St. Joseph's College of Commerce]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Bengaluru]]
|55
|[[Bengaluru City University]]
|-
|2
|[[Kristu Jayanti College|Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous]]
|60
|[[Bengaluru North University]]
|-
|3
|[[Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru|Mount Carmel College]]
|68
| rowspan="7" |[[Bengaluru City University]]
|-
|4
|[[Jyoti Nivas College]]
|72
|-
|5
|[[NMRKV College for Women|NMKRV College for Women]]
|85
|-
|6
|MES College of Arts, Commerce and Science
|90
|-
|7
|Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women
|95
|-
|8
|Seshadripuram College
|98
|-
|19
|BMS College for Women
|100
|}

=== University ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!University Name
!University Type
!NIRF Rank
!Notable Affiliated Colleges
|-
|1
|[[Indian Institute of Science|Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru]]
|Institute of National Importance
|1
|N/A (IISc is a standalone institution)
|-
|2
|[[Christ University|Christ University, Bengluru]],
|Deemed University
|60
|Christ College, Bengaluru
|-
|3
|[[Alliance University|Alliance University, Bengaluru]]
|Private University
|98
|Alliance School of Business, Alliance College of Engineering and Design
|-
|4
|[[Jain University|Jain University, Bengaluru]]
|Deemed University
|100
|Center for Management Studies, School of Engineering and Technology
|-
|}

==List of International Schools in Bengaluru ==
The Japanese Weekend School of Bangalore (バンガロール日本人補習授業校 ''Bangarōru Nihonjin Hoshū Jugyō Kō''), a [[Hoshuko|Japanese weekend educational programme]], serves Japanese nationals living in Bangalore.<ref>"[http://www.bangalore-nihonjinkai.com/2014/02/08/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%A3%9C%E7%BF%92%E6%8E%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%A0%A1-%E6%96%B0%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E5%85%A5%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E5%8B%9F%E9%9B%86%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B/ バンガロール補習授業校：新小学一年生入学者募集のお知らせ]." The Japanese Association of Bangalore (バンガロール日本人会). Retrieved on 5 April 2015.</ref> It holds its classes in the [[Canadian International School (Bangalore)|Canadian International School]] in [[Yelahanka]], Bangalore.<ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/bangalorehoshuko/ Home page] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160313021507/https://sites.google.com/site/bangalorehoshuko/ Archive]). Japanese School of Bangalore. Retrieved on 5 April 2015. "Japanese School of Bangalore Inside Canadian International School Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"</ref> Cultural classes are held at White Petals School, Yelahanka. The list of Schools in Bengaluru area are in [[List of schools in Bengaluru]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=C. Hayavadana | author-link=C. Hayavadana Rao |title=The Mysore State Gazetteer |year=1929 |ref=mg}}

[[Category:Education in Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:Schools in Karnataka]]
|}

Vazhikatti

2026-03-04T05:13:08Z

Digitalvivek: adding new data w/ infobox...

{{short description|1965 film by K. Perumal Pillai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vazhikatti
| image = Vazhikatti.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = K. Perumal
| screenplay = Nagercoil Padmanabhan
| starring = [[S. S. Rajendran]] [[Rajasree]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari]]
| music = Ibrahim
| studio = Kanaga Movies
| distributor = SKD<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 1965 |title=Vazhikatti |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19650724&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1965}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vazhikatti''''' ({{translation|The guide}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by K. Perumal and written by Nagercoil Padmanabhan. The film stars [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[Rajasree]] and [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], with [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] and [[M. R. Radha]] in supporting roles. It was released after being in deadlock for nearly three years.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2022}}
A domestic servant is forced by his wealthy master to marry his modern daughter to avoid an awkward situation. The girl refuses to treat her former servant as her husband. He then conspires with a nurse and feigns to make love to her to create jealousy in his wife. It works and finally the husband and wife rejoin happily.

== Cast ==
* [[S. S. Rajendran]] as the servant<ref name="Kalki review" />
* [[Rajasree]] as the servant's wife<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as the nurse<ref name="IE review" />
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />
* [[M. R. Radha]]<ref name="IE review" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Ibrahim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vazhikatti |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Vazhikatti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230301043457/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Vazhikatti |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=Tamil Songs Lyrics}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aayiram Per Varuvar
| note1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ennulagam Ponnulagam
| note2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = P. Susheela
| length2 =
| title3 = Nilavillamal Vaanirukkum
| note3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela
| length3 =
| title4 = Paruvam Ennum
| note4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 =
| title5 = Thaayai Kandadhillai
| note5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = T. M. Soundarajan
| length5 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vazhikatti'' was released in 1965 after being in deadlock for nearly three years. T. M. Ramachandran of ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' said the film's release "in an unostentatious manner raised some doubts as to its quality. But all the misgivings have vanished into thin air and it has turned out to be above average". He praised the performances of the lead trio, along with Padmanabhan's writing, Ibrahim's music and Perumal's direction.<ref name="Sport and Pastime" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "A bane of the Tamil cinema is exaggeration – in characterisation and incidents. It has spoiled or considerably lessened the effect of many a good theme. The latest victim is Kanaka Movies' ''Vazhikatti''."<ref name="IE review" /> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the story outdated and predictable, but said it could be watched once for Rajendran.<ref name="Kalki review" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Sport and Pastime">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=21 August 1965 |title=Vazhi Katti |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11921/page/n449/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230301043130/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11921/page/n449/mode/2up |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=52 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=19}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |date=31 July 1965 |title='Vazikatti' treads a new but ponderous path |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19650731&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Kalki review">{{Cite magazine |date=15 August 1965 |title=வழிகாட்டி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/aug/15-08-1965/p49.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725113032/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/aug/15-08-1965/p49.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=16 September 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|16868558}}

[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Purushotthama (film)

2026-03-03T22:07:01Z

Digitalvivek: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{citation style|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Purushotthama
| native_name =
| image = Purushotthama (film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[M. S. Rajashekar]]
| writer = T. N. Narasimhan
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] Shivaranjini Madhubala [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
| producer = Madhu Bangarappa
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = Sri Renukamba Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|04|10}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Purushotthama''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance drama film]] directed by [[M. S. Rajashekar]] and produced by Madhu Bangarappa. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], Shivaranjini and [[Ranjitha]] (in her Kannada debut - credited as Madhubala).<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217082320/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/25035/sandalwood/shivarajkumar-century-100-films-list-news-details Shivarajkumar Century - 100 Films List]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Paramashiva a.k.a. shivu
* Shivaranjini
* [[Ranjitha]] (credited as Madhubala)
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* [[Vajramuni]]
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]
* Prithviraj
* [[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]]
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].All songs were hit

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Shiva Shiva
| extra1 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Madhuvade Neenu
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| length2 =
| title3 = Supero Supero Hudugi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]], Manjula Gururaj
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| length3 =
| title4 = Kanchana Kanchana
| extra4 = [[Shivarajkumar]], Manjula Gururaj
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 =
| title5 = Naanu Nimmavanu
| extra5 = Rajkumar
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| length5 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{M. S. Rajashekar}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. S. Rajashekar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1992 romantic drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1990s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Mudda Mandaram

2026-03-03T19:09:10Z

Digitalvivek: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mudda Mandaram
| image = Mudda Mandaram.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jandhyala]]
| producer = Ranjith Prasanth
| writer = [[Jandhyala]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]] [[Pradeep Kondiparthi]] [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] [[Suthi Velu]]
| music = [[Ramesh Naidu]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = G. G. Krishna Rao
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1981|09|11|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Mudda Mandaram''''' is a 1981 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]], written and directed by [[Jandhyala]]. It is the debut film for both the leading actors [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]] and [[Pradeep Kondiparthi]] and [[Suthi Velu]].This movie was inspired from 1971 French movie [[Friends (1971 film)|''Friends'' (1971 film)]]

==Plot==
Pradeep is son of a millionaire. He returns from America after his studies. He falls in love with a simple flower seller, Poornima. He marries her against the wishes of his father Shankar. How the young lovers survived facing the reality of life is the rest of the story.

==Cast==
* [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]] as Durga
* [[Pradeep Kondiparthi]] as Pradeep
* Sundara Laxmi
* Shankar
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]]
* Narasinga Rao
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]
* [[Suthi Velu]]

==Soundtrack==
* "Aliveni Aanimutyama' (Singers: [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]])
* "Jo Lali Jo Lali Nayana Okate Rendya Uyyala" (Singer: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Jonnachelon Junnu" (Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki)
* "Mandaaram Mudda Mandaaram Mudduke Muddoche Mandaram" (Singer: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Naa Sholapur Cheppulu" (Singer: Jitmohan Mitra)
* "Neelalu Kaarenaa Kaalaalu" (Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki)
* "Sreerastu Subhamastu Kalyanamastu" (Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki)
* "Kalakanthi Kolakullo" (Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki)
* "Aa Rendu Dondapanu Pedavullo" (Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki)

==Box office==
* The film ran for more than 100 days in about 25 centres.<ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/Muddamandaram1981_printer.php Movie retrospect of Mudda Mandaram at Telugu cinema.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225072038/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/Muddamandaram1981_printer.php |date=25 February 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jandhyala}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jandhyala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ramesh Naidu]]
[[Category:1981 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1981 directorial debut films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station

2026-02-26T18:01:48Z

Digitalvivek:

{{Short description|Railway station in Katra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] Major [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = KatraRailwayStation.jpg
| photo2a = Svdk Katra railway station.jpg
| size = 330
| spacing = 0
| color = white
| color_border = transparent
}}
| caption = SMVD Katra Railway Station
| address = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], [[Reasi district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|58|56|N|74|56|07|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|813.707|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]
| other =
| platform = 5
| tracks =
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2014|7|4|df=y}}
| electrified = [[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] [[OHLE]]
| accessible = {{Access icon}}{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SVDK
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Jammu}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railways]]
| status = Active
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_dot_label = Katra
| route_map = {{Jammu–Baramulla line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Chak Rakhwal|right=Reasi|to-left=Jammu Tawi|to-right=Baramulla|type=[[Jammu-Baramulla line]]}}
}}
'''Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra''' railway station (station code: '''SVDK''') is a railway station on the [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Jammu Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Railway Link]] in [[Reasi district]] in the Indian [[Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It mainly serves the town of [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] where the major Hindu [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi]] temple is situated. The temple is visited by millions of travellers per month via this station and its frequent special trains connectivity from all over India. The station belongs to the newly created Jammu division of [[Northern Railway zone]] in Jammu and Kashmir.

==History==
In 1898, Maharaja Prathap Singh first explored to connect Jammu with Srinagar. But due to non-co ordination and other reasons, it stopped. {{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}

In April 2005, the Jammu Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Railway Link was completed up to [[Udhampur railway station]] from [[Jammu]] side and up to [[Banihal railway station]] from [[Srinagar]] side. [[Pirpanjal railway tunnel]] was completed and testing was being conducted in 2012. The rail link was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 4 July 2014 at 10:00 A.M. Katra was the northern terminus of the southern section of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] as well as the northernmost place accessible on the contiguous network of [[Indian Railways]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=28113|publisher=Kashmir Times|date=23 January 2014|title = PM to visit J&K on Feb 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/spg-reviews-arrangements-for-pms-visit-to-open-track/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=24 January 2014|title =SPG reviews arrangements for PM's visit to open track}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=121427|publisher=Early Times|date=23 January 2014|title =PM to inaugurate Udhampur-Katra railway track on Feb 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bjp-manifesto-on-track-katra-station-first-stop/|date=29 June 2014|title =PM to inaugurate Katra railway station on July 4}}</ref>

On 6 June 2025, a pair of [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat]] trains between [[SMVD Katra–Srinagar Vande Bharat Express|Katra]] and [[Srinagar–SMVD Katra Vande Bharat Express|Srinagar]] were inaugurated, finally connecting the Kashmir Valley with the rest of India.

A 1 megawatt solar power plant was commissioned at the station in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Katra solar project to save Rs 1 crore energy bill for Railways|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/katra-solar-project-to-save-rs-1-crore-energy-bill-for-railways/articleshow/49631529.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

==Passenger amenities and facilities==

The ground floor of Katra railway station has escalators, lifts, current reservation, second class booking, train enquiry section, pilgrim guide, tourist assistance, VIP lounge, a fully air-conditioned hotel with a shopping lounge, multi-cuisine restaurant, cloak room, waiting hall, a book stall, tea stall, toilet blocks, and catering area. The first floor accommodates eight retiring rooms and a cafeteria.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/katra-railway-station-to-be-commissioned-by-march-112112700421_1.html | title = Katra railway station to be commissioned by March
|publisher=Business Standard|date=27 November 2012}}</ref> A huge parking place has also been constructed to accommodate cars and passenger buses.

Being a modern railway station. Katra Railway station is equipped with modern facilities.

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Trains}}}}
* [[Banihal railway station]]
* [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]
* [[Northern Railways]]
* [[List of railway stations in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Jammu and Kashmir}}
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ Indian Railways]
*[https://www.vivekdkumar.in/2019/02/katra-railway-station.html?m=1 Facilities at Katra Railway station]
{{Railway stations in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Reasi district]]
[[Category:Jammu railway division]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]

Krishnam Raju

2026-02-19T17:37:14Z

Digitalvivek: quick update

{{family name hatnote|Uppalapati|lang=Telugu}}
{{short description|Indian actor and politician (1940–2022)}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishnam Raju
| image = Uppalapati Krishnam Raju.jpg
| caption = Raju in 2016
| office = [[Minister of State]] [[Government of India]]
| term_start = 30 September 2000
| term_end = 22 May 2004
| 1blankname = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| 2namedata = 29 January 2003 – 22 May 2004
| 3blankname = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution]]
| 3namedata = 1 July 2002 – 29 January 2003
| 4blankname = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| 4namedata = 22 July 2001 – 1 July 2002
| 5blankname = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| 5namedata = 30 September 2000 – 22 July 2001
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 6 October 1999
| term_end1 = 16 May 2004
| constituency1 = [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapuram]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kanumuru Bapi Raju]]
| successor1 = [[Chegondi Venkata Harirama Jogaiah]]
| term_start2 = 10 March 1998
| term_end2 = 26 April 1999
| constituency2 = [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gopal Krishna Thota]]
| successor2 = [[Mudragada Padmanabham]]
| birth_name = Uppalapati Venkata Krishnam Raju<ref name="LSProfile" />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|1|20}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|9|11|1940|1|20}}
| birth_place = [[Mogalthur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Actor, politician
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Uppalapati Surya Narayana Raju|U. Suryanarayana Raju]] (brother) [[Prabhas]] (nephew)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[Praja Rajyam Party]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Sitadevi|end=d}}
* {{marriage|Shyamaladevi|1996}}
}}
}}

'''Uppalapati Venkata Krishnam Raju''' (20 January 1940 – 11 September 2022) was an Indian actor and politician. He was known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]] and was widely known as "''Rebel Star''" for his rebellious acting style. He was also the winner of the inaugural [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]]. Krishnam Raju starred in more than 183 feature films in his career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2014 |title=Krishnam Raju prays at Pedda Dargah |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Krishnam-Raju-prays-at-Pedda-Dargah/article11335270.ece |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> He made his film debut with the 1966 film ''[[Chilaka Gorinka]]'' produced and directed by [[K. Pratyagatma]]. Krishnam Raju had won five [[Filmfare Awards South]] and four state [[Nandi Awards]]. Krishnam Raju was also an active [[politician]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sankar |first=K. N. Murali |date=28 July 2015 |title=Krishnam Raju courting BJP again |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/krishnam-raju-courting-bjp-again/article7471817.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011161245/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/krishnam-raju-courting-bjp-again/article7471817.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2014 |title=Krishnam Raju joins BJP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/krishnam-raju-joins-bjp/article5556156.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705065150/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/krishnam-raju-joins-bjp/article5556156.ece |archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>

Krishnam Raju acted in several successful films such as ''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]'' (1973), ''[[Krishnaveni (film)|Krishnaveni]]'' (1974), ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' (1976), ''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' (1977), ''[[Sati Savitri (1978 film)|Sati Savitri]]'' (1978), ''[[Katakatala Rudrayya]]'' (1978), ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' (1978), ''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]'' (1979), ''[[Sri Vinayaka Vijayamu]]'' (1979), ''[[Sita Ramulu]]'' (1980), ''Taxi Driver'' (1981), ''[[Trisulam (film)|Trisulam]]'' (1982), ''[[Dharmaatmudu]]'' (1983), ''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' (1984), ''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paprayudu]]'' (1986), ''Marana Sasanam'' (1987), ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]'' (1987), ''[[Antima Teerpu (1988 film)|Antima Theerpu]]'' (1988), ''[[Bava Bavamaridi]]'' (1993), ''[[Palnati Pourusham]]'' (1994).

In the late 1990s, he became active in politics. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was elected to the 12th and 13th [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]] and [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapuram]] constituencies. He served as a [[Minister of State]] for the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in the [[third Vajpayee Ministry]] from 1999 to 2004. In March 2009, he joined [[Praja Rajyam Party]], founded by [[Chiranjeevi]]. In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]], he contested the [[Member of Parliament|MP]] seat from the [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]] constituency and lost.

==Personal life==
Uppalapati Venkata Krishnam Raju was born in [[Mogalthur]], [[West Godavari district]], on 20 January 1940, to Uppalapati Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Raju.<ref name="LSProfile" /> He completed his early education at Government Boys School in Mogalthur and later at Taylor's High School, in [[Narasapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He graduated with a [[B.Com]], from Badruka College, in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=T. Appala |date=11 September 2022 |title=Krishnam Raju {{!}} Mogaltur's son lived his entire life close to Godavari region |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mogalturs-son-lived-his-entire-life-close-to-godavari-region/article65878465.ece |access-date=16 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Krishnam Raju was first married to Sitadevi, who died.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnamraju birthday 2007 celebrations photo gallery - Telugu cinema actor |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/birthday2007-krishnamraju/pages/image001.html |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2019 |title=ఆ క్రెడిట్‌ రెబల్‌స్టార్‌దా? శ్యామలదా?! |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/sakshi-special-interview-krishnam-raju-family-1249856 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref> He married Shyamaladevi, in 1996, with whom he had three daughters.<ref name="LSProfile">{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=202&lastls=13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011161246/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=202&lastls=13 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=17 November 2019 |website=164.100.47.194}}{{Non-primary source needed|date=November 2022}}</ref>

Film producer, [[Uppalapati Surya Narayana Raju]], was his younger brother and actor [[Prabhas]]' father. Prabhas is his nephew. Another nephew of his, Siddharth Rajkumar, made his acting debut with ''[[Keratam]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keratam (2011) {{!}} Keratam Telugu Movie {{!}} Keratam Cast & Crew, Story, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/keratam.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}</ref> Krishnam Raju worked as a journalist for the [[Andhra Ratna]]. He was awarded the second best photographer at the state level. He was fond of cameras and had a collection of cameras. He was the founder of Gopi Krishna Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rebel Star' of Tollywood Krishnam Raju passes away |date=11 September 2022 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rebel-star-tollywood-krishnam-raju-passes-away-167755 |publisher=The News Minute}}</ref> At a later age, he suffered from multiple illnesses like [[Heart rhythm]] disorder, heart dysfunction, [[diabetes mellitus]], [[Kidney failure|coronary]] heart disease, chronic lung disease, [[Kidney disease|and]] [[chronic bronchitis]].<ref name=":1" />

==Career==

===Debut and career up to 1967===
Krishnam Raju entered [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] in 1966 with the film ''[[Chilaka Gorinka]]'' directed by [[Kotayya Pratyagatma]] alongside [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]. The film won [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film#Rajata (Silver) Nandi|Nandi Award for Best Feature Film - Silver]] for that year, however, the film did not produce the expected results for Raju.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |title=krishnam raju: సినీ పరిశ్రమను విడిచి వెళ్లిపోవాలనుకున్న కృష్ణంరాజు..! |trans-title=Krishnam Raju: Krishna Raju wanted to leave the film industry..! |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/krishnam-raju-wants-quit-in-telugu-cinema/0208/122173411 |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> Later he acted in the mythological film ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' (1967) which also stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]]. In 1968, he appeared in ''[[Nenante Nene]]''. He was at first reluctant to act in the film given the role is of an antagonist and that he debuted in films in a protagonist role. Upon being advised by his peers and co-actors to gain exposure to a diversified character, he took on the role. The film turned out successful. He subsequently received several offers for antagonist roles following the critical praise he garnered in the role. He took upon a few films and later returned to protagonist roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. L. Narasimham |date=21 February 2019 |title=Nenante Nene (1968) |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/nenante-nene-1968/article26337189.ece |access-date=11 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He acted in many films with the established actors N. T. Rama Rao and [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]. He also acted in many films with the established actresses Krishna Kumari, [[Rajasulochana]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], and [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

===Breakthrough: 1968–1973===
Krishnam Raju acted alongside [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] in ''[[Nenante Nene]]'' (1968) and set the trend of handsome villains. Later, he acted in ''Bhale Abbayilu'' (1969), the Telugu remake of [[Yash Chopra]]'s 1965 film ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]''. Later he acted in films such as ''[[Buddhimantudu]]'' (1969), ''[[Manushulu Marali]]'' (1969), ''Malli Pelli'' (1970), and ''Jai Jawan (''1970). He acted opposite Bollywood actress [[Rekha]] in ''Amma Kosam'' (1970) which was her first film as an actress. Later he acted in films such as ''Anuradha'', ''Bhagyavantudu'' ''(''1971), and ''Bangaaru Talli'' (1971), the remake of the critically acclaimed 1957 Hindi film ''[[Mother India]]''. Later he acted in films such as ''Muhammad- bin-Tughluq'' (1972) portraying the role of [[Islamic scholar]] [[Ibn Battuta]], ''Raj Mahal'' (1972), ''Hantakulu Devaantakulu'' (1972) opposite [[Rajasulochana]], ''[[Manavudu Danavudu]]'' (1972) opposite [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], ''[[Neeti-Nijayiti]]'' (1972) opposite Kanchana and ''Vintha Dampatulu'' (1972) opposite [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]. Later he acted in films such as ''[[Badi Panthulu]]'' (1972), ''[[Bala Mitrula Katha]]'' (1972), ''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]'' (1973), and ''Kanna Koduku'' (1973). In most of the films, he acted as an antihero, villain, and supporting roles and in leadership roles in a few films.

===1974–1983===
Krishnam Raju acted in ''[[Bantrothu Bharya]]'' which marks the first collaboration of Krishnam Raju with [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. Later he acted in the critically acclaimed film ''[[Krishnaveni (film)|Krishnaveni]]'' opposite [[Vanisri]] directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]. The film marks the debut of Krishnam Raju as a producer, the film was produced under his own production house Gopi Krishna Movies. Later he acted in ''[[Parivartana (1975 film)|Parivartana]]'' opposite Jamuna, Kanchana and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], and ''Bharati'' opposite Jamuna, ''Iddaru Iddare,'' and ''[[Yavvanam Katesindi]]''. Later he acted in ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' portraying the roles of [[Arjuna]] and [[Kannappa Nayanar]] directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] which is the unique Telugu film to win the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]]. Later he acted in the [[Crime film|crime]] [[Drama film|drama]] ''[[Manchiki Maro Peru]]''. Later he acted in ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' portraying the role of [[Karna]] directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. Later he acted in ''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' which marks the first collaboration of Krishnam Raju with [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. The film earned him [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu)]] and [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]] for the year 1977. Later he acted in films such as ''[[Jeevana Teeralu]]'', ''Manushulu Chesina Dongalu,'' and ''[[Sati Savitri (1978 film)|Sati Savitri]]''. Later he acted in the lavishly made ''[[Katakatala Rudrayya]]'' which grossed {{INRConvert|75|l}} made on a budget of {{INRConvert|18|l}}. Later he acted in ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' which was produced by him and Jaya Krishna. The film garnered [[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]] for the year 1978 and Krishnam Raju shared the award with Jaya Krishna. ''Katakataala Rudraiah'' and ''Mana Voori Pandavulu'' was released within a gap of 10 days and both films became blockbusters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Krishnam Raju's unique feat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Krishnam-Rajus-unique-feat/articleshow/36661232.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Later he acted in films such as ''Ramabanam'', ''[[Andadu Aagadu]]'' in which he acts in a role of a [[spy]] which is parallel to [[James Bond filmography|James Bond]], which became a smash hit. Later he acted in ''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]'', ''[[Sri Vinayaka Vijayamu]]'' portraying the role of [[Lord Shiva]]. Later he acted in films such as ''Shivamettina Satyam'', ''Kalyana Chakravarti,'' and ''[[Alludu Pattina Bharatam]]'' which were directed by [[K. Viswanath]]. Later he acted in ''[[Sita Ramulu]]'', ''[[Bebbuli]],'' and ''[[Prema Tarangalu]]'', the Telugu remake of the 1978 Bollywood blockbuster ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]''. In 1981, he acted in ''[[Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu (1981 film)|Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu]]'' directed by [[K. Balachander]]. In the same year, he acted in ''[[Agni Poolu (film)|Agni Poolu]]'' which was based on [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]'s [[Agni Poolu (novel)|novel of the same name]]. Later he acted in the musical hit, ''[[Puli Bidda]]'', ''Taxi Driver'', ''[[Ragile Jwala]]'', ''Guvvala Janta'', ''Rama Lakshmanulu'', ''[[Madhura Swapnam]]'', ''[[Talli Kodukula Anubandham]]'', ''[[Nipputo Chelagaatam]]'', ''[[Golconda Abbulu]]'', ''Jaggu'', ''Pralaya Rudrudu,'' and critically acclaimed ''[[Trisulam (film)|Trisulam]]''. Later he acted in ''Nijam Chebite Nerama!'', ''[[Adavi Simhalu]]'', ''[[Puli Bebbuli]]'', ''Kotikokkadu'' and ''[[Dharmaatmudu]]''.

===1984–1990===
In 1984, Krishnam Raju acted in ''[[Yuddham (1984 film)|Yuddham]]'', ''Sardar'', ''[[Babulugaadi Debba]]'', ''Kondaveeti Nagulu'' and ''S. P. Bhayankar''. Later, he acted in the Tollywood industrial hit ''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' which earned him [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu)]] and [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CineGoer.com – Satyasai Karavadi's Articles – Review – Bobbili Brahmanna |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/sskarticles/bobbilibrahmanna1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929172357/http://www.cinegoer.com/sskarticles/bobbilibrahmanna1.htm |archive-date=29 September 2012}}</ref> He also remade the film in Hindi as ''[[Dharm Adhikari]]'' with [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Jeetendra]] in 1986. Later, he acted in films such as ''[[Raraju (1984 film)|Raraju]]'', ''Bharatamlo Shankaravam'', ''Rowdy'', ''Bandee'', ''[[Tirugubatu]]'', ''Aggi Raju'', ''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]'', ''Ukku Manishi'', ''Ravana Brahma'', ''Neti Yugadharmam,'' and ''[[Ugra Narasimham]]''. In 1986, he acted in ''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]'' portraying the role of [[Tandra Paparayudu]] which earned him the Filmfare Best Actor Award for the year 1986. The film premiered at the 11th [[International Film Festival of India]]. Later, he acted in films such as ''[[Sardar Dharmanna]]'' and ''Marana Shasanam'' which earned him the Filmfare Best Actor Award for the year 1987. In 1987, he acted in ''[[Brahma Nayudu (1987 film)|Brahma Nayudu]]'', ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]'' portraying the role of [[Srikrishnadevaraya]]. Later, he acted in films such as ''Maarana Homam'', ''[[Kirai Dada]]'', ''Maa Inti Maha Raju'', ''[[Antima Teerpu (1988 film)|Antima Teerpu]]'', ''Prithvi Raj'', ''Prachanda Bharatam'', ''[[Dharma Teja]]'', ''Prana Snehitulu'', ''[[Simha Swapnam]]'', ''Shri Ramachandrudu'', ''Bhagawan'', ''[[Two Town Rowdy]]'', ''Yama Dharma Raju'' and ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]''.

===1991–2022===
In 1991, Krishnam Raju acted in ''Vidhata'', ''[[Bava Bavamaridi]]'', ''[[Jailor Gaari Abbayi]]'', ''Andaroo Andare'', and ''[[Gangmaster (film)|Gangmaster]]''. In 1994, he acted in ''[[Palnati Pourusham]]'' & this film was a super hit at the box office. Later, he acted in ''Rikshaw Rudraiah'', ''Simha Garjana'', ''Nayudugaari Kutumbam'', ''Tata Manavadu'', ''Kutumba Gowravam,'' and ''[[Maa Nannaku Pelli]]'' which won [[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film]]. In 1997, he entered [[Kannada cinema|Sandalwood]] and acted in two Kannada films viz ''Hai Bangalore'' and ''[[Simhada Mari]]''. Later he acted in ''[[Sultan (1999 film)|Sultan]]'', ''[[Vamsoddharakudu]]'', and ''[[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]]'' which won Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film. Later he acted in ''[[Raam (2006 film)|Raam]]'' and ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]'', a film of the ''[[Don (franchise)|Don film series]],'' and acted with [[Prabhas]] for the first time. Later he acted in ''[[Thakita Thakita]]'' and ''[[Rebel (2012 film)|Rebel]]''. ''Billa'' marks the second innings of his production house, Gopi Krishna Movies. Krishnam Raju said in an interview that he would produce films continuously under the banner. Later he acted in ''[[Chandee]]'', ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]],'' and the first Indian [[3D film|3D]] [[historical film]], ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' where he portrays the role of Ganapati Devudu, father of [[Rudrama Devi]]. Raju's last film was ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' (2022), in which he played the role of Paramahamsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Prabhas' uncle Krishnam Raju turns into Paramahamsa for Radhe Shyam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/meet-prabhas-uncle-krishnam-raju-as-paramahamsa-from-radhe-shyam-7682299/ |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==

He contested an unsuccessful election in 1992 from [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapuram]] on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket. After a brief hibernation, he rejoined politics, accepting an invitation from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He won the [[1998 Lok Sabha elections]] from [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]. He set a record with a thumping majority of over 165,000 votes, the maximum majority compared to any of the other constituencies in [[Andhra Pradesh]] which ensured him a berth at the centre. He was on the advisory committees of the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]] and [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]] Ministries during 1998–99.

* 1998 Elected to 12th Lok Sabha
* 1998–99 Member, Committee on Commerce Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
* 1999 Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (2nd term) Whip, B.J.P. Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha
* 1999–2000 Member, Committee on Finance Member, Committee on members of parliament Local Area Development Scheme
* 2000 Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* 30 September 2000- Union Minister of State, Ministry of External Affairs 22 July 2001
* 22 July 2001- Union Minister of State, Ministry of Defence 30 June 2002
* 1 July 2002 - Union Minister of State, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food onwards and Public Distribution

===Role in the prohibition of cow slaughter===
{{See also|Cattle slaughter in India}}
The Ban on Cow Slaughter Bill, 1999 was introduced in the Lok Sabha by [[Yogi Adityanath]] which provided for a complete prohibition on the slaughter of cows for all purposes. The statement of objects and reasons appended to the Bill stated, "Article 48 of the Constitution enjoins on the State to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and in particular to take steps for preserving and improving the breeds and prohibiting the slaughter of cow and its progeny. Given the consideration that the cow and its entire progeny must be saved to provide milk, as well as manure, it becomes imperative to impose a complete ban on cow slaughter."

In 2000, Krishnam Raju moved a motion in the [[Lok Sabha]] for the introduction of The Prohibition of Cow Slaughter Bill, 2000 with the following statement of objects and reasons, "Article 48 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] enjoins upon the State to organise [[agriculture]] and [[animal husbandry]] on modern and scientific lines and in particular to take steps for preserving and improving the breeds and prohibiting the [[Animal slaughter|slaughter of cow and its progeny]]. [[G. M. Banatwala]], raised the issue regarding the legislative competence of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] to enact legislation on the subject. Banatwala referred to the opinion given by the then [[Attorney General of India|Attorney General]], [[M.C. Setalvad]] in the Lok Sabha on 1 April 1984 on the issue, to the effect that it was outside the legislative competence of that House to come forward with any Bill concerning the organisation of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. However, the Chairman of the Lok Sabha in his ruling on the point raised by Banatwala inter alia observed that the Chair does not decide whether the Bill is constitutionally within the legislative competence of the House or not. Further, the House also does not take a decision on the specific question of vires of the Bill. The motion moved by was, therefore, put to the vote of the House and adopted. Accordingly, the Chair permitted the introduction of the Bill by Krishnam Raju."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the National Commission on Cattle – Chapter II (13. Private Members' Bills and Resolutions introduced in Parliament) |url=http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/report-of-the-national-commission-on-cattle/chapter-ii-executive-summary.aspx#it12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109002416/http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/report-of-the-national-commission-on-cattle/chapter-ii-executive-summary.aspx#it12 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013 |publisher=[[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|DAHD]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Krishnam Raju filmography}}

==Death==
Raju died on 11 September 2022, at the age of 82, from bacterial and fungal [[pneumonia]] followed by [[cardiac arrest]], at the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology Hospitals in Hyderabad, India, which he entered for post-COVID-19 issues on 5 August 2022.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=11 September 2022 |title=Rebel star Krishnam Raju passes away with post-Covid complications |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/110922/veteran-telugu-actor-krishnam-raju-passes-away-at-83.html |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/veteran-actor-and-former-union-minister-krishnam-raju-dies-aged-82-122091100103_1.html | title=Veteran actor and former union minister Krishnam Raju dies aged 82 | work=Business Standard | date=11 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu|Best Actor - Telugu]] - [[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amaradeepam]] (1977)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/krishnam-raju-won-filmfare-best-actor-award | title=Krishnam Raju Won Filmfare Best Actor Award | date=31 July 2024 }}</ref>
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu|Best Picture]] - [[Manavuri Pandavulu]] (1978) (award share with Jayakrishna)
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu|Best Actor - Telugu]] - [[Bobbili Brahmanna]] (1984)<ref>https://archive.org/details/krishnam-raju-won-filmfare-best-actor-bobbili-brahmmanna</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/32nd-filmfare-south-telugu-winners| title=Collections | date=1991 }}</ref>
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu|Best Actor - Telugu]] - [[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]] (1986)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/s.-p-balu-krishnam-raju-won-filmfare | title=S. P Balu Krishnam Raju Won Filmfare | date=19 July 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award (South)|Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]] (2006)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/54thAnnualFilmfareAwardssouthLifetimeAchievementandLegendaryawards | title=54th Annual Filmfare awards south Lifetime achievement award winners & Legendary honorary winners | date=27 January 2025 }}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]
;[[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amara Deepam]]''
| Shri Krishna / Hari
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]''
| Brahmanna / Ravi
|}
; [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Jailor Gaari Abbayi]]''
| Jailor Chakrapani
|}
*2014 - [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

===TSR TV9 National Awards===
* 2012 - Lifetime Achievement Award
* 2015 - Legend Actor of Silver Screen
* 2016 - 5 Decades Star Award

===Zee Telugu Awards===

*2015 - Lifetime Achievement Award

===Gulf Andhra Musical Awards (GAMA)===

*2015 - Lifetime Achievement Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0471464}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{Krishnam Raju}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards received by Krishnam Raju
| list =
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}
{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients|state=collapsed}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Actor}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Character Actor}}
}}{{Portal bar|Biography|Film}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Krishnam}}
[[Category:Krishnam Raju]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Ministers for external affairs of India]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Praja Rajyam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Muktha (actress)

2026-02-18T16:20:38Z

Digitalvivek: quick update

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muktha
| image = Muktha.jpg
| caption = Muktha during a college function
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolenchery]], Kerala, India
| othername = Bhanu
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| children = 1
| spouse = {{marriage|Rinku Tomy|2015}}
| relatives = [[Rimi Tomy]] (sister-in-law)
}}

'''Muktha George''' also known by '''Bhanu''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She is well known for her role as Bhanumathy in the Tamil film ''[[Thaamirabharani]]''.<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite web |author=A Sharadhaa |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Bhanu-all-for-darling/2013/10/09/article1823994.ece |title=Bhanu all for darling |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023141400/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Bhanu-all-for-darling/2013/10/09/article1823994.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Originally from [[Angamaly]], Muktha was born the youngest of two children to George and Saly at [[Kolenchery]]. She has an elder sister. She went to St. Augustine's Girls Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam, Kerala]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=Nita Sathyendran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/act-of-expression/article2702565.ece |title=Act of expression |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=10 December 2011 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430020531/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/act-of-expression/article2702565.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Muktha started her career as a child artist when she was in class six. She acted in television serials such as ''Swaram'' (on Amrita TV)<ref name="thehindu1"/> and then switched to the film industry.<ref>{{cite web |author=A Sharadhaa |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article1458349.ece |title=Muktha replaces Vedhika in Brindavana |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133915/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article1458349.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> She started her career by playing supporting role in ''[[Otta Nanayam]]'', released in 2005.But her first film in main role was [[Lal Jose]]'s ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]'', released in 2005, when Muktha was doing her 8th standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/muktha-exploited-by-her-father-news-malayalam-kkfsKQfggec.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216024352/http://www.sify.com/movies/muktha-exploited-by-her-father-news-malayalam-kkfsKQfggec.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2013 |title=Muktha – Exploited by her father! |website=[[Sify]] |date=16 October 2008 |access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> She was seen as Lisamma in the film and ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "It's perhaps one of the most enduring female roles in modern Malayalam cinema".<ref name="thehindu1"/>

She later acted in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film titled ''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]'' opposite [[Nandu (actor)|Anand]] and [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tikkview.com/artist/3300-muktha |title=Muktha – Find what you like |publisher=tikkview |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024035851/http://www.tikkview.com/artist/3300-muktha |url-status=live}}</ref> She made her successful entry into the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] with the film ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' opposite [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]. She later starred in some Malayalam films like ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' and ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]''.

She played an established actress in the Tamil film ''[[Pudhumugangal Thevai]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=V Lakshmi, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/news-interviews/32619476_1_sivaji-ganesan-film-industry-rajesh |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017211650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/news-interviews/32619476_1_sivaji-ganesan-film-industry-rajesh |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Bhanu is back with Sivaji now! |date=11 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> In ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal]]'' she played the role of a "feisty young woman" called Mallika who belongs to a fishing community.<ref name="thehindu1"/> For her role, she spent one month on the beach under the sun, getting herself a tan and also learnt to speak Tamil in the Nagercoil slang.<ref>{{cite web |author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-23/news-interviews/35969670_1_actress-bhanu-thamirabharani-vasanth |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017211650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-23/news-interviews/35969670_1_actress-bhanu-thamirabharani-vasanth |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Bhanu is back! |date=23 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> In 2013, she signed her first Kannada film, ''Darling'', directed by Santhu where she starred opposite Yogi.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Yogisizzles-with-Darling-co-star-Bhanu/articleshow/24297283.cms |title=Yogi sizzles with Darling co-star Bhanu |work=The Times of India |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325031614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Yogisizzles-with-Darling-co-star-Bhanu/articleshow/24297283.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Muktha was engaged on 23 August 2015 to Rinku Tomy, brother of the playback singer [[Rimi Tomy]] and then married on 30 August 2015 in [[Edappally]].<ref name="english.manoramaonline.com">{{Cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/actress-muktha-to-tie-the-knot.html |title=Actress Muktha to tie the knot |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813040915/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/actress-muktha-to-tie-the-knot.html |website=Onmanorama |date=11 August 2015 |archivedate=13 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Muktha is a trained classical dancer and has done many stage shows.<ref name="thehindu1"/> She is also managing a beauty salon.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Muktha film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Otta Nanayam]]'' || Chinnu || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] || Film debut
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]'' || Lisamma || Debut film in main role
|-
| ''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]'' || Bhanu || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' || Bhanumathy Saravanaperumal || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Tamil debut Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]'' || Maria || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Rasigar Mandram]]'' || Kavitha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || Annie || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009 || ''[[Hailesa]]'' || Shalini ||
|-
| ''[[Kancheepurathe Kalyanam]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagar Malai]]'' || Janani || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2010 || ''[[Avan (2010 film)|Avan]]'' || Mallika || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]'' || Janet ||
|-
| ''[[Chaverpada]]'' || Gopika ||
|-
| ''Khilafath'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2011 || ''[[Sattapadi Kutram]]'' || Poorani || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''Shivapuram'' || || rowspan="5" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
| ''Themmadi Pravu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[Ee Thirakkinidayil]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
| ''[[Manthrikan]]'' || Rukku ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhumugangal Thevai]]'' || Bindutara || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013 || ''[[Emmanuel (film)|Emmanuel]]'' || Jennifer || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal]]'' || Mallika || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' || Herself || Tamil || Special appearance for nilavatam nethiyela song
|-
| ''[[Ginger (2013 film)|Ginger]]'' || Roopa || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Darling (2014 film)|Darling]]'' || Poorni || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Angry Babies in Love]]'' || Interviewer || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ormayundo Ee Mukham]]'' || Hema ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2015 || ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' || Ancy ||
|-
| ''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]'' || Seema || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Sukhamayirikkatte'' ||Sreelakshmi || Malayalam||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Vaaimai]]'' || Jhanavi || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Paambhu Sattai]]'' || Malar ||
|-
| ''Sagunthalavin Kadhalan'' || Sakunthala||
|-
| 2024|| ''Kuruvipaappa'' ||Mubeena || Malayalam ||
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Vineeth to headline the upcoming drama film 'Kuruvi Pappa'; check out the poster here | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vineeth-to-headline-the-upcoming-drama-film-kuruvi-pappa-check-out-the-poster-here/articleshow/101384916.cms | access-date=2025-10-05 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Muktha television credits
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" |Channel
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''Ayilliyam Kavu'' || rowspan="8" | Malayalam || [[Surya TV]] || Actress || rowspan="5" | TV Serial
|-
| ''Gunapadam'' || Telefilm || Actress
|-
| ''Pavithrabandham'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''Swaram'' || [[Amrita TV]] || Actress
|-
| ''De Maveli Kombath'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Actress
|-
| 2010 || ''Ente Priya Ganangal'' || [[Surya TV]]|| Host || Music show
|-
| 2012 || ''Munch Dance Dance'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Judge || Reality show
|-
| 2015 || ''Star Challenge'' || [[Flowers TV]]|| Contestant || Reality show
|-
| 2018–2019 || ''[[Chandrakumari]]'' || Tamil Kannada || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Udaya TV]] || Anjali || rowspan="1" |TV Serial
|-
| 2019 || ''Atham Pathu Ruchi 2019'' || rowspan="2" | Malayalam || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Celebrity Host || Cookery show
|-
| 2020 || ''Koodathayi'' || [[Flowers TV]]|| Dolly || TV Serial; Based on [[Koodathayi cyanide killings]]
|-
| 2021 || ''Velammal'' || Tamil || [[Star Vijay]] || Rani Umaiyaal || TV Serial
|-
| 2021–2022 || ''Star Magic'' || rowspan="4" | Malayalam || rowspan="3" | [[Flowers TV]]|| Mentor || rowspan=3 | Game show
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''Flowers Top Singer 2'' || Guest Mentor
|-
| ''Flowers Oru Kodi'' || Contestant
|-
| 2022–2023 || ''Nammal'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Gayathri || TV Serial
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2569482|name=Muktha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muktha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

M. P. M. Menon

2026-02-08T11:58:55Z

Digitalvivek: corrected layout for consistency and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muthal Puredath Murlidhar Menon
| image =
| alt =
| caption = M. P. M. Menon
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1942|07|10}}
| birth_place = [[Angadipuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|01|25|1942|07|10}}
| death_place =
| spouse = Shanta Menon (married 1972)
| children = 2
| other_names =
| occupation = diplomat
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Muthal Puredath Muralidhara Menon''' (10 July 1942 – 25 January 2013) was an Indian [[diplomat]], [[ambassador]] to [[Bahrain]], [[Maldives]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Brazil]].<ref name=":01">[http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/indian-community-in-uae-mourns-death-of-diplomat-1.1146275 "Indian community in UAE mourns death of diplomat"], ''[[Gulf News]]'', Abu Dhabi, 14 February 2013. Retrieved on 14 February 2013.</ref>

==Early life==
Menon was born in [[Angadipuram]], [[Malappuram District]], [[Kerala]] on 10 July 1942. His mother was M.P. Narayanikutty Menon, and father was V.P.K. Nair. He was the grandnephew of the famous freedom fighter and [[Malabar rebellion]] leader, M.P. Narayana Menon.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/freedom-fighters-birth-anniversary/article1549213.ece | title=Freedom fighter's birth anniversary | work=The Hindu | date=18 March 2011 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> Being a member of the matrilineal [[Nair]] society, his family name was taken from his mother's side of the family.

He attended college is the [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College|Guruvayurappan College]] in [[Calicut]], on a scholarship. Upon graduation, he worked as a teacher, and then as a chemist in the explosives factory in [[Aruvankadu]]. He then joined the [[Indian Army]] Short Services Commission, which had been established in the aftermath of the [[India-China War]] of 1962. After serving in the Indian Army for 5 years, he took the [[Indian civil service]] exam and joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]].

==Diplomatic career==

[[File:With Bollywood Superstar Amitabh Bachchan, In MPM Menon's house.jpg|thumb|With Bollywood actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]], in Menon's house]]
Menon's first posting was in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]. He served there from 1974 to 1977. His next posting was in [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]]. His boss, the [[Indian Ambassador to the Soviet Union]], was the future [[Prime Minister of India]], [[I. K. Gujral]]. This was the period of the [[Janata Party|Janata]] Government under [[Morarji Desai]]. There was an important visit by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the [[Indian Foreign Minister]], who later rose to become the Indian Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://mealib.nic.in/?2507?000#6|title = MEA Library Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, Annual Report 1978-79}}</ref>

His next posting was to [[Tripoli, Libya]] in 1980. The leader of Libya was [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. The country was also a source of oil for India, and home to a large Indian expatriate population. There were constant issues about worker rights, which was difficult to enforce in a dictatorship.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.unwatch.org/atf/cf/%7B6deb65da-be5b-4cae-8056-8bf0bedf4d17%7D/WRITTEN%20STATEMENT%20ITEM%209.PDF|title =Libya must end racism against black African migrants and others|url-status =dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120406124000/http://www.unwatch.org/atf/cf/%7B6deb65da-be5b-4cae-8056-8bf0bedf4d17%7D/WRITTEN%20STATEMENT%20ITEM%209.PDF|archive-date =2012-04-06}}</ref> On one occasion, Gaddafi summoned Menon, and his boss, the Indian Ambassador, and asked them to take his private aircraft, and bring the Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] over to Tripoli. He then sent his wife to fetch Indira Gandhi from New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/inconsistent-gaddafi-once-sent-wife-to-invite-indira/863150/|title = Inconsistent Gaddafi once sent wife to invite Indira|date = 21 October 2011|access-date = 12 August 2019 |newspaper = The Indian Express }}</ref>

After Libya, he was transferred to [[New Delhi]] in 1983. He took part in the first [[SAARC]] meeting, and travelled extensively to India's neighbouring countries. These included multiple trips to [[Pakistan]], where he was shown tremendous hospitality when people found out that he was from India.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dawn.com/news/1172832|title = Pakistanis seem to love Indians. Do Indians feel the same way?}}</ref>

==Ambassadorial postings==
[[File:Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.jpg|thumb|With Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]]]

===Bahrain===
In 1986, Murali Menon was transferred to [[Bahrain]]. There was a large community of Indian expatriates, some of whom, like [[Jashanmal]], had been in Bahrain for over 50 years. Out of a total population of 400,000 persons, Indians comprised around 80,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.moh.gov.bh/PDF/Publications/statistics/HS2011/PDF/CH-02%20census_2011.pdf|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150128142310/http://www.moh.gov.bh/PDF/Publications/Statistics/HS2011/PDF/CH-02%20census_2011.pdf|url-status =dead|archive-date =2015-01-28|title =Census and Demographic Statistics}}</ref> They were from all parts of India, though the majority of the Indians were from Menon's home state of Kerala. In order to coordinate the different Indian associations, he created the Coordination Committee of Indian Associations (CCIA).<ref>D'Souza, Ronald DF. [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=53569 "Bahrain: Include Bahraini Families in Indian Programmes – Ambassador"], ''[[Daijiworld]]'', Bahrain, 14 November 2008. Retrieved on 14 November 2008.</ref>

===Maldives===
Menon arrived in [[Maldives]] soon after the attempted coup against President [[Gayoom]], by foreign mercenaries.<ref>Gupta, Shekhar. [https://www.indiatoday.in/world/neighbours/story/maldives-president-coup-india-92557-2012-02-08 "Close Shave How India averted Maldives coup in 1988"], ''[[India Today]]'', Male, Maldives, 9 February 2012. Retrieved on 9 February 2012.</ref> This attempt was crushed with the help of the Indian Army. Due to its strategic location, there were several visits from Indian Prime Ministers, Ministers, and other dignitaries during his tenure.

===Canada===
Menon took over as the Indian [[Consul General]] in 1992. This was during the height of the [[Khalistan movement]], which received significant support from the [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikh expatriates in Canada]]. However, there was no security incident during his tenure. In order to show the integration of Sikhs with India, he attended a [[gurudwara]] function, thus becoming the first Indian diplomat to officially attend a Sikh religious function in his official capacity, since the Khalistan issue erupted in the 1980s.

===United Arab Emirates===
In 1994, Menon was transferred to [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. As soon as he took over, the [[1994 plague epidemic in Surat]] took place.<ref>Hussain, Thomas. [http://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/10/06/UAE-lifts-some-anti-plague-measures/1182781416000/ "UAE lifts some anti-plague measures"], ''[[United Press International|UPI]]'', Dubai, 30 September 1996. Retrieved on 6 October 1994.</ref> He had to plead with the [[President of the UAE]], to allow Indians who were stranded in India, to be allowed to come back and resume their jobs. Due to [[WHO]] clearances, the UAE lifted the ban on flights from India.

The next major initiative was to have an amnesty for Indians living in the UAE illegally. Since there were immigration controls while leaving UAE, these people, who had overstayed their visas, could not leave without being arrested. Menon worked with the UAE government, and Ambassadors from fellow South Asian countries like Pakistan, [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh]], to have an amnesty for illegals to go back to their home country. Over 100,000 people availed of this facility to leave the UAE.<ref>Mardini, Ahmad. [http://www.ipsnews.net/1996/09/gulf-population-extra-time-for-illegal-immigrants-to-leave-uae/ "GULF-POPULATION: Extra Time for Illegal Immigrants to Leave UAE"], ''[[Inter Press Service News Agency]]'', Abu Dhabi, 30 September 1996. Retrieved on 30 September 1996.</ref>

One of his favourite ways to build good relations with the Indian community was to remember the birthdays of a large number of people. He would do this even years after he was retired.<ref name=":01" />

===Brazil===
In 1998, Mr. Menon was transferred to [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]] amid a growing era of cooperation between Brazil and India, the largest democracies in South America and Asia, respectively, while in economics, the two were noted as similar emerging markets through the [[BRIC (economics term)|BRIC]] concept as proposed by [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley|Jim O'Neill]]. This included cooperation between the Indian and [[Brazilian Space Program]]s.<ref>[http://www.isro.gov.in/update/16-mar-2000/isro-and-brazilian-space-agency-to-cooperate-space-activities "ISRO and Brazilian Space Agency to Cooperate in Space Activities"], ''[[ISRO]]'', Brasilia, 16 March 2000. Retrieved on 16 March 2000.</ref>

==Post retirement==
After retiring from the Indian Foreign Service, Menon took part in various seminars and boards. Among them was the Inland Water Transport,<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/poor-infrastructure-hits-inland-water-transport/article2165632.ece "Poor infrastructure hits inland water transport"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', New Delhi, 17 January 2005. Retrieved on 17 January 2005.</ref> India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Cooperation <ref>[http://www.ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/diary_october2004.pdf "Brainstorming on India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Economic Cooperation"], ''[[RIS Diary]]'', New Delhi, October 2004. Retrieved in October 2004.</ref> and India International Centre seminars on Latin America.<ref>[http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/ContentAttachments/Publications/DiaryFiles/262722December152010_AnnualReport2005_06.pdf "Cultural Identity of Latin America"], ''[[India International Centre]]'', New Delhi, March 2006. Retrieved in March 2006.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Muthal Puredath Muralidhar}}
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Brazil]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Bahrain]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the Maldives]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]

Eswaran Thangavel

2026-02-07T19:01:56Z

Digitalvivek: creating stub

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Indian patronymic|Eswaran|Thangavel}}
{{Use British English|date = September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eswaran Thangavel
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|09|20}}
| birth_place = [[Komarapalayam]], [[Namakkal]], [[Tamilnadu]], India<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/cinematographer/eswaran-thangavel | title=Eswaran Thangavel }}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Cinematographer|}}
}}

'''Eswaran Thangavel''' (born 20 September 1986) is an Indian [[cinematographer]] and producer and actor known for his works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and Telegu Cinema and has to date completed 3 feature films and 4 short films.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMDb |publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5606462/}}</ref>

== Career ==

Eswaran Thangavel, a cinematographer from south India, graduated from [[DG Vaishnav College]] in BSc Visual Communication and later pursued a Diploma in Television and Film Technology from [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]]

He won the award the best cinematographer at [[Jaipur International Film Festival|Jaipur International film festival]] 2017 for Kerala Pardiso.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Winners of the Jaipur International Film Festival 2017 – Asian Film Festivals |url=https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2017/02/10/winners-jaipur-international-film-festival-2017/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726082250/https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2017/02/10/winners-jaipur-international-film-festival-2017/ |archive-date=2022-07-26 |access-date=2022-07-26 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==


{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="text-align:center; background:yellow;" |{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Cinematographer
!Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Railway Children (film)|Railway Children]]''
|{{yes}}
|Kannada
|
|-
|Kerala Paradiso
|{{yes}}
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2021
|''Brandy Diaries''
|{{yes}}
|Telugu
|}

*

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ice4mad.wixsite.com/eswaranthangavel/home Official website]
* {{IMDb name|id=5606462|name=Eswaran Thangavel}}
* [https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/take-diversion-release-date-star-cast-makers-more Take Diversion movie]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivan, Santosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Keelu Gurram

2026-02-07T16:22:47Z

Digitalvivek: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Keelu Gurram
| image = Keelu Gurram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = '''Story/Script/Songs''': [[Tapi Dharma Rao]] [[Sadasivabrahmam]] {{small|(uncredited)}} '''Screenplay''': Ch Narayana Murthy
| producer = Raja Saheb of Mirzapur
| director = Raja Saheb of Mirzapur
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]]
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = D. L. Narayana
| editing = R. M. Venu Gopal
| studio = [[Sobhanachala Studios|Sobhanachala Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1949|2|19}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Keelu Gurram''''' ({{translation|Magical horse}}) is a 1949 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[swashbuckler film]] produced and directed by Raja Saheb of Mirzapuram under the [[Sobhanachala Studios|Sobhanachala Pictures]] banner.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rama Rao|first1=S. V.|title=Naati 101 Chitralu|publisher=Kinnera Publications|pages=42–43}}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Anjali Devi]], with music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]. The film marks the debut of Ghantasala as a composer who would later become a noted composer and playback singer.<ref>[[Eenadu]] Daily, Eenadu Sunday – 28 April 2013, 100 years of Indian Cinema, Early Tollywood, Page 9</ref>

Fascinated by the commercial success of folklore films, Raja of Mirzapuram asked his writers to come up with a similar subject. [[Tapi Dharma Rao]] assisted by the noted story-teller [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam|Sadasivabrahmam]] (uncredited) wrote the story of the film which is inspired by ''[[Kasi Majili Kathalu]]''.<ref name="thehindu" /> [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Chitrapu Narayanamurthy]], who had earlier directed all of Raja's productions wrote the screenplay. Narayanamurthy also ghost directed most of the scenes for the Raja.<ref name="thehindu" />

The film was released on 19 February 1949. ''Keelu Gurram'' was an ''Industry Hit'' and celebrated a 148-day run at Maruthi Talkies in Vijayawada and hundred-day run at 10 other centres.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name=":0" /> It was also the first Telugu film dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. |title=Keelugurram (1949) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/keelugurram-1949/article3790929.ece |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160724182932/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/keelugurram-1949/article3790929.ece |archivedate=24 July 2016 |accessdate=23 July 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=Kasturi and Sons}}</ref> After ''[[Balaraju]]'' (1948), ''Keelugurram'' established Nageswara Rao as the much sought-after hero.<ref name="thehindu" />

==Plot==
The film begins with Pranena, the emperor of Vidarbha while hunting, spotted & enticed by a demon who yearns to knit him. So, she transfigures into a gorgeous Yakshini Bhuvana Sundari when Pranena lusts & splices her. Soon after, they walk to the kingdom where his Queen Prabhavati welcomes them and nears Sundari as her own. Later, Sundari devours her meals with elephants & horses at night, and the root cause remains mysterious. Prabhavati senses it as a bad omen and attempts to bar it via her devotion. Frightened, Sundari incriminates Prabhavati for the deeds. Ergo, the King mandates the decapitation despite her being pregnant, and soldiers carry her to the forest. Being pitiful, they get her out therein, plucking the eyes. Next, they hand over the eyes to Sundari, who preserves them with her elder sister, Yogini, a malignant demon. Consequently, blind Prabhavati delivers a baby boy, Vikrama Simha, and the forest dwellers shelter them. Besides, 5-year-old Sugunavati, the princess of Anga, is abducted by a demon, Yogini. Hence, her father announces far & wide to bestow his kingdom with his girl, one that retrieves her. Converting it, 3 intellects, an Engineer, an Astrologer, & his assistant belonging to Vidarbha, detect Suganavati's whereabouts behind the seas. So, they plan to sculpt a "Keeluguram," the magic horse that flies and starts their trails.

Years roll by, and Vikram rises as a gallant, but he is humiliated by his fellows that he is unbeknownst to his parentage. Thus, Vikram seeks his mother's actuality, whom she divulges the past, and he heads by aiming to erase his mother's disgrace. By then, the Engineer had succeeded in his experiment but could not employ it, so he presented the horse before Pranena, who was searching for a dynamic. Vikram arrives & triumphs when his courage enthralls Pranena, delegates him as his chief commander, and shows affection. Now, the Engineer endowed the horse to Vikram, saying he would give him a chance for thanksgiving. Indeed, his ploy is to gain Suguna. From there, Vikram hinders Sundari's preying since he turns a tough nut, and she wiles to slay him. Accordingly, she forges, ailing, for which they should obtain a medicinal herb from her sister beyond the three seas. Pranena assigns Vikram, who moves with Sundari's letter, stating to knock him out, which he is unfamiliar with. Currently, Vikram is starting his adventurous journey. Midway, he shields Vidyavati, the princess of Amaravati, from a wizard when they crush. Promptly, he drops her in their kingdom and rests the night. Being a scholar, Vidya reads Sundari's letter, so she rewrites it in favor of Vikram, gazing at the danger. Ultimately, Vikram lands at his destination, where Yogini provides hospitality through Vidya's phony letter. Parallelly, the 3 intellects keep Vikram under surveillance and await the shot.

Once, Vikram listened to music where he viewed Suguna, comprehended her situation, and the two fell in love. Following this, Vikram tactically gets the sibling demon's life secret amalgamated in two worms at a banian tree. Vikram valorously wins it, eliminates Yogini, and procures his mother's eyeballs with the medicine to restore them. On their back, they halt halfway, where the Engineer traces Vikram and orders him to surrender Suguna, which he denies. Therefore, he lifts Suguna with the horse by backstabbing Vikram. After a struggle in the sky, fortuitously, they land at Amaravati, where Suguna stamps out the Engineer and the judiciary accuses her. At this, Vidya also familiarizes Suguna as Vikram's wife, and they hunt for their husband, boarding the horse. Anyhow, hard luck makes them captured by a band of bandits. Simultaneously, Prabhavati arrives in the capital, sensing some premonition about her son when Sundari imprisons her and decrees to hang publicly. Vikram is guarded by a saint succeeding; he relieves an angel's curse. With her aid, Vikram knows the status quo, winds up at his horse, and skips with his wives, including the box of worms & eyeballs. On the verge of enforcement, Vikram fetches at the palace. At last, he recoups his mother's vision, breaks out Sundari's devilish side, and ceases her. Finally, the movie ends happily with Vikram's crowing ceremony.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Vikrama
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Guna Sundari, a [[Yakshini]]
* A. V. Subba Rao as Prachanda Maharaju
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Govindudu
* D. Satyanarayana as Mahamantri Sumantha
* V. Koteswara Rao as Pratapa Shilpa
* Pucha Viswanatham as Vasudeva
* K. V. Manikya Rao Naidu as Sishya
* M. Kondayya as Rudra
* Ramanatha Sastry as Maharaju
* Suryashree as Vidyavathi
* Balamani as Prabhavathi
* Lakshmirajyam Jr. as Sugunavathi
* [[T. Kanakam]] as Keekini
* [[Surabhi Kamalabai]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Keelu Gurram
| type = film
| artist = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1949
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:21
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]. Lyrics were written by [[Tapi Dharma Rao]]. Music released on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Aaha Aho Anandam"
|V. Sarala Rao
|2:39
|-
|2
|"Bhaagyamu Naadenoyi"
|[[Krishnaveni (actress)|Krishna Veni]]
|2:04
|-
|3
|"Choochi Teeravakada"
|Krishna Veni
|3:07
|-
|4
|"Kaadusuma Kala Kaadusuma"
|Ghantasala, V. Sarala Rao
|2:54
|-
|5
|"Evaru Chesina Karma"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|3:26
|-
|6
|"Yenta Krupamative"
|Ghantasala, V. Sarala Rao
|2:24
|-
|7
|"Mohanamaha"
|Krishna Veni
|3:47
|-
|8
|"Sobhana Giri Nilaya"
|Krishna Veni
|2:47
|-
|9
|"Teliyavasama Palukatarama"
|Ghantasala, Krishna Veni
|2:38
|-
|10
|"Nera Nera Bandi"
|Ghantasala
|2:35
|-
|11
|"Amma Kavumammu Aadi Shakti Shankari"
|P. Leela
|2:18
|-
|12
|"Dikku Teliyaddu Eemisetu Deva Deva"
|P.Leela
|2:34
|-
|13
|"Mamu Bravave Maata Tulasi Jagadamba"
|P.Leela
|2:22
|-
|14
|"Nidurabo Nayanna Nidurabo Na Chinnaa"
|P.Leela
|3:13
|-
|}

==Box office==
* The film ran for more than 100 days in 11 centers in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/anr100days.html |title=Cycle Stand – Akkineni Nageswara Rao's 100 days film list |accessdate=2016-07-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226174052/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/anr100days.html |archivedate=26 December 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0265261|Keelugurram}}
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0001980 Listen to Keelugurram songs at Raaga.com]

[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1940s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:1949 fantasy films]]

Ludo (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T06:07:16Z

Digitalvivek: adding first info basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Ludo
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover = Ludo (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2020|11|13}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ludo – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=28 October 2020|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ludo-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1540255871|publisher=ITunes|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170533/https://music.apple.com/us/album/ludo-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1540255871|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:48
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Pritam]]
| prev_title = [[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]
| prev_year = 2020
| year = 2020
| next_title = [[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|-pArvJ7DtQ4|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

'''''Ludo''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Pritam]] to the 2020 [[Hindi]]-language [[Netflix films|Netflix film]] [[Ludo (film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Anurag Basu]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Pearle Maaney]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]], [[Rohit Suresh Saraf]], Shalini Vatsa, and Inayat Varma. The soundtrack to the film features seven songs, with lyrics written by [[Sayeed Quadri]], [[Swanand Kirkire]], Sandeep Srivatsava and Shloke Lal, and was released on 28 October 2020 by the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] record label.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-11|title=Ludo turns 1: Here's how Pritam's music became the highlight of Abhishek Bachchan & Rajkummar Rao starrer|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ludo-turns-1-here-s-how-pritam-s-music-became-highlight-abhishek-bachchan-rajkummar-rao-starrer-938917|access-date=2021-12-25|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225172039/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ludo-turns-1-here-s-how-pritam-s-music-became-highlight-abhishek-bachchan-rajkummar-rao-starrer-938917|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the composer and director, the soundtrack is the toughest to compose, as the film is a multi-narrative storyline and needed the song to be suited in the situation. It was composed by Pritam at his own house in [[Kolkata]], during the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]]. Pritam opined that "the songs he has created for the film are simple melodies that give you a break from the edginess and twists and chaos that the film offers".<ref>{{Cite web|date=Nov 18, 2020|title=Audience applauds Ludo's storytelling and music|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/audience-applauds-ludos-storytelling-and-music/articleshow/79270075.cms|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170534/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/audience-applauds-ludos-storytelling-and-music/articleshow/79270075.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The soundtrack received positive response from music critics and listeners, who were appreciative of Pritam's composition, lyrics and the placement of the songs suiting the film's narrative. The tracks — "Aabaad Barbaad", "Hardum Humdum" and "Meri Tum Ho", which released earlier as singles, were chartbusters and topped the music and radio charts. Following the response to the album, Pritam won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] at the [[66th Filmfare Awards|66th edition]] of the ceremony held during March 2021; his fifth Filmfare Award, he won in this category.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Awards 2021: Ludo, Thappad Lead Nominations. Complete List|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2021-ludo-thappad-lead-nominations-complete-list-2399637|access-date=2021-12-25|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170534/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2021-ludo-thappad-lead-nominations-complete-list-2399637|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Development ==
The album marks the fifth collaboration between Pritam and Anurag Basu, followed by [[Gangster (2006 film)|''Gangster'']] (2006), ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' (2007), ''[[Barfi!]]'' (2012) and ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' (2017). According to Basu and Pritam, the soundtrack to Ludo is considered to be the toughest albums to crack as "while writing the story of the film, the songs did not come organically, as the film is centered on multiple narratives that conjoin together. As a result, in several sequences the placement of the songs might slow down the screenplay and the tune must be composed according to the situation and pace". In case of Pritam's earlier films with Basu, the songs for the film were composed even before the start of production, since Basu believed that film music might play an integral part in the storyline.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=Oct 28, 2020|title=Pritam works his magic yet again with Ludo|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pritam-works-his-magic-yet-again-with-ludo/articleshow/79086732.cms|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170536/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pritam-works-his-magic-yet-again-with-ludo/articleshow/79086732.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack was created and composed in entirety during the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]] at Pritam's own house in Kolkata. He stated that "the process of composing the tracks during the lockdown is a difficult task. It took me four days to compose one song for the album, where under normal circumstances, the song composition would take a day's time."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Bhushan Kumar, Anurag Basu and Pritam discuss their journey on Ludo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-bhushan-kumar-anurag-basu-and-pritam-discuss-their-journey-on-ludo/articleshow/79158078.cms|access-date=2021-12-25|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Dubey|first1=Rachana|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-bhushan-kumar-anurag-basu-and-pritam-discuss-their-journey-on-ludo/articleshow/79158078.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pritam composed the tune of one song and showcased to the filmmaker during the film's scripting process. Basu liked the track and had decided to use it in one of his future films. When the scripting was ready and the film began production, Anurag Basu asked Pritam to complete the song which he agreed and decided to use the track after the producer [[Bhushan Kumar]]'s approval.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's why Ludo's next song Hardum Humdum is special for Anurag Basu|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-why-ludos-next-song-hardum-humdum-is-special-for-anurag-basu-44613.html|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Filmfare|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170536/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-why-ludos-next-song-hardum-humdum-is-special-for-anurag-basu-44613.html|url-status=live}}</ref> That song eventually became "Hardum Humdum", written by [[Sayeed Quadri]] and sung by [[Arijit Singh]]. In an interview with ''[[Grazia India]]'', Basu stated that the song was initially set to be used for ''Metro 2'', a sequel to the duo's earlier collaboration ''Life in a... Metro''. When the film did not materialise as planned, he used the track to this film.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Arman|title=Anurag Basu: The Art and the Artist|url=https://www.grazia.co.in/lifestyle/bollywood-director-anurag-basu-the-art-and-the-artist-7034.html|access-date=7 April 2021|website=Grazia India|publisher=Times Group|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422134056/https://www.grazia.co.in/lifestyle/bollywood-director-anurag-basu-the-art-and-the-artist-7034.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bhushan Kumar, the film's producer stated in an interview to ''[[The Times of India]]'', saying "The songs are interspersed with the story in such a way that they can’t be separated from the narrative. What is also striking is that in a film like this is that, people don’t expect soft, romantic tracks. They expect grunge and heavy stuff. The songs are melodious and slow-starters, and they grow on you." He further appreciated Pritam and Basu, for working on the tracks and bundle in with the storyline, that the film will seem incomplete without the songs.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to the songs, director Anurag Basu reused the track "Qismat Ki Hawa Kabhi Naram" from [[Albela (1951 film)|''Albela'']] (1951), a popular track composed by [[C. Ramchandra]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Director Anurag Basu decodes the 'whimsical' world of 'Ludo'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/nov/05/director-anurag-basu-decodes-the-whimsical-world-of-ludo-2219760.html|access-date=2021-12-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170533/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/nov/05/director-anurag-basu-decodes-the-whimsical-world-of-ludo-2219760.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Basu stated that "There was a situation where Sattu is singing. We had the option of making a new song or use an existing one. If I had made a song, it would be on the same lines. So I got the rights. It is a sweet song and something that I have grown up listening."<ref name=":2"/> The popular track "Pistah" from the [[Malayalam]]-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Neram]]'' (2013), was also reused for one scene in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title='Ludo' review: Whimsical and chaotic|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/movies-tv/-ludo-review-whimsical-and-chaotic-111605165452984.html|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Mintlounge|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225172036/https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/movies-tv/-ludo-review-whimsical-and-chaotic-111605165452984.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Album information ==
The film features four songs, however, the soundtrack to the film, consisted of seven songs, with three alternative versions of the tracks. The first song "Aabaad Barbaad", sung by Arijit Singh and written by Sandeep Shrivatsava was released on 21 October 2020, which was picturised on [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Sanya Malhotra]]'s segment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=Ludo First Song Aabaad Barbaad: Aditya Roy Kapur and Sanya Malhotra's chemistry is a breath of fresh air|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ludo-first-song-aabaad-barbaad-aditya-roy-kapur-and-sanya-malhotra-s-chemistry-breath-fresh-air-569766|access-date=2021-12-25|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225172040/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ludo-first-song-aabaad-barbaad-aditya-roy-kapur-and-sanya-malhotra-s-chemistry-breath-fresh-air-569766|url-status=live}}</ref> "Hardum Humdum", also sung by Singh and featuring lyrics written by Sayeed Quadri is the second track from the album, that was released on 25 October. It is a montage track that takes the story forward and binds three narratives together.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Anurag Basu, Pritam have special liking for Ludo's new melody 'Hardum Humdum'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/oct/31/anurag-basu-pritam-have-special-liking-for-ludos-new-melody-hardum-humdum-2217563.html|access-date=2021-12-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 October 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170536/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/oct/31/anurag-basu-pritam-have-special-liking-for-ludos-new-melody-hardum-humdum-2217563.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While, the original version consisted of a duration of 3 minutes, the track was extended to 4 minutes when it was featured in the film.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} The track also features a female version, sung by [[Shilpa Rao]] and additional lines written by Shloke Lal.<ref name=":3" /> The track "Meri Tum Ho", sung by [[Jubin Nautiyal]] and [[Ash King]], with lyrics written by Sandeep Shrivatsava and Shloke Lal, is pictured on Abhishek's Bachchan segment, showcasing the love for his father and daughter.<ref name=":0" /> It was released on 28 October, the same day, the rest of the soundtrack being unveiled.<ref name=":0" /> As the film being released on a digital platform, Bhushan Kumar believed that "it is hard for a music albums of films premiering on digital platforms, to get better reach, unlike the soundtracks of theatrically released films", hence Kumar also promoted the soundtrack to the film.<ref name=":1" />

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| lyrics2 = [[Sayeed Quadri]]
| title4 = Dil Julaha
| length3 = 3:47
| lyrics3 = Sandeep Shrivastava, Shloke Lal
| extra3 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Ash King]]
| title3 = Meri Tum Ho
| length2 = 3:08
| total_length = 26:48
| extra2 = Arijit Singh
| title2 = Hardum Humdum
| length1 = 5:09
| lyrics1 = Sandeep Shrivastava
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title1 = Aabaad Barbaad
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra4 = [[Darshan Raval]]
| length4 = 3:38
| lyrics4 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| title6 = Meri Tum Ho
| extra7 = [[Shilpa Rao]]
| note7 = Female
| title7 = Hardum Humdum
| length6 = 3:33
| lyrics6 = Sandeep Shrivastava, Shloke Lal
| note6 = Unplugged
| extra6 = Jubin Nautiyal, Ash King
| lyrics7 = Sayeed Quadri, Shloke Lal
| length5 = 4:25
| lyrics5 = Sayeed Quadri
| extra5 = Arijit Singh
| note5 = Film Version
| title5 = Hardum Humdum
| length7 = 3:08
| note2 = Male
}}

== Reception ==
Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' gave the soundtrack 4 out of 5, saying "Pritam does still manage to produce a top-drawer set for Anurag Basu".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-24|title=Ludo – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack)|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2020/11/24/ludo-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Music Aloud|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170538/https://www.musicaloud.com/2020/11/24/ludo-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rony Patra of ''LetsOTT'', gave 3.25 stars and said "''Ludo''<nowiki/>'s soundtrack suits the crazy narrative of the film and is another winning entry in the list of Pritam-Anurag Basu collaborations".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Review: Ludo Pritam's decent soundtrack works even better after you've watched the film|url=https://www.letsott.com/music-review-ludo|access-date=2021-12-25|website=LetsOTT|language=en-US|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170536/https://www.letsott.com/music-review-ludo|url-status=live}}</ref> Anish Mohanty of ''Planet Bollywood'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and called it as "a fairly modest soundtrack". He further wrote "The album has just three four original tracks and three alternate versions of three of the songs. Quantity, of course, is not a yardstick you measure the worth of an album with. Each of the seven tracks in the album is of very high quality and ensures that this turns out to be yet another memorable album from the Anurag Basu–Pritam combination."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Anish|date=2020-11-18|title=Music Review Ludo|url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/reviews/music-review-ludo/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Planet Bollywood|language=en-US|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170535/https://planetbollywood.com/wp/reviews/music-review-ludo/|url-status=live}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' criticised the soundtrack, saying that except for "Aabaad Barbaad", the rest of the tracks are poor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|date=2020-10-28|title=Ludo Music Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ludo/songs/music-critic-review/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225172036/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ludo/songs/music-critic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[DNA News]]'', stated the album as "soothing".<ref>{{Cite web|title='Ludo' Review: Anurag Basu rolls a hard eight in an absurd world|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/review-ludo-review-anurag-basu-rolls-a-hard-eight-in-an-absurd-world-2856040|access-date=2021-12-25|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170536/https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/review-ludo-review-anurag-basu-rolls-a-hard-eight-in-an-absurd-world-2856040|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Ludo''<nowiki/>'s soundtrack was mentioned in ''Mixtape 2020'', an article for ''[[Film Companion]]'s Year Ender Special'', written by author Sankhayan Ghosh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|date=2020-12-07|title=Mixtape 2020: The Best of Music in Hindi Film (And TV)|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/hindi-movies-web-series-mixtape-2020-the-best-of-music-dil-bechara-bandish-bandits-scam-1992/|website=[[Film Companion]]|language=en-US|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708125540/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/hindi-movies-web-series-mixtape-2020-the-best-of-music-dil-bechara-bandish-bandits-scam-1992/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was further listed by Devarsi Ghosh in ''Best of 2020: Hindi music in films and television'', a year-ender article for ''Scroll.in'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|title=2020 yearender: More originals and fewer remixes in films and web series|url=https://scroll.in/reel/980894/2020-yearender-more-originals-and-fewer-remixes-in-films-and-web-series|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Scroll.in|date=28 December 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121052220/https://scroll.in/reel/980894/2020-yearender-more-originals-and-fewer-remixes-in-films-and-web-series|url-status=live}}</ref> and in another article written by Amit Gurbaxani about [[Film Music|Indian film music in 2020]] for ''[[Firstpost]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-31|title=2020, a year in Indian music charts: A reflection of how life came to a halt after the COVID-19 lockdown|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/2020-a-year-in-indian-music-charts-a-reflection-of-how-life-came-to-a-halt-after-the-covid-19-lockdown-9157611.html|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106165129/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/2020-a-year-in-indian-music-charts-a-reflection-of-how-life-came-to-a-halt-after-the-covid-19-lockdown-9157611.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "Aabaad Barbaad" was listed in the first position, according to ''[[India Today]]''<nowiki/>'s "Top 10 Bollywood Songs of 2020".<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Grace Cyril|date=December 22, 2020|title=Aabaad Barbaad to Dil Bechara, top 10 Bollywood songs of 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aabaad-barbaad-to-dil-bechara-top-10-bollywood-songs-of-2020-1751979-2020-12-22|access-date=2021-12-25|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170533/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aabaad-barbaad-to-dil-bechara-top-10-bollywood-songs-of-2020-1751979-2020-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref> "Aabaad Barbaad" was the most streamed song of [[Apple Music]] according to a year-ender survey report.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-01|title=Shershaah's Ranjha, Diljit Dosanjh's GOAT among India's most streamed in 2021: Apple Music releases year-end highlights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shershaahs-ranjha-ap-dhillons-brown-munde-most-streamed-songs-2021-apple-music-7650370/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128024443/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shershaahs-ranjha-ap-dhillons-brown-munde-most-streamed-songs-2021-apple-music-7650370/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2020 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

Sellappan Nirmala

2026-01-18T15:00:10Z

Digitalvivek: adding a data w/ sources

{{short description|Indian doctor (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Indian patronymic|Nirmala|Sellappan}}
''' Sellappan Nirmala''' (born 1952 or 1953) is an Indian doctor who discovered the first case of [[HIV/AIDS in India|HIV in India]] in 1986. In 1985, aged 32, she was working as a microbiology student in [[Chennai]] (Madras) and for her dissertation, began collecting blood samples and having them tested for HIV; among them were the first samples collected in India to test positive.

== Career ==
Nirmala was raised in a traditional Indian family and encouraged to go into medical research by her husband. She had the idea of researching the virus from her mentor, Professor [[Suniti Solomon]], in response to formal tracking of HIV in the US, which began in 1982.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-37183012|title=The woman who discovered India's first HIV cases|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|date=2016-08-30|work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> At the time, HIV was still a [[taboo]] subject in the country.<ref name=nytimes>{{Cite news|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/09/05/the-story-of-how-one-woman-first-detected-hiv-in-india/|title=The story of how one woman first detected HIV in India|date=2016-09-05|website=Women in the World |publisher=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> Blood samples had been collected from [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] without positive results.

The research plan involved taking around 200 samples of blood from groups suspected to be at high risk, including 80 gathered by Nirmala. Because of a lack of testing facilities in Chennai, Solomon arranged for them to be investigated at the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]] in [[Vellore]], {{convert|200|km|miles}} away.<ref name=Telugu>{{cite news |url=http://teluguglobal.in/telugu/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A6%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%9F-%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86/ |title=భార‌త్‌లో మొట్ట‌మొద‌ట హెచ్ఐవి వైర‌స్‌ని గుర్తించిన మ‌హిళ ఈమే…సెల్ల‌ప్ప‌న్ నిర్మ‌ల‌! |trans-title=Sellappan Nirmala discovered India's first HIV cases |website=Telugu Global |language=Telugu |date=2016-09-28 |accessdate=2016-12-12 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318101655/http://teluguglobal.in/telugu/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A6%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%9F-%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The samples confirmed that HIV was active in India.<ref name=bbc /> The information was transferred to the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], which told the prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] health minister [[H. V. Hande]].<ref name="The Logical Indian">{{Cite news|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/health/first-hivaids-case-in-india/|title=30 Years Ago, A Young Woman Scientist Discovered The First HIV/AIDS Case In India|date=2016-12-01|newspaper=The Logical Indian|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> HIV subsequently became an epidemic in the country.<ref name=nytimes />

Nirmala submitted her dissertation, ''Surveillance for Aids in Tamil Nadu'', in March 1987 and later joined the [[King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research]] in Chennai. She retired in 2010.<ref name="The Logical Indian" /><ref name=Telugu/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nirmala, Sellappan}}
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Membou

2026-01-13T20:59:07Z

Digitalvivek: adding some entry and citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Membou.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]] [[Comedy]] [[Horror film|Horror supernatural]]
| creator = Acropoliis Entertainments Pvt. Ltd.
| based_on =
| developer =
|story = Pravin Raaj '''Dialogues''' [[Antara Banerjee]]
| director = Krishna Kar
| creative_director = Babu Banik
| presenter =
| starring = Vinita Chatterjee [[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]] [[Dulal Lahiri]] [[Mithu Chakraborty]]
| judges =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| voices =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Snigdha Basu, Sunny Ghosh Roy
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Acropoliis Entertainments Pvt. Ltd.
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 238
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2016|09|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2017|05|14}}
| related =
}}

'''''Membou''''' ({{langx|bn|মেমবউ}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television [[soap opera]] which premiered on [[Star Jalsha]] on 19 September 2016. It was produced by Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. It stars [[Vinita Chatterjee]], [[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]], with [[Dulal Lahiri]], [[Mithu Chakraborty]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mem Bou turns ‘Meme’ bou: Bengalis hilariously try to make sense of this TV serial promo|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/mem-bou-turns-meme-bou-when-upcoming-bengali-serial-promos-kept-bongs-laughing-3022339/|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=9 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Zinia Sen|title=This winter, you get to see Mem Bou's desi dance - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/This-winter-you-get-to-see-Mem-Bous-desi-dance/articleshow/54404453.cms|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=19 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who is Mem Bou Carol? Here's your answer! - Who is Mem Bou Carol? Here's your answer {{!}} The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/who-is-mem-bou-carol-heres-your-answer/photostory/54219802.cms|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Garvita Khybri|title=Mem Bou: A Confused ‘Firangi’ Bengali’s Tryst With Her New Family|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/09/07/mem-bou-a-confused-firangi-bengalis-tryst-with-her-new-family-bollywood-kolkata-husband-love|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=The Quint|date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=প্রতিবেদন|first1=নিজস্ব|title=বোকা বাক্সতে বন্দি|url=http://ebela.in/entertainment/viewers-are-engrossed-in-television-serials-1.475999|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=ebela.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=প্রতিবেদন|first1=নিজস্ব|title=প্রোমো দেখেছেন। কিন্তু জানেন, কে এই মেমবউ?|url=http://ebela.in/entertainment/do-you-know-who-this-actor-is-in-membou-dgtl-1.473966|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=ebela.in}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Tone|section|date=March 2022}}
Carol, a young woman of foreign origin, comes to India in search of her roots. Sparks fly when she meets Koustav, an orthodox Bengali. Koustav and his grandfather, Shibnath, fly to Georgia to attend a [[conference]], where he meets Carol. After that, Koustav accidentally meets Carol everywhere and circumstances lead them to fight every time. Carol comes to India, but falls in a trap set by Rajan and Raghav. Koustav rescues Carol from these situations and marries her, stunning his family members.

==Cast==
* [[Vinita Chatterjee]] as Carol Brown
* [[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakrabarty]] as Koustov Lahiri aka Gora
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Sibnath - Koustov's paternal grandfather
*[[Alokananda Roy]] as Sibnath's wife, Koustov's paternal grandmother
* [[Mithu Chakraborty]] as Sibnath's widowed younger sister
* [[Saptarshi Roy (actor)|Saptarshi Roy]] as Biresh, Koustov's father
* Nandini Chatterjee as Biresh's wife, Koustov's mother
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Carol and Shree's father
*[[Mallika Banerjee]] as Carol and Shree's mother
* [[Priyyam Chakraborty]] as Shree, Koustov's second wife, Carol's half sister
* [[Arindam Banerjee]] as Paresh, Koustov's younger paternal uncle
* [[Moyna Mukherjee]] as Paresh's wife, Koustov's younger paternal aunt
* [[Abhijit Debroy]] as Debesh, Koustov's youngest paternal uncle
* [[Arpita Mukherjee]] as Debesh's wife, Koustov's youngest paternal aunt
* [[Mallika Majumder]] as Pishimoni, Sibnath's only daughter
* [[Anirban Guha]] as Sibnath's son-in-law
* Dhrubajyoti Sarkar as Raghav Lunia
* [[Suman Dey (actor)|Suman Dey]] as Zico
* [[Deerghoi Paul]] as Titli, Paresh's daughter, Zico's wife, Koustov's one-sided lover
* Upanita Banerjee as Shampa
* Unknown as Paresh's son, Titli's elder brother, Shampa's husband

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Membou}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Acropoliis films]]

AIIMS metro station

2026-01-09T09:23:54Z

Digitalvivek:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] AIIMS
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = File:AIIMS metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Sri Aurobindo Marg, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Island platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|9|3|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Yellow|left=Dilli Haat - INA|right=Green Park}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''AIIMS''' metro station is located on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}</ref>

The entrances are on Aurobindo Marg, the east side just outside the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]. [[Safdarjung Hospital]] is just west of the station.

==The station==
===Station layout===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''C'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Green Park}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dilli Haat - INA}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}''
|}

===Facilities===
List of available [[Cash machine|ATMs]] at AIIMS metro station: HDFC Bank, YES Bank, State Bank of India, IndusInd Bank
<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx| title=ATM Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>

==Entry/exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Yellow}};"| AIIMS metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-4
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|}

== Connections ==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 335, 502, 503, 505, 507CL, 512, 516, 517, 519, 520, 536, 542, 548, 548CL, 548EXT,
605, 725, serve the station from the nearby AIIMS bus stop.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025080536/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dtc/DTC/Home/ |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |title=Search Bus Stop - Bus Information |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814201040/http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Trains}}}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[Central Delhi]]
*[[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[Inner Ring Road, Delhi]]
*[[South Extension]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/AIIMS/@28.5686482,77.2072734,633m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390ce264e3b014e3:0x4da1cc3ed55d4e24!8m2!3d28.5668075!4d77.2081124|title=AIIMS metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

2022 Women's T20 Challenge

2025-12-27T11:27:16Z

Digitalvivek: creating a stub initial version

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2022 Women's T20 Challenge
| image = 2022 Womens-T20-Challenge.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| fromdate = 23
| todate = 28 May 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and final
| host = [[India]]
| champions = [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)]]
| runner up = [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)]]
| count = 3
| participants = 3
| matches = 4
| player of the series = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Deandra Dottin]] (Supernovas)
| most runs = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Supernovas) (151)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pooja Vastrakar]] (Supernovas) (6)
| attendance =
| website = {{URL|https://www.iplt20.com/matches/results/women/2022|Official site}}
| previous_year = 2020
| previous_tournament = 2020 Women's T20 Challenge
| next_year = 2023
| next_tournament = 2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)
}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = nowraplinks
| header1 = Teams
| data2 = [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)| Supernovas]] [[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)| Trailblazers]] [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity ]]
}}

The '''2022 Women's T20 Challenge''', also known as the '''[[My11Circle]] Women's T20 Challenge''' for sponsorship reasons,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI awards title sponsorship rights of Women's T20 Challenge 2022 to My11Circle |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555883/bcci-awards-title-sponsorship-rights-of-women-s-t20-challenge-2022-to-my11circle |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |language=en}}</ref> was the fourth and final season of the [[Women's T20 Challenge]], a [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] tournament established by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan |title=Women's T20 Challenge in Lucknow from May 24–28: Sourav Ganguly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/womens-ipl-t20-challenge-in-lucknow-may-24-to-28-sourav-ganguly-bcci/article38479022.ece |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> Similar to the [[2020 Women's T20 Challenge|previous edition]], it featured three teams and consisted of a group stage of three matches followed by a final.<ref>{{cite news |title=3-team Women's T20 Challenge to be held in Lucknow in May |url=https://thebridge.in/women-cricket/womens-ipl-2022-challenger-bcci-lucknow-30916 |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=thebridge.in |date=23 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In the final, [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)]] defeated [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)]] by four runs to win their third title. The tournament was subsequently replaced by the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].

==Venue==
The tournament was held from 23 May to 28 May, with all the matches played at [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lucknow to host Women's T20 Challenge from May 24–28, confirms BCCI president Sourav Ganguly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/lucknow-to-host-women-s-t20-challenge-from-may-24-28-confirms-bcci-president-sourav-ganguly-101650726122155.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Women's T20 challenge from May 23 in Pune |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122103/womens-t20-challenge-from-may-23-in-pune |access-date=3 May 2022 |work=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI announces schedule and venue details for TATA IPL Playoffs and Women’s T20 Challenge 2022 |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3799/bcci-announces-schedule-and-venue-details-for-tata-ipl-playoffs-and-women-s-t20-challenge-2022 |access-date=3 May 2022 |work=www.iplt20.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Sahara Stadium Pune 2.jpg|250px|thumb|Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]

==Squads==
The squads were announced on 16 May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555885/bcci-announces-squads-for-my11circle-women-s-t20-challenge |title=BCCI announces squads for My11Circle Women's T20 Challenge |publisher=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |date=16 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]]<ref name=Squads>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-t20-challenge-deepti-replaces-raj-as-velocity-captain-dunkley-cross-king-wolvaardt-among-overseas-stars-1315230 |title=Women's T20 Challenge: Deepti replaces Raj as Velocity captain; Dunkley, Cross, King, Wolvaardt among overseas stars |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=16 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>
! [[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]]<ref name=Squads/>
! [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]]<ref name=Squads/>
|-
|valign=top|
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Alana King]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayushi Soni]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Chandu Venkateshappa
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Deandra Dottin]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harleen Deol]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mansi Joshi]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Meghna Singh]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Monica Patel]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muskan Malik (cricketer)|Muskan Malik]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pooja Vastrakar]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Punia]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rashi Kanojiya]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sophie Ecclestone]]
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Suné Luus]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Taniya Bhatia]]
|valign=top|
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arundhati Reddy]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Hayley Matthews]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Poonam Yadav]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Priyanka Priyadarshini
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Richa Ghosh]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sabbhineni Meghana]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Saiqa Ishaque
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Salma Khatun]]
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sharmin Akhter]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Shradda Pokharkar
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sophia Dunkley]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sujata Mallik
|valign=top|
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Aarti Kedar
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Ayabonga Khaka]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Kate Cross]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Keerthi James
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran Navgire]]
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Laura Wolvaardt]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Maya Sonawane
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Natthakan Chantam]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Pranavi Chandra
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Radha Yadav]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shafali Verma]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Shivali Shinde
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Bahadur]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepti Sharma]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yastika Bhatia]]
|}

==Points table==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|show_tie=no
|source=ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902/points-table-standings |title=Women's T20 Challenge – Points Table |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

|team1=SNOVA |team2=VELOC |team3=TBZER
|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_SNOVA=1 |loss_SNOVA=1 |rs_SNOVA=313 |or_SNOVA=40.0 |rc_SNOVA=265 |ob_SNOVA=38.2
|win_TBZER=1 |loss_TBZER=1 |rs_TBZER=304 |or_TBZER=40.0 |rc_TBZER=337 |ob_TBZER=40.0
|win_VELOC=1 |loss_VELOC=1 |rs_VELOC=325 |or_VELOC=38.2 |rc_VELOC=340 |ob_VELOC=40.0

|name_SNOVA='''Supernovas'''
|name_TBZER=Trailblazers
|name_VELOC='''Velocity'''

|col_Q=#cfc
}}
{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to final

==Round-robin==
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]]
| team2 = [[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]]
| score1 = 163 (20 overs)
| score2 = 114/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 37 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Hayley Matthews]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 34 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Pooja Vastrakar]] 4/12 (4 overs)
| result = Supernovas won by 49 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1314903.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| toss = Supernovas won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Pooja Vastrakar]] ([[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]])
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)
| round =
| notes =
}}

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]]
| team2 = [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]]
| score1 = 150/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 151/3 (18.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 71 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Kate Cross]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 51 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Deandra Dottin]] 2/21 (3.2 overs)
| result = Velocity won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1314904.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| toss = Velocity won the toss and elected to bowl.
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]])
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)
| round =
| notes =
}}

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]]
| team2 = [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]]
| score1 = 190/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 174/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sabbhineni Meghana]] 73 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Simran Bahadur]] 2/31 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kiran Navgire]] 69 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| result = Trailblazers won by 16 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1314905.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| toss = Velocity won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] ([[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]])
| umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)
| round =
| notes =
}}

==Final==
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 28 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| daynight = N
| team1 = [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]]
| team2 = [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]]
| score1 = 165/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 161/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deandra Dottin]] 62 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] 65[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets2 = [[Alana King]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| result = Supernovas won by 4 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1314906.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| toss = Velocity won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Deandra Dottin]] (IPL Supernovas)
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)
| round =
| notes =
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Cricket
}}

* [[India women's national cricket team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902 Series home] at ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]''
{{Women's T20 Challenge}}

[[Category:Women's T20 Challenge]]
[[Category:Women's Twenty20 cricket competitions]]

Boris Singh Thangjam

2025-12-09T07:37:22Z

Digitalvivek: added info

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Western name order|Thangjam Boris Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Thangjam|Boris|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Boris Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Boris Singh Thangjam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|1|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.61 m
| currentclub = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| clubnumber = 17
| position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]], [[right-back]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[AIFF Elite Academy]]
| years1 = 2017–2018
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| caps1 = 12
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2018–2020
| clubs2 = [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2018–2019
| clubs3 = → [[Indian Arrows]] (loan)
| caps3 = 19
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2020–2021
| clubs4 = [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2021–2023
| clubs5 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps5 = 41
| goals5 = 5
| years6 = 2023–
| clubs6 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps6 = 24
| goals6 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2015
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 31
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| nationalyears2 = 2017
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2025–
| nationalteam3 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 5
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update = 18:38, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 29 August 2025 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
}}

'''Boris Singh Thangjam''' ({{langx|mni|Thangjam Boris Singh}}, born 3 January 2000) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Goa|Goa]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Manipur]], Thangjam was part of the [[AIFF Elite Academy]] batch that was preparing for the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] to be hosted in India.<ref name="U17">{{cite news|last1=Selvaraj|first1=Jonathan|title=How 14,000 became 21: The story of India's history boys|url=http://www.espn.in/football/u-17-world-cup/story/3218395/how-14,000-became-21-the-story-of-indias-history-boys|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=ESPN.in|date=3 October 2017}}</ref> After the tournament, Thangjam was selected to play for the [[Indian Arrows]], an [[All India Football Federation]]-owned team that would consist of [[India national under-20 football team|India under-20]] players to give them playing time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Matos Names 25-member Indian Arrows Squad for Hero I-league 2017-18|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=The All India Football Federation|date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617024057/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his professional debut for the side in the Arrow's first match of the season against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]. He started and scored the third and final goal in the 90th minute for the Indian Arrows as they won 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Arrows 3-0 Chennai City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/29/india/i-league/aiff-xi/chennai-city/2683965/?ICID=PL_MS_04|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

==International career==
Thangjam represented the [[India national under-17 football team|India under-17]] side which participated in the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] which was hosted in India.<ref name="U17"/>

Thangjam made his debut for [[India national football team|India national team]] on 19 March 2025 in a friendly against [[Maldives national football team|the Maldives]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/maldives-vs-india-live-score-international-friendly-football-match-2025-ind-vs-mas-live-scorecard-updates-shillong-9894434/|title=India vs Maldives football match highlights: Sunil Chhetri scores on comeback as IND win 3–0|date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|21 April 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|boris-singh-thangjam/513898}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Arrows]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Arrows season|2017–18]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|12||1||0||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||13||1
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Arrows]] (loan)
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|19||1||0||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||21||1
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||1||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2020–21 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2020–21]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2020–21 Jamshedpur FC season|2020–21]]
| rowspan="3" |Indian Super League
|3||1||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||1
|-
|[[2021–22 Jamshedpur FC season|2021–22]]
|18||2||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||18||2
|-
|[[2022–23 Jamshedpur FC season|2022–23]]
|20||2||0||0||3{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||2||1{{efn|name=QAFCCL|Appearance(s) in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions#Qualification for AFC Champions League group stage|Qualifier for AFC Champions League group stage]]}}||0|||24||4
|-
! colspan="2" |Jamshedpur total
!41!!5!!0!!0!!3!!2!!1!!0!!45!!7
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|0||0||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!72!!7!!1!!0!!6!!2!!1!!0!!80!!9
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|29 August 2025}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|98687}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2025||5||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!5!!0
|}

==Honours==

'''Jamshedpur'''
*[[Indian Super League]] premiership: [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISL 2021–22: Jamshedpur win the League Winners Shield {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2021-22-jamshedpur-win-the-league-winners-shield/blt38f42850439cbb5f |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamshedpur FC clinch League Winners' Shield after beating ATK Mohun Bagan |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-clinch-league-winners-shield-after-beating-atk-mohun-bagan |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Indian Super League |date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jamshedpur FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thangjam, Boris Singh}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:AIFF Academy players]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:ATK (football club) players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Indian Council for Cultural Relations

2025-10-31T08:56:51Z

Digitalvivek: small adjust section for consistency additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Autonomous organisation of the Government of India}}
{{distinguish|Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Council for Cultural Relations
| image =
| image_border =
| size = 400px
| alt = 
| caption =
| map =
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| abbreviation = ICCR
| motto =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|04|09}}
| logo = Indian_Council_for_Cultural_Relations_logo.png
| logo_size = 262px
| extinction = 
| type = Governmental organization
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters = Azad Bhawan, I. P Estate, New Delhi - 110002
| location =
| coords = 
| region_served = Worldwide
| membership =
| language = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = ''Vacant''
| leader_title2 = Director General
| leader_name2 = K. Nandini Singla
| main_organ = Governing Body
| parent_organisation = [[Government of India]]
| affiliations = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|iccr.gov.in}}
}}
The '''Indian Council for Cultural Relations''' ('''ICCR''') is an autonomous organisation of the [[Government of India]], involved in India's global cultural relations, through cultural exchange with other countries and their people. It was founded on 9 April 1950 by [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], the first Education Minister of independent [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-24 |title=ICCR organises conference on Pali as classical language in Colombo |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iccr-organises-conference-on-pali-as-classical-language-in-colombo/article68792044.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The ICCR Headquarter is situated at [[Azad Bhawan]], I.P. Estate, [[New Delhi]], with regional offices in [[Bengaluru]], [[Guwahati]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mumbai]], [[Patna]], [[Pune]], [[Shillong]], [[Jammu]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. The council also operates missions internationally, with established [[cultural centre]]s in [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]], [[Paramaribo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iccsur.org/pages.php?id=2|title=Welcome to Indian Cultural Centre, Embassy of India, Paramaribo|website=iccsur.org|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> [[Port Louis]], [[Jakarta]], [[Moscow]], [[Valladolid]], [[Berlin]], [[Cairo]], [[London]] ([[Nehru Centre, London]]), [[Tashkent]], [[Almaty]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Durban]], [[Port of Spain]] and [[Colombo]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakrabarty |first=Sreeparna |date=2023-04-02 |title=How ICCR plans to build its brand ambassador programme amongst foreign students in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-iccr-plans-to-build-its-brand-ambassador-programme-amongst-foreign-students-in-india/article66689269.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ICCR has opened new cultural centers in [[Dhaka]], [[Thimphu]], [[São Paulo]], [[Kathmandu]],<ref>[[Bimalendra Kumar]]{{Citation |title=Buddha's attitude towards the caste system as available in Pāli texts |date=2020-08-26 |work=Classical Buddhism, Neo-Buddhism and the Question of Caste |pages=29–39 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003045090-3 |access-date=2024-08-15 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-1-003-04509-0}}</ref> [[Bangkok]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iccr.tripod.com/aboutus.htm|title=Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR): about the organisation|website=iccr.tripod.com|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://facebook.com/iccrjaipur|title=Indian Council for Cultural Relations Jaipur|website=facebook.com|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>

==Activities==
[[File:Museum of Asian art of Corfu 248.JPG|thumb|Copy of the Hindu figurine of [[Shiva Nataraja]], donation to the [[Museum of Asian Art of Corfu]], Greece]]
The Council addresses its mandate of [[cultural diplomacy]] through a broad range of activities. In addition to organising cultural festivals in [[India]] and overseas, the ICCR financially supports a number of cultural institutions across India, and sponsors individual performers in [[dance]], [[music]], [[photography]], [[theatre]], and the [[visual arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=University of Houston renews MoU with ICCR to set up new chair on Tamil language, literature |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/university-of-houston-renews-mou-iccr-tamil-language-literature-9233729/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It also administers the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding]], established by the [[Government of India]] in 1965, whose last award was in 2009.<ref name="Nehru Award Recipients">{{cite web | url=http://iccr.gov.in/content/nehru-award-recipients | title=Nehru Award Recipients | publisher=Government of India | work=Indian Council for Cultural Relations | access-date=8 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815011210/http://iccr.gov.in/content/nehru-award-recipients | archive-date=15 August 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Publications===
Six quarterly journals, are published in five different languages:
{| class="wikitable"
! Journal
! Language
|-
| ''Indian Horizons''
| English
|-
| ''Africa Quarterly''
| English
|-
| ''Gagananchal''
| Hindi
|-
| ''Papeles de la India''
| Spanish
|-
| ''Rencontre Avec I' Inde''
| French
|-
| ''Thaqafat-ul-Hind''
| Arabic
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{International cultural promotion organizations}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Council for Cultural Relations|*]]
[[Category:Cultural promotion organizations]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India|Cultural Relations]]
[[Category:Indian foreign aid|culture]]

List of films set in Benaras

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Digitalvivek: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of films shot in Varanasi]]

{{R from merge}}

South Koel River

2025-10-10T17:03:33Z

Digitalvivek: Refined content and updated sections

{{For|tributary of Son River, flowing through Palamu|North Koel River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = South Koel River
ଦକ୍ଷିଣ କୋଏଲ ନଦୀ
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Koel_river_Jaraikela_Orissa.png
| image_size =
| image_caption = South Koel River near Jaraikela, Odisha
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
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| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Rourkela]]

| length =
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| source1 =
| source1_location = Lawapani Waterfalls, near [[Lohardaga]], [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Brahmani River]], near Panposh, [[Rourkela]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|14|45|N|84|47|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left = [[South Karo River]]
| tributaries_right = [[North Karo River]]
| custom_label =
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}}

'''South Koel River''' ({{langx|or|ଦକ୍ଷିଣ କୋଏଲ ନଦୀ}}; {{langx|hi|दक्षिण कोयल नदी}}) is a {{convert|285|km|mi|0}} long river which runs across [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]] states in [[India]]. It originates at the [[Lawapani Falls|Lawapani Waterfalls]], near [[Lohardaga]], [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] {{convert|82.5|km|mi|0}} from [[Ranchi]], and conjoins the Belsiangar and Singbhum Rivers. The Koel is fed by three streams in Jharkhand, namely the [[North Karo River|North Karo]], [[South Karo River|South Karo]] and [[Koina River|Koina]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u1kOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=koel+river#PPA21,M1 A Statistical Account of Bengal by William Wilson Hunter, Hermann Michael Kisch, Andrew Wallace Mackie],</ref> The South Koel enters Odisha and joins with [[Sankh River]] at Vedavyas near [[Rourkela]] from where it is named as [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.peacefulsociety.org/sj/11irnor.htm | title = Initiatives & Activities IRN-ORISSA |publisher = IRN – Kerala |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref>

==West Singhbhum drainage scenario==
Singhbhum is drained by three river systems - [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], [[Baitarani River|Baitarani]] and [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]]. The watersheds of these three systems originate near [[Gamharia]] in the Kolhan and radiate north-west, south-west and east respectively from their common, centre. These watersheds divide the Subarnarekha and its feeders from the Baitarani and its tributaries, and the latter again from the South Karo and Deo rivers, which feed the Brahmani through the South Koel.

The {{convert|1.521|km|mi|0}} long Saranda railway tunnel on the South Eastern Railway [[Howrah]] - [[Mumbai]] Main Line divides the Subarnarekha and Brahmani systems, and at this point the watershed leaves the Kolhan, continuing in a northerly direction through [[Porahat]] and finally merging in the Ranchi plateau between the Bicha and Tatkora hills. Of these three great rivers the Subarnarekha alone flows through the district. The Baitarani forms for about {{convert|12|km|mi|0}} the boundary between the Kolhan area and [[Kendujhar|Keonjhar]] (in Odisha) while the Brahmani drains the west of the district through its tributary, the South Koel, and its feeders, the [[North Karo River|North Karo]] and the [[South Karo River|South Karo]], and the latter of which in its turn is fed by the [[Deo River|Deo river]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf |title = The West Singhbhum District |access-date = 2010-04-20 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104524/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf |archive-date = 2011-07-13 }}</ref>

==Koel-Karo project==
The Koel-Karo project is located in the Ranchi and West Singbhum districts. The 710 MW power project involves the construction of two earth dams—one {{convert|44|m|ft}} high, across the South Koel river near Basia, and the other {{convert|55|m|ft}} high, across the North Karo river near Lohajima. The two dams will be linked by a trans-basin channel, with six units of 115 MW each in the underground powerhouse at Lumpu-ngkhel and one unit of 20 MW at Raitoli. About 120 villages are to be affected, displacing over one [[lakh]] (100,000) people. About {{convert|22000|ha|acre}} of land will be submerged. Of the total land acquisition, {{convert|12000|ha|acre}} are reported to be agricultural land, while {{convert|10000|ha|acre}} comprise forests. Dispute arose over the compensation package for the displaced people and protests started in 1974 and have been continuing since then.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/5025 | title =Koel Karo battles on |publisher =India Environment Portal |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref> The project was finally shelved in 2003 owing to protests.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Hydrography of Odisha}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}

[[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]

{{Orissa-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Punjabi Shaikh

2025-09-25T18:25:20Z

Digitalvivek: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Punjabi Shaikh
| image = File:Sheikhs from the Trans-Sutlej States.png
| caption = Punjabi Sheikhs from the Trans-Sutlej States in 1869
| population =
| popplace = [[Pakistan]]
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{small|[[English language|English]] • [[Urdu language|Urdu]]}}
| rels = [[Islam]]
| related =
}}
'''Punjabi Shaikh''' ({{langx|pnb|{{Nastaliq|پنجابی شيخ}}}}) is a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] [[List of Punjabi tribes|tribe]] and a branch of the [[Shaikhs in South Asia]]. In Punjab, the title ''Shaikh'' was given to recent converts to [[Islam]] and not to those of Arab descent as a polite euphemism.<ref name=":0"/>

The Shaikh caste were originally agricultural and can be found in the [[Faisalabad]], [[Chiniot]] and [[Rawalpindi District]] of Punjab. However, in recent years, they have become urbanised and are involved in business and trade. The Punjabi Shaikh tribe are wealthy but have a small population in the Punjab. Notable people include [[Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad]], a Pakistani politician.<ref>{{Cite book|date=20 February 2004|title=Sociology of religion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_0O8LxsWb8C&q=shaikh+occupational+caste&pg=PA97|isbn=9780761997818|last1=Robinson|first1=Rowena}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Nyrop|first=Richard F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaggQsmGFWkC&q=sheikh+occupational+title+in+pakistan&pg=PA149|title=Pakistan a country study|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1983|edition=4|pages=149}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_272.gif |title=Shaikhs of Rawalpindi District (Pothohar Plateau)|website=Digital South Asia Library - Imperial Gazetteer of India v.21, page 266|access-date=25 December 2022}}</ref>

==Notable people with this surname==
*[[Ehsan Elahi Zaheer]], a Pakistani Islamic scholar
*[[Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad]], a Pakistani politician and a businessman
*[[Javed Shaikh]], a Pakistani actor and film director
*[[Saleem Sheikh]], a Pakistani actor
*[[Shahnaz Sheikh]], a Pakistani field hockey player
*[[Shehnaz Sheikh]], a Pakistani TV actress
*[[Farooq Sheikh]], an Indian film actor

== See also ==
* [[Qanungoh Shaikh]]
* [[Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi]]
* [[Siddiqui]]
* [[Sindhi Shaikh]]
* [[Mian (surname)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}

[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]