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Sriranga Neethulu

2026-05-07T23:01:41Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating a stub...

{{Not to be confused with|Sri Ranga Neethulu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| image = Sriranga Neethulu Release Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = {{plain list|
*Praveen Kumar VSS
}}
| writer = {{plain list|
*Praveen Kumar VSS
}}
| producer = {{plain list|
*Venkateshwar Rao Balmuri
*Dheeraj Mogilineni
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
*[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]
*[[Ruhani Sharma]]
*[[Karthik Rathnam]]
*[[Viraj Ashwin]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plain list|
*Tijo Tomy
}}
| editing = {{plain list|
*Sasank Vupputuri
}}
| music = {{plain list|
*Ajay Arasada
*[[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
}}
| studio = {{plain list|
* Radhavi Entertainments.
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|04|11|India|}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sriranga Neethulu''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film written and directed by Praveen Kumar VSS and produced by Venkateshwar Rao Balmuri and Dheeraj Mogilineni under the banner of Radhavi Entertainments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=Sriranga Neethulu receives a U/A certificate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/04/sriranga-neethulu-receives-a-ua-certificate |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]], [[Ruhani Sharma]], [[Karthik Rathnam]], and [[Viraj Ashwin]] as lead characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2024 |title=Telugu Film Sriranga Neethulu's Trailer Promises Not One, But Three Engaging Tales |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-film-sriranga-neethulus-trailer-promises-not-one-but-three-engaging-tales-8833706.html |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The music of the film was composed by Ajay Arasada and [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], while the cinematography and editing is handled by Tijo Tomy and Sasank Vupputuri. ''Sriranga Neethulu'' was theatrically released on 11 April 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=Sriranga Neethulu gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/28/sriranga-neethulu-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie follows three stories that happen simultaneously.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Shiva
*[[Ruhani Sharma]] as Aishwarya
*[[Karthik Rathnam]] as Karthik
*[[Viraj Ashwin]]
*[[Rag Mayur]]
*[[Srinivas Avasarala]]
*Devi Prasad as Karthik's father
*Sanjay Swaroop as Aishwarya's father
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Chaganti
*Geetha Bhascker
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]
*Jeevan Kumar
}}

== Release ==
''Sriranga Neethulu'' was theatrically released on 11 April 2024.<ref name=":0" /> The film premiered on both [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] services on 29 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 May 2024 |title=OTT: రెండు ఓటీటీల్లోకి సైలెంట్‌గా వచ్చిన తెలుగు అంథాలజీ మూవీ.. ఎన్నో ట్విస్టులతో తర్వాత రిలీజ్.. ఎక్కడంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/suhas-anthology-movie-sriranga-neethulu-ott-streaming-on-aha-ott-amazon-prime-sriranga-neethulu-digital-premiere-121717034040024.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530083945/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/suhas-anthology-movie-sriranga-neethulu-ott-streaming-on-aha-ott-amazon-prime-sriranga-neethulu-digital-premiere-121717034040024.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Reception ==
BH Harsh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated this film 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted "At a time when films are increasingly focusing on good versus evil narratives, it’s refreshing to watch a film that treats its whole universe as one, and accordingly treats its people with equal dignity and depth."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=13 April 2024 |title='Sri ranga neethulu' movie review: An impressive slice-of-life dramedy that does justice to its universe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/13/sri-ranga-neethulu-movie-review-an-impressive-slice-of-life-dramedy-that-does-justice-to-its-universe |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Times Now]]'' rated this film 2 stars out of 5 stars and noted "Sriranga Neethulu suffers from glaring inadequacies. It lacks depth and pacing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Sriranga Neethulu Review: Fails To Make A Lasting Impact |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/sri-ranga-neethulu-review-fails-to-make-a-lasting-impact-review-109251364 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> Satya Pilagam of ''[[ABP Desam]]'' rated this film 1.75 stars out of 5 stars and noted "Viraj Ashwin, Ruhani Sharma's story is well written. As good as there is. The wedding appeared to be acting characters. Srinivas played a guest role in the story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=11 April 2024 |title=శ్రీరంగనీతులు రివ్యూ: నీతులు చెప్పేటందుకు మాత్రమే బావున్నాయా? లేదంటే సినిమా చూసేందుకూ బావుందా? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/sri-ranga-neethulu-2024-movie-review-starting-suhas-viraj-ashwin-ruhani-sharma-karthik-rathnam-155726 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=tt30798502}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fiction]]
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]

Khowang Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T17:48:52Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new new data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Moran
| constituency_no = 115
| type = SLA
| map_image = Moran Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| district = [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
| abolished =
}}

'''Moran Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]], [[India]]. This constituency was renamed to '''Khowang''' in 2023.<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
!Ghana Kanta Gogoi
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Padma Kumari Gohain]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Tarun Chandra Chutia
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
! rowspan="2" |Joy Chandra Nagbanshi
![[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
![[Kiron Kumar Gogoi]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
! rowspan="2" |Joy Chandra Nagbanshi
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
![[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|2004^
! rowspan="3" |Jibantara Ghatowar
! rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Chakradhar Gogoi]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}
^ Indicates Bye-Elections

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Khowang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate= Chakradhar Gogoi
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 67,038
|percentage= 50.68
|change= +1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Lurinjyoti Gogoi]]
|party=Assam Jatiya Parishad
|votes= 57,054
|percentage= 43.13
|change= +34.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Biju Duarah
|party=Independent
|votes= 4,316
|percentage= 3.29
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Prabhakar Das
|party=Independent
|votes= 1,761
|percentage= 1.33
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=None of the above
|party=None of the above
|votes= 2003
|percentage= 1.51
|change= −0.20
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes= 9,984
|percentage= 7.54
|change= −12.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes= 1,32,271
|percentage= 82.55
|change= +4.38
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes=
|percentage=
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser= Assam Jatiya Parishad
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Moran}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= '''Chakradhar Gogoi'''
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= '''55,604'''
|percentage= '''49.68'''
|change= '''-4.45'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Pranjal Gatowar
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes= 33,263
|percentage= 29.72
|change= -8.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Sanjib Changmai
|party=Assam Jatiya Parishad
|votes= 9,499
|percentage= 8.49
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Mohini Mohan Ligira
|party=Independent (politician)
|votes= 8,834
|percentage= 7.89
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Raphael Kujur
|party=Independent (politician)
|votes= 2,293
|percentage= 2.05
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Eliash Sichan
|party=Independent (politician)
|votes= 518
|percentage= 0.46
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= None of the above
|party=None of the above
|votes= 1,910
|percentage= 1.71
|change= +0.06
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes= 22,341
|percentage= 19.96
|change= +3.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes= 1,11,921
|percentage= 78.17
|change= -5.54
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes= 1,895
|percentage= 1.32
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,43,170
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner= Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser= Indian National Congress
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Moran}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chakradhar Gogoi
|votes = 54,571
|percentage = 54.13
|change = +36.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]
|votes = 38,340
|percentage = 38.03
|change = -19.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Urang
|votes = 2,322
|percentage = 2.30
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Hiranya Boruah
|votes = 1,650
|percentage = 1.63
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sunil Rajkonwar
|votes = 1,464
|percentage = 1.45
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rubul Buragohain
|votes = 791
|percentage = 0.78
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,673
|percentage = 1.65
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,231
|percentage = 16.10
|change = -19.68
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,00,811
|percentage = 83.71
|change = +11.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +8.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Moran}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jibantara Ghatowar
|votes = 47,143
|percentage = 57.17
|change = +11.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Sunil Rajkonwar
|votes = 17,650
|percentage = 21.39
|change = -8.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swarna Saikia Deori
|votes = 14,571
|percentage = 17.67
|change = -2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shyamal Bhumij
|votes = 2,343
|percentage = 2.84
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Lakhicharan Swausi
|votes = 752
|percentage = 0.91
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,493
|percentage = 35.78
|change = +20.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 82,459
|percentage = 71.93
|change = -3.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Moran}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jibantara Ghatowar
|votes = 39,622
|percentage = 45.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Parag Jyoti Baruah
|votes = 26,267
|percentage = 30.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dayananda Borgohain
|votes = 17,037
|percentage = 19.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hemanta Urang
|votes = 2,025
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = NBNP
|candidate = Kiran Moyee Gogoi
|votes = 932
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = AGP(P)
|candidate = Jitul Chandra Gogoi
|votes = 589
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,355
|percentage = 15.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 86,472
|percentage = 75.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dibrugarh]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|27.182|94.918|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Krishnagiri Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T18:41:29Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new post.

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Other uses|Krishnagiri (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 53
| map_image = Constitution-Krishnagiri.svg
| Existence =
| district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| mla = [[K. Ashok Kumar]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Krishnagiri
| electors = 267,366
| reservation = None
}}

{{coord|12.53|N|78.23|E|display=title}}

'''Krishnagiri''' is a [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 53. It is a part of the [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|similarly named constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]]. This constituency is delimited in the year 2008.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

Krishnagiri was one of 17 assembly constituencies to have [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with EVMs in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ec-to-tighten-grip-on-cash-for-votes/article8225776.ece|title=EC to tighten grip on cash for votes}}</ref>

It comprises the following areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituencies post-delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=CEO, Tamil Nadu|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
* Krishnagiri Taluk (Part) - Polupalli, Kurubarapalli, Ragimaganapalli, Junjupalli, Byanapalli, Kothapetta, Kattinayanapalli, Kammaampalli, Boganapalli, Pethathalapalli, Gangaleri, Kondepalli, Kompalli, Sembadamuthur, Gooliam, Bellampalli, Chikkapoovathi, Thandegoundanahalli, Alapatti, Agaram, Marikkampalli, Bellarampalli, Periyamuthur, Devasamudiram, Agasipalli, Chowttahalli, Sundekuppam, Timmapuram, Katteri, Gundalapatti, Sokkadi, Velakalahalli, Chaparthi, Bannihalli, Mittahalli, Errahalli, Kaveripattinam, Paiyur, Jagadab, Kallukurukki and Karadihalli villages.
* Krishnagiri Municipality & Kattiganapalli
* Kaveripattinam Town Panchayat

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[D. Krishna Moorthy Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[S. Nagaraja Manigar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Sreeramulu (Krishnagiri MLA)|Sreeramulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[P. M. M. Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[C. Maniappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3| [[K. R. Chinnarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[K. Kanchana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[K. Munivenkatappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Kanchana Kamalanathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[V. Govindarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[T. Senguttuvan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. P. Munusamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[T. Senguttuvan]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=53}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[K. Ashok Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| R. Mugunth Pandian
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|69.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|32.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|66.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|41.27}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ashok Kumar]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Dr. A. Chellakumar]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Suganthi Parthiban|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mugunth Pandian|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 267366|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishnagiri Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a053|access-date= 15 Oct 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ashok Kumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,050 |percentage=45.38% |change=+4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Senguttuvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,256 |percentage=45.01% |change=+1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Nirandari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,137 |percentage=5.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. Ravishankar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,455 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,837 |percentage=0.87% |change=-0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Chandramohan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,088 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=794 |percentage=0.38% |change= -2.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=211,648 |percentage=79.52% |change= -0.88% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=605|percentage=0.29% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 266,167 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Senguttuvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,637 |percentage=43.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,746 |percentage=41.35% |change=-14.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=15,736 |percentage=7.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jayaprakash |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,199 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,855 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manager |party=Independent politician |votes=1,195 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Chandramohan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,151 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Latha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,082 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,891 |percentage=2.44% |change= -15.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=200,092 |percentage=80.40% |change= 0.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,873 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Munusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,776 |percentage=55.98% |change=+19.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Syed Ghiyas Ul Haq |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,679 |percentage=37.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kotteswaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,025 |percentage=1.89% |change=+1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Raja. |party=Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy |votes=2,357 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Latha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,561 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,097 |percentage=18.14% |change= 5.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=160,379 |percentage=79.42% |change= 8.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,926 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Senguttuvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,068 |percentage=49.24% |change=+11.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,873 |percentage=36.27% |change=-20.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,894 |percentage=7.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Davit |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,913 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=1,841 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Abimannan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,672 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramesh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,100 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chennaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Munavaribegum |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=812 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,195 |percentage=12.97% |change= -5.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=140,271 |percentage=71.17% |change= 11.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,095 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,197 |percentage=56.59% |change=+26.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Senguttuvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,424 |percentage=37.69% |change=-26.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayaseelan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,861 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Pandian |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,093 |percentage=1.82% |change=+0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugasubramani |party=Independent politician |votes=690 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,773 |percentage=18.90% |change= -14.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,203 |percentage=59.51% |change= -5.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,656 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kanchana Kamalanathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,849 |percentage=64.11% |change=+38.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Kathavarayan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,238 |percentage=30.46% |change=-39.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Pandiyan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,850 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Thirupathi |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,182 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Sathiq |party=Independent politician |votes=592 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Seshagiri |party=Independent politician |votes=535 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,611 |percentage=33.65% |change= -10.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,829 |percentage=64.84% |change= 2.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,839 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.81% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Munivektatappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,729 |percentage=69.92% |change=+46.32 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. H. Musta Ahmed |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,761 |percentage=26.07% |change=-13.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ammal Rukkumani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,511 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Kanmani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=991 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravi |party=Janata Party |votes=603 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=550 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,968 |percentage=43.85% |change= 28.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,145 |percentage=62.26% |change= -6.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,585 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 30.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kanchana Kamalanathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,042 |percentage=39.28% |change=-0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Krishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,056 |percentage=23.60% |change=-31.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Barakath-Un-Nisa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,663 |percentage=23.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Chinnarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,331 |percentage=10.46% |change=-44.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. C. Krishnappa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,854 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,986 |percentage=15.68% |change= 0.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,208 |percentage=68.31% |change= -0.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,299 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Chinnarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,585 |percentage=54.83% |change=+5.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kanchana Kamalanathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,570 |percentage=39.95% |change=-6.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. O. Periyannan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,676 |percentage=3.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Angappan |party=Independent politician |votes=574 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,015 |percentage=14.88% |change= 11.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,017 |percentage=68.69% |change= 14.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,726 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Chinnarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,020 |percentage=49.75% |change=+17.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kamalanathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,223 |percentage=46.55% |change=+28.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnamurthy |party=Janata Party |votes=1,901 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,797 |percentage=3.19% |change= -5.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,327 |percentage=54.26% |change= -3.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,266 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Chinnarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,178 |percentage=32.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Thiruppathy |party=Janata Party |votes=12,466 |percentage=23.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Muniswamy Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,667 |percentage=22.18% |change=-14.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Karamathullah |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,429 |percentage=17.93% |change=-45.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Munnuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,860 |percentage=3.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,712 |percentage=8.96% |change= -17.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,600 |percentage=57.68% |change= -3.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,875 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -30.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Manniappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,445 |percentage=63.00% |change=+16.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. G. Selvaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,471 |percentage=37.00% |change=-10.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,974 |percentage=25.99% |change= 25.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,916 |percentage=61.01% |change= -7.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,479 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. M. Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,220 |percentage=47.31% |change=+5.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Manniappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,035 |percentage=46.95% |change=-11.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chetti |party=Independent politician |votes=2,937 |percentage=5.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=185 |percentage=0.36% |change= -16.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,192 |percentage=68.10% |change= -0.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,748 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sreeramulu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,833 |percentage=58.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Munisamy Goundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,583 |percentage=41.53% |change=-24.71 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,250 |percentage=16.94% |change= -21.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,416 |percentage=68.21% |change= 31.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,069 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nagaraja Manigar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,182 |percentage=66.24% |change=+30.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Mohan Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=9,649 |percentage=27.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Subharaman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,166 |percentage=6.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,533 |percentage=38.67% |change= 33.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,997 |percentage=36.26% |change= -12.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,518 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 24.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Krishna Moorthy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=14,639 |percentage=41.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nagaraia Maniar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,820 |percentage=36.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Annaji |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,016 |percentage=22.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,819 |percentage=5.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,475 |percentage=49.14% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,197 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Tilapta Karanwas

2026-05-05T14:16:46Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating details

{{Short description|Village in Greater Noida}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tilapta Karanwas
| other_name = Tilpata Karanwas
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.525|77.525|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dadri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| subdivision_name4 = Tilapta Karanwas
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.96
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 211
| population_total = 8378
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201306
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-UP]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tilapta Karanwas''' (also spelled '''Tilpata Karanwas''') is a [[village]] in [[Dadri]] [[tehsil]] of [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Tilpata Karanwas Population - Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/120154-tilpata-karanwas-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=1 August 2025 |publisher=Census2011.co.in}}</ref> Located approximately {{convert|5|km|mi}} from [[Dadri]] and {{convert|8|km|mi}} from the district headquarters at [[Greater Noida]], the village is part of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) and has experienced significant development due to its proximity to major urban centres.

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Tilapta Karanwas has a population of 8,378 people residing in 1,384 households, spread across an area of {{convert|396.13|ha|km2}}.<ref name="census2011"/> The village has a literacy rate of 79.81%, which is higher than the Uttar Pradesh state average, and serves as an example of rural development in the rapidly urbanising region.<ref name="census2011"/>

==Geography==
Tilapta Karanwas is situated at an elevation of {{convert|211|m|ft}} above [[sea level]]. The village covers a total geographical area of {{convert|396.13|ha|km2}}, resulting in a population density of approximately {{convert|2115|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="census2011"/>

The village is strategically located within the Greater Noida region, with nearby settlements including [[Devla, Uttar Pradesh|Devla]] ({{convert|2.4|km|mi}}), [[Surajpur, Gautam Buddha Nagar|Surajpur]] ({{convert|3.83|km|mi}}), and several sectors of Greater Noida within a {{convert|10|km|mi}} radius. This proximity to planned urban townships has influenced the village's development trajectory.

== Community ==

The main community in this village is the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] clan, who trace their roots back to '''Rao Kasal Singh Bhati.''' He was a chieftain originally from [[Jaisalmer Fort|Jaisalmer]] in present-day Rajasthan. According to historian, Rao Kasal Singh migrated to this area and set up '''Kasna'''-another village in Greater Noida with a strong [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] presence—as his capital.<ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref> From there, the influence of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] clan spread to the surrounding regions.This larger region, which includes around 360 villages connected to the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] community, is locally called '''mini''' '''Bhatner'''. The name comes from the historical dominance of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] clan in the area. <ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref>

Out of these villages, about 150 are mainly [[Bhati]] [[Hindu Rajput]]s, while roughly 160 are home to [[Bhati]] [[Muslim Rajput]]s<ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref>

'''Ghodi Bachheda''', is often regarded as one of the most prominent and influential [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] villages in the area.

In terms of population, the numbers of Tilapta Karanwas are around 12,000 people, with about 9,000 belonging to the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] community. On a larger scale, the Gautam Buddha Nagar [[Lok Sabha]] constituency is estimated to have a [[Rajput]] population of over 450,000 to 500,000, highlighting the significance of the community is in the district.<ref> https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/why-netas-are-rushing-to-rajput-villages/amp_articleshow/109445059.cms</ref><ref> https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/lok-sabha/story/rajput-rebellion-continues-to-haunt-bjp-in-west-uttar-pradesh-amid-low-voter-turnout-2530399-2024-04-22</ref><ref> https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/bjp-deploys-teams-in-rajput-villages-to-woo-the-community-101713725632824-amp.html</ref>

Politically, the influence of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] community is evident. For example [[Dhirendra Singh|Thakur Dhirendra Singh Bhati]], is elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for the '''3rd''' time from the [[Jewar Assembly constituency|Jewar constituency]] in Greater Noida. His election reflects the community’s ongoing importance in local politics.

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source: [[Census of India]]<ref name="census2011"/>
|2011 |8378
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Tilapta Karanwas had a population of 8,378, making it one of the larger villages in [[Dadri]] tehsil.<ref name="census2011"/> The village comprises 4,442 males (53.0%) and 3,936 females (47.0%), resulting in a [[sex ratio]] of 886 females per 1,000 males, which is below the Uttar Pradesh state average of 912.<ref name="census2011"/>

The village has a young demographic profile, with 1,284 children in the 0–6 age group, representing 15.33% of the total population.<ref name="census2011"/> The child sex ratio stands at 821 girls per 1,000 boys.<ref name="census2011"/>

===Social composition===
Tilapta Karanwas has a significant [[Scheduled Caste]] population of 2,938 people (35.08% of total population), which is higher than the national average.<ref name="census2011"/> The village has no [[Scheduled Tribe]] population according to the 2011 census.<ref name="census2011"/>

===Literacy and education===
The village demonstrates commendable educational progress with an overall [[literacy]] rate of 79.81%, significantly higher than the Uttar Pradesh state average of 67.68%.<ref name="census2011"/> Male literacy stands at 90.39%, while female literacy is 68.04%.<ref name="census2011"/> A total of 5,662 people are literate, while 2,716 remain illiterate.<ref name="census2011"/>

Several educational institutions serve the area, including government and private schools that follow various educational boards.<ref name="edustoke">{{cite web|url=https://www.edustoke.com/greater-noida/schools-in-tilpata-karanwas|title=Schools in Tilpata Karanwas, Greater Noida|publisher=EduStoke|access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Economy==
The village has a total working population of 1,993 people, representing a work participation rate of 23.8%.<ref name="census2011"/> Of these, 1,407 are main workers and 586 are marginal workers.<ref name="census2011"/> The workforce is predominantly male, with 1,785 male workers compared to 208 female workers.<ref name="census2011"/>

Traditional agriculture remains important, though the village's economy is increasingly influenced by its proximity to the industrial and IT hubs of [[Noida]] and Greater Noida.<ref name="gbnagar">{{cite web |title=State: Uttar Pradesh Agriculture Contingency Plan for District |url=https://www.icar-crida.res.in/CP/Uttar_Pradesh/UP26-Gautam%20Budh%20Nagar%2030.11.12.pdf |website=ICAR - Central Research Institute fro Dryland agriculture |publisher=ICAR-CRIDA}}</ref> Many residents commute to nearby urban centres for employment in manufacturing, services, and technology sectors.

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
Tilapta Karanwas enjoys good connectivity for a rural area:
* '''Road connectivity''': Well-connected by roads to Dadri, Greater Noida, and the National Capital Region
* '''Public transport''': Both public and private bus services are available within the village
* '''Railway access''': Railway station available within {{convert|5|km|mi}}
* '''Metro connectivity''': Access to the [[Noida Metro|Aqua Line]] metro system through nearby Greater Noida stations

===Postal services===
The village has its own Branch Post Office with the postal code 201306, falling under the Ghaziabad Division and Lucknow HQ Region.<ref name="pincode">{{cite web |title=TILAPTA KARANWAS, GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGAR ... - Pin Code |url=https://pincode.net.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR/T/TILAPTA_KARANWAS |publisher=Pincode.net.in}}</ref>

==Governance==
Tilapta Karanwas operates under the [[Panchayati raj]] system established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.<ref name="panchayati">{{cite web|url=https://uppcsmagazine.com/empowering-rural-uttar-pradesh-a-critical-evaluation-of-panchayati-raj-institutions/|title=A Critical Evaluation of Panchayati Raj Institutions|date=16 May 2025 |publisher=UPPCS Magazine|access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> The village is administered by an elected [[Sarpanch]] (village head) who represents the [[gram panchayat]].

'''Political representation:'''
* '''Assembly constituency''': [[Dadri (Assembly constituency)|Dadri]]
* '''Parliamentary constituency''': [[Gautam Buddha Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]

==Development==
The village has benefited from its location within the National Capital Region and proximity to major infrastructure projects:

===Regional development===
* '''[[Noida International Airport]]''': The upcoming international airport at [[Jewar]], approximately {{convert|25|km|mi}} away, is expected to significantly impact the village's development<ref name="airport">{{cite news |date=14 April 2025 |title=Bus connectivity between Jewar Airport and Greater Noida to begin soon |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/bus-connectivity-between-jewar-airport-and-greater-noida-to-begin-soon/120273217 |newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref>
* '''Greater Noida Infrastructure''': Ongoing urban development projects in Greater Noida directly influence the village's growth prospects<ref name="infrastructure">{{cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title=Greater Noida okays ₹5597 cr budget; focus on land, infra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/greater-noida-okays-5-597-cr-budget-focus-on-land-infra-101743274872550.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* '''Industrial Parks''': Proximity to various industrial townships and manufacturing hubs provides employment opportunities

===Regional integration===
As part of the Greater Noida region, Tilapta Karanwas is increasingly integrated into the broader NCR economy while maintaining its rural character and agricultural base.

==See also==
* [[Dadri]]
* [[Greater Noida]]
* [[National Capital Region (India)]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://gbnagar.nic.in/ Official website of Gautam Buddha Nagar District]

[[Category:Villages in Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]

Satra Kanara

2026-05-01T20:34:40Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating a stub...

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Satra Kanara
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|15|24|N|90|55|12|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdivisions of Assam|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| subdivision_name3 = Baghbor
| area_total_km2 = 21.25
| elevation_m = 40
| population_total = 30994
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 781308
| registration_plate = AS-15
}}

'''Satra Kanara''' is a village located in the [[Barpeta district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]]. Sitting on the north bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]], it is situated about 15 kilometres southwest of the district headquarter [[Barpeta]]. In the 2011 census, the village was recorded to have a population of 30,994.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Satra Kanara is bournded by [[Beki River]] to the northwest and [[Brahmaputra River]] to the south. Its neighboring settlements are Koemari, Kanara, Niz Baghbar, and Balajan. The village sprawls across 2124.8 hectares of land.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/196/download/434/DH_2011_1804_PART_A_DCHB_BARPETA.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Assam District Census Handbook Barpeta |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |page=238 |access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Satra Kanara had a population of 30,994 in the year 2011, with 51.34% being male and 48.66% being female. About 31.00% of the population participated in the workforce. The literacy rate stood at 35.21%, with 40.51% of the male residents and 29.57% of the female residents being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Barpeta district]]

Barisha, Kolkata

2026-04-27T21:11:54Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Adding new post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Barisha 
| official_name =
| other_name =
| native_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
| total_type = 
| motto = 
| image_skyline = বড়িশা, কলকাতা, জনতা কারফিউ, মার্চ ২০, ২০২০.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Diamond Harbour Rd, Barisha
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
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| seal_size =
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| shield_size =
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| image_dot_map =
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| dot_y =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]<ref>{{cite news |title=South 24 Parganas district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Electors Details As On 30-10-2010|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas|url=http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=SubDivision}}</ref>
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| subdivision_type6 =
| subdivision_name6 = 
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
| parts_style = 
| parts = [[Ward No. 123, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|123]], [[Ward No. 124, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|124]], [[Ward No. 125, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|125]], [[Ward No. 126, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|126]]
| p1 =
| p2 = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
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| leader_name =
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| leader_name1 =
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| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft = 
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coor_type = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22.484847|N|88.313686|E|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700008, 700063
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Behala Paschim]] and [[Behala Purba]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barisha''' is a residential and very old locality of [[South Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is a part of [[Behala]] region and divided as Paschim Barisha and Purba Barisha.

== Location ==

Barisha is situated in the southwest of Kolkata about {{Convert|10|km|mi|0}} from the city centre [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]. The Barisha area is composed of Behala Chowrasta, Janakalyan, Silpara, Sakherbazar and Thakurpukur.

The area borders Behala Manton towards north, Joka towards south, Sarsuna and Dakshin Behala toward West, and Haridevpur, Siriti, Tollygunge towards east.

== Durga puja in Barisha ==
There are several clubs in and around Barisha that organize [[Durga Puja]] every year. Barisha Club in Santosh Roy Road,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned Club in Kolkata |url=https://barishaclub.com/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Barisha Club |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Say no to war: Durga Puja pandal in Kolkata aims to promote peace and harmony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/say-no-to-war-durga-puja-pandal-in-kolkata-aims-to-promote-peace-and-harmony-2450624-2023-10-18 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> State Bank Park Sarbojonin in [[Thakurpukur]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-15 |title=Idol based on child's sketch to be preserved in Thakurpukur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/idol-based-on-childs-sketch-to-be-preserved-in-thakurpukur/cid/2055513 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> East Barisha Govt. Colony, Barisha Jagrihi Women's Welfare Association<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Meanings of Welfare |date=2022-07-28 |title=Charity in Saudi Arabia |pages=39–120 |doi=10.1017/9781009072656.002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-07265-6 }}</ref> etc. are some of the clubs that organize Durga Puja. Durga Puja held at the home of the Saborno Roy Chowdhury family is one of the oldest Durga Pujas being performed in India every year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2022-09-19 |title=City's oldest Puja of Sabarna Roy Chowdhury to enter its 413rd year |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/citys-oldest-puja-of-sabarna-roy-chowdhury-to-enter-its-413rd-year-493379 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of Kolkata]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.devarshi.faithweb.com Sabarna Prithivi - The Official website of the Sabarna Roy Choudhury Paribar Parishad]
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Southern fringes}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Konduru Prabhavatamma

2026-04-26T15:28:36Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Konduru Prabhavatamma''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuGqyerHqrc |title=Rajampet MLA Konduru Prabhavathamma {{!}} Kadapa {{!}} Political News {{!}} CM Jagan {{!}} ALO TV |date=2020-03-12 |last=Alo TV Channel |access-date=2026-04-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref> She is a three time member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rajampet Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-21 |title=రాజన్న రాజ్యానికే రాజంపేట మద్దతు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/rajampet-electoral-review-1172052 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320122526/https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/rajampet-electoral-review-1172052 |archive-date=2022-03-20 |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Sakshi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajampet Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajampet-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

Prabhavatamma is from Paturu village in [[Nandalur|Nandaluru]] mandalam, [[Kadapa district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-20 |title=ఒక మండలం.. ఐదుగురు ఎమ్మెల్యేలు |url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/politics/ysr-rajampeta-constituency-review-1171722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127160824/https://m.sakshi.com/news/politics/ysr-rajampeta-constituency-review-1171722 |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1978, Prabhavatamma first became an MLA winning the Rajampet Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]] and retained the seat for Congress even as the new party, Telugu Desam, swept the polls in 1983. Again after a gap of 21 years, she was re-elected in [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallela |first=Vani |date=2024-02-09 |title=Rajampet constituency: Keen fight on cards between TDP, YSRCP in Rajampet |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rajampet-constituency-keen-fight-on-cards-between-tdp-ysrcp-in-rajampet-857447 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=S. Nagaraja |date=2024-05-20 |title=Belief: Rajampet segment winner’s party forms govt in Andhra Pradesh! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/20/rajampet-segment-winners-party-forms-govt-in-andhra-pradesh |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2004, she polled 54,246 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Brahmaiah Pasupuleti of the Telugu Desam Party, by a margin of 23,667 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajampet Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rajampet.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhavatamma, Konduru}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]

Puthankoottukar

2026-04-21T18:35:05Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new some details from scratch!

The '''{{lang|ml|Puthankoottukar}}''' ({{Script|ml|പുത്തൻകൂറ്റുകാർ}}, {{transliteration|ml|Puttankūṯṯukāṟ}}) are the faction of the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]] community in [[South India]] which remained unwilling to restore ties with the Catholic Church and the Pope, after the united community broke the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] Catholic hegemony through the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653. They instead chose to align with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch and organised themselves as the '[[Malankara Church]]' under Archdeacon Thoma Parambil, thereby developing a long standing relationship with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] since 1665.

[[File:Timeline of Saint Thomas Christian denominations.svg|thumb|300px|Saint Thomas Christian denominational family tree. Puthankoottukar represented in shades of violet, red and yellow]]

==Early history==
===Church of the East===
Christians in India were part of the [[Church of the East]] up until the late 16th century.{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|pp=20, 347, 398, 406–407}} Following the [[schism of 1552]] in the Church of the East, when Monk [[Yohannan Sulaqa]] and his followers joined the Catholic Church, forming the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], both the traditional and the Chaldean Catholic factions sent bishops to India.{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|pp=106–111}} The first of the Chaldean Catholic bishops in India was [[Yawsep Sulaqa]], the brother of Yohannan Sulaqa.{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} Another bishop, [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], arrived in India as a traditionalist bishop but later joined the Catholic faction.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}

===Synod of Diamper and Coonan Cross Oath===
Abraham was to become the last Chaldean bishop to govern the undivided Saint Thomas Christian community. Following his death in 1597, the Portuguese missionaries, who had arrived along with the [[Portuguese Empire|colonial]] traders to India, started a vigorous and comprehensive process of [[Latinisation of liturgy|Latinisation in liturgy]] and discipline among the local Christians and prevented other East Syriac bishops from reaching Malabar.{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} These efforts culminated in the so-called [[Synod of Diamper]] (1599), the local clergy was forced to reject the Chaldean Catholic [[Patriarch of Babylon for the Chaldeans|patriarch of Babylon]], who in fact was in full communion with Rome at that time, as a [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] heretic and schismatic.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=130}}{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} The Portuguese, who controlled the maritime routes to India at that time, continued to block the arrival of eastern bishops. They occupied the diocesan administration of the Saint Thomas Christians and deprived the [[Archdeacon of India|archdeacon]] of his traditional rights.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=208–210}} The wait of Syrian Christians for a Syrian bishop to restore their past ecclesiastical dignity and autonomy seemingly came to an end in the arrival of [[Ahatallah|Ahattalla]], a West Syriac bishop. But the Portuguese prevented Ahattalla from entering Malabar, despite the prayers of Archdeacon [[Thoma I|Thoma Parambil]] and the local Christians in 1653. This provoked a strong reaction from the local Christians, led by the archdeacon, in the form of the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=316–319}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} Although the exact wording of the oath is disputed, its effect was the severing of the relationship between the local Christians and the Portuguese and the proclamation of the archdeacon as their new metropolitan with the title 'Mar Thoma'.<ref name=Gazette>{{cite book |title=Census of India (1961: Kerala)|year=1965 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ|language=en|page=111}}</ref>{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}}

===Schism with Pazhayakoottukar===
In 1656, Pope sent an Italian '[[Discalced Carmelites|Disclaced' Carmelite]] priest named [[Giuseppe Maria Sebastiani]] with the aim of bringing back the Saint Thomas Christians who had separated themselves from the jurisdiction of the existing Catholic bishop through the Coonan Cross Oath.{{sfnp|Mundadan|Thekkedath|1982|pp=96–100}} In 1659, Sebastiani was appointed as [[Apostolic vicar of Malabar]] with the faculty of appointing a new bishop from the native Christians replacing the Portuguese bishop. He consecrated [[Palliveettil Chandy|Chandy Parambil]] as the local bishop in 1663, after the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], having defeated the Portuguese, banned other Europeans from operating in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=131}}

With the presence of another local and validly appointed bishop, Thoma's authority increasingly began to be contested and his many of his followers abandoned him. With this, Thomas wrote letters seeking help from other Eastern churches.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=131—132}} In response, a [[Syriac Orthodox]] bishop named [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Gregorios Abdal Jalīl]] arrived in Malabar in 1665 and regularised Thoma's episcopacy.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} Succeeding Thoma, senior priests in his [[Pakalomattam family|Pakalōmaṯṯam]] dynastic line took over as the leaders of the faction that remained aligned to him. They too maintained strong relations with the Syriac Orthodox Church. Over time, they adopted the West Syriac Rite instead of the old East Syriac Rite. Thus the split in the Saint Thomas Christian community solidified and those who descend from Thoma's faction came to be called {{lang|ml|Puthankoottukar}} ({{transliteration|ml|Puttankūṯṯukāṟ}} or 'those of the new allegiance') and those of Chandy came to be called {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} ({{transliteration|ml|Paḻayakūṯṯukāṟ}} or 'those of the old allegiance').{{sfnp|Perczel |2013| p= 425}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=136—137}}

==Malankara Jacobite Church==
The Puthankoottukar remained unwilling to restore ties with the Catholic Church and the Pope and instead chose to align with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. They organised themselves as the 'Malankara Church' and developed a relationship with the Syriac Orthodox Church starting in 1665, when Thoma Parambil was recognised as their legitimate bishop by the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. This relationship was gradually strengthened over the years and thus they changed their liturgical rite from [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] to [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]], a process which was complete by the 19th century. This also led to emergence of resentment towards the ever-growing authority of the Patriarch of Antioch in the ''Puthankoor'' Malankara Church. Thus this church suffered further divisions in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, resulting in the formation of multiple Malankara churches.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=130—131}}

Thoma VI, later known as Dionysios I, was initially hesitant to submit to the Patriarch of Antioch and was unwilling to receive Holy Orders afresh from the Syrian Orthodox bishops as they declared his orders to be invalid.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} Thoma responded by trying to reunite with the Catholic Church under the Pope by collaborating with kindred spirits in the ''Pazhayakoor'' faction, such as [[Kariyattil Yawsep]] and [[Paremmakkal Thoma]]. Frustrated of his defiance, one of the Syrian Orthodox bishops from Jerusalem consecrated Kurillos as his rival in an attempt to secure their foothold in the Malankara Church. However Thoma's reunion attempt with the Catholic Church failed due to opposition from the Carmelite missionaries, and by then Thoma finally yielded to the demands and received ordination and consecration anew from the Syrian Orthodox bishops and changed to the episcopal name Dionysios I in return for their support against Bishop Kurillos.{{sfnp|Neill |2004|p= 67–68}} The dispute between Kurillos and Dionysios was decided in the latter's favour by the Travancore King and subsequently he lost the favour of Cochin King as well. This forced Kurillos to flee from the territories of both of these kings and he eventually settled in Thozhiyur in [[Malabar District|British Malabar]].{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=193—246}}

==Indian Orthodox Church==
{{main|Schism of 1912}}

==Marthoma Church==
A group who were in favour of the [[Reformation|Reformed]] ideologies and local ecclesiastical autonomy and led by priest [[Abraham Malpan|Palakkunnath Abraham Malpan]] amassed support against Dionysios Philippos and sent Deacon [[Mathews Athanasius|Mathew Palakkunnath]], a nephew of Abraham Malpan, to the patriarch.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}} The patriarch, satisfied with Mathew's knowledge in [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and English and his spiritual life, consecrated him the bishop for Malankara Syrians, against Dionysios Philippos who had previously assumed their leadership without his approval. Dionysios Philippos was reluctant to receive or step down from office for Athanasius, who returned to his homeland as Metropolitan appointed by the patriarch. Instead, Dionysios transferred his power to [[Yuyaqim Kurillos]], a Syrian bishop sent by the patriarch. The dispute between Kurillos and Athanasius was brought into the court, which in 1852 decided in favour of Athanasius. Kurillos was exiled to British Malabar where he amassed support and selected Pulikkottil Joseph to be sent to the patriarch. In 1865, Pulikkottil was consecrated metropolitan as Dionysios Joseph by the patriarch and on returning, he became a rival for Athanasius.{{sfnp|Mackenzie|1906|p=217-219}}

Mathews Athanasius managed to ensure the support of the British and maintain his position. In 1868, he selected his nephew, Thomas as his heir and consecrated him as [[Thomas Athanasius]]. Pulikkottil Dionysios and his supporters appealed to Patriarch [[Ignatius Peter IV|Ignatius Petros III]] for his direct intervention. The patriarch visited London and met with the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. After securing the support of the Anglican Church leadership, he arrived in India and convened the [[Synod of Mulanthuruthy]] in 1876. At this synod, Pulikkottil Dionysios was declared Malankara Metropolitan and Athanasius was anathematised for his alleged Protestant views.{{sfnp|Mackenzie|1906|p=217-219}}

Athanasius did not submit to the patriarch and declined the patriarch's invitation to the synod. He retained his position as the Malankara Metropolitan until his death in 1877 at the Kottayam Seminary, the seat of the church. He was then succeeded by Thomas Athanasius. A case was filed against Thomas Athanasius by Dionysios in the Court and both sides argued in court for a long time.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}} In 1889, the Travancore Royal Court division bench ruled its final verdict in favor of Dionysios Joseph, considering his appointment by the Patriarch of Antioch, and Thomas Athanasius was forced relinquish his authority and to vacate the church headquarters. Those aligned with Thomas Athanasius became the Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=132}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}}

==Anglican - Puthankoor relationship==
The relationship between the Anglican church and the Malankara Syrian Church dates to the late 18th century when the British helped Dionysios I (Thoma VI) to secure his position against his rival Bishop Abraham Kurillos Kattumangatt. It further solidified during Dionysius Joseph I's term due to the support the Anglicans offered him to overthrow Thoma XI, the last dynastic leader of the Puthenkoor, and establish himself as the Malankara Metropolitan recognised by the State. They collaborated with the Malankara Church in founding the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam|Syrian Seminary in Kottayam]] and this relationship reached its peak during [[Punnathra Dionysius III|Dionysius Giwargis Punnathara's]] reign. He was succeeded by [[Geevarghese Philoxenos II | Geevarghese Mar Philoxenos II]], the Thozhiyur Metropolitan and an ally of the Anglican [[Church Mission Society|CMS missionaries]]. However he had to relinquish the throne in two years and consecrate [[Dionysius IV of Cheppad|Dionysios Philippos]] of Cheppad as the next Malankara Metropolitan without informing the Patriarch of Antioch.

The efforts of Anglican CMS missionaries were aimed at an Anglican-inspired reformation in the Malankara Church and its eventual merger into their hierarchy. This was opposed by a large section of the ''Puthenkoor'' Thomas Christians who stood for Syrian traditionalism and loyalty to the Patriarch of Antioch. Cheppad Dionysios eventually aligned himself with them and convened a Synod at [[Mavelikara]] on 16 January 1836 where it was declared that ''Malankara Church'' would be subject to the Syrian traditions and [[Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref>Cherian, Dr. C.V., ''Orthodox Christianity in India''. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003.p. 254-262.</ref> The declaration resulted in the separation of the [[Church Mission Society|CMS]] missionaries from the communion with the ''[[Malankara Church]]''.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=247–251}}{{sfb|Bayly|2004|p=300}}

==Synod of Mulanthuruthy==

The landmark event in the history of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church was the Synod of Mulanthuruthy, convened by Ignatius Petros III, the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, in 1876, which led to its complete union with the Syriac Orthodox Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Alexander P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC|title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0903-2 |language=en|page=363}}</ref> The historical Malankara Church, which had been functioning until then under a single bishop, the Malankara Metropolitan, was divided into seven dioceses with this event, each having its own bishop. In addition to this, the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Christian Association, a general body which included clerical and lay parish representatives, was also established. Thus the modern Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church dates to the Synod of Mulanthuruthy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thekkeparambil |first=Jacob |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mBCEAAAQBAJ&dq=Synod+of+Mulanthuruthy&pg=PA491 |title=Jingjiao: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia |date=2021-08-23 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-43509-2 |editor-last=Malek |editor-first=Roman |pages=391 |language=en |chapter=The Vestiges of East Syriac Christianity in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6CFg77S5WMC|title=Orientalia Christiana Analecta |date=1970 |publisher=Pontificium institutum orientalium studiorum |language=en|pages=161–162}}</ref>

==Syro-Malankara Catholic reunion==
===Early attempts at reunion===
Following the schism among the Saint Thomas Christians, there were several attempts to reunite the two factions. Almost all of them revolved around the leader of the {{transliteration|ml|Puthenkoor}}, initially belonging to the {{transliteration|ml|[[Pakalomattam family|Pakalōmaṯṯam]]}} dynastic line, submitting to the authority of the Pope and reuniting both factions of the community under his leadership.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=247—250}} However none of these attempts materialised. Due to the strong opposition from the Syriac Orthodox christans in India. The identities of each faction diverged further over the years.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=248—264}}

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Christianity}}}}
* [[Church of the East in India]]
* [[Syriac Christianity]]
* [[Cochin Jews]]
* [[Goa Inquisition]]
* [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]

{{clear}}
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Div col}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bergunder |first1=Michael |title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2734-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGiv3riaunQC |language=en}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition|editor1-first=Sebastian P.|editor1-last=Brock|editor2-first=Aaron M.|editor2-last=Butts|editor3-first=George A.|editor3-last=Kiraz|editor4-first=Lucas|editor4-last=Van Rompay|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=|language=en}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|title=Thomas Christians|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians|year=2011a|access-date=}}
**{{cite encyclopedia|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|title=Malankara Catholic Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Catholic-Church|year=2011b|access-date=}}
**{{cite encyclopedia|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|title=Chaldean Syrian Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Chaldean-Syrian-Church|year=2011c|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|title=Malabar Catholic Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Catholic-Church|year=2011d|access-date=}}
**{{cite encyclopedia |last=Childers |first=Jeff W. |title=Thomas, Acts of. |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Acts-of |year=2011 |access-date= }}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=John R. K.|last=Fenwick|title=Malabar Independent Syrian Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Independent-Syrian-Church|year=2011a|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=John R. K.|last=Fenwick|title=Mar Thoma Syrian Church (Malankara)|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Mar-Thoma-Syrian-Church-Malankara|year=2011b}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=George A.|last=Kiraz|title=Maphrian|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Maphrian|year=2011a|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=Thomas|last=Joseph|title=Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church|year=2011|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=Hidemi|last=Takahashi|title=Diamper, Synod of|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Diamper-Synod-of|year=2011a|access-date=}}
**{{cite encyclopedia|first=Baby|last=Varghese|title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church|year=2011|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia |first=Joel T. |last=Walker |title=Fars |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Fars |year=2011 |access-date= }}
** {{cite encyclopedia |first=Hidemi |last=Takahashi |title=Damascus |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/entry/Damascus |year=2011b |access-date= }}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Leslie |date=1956 |title=The Indian Christians of St. Thomas. An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} 1982 (repr.)
* {{cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Claudius |date=1811 |title=Christian Researches in Asia (With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages) |edition=2nd |place=Boston |publisher=Armstron, Cornhill}}
* {{cite book |last=Cheriyan |first=C.V. |date=2003 |title=Orthodox Christianity in India |place=Kottayam |publisher=Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |translator-last=Bromiley |translator-first=Geoffrey William |year=2001 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |volume=2 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2414-1 |oclc=46681215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA688}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |translator-last=Bromiley |translator-first=Geoffrey William |year=2008 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |volume=5 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2 |oclc=220013556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC}}
*{{cite book|url=|title=The Forgotten Bishops: The Malabar Independent Syrian Church and its Place in the Story of the St Thomas Christians of South India |isbn=978-1-60724-619-0 |last=Fenwick|first=John R. K.|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2009}}
* {{cite book |last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric |date=27 June 2008 |title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-154419-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhRREAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Geddes |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Geddes |date=1694 |title=The History of the Church of Malabar, together with the Synod of Diamper |place=London |publisher=printed for Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford}} Reproduced in full in {{harvp|Menachery |1998}}.
* {{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Thomas |year=1638 |title=Some yeares travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique |publisher=Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop |place=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfTHrQEACAAJ |oclc=1332586850}}
* {{cite book |last=Jacob |first=Vellian |date=2001 |title=Knanite community: History and culture |series=Syrian church series |volume=XVII |publisher=Jyothi Book House |place=Kottayam}} Also cf. his articles in {{harvp|Menachery|1973}}.
*{{cite book|title=History of Christianity in travancore |first= G. T. |last=Mackenzie|series=Travancore State Manual |volume=2|year= 1906|url=https://archive.org/details/b29352708_0002/page/212/mode/2up}}
* {{harvc |last=Mackenzie |first=G.T. |chapter=Castes in Travancore |pages=245–420 |in=Nagam Aiya |year=1906a}}
* {{cite book |last=Mathew |first=N.M. |date=2003 |title=St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages |publisher=CSS |place=[[Tiruvalla]] |isbn=81-7821-008-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Mathew |first=N.M. |date=2006 |title=Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram |trans-title=History of the Marthoma Church |volume=1 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{cite book |last=Medlycott |first=A.E. |date=2005 |orig-date=1905 |title=India and the Apostle Thomas |place=Piscataway, NJ |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=1-59333-180-0}} Reproduced in full in {{harvp|Menachery|1998}}.
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=1973 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |publisher=B.N.K. Press |place=Trichur |volume=II |isbn=81-87132-06-X}} Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568; B.N.K. Press (has some 70 lengthy articles by different experts on the origins, development, history, culture... of these Christians, with some 300-odd photographs).
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=1982 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |publisher=B.N.K. Press |place=Trichur |volume=1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=1998 |series=The Indian Church History Classics |volume=I |title=The Nazranies |publisher=Ollur |isbn=81-87133-05-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mundadan |first=A. Mathias |author-link=Mathias Mundadan |year=1970 |title=Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians |location=Bangalore |publisher=Dharmaram College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4hAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Mundadan |first=A. Mathias |date=1984 |title=History of Christianity in India |volume=1 |place=Bangalore, India |publisher=Church History Association of India}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Nagam Aiya |editor-first=V. |year=1906a |title=The Travancore State Manual |volume=II |place=Trivandrum |publisher=Travancore Government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juc2AQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |date=2 May 2002 |title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89332-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA250}}
* {{cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |year=2004 |title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54885-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/historychristian00neil_895 |url-access=limited}}
*{{cite book|last=Perczel|first= István |year=2013|title=Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction|editor1=Peter Bruns|editor2= Heinz Otto Luthe|series= Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag|location =Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|pages= 415–436}}
* {{cite book |last=Podipara |first=Placid J. |date=1970 |title=The Thomas Christians |place=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Tidd}} (is a readable and exhaustive study of the St. Thomas Christians.)
* {{cite book |last=Poomangalam |first=C.A. |date=1998 |title=The Antiquities of the Knanaya Syrian Christians }}{{fcn|date=August 2024|reaon=Cannot find any source with this title or author.}}
* Pothan, S.G. (1963). ''The Syrian Christians of Kerala''. New York: Asia Pub. House.
* {{cite book |last=Tisserant |first=E. |author-link=Eugène Tisserant|date=1957 |title=Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |others=Translated and edited by E. R. Hambye |place=Westminster, MD |publisher=Newman Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Weil |first=S. |date=1982 |chapter=Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala |title=Contributions to Indian Sociology}}
{{Div col end}}

===Further reading===
{{Too much further reading|date=April 2017}}
{{Div col}}
* {{cite book |author=David de Beth Hillel |date=1832 |title=Travels |publisher=Madras publication}}
* {{cite book |title=The hymn of the soul, contained in the Syriac Acts of St. Thomas |editor-first=A.A. |editor-last=Bevan |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1897}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Harris |editor-first=Ian C. |title=Contemporary Religions: A World Guide |date=1992 |location=Harlow |publisher=Longman |isbn=9780582086951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EYUAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Hough |first=James |date=1893 |title=The History of Christianity in India}}
* {{cite book |last=Koder |first=S. |date=1973 |chapter=History of the Jews of Kerala |title=The St.Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India |editor=G. Menachery}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishna Iyer |first=K.V. |author-link=K. V. Krishna Iyer |date=1971 |chapter=Kerala's Relations with the Outside World |pages=70–71 |title=The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume |publisher=Kerala History Association |place=Cochin}}
* {{cite book |last=Landstrom |first=Bjorn |date=1964 |title=The Quest for India |publisher=Doubleday English Edition |place=Stockholm}}
* {{cite book |last=Lord |first=James Henry |date=1977 |title=The Jews in India and the Far East |publisher=Greenwood Press |edition=Reprint |isbn=0-8371-2615-0}}
* {{cite web |last=Malekandathil |first=Pius |date=28 January 2013 |title=Nazrani History and Discourse on Early Nationalism in Varthamanapusthakam |website=NSC Network |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2013/01/28/nazrani-history-and-discourse-on-early-nationalism-in-varthamanapusthakam/}}
* {{cite book |last=Menachery |first=G. |date=1987 |chapter=Chs. I and II |title=Kodungallur City of St. Thomas |publisher=Mar Thoma Shrine Azhikode}} Reprinted 2000 as "Kodungallur Cradle of Christianity in India".
* {{cite book |last=Menachery |first=George |date=2005 |title=Glimpses of Nazraney Heritage |publisher=Ollur |isbn=81-87133-08-2}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=2010 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |publisher=Ollur |volume=3}}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=J. Innes |date=1969 |title=The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641 |publisher=Oxford University Press}} Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1}}
* {{cite book |lang=la|title=Periplus Maris Erythraei |trans-title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea |translator=Wilfred Schoff |date=1912}} Reprinted South Asia Books 1995 {{ISBN|81-215-0699-9}}.
* {{cite book |last=Puthiakunnel |first=Thomas |date=1973 |chapter=Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas |title=The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |editor=George Menachery |volume=II |place=Trichur |publisher=St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India}}
*{{cite book|last=Winkler|first=Dietmar|author-link=Dietmar Winkler |chapter=The Syriac Church Denominations: An overview|title=The Syriac World |editor=Daniel King|isbn=978-1-317-48211-6|publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ |pages=119–133 |year=2018}}
* {{cite book |last=Samuel |first=V.C. |author-link=V.C. Samuel |date=1992 |title=The-Growing-Church: An Introduction to Indian Church History, Kottayam |url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Growing-Church-Final.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vadakkekara |first=Benedict |title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique |date=2007 |location=Delhi |publisher=Media House |isbn=9788174952585 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Velu Pillai |first=T.K. |date=1940 |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Trivandrum}} 4 volumes
* Visvanathan, Susan (1993). ''The Christians of Kerala: history, belief, and ritual among the Yakoba''. Madras: Oxford University Press.
{{Div col end}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Div col}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bergunder |first1=Michael |title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2734-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGiv3riaunQC |language=en}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition|editor1-first=Sebastian P.|editor1-last=Brock|editor2-first=Aaron M.|editor2-last=Butts|editor3-first=George A.|editor3-last=Kiraz}}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
*[http://churchoftheeastindia.org/ Assyrian Church of the East – Archdiocese of India Official Website]
*[http://nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East – Nestorian.org]
*[http://www.synodofdiamper.com/ Website for Synod of Diamper]
*[http://www.steci.org/ St. Thomas Evangelical Church, History, Dioceses, Churches]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St Thomas Christians]
*[http://www.indianchristianity.com India Christian Encyclopaedia]
*[http://www.marthomasyrianchurch.org/heritage.htm MarThoma Syrian Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213180930/http://www.marthomasyrianchurch.org/heritage.htm |date=13 February 2008 }}

{{Syriac Christianity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Thomas Christian Tradition}}
[[Category:17th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Christians]]

Suday Yadav

2026-04-21T13:26:37Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating a stub...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suday Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jehanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jehanabad]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = [[Mudrika Singh Yadav]]
| successor = [[Rahul Kumar (politician)|Rahul Kumar]]
}}
'''Suday Yadav''' is an Indian politician from Bihar and a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He won the [[Jehanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jehanabad]] constituency after the death of his father [[Mudrika Singh Yadav]] in 2018 and was also elected to 2020 assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Jahanabad Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/jahanabad.html|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jehanabad Election Results 2020: RJD wins big as Suday Yadav retains Jehanabad seat|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/jehanabad-bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-live-news-latest-updates-rjd-jdu-suday-yadav-krishna-nandan-prasad-verma-10019655|website=www.jagran.com}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Krishna Mohan}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Mohammed Faizal Padippura

2026-04-20T04:47:01Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Faizal Padippura
| image = Mohammed_Faizal_P._P.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|5|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Andrott, Lakshadweep]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed]]
| successor = [[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed]]
| constituency = [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]]
| term =
| occupation = Social worker
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]] (2024–present) [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (until 2024)
| spouse = Smt. Rahmath Beegum
| parents =
| children = 4 (1 son, 3 daughters)
| alma_mater = [[University of Calicut]] [[Sir Syed College (Taliparamba)|Sir Syed College]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4786
| education = [[Master of Business Administration]] ([[University of Calicut]])
}}
'''Mohammed Faizal Padippura''' (born 28 May 1975) is an Indian politician and social worker and Ex [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from Union Territory of Lakshadweep. He was elected as the [[whip (politics)|party whip]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in the [[16th Lok Sabha]]. In January 2023, Faizal and four others were sentenced to 10 years in jail in a case of attempt to [[murder]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10-year jail term for Lakshadweep MP, three others |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2023/01/11/10-year-jail-lakshadweep-mp-muhammad-faisal.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> After this verdict, Mohammad Faizal was disqualified from Lok Sabha and on 29 March 2023 his membership was restored.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=NCP leader Mohammed Faizal's Lok Sabha membership restored ahead of SC hearing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ncp-leader-mohammed-faizal-s-lok-sabha-membership-restored-ahead-of-sc-hearing-101680067040120.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The Ethics Committee of Lok Sabha took this decision. On 25 January, The High court of Kerala suspended the judgement of Kavaratti court against him. On 30 January, The Election Commission of India deferred by-election for Parliamentary constituency in Lakshadweep after Kerala High Court passed an order on 25 January suspending the conviction. He was defeated in Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency in the 2024 election.

== Personal life ==
Mohammed Faizal was born on 28 May 1975 at [[Andrott|Andrott, Lakshadweep]] to Pookoya Thangal Kunnamkalam and Safiyabi Padippura. He is graduated with a bachelor's degree in zoology from [[Sir Syed College (Taliparamba)|Sir Syed College]], Kannur in 1998, and earned a postgraduate [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) degree from the [[University of Calicut]] in 2000. He married Rahmath Beegum on 19 September 2002 and the couple has four children, Fazna Bind Faizal, Ayisha Liyana, Ayisha Naveeda and SM Quthbudheen Bakthiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faizal P.P. Mohammed {{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/faizal-pp-mohammed|access-date=2020-12-04|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mohammed Faizal PP was a [[social work]]er and business advisor before he was elected to the [[Parliament of India]]. He is a member of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. In 2014, he was elected to the [[16th Lok Sabha]] as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for the [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-19|title=Mohammed PP Faizal|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/mohammed-pp-faizal/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Our Neta|language=en-US}}</ref> He campaigned on a platform of increasing employment, ensuring the livelihoods of fishermen, providing improved healthcare, improving the standards of life of the common man and promoting the island's tourist industry.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} During the period 2014–2016, he was a member of the Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture, and the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

In May 2019, he was re-elected as member of parliament to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] representing Lakshadweep and is a member of Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice. On 13 September 2019, he became a member of the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Minority Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4786|access-date=2020-12-04|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>

==Legal Issues==
In January 2023, Mohammad Faisal was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. The verdict is that of the sessions court in [[Kavaratti|Kavarathi]]. Four people, including Faisal, were accused in the violence during the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=aleena |title=വധശ്രമക്കേസില്‍ 10 വര്‍ഷം തടവുശിക്ഷ: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് എംപി മുഹമ്മദ് ഫൈസല്‍ ഹൈക്കോടതിയിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/lakshadweep-m-p-mohammed-faizal-p-p-will-approach-high-court-robe6k |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]] |years=2014 – 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=Vacant}}
|-
{{s-end}}

== External links ==

* {{Facebook|id=PadippuraFaizal}}
* https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/faizal-pp-mohammed
* http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4786
{{16th Lok Sabha members from Union territories |state=collapsed}}
{{17th Lok Sabha members from Union territories |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faizal, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]

Ek Akasher Niche

2026-04-12T11:52:12Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Adding some entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ek Akasher Niche.png
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Indian Soap Opera]] [[Drama]] [[Family]]
| creator = Ravi Ojha Productions
| based_on =
| developer =
| story = Mitali Bhattacharya Anuja Chatterjee Aditi Majumdar
| screenplay = Mitali Bhattacharya Anuja Chatterjee Aditi Majumdar
| director = Anindya Banerjee
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Sumitra Mukherjee]] [[Chaiti Ghoshal]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1178
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ravi Ojha
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2000|07|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2005|01|28}}
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| channel = [[Alpha Bangla]] (now [[Zee Bangla]])
}}
'''''Ek Akasher Niche''''' is a [[Family drama]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television serial, which aired on [[Alpha Bangla]]. It was produced under the banner of Ravi Ojha Productions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/from-ek-akasher-niche-to-bhutu-old-bengali-hit-shows-to-keep-you-entertained-during-lockdown-phase/photostory/74894244.cms|title=From Ek Akasher Niche To Bhutu: Old Bengali Hit Shows To Keep You Entertained During Lockdown Phase|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-07-05|date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/jan/jan220.htm|title=Alpha Bangla's 'Ek Akasher Niche' to end on 28 January|website= [[Indian Television]]|date=14 January 2005 |access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/ek-akasher-niche-mega-serial-title-track-singer-bhupinder-singh-death/tid/82834|title='এক আকাশের নীচে', ভূপিন্দরের গাওয়া সেই টাইটেল ট্র্যাক বাজত বাঙালির ঘরে ঘরে|website=The Wall|date=21 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/janmabhumi-to-ek-akasher-niche-all-these-old-daily-soap-evergreen-for-bengali-tv-viewer-31663414879325.html|title='জন্মভূমি' থেকে 'এক আকাশের নীচে', এভারগ্রিন এই শোগুলি এখনও ভোলেননি বাঙালিরা|website=Bangla Hindustan Times|date=17 September 2022 }}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The story is about a middle-class family that deals with various challenges and complications on a daily basis and fights all odds to stay united. With over a thousand episodes that aired in early 2000s the serial was a mega-blockbuster hit in Bengal and other Bengali language dominant parts of the world.

Starring an extensive cast with actors like Saswata Chatterjee, Chaiti Ghoshal, Parambrata Chattopadhyay, Swastika Mukherjee and Mansi Bhatia, this Bengali TV show ran for several years amassing a huge fan following.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-23 |title=Throwback Thursday: 4 Episodes From Serial Ek Akasher Niche That You Will Love To Revisit - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/throwback-thursday-4-episodes-from-serial-ek-akasher-niche-that-you-will-love-to-revisit |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sumitra Mukherjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/ek-akasher-niche-serial-of-sumitra-mukherjee/tid/68638|title=Ek Akasher Niche: 'এক আকাশের নীচে'র আম্মার স্মৃতি দু'দশক পেরিয়েও অম্লান, যৌথ পরিবারের আয়না ছিল এই সিরিয়াল|website=The Wall|date=30 March 2022 }}</ref> / [[Soma Dey]] as Amma.
*[[Gita Dey]] as Amma's Thammi
*[[Partha Sarathi Deb]] / [[Arindam Sil]] as Ajoy
*[[Chaiti Ghoshal]] as Madhabi
*[[Rajatava Dutta]] as Atul
*[[Sudipa Basu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tollywood-actress-sudipa-basu-who-came-into-fame-after-serial-ek-akasher-niche-remembers-her-struggle-days-dgtl/cid/1426949|title=লজেন্স এবং বিস্কুট বিক্রি করতেন! 'এক আকাশের নীচে'র মেজ বৌ অনিতাকে মনে আছে?|website=Anandabazar}}</ref>/ [[Indrani Basu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1minutenewz.in/ek-akasher-niche-serial-actress-indrani-basu-where-nowdays-sm/|title=মনে পরে 'এক আকাশের নিচে' সিরিয়ালের অনিতাকে? আজকাল কোথায় তিনি?|website=1 Minute Newz|date=16 August 2022 }}</ref> as Anita
*[[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Akash
*[[Rumni Sengupta]] / [[Aditi Chatterjee]] / [[Debolina Dutta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/ek-akasher-niche-actress-debleena-dutt-takes-a-stroll-in-nostalgia-amid-retelecast-207283/|title=আজ আমি যা, তার পুরোটাই 'এক আকাশের নীচে'-র জন্য: দেবলীনা|website= Bengali Indian Express}}</ref> as Nandini
*[[Rita Dutta Chakraborty]] as Raj
*[[Kunal Mitra]] as Aniket
*[[Mansi Bhatia]] as Nidhi (Aniket's adopted daughter)
*[[Rupanjana Mitra]] as Mohini
*[[Aparajita Auddy]] as Minu
*[[Badshah Maitra]] as Bhaskar / Palash
*[[Aritra Dutta]] as Ani
*[[Kamalika Banerjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bongtrend.com/what-ek-akasher-niche-serial-actress-kamalika-banerjee-doing-now-psm|title='এক আকাশের নীচে' এর 'ছুটকি' চরিত্রে জিতেছিলেন দর্শকদের মন, এখন এই কাজ করছেন কমলিকা ব্যানার্জী|website=Bong Trend|date=18 July 2022 }}</ref> as Chhutki
*[[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Saibal
*[[Kalyan Chatterjee]] as Kanai
*[[Rumki Chatterjee]] as Toru
*[[Koneenica Banerjee]] as Pakhi
*[[Samata Das]] as Tuski
*[[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Piu
*[[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Indra
*[[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] as Shayan
*[[Abir Chatterjee]] as Rangan
*Sananda Basak / [[Monami Ghosh]] as Zeenat
*[[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Dr. Rajat Ganguly
*[[Baishakhi Marjit]] as Dr. Oindrila Sarkar
*[[Tulika Basu]] as Rama/Elora Sarkar
*[[Sourabh Das]] as Elora's son
*[[Koushik Sen]] as Rittik
*[[Suneeta Sengupta]] as Julia
*[[Chitra Sen]] as Julia's Thammi
*[[Rimjhim Mitra]] as Neela Julia's roommate
*[[Pushpita Mukherjee]] as Dr. Mallika Basu/ Moli
*[[Mithu Chakrabarty]] as Dr. Mallika Basu's mother
*[[Arunima Ghosh]] as Smita
*[[Soma Banerjee]] as Manashi
*[[Chaitali Chakrabarti|Chaitali Chakrabarty]]
*[[Rita Koiral]] as Gulabi, Zeenat's mother
*[[Dipankar Dey]] as Dr. Bijon Bose
*[[Anashua Majumdar]] as Mrs. Bijon Bose
*[[Rana Mitra]]
*[[Ardhendu Banerjee]] as Dr.Sanyal
*[[Debshankar Haldar]] as Palash's brother
*[[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Probal
*[[Gouri Sankar Panda]] as Saibal's father
*[[Chhanda Karanjee Chatterjee]] as Saibal's mother
*[[Alokananda Roy]] as Nandini's Mother
*[[Dwijen Bandopadhyay]] as Bhaskar's Father
*[[Urmimala Basu]] as Bhaskar's Mother
*[[Tamal Roy Choudhury]] as Public Procecutor
*[[Nandini Ghoshal]] as Indira
*[[Biplab Bandopadhyay]] as Joy
*[[Milan Roy Choudhury]] as Dibyendu
*[[Meghna Halder]] as Rupa
*[[Papiya Sen]] as Rupa's Mother
*[[Moumita Gupta]] as Indra's Mother
*[[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Sisir, Saibal's Cousin Brother
*[[Rupali Ganguly]]
*[[Barun Chanda]] as Mr. Dutta
*[[Chandan Sen]] as Manoj
*[[Biswajit Chakroborty]] as Mr. Dattaburman, local counsellor
*[[Dilip Ray]] as Ambarbabu, patient
*[[Krishnakishore Mukherjee]] as Mr.Sengupta Rahul's (patient) father
*[[Pradip Mukherjee]] as Bimal Ghosh aka Mallik Babu
*[[Santu Mukherjee]] / [[Meghnad Bhattacharya]] as Arjun, Madhabi's elder brother
*[[Sonali Chakraborty]] as Radha, Arjun's wife, Madhabi's sister in law
*[[Tanima Sen]] as Mrs. Talapatra, neighbour of Dasgupta family
*[[Joy Badlani]] as Kaliya, a goon

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]

Seth Sukhdev

2026-04-05T20:35:29Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating a post...

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
'''Seth Sukhdev Udhavdas''' (born 1896) was a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] landlord and anti-colonial politician associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Soomro |first=Khadim Hussain |title=Seth Harchandrai Vishandas |publisher=Sain Publishers |year=1996 |location=Lahore |pages=125–126 |language=en |translator-last=Mirza |translator-first=Zafar Iqbal}}</ref> After partition, he chose to stay in Pakistan and allied with the [[National Congress (Pakistan and Bangladesh)|Pakistan National Congress]].<ref name=":0" /> In July 1949, Sukhdev was inducted as the non-Muslim representative of Sindh in the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] since [[Jairamdas Daulatram]] —the erstwhile representative in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] on a Congress ticket{{efn|The Cabinet Mission Plan had reserved one seat in the Constitution Assembly per million people of a province. These seats were distributed among Muslims, Sikhs, and General (Hindus and others) category in proportion to their share of population in the province and were to be elected by legislators of the particular community. Sindh Province was allotted with four seats, three of which were reserved for Muslims and the remainder for Generals (neither Muslim nor Sikhs).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=B. Shiva |title=The Framing of India's Constitution: A Study |publisher=The Indian Institute of Public Administration |year=1968 |location=Nasik, India |pages=93-95 |language=en}}</ref>}}— chose to stay in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHANGES MEMBERS FIRST CONSTITUTE ASSEMBLY FROM JULY 1949-1954 |url=https://na.gov.pk/uploads/former-members/1st%20Constituent%20Assembly.pdf |website=National Archives (Pakistan)}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=The Commonwealth Relations Office List 1952 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |year=1952 |location=London |pages=171 |language=en |chapter=Pakistan}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukhdev, Seth}}
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani Hindus]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

INS Taragiri (F41)

2026-04-01T19:15:11Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new page.

{{Short description|1976 Nilgiri-class frigate}}
{{other ships|INS Taragiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval-2004}}
|name= INS ''Taragiri''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched= 25 October 1976
|acquired=
|commissioned= 16 May 1980
|decommissioned= 27 June 2013
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|||1972}}
|displacement=*2682 tons (standard)
*2962 tons (full load)
|length= {{convert|113|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|13|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|4.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|propulsion=*2 × 550 psi boilers
*2 × {{convert|30,000|hp|abbr=on}} motors
|speed= {{convert|28|kn}}
|range= {{convert|4000|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|12|kn|abbr=on}}
|complement= 267 (incl 17 officers)<ref name=in-nilgiri>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/frigates_giri.htm |title=Surface Ships -->Frigates-->Giri Class |access-date=2011-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215232507/http://indiannavy.nic.in/frigates_giri.htm |archive-date=15 February 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|sensors=*Signaal DA05 / BEL PFN513 radar
*Signaal LW08 / BEL RAWL02 surface radar
*Signaal ZW06 / BEL RASHMI navigation radar
*Signaal M-45 navigation radar
*Westinghouse SQS-505 / Graesby 750 sonar
*Type 170 active attack sonar
|EW=
|armament=*2 × MK.6 Vickers 115 mm guns
*4 × [[AK-230]] 30 mm guns
*2 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon 20 mm guns]]
*2 × triple ILAS 3 324 mm torpedo tubes with Whitehead A244S or the Indian NST-58 torpedoes
* 1 × twin-tube launcher for [[Bofors 375mm anti submarine rockets]]
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft= 1 [[Westland Sea King]] or [[HAL Chetak]]
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Taragiri'' (F41)''' was a {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|||1972}} of the [[Indian Navy]]. ''Taragiri'' was commissioned into the Navy on 16 May 1980 and was decommissioned on 27 June 2013 in Mumbai, after serving 33 years in the navy.<ref name=bs>{{cite news|title=INS Taragiri bows out of service|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ins-taragiri-bows-out-of-service-113062700251_1.html|access-date=27 June 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

== History ==
INS ''Taragiri'' was the final ship of the ''Nilgiri'' class, and was named after a hill range in the [[Garhwal Himalaya]]. Cdr. Rahul Shankar was the 27th and last commanding officer of the frigate. Along with {{INS|Vindhyagiri|F42|6}}, she was significantly modified. A [[Westland Sea King]] anti-submarine helicopter, A244S 321 mm triple torpedo tubes and a twin-tube launcher for [[Bofors 375mm anti submarine rockets]] were added. Later, she was also fitted with advanced ship control systems for controlling [[unmanned aerial vehicles]]. These modifications gave the ship enhanced anti-submarine and network-centric warfare capabilities. She was operational under the [[Western Naval Fleet]] of the navy and performed surveillance missions when on blue water operations, and later performed coastal patrolling and anti-piracy operations.<ref name=bs />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Leander class frigate}}

{{Frigates of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taragiri (F41)}}
[[Category:Nilgiri-class frigates (1972)]]
[[Category:1976 ships]]

Vimalakirti Sutra

2026-03-31T13:35:40Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating a details...

{{short description|Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism}}
{{Italic title}}
[[Image:Vimalakirti debating Manjusri, Tang Dynasty.jpg|thumb|right|Vimalakīrti debating Bodhisattva [[Manjusri|Mañjuśrī]]. [[Chinese painting]] from the [[Dunhuang Caves]], [[Tang dynasty]]]]
{{MahayanaBuddhism}}

The '''''Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa''''' (Devanagari: विमलकीर्तिनिर्देश) (sometimes referred to as the ''Vimalakīrti Sūtra'' or ''Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra'') is a [[Mahayana]] [[Mahayana sutras|Buddhist text]] which centers on a lay Buddhist meditator who attained a very high degree of enlightenment considered by some second only to the Buddha's. The word ''nirdeśa'' in the title means "instruction, advice", and Vimalakīrti is the name of the main protagonist of the text, and means "Taintless Fame".

The sutra teaches, among other subjects, the meaning of [[Nonduality (spirituality)#Advaya|nondualism]], the doctrine of the true body of the Buddha, the doctrine that the appearances of the world are mere illusions, and the superiority of the Mahāyāna over other paths. It places in the mouth of the [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|upāsaka]] (lay practitioner) [[Vimalakirti|Vimalakīrti]] a teaching addressed to both [[arhat]]s and [[bodhisattva]]s, regarding the doctrine of [[śūnyatā]]. In most versions, the discourse of the text culminates with a wordless teaching of silence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Felbur |first1=Rafal |title=Vimalakīrtinirdeśa |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism |date=2015 |volume=1 |page=275}}</ref> Translator [[Burton Watson]] argues that the ''Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa'' was likely composed in approximately 100 CE.<ref name="watson">{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Burton|author-link=Burton Watson|title=The Vimalakirti Sutra|url=https://archive.org/details/vimalakirtisutra00|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=1997|pages=[https://archive.org/details/vimalakirtisutra00/page/1 1–2]|isbn=9780231106566}}</ref>

Although it had been thought lost for centuries, a version in Sanskrit was recovered in 1999 among the manuscripts of the [[Potala Palace]] in Lhasa.<ref name="Sidhartha">{{cite web|last1=Sidhartha's|first1=Inent|title=A Darshan in Vimalakirti Nirdesha|url=https://www.siddharthasintent.org/teachings-2/teaching-schedule-of-dzongsar-khyentse-rinpoche/teachings-in-bir/|website=Sidhartha's Intent|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516113006/http://www.siddharthasintent.org/teachings-2/teaching-schedule-of-dzongsar-khyentse-rinpoche/teachings-in-bir|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Sanskrit was published in parallel with the Tibetan and three Chinese versions by the Study Group on Buddhist Sanskrit Literature at the Institute for Comprehensive Studies of Buddhism at Taisho University in 2004,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Study Group on Buddhist Sanskrit Literature at the Institute for Comprehensive Studies of Buddhism 大正大学綜合仏教研究所梵語佛典硏究会 |title=Vimalakīrtinirdeśa: Transliterated Sanskrit Text Collated with Tibetan and Chinese Translations 梵蔵漢対照維摩経 |date=2004 |publisher=Taisho University Press}}</ref> and in 2006, the same group published a critical edition that has become the standard version of the Sanskrit for scholarly purposes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Study Group on Buddhist Sanskrit Literature at the Institute for Comprehensive Studies of Buddhism 大正大学綜合仏教研究所梵語佛典硏究会 |title=Vimalakīrtinirdeśa: A Sanskrit Edition Based upon the Manuscript Newly Found at the Potala Palace 梵文維摩経―ポタラ宮所蔵写本に基づく校訂 |date=2006 |publisher=Taisho University Press}}</ref> In 2007 the Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods published a romanized Sanskrit version under the title ''Āryavimalakīrtinirdeśo Nāma Mahāyānasūtram''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Āryavimalakīrtinirdeśo Nāma Mahāyānasūtram|url=http://samsara.codeplex.com/SourceControl/network/forks/lrongxiang/theordinaryenlightenment/latest#vimalakirtinirdesa.sutram.oxps|website=Samsara|access-date=15 April 2015}} {{dead link|date=April 2019}}</ref>

For a recent and thorough summary of the present scholarly understanding of the text, readers should consult Felbur.<ref name="Vimalakīrtinirdeśa">{{cite journal |last1=Felbur |first1=Rafal |title=Vimalakīrtinirdeśa |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism |date=2015 |volume=1 |pages=274–282}}</ref>

== Translations ==
[[File:Old Tibetan Chronicle, Pelliot tibétain 1287, p. 21. Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra in Chinese.jpg|thumb|Fragments of Vimalakirti Sutra in Chinese on the reverse side of [[Old Tibetan Chronicle]] discovered in Dunhuang [[Mogao Caves|Mogao Cave #17]]]]
Various translations circulate, and an even greater number are known or claimed to have existed in the past.

Tradition holds that the text was translated into [[Classical Chinese]] seven times. A supposed first translation (probably legendary) is said in some classical bibliographic sources, beginning with the notoriously unreliable ''Lidai sanbao ji'' 歷代三寶紀 T2034 in 598 C.E., to have been produced by Yan Fotiao 嚴佛調. Three canonical Chinese versions are extant: an earlier version ascribed to [[Zhi Qian]] 支謙, entitled ''Weimojie jing'' 維摩詰經 T474;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/ddb-sat2.php?mode=detail&useid=0474_ |title=The SAT Daizōkyō Text Database, T474}}</ref> one produced by [[Kumārajīva]] 鳩摩羅什 in 406 C.E. under the title ''Weimojie suoshuo jing'' 維摩詰所說經 T475;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/ddb-sat2.php?mode=detail&useid=0475_|title=The SAT Daizōkyō Text Database, T475}}</ref> and one translated by [[Xuanzang]] in 650 玄奘 and is entitled ''Shuo Wogoucheng jing'' 說無垢稱經 T476.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/ddb-sat2.php?mode=detail&useid=0476_|title=The SAT Daizōkyō Text Database, T476}}</ref> Of these, the Kumārajīva version is the most famous.

The principal Tibetan version is that found in the [[Kanjur]], by Chos nyid tshul khrims (Dharmatāśila), ''Dri ma med par grags pas bstan pa'' D176/Q843.'<ref name="Derge Kanjur176">{{cite web |title=Derge Kanjur |url=https://www.istb.univie.ac.at/kanjur/rktsneu/digit/affiche0.php?vol=mdo%20ma&beg=349&coll=derge&rkts=176 |website=Resources for Kanjur and Tanjur Studies |publisher=Universität Wien}}</ref> An additional version was found at [[Dunhuang]] in the early 20th century.

In modern English, six main translations exist, three from [[Kumārajīva]]'s Chinese, two from the Tibetan, and one from the recently rediscovered Sanskrit text. A typically erudite French translation by [[Étienne Lamotte]] was made from the Tibetan.<ref name="lamotte">{{cite book|last=Lamotte|first=Étienne|title=L'Enseignement de Vimalakīrti (Vimalakīrtinirdeśa)|publisher=[[Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)|Université de Louvain]]|year=1962}}</ref> Lamotte's French was re-translated into English by Sara Boin-Webb, bringing the total number of English versions to five.<ref name="boin-webb">{{cite book|last=Boin-Webb|first=Sara|title=The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Vimalakīrtinirdeśa): From the French Translation with Introduction and Notes (L'enseignement de Vimalakirti)|publisher=[[Pali Text Society]]|year=1976}}</ref> The English translations are:

*{{cite book|last=Luk|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Luk|title=Ordinary Enlightenment: A Translation of the Vimalakirti Nirdesa|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]]|year=1975|isbn=0394730658|url=https://archive.org/details/vimalakirtinirde00char}} (From Kumārajīva's Chinese)
*{{cite book|last1=Lamotte|first1=Etienne|author-link1=Étienne Lamotte|last2=Boin-Webb|first2=Sara|title=[[The Teaching of Vimalakirti: Vimalakirtinirdesa]]|publisher=[[Pali Text Society]]|year=1976|isbn=0860130770}} (An exhaustive scholarly treatment) - Translation from French
*{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Burton|author-link=Burton Watson|title=The Vimalakirti Sutra|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/vimalakirtisutra00|year=1997|isbn=0231106564}}<ref>Ziporyn, Brook (1998). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659050 Review : The Vimalakirti Sutra by Burton Watson], ''The Journal of Asian Studies'' 57 (1), 205–206 {{Subscription}}</ref> (From Kumārajīva's Chinese and featuring a short introduction)
*{{cite book|last=Thurman|first=Robert|author-link=Robert A. F. Thurman|title=The Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: A Mahayana Scripture|url=https://archive.org/details/holyteachingofvi00vima|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|year=1976|isbn=0271012099|url-access=registration}} (From Tibetan and featuring short introduction, extensive notes and glossary entries).<ref>{{cite web|title=Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra|url=http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/Vimalakirti.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207132633/http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/Vimalakirti.htm|archive-date=2012-02-07|access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> The same translation "with an abridged introduction and notes, and lightly edited under the supervision of Professor Thurman" is published online with open access at ''84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurman |first=Robert A. F. |date=2017 |title=The Teaching of Vimalakīrti |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh176.html }}</ref>
*{{cite book|last=McRae |first=John |title=The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar and the Vimalakīrti Sutra |publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research |year=2004 |url=https://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_Srimala_Vimalakirti_2004_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=480 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326202522/https://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_Srimala_Vimalakirti_2004_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=480 |archive-date=2018-03-26 |isbn=1886439311}} (From Kumārajīva's Chinese and featuring short introduction, glossary, and minor notes)
*{{cite book|last=Cleary |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Cleary |title=Vimalakīrti's Advice |publisher=Amazon.com Services LLC |year=2013 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Vimalakirtis-Advice-English-Thomas-Cleary-ebook/dp/B00EFZ7W5M }} (The first English edition translated from the Potala Palace Sanskrit manuscript, with brief introduction. Seems available only as electronic book.)
*{{cite book|last1=Gómez|first1=Luis|author-link1=Luis O. Gómez|last2=Harrison|first2=Paul|title=Vimalakīrtinirdeśa The Teaching of Vimalakīrti|publisher=Mangalam Press|URL=https://mangalampress.org/product/vimalakirtinirdesa-the-teaching-of-vimalakirti/|year=2022|isbn=978-1-7322209-1-1}} (First scholarly translation from the Potala Palace Sanskrit manuscript, with an introduction and annotations.)
*{{cite book|last=Buddhist Translation Text Society|author-link=BTTS|title=The Vimalakirti Sutra|publisher=Buddhist Translation Text Society|url=https://www.buddhisttexts.org/products/vimalakirti-sutra|year=2022|isbn=978-1642170757}} (From Kumārajīva's Chinese and featuring a short introduction, annotations, index, and original Chinese version.)

[[Jan Nattier]] has discussed and compared most of these translations in considerable detail, as an interesting case in the agendas and resulting shortcomings of various approaches to modern Buddhist Studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nattier |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Nattier|title=The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Vimalakīrtinirdeśa): A Review of Four English Translations. |journal=Buddhist Literature |date=2000 |volume=2 |pages=234–258|url=https://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/BL2/04Nattier.pdf}}</ref>

There also exist or existed various translations (some of them at second remove) into the Japanese, Korean, Khotanese, Mongolian, Sogdian and Manchurian languages.

Most Japanese versions are based on Kumārajīva, but two translations directly from the rediscovered Sanskrit text into vernacular Japanese have also now been published, one by Takahashi Hisao 高橋尚夫 and Nishino Midori 西野翠,<ref name="takahashi and nishino">{{cite book|last=Takahashi Hisao 高橋尚夫 and Nishino Midori 西野翠|title=Bonbun Wayaku Yuima gyō 梵文和訳維摩経|publisher=[[Shunjūsha]]|year=2011}}</ref> and one by [[Masatoshi Ueki|Ueki Masatoshi]] 植木雅俊.<ref name="ueki">{{cite book|last=Ueki Masatoshi 植木雅俊|title=Bon-Kan-Wa taishō gendaigo yaku Yuimagyō 梵漢和対照・現代語訳維摩経|publisher=[[Iwanami Shoten]]|year=2011}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
[[file:Yuima Tokondo Kofukuji.jpg|thumb|Layman Yuima (Vimalakirti), at the [[East Asian Yogācāra|Hosso]] (Yogacara) temple of [[Kōfuku-ji]]]]
[[File:Vimalakirti_Debates_Manjusri_Dunhuang_Mogao_Caves_Detail.jpeg|thumb|The layman [[Vimalakirti|Vimalakīrti]] Debates [[Manjusri]], [[Dunhuang]] [[Mogao Caves]]]]

The ''Vimalakirti Sutra'' can be summarised as follows.<ref name="Vimalakīrtinirdeśa"/><ref>{{cite book|last=McRae |first=John |title=The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar and the Vimalakīrti Sutra |publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research |year=2004 |url=http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_Srimala_Vimalakirti_2004.pdf |isbn=1886439311 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912130032/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_Srimala_Vimalakirti_2004.pdf |archive-date=September 12, 2014 }} (From Kumārajīva's Chinese and featuring short introduction, glossary, and minor notes)</ref><ref>Study Group 2004</ref><ref>Study Group 2006</ref><ref>Lamotte 1962</ref>

'''Chapter 1'''

The scene is [[Amrapali|Āmrapālī]]'s garden outside [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaiśālī]]. Even in this setting, we may see evidence of the literary sophistication of the authors, and the foreshadowing of key themes ([[antinomianism]], female characters as literary tropes): Āmrapālī was a famously accomplished courtesan, ascribed in narrative with various roles in relation to promulgation of the [[Dharma]]. Five hundred Licchavi youths offer parasols to the Buddha, who miraculously transforms them into a single gigantic parasol that covers the entire cosmos. The youths ask how the "Buddha field" (''[[buddhakṣetra]]'') can be purified. The Buddha responds that the Buddha field is pure when the mind is pure (this line was one source of a whole line of interpretation in Pure Land thinking in the later East Asian tradition). The ''buddhakṣetra'' is also equated with various other exalted categories in the Mahāyāna, such as the [[Pāramitā|six perfections]], or the four "illimitables" or "noble dwelling-places" (''[[Brahmavihara|brahmavihāra]]''). Because Śāriputra is unable to see this purity, the Buddha performs a miracle that displays it to him briefly. One implication of this scene is that our Sahā world—the ''buddhakṣetra'' of Śākyamuni—is in fact as glorious as other Buddha worlds, but our defilements prevent us from correctly seeing it as such.

'''Chapter 2'''

The scene is now Vimalakīrti's house in Vaiśālī. He is a wealthy merchant householder. He is a husband and a father. However, he is also a powerful bodhisattva with Buddha-like qualities. He enters dens of iniquity, such as gambling parlours, brothels, and the haunts of philosophers of other schools, but even in so doing, he is merely appearing to conform with the ways of this world in order to bring sentient beings to realisation of the truth. Note the echo of the famous courtesan Āmrapālī in the theme, emphasised here, of Vimalakīrti's ambivalent, even paradoxical, relationship to sexuality and chastity; the same theme is revisited in an amusing anecdote in Chapter 3, in which Vimalakīrti bests [[Mara (demon)|Māra]] (the "Buddhist devil") by accepting 12,000 [[Deva (Buddhism)|goddesses]] from him for his "serving-women". These goddesses have just been rejected by another advanced practitioner as improper, but Vimalakīrti immediately takes the occasion to convert them towards ultimate awakening.

Here, it now transpires that Vimalakīrti is feigning illness, in order that he can exploit the sympathy visits of his fellow citizens to teach them. He teaches one such group of visitors about the distinction between the apparently impermanent material body, which is prone to such sickness, and the true body of the Buddha. This is one of the earliest developed instances of ''[[dharmakāya]]'' ("Dharma-body") doctrine known in Mahāyāna literature.

'''Chapter 3'''

The Buddha successively appeals to a string of his most advanced non-Mahāyāna disciples (''[[Śrāvaka|mahāśrāvakas]]''), and also to three bodhisattvas and a householder, to visit Vimalakīrti and ask after his health. They all refuse, saying that on prior occasions when they met with him, he showed them up in his understanding of various doctrines. Vimalakīrti is typically portrayed in these recounted exchanges as having triumphed by a kind of paradoxical and contrary rhetoric, which on the surface makes no sense. For example, he bested [[Śāriputra]] on the topic of sitting in meditation by asserting that true meditation is in fact a string of things bearing no obvious resemblance to meditation, such as having no body in the visible world, or abiding in a state of complete meditative cessation (normally held to resemble physical death to the untrained eye) while at the same time engaging actively and perfectly in all the niceties of monastic deportment.

'''Chapter 4'''

The bodhisattva [[Mañjuśrī]] (conventionally understood as the embodiment of supreme wisdom) is persuaded by the Buddha to visit Vimalakīrti, albeit with some difficulty. Vimalakīrti miraculously transforms his apparently narrow and humble abode into a vast cosmic palace, thus creating enough space for the throng Mañjuśrī has brought with him. Vimalakīrti explains his illness in spiritual terms, equating it with the fundamental existential malaise of all sentient beings. According to this discourse, the true cure for all ills is also spiritual, and involves the achievement of states of non-self and non-dualism.

'''Chapter 5'''

Vimalakīrti performs a further miracle, summoning from another distant Buddha-field 32,000 vast "lion thrones" (''siṃhāsana'') for Mañjuśrī and his company, without expanding his narrow room. Each of these seats is so immense that advanced bodhisattvas must transform their bodies to a size of 42,000 ''[[yojana]]''s (leagues) tall to sit on them. Śariputra and other ''mahāśrāvaka''s, incapable of this feat, cannot mount their seats. This space- and mind-bending miracle is taken as the chance to teach that a vast array of "unthinkable" things are possible for advanced adherents of the Mahāyāna (e.g. inhaling all the winds of all the worlds at once, or showing all the offerings ever given to all Buddhas in a single pore of the skin of their bodies).
[[File:National Museum of Asian Art Figure of Wei Mo Chi from the Longmen Grottoes 国立亚洲艺术博物馆龙门石窟宾阳洞北魏维摩诘浮雕左侧面.jpg|thumb|Relief of Vimalakirti from the [[Longmen Grottoes]]]]
'''Chapter 6'''

Vimalakīrti expounds a series of analogies designed to explain the point that the bodhisattva regards sentient beings as, in various senses, illusory or even logically impossible. A goddess then appears, who has been living in Vimalakīrti's room for twelve years. She creates a shower of heavenly petals. These petals stick to the bodies of the non-Mahāyāna adepts (''mahāśrāvaka''s), but slide off the bodies of the bodhisattvas and drop to the ground. Śāriputra, perturbed (among other things, by a probable infringement of the monastic code, which prohibits personal adornment), even attempts to use his supernatural powers to shed this unwelcome decoration, but in vain. A battle of wits and wisdom ensues, in which Śāriputra is sorely bested and humiliated by the goddess. She explains that he cannot shake off the flowers because he is "attached" (for instance, to a formalistic and superficial understanding of the Dharma and the Vinaya). Śāriputra asks the goddess, perhaps somewhat peevishly, why she still has the (inferior) body of a woman, if she has attained to such high levels of insight. In response, she uses her own supernatural powers to switch bodies with Śāriputra, who is even more perturbed to find himself in the guise of a woman, but finds that nothing he does allows him to return to his own "true" form. Eventually, the goddess takes mercy and releases her hold, but the overall effect of the exchange is to show the vast superiority of Mahāyāna doctrine and practice over the other, more traditional forms of Buddhism of which Śāriputra is a paragon. The drama presented in this chapter has been an important reference point for traditional and especially modern attempts to find Mahāyāna perspectives on the nature of gender, and Buddhist feminist attempts to find canonical sources for a stance that ascribes equal spiritual status or potential to women.

'''Chapter 7'''

A dialogue ensues between Mañjuśrī and Vimalakīrti. Echoing the dramatic besting of Śāriputra—a famed expert in doctrine—by a mere non-Buddhist deity and female, this dialogue ultimately sees Mañjuśrī, the paragon of Mahāyāna wisdom, upstaged by someone who is apparently a "mere" householder, and (as we saw in Chapter 2), apparently no model of virtue at that—a companion of gamblers and prostitutes.

'''Chapter 8'''

Vimalakīrti conducts a dialogue with a series of bodhisattvas from Mañjuśrī's entourage on the topic of non-duality (''[[advaya]]''). Again, Vimalakīrti ultimately emerges supreme from this contest. His "statement" on the topic is his famous silence, which crowns the whole series of exchanges and is implicitly framed as the "last word". This portion of the text was important for later tradition, including various [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]]/[[Zen]] texts and schools, as a source of the notion that truth is beyond language, and specially framed acts of silence are its most adequate expression.

'''Chapter 9'''

Vimalakīrti uses his powers to conjure up a magically emanated bodhisattva, whom he sends to a remote Buddha-world to fetch a wonderfully fragrant type of food that is eaten there. The emanated bodhisattva brings this food back to Vimalakīrti's home, and he uses a single bowlful to miraculously feed the vast congregation in attendance. Vimalakīrti takes the occasion to deliver a discourse on the necessity of suffering as a means of teaching for the beings in Śākyamuni's Sahā world.

'''Chapter 10'''

Vimalakīrti picks up the entire assembly in his room in one hand, and miraculously transports it to Āmrapālī's garden (the scene we left in the opening chapter), where they visit the Buddha and Ānanda. When Ānanda smells the fragrance of the wonderful food described in the previous chapter, it is used as the occasion for a teaching that describes how the Buddhas accomplish their teaching and liberation of sentient beings by all means conceivable (and inconceivable!). Ānanda concedes that ''śrāvaka''s are inferior to bodhisattvas, and Vimalakīrti delivers another teaching.

'''Chapter 11'''

Vimalakīrti explains how he views the [[Tathāgata|Buddha]]. This teaching is conveyed by a series of negations. The Buddha reveals to Śāriputra that Vimalakīrti is in fact a bodhisattva from the Buddha-world [[Abhirati]], which is created and overseen by the Buddha [[Akshobhya|Akṣobhya]]. In order to show the assembly in Āmrapālī's garden this world, Vimalakīrti uses his prodigious powers to bring the entire world into the garden. Śākyamuni Buddha predicts to all present that they will be reborn in Abhirati, and Vimalakīrti puts the Buddha-world back where it came from.

'''Chapter 12'''

The text closes with formulaic statements that the teaching it delivers should be preserved and transmitted. A new sermon expounds a series of characteristics of inferior bodhisattvas, which prevent them attaining the highest attainments. The Buddha entrusts the ''[[sūtra]]'' to Maitreya, in order that sentient beings of future ages may also be able to hear it.

== Themes ==
[[file:Vimalakirti (Kyoto National Museum).jpg|thumb|Silk painting of Vimalakirti, [[Southern Song dynasty]] (1127-1279). Kept in [[Kyoto National Museum]], [[Japan]]]]
According to Fan Muyou, the ''Vimalakīrtinirdeśa'' contains numerous philosophical and doctrinal themes, including:<ref name=":0">Fan Muyou. ''A Reexamination of the Influence of Kumārajīva's Thought on His Translation of the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa''. The Eastern Buddhist 47/1: 57–80 ©2018 The Eastern Buddhist Society.</ref>

* the ignorance and delusion of the [[Śrāvakayāna|sravakas]],
* the superiority of Mahayana over [[Hinayana]],
* the transcendental body of a [[Tathāgata|tathagata]],
* the ambivalence of the sexes
* the benevolent and saving power of the [[Bodhisattva|bodhisattvas]]
* [[Śūnyatā|Emptiness]] (''śūnyatā'')

=== Śūnyatā ===
According to [[Étienne Lamotte|Etienne Lamotte]], the ''Vimalakīrtinirdeśa'' is one of the oldest Mahayana sutras and contains the [[Madhyamaka|madhyamika]] philosophy of [[Śūnyatā|emptiness (''Śūnyatā'')]] in a raw state (which may have served as a foundation for [[Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna's]] school). In his translation of the sutra (''[[The Teaching of Vimalakīrti|L'Enseignement de Vimalakīrti (Vimalakīrtinirdeśa)]]''), Lamotte outlines the major theses of the madhyamaka school and shows how the ''Vimalakīrtinirdeśa'' contains all of these.<ref>Lamotte, Etienne. 1976. ''The Teaching ofVimalakirti (Vimalakirtinirdesa)''. Trans. Sara Boin. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.</ref> Some of these major ideas include:<ref name=":0" />

* All dharmas are without [[Svabhava|self-nature]] (''niḥsvabhāva'') and are empty of self-nature (''svabhāva-śūnya'')
* All dharmas are originally calm (''ādiśānta'') and naturally nirvana-ized (''prakṛtiparinirvṛta''). Lamotte states: “For the Madhyamaka, dharmas which do not arise at all are not produced by reason of causes and do not enter the round of rebirth: thus they are nirvana-ized. For them, samsara is intermixed with nirvana.” This agrees with ''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]]'' 25.19–20: "There is nothing whatsoever of samsara distinguishing (it) from nirvana. There is nothing whatsoever of nirvana distinguishing it from samsara."
* Dharmas are without marks (''alakṣṇa'') and consequently inexpressible (''anabhilāpya'') and unthinkable.
* All dharmas are the same (''sama'') and without duality (''[[Nonduality (spirituality)|advaya]]''). Since dharmas are devoid of nature and empty, they are essentially identical, as shown in the verse from the ''Mūlamadhyamakakārikā'' that reads: “Being, from the absolute point of view, equally without production and equally without birth, all dharmas are the same from the absolute point of view.”
Burton Watson also argues that the doctrine of emptiness is the central teaching of this sutra, along with the related idea that since all dharmas are of the same nature, they are non-dual, having a single ultimate quality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Burton|url=https://archive.org/details/vimalakirtisutra00|title=The Vimalakirti Sutra|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1997|isbn=0231106564|pages=9–10|author-link=Burton Watson}}</ref>

=== Silence ===
The ''Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa'' "offers us two dramatic and contrasting moments of silence. The first of these <nowiki>[is]</nowiki> the silence of [[Śāriputra]]", who is rendered silent during an exchange with a goddess:
{{quote|Śāriputra abandons speech too quickly, after all. He has been asked a question in a particular context [...] to refuse to speak at such a point is neither an indication of wisdom, nor a means of imparting wisdom, but at best a refusal to make progress [...] Śāriputra's failed silence is but a contrastive prelude to Vimalakīrti's far more articulate silence.<ref name="Garfield">"Sounds of Silence: Ineffability and the Limits of Language in Madhyamaka and Yogācāra", by Jay L. Garfield, in ''Empty Words: Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Interpretation.'' Oxford Univ. Press: 2002 {{ISBN|0-19-514672-7}} pp. 170–171</ref>}}

Vimalakīrti remains silent while discussing the subject of emptiness with an assembly of bodhisattvas. The bodhisattvas give a variety of answers on the question what non-duality is. Mañjuśrī is the last bodhisattva to answer, and says that "by giving an explanation they have already fallen into dualism". Vimalakīrti, in his turn, answers with silence.{{sfn|Low|2000|pp=109–112}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|This dialogue is being treated in case 84 of the [[Hekiganroku]]{{sfn|Low|2000|p=110}}}}

With this emphasis on silence the ''Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa'' served as a forerunner of the approach of the Ch'an/Zen tradition, with its avoidance of positive statements on 'ultimate reality':
{{quote|The Zen tradition is avowedly the Buddhism of Vimalakirti's silence—a claim that is explicitly reinforced by the practice of silent meditation.<ref>"Language: Buddhist Views on Language." by Luis O. Gomez. ''Encyclopedia of Religion'', 2nd ed. p. 5310</ref>}}

But it does not mean that language is to be discredited completely:
{{quote|Language is not, according to any Mahāyāna school, to be abandoned at the outset; it is not, whatever its limitations, a useless or a wholly misleading cognitive vehicle. To adopt an aphasia or cognitive quietism from the start would be pointless, and, as the Goddess notes, contrary to the practice of the Buddha himself, who uttered an enormous number of words during his career. But of course the episode gets its point precisely from the fact that Buddhist literature is replete with a rhetoric of silence—with episodes of especially significant silence—and indeed, as we discover a mere two chapters later in this very sutra.<ref name="Garfield" />}}

== East Asian Commentaries ==
The ''Vimalakīrti'' was the object of much commentary activity in East Asian Buddhism. By contrast, no commentaries are known in India or Tibet. A fragment of a very early commentary, conceivably dating before the end of the fourth century, has been preserved in manuscript form, and taken as the object of a monographic study.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shi Guopu 釋果樸 |title=Dunhuang xiejuan P3006, Zhi Qian ben Weimojie jing zhujie kao 敦煌寫卷P3006支謙本維摩詰經注解考 |date=1998 |publisher=Fagu Culture Press}}</ref>

Another important text, the ''Zhu Weimojie jing'' 注維摩詰經 (which modern scholarship has shown to be the product of a complex history), transmits what is actually a set of interrelated commentaries ascribed to scholars among the very translation team that produced the second Chinese translation at the beginning of the fifth century, including Kumārajīva himself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hashimoto Hōkei 橋本芳契 |title=Chū Yuimakitsu kyō no shisō kōsei: Rajū, Sōjō, Dōshō sanshi setsu no taihi 註維摩詰經の思想構成羅什僧肇道生三師說の對比 |journal=Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū 印度學佛教學研究 |date=1958 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=509–513|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/6/2/6_2_509/_article/-char/en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hashimoto Hōkei 橋本芳契 |title=Chū Yuima kyō no Rajū setsu ni tsuite 註維摩經の羅什說について |journal=Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū 印度學佛教學研究 |date=1973 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=523–529|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/21/2/21_2_523/_article/-char/en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Usuda Junzō 臼田淳三 |title=Chū Yuimakitsu kyō no kenkyū 注維摩詰経の研究 |journal=Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū 印度學佛教學研究 |date=1977 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=262–265|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/26/1/26_1_262/_article/-char/en}}</ref>

Other relatively early commentaries were produced by [[Jingying Huiyuan]] 淨影慧遠 (523–592): ''Wuimo yiji'' 維摩義記 T1776; [[Zhiyi]] 智顗 (538–597): ''Weimo jing xuanshu'' 維摩經玄疏; [[Jizang]] 吉藏 (549–623): ''Jingming xuanlun'' 淨名玄論 T1780 and ''Weimo jing yishu'' 維摩經義疏 T1781; [Kiu]Ji [窺]基 (632–682): ''Shuo Wugoucheng jing shu'' 說無垢稱經疏 T1782; and [[Zhanran]] 湛然 (711–782): ''Weimo jing lüeshu'' 維摩經略疏 T1778. Yet another significant commentary is the ''[[Yuimagyo Gisho|Yuimagyō gisho]]'' 維摩経義疏, or ''Commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sūtra'', ascribed to [[Prince Shōtoku]] 聖徳太子 (574–622),<ref>Hubbard, Jamie, trans. (2012). [http://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T2186_ExpositoryCommentaryonVimalakirti_2012.pdf Expository Commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sutra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306144931/http://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T2186_ExpositoryCommentaryonVimalakirti_2012.pdf |date=2023-03-06 }}. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, {{ISBN|978-1-886439-44-3}}. p. xiii</ref> an early work of [[Japanese Buddhism]], which is said to be based on the commentary of the [[Liang dynasty]] Chinese monk Zhizang 智藏 (458–522 CE).{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}

{{multiple image
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|caption1=The Heavenly Maiden in [[Han opera]]
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|caption2=The Heavenly Maiden in [[Peking opera]]
}}

== Other influence in East Asia ==
The impact of the ''Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa'' can also be traced in many other dimensions of East Asian culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Demiéville |first1=Paul |title=Vimalakīrti in China |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |date=2004 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=179–196|doi=10.1558/bsrv.v21i2.14200 |s2cid=247871418 |url=https://ukabs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bsr21.22004.pdf}}</ref> Large numbers of manuscript copies of the text survive in collections from [[Dunhuang]] 敦煌 and elsewhere. The text had a major impact on the arts, including visual art, but also poetry. The self-chosen soubriquet of the Tang poet [[Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)|Wang Wei]] 王維 (699–759), for instance, means nothing less than "Vimalakīrti". In the modern world, the famous Peking opera "The Heavenly Maiden Scatters Flowers" [[天女散花]], created by [[Mei Lanfang]] 梅蘭芳 (1894–1961), also took as its basis the dramatic encounter between the goddess and Śāriputra in Chapter 6.

The sutra is also thought to have been influential in [[East Asian Buddhism]] for its perceived humor (though the supposed humour of the text is a difficult topic, somewhat controversial in modern scholarship),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silk |first1=Jonathan |title=Taking the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa Seriously |journal=Annual Report of the International Institute for Advanced Buddhist Studies |date=2014 |volume=17 |pages=157–188|url=http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607075647/http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-17.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-06-07 }}</ref> and the perception that it provides scriptural warrant for various compromises between (typically monastic) austerity and engagement with secular life. The text has also been influential in Mahāyāna Buddhism for its perceived inclusiveness and respect for non-monastic practitioners, and is often interpreted as advocating an equal role for [[women in Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Diana Y. |title=Women in Buddhism. Images of the Feminine in Mahāyāna Tradition |date=1985 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bapat |first1=P. V. |title=Change of Sex in Buddhist Literature |journal=Felicitation Volume Presented to Professor Sripad Krishna Belvalkar |date=1957 |pages=209–215}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Nancy |title=Changing the Female Body: Wise Women and the Bodhisattva Career in Some Mahāratnakūṭasūtras |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |date=1981 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=24–69|url= https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8533/2440}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Diana Y. |title=Buddhist Attitudes toward Women's Bodies |journal=Buddhist-Christian Studies |date=1981 |volume=1 |pages=63–71|doi=10.2307/1390100 |jstor=1390100 }}</ref>

One context in which the text was especially popular was the Chan/Zen 禪 school.<ref>{{cite book|last=Baroni|first=Helen Josephine|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00baro|url-access=limited|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00baro/page/n390 369]|year=2002|isbn=9780823922406}}</ref><ref name="McRae">{{cite book|last=McRae|first=John|title=The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar and the Vimalakīrti Sutra|publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research|year=2004|pages=60–61|isbn=1886439311}}</ref> However, McRae also notes that the sūtra was not used as an object of devotion, and that no school was ever formed around it, so that it does not seem to have enjoyed the degree of popularity of some other sūtras.<ref name="McRae" />

Richard B. Mather traces multiple causes of the popularity of the text in China, including its "brash" humor, its criticism of [[śrāvaka]]s and [[Abhidharma]], and the universality and "flexibility" of its outlook.<ref name="Mather">Mather, Richard B. (1968), "Vimalakīrti and Gentry Buddhism," ''History of Religions'', 8 (1), 60–73</ref> Mather states that despite its disparagement of ''śrāvaka''s, the ''sūtra'' strong supports the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Saṃgha]], and the text intends to sanction the pursuit of the bodhisattva path by both monastics and laity without opposition to one another.<ref name="Mather" />

[[Hu Shih]], an important figure in Chinese [[language reform]] in the early 20th century, wrote that the ''Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa'' was among Kumārajīva's three most influential translations (the other two being the ''[[Diamond Sutra|Diamond Sūtra]]'' and ''[[Lotus Sutra|Lotus Sūtra]]'').<ref name="Sheng Yen 2007. p. 57">Sheng Yen. ''Orthodox Chinese Buddhism.'' North Atlantic Books. 2007. p. 57</ref> As a literary work, he praised this version of the sūtra as "half novel and half drama, with the greatest impact on literature and fine arts."<ref name="Sheng Yen 2007. p. 57"/> [[Nan Huaijin]] also regards this translation of the ''Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa'' as unique in Chinese literature, and forming "virtually its own literary realm."<ref>Nan Huai-Chin. ''Diamond Sutra Explained.'' 2004. p. 6</ref>

According to [[Nan Huaijin]]'s description of the [[Chan Buddhism|Chan/Zen]] monastic system, the abbot of the monastery customarily lived in a small room patterned after that of Vimalakīrti's room.<ref name="Nan, Huai-Chin 1997. pp. 173-174">Nan, Huai-Chin. ''Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.'' 1997. pp. 173–174, 211</ref> This room, as well as the abbot himself, were colloquially referred to as the ''fāngzhàng'' (Ch. 方丈, Jpn. ''hōjō''), or "ten-foot square," "square fathom." This refers to a description of Vimalakīrti's apparently small and humble room, which the text portrays as miraculously transforming into a vast cosmic arena in which transcendent truths are taught for an audience of advanced bodhisattvas.

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[Mahayana sutras|Mahayana Sutras]]
* ''[[Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra]]'' (cited twice in the ''Vimalakirti sutra'') <ref>Lamotte, Etienne; Boin-Webb, Sara (1976). ''The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Vimalakīrtinirdeśa): From the French Translation with Introd. and Notes (L'enseignement de Vimalarkirti),'' p. lxxxv. Pali Text Society</ref>
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
* [[List of suttas]]
* [[Mahayana]]
* [[Vimalakirti]]
*[[Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)|Wang Wei]], celebrated 8th-century Chinese poet who named himself after the Vimalakīrti.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation | last =Low | first =Albert | year =2000 | title =Zen and the Sutras | place =Boston | publisher =Turtle Publishing}}

==Further reading==
* Cole, Alan (2005). Text as Father: Paternal Seductions in Early Mahayana Buddhist Literature, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 236–325. (See chapter 6 for an in-depth account of the narrative in the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra)
* Hamlin, Edward (1988). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141003105842/http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8731/2638 Magical Upāya in the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra], Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 11 (1), 89–121
* Fung Kei Cheng, Samson Tse (2014). [https://journals.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/17493 Thematic Research on the Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra: An Integrative Review], Buddhist Studies Review 31 (1), 3–52

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=volume&vid=37 Multilingual edition of Vimalakīrtinirdeśasūtra in the Bibliotheca Polyglotta]
* [https://read.84000.co/translation/toh176.html An English translation by 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha]

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Mahayana sutras]]

Pushpa Thangadurai

2026-03-26T05:00:11Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit:

{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''Sri Venugopal''' (1931 – 10 November 2013) was an Indian author of religious pilgrimage travelogues, who also wrote fiction under the name '''Pushpa Thangadurai'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2013 |title=Tamil novelist Pushpa Thangadurai dead at 82 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-novelist-Pushpa-Thangadurai-dead-at-82/articleshow/25572377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112052358/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-11/chennai/43929133_1_tamil-novels-religious-book |archive-date=12 November 2013 |access-date=2013-11-12 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaresan |first=P. |date=Mar 29, 2005 |title=Anthology of stories |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/03/29/stories/2005032900041600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080527/http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/03/29/stories/2005032900041600.htm |archive-date=2012-11-04 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Works ==
Some of his most famous novels are:
* ''En Peyar Kamala'' (1974–75)
* ''Oru Sivappu Villaku Erikirathu'' (1976)
* ''[[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]]'' (1976)

''Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu'' was made into a film starring [[Kamal Haasan]].

An excerpt of ''En Peyar Kamala'' was translated into English by [[Pritham K. Chakravarthy]] and published as part of ''[[The Blaft Anthology of Tamil Pulp Fiction]]'' in 2008. Volume 2 of ''The Blaft Anthology of Tamil Pulp Fiction'' featured ''Highway 17'', a 1980 comic written by Pushpa Thangadurai and illustrated by [[Jeyaraj]], starring a motorcycle-riding female detective called Karate Kavitha.

Some of Pushpa Thangadurai's other short stories and novels are:
* ''Neen Naan Nila'',
* ''Thenmerku Paruvam'',
* ''Naan Raamanalla'',
* ''Thiruvarangan Ula'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarthy |first=Pritham |title=The Blaft Anthology of Tamil Pulp Fiction |publisher=Blaft Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-906056-0-1 |location=Chennai, India[pushpa-thangadurai_720_southdreamz.jpg] |page=178}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thangadurai, Pushpa}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]

Sikhism

2026-03-26T02:30:49Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit:

{{Short description|Religion originating in Punjab, India}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Sikhism
| image = Hamandir Sahib (Golden Temple).jpg
| imagewidth = 250px
| caption = [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. It is the [[Holy site|spiritual capital]] of Sikhism.
| main_classification = [[Indian religion|Indian]]
| scripture = [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
| theology = {{plainlist|

* [[Panentheism]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Takhar |first1=Opinderjit Kaur |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351900102 |quote=Since the Sikh concept of the divine is panentheistic, the divine is always greater than the created universe, its systems such as karma and samsara, and all phenomena within it. In Sikhism, due to the sovereignty of God, the doctrines of Nadar and Hukam override all systems, both concepts reinforcing panentheism. Hence one becomes a jivanmukt only in accordance with the Hukam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=The Sikh world |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=London New York |isbn=9780429848384 |quote=In looking at the teachings of the Gurus as a whole, it seems that Lourdunathan overstates the degree to which Sikh scripture is anti-monistic. Guru Nanak famously referred to the world as a "palace of smoke" (GGS: 138) and made countless references to the idea of maya (Illusion). While the Gurus did not teach a radical nondualism, it is perhaps more accurate to suggest that some aspects of Sikh thought constitute a qualified nondualism (in which Creator and Creation are part of the same whole) (GGS: 125) or panentheism (in which the Creator pervades the natural world) (GGS: 24), while many others are monotheistic, including passages in Japji Sahib, where God is described as the King of Kings (GGS: 6). These different interpretations lend themselves to varying understandings of the relationship between the natural world and divinity.}}</ref>
* [[Monotheism]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nesbitt |first1=Eleanor |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780191062773|quote=From the rest of this introduction to the Guru Granth Sahib, and from Guru Nank's compositions, it is a monotheistic, rather than a monist, view of God which emerges.}}</ref>
}}
| governance = [[Panj Takht]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects and languages|its dialects]] [[Sant Bhasha]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh scripture |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195130249 |page=5}}</ref> [[Khalsa bole]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=OUP Oxford |others=Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech |year=2014 |isbn=9780191004117 |series=Oxford Handbooks |pages=380}}</ref>
| founder = [[Guru Nanak]]
| founded_date = 15th–16th century [[Common Era|CE]]
| founded_place = [[Punjab]]
| headquarters = [[Akal Takht]], Amritsar, Punjab, India
| number_of_followers = {{circa}} 25–30 million (individually referred to as [[Sikhs]], collectively referred to as ''Sikh Panth'')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pluralism.org/sikhism-0#:~:text=Sikhs%20call%20their%20tradition%20the,Guru%20Gobind%20Singh%20in%201708. | title=Sikhism | access-date=30 April 2023 | archive-date=30 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430193915/https://pluralism.org/sikhism-0#:~:text=Sikhs%20call%20their%20tradition%20the,Guru%20Gobind%20Singh%20in%201708. | url-status=live }}</ref>
| area = Predominant religion in [[Punjab, India]] (58%), and [[Sikhism by country|widespread worldwide]] as minorities ([[Sikh diaspora]])
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Sikhism'''{{efn-lr|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|k|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|SEEK|iz|əm}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Sikhism, n. |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/sikhism_n |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> It is also known simply as '''Sikhi'''{{snd}}{{langx|pa|ਸਿੱਖੀ}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|''Sikkhī''}} {{IPA|pa|ˈsɪkkʰiː||Sikkhi.ogg}}, from {{langx|pa|ਸਿੱਖ|lit=disciple|engvar=gb|translit=[[Sikh]]|label=none}}.}}, also known as '''Sikhi''', is an [[Indian religions|Indian religion]] and [[Indian philosophy|philosophy]]<ref name=":2a">{{cite book |date=2014 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |editor1-first=Pashaura |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Louis E. |editor2-last=Fenech |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=299–301}}</ref> that originated in the [[Punjab]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] around the end of the 15th century CE. It is one of the most recently founded [[major religious groups|major religions]] and is followed by 25–30{{nbsp}}million adherents, known as [[Sikhs]].

Sikhism developed from the spiritual teachings of [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539), the faith's first [[guru]], and the nine [[Sikh gurus]] who succeeded him. The tenth guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] (1666–1708), named the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], which is the central religious scripture in Sikhism, as his successor. This brought the line of human gurus to a close. Sikhs regard the Guru Granth Sahib as the 11th and eternally living guru.

The core beliefs and practices of Sikhism, articulated in the Guru Granth Sahib and other Sikh scriptures, include faith and meditation in the name of the one creator (''[[Ik Onkar]]''), the divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service to others (''[[sevā]]''), striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all (''[[sarbat da bhala]]''), and honest conduct and livelihood. Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on absolute truth. As a consequence, Sikhs do not actively [[Proselytism|proselytise]], although voluntary converts are generally accepted. Sikhism emphasises meditation and remembrance as a means to feel God's presence (''[[simran]]''), which can be expressed musically through ''[[kirtan]]'' or internally through [[Naam Japo|''naam japna'']] ({{Literal translation|meditation on God's name}}). Baptised Sikhs are obliged to wear the [[five Ks]], which are five articles of faith which physically distinguish Sikhs from non-Sikhs. Among these include the ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'' (uncut hair). Most religious Sikh men thus do not cut their hair but rather [[Dastar|wear a turban]].{{efn-lr|Women may optionally wear a turban.}}

{{Quote box
| quote = The definition of a Sikh, according to the ''[[Rehat Maryada]]'', the Sikh code of conduct, is any human being who faithfully believes in the following:<ref>[http://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html Rehat Maryada] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101102058/https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
{{Ordered list|list-style-type= upper-roman |One Immortal Being, |Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib, |The Guru Granth Sahib, |The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus and, |The baptism bequeathed by the tenth Guru;}} and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion.
| width = 33%
| align = right
| style = padding:8px;
}}
[[File:Jewels of the Sikh Faith.png|alt=|thumb|Prominent Sikh shrines:
{{Ordered list |[[Golden Temple]], [[Akal Takht|Akaal Takht]] |[[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Kesgarh Sahib]] |[[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib|Damdama Sahib]] |[[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Patna Sahib]] |[[Hazur Sahib]] |[[Gurdwara Panja Sahib|Panja Sahib]] |[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan|Nankana Sahib]] |[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib|Dera Sahib]] |[[Sultanpur Lodhi|Ber Sahib]] |[[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur|Kartarpur Sahib]], [[Dera Baba Nanak]] |[[Gurdwara Hemkund Sahib|Hemkund Sahib]] |[[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib|Sis Ganj Sahib]]}} ]]
[[File:Tarn Taran 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tarn Taran Sahib]] – The World's Largest Sarovar (sacred pool)]]
The religion developed and evolved in times of [[Religious persecution#Persecutions of Sikhs|religious persecution]], gaining converts from both [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]]. The [[Mughal emperor]]s of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus—[[Guru Arjan]] (1563–1606) and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] (1621–1675)—after [[Forced conversion#Islam|they refused to convert to Islam]]. The persecution of the Sikhs triggered the founding of the ''[[Khalsa]]'' by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 as an order to protect the [[freedom of conscience]] and [[Freedom of religion|religion]], with members expressing the qualities of a ''[[Sant Sipahi|sant-sipāhī]]'' ("saint-soldier").

==Terminology==
The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the alphabet of [[Gurmukhi|''Gurmukhī'']], a script standardised by [[Guru Angad]] out of [[Laṇḍā scripts]] historically used in present-day Pakistan and [[North India]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Gurmukhi |last=Bahri |first=Hardev |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ShackleMandair2013pxxi">{{cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-45101-0 |pages=xxi–xxiii |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155950/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |url-status=live }}</ref> Adherents of Sikhism are known as ''[[Sikhs]]'', meaning "students" or "disciples" of the guru. The [[English language|English]] word ''Sikhism'' derives from the Punjabi word for the religion ''Sikhi'' ({{langx|pa|ਸਿੱਖੀ}} ''{{IAST|Sikkhī}}'', {{IPA|pa|ˈsɪk.kʰiː||Sikkhi.ogg}}, from {{langx|pa|ਸਿੱਖ|lit=disciple|engvar=gb|translit=[[Sikh]]}}),<ref group="lower-roman">''Sikhism'' (commonly known as ''Sikhī'') originated from the word ''Sikh'', which comes from the [[Sanskrit]] root ''{{IAST|[[śiṣya]]}}'' meaning "disciple", or ''{{IAST|śikṣa}}'' meaning "instruction". [[Khushwant Singh|Singh, Khushwant]]. 2006. ''The Illustrated History of the Sikhs''. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-567747-8}}. p. 15.Kosh, Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan. https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm</ref> which connotes the "temporal path of learning" and is rooted in the verb {{transliteration|engvar=gb|pa|sikhana}} ({{Literal translation|to learn}}).<ref name="Mandair2013p12">{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=3, 12–13 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Chahal |first=Devinder |title=Understanding Sikhism in the Science Age |journal=Understanding Sikhism: The Research Journal |date=July–December 2006 |issue=2 |page=3 |url=http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2005/j0702p03.pdf |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110091458/http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2005/j0702p03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some Sikhs oppose the exonym term ''Sikhism'' as they claim the word was coined [[British Raj|by the British colonists]] rather than by Sikhs themselves, and they instead prefer the endonym ''Sikhi''. They argue that an "-ism" connotes a fixed and immutable worldview which is not congruent with the internally fluid nature of the Sikh philosophy.<ref name="Mandair2013p4">{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=4–7 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other terms Sikhs use to name their faith are ''gursikhi'', ''[[gurmat]]'', or ''dharam''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide For The Perplexed |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9781441117083 |pages=5–6 |quote=As seeming truth statements they elide the fact that ‘Sikhism’ is not an indigenous term but a colonial construct. The indigenous terms ''sikhi'', ''gursikhi'', ''gurmat'' or ''dharam'' are extensively used by Sikhs who speak Punjabi.}}</ref>

==Philosophy and teachings==
The basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]] and his successors.<ref>Singh, Patwant (2000). ''The Sikhs''. New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]]. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-375-40728-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=When is Guru Nanak Jayanti? Check date and all you need to know - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/when-is-guru-nanak-jayanti-check-date-and-all-you-need-to-know-15064101.htm |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sikh]]s emphasise the congruence between spiritual development and everyday moral conduct. Its founder, Guru Nanak, summarised this perspective by saying, "Truth is the highest virtue, but higher still is truthful living."<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|234}} Sikhism emphasises ''Ėk nūr te sab jag upjiā'', 'From the one light, the entire universe welled up.'<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dokras|first=Uday|year=2021|title=The Art & Architecture of THE GOLDEN TEMPLE COMPLEX, AMRITSAR|url=https://www.academia.edu/44900217|website=Academia|publisher=Indo Nordic Author's Collective|access-date=September 20, 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212545/https://www.academia.edu/44900217|url-status=live}}</ref> Guru Nanak also emphasised his teachings to his disciples by giving them real-life examples.

===God===
{{See also|Ik Onkar|Waheguru}}
Sikhism is a [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] and [[Panentheism|panentheistic]] religion. Sikhs believe that only one God exists and that God is simultaneously within everything and is all-encompassing. The oneness of God is reflected by the phrase ''[[Ik Onkar]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Tudor|date=2015|title=Agree to Differ|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg91CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |page=97 |isbn=978-92-3-100090-4}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ataglance/glance.shtml Sikhism at a glance |Religions: Sikhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902132011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ataglance/glance.shtml |date=2 September 2017 }}." BBC (2014).</ref> In Sikhism, the word for God is ''[[Waheguru]]'' ({{Literal translation|wondrous teacher}}). The ''Waheguru'' is considered to be ''[[Nirankar]]'' ("shapeless"), ''Akal'' ("timeless"), ''Karta Purakh'' ("[[Creator deity|the creator being]]"), ''Akaal Purkh'' ("beyond time and death") and ''Agam Agochar'' ("[[Divine incomprehensibility|incomprehensible]] and invisible").<ref>{{cite web |title=There is One God |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124 |last1=The Hans India |date=1 September 2018 |work=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710164237/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a literal sense, God has no [[Gender of God in Sikhism|gender]] in Sikhism, but metaphorically, God is presented as masculine and God's power as feminine. For example, Guru Gobind Singh refers to God as his father and God's creative power as his mother. Similarly, another example is that the ''Guru Granth Sahib'', the primary Sikh scripture, says that all humans are soul-brides who long to unite with their husband Lord.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guru Nanak Dev Ji |author-link=Guru Nanak |url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=17&english=t&id=719#l719 |title=Gurū Granth Sāhib |page=17 |quote=If you long for your Husband Lord, O soul-bride, you must know that He is not met by falsehood. |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503145503/http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=17&english=t&id=719#l719 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the gurus also wrote in the Guru Granth Sahib that there are many worlds on which the transcendental God has created life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guru Nanak Dev Ji |author-link=Guru Nanak |url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=15&punjabi=t&id=632#l632 |title=Gurū Granth Sāhib |page=15 |quote=You are the One True Lord and Master of all the other beings, of so many worlds. |access-date=15 June 2006 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092220/http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=15&punjabi=t&id=632#l632 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Sikh scripture begins with God as ''Ik Onkar'' ({{Langx|pa|ੴ|label=none}}), the 'One Creator',<ref name="singhaikonkar">{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt |date=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |pages=20–21, 103 |access-date=3 October 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005235/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies]''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-969930-8}}.</ref>{{Rp|227}} understood in the Sikh tradition as monotheistic unity of God.<ref>{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |date=1999 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |page=500 |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0}}</ref> ''Ik onkar'' (sometimes capitalised) is more loosely rendered 'the one supreme reality', 'the one creator', 'the all-pervading spirit', and other ways of expressing a diffused but unified and singular sense of God and creation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayled |first=John |title=Sikhism |publisher=Heinemann |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-435-33627-1 |page=16 |url= https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5/page/16 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The traditional ''[[Mul Mantar]]'' goes from ''ik onkar'' until ''Nanak hosee bhee sach.'' The opening line of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' and each subsequent ''[[raga]]'' mentions ''ik onkar'':<ref name="pashauramulmantar2">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aiwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 |title=The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-908773-0|pages=101–02}}</ref>

{{blockquote
|text=
{{fs interlinear|lang=pa
|{ੴ} ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥
|{ikk ōankār} sat(i) nām(u) karatā purakh(u) nirabha'u niravair(u) akāl(a) mūrat(i) ajūnī saibhan gur(a) prasād(i)
|"There is one supreme being, the eternal reality, the creator, without fear and devoid of enmity, immortal, never incarnated, self-existent, known by grace through the true guru."}}
|author=''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' (17th c.), p. 1}}

===Worldly illusion===
[[File:Akalees Emily Eden PDL.jpg|thumb|upright|A sketch made in 1844 by [[Emily Eden]] of the "Akalees or Immortals". Digitised by the [[Panjab Digital Library]].]]
''[[Maya (illusion)|Māyā]]'', defined as a temporary illusion or "[[Derealization|unreality]]", is one of the core deviations from the pursuit of God and salvation: where worldly attractions give only illusory, temporary satisfaction and pain that distracts from the process of the devotion of God. However, [[Guru Nanak|Nanak]] emphasised māyā as not a reference to the world's unreality but its values. In Sikhism, the influences of [[Ahankar|ego]], [[Krodh|anger]], [[Lobh|greed]], [[Moh|attachment]], and [[Kam|lust]], known as the ''pānj chor'' ('[[Five Thieves]]'), are believed to be particularly distracting and hurtful. Sikhs believe the world is currently in a state of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' ('age of darkness') because the world is led astray by the love of and attachment to ''māyā''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nirmal |title=Searches in Sikhism |date=2008 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-367-7 |page=68}}</ref> The fate of people vulnerable to the five thieves is separation from God, and the situation may be remedied only after intensive and relentless devotion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Parrinder |date=1971 |title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present |publisher=[[Hamlyn (publisher)|Hamlyn]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-87196-129-7|page=253}}</ref>

===Timeless truth===
[[File:Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg|thumb|A [[Nihang]] Sikh at the [[Harmandir Sahib]], also called the [[Golden Temple]]]]
According to Guru Nanak, the supreme purpose of human life is to reconnect with ''Akal'' ('The Timeless One'). However, [[egotism]] is the most significant barrier to making this connection. Using the Guru's teaching remembrance of ''[[Nām Japō|nām]]'' (the divine Name of the Lord)<ref name="Pruthi 2004 204">{{cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |date=2004 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-879-4 |page=204}}</ref><ref name="NaamSimran" /> leads to the end of egotism. Guru Nanak designated the word ''Guru'' ('teacher')<ref>Some disagree with this viewpoint and state that ''guru'' in Sikhism is "not a teacher or a guide", but "God's own manifestation"; see: {{cite book |first1=Bhagat |last1=Singh |first2=G. P. |last2=Singh |title=Japji |date=2002 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |page=9 |quote=In Sikh religion the word 'Guru' does not denote a teacher, or an expert or a guide in human body. When God manifested his attributes in person, that person was called 'Guru Nanak'}}</ref> to mean the voice of "the spirit": the source of knowledge and the guide to salvation.<ref name="p254">{{cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Parrinder |date=1971|title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present |publisher=[[Hamlyn (publisher)|Hamlyn]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-87196-129-7|pages=254–256}}</ref> As ''ik onkar'' is [[Panentheism|universally immanent]], ''Guru'' is indistinguishable from ''Akal'' and are one and the same.<ref name="singh2013">{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=R.K. Janmeja (Meji) |date=August 2013 |title=Gurbani's Guidance and the Sikh's 'Destination' |url=http://www.hemkunt2.org/PDF/The%20Sikh%20Review,%20August%202013.pdf#page=24 |url-status=dead |journal=The Sikh Review |series=8 |volume=61 |issue=716 |pages=27–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001421/http://www.hemkunt2.org/PDF/The%20Sikh%20Review%2C%20August%202013.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>

===Liberation===
Guru Nanak's teachings are founded not on a final destination of heaven or hell but on a spiritual union with the ''Akal'', which results in [[salvation]] or ''[[Jivanmukta|jivanmukti]]'' ('enlightenment/liberation within one's lifetime'),<ref>{{cite book |last=Takhar |first=Opinderjit |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |date=2005 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Burlington, Vermont |isbn=978-0-7546-5202-1 |page=143}}</ref> a concept also found in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Grewal">{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url= https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/25 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |pages=25–36}}</ref> [[Guru Gobind Singh]] makes it clear that human birth is obtained with great fortune, and therefore one needs to be able to make the most of this life.<ref name=chahal2011>{{cite journal |last=Chahal |first=Amarjit Singh |title=Concept of Reincarnation in Guru Nanak's Philosophy |journal=Understanding Sikhism: The Research Journal |date=December 2011 |volume=13 |issue=1–2 |pages=52–59 |url=http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203115118/http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sikhs accept [[reincarnation]] and [[karma]] concepts found in [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Jainism]],<ref name="Reichberg2014p672" group="lower-roman">"As an Indian religion, Sikhism affirms transmigration, the continued rebirth after death". {{cite book |last=Brekke |first=Torkel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions |date=2014 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-139-95204-0 |editor1-last=Reichberg |editor1-first=G. M. |page=672 |editor2-last=Syse |editor2-first=H. |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref group="lower-roman">"Sikhism, Indian religion founded in the Punjab in the late 15th century." (McLeod 2019/1998).</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/classification-of-religions "Classification of Religions"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224218/https://www.britannica.com/topic/classification-of-religions|date=7 July 2015}}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online''.</ref> but do not necessarily infer a [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] [[soteriology]] such as a state of "heaven" or "nirvana."<ref name=chahal2011 /><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson|first=Philip|title=Religions|date=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-7566-3348-6|pages=209, 214–215}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=House |first=H. Wayne |title=Resurrection, Reincarnation, and Humanness |journal=Bibliotheca Sacra |date=April 1991 |volume=148 |issue=590 |url=http://www.hwhouse.com/images/Resurrection,_Reincarnation,_and_Humanness.pdf |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040501/http://www.hwhouse.com/images/Resurrection,_Reincarnation,_and_Humanness.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nevertheless, in Sikhism, both karma and liberation are "modified by the concept of God's grace" (''nadar, mehar, kirpa, karam'', etc.).<ref name="Grewal" /> Guru Nanak states that "the body takes birth because of karma, but salvation is attained through grace."<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=80}}</ref> To get closer to God, Sikhs: avoid the evils of ''maya''; keep the everlasting truth in mind; practice ''[[Shabad (hymn)|shabad]] [[kirtan]]'' (musical recitation of hymns); [[meditate]] on ''[[Nām Japō|naam]]''; and serve humanity. Sikhs believe that being in the company of the ''[[satsang]]'' (association with ''sat'', 'true', people) or ''sadh sangat'' is one of the key ways to achieve liberation from the cycles of reincarnation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Sukhbir |title=Guru Granth Sahib: An Advanced Study |volume=I |date=2005 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-317-2 |page=188}}</ref> The [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community may be seen to correspond to [[Anthony D. Smith|A.D. Smith's]] definition of a politicised community, sharing common ancestry myths and historical memories of [[martyr]]dom and persecution under successive rulers.<ref name="Shani 1–17">{{Cite journal |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |date=March 2000 |title=The Construction of a Sikh National Identity |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026272800002000101 |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1177/026272800002000101 |issn=0262-7280 |s2cid=144560083|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Power and devotion (Miri and Piri)===
{{Main|Miri Piri}}
'''Miri Piri''' is a doctrine practiced in the Sikh religion since the seventeenth century. The doctrine of the "Mir" (social and political aspects of life) and the "Pir" (guides to the spiritual aspect of life) was revealed by the first guru of Sikhism, [[Guru Nanak]], but propounded by the sixth guru of Sikhism, [[Guru Hargobind]], on 12 June 1606.<ref name="Marty">{{cite book |last=Marty |first=Martin E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC |title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance |date=1996 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-50884-9 |page=278 |author-link=Martin E. Marty}}</ref><ref name="jas">{{cite book |author1=Singh, Dr Jasraj |title=A Complete Guide to Sikhism |publisher=Unistar Books |isbn=9788171427543 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA182 |date=2009 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404133041/https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA182 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="grove">{{cite book |author1=Grover, William |title=Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imaging a Colonial City |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=9781452913384 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRcKIZ2Y00C&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA211 |date=2008 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404133045/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRcKIZ2Y00C&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA211 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the martyrdom of [[Guru Arjan|his father]], Guru Hargobind was elevated to the Guruship and fulfilled the prophecy that was given by the primal figure of Sikh, [[Baba Buddha]], that the guru will possess spiritual and temporal power. [[Guru Hargobind]] introduced the two swords of Miri and Piri, symbolising both worldly (social and political) and spiritual authority.<ref>Jakobsh, D. R. (2012). ''Sikhism''. University of Hawaii Press.</ref><ref name="jas" /> The two [[kirpan]] of Miri and Piri are tied together with a [[Khanda (sword)|khanda]] in the centre, so the combination of both is considered supreme. This means that all action informed or arising out of the spiritual heart completes one's purpose and meaning in the world of action: [[spirituality]].<ref name="jas" /><ref>Singh, D. (1992). ''THE SIKH IDENTITY''. Fundamental Issues, 105.</ref>

[[Guru Nanak]], the first Sikh guru and the founder of Sikhism, was a [[Bhakti]] saint.<ref name=richard>{{cite journal |first=H. L. |last=Richard |year=2007 |url=http://ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/24_3_PDFs/139-145Richard.pdf |title=Religious Movements in Hindu Social Contexts: A Study of Paradigms for Contextual 'Church' Development |journal=International Journal of Frontier Missiology |volume=24 |issue=3 |page=144 |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616022633/http://www.ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/24_3_PDFs/139-145Richard.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He taught that the most important form of worship is ''Bhakti'' (devotion to [[Waheguru]]).<ref name="Mayled2002">{{cite book |last=Mayled |first=Jon |url= https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5 |title=Sikhism |publisher=Heinemann |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-435-33627-1 |pages=30–31 |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Guru Arjan]], in the ''[[Sukhmani Sahib]]'', recommended the true religion as one of loving devotion to God.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Surinder Singh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ED0syBKqafMC |title=The Sikh and Sikhism |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-7156-336-4 |pages=74–76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nirmal |title=Searches in Sikhism |date=2008 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-367-7 |location=New Delhi |page=122}}</ref> The ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' includes suggestions on how a Sikh should perform constant Bhakti.<ref name="Mayled2002" /><ref name="sggs305306">{{cite book |translator-last=Khalsa |translator-first=Sant Singh |url=http://www.srigurugranth.org/0305.html |title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib |publisher=SriGranth.org |date=2006 |at=pp. 305–306 (verses 305–16 to 306–2) |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171802/http://www.srigurugranth.org/0305.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jhutti-Johal2011">{{cite book |last=Jagbir |first=Jhutti-Johal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=91xotkSSyzUC |title=Sikhism Today |publisher=Bloomsbury |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-4411-8140-4 |page=92}}</ref> Some scholars call Sikhism a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions,<ref>Cole, William Owen, and Piara Singh Sambhi (1997). ''A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy''. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1048-5}}, p. 22.</ref><ref name="davidlorenzen">Lorenzen, David (1995). ''Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action''. Albany: [[State University of New York Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2025-6}}.</ref> adding that it emphasises "''nirguni Bhakti''", i.e. loving devotion to a divine without qualities or physical form.<ref name=davidlorenzen/>{{Rp|1–3}}<ref name="hardip">Syan, Hardip (2014). P. 178 in ''The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies'', edited by P. Singh and L E. Fenech. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-969930-8}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |date=2011 |chapter=Time and religion-making in modern Sikhism |pages=188–190 |title=Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia |editor-first=A. |editor-last=Murphy |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-59597-1}}.</ref> While Western scholarship generally places Sikhism as arising primarily within a Hindu Bhakti movement milieu while recognising some [[Sufism|Sufi Islamic]] influences,<ref>Elsberg, Constance (2003), ''Graceful Women''. [[University of Tennessee Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1-57233-214-0}}. pp. 27–28.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=William Owen |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 }}</ref>{{Rp|3, 42–3}} some Indian Sikh scholars disagree and state that Sikhism transcended the environment it emerged from. The basis of the latter analysis is that Bhakti traditions did not clearly disassociate from Vedic texts and their cosmologies and metaphysical worldview, while the Sikh tradition clearly did disassociate from the Vedic tradition.<ref name="Singha">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC |series="Sikh Studies" series, book 7 |title=Evolution of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |date=2009 |location=New Delhi |page=8 |isbn=978-81-7010-245-8}}</ref>

Several Sikh sects outside the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] region of India, such as those found in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bihar]], practice ''[[aarti]]'' (the ceremonial use of lamps) during Bhakti observances in a Sikh [[gurdwara]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Karen |last1=Pechilis |first2=Selva J. |last2=Raj |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BsbfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-136-16323-4 |page=243}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Michael |last2=Hawley |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA42 |date=2012 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-24236-4|pages=42–43}}</ref> However, most Sikh gurdwaras forbid ''aarti'' during their Bhakti practices.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|201}} While emphasising Bhakti, the Sikh gurus also taught that the spiritual life and secular householder life are intertwined, and not separate. This logically follows from the panentheistic nature of Sikh philosophy.<ref name="Kamala1">{{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=Kamal Elizabeth |last2=Sandhu |first2=Jaswinder Singh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WTfKwGV6mBkC |title=The Socially Involved Renunciate – Guru Nanaks Discourse to Nath Yogis |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-7914-7950-6 |page=106}}</ref> In Sikh worldview, the everyday world is part of the Infinite Reality, increased spiritual awareness leads to increased and vibrant participation in the everyday world.<ref name="Nikky1">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC |title=Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern |editor1-first=K. R. |editor1-last=Sundararajan |editor2-first=Bithika |editor2-last=Mukerji |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |first1=Kaur |last1=Singh |first2=Nikky |last2=Guninder |date=30 January 2004 |page=530 |isbn=978-81-208-1937-5}}</ref> Guru Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than the [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] truth.<ref name="Marwha1">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ROtEr_QdB3sC |title=Colors of Truth: Religion, Self and Emotions |publisher=Concept Publishing |last=Marwha |first=Sonali Bhatt |date=2006 |location=New Delhi |page=205 |isbn=978-81-8069-268-0}}</ref>

The sixth guru, Guru Hargobind, after Guru Arjan's martyrdom, faced with oppression by the Islamic [[Mughal Empire]], affirmed the philosophy that the political/temporal (''Miri'') and spiritual (''Piri'') realms are mutually coexistent.<ref name="Marty1">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC |title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |first1=E. Marty |last1=Martin |first2=Appleby R. |last2=Scott |date=1996 |pages=277–278 |isbn=978-0-226-50884-9}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi1" /> According to the ninth Sikh guru, [[Tegh Bahadur]], the ideal Sikh should have both ''[[Shakti]]'' (power that resides in the temporal), and ''Bhakti'' (spiritual meditative qualities). This was developed into the concept of the "saint soldier" by the tenth Sikh guru, [[Gobind Singh]].<ref name="Gandhi1">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |date=2008 |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8 |pages=435, 676–77}}</ref>

The concept of humanity, as elaborated by Guru Nanak, refines and negates the "monotheistic concept of self/God", declaring that "monotheism becomes almost redundant in the movement and crossings of love".<ref name="Mandair1" /> Sikh gurus have taught that the human's goal is to end all dualities of "self and other, I and not-I", attain the "attendant balance of separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the course of daily life".<ref name="Mandair1">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dzeCy_zL0Q8C |title=Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality and the Politics of Translation |publisher=Columbia University Press |first=Mandair |last=Arvind-Pal Singh |date=2009 |pages=372–373 |isbn=978-0-231-14724-8}}</ref>

===Singing and music===
Sikhs refer to the hymns of the gurus as ''[[Gurbani]]'' ({{Literal translation|Guru's word}}). [[Shabad (hymn)|Shabad]] [[Kirtan]] is the singing of Gurbani. The entire [[Guru Granth Sahib]] is written in the form of poetry and rhyme to be recited in thirty-one ragas of classical Indian music as specified. However, the exponents of these are rarely to be found amongst the Sikhs who are conversant with all the Ragas in the Guru Granth Sahib. [[Guru Nanak]] started the Shabad Kirtan tradition and taught that listening to kirtan is a powerful way to achieve tranquility while meditating, and singing of the glories of the "Supreme Timeless One" (God) with devotion is the most effective way to come in communion with the "Supreme Timeless One".<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=Celestial Gems |date=2004 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-345-5 |page=67}}</ref> The three morning prayers for Sikhs consist of [[Japji Sahib]], [[Jaap Sahib]], and [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye]].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite book |title=Sikhs in the Diaspora: A Modern Guide to the Practice of Sikh Faith |publisher=Sikh Publishing House |last=Bakhshi |first=Surinder Singh |chapter=Chapter 22 – Nitnem |date=2008 |page=133 |isbn=978-0-9560728-0-1}}</ref> Baptised Sikhs ([[Amritdharis]]) rise early and meditate, then recite all the [[Five Banis]] of Nitnem, before breakfast. The Five Banis consist of Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye, [[Chaupai Sahib]], [[Anand Sahib]]; recitation of the banis ''[[paath]]'' is followed by [[Ardās]], in which the [[Sarbat da Bhala]] principle is taught by gurus.<ref name="Kalsi_Chelsea">{{cite book |surname=Kalsi |given=Sewa Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |title=Sikhism |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=0-7910-8098-6 |series=Religions of the World |place=Philadelphia |pages=41–50 |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111152823/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |archive-date=11 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cole_Sambhi">{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=William Owen |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=1995 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |page=200}}</ref><ref name="Teece 2004 4">{{cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |title=Sikhism: Religion in focus |date=2004 |publisher=Black Rabbit Books |isbn=978-1-58340-469-0 |page=4}}</ref>

===Remembrance of the Divine Name===
A key practice by Sikhs is remembrance<ref name="NaamSimran">{{cite book |title=Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian |publisher=Council for Research in Values & Philosophy |last=McLean |first=George |date=2008 |page=599 |id={{ASIN|1565182480|country=uk}}}}</ref> of the ''Naam'' (divine name), Waheguru.<ref name="Pruthi 2004 204" /> This contemplation is done through ''[[Nām Japō]]'' (repetition of the Divine Name) or ''[[Simran]]'' (remembrance of the Divine Name through recitation).<ref name="NaamSimran" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Noel |first=Sarah |title=Sikh Music: History, Text, and Praxis|date=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-83369-7|page=46}}</ref> The verbal repetition of the name of God—or a sacred syllable—is an established practice in religious traditions in India; however, Sikhism developed ''Naam-simran'' as an important Bhakti practice.<ref name="Dhillon1988">{{cite book |first=Dalbir Singh |last=Dhillon |title=Sikhism, Origin and Development |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC |date=1988 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |page=229}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cave |first1=David |last2=Norris |first2=Rebecca |title=Religion and the Body: Modern Science and the Construction of Religious Meaning |date=2012 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-22111-6 |page=239}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Anna S. |last1=King |first2=J. L. |last2=Brockington |title=The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WhgDL6SwGeQC |date=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2801-7|pages=322–323}}</ref> Guru Nanak's ideal is the total exposure of one's being to the Divine Name and a conformation to [[Dharma]], the "Divine Order". Nanak described the result of the disciplined application of ''nām simraṇ'' as a "growing towards and into God" through a gradual process of five stages. The last of these is ''[[Sach Khand]]'' (''The Realm of Truth''): the final union of the spirit with God.<ref name="p254" />

===Service and action===
{{Further|Seva (Indian religions)#Seva in Sikhism}}
The Sikh gurus taught that by constantly remembering the divine name (''[[Simran|naam simran]]'') and through selfless service (''[[Seva (Indian religions)|sēvā]]'') the devotee overcomes egotism (''[[Haumai]]''). This, it states, is the primary root of five evil impulses and the cycle of birth and death.<ref>{{cite book |first1=W. Owen |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-135-79760-7 |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Michael L. |last=Hadley |title=The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IntWqeMeU_oC&pg=PA202 |date=2001 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-4851-9 |pages=202–203}}</ref>

Service in Sikhism takes three forms: ''Tan'' (physical service, i.e. labour), ''Man'' (mental service, such as dedicating your heart for service of others), and ''Dhan'' (material service, including financial support).<ref>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Angela |title=Movement and Change |date=1997 |publisher=[[Nelson Thornes]] |location=Cheltenham, England |isbn=978-0-17-437067-3|page=46}}</ref> Sikhism stresses ''[[kirat karō]]'', that is, "honest work". Sikh teachings also stress the concept of sharing, or ''[[vaṇḍ chakkō]]'', giving to the needy for the benefit of the community.<ref>{{cite book |first1=W. Owen |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-135-79760-7 |pages=31, 59}}</ref>

===Justice and equality===
Sikhism regards God as the true emperor, the king of all kings, the one who dispenses justice through the law of ''[[karma]]'', a retributive model and divine grace.<ref name="Chanchreek 2007 142" /><ref name="Dugga 2001 33" /><ref name="Justice">{{cite book |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IntWqeMeU_oC&pg=PA199 |via=Google Books |title=The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |first=Pashaura |last=Singh |editor-last=Hadley |editor-first=Michael L. |chapter=Sikhism and Restorative Justice: Theory and Practice – Pashaura Singh |date=2001 |pages=199–202 |isbn=978-0-7914-4852-6}}</ref>

The term for justice in the Sikh tradition is Niāyā.<ref name="Justice" /> It is related to the term ''dharam'', which in Sikhism connotes 'moral order' and righteousness (derived, but distinct from the etymologically related Hindu concept of [[dharma]]).<ref name="Justice" /> According to the tenth Sikh guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], states Pashaura Singh (a professor of Sikh studies), "one must first try all the peaceful means of negotiation in the pursuit of justice" and if these fail then it is legitimate to "draw the sword in defense of righteousness".<ref>{{cite book |first=Pashaura |last=Singh |editor-first=John |editor-last=Renard |title=Fighting Words: Religion, Violence, and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fCjVRqPD-HQC |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95408-3 |page=213}}</ref> Sikhism considers "an attack on dharam is an attack on justice, on righteousness, and on the moral order generally" and the dharam "must be defended at all costs".<ref name="Mcleod">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vTJhC_l1gksC |title=The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society (ACLS Lectures on the History of Religions) |publisher=Columbia University Press; Reprint edition |last=Mcleod |first=W. H. |date=1991 |page=56 |isbn=978-0-231-06815-4}}</ref> The divine name is its antidote for pain and vices. Forgiveness is taught as a virtue in Sikhism, yet it also teaches its faithful to shun those with evil intentions and to pick up the sword to fight injustice and religious persecution.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IntWqeMeU_oC&pg=PA202 |title=The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |first=Pashaura |last=Singh |editor-last=Hadley |editor-first=Michael L. |chapter=Sikhism and Restorative Justice: Theory and Practice |date=2001 |pages=202–207 |isbn=978-0-7914-4852-6}}</ref>

Sikhism does not differentiate religious obligations by sex. God in Sikhism has no sex, and the Sikh scripture does not discriminate against women, nor bar them from any roles.<ref name="McLeod2009p70" /> Women in Sikhism have been in positions of leadership, including leading in wars and issuing orders or [[hukamnama]]s.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |page=65 |last1=Fenech |first1=E. Louis |last2=Mcleod |first2=H. W. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|date=11 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="McLeod2009p70">{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA70 |date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|pages=70–71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=121–122 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ten Gurus and authority===
{{Main|Sikh gurus}}
[[File:Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg|thumb|upright|A rare [[Tanjore painting|Tanjore]]-style painting from the late 19th century depicting the ten Sikh Gurus with [[Bhai Bala]] and [[Bhai Mardana]]]]
The term "[[guru]]" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''gurū'', meaning teacher, enlightener, guide, or mentor. The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten gurus from 1469 to 1708.<ref name="Panjab Publishers">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Darshan |title=Indian Bhakti Tradition and Sikh Gurus |date=1968 |publisher=Panjab Publishers |location=Chandigarh |page=158}}</ref><ref name="Nesbitt2005_a">{{cite book |first=Eleanor |last=Nesbitt |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-rpcY-rrgC&pg=PT22 |date=22 September 2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-157806-9 |page=22}}</ref> Each guru added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous, resulting in the creation of the Sikh religion. Guru Nanak was the first guru and appointed a disciple as successor. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] was the final guru in human form. Before his death, Guru Gobind Singh decreed in 1708, that the Gurū Granth Sāhib would be the final and perpetual guru of the Sikhs.<ref name="granthfinalguru">{{cite book |last=Mann|first=Gurinder Singh|url={{Google books|PC4d-5xrysIC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513024-9 |pages=21–25, 123–24}}</ref>

Guru Nanak stated that his guru is God who is the same from the beginning of time to the end of time.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |date=1 February 2008 |page=265 |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8}}</ref> Nanak said to be a God's slave and servant, but maintained that he was only a guide and teacher.<ref name=ksingh116>{{cite book |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |title=Hymns of Guru Nanak |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W3jXHMDwOb4C&pg=PA116 |date=1969 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1161-3 |page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |date=2007 |page=265 |isbn=978-81-269-0859-2}}</ref> Nanak stated that the human guru is mortal, who is to be respected and loved but not worshipped.<ref name=ksingh116/> When ''guru'', or [[satguru]] ({{Literal Translation|the true guru}}) is used in ''Gurbani'' it is often referring to the highest expression of truthfulness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Darshan |title=Indian Bhakti Tradition and Sikh Gurus |date=1968 |publisher=Panjab Publishers |location=Chandigarh |page=148}}</ref><ref>"Sikhism rejects the view that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly regarding Absolute Truth. Sikhism rejects the practice of converting people to other religious traditions." Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2008). ''Sikhism''. London: Kuperard. p. 24. {{ISBN|978-1-85733-436-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reichberg |first1=Gregory M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions |last2=Syse |first2=Henrik |date=2014 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-139-95204-0 |pages=672–674}}</ref>

[[Guru Angad]] succeeded Guru Nanak. Later, an important phase in the development of Sikhism came with the third successor, [[Guru Amar Das]]. Guru Nanak's teachings emphasised the pursuit of salvation; Guru Amar Das began building a cohesive community of followers with initiatives such as sanctioning distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death. Amar Das also established the ''manji'' (comparable to a [[diocese]]) system of clerical supervision.<ref name="p254" />

[[File:Interior of Akal Takht.jpg|thumb|The interior of the [[Akal Takht]]]]The Sikh gurus established a mechanism which allowed the Sikh religion to react as a community to changing circumstances. The sixth guru, [[Guru Har Gobind|Guru Hargobind]], was responsible for the creation of the concept of [[Akal Takht]] (''throne of the timeless one''), which serves as the supreme decision-making centre of Sikhism and sits opposite the [[Harmandir Sahib]]. The Akal Takht is located in the city of Amritsar. The leader is appointed by the Shiromani Gurdwara Pabandhak Committee (SGPC). The ''[[Sarbat Khalsa|Sarbat Ḵẖālsā]]'' (a representative portion of the Khalsa Panth) historically gathers at the Akal Takht on special festivals such as [[Vaisakhi]] or [[Hola Mohalla]] and when there is a need to discuss matters that affect the entire Sikh nation. A ''[[Gurmata|gurmatā]]'' (literally, 'guru's intention') is an order passed by the Sarbat Ḵẖālsā in the presence of the Gurū Granth Sāhib. A ''gurmatā'' may only be passed on a subject that affects the fundamental principles of Sikh religion; it is binding upon all Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020606154817/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2002 |title=Sikh Reht Maryada – Method of Adopting Gurmatta |access-date=9 June 2006 }}</ref>

[[File:SikhGurus-LifeSpans-GurushipSpans.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.65|alt=Graph showing Life Spans and Guruship Spans of Sikh Gurus|Approximate Life Spans and Guruship Spans of the 10 Sikh Gurus]]

The word ''guru'' in Sikhism also refers to ''Akal Purkh'' (God), and God and ''guru'' can sometimes be synonymous in ''[[Gurbani]]'' (Sikh writings).<ref name="Panjab Publishers" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Selva |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=232}}</ref>

==Scripture==
There is one primary scripture for the Sikhs: the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''. It is sometimes synonymously referred to as the ''Ādi Granth''.<ref name=shacklexvii/> Chronologically, however, the ''Ādi Granth'' – literally, 'First Volume' – refers to the version of the scripture created by [[Guru Arjan]] in 1604.<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, pp. 45–46</ref> The Guru Granth Sahib is the final expanded version of the scripture compiled by [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name=shacklexvii/><ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, pp. 49–50</ref> While the Guru Granth Sahib is an unquestioned scripture in Sikhism, another important religious text, the ''[[Dasam Granth]]'', does not enjoy universal consensus, but is considered a secondary scripture by many Sikhs.<ref name=shacklexvii>Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-26604-8}}, pp. xvii–xx</ref>

===Ādi Granth===
{{Main|Ādi Granth}}
The ''Ādi Granth'' was compiled primarily by [[Bhai Gurdas]] under the supervision of [[Guru Arjan]] between the years 1603 and 1604.<ref>{{cite book |last=Trumpp |first=Ernest |date=2004 |orig-year=1877 |title=The Ādi Granth or the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0244-3 |page=xxxi}}</ref> It is written in the [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhī]] script, which is a descendant of the [[Laṇḍā]] script used in the Punjab at that time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |date=1967 |orig-year=1927 |title=The Linguistic Survey of India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-85395-27-2 |page=624}}</ref> The Gurmukhī script was standardised by Guru Angad, the second guru of the Sikhs, for use in the Sikh scriptures and is thought to have been influenced by the [[Śāradā script|Śāradā]] and [[Devanāgarī]] scripts. An authoritative scripture was created to protect the integrity of hymns and teachings of the Sikh gurus, as well as thirteen Hindu and two Muslim bhagats of the [[Bhakti movement]] sant tradition in medieval India.<ref>{{cite book |first=E. |last=Nesbitt |date=2014 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |editor1-first=Pashaura |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Louis E. |editor2-last=Fenech |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=360–369}}</ref> The thirteen Hindu ''bhagats'' whose teachings were entered into the text included [[Ramananda]], [[Namdev]], [[Bhagat Pipa|Pipa]], [[Ravidas]], [[Bhagat Beni|Beni]], [[Bhagat Bhikhan|Bhikhan]], [[Bhagat Dhanna|Dhanna]], [[Jayadeva|Jaidev]], [[Bhagat Parmanand|Parmanand]], [[Bhagat Sadhana|Sadhana]], [[Bhagat Sain|Sain]], [[Sur (poet)|Sur]], [[Bhagat Trilochan|Trilochan]], while the two Muslim ''bhagats'' were [[Kabir]] and Sufi saint [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Farid]].<ref name=shapiro924>{{cite book |last=Shapiro |first=Michael |date=2002 |title=Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth |publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society|pages=924, 925}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Mahinder |last=Gulati |date=2008 |title=Comparative Religious and Philosophies: Anthropomorphism and Divinity |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-269-0902-5 |page=302}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=H. S. |last=Singha |date=2009 |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |date=2001 |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-513024-9 |page=19}}</ref> However, the bhagats in context often spoke of transcending their religious labels; Kabir, often attributed to being a Muslim, states in the ''Ādi Granth'', "I am not Hindu nor Muslim."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |quote=The main thrust of Kabir's mission was to unite Hindus and Muslims in a common quest for god realisation. 'Hindus and Muslims have the same god, he held. 'God is the breath of all breath ... Look within your heart, for there you will find [God] ... All men and women in the world are his living forms.' Although many of his sayings had a strong Hindu flavour in them—presumably because of Ramananda's influence—he made no distinction between Hinduism and Islam Similarly, though he usually referred to god as Hari or Rama, he used those words as synonyms of god, and not as the names of particular deities. 'I am not Hindu nor Muslim; Allah-Ram is the breath of my body,' he stated, and went on to declare that All that lives and dies, they are all one. The this and that haggling, is done.}}</ref> The gurus following this message taught that different methods of devotion are for the same infinite God.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Susanne |first1=Scholz |title=God Loves Diversity and Justice |date=2013 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7318-3 |page=16 |quote=The Sikh Divine comprises every imaginable theological ideal! Hindu, Buddhist, Tantric, and Islamic views that were current in medieval India come together in the wide-ranging literary spectrum of the GGS. The stereotypical oppositions between the Indic and Abrahamic worldviews of the day are transcended: "Some call it Rama, some call it Khuda; some worship it as Vishnu, some as Allah" (GGS: 885). Interestingly, even the atheistic Buddhist Nirvana is not omitted: "Itself Nirvana, It itself relishes pleasures" (GGS: 97). "God" or "gods" or "no god" alike are recognized as part of the infinite One! "Always, always you alone are the One Reality – ''sada sada tun eku hai''" (GGS: 139). Persian terminology is used to emphasize the unity of being: "''asti ek digari kui ek tui ek tui'' – Only the One is, there is none other; Only you, you only" (GGS: 144). Again, "''hindu turk ka sahib ek''  – Hindus and Muslims share the One sovereign" (GGS: 1158). (The term "Turk" referred to all Muslims in this period.) Since everything is a manifestation of That One being, all the manifestations would be a part of it. No god, no body, and no thing is excluded from this all pervasive being}}</ref>

===Guru Granth Sahib===
[[File:Guru Granth Sahib.jpg|thumb|upright|Gurū Granth Sāhib – the primary scripture of Sikhism]]
{{Main|Guru Granth Sahib}}

The Guru Granth Sahib is the holy scripture of the Sikhs and is regarded as the living guru.

====Compilation====
The Guru Granth Sahib started as a volume of Guru Nanak's poetic compositions. Prior to his death, he passed on his volume to the subsequent guru, Guru Angad. The final version of the Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in 1678. It consists of the original Ādi Granth with the addition of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]'s hymns. The predominant bulk of Guru Granth Sahib consists of compositions by seven Sikh gurus: Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan, Guru Teg Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh. It also contains the traditions and teachings of thirteen [[Hindu]] Bhakti movement ''sants'' (saints) such as [[Ramananda]], [[Namdev]], [[Sant kabir]] among others, and two [[Muslim]] saints: the Sufi [[Sheikh Farid]].<ref name="p254" /><ref name=shapiro924/>

The text comprises 6,000 ''[[shabhad|śabads]]'' (line compositions),<ref name=shacklexvii/> which are poetically rendered and set to rhythmic ancient north Indian classical music.<ref name=king359>Anna S. King and JL Brockington (2005), The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions, Orient Blackswan, {{ISBN|978-81-250-2801-7}}, pp. 359–361</ref> The bulk of the scripture is classified into sixty ''[[raga|rāgas]]'', with each Granth rāga subdivided according to length and author. The hymns in the scripture are arranged primarily by the ''rāgas'' in which they are read.<ref name=shacklexvii/>

====Language and script====
[[File:Guru Har Rai - Mool Mantar.jpg|thumb|[[Mul Mantar]] written by [[Guru Har Rai]], showing the Ik Onkar at top]]
The primary language used in the scripture is known as ''[[Sant Bhasha|Sant Bhāṣā]]'', a language related to both [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and used extensively across medieval northern India by proponents of popular devotional religion ([[bhakti]]).<ref name="parrinderp259">{{cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Parrinder |date=1971 |title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present|publisher=[[Hamlyn (publisher)|Hamlyn]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-87196-129-7|page=259}}</ref> The text is printed in [[Gurmukhi|Gurumukhi]] script, believed to have been developed by Guru Angad.<ref name=shacklexvii/> The language shares the Indo-European roots found in numerous regional languages of India.<ref>Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind (2005); ''Teachings of the Sikh Gurus''; Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge; {{ISBN|978-0-415-26604-8}}, pp. xxi–xxxii</ref>

====Teachings====
[[File:Sikh musicians.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A group of [[Sikh music]]ians called Dhadi at the [[Golden Temple]] complex]]

The vision in the Guru Granth Sahib, states Torkel Brekke, is a society based on divine justice without oppression.<ref name=brekke673/>

:One God exists, truth by name, creative power, without fear, without enmity, timeless form, unborn, self-existent, by the guru's grace.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind |editor-last=Pemberton |editor-first=Kelly |date=2008 |title=Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-95828-8 |page=61}}</ref>
:({{langx|pa|ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥ |Ika ōaṅkāra sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirabha'u niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saibhaṅ gura prasādi|engvar=gb}})

====As guru====
The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, named the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, terminating the line of human gurus and making the scripture the literal embodiment of the eternal, impersonal guru, serving as the spiritual guide for Sikhs.<ref name="WH McLeod 2014 page 17">Fenech, Louis, and [[William Hewat McLeod]] (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC ''Historical Dictionary of Sikhism''] (3rd ed.). [[Rowman & Littlefield]]. {{ISBN|978-1-4422-3600-4}}. pp. 17, 84–5.</ref><ref name="William James 2011 pages 241-242">James, William (2011). ''God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston.'' [[McGill–Queen's University Press]]. {{ISBN |978-0-7735-3889-4}}. pp. 241–42.</ref><ref name="granthfinalguru" /><ref>Jane Bingham (2007), Sikhism, Atlas of World Faiths, {{ISBN|978-1-59920-059-0}}, pp. 19–20</ref>

The Guru Granth Sahib is installed in all Sikh ''Gurdwara''s (temples); many Sikhs bow or prostrate before it when entering the temple. The Guru Granth Sahib is installed every morning and put to bed at night in many ''Gurdwaras''.<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, p. 44</ref> The Granth is revered as eternal ''[[gurbani|gurbānī]]'' and the spiritual authority.<ref>{{cite book |first=Torkel |last=Brekke |date=2014 |title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions |editor1-first=Gregory M. |editor1-last=Reichberg |editor2-first=Henrik |editor2-last=Syse |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-45038-6 |page=675}}</ref>

The copies of the Guru Granth Sahib are not regarded as material objects but as living subjects. According to Myrvold, the Sikh scripture is treated with respect like a living person, in a manner similar to the Gospel in early Christian worship. Old copies of the Sikh scripture are not thrown away. Instead, funerary services are performed.<ref name="Myrvold">Kristina Myrvold (2016). "Making the Scripture a Person: Reinventing Death Rituals of Guru Granth Sahib in Sikhism", pp. 134–136, 142–143, 152–155; In: Kristina Myrvold (2016), ''The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions'', Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge</ref>

In India, the Guru Granth Sahib is officially recognised by the Supreme Court of India as a judicial person who can receive donations and own land. Yet, some Sikhs also warn that, without proper comprehension of the text, veneration for the text can lead to [[bibliolatry]], with the concrete form of the teachings becoming the object of worship instead of the teachings themselves.<ref name=Myrvold/>

==== Distinction from other monotheistic religions ====
The Abrahamic religions do not deny the existence of spiritual beings such as angels, Satan (Iblis), and jinn under the one true God. However, Sikhism does not acknowledge the existence of such spiritual entities; it recognises only the one, formless, omnipotent, and omniscient God (Waheguru), emphasising the directness and oneness of God. Although Sikh scriptures mention angels, devas, Yama, and demons, these references are merely literary metaphors or borrowings, and are not regarded as descriptions of real, existing spiritual beings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Concept of Evil in Sikhism? |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/do-sikhs-believe-devil-or-demons-2993497 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Learn Religions |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=Understanding Sikhism's Monotheistic View of God • Philosophy Institute |url=https://philosophy.institute/religions-of-the-world/sikhism-monotheistic-beliefs/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Relation to Hinduism and Islam====
{{main|Sikhism and Hinduism|Islam and Sikhism}}
The Sikh scriptures use [[Hindu]] terminology, with references to the [[Vedas]], and the names of gods and goddesses in Hindu bhakti movement traditions, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Rama, Krishna, but not to worship.<ref name=brekke673>Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-45038-6}}, pp. 673, 675, 672–686</ref><ref>Sinha, A. K. (2013), ''Glimpse of Scriptures of Religions of Indian Origin'', Xlibris, {{ISBN|978-1-4836-6308-1}}, pp. 204–216{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Christopher |last1=Shackle |first2=Arvind |last2=Mandair |date=2005 |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-26604-8 |pages=xxxiv–xli}}</ref> It also refers to the spiritual concepts in Hinduism (''[[Ishvara]], [[Bhagavan]], [[Brahman]]'') and the idea of God in [[Islam]] (''[[Allah]]'') to assert that these are just "alternate names for the Almighty One".<ref>Singh, Nirbhai (1990); [https://archive.org/details/philosophyofsikh0000nirb/page/n134  ''Philosophy of Sikhism: Reality and Its Manifestations''], New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers; pp. 115–122</ref>

While the Guru Granth Sahib acknowledges the Vedas, [[Puranas]] and [[Quran]],<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, p. 157</ref> it does not imply a [[Syncretic religion|syncretic]] bridge between Hinduism and Islam,<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, p. 40</ref> but emphasises focusing on [[Nitnem|nitnem banis]] like [[Japji Sahib|Japu]] (repeating [[mantra]] of the divine Name of God – [[Waheguru]]), instead of practices such as praying by prostrating on the ground to God towards a [[Qibla|specific direction]] by Muslims, or Hindu rituals such as wearing thread; the former being, though, a disciplinary aspect of worship, given [[Dhikr]] (remembrance of Allah) is similarly emphasised in Islam.<ref>{{cite book |first1=William Owen |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |date=1995 |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |pages=155–156}}</ref>

===Dasam Granth===
[[File:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|thumb|The Dasam Granth is a Sikh scripture which contains texts attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, including his autobiography [[Bachittar Natak]]. The major narrative in the text is on [[Chaubis Avtar]] (24 [[Avatars]] of Hindu god [[Vishnu]]), [[Rudra]], [[Brahma]], the Hindu warrior goddess [[Chandi]] and a story of [[Rama]] in [[Bachittar Natak]].<ref name="jdeol31">{{cite book |first=J. |last=Deol |date=2000 |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity |editor1-first=Arvind-Pal Singh |editor1-last=Mandair |editor2-first=Christopher |editor2-last=Shackle |editor3-first=Gurharpal |editor3-last=Singh |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-7007-1389-9 |pages=31–33}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Dasam Granth}}

The Dasam Granth is a Sikh scripture which contains texts attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. Scholars, on the other hand, attribute the work to after the guru's death, being authored by an unknown poet. The ''Dasam Granth'' is important to a great number of Sikhs. However, it does not have the same authority as the ''Guru Granth Sahib''. Some compositions of the ''Dasam Granth'' like [[Jaap Sahib]] ([[Amrit Savaiye]]), and [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Benti Chaupai]] are part of the daily prayers ([[Nitnem]]) for Sikhs.<ref>Robert Zaehner (1988), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, Hutchinson, {{ISBN|978-0-09-173576-0}}, pp. 426–427</ref> The first verse of the [[ardās]] prayer is from [[Chandi di Var]]. The ''Dasam Granth'' is largely a version of Hindu mythology from the [[Puranas]]: secular stories from a variety of sources called ''Charitro Pakhyan''—tales to protect careless men from the perils of lust.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Christopher |last1=Shackle |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |last2=Mandair |date=2005 |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-26604-8 |page=xx}}</ref><ref>William McLeod (2009), The A to Z of Sikhism, Toronto: Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6828-1}}, p. 151</ref>

Many versions of ''Dasam Granth'' exist, and the authenticity of the ''Dasam Granth'' has, in modern times, become one of the most debated topics within Sikhism. The [[Nihang|Akali Nihangs]] consider the Dasam and [[Sarbloh Granth]] as extensions of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=21 October 2021 |title=The 3 granths in Sikhism & the debate surrounding Sarbloh Granth & Dasam Granth |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222223640/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The text played a significant role in Sikh history, but in modern times parts of the text have seen antipathy and discussion among Sikhs.<ref name=jdeol31/>

=== Sarbloh Granth ===
The [[Sarbloh Granth]] is a holy text containing 6,500 poetic stanzas traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. Scholars, on the other hand, attribute the work to after the guru's death, being authored by an unknown poet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A dictionary of Indian literature |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119215901/https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> This scripture contains, alongside various topics, the [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|Sikh Art and Laws of War]]. Akali Nihangs largely revere this scripture, and many non-Nihang Sikhs reject it as an authentic work of the 10th guru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119234418/https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> According to [[Harbans Singh]] the authenticity of the work is rejected on the grounds of its writing style and mastery of poetry not matching up with Guru Gobind Singh's ''Dasam Granth'' work. Also, the text makes mention of a work composed in 1719, much after the death of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120005930/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> [[W. H. McLeod]] dates the work to the late 18th century and believes an unknown poet authored it, which was mistakenly attributed to the tenth guru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119202841/https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

===Janamsakhis===
{{Main|Janamsakhis}}

The Janamsākhīs (literally ''birth stories'') are writings that profess to be biographies of Guru Nanak. Although not scripture in the strictest sense, they provide a [[hagiography|hagiographic]] look at Guru Nanak's life and the early start of Sikhism.

==Observances==
{{See also|Sikh rites|Sikh culture}}
[[File:InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg|thumb|The [[Darbar Sahib Hall|Darbar Sahib]] of a [[Gurdwara]]]]
Observant Sikhs adhere to long-standing practices and traditions to strengthen and express their faith. The daily recitation of the divine name of God, Waheguru, and from a memory of specific passages from the Guru Granth Sahib, like the ''Japu'' (or ''Japjī'', literally ''chant'') hymns is recommended immediately after rising and bathing. Baptised Sikhs recite the five-morning prayers, the evening and night prayer. Family customs include both reading passages from the scripture and attending the [[gurdwara]] (also ''gurduārā'', meaning ''the doorway to God''; sometimes transliterated as ''Gurudwara''). There are many gurdwaras prominently constructed and maintained across India, as well as in almost every country where Sikhs reside. Gurdwaras are open to all, regardless of religion, background, caste, or race.<ref name="brittanica-gurdwara">{{cite web |title=gurdwara |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara |website=britannica.com |date=5 May 2024 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

Worship in a gurdwara consists chiefly of the singing of passages from the scripture. Sikhs will commonly prostrate before the holy scripture when entering a gurdwara. The recitation of the eighteenth century ''[[ardās]]'' is also customary for attending Sikhs. The ardās recalls past sufferings and glories of the community, invoking divine grace for all humanity.<ref name="p260">{{cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Parrinder |date=1971 |title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present |publisher=[[Hamlyn (publisher)|Hamlyn]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-87196-129-7|page=260}}</ref>

The gurdwara is also the location for the historic Sikh practice of ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]'' or the community meal. All gurdwaras are open to anyone of any faith for a free meal, which is always vegetarian.<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, p. 148</ref> People eat together, and the kitchen is maintained and serviced by Sikh community volunteers.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark |last=McWilliams |title=Food & Material Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2013|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yj8QDgAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford Symposium |isbn=978-1-909248-40-3|page=265}}</ref>

===Sikh festivals/events===
[[Guru Amar Das]] chose festivals for celebration by Sikhs like [[Vaisakhi]], wherein he asked Sikhs to assemble and share the festivities as a community.<ref name="ColeSambhi1995p135">{{cite book |first1=William Owen |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA135 |date=1995 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4 |pages=135–136 |quote=Since the time of Guru Amar Das it has been customary for Sikhs to assemble before their Guru. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kathleen |last=Kuiper |title=The Culture of India |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC&pg=PA127|date=2010 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2|page=127}}</ref>

Vaisakhi is one of the most important festivals of Sikhs, while other significant festivals commemorate the birth, lives of the gurus and Sikh martyrs. Historically, these festivals have been based on the moon calendar [[Bikrami calendar]].<ref name=nesbittbc>{{cite book |first=Eleanor |last=Nesbitt |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |pages=122–123 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073742/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, the [[SGPC]], the Sikh organisation in charge of upkeep of the historical gurdwaras of Punjab, adopted [[Nanakshahi calendar|Nanakshahi]] calendar.<ref name=nesbittbc/> The new calendar is highly controversial among Sikhs and is not universally accepted. Sikh festivals include the following:
{{wide image|Yuba City Nagar Kirtan 2011.jpg|760px|[[Nagar Kirtan]] crowd listening to [[Kirtan]] at [[Yuba City, California]]}}
* Band Chor Diwas has been another important Sikh festival in its history.<ref>{{cite book |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=128–130 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, instead of Diwali, the post-2003 calendar released by SGPC has named it the [[Bandi Chhor Divas]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Eleanor |last=Nesbitt |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4ysRDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-106276-6 |pages=6, 124}}</ref>
* [[Hola Mohalla]] is a tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh. It starts the day after Sikhs celebrate [[Holi]],<ref name="McLeod2009p95">{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA95|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=95}}</ref> sometimes referred to as ''Hola''.<ref name="Roy2005p192">{{cite book |first=Christian |last=Roy |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA192 |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-089-5 |pages=192–193}}</ref> Guru Gobind Singh modified Holi with a three-day Hola Mohalla extension festival of martial arts. The extension started the day after the Holi festival in [[Anandpur Sahib]], where Sikh soldiers would train in mock battles, compete in horsemanship, athletics, archery and military exercises.<ref>{{cite book | first1=James K. Jr. |last1=Wellman |first2=Clark |last2=Lombardi |title=Religion and Human Security: A Global Perspective|url= https://archive.org/details/religionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028 |url-access=registration|date=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-982775-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028/page/n125 112] note 18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Nikky-Guninder |last=Kaur Singh |title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ZmAXw7ok8C&pg=PA93|date=2011 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |location=London / New York |isbn=978-1-84885-321-8|pages=93–94}}</ref>

===Ceremonies and customs===
[[File:Sikh wedding.jpg|thumb|[[Sikh wedding]]]]
[[File:Sikh funeral procession. Mandi, Himachel Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Sikh funeral procession, [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]]]

Sikhs have also supported and helped develop major pilgrimage traditions to sacred sites such as Harmandir Sahib, Anandpur Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patna Sahib, Hazur Nanded Sahib, Hemkund Sahib and others.<ref name="Oberoi1994p68">{{cite book |first=Harjot |last=Oberoi |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC |date=1994 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=43–49, 68, 327–328}}</ref> Sikh pilgrims and Sikhs of other sects customarily consider these as holy and a part of their ''Tirath''.<ref name="Ferrari2011p48">{{cite book |first=Ron |last=Geaves |editor-first=Fabrizio |editor-last=Ferrari |title=Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia: Disease, Possession and Healing|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OyKFM2qrNUEC&pg=PA48|date=2011 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-136-84629-8|pages=48–51}}</ref> The [[Hola Mohalla]] around the festival of [[Holi]], for example, is a ceremonial and customary gathering every year in [[Anandpur Sahib]] attracting over 100,000 Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gene R. |last=Thursby |title=The Sikhs |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&pg=PA17 |date=1992 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-09554-0 |pages=17–18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=W. O. |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |title=Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G8KMCwAAQBAJ |date=2016|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-23049-5|pages=134–135, 168}}</ref> Major Sikh temples feature a ''[[sarovar]]'' where some Sikhs take a customary dip. Some take home the [[Sacred waters|sacred water]] of the tank particularly for sick friends and relatives,<ref name=singha7>{{cite book |first=H. S. |last=Singha |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA7 |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |pages=7, 16, 27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Nikky-Guninder |last1=Kaur Singh |title=Sikhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k0s2dUUMHbkC&pg=PA101 |date=2004 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9 |pages=100–101}}</ref> believing that the waters of such sacred sites have restorative powers and the ability to purify one's ''karma''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thursby |first=Gene R. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&pg=PA17 |title=The Sikhs |publisher=Brill Academic |date=1992 |isbn=978-90-04-09554-0 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref group="lower-roman">The Sikh scripture contains verses which have been literally interpreted as relevant to pilgrimage and taking dips in waters for salvific value; some criticise it (AG 358, 75); others support it (AG 623–624).</ref><ref name="singha7" /> The various gurus of Sikhism have had different approaches to pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=5–6, 29, 60–61}}</ref>

Upon a child's birth, the Guru Granth Sahib is opened at a random point and the child is named using the first letter on the top left hand corner of the left page. All boys are given the last name [[Singh]], and all girls are given the last name [[Kaur]] (this was once a title which was conferred on an individual upon joining the [[Khalsa]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Loehlin|first=Clinton Herbert|date=1964 |orig-year=1958 |edition=2nd |title=The Sikhs and Their Scriptures |publisher=Lucknow Publishing |page=42}}</ref>

The Sikh marriage ritual includes the ''[[Anand Karaj|anand kāraj]]'' ceremony.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Nikky-Guninder |last1=Kaur Singh |title=The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYucLFfEIsC&pg=PA189 |date=2005 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-6583-7 |page=189 |quote=The name of the wedding ceremony, anand karaj (anand=bliss, karaj=event), is derived from Guru Amar Das's rapturous hymn Anand (bliss) and institutionalized by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das.}}</ref><ref name="Ruether2006p700">{{cite book |first1=Rosemary |last1=Skinner Keller |first2=Rosemary |last2=Radford Ruether |first3=Marie |last3=Cantlon |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA700 |date=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |page=700}}</ref> The marriage ceremony is performed in front of the Guru Granth Sahib by a baptised Khalsa, Granthi of the Gurdwara.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/><ref name="fenech33" /> Its official recognition and adoption came in 1909, during the [[Singh Sabha Movement]].<ref name="fenech33">{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=33–34, 220}}</ref>

Upon death, the body of a Sikh is usually cremated. If this is not possible, any respectful means of disposing the body may be employed. The ''kīrtan sōhilā'' and ''ardās'' prayers are performed during the funeral ceremony (known as ''[[Antam Sanskar|antim sanskār]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url= http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020406164549/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2002 |title=Sikh Reht Maryada – Funeral Ceremonies (Antam Sanskar) |access-date=8 June 2006 }}</ref>

===Initiation and the Khalsa===

[[Khalsa]] (meaning "pure and sovereign") is the collective name given by Guru Gobind Singh,<ref name="pashauraarjan" /><ref name="Gandhi" /> to those Sikhs who have been fully initiated by taking part in a ceremony called ''[[ammrit sañcār]]'' (nectar ceremony).<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /> During this ceremony, sweetened water is stirred with a double-edged sword while liturgical prayers are sung; it is offered to the initiating Sikh, who ritually drinks it.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23">{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=23–24 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160518/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many Sikhs are not formally and fully initiated, as they do not undergo this ceremony, but do adhere to some components of Sikhism and identify as Sikhs. The initiated Sikh, who is believed to be [[Dvija#The meaning of the two births|reborn]], is referred to as [[Amritdhari]] or Khalsa Sikh, while those who are not initiated or baptised are referred to as Kesdhari or Sahajdhari Sikhs.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /><ref>{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=84–85 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first time that this ceremony took place was on [[Vaisakhi]], which fell on 30 March 1699 at [[Anandpur Sahib]] in Punjab.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /> It was on that occasion that Gobind Singh baptised the [[Panj Piare|Pañj Piārē]] – the five beloved ones, who in turn baptised Guru Gobind Singh himself. To males who initiated, the last name Singh, meaning "lion", was given, while the last name Kaur, meaning "princess", was given to baptised Sikh females.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" />

Baptised [[Sikhs]] wear five items, called the [[five Ks]] (in Punjabi known as ''pañj kakkē'' or ''pañj kakār''), at all times. The five items are: ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kēs]]'' (uncut hair), ''[[Kanga (Sikhism)|kaṅghā]]'' (small wooden comb), ''[[Kara (Sikhism)|kaṛā]]'' (circular steel or iron bracelet), ''[[Kirpan|kirpān]]'' (sword/dagger), and ''[[Kaccha|kacchera]]'' (special undergarment).<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /> The five Ks have both practical and symbolic purposes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Simmonds |first=David |date=1992 |title=Believers All: A Book of Six World Religions |publisher=[[Nelson Thornes]] |location=Cheltenham, England |isbn=978-0-17-437057-4 |pages=120–121}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Sikhism}}
[[File:Punjab map.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of Punjab, where Sikhism originated, against present-day borders]]
Sikhism originated around the 15th century.<ref name="Nesbitt2005">{{cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC |title=Sikhism: a very short introduction |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-280601-7 |pages=21–23 |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082839/https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC |url-status=live }}</ref> Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism, was born in the village of ''Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī'', now called [[Nankana Sahib]] (in present-day Pakistan).<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |author-link=Khushwant Singh |date=2006|title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-567747-8 |pages=12–13}}</ref> His parents were [[Punjabi Khatri]] Hindus.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|date=2014|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Pritam |last=Singh |title=Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpswqcdDLIC&pg=PA21 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-134-04946-2 |pages=20–21}}</ref> According to the [[hagiography]] ''Puratan Janamsakhi'' composed more than two centuries after his death and probably based on [[oral tradition]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Puratan Janam Sakhi |via=LearnPunjabi.org |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Sikhism |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=W. H. |editor2-last=McLeod |date=2008 |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nanak as a boy was fascinated by religion and spiritual matters, spending time with wandering ascetics and holy men.<ref name=shacklexiii/> His friend was Mardana, a Muslim. Together they would sing devotional songs all night in front of the public, and bathe in the river in the morning. One day, at the usual bath, Nanak went missing and his family feared he had drowned. Three days later he returned home, and declared: "There is no [[Hindu]], there is no Muslim" ("''nā kōi hindū nā kōi musalmān''"). Thereafter, Nanak started preaching his ideas that form the tenets of Sikhism. In 1526, Guru Nanak at age 50, started a small commune in Kartarpur and his disciples came to be known as ''Sikhs''.<ref name="shacklexiii">{{cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |date=2005 |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-26604-8 |pages=xiii–xiv}}</ref> Although the exact account of his itinerary is disputed, hagiographic accounts state he made five major journeys, spanning thousands of miles: the first tour being east towards [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]]; the second south towards [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]; the third north to [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Mount Meru|Mount Sumeru]]<ref>McLeod, W. H.; ''Essays in Sikh History, Tradition and Society'', [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-19-568274-8}}, pp. 40–44</ref> in [[Tibet]]; and the fourth to [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Harjinder Singh |last=Dilgeer |date=2008 |title=Sikh Twareekh |publisher=The Sikh University Press}}</ref> In his last and final tour, he returned to the banks of the Ravi River to end his days.<ref>{{cite book |last=Finegan |first=Jack |title=The Archeology of World Religions: the Background of Primitivism, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shinto, Islam, and Sikhism |url= https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.44705 |date=1952 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]}}</ref>

There are two competing theories on Guru Nanak's teachings.<ref name="arvindmandair131">{{cite book |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |date=2013 |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=131–134}}</ref> One, according to Cole and Sambhi, is based on hagiographical [[Janamsakhis]],<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, pp. 9–12</ref> and states that Nanak's teachings and Sikhism were a revelation from God, and not a social protest movement nor any attempt to reconcile Hinduism and Islam in the 15th century.<ref name="Cole_Sambhi_Dic">{{cite book |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |first1=W. Owen |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |date=1997 |page=71 |isbn=978-0-203-98609-7}}</ref> The other states that Nanak was a [[guru]]. According to Singha, "Sikhism does not subscribe to the theory of incarnation or the concept of prophethood. But it has a pivotal concept of Guru. He is not an incarnation of God, not even a prophet. He is an illumined soul."<ref name="HS Singha 2009 page 104">{{cite book |first=H. S. |last=Singha |date=2009 |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |page=104}}</ref> The second theory continues that hagiographical ''Janamsakhis'' were not written by Nanak, but by later followers without regard for historical accuracy, and contain numerous legends and myths created to show respect for Nanak.<ref>Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2011), ''Sikhism: An Introduction''; London / New York: [[I.B. Tauris]], {{ISBN|978-1-84885-321-8}}, pp. 2–8</ref> The term ''revelation'', clarify Cole and Sambhi, in Sikhism is not limited to the teachings of Nanak, but is extended to all Sikh gurus, as well as the words of past, present and future men and women, who possess divine knowledge intuitively through meditation. The Sikh revelations include the words of non-Sikh [[bhagat]]s, some who lived and died before the birth of Nanak, and whose teachings are part of the Sikh scriptures.<ref>Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), ''The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-13-4}}, pp. 52–53, 46, 95–96, 159</ref> The Adi Granth and successive Sikh gurus repeatedly emphasised, states Mandair, that Sikhism is "not about hearing voices from God, but it is about changing the nature of the human mind, and anyone can achieve direct experience and spiritual perfection at any time".<ref name="arvindmandair131" />

===Historical influences===
The roots of the Sikh tradition are, states Louis Fenech, perhaps in the [[Sant (religion)|Sant]]-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become the Bhakti tradition.<ref name="Louis Fenech 2014 page 35" group="lower-roman" /> Furthermore, adds Fenech:<ref>{{cite book |first=Louis |last=Fenech |date=2014 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |editor1-first=Pashaura |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Louis E. |editor2-last=Fenech |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |page=36}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Few Sikhs would mention these Indic texts and ideologies in the same breadth as the Sikh tradition, let alone trace elements of their tradition to this chronological and ideological point, {{em|despite the fact}} that the Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the ''Guru Granth Sahib'', and the secondary canon, the ''Dasam Granth'' ... and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors.}}

The development of Sikhism was influenced by the [[Bhakti movement]];<ref name="David Lorenzen 1995 pages 1-2" group="lower-roman">"Historically, Sikh religion derives from this nirguni current of bhakti religion." (Lorenzen 1995, pp. 1–2).</ref><ref name="Louis Fenech 2014 page 35" group="lower-roman">"Technically this would place the Sikh community's origins at a much further remove than 1469, perhaps to the dawning of the Sant movement, which possesses clear affinities to Guru Nanak's thought sometime in the tenth century. The predominant ideology of the Sant ''parampara'' in turn corresponds in many respects to the much wider devotional Bhakti tradition in northern India. (Pashaura and Fenech 2014, p. 35).</ref><ref name="encyclobritannicasikh" group="lower-roman">"In its earliest stage Sikhism was clearly a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak was raised a Hindu and eventually belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India." (McLeod 2019/1998).</ref><ref name="Kitagawa2013">{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Kitagawa |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|date=5 September 2013|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-136-87597-7|pages=111–}}</ref> however, Sikhism was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement.<ref name="Singha" /><ref name="Pruthi">{{cite book |isbn=978-81-7141-879-4 |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |last=Pruthi |first=R. K. |date=2004 |location=New Delhi |pages=202–203}}</ref> Sikhism, for instance, disagreed with some of the views of Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas.<ref group="lower-roman">These views include Sikhs believing in achieving blissful mukhti while alive, Sikhs placing emphasis on the path of the householder, Sikhs disbelief in [[Ahinsa]], and the Sikhs afterlife aspect of merging with God rather than a physical heaven.</ref><ref name="Pruthi" /> Sikhism developed while the region was being ruled by the [[Mughal Empire]]. Two of the Sikh gurus, [[Guru Arjan]] and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], refused to convert to Islam and were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers.<ref name=pashauraarjan>Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. 29–62</ref><ref>Gandhi, Surjit (2008), ''History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708''; New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers; {{ISBN|978-81-269-0858-5}}, pp. 689–690</ref> The Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the [[Khalsa]], as an order for freedom of conscience and religion.<ref name=pashauraarjan/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johar|first1=Surinder|title=Guru Gobind Singh: A Multi-faceted Personality|date=1999|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-093-1|page=89}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi">{{cite book |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |date=1 February 2008 |pages=676–677 |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8}}</ref> A Sikh is expected to embody the qualities of a "Sant-Sipāhī"{{spaced ndash}} a [[Sant Sipahi|saint-soldier]].<ref name="Chanchreek 2007 142">{{cite book |last=Chanchreek |first=Jain |title=Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals |date=2007 |publisher=Shree Publishers |isbn=978-81-8329-191-0 |page=142}}</ref><ref name="Dugga 2001 33">{{cite book |last=Dugga|first=Kartar|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms|date=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-410-3|page=33}}</ref>

===Growth of Sikhism===
[[File:Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG|thumb|[[Guru Nanak]] explaining [[Sikh beliefs|Sikh teachings]] to [[Sadhu]]s]]
After its inception, Sikhism grew as it gained converts among Hindus and Muslims in the Punjab region.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pritam |title=Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-04945-5 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |quote=A large number of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).}}
</ref><ref name="Singh1989">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Teja |last2=Singh |first2=Ganda |title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765 |date=1989 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |isbn=978-81-7380-007-8 |page=41 |language=en |quote=He made many converts to Sikhism from the Hindus and the Muslims. In Kashmir particularly he converted thousands who had gone over to Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sikhism and Indian Society |date=1967 |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] |page=197 |language=en |quote=Thus the social barriers between various castes and creeds were broken and intermarriages took place not only between the Sikhs coming from various castes but there were marriages even between Muslim converts to Sikhism with Hindu converts.}}</ref><ref name="Singh1996">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Darshan |title=Sikhism: Issues and Institutions|date=1996 |publisher=Sehgal Book Distributors |isbn=978-81-86023-03-7 |page=14 |language=en |quote=During the time of Guru Nanak, a number of Hindus, Muslims and Dalits joined the fold of Guru Nanak.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22During+the+time+of+Guru+Nanak,+a+number+of+Hindus,+Muslims+and+Dalits+joined+the+fold+of+Guru+Nanak.%22}}</ref> In 1539, Guru Nanak chose his disciple Lahiṇā as a successor to the Guruship rather than either of his sons. Lahiṇā was named [[Guru Angad]] and became the second guru of the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |date=2005 |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-26604-8 |page=xv}}</ref><ref name="Fenech2014p36">{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |page=36}}</ref> Nanak conferred his choice at the town of [[Kartarpur (Pakistan)|Kartarpur]] on the banks of the river [[Ravi River|Ravi]]. [[Sri Chand]], Guru Nanak's son was also a religious man, and continued his own commune of Sikhs. His followers came to be known as the [[Udasi]] Sikhs, the first parallel sect of Sikhism that formed in [[Sikh]] history.<ref name="Oberoi1994p78">{{cite book |first=Harjot |last=Oberoi |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA78 |date=1994 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=78–80}}</ref> The Udasis believe that the Guruship should have gone to Sri Chand, since he was a man of pious habits in addition to being Nanak's son.<ref name="Oberoi1994p78" />

Guru Angad, before joining Guru Nanak's commune, worked as a ''[[pujari]]'' (priest) and religious teacher centred around Hindu goddess [[Durga]].<ref name="Fenech2014p36" /><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18" /> On Nanak's advice, Guru Angad moved from Kartarpur to Khadur, where his wife [[Mata Khivi|Khivi]] and children were living, until he was able to bridge the divide between his followers and the Udasis. Guru Angad continued the work started by Guru Nanak and is widely credited for standardising the [[Gurmukhī script]] as used in the sacred scripture of the Sikhs.<ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18">{{cite book |first1=William Owen |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA18 |date=1995 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=18–20}}</ref>

[[Guru Amar Das]] became the third Sikh guru in 1552 at the age of 73. He adhered to the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of Hinduism for much of his life, before joining the commune of Guru Angad.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=29–30 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528215151/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29%2F |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Eileen |last=Osborne |title=Founders and Leaders|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GMnpUthHyvEC&pg=PA24|date=2005|publisher=Dublin: Folens Limited |isbn=978-1-84303-622-7|page=24}}</ref> [[Goindval]] became an important centre for Sikhism during the Guruship of Guru Amar Das. He was a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as [[sati (practice)|sati]] (a Hindu custom).<ref name=eosamardas>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Nikky-Guninder |last=Kaur Singh |title=Sikhism |date=2004 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9|page=120}}</ref> He encouraged the [[Kshatriya]] people to fight in order to protect people and for the sake of justice, stating this is [[Dharma]].<ref name="Sambhi2005p29">{{cite book |first1=W. Owen |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-135-79760-7|pages=29–30}}</ref> Guru Amar Das started the tradition of appointing [[Manji (Sikhism)|''manji'']] (zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called ''sangatias''),<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> introduced the ''[[dasvandh]]'' (tithe) system of revenue collection in the name of guru and as pooled community religious resource,<ref name="Farhadian2015p342">{{cite book |first=Charles E. |last=Farhadian |title=Introducing World Religions |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5VV-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT342 |date=2015|publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-1-4412-4650-9|pages=342}}</ref> and the famed ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]'' tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating. The collection of revenue from Sikhs through regional appointees helped Sikhism grow.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book |first1=Kristen |last1=Haar |first2=Sewa Singh |last2=Kalsi |title=Sikhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21 |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2 |pages=21–22}}</ref>

Guru Amar Das named his disciple and son-in-law Jēṭhā as the next guru, who came to be known as [[Guru Ram Das]]. The new guru faced hostilities from the sons of Guru Amar Das and therefore shifted his official base to lands identified by Guru Amar Das as Guru-ka-Chak.<ref name="Mandair2013p38">{{cite book |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1 |pages=38–40 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171957/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> He moved his commune of Sikhs there and the place then was called Ramdaspur, after him. This city grew and later became [[Amritsar]] – the holiest city of Sikhism.<ref name="McLeod1990p28">{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA28 |date=1990 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-56085-4 |pages=28–29 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171958/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Guru Ram Das expanded the ''manji'' organisation for clerical appointments in Sikh temples, and for revenue collections to theologically and economically support the Sikh movement.<ref name="Mandair2013p38" />

In 1581, [[Guru Arjan]], the youngest son of Guru Ram Das, became the fifth guru of the Sikhs. The choice of successor, as throughout most of the history of Sikh guru successions, led to disputes and internal divisions among the Sikhs.<ref name="ShackleMandair2013xv">{{cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-136-45101-0 |pages=xv–xvi |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155950/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |url-status=live }}</ref> The elder son of Guru Ram Das named [[Prithi Chand]] is remembered in the Sikh tradition as vehemently opposing Guru Arjan, creating a faction Sikh community which the Sikhs following Guru Arjan called as ''Minaas'' (literally, "scoundrels").<ref name=fenech39>{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |page=39 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McLeod2009p20">{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA86 |date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=20}}</ref>

Guru Arjan is remembered among Sikhs for many accomplishments. He built the first [[Harimandir Sahib]] (later to become the [[Golden Temple]]). He was a poet, and he created the first edition of Sikh sacred text known as the [[Adi Granth|Ādi Granth]] (literally "the first book") and included the writings of the first five gurus and other enlightened 13 Hindu and 2 Muslim Sufi saints. In 1606, he was tortured and killed by the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |date=2005 |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-26604-8 |pages=xv–xvi}}</ref> for refusing to convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |first=Pashaura |last=Singh |title=Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ |date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-567921-2 |pages=23, 217–218 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171959/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pashauraarjan/><ref>Louis E. Fenech (2006), Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-567901-4}}, pp. 118–121</ref> His martyrdom is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.<ref name=pashauraarjan/><ref>{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |date=1989 |title=The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-06815-4 |pages=26–51}}</ref>

===Political advancement===
After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan, his son [[Guru Hargobind]] at age eleven became the sixth guru of the Sikhs, and Sikhism dramatically evolved to become a political movement in addition to being religious.<ref name=pashaura29>{{cite journal |first=Pashaura |last=Singh |year=2005 |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |title=Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=29–62 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175032/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Guru Hargobind carried two swords, calling one spiritual and the other for temporal purpose, reflecting the concept of Miri Piri.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia |date=2002 |title=A Sea of Orange |publisher=Xlibris |isbn=978-1-4010-2856-5 |page=16}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} According to the Sikh tradition, Guru Arjan asked his son Hargobind to start a military tradition to protect the [[Sikh people]] and always keep himself surrounded by armed Sikhs. The building of an armed Sikh militia began with Guru Hargobind.<ref name="pashaura29" /> Guru Hargobind was soon arrested by the Mughals and kept in jail in Gwalior. It is unclear how many years he served in prison, with different texts stating it to be between 2 and 12.<ref name="mandair48">{{cite book |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC&pg=PA48|publisher=[[A & C Black]] |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4411-1708-3|page=48}}</ref> He married three women, built a fort to defend Ramdaspur and created a formal court called [[Akal Takht]], now the highest Khalsa Sikh religious authority.<ref name="Phyllis2004">{{cite book |title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia |volume=1 |first=Phyllis G. |last=Jestice |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PA345 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-355-1 |pages=345, 346}}</ref>

In 1644, Guru Hargobind named his grandson [[Guru Har Rai|Har Rai]] as the guru. The Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] attempted political means to undermine the Sikh tradition, by dividing and influencing the succession.<ref name="mandair49" /> The Mughal ruler gave land grants to Dhir Mal, a grandson of Guru Hargobind living in Kartarpur, and attempted to encourage Sikhs to recognise Dhir Mal as the rightful successor to Guru Hargobind.<ref name="mandair49" /> Dhir Mal issued statements in favour of the Mughal state and critical of his grandfather [[Guru Arjan]]. Guru Hargobind rejected Dhir Mal, the latter refused to give up the original version of the Adi Granth he had, and the Sikh community was divided.<ref name="mandair49">{{cite book |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC&pg=PA49 |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4411-1708-3 |pages=48–49}}</ref>

Guru Har Rai is famed to have met Dara Shikoh during a time Dara Shikoh and his younger brother Aurangzeb were in a bitter succession fight. Aurangzeb summoned Guru Har Rai, who refused to go and sent his elder son Ram Rai instead.<ref name="McLeod2014p260" /> The emperor found a verse in the Sikh scripture insulting to Muslims, and Ram Rai agreed it was a mistake then changed it. Ram Rai thus pleased Aurangzeb, but displeased Guru Har Rai who excommunicated his elder son. He nominated his younger son [[Guru Har Krishan]] to succeed him in 1661. Aurangzeb responded by granting Ram Rai a [[jagir]] (land grant). Ram Rai founded a town there and enjoyed Aurangzeb's patronage; the town came to be known as Dehradun, after ''Dehra'' referring to Ram Rai's shrine. [[Sikh]]s who followed Ram Rai came to be known as [[Ramraiya]] Sikhs.<ref name="McLeod2014p260">{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=260–261 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Britannica|490354|Rām Rāiyā}}</ref> Guru Har Krishan became the eighth guru at the age of five, and died of smallpox before reaching the age of eight. No hymns composed by these three gurus are included in the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=Christopher |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |date=2005 |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-26604-8 |page=xvi}}</ref>

[[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the uncle of Guru Har Krishan, became guru in 1665. Tegh Bahadur resisted the forced conversions of [[Kashmir]]i [[Pandit]]s<ref>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=236–445}}, Quote:"This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army.", Quote:"this second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity."</ref> and non-Muslims<ref name="Mandair2013p53">{{cite book |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=53–54 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005234/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |url-status=live }}, Quote: "The Guru's stance was a clear and unambiguous challenge, not to the sovereignty of the Mughal state, but to the state's policy of not recognizing the sovereign existence of non-Muslims, their traditions and ways of life".</ref> to [[Islam]], and was publicly beheaded in 1675 on the orders of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] in [[Delhi]] for refusing to convert to Islam.<ref name=cs2013>{{cite book |last=Seiple |first=Chris |title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-66744-9 |page=96}}</ref><ref name="pashauraarjan" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=236–238 |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005306/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |year=2001 |title=Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=20–31 |doi=10.2307/606726 |jstor=606726|issn=0003-0279}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |year=1997 |title=Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=623–642 |doi=10.2307/606445 |jstor=606445}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McLeod |first=Hew |author-link=William Hewat McLeod |year=1999 |title=Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=sup001 |pages=155–165 |doi=10.1080/00856408708723379}}</ref><ref name=fenech4>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=236–238 |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005306/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}; {{cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=121 |issue=1 |year=2001 |doi=10.2307/606726 |pages=20–31 |jstor=606726}}; {{cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=117 |issue=4 |year=1997 |doi=10.2307/606445 |pages=623–642 |jstor=606445}}; {{cite journal |last=McLeod |first=Hew |title=Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=sup001 |year=1999 |issn=0085-6401 |doi=10.1080/00856408708723379 |pages=155–165}}</ref> His beheading traumatised the Sikhs. His body was cremated in Delhi, while the head was carried secretively by Sikhs and cremated in [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]]. He was succeeded by his son, Gobind Rai, who militarised his followers by creating the [[Khalsa]] in 1699, and baptising the ''[[Panj Piare|Pañj Piārē]]''.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25">{{cite book |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |last1=Mandair |first2=Christopher |last2=Shackle |first3=Gurharpal |last3=Singh |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-136-84627-4 |pages=25–28}}</ref> From then on, he was known as [[Guru Gobind Singh]], and Sikh identity was redefined into a political force resisting religious persecution.<ref name=ws1981>{{cite book |first=Wilfred |last=Smith |date=1981 |page=191 |title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies |publisher=Walter De Gruyter |isbn=978-90-279-3448-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingi0000smit/page/191}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg|[[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]] in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] was executed by the Mughals.
File:Bhai Mati Das.jpg|Artistic rendering of the execution of [[Bhai Mati Das]] by the Mughals. This image is from a [[Sikh Ajaibghar]] near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India.
</gallery>

====Sikh confederacy and the rise of the Khalsa====
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Mehdiana 5.jpg|Sculpture at [[Mehdiana Sahib]] of the execution of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] in 1716 by the Mughals
Bodyguard of Ranjit Singh.jpg|Some bodyguards of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab
</gallery>
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] inaugurated the [[Khalsa]] (the collective body of all [[Amrit Sanskar|initiated Sikhs]]) as the Sikh temporal authority in the year 1699. It created a community that combines its spiritual purpose and goals with political and military duties.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-0-415-42190-4 |page=24}}</ref><ref name="granthfinalguru" /><ref name="parrinderp259" /> Shortly before his death, Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] to be the ultimate spiritual authority for the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolfe|first=Alvin|title=Anthropological Contributions to Conflict Resolution|date=1996|publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-1765-6|page=14}}</ref>

After the Guru Gobind's death, [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] became the commander-in-chief of the Khalsa.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Armed Forces Year Book|date=1959|publisher=the University of California|page=419}}</ref> He organised the civilian rebellion and abolished or halted the [[Zamindar]]i system in time he was active and gave the farmers [[Self-ownership|proprietorship]] of their own land.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jawandha |first=Nahar |title=Glimpses of Sikhism |date=2010 |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-80213-25-5 |page=81}}</ref>

The Sikh empire, with its capital in [[Lahore]], spread over almost {{convert|200000|mi2|km2|abbr=off}} comprising what is now northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]]. The Sikh Empire entered into a treaty with the colonial British powers, with each side recognising Sutlej River as the line of control and agreeing not to invade the other side.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |author-link=Khushwant Singh|date=2006|title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-567747-8 |pages=47–53}}</ref> Ranjit Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the [[Harmandir Sahib]], most revered [[Gurudwara]] of the Sikhs, with marble and gold, from which the popular name of the "[[Golden Temple]]" is derived.<ref>{{cite book |first=Eleanor |last=Nesbitt |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |pages=64–65 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172000/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh Empire fell into disorder. Ranjit Singh had failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire rapidly declined after his death. Factions divided the Sikhs, and led to [[First Anglo-Sikh War|Anglo-Sikh wars]]. The British defeated the confused and demoralised [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa forces]], then disbanded them into destitution.<ref name="Oberoi1994p207">{{cite book |first=Harjot |last=Oberoi |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC |date=1994 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-61593-6 |pages=207–208 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111155406/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC |url-status=live }}</ref> The youngest son of Ranjit Singh, named [[Maharaja Duleep Singh|Duleep Singh]], ultimately succeeded, but he was arrested and exiled after the defeat of the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Jind Kaur, Maharani (1817–1863) |last1=Hasrat |first1=B. J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Singh Sabha movement====
{{Main|Singh Sabha Movement}}
The Singh Sabha movement, a movement to revitalise Sikhism, also saw the resurgence of the [[Khalsa]] after their defeat in wars with the British<ref>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=28}}</ref> – latterly in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] – and the subsequent decline and corruption of Sikh institutions during colonial rule, and the proselytisation of other faith groups in the Punjab.<ref name=barrierssm>{{cite book |last1=Barrier |first1=N. Gerald |last2=Singh |first2=Nazer |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |title=Singh Sabha Movement |date=1998 |publisher=Punjab University, Patiala, 2002 |location=Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=978-81-7380-349-9 |pages=44, 50, 110, 121, 126, 212, 349 |edition=4th |url= https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n3 |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha |title=Singh Sabha (Sikhism) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |year=2010 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226073623/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha |url-status=live }}</ref> It was started in the 1870s, and after a period of interfactional rivalry, united under the Tat Khalsa to reinvigorate Sikh practice and institutions.<ref name="perplexed84">{{cite book |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsburg Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |page=84}}</ref>

The last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, Duleep Singh, converted to Christianity in 1853, a controversial but influential event in Sikh history. Along with his conversion, and after Sikh Empire had been dissolved and the region made a part of the colonial British Empire, [[Proselytism|proselytising]] activities of [[Christians]], [[Brahmo Samaj]]is, [[Arya Samaj]], Muslim Anjuman-i-Islamia and Ahmadiyah sought to convert the Sikhs in northwestern Indian subcontinent into their respective faiths.<ref name=barrierssm/><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Online" /> These developments launched the Singh Sabha Movement.<ref name=barrierssm/><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Online" />

The first meeting of the movement was in the [[Golden Temple]], Amritsar in 1873, and it was largely launched by the [[Sanatan Sikh]]s, Gianis, priests, and granthis.<ref>Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Sikh History in 10 Volumes, Sikh University Press, Belgium, published in 2012; vol 4, pp 49–69</ref> Shortly thereafter, Nihang Sikhs began influencing the movement, followed by a sustained campaign by the [[Tat Khalsa]], which had quickly gained dominance by the early 1880s.<ref name="perplexed84" /><ref name="Oberoi1994">{{cite book |first=Harjot |last=Oberoi |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA382|date=1994|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-61593-6|pages=382–383}}</ref> The movement became a struggle between Sanatan Sikhs and Tat Khalsa in defining and interpreting Sikhism.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28" /><ref name="Mandair 2013 85–86">{{cite book |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsburg Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=85–86}}</ref><ref name="fenech273" />

Sanatan Sikhs led by [[Khem Singh Bedi]] – who claimed to be a direct descendant of Guru Nanak, Avtar Singh Vahiria and others supported a more inclusive approach which considered Sikhism as a reformed tradition of Hinduism, while Tat Khalsa campaigned for an exclusive approach to the Sikh identity, disagreeing with Sanatan Sikhs and seeking to modernise Sikhism.<ref name="fenech273" /><ref name="Oberoi1994" /><ref name="Mandair2013p82">{{cite book |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=82–90}}</ref> The Sikh Sabha movement expanded in north and northwest Indian subcontinent, leading to more than 100 Singh Sabhas.<ref name="fenech273" /><ref name="SinghFenech2014p28" /> By the early decades of the 20th century, the influence of Tat Khalsa increased in interpreting the nature of Sikhism and their control over the Sikh [[gurdwara]]s.<ref name="fenech273" /><ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref><ref name="Oberoi1994" /> The Tat Khalsa banished Brahmanical practices including the use of the ''[[yajna|yagna]]'' fire,<ref>{{cite book |first=Gurnam Singh Sidhu |last=Brard |title=East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA291 |date=2007 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-360-8 |pages=291–292}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Michael |last2=Hawley |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA30 |date=2012 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-24236-4 |pages=30–31}}</ref> replaced by the ''[[Anand Karaj]]'' marriage ceremony in accordance with Sikh scripture, and the idols and the images of Sikh gurus from the Golden Temple in 1905, traditions which had taken root during the administration of the ''[[Singh Sabha Movement#Background|mahants]]'' during the 1800s.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-100412-4 |pages=542–543}}</ref> They undertook a sustained campaign to standardise how Sikh gurdwaras looked and ran, while looking to Sikh scriptures and the early Sikh tradition<ref name="perplexed85">{{cite book |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |last=Mandair |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsburg Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |page=85}}</ref> to purify the Sikh identity.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=329–330, 351–353}}</ref>

The spiritual successors of the Singh Sabha include the [[Akali movement]] of the 1920s, as well as the modern-day [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC), a gurdwara administration body, and the [[Akali Dal]] political party.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p30">{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |page=30}}</ref>

====Partition of India====
Sikhs participated and contributed to the decades-long Indian independence movement in the first half of the 20th century. Ultimately when the British Empire recognised independent India, the [[partition of India|land was partitioned]] into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan (East and West) in 1947. According to Banga, the partition was a watershed event in Sikh history.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–100}}<ref name="Shani2007p86">{{cite book |first=Giorgio |last=Shani |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC |date=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-134-10189-4 |pages=86–93}}</ref> The Sikhs had historically lived in northwestern region of Indian subcontinent on both sides of the partition line ("[[Radcliffe Line]]"). According to Banga and other scholars, the Sikhs had strongly opposed the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] demands and saw it as "perpetuation of Muslim domination" and anti-Sikh policies in what just a hundred years before was a part of the Sikh Empire. As such, Sikh organisations, including the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan|Chief Khalsa Dewan]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] led by [[Master Tara Singh]], condemned the [[Lahore Resolution]] and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution; the Sikhs largely thus [[opposition to the partition of India|strongly opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="KudaisyaYong2004">{{cite book |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh |last2=Yong |first2=Tan Tai |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-134-44048-1 |page=100 |quote=No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan invariably invoked images of atrocities committed by Muslims against Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their ''gurus'' and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, which had a substantial following among rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.}}</ref> During the discussions with the colonial authorities, Tara Singh emerged as an important leader who campaigned to prevent the partition of colonial India and for the recognition of Sikhs as a third community.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–100}}

When partition was announced, the newly created line divided the Sikh population. Along with Hindus, Sikhs suffered organised violence and riots against them in West Pakistan. As a result, Sikhs moved en masse to the Indian side, leaving behind their property and holy sites.<ref name="Abid2014"/> However, the anti-Sikh violence was not one-sided. As Sikhs moved to the eastern side of the partition line, they engaged in reprisals against Muslims there, forcing them into Pakistan.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–100}}<ref name="Mann2014p81" /> Before the partition, Sikhs constituted about 15% of the population in West Punjab, the majority being Muslims (55%). The Sikhs were the economic elite in West Punjab, however. They had the largest representation in West Punjab's aristocracy, and there were nearly 700 Gurdwaras and 400 educational institutions that served the interests of the Sikhs.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–103}} Prior to the partition, there were a series of disputes between the majority Muslims and minority Sikhs, such as on the matters of [[jhatka]] versus [[halal]] meat, the disputed ownership of [[Shaheed Ganj Mosque|Gurdwara Sahidganj]] in Lahore which Muslims sought as a mosque and Sikhs as a Gurdwara, and the insistence of the provincial Muslim government on switching from Indian [[Gurmukhi]] script to Arabic-Persian [[Nastaliq]] script in schools.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–100}} During and after the [[Simla Conference]] in June 1945, headed by Lord Wavell, the Sikh leaders initially expressed their desire to be recognised as a third community, but ultimately relegated these demands and sought a United India where Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims would live together, under a Swiss-style constitution. The Muslim League rejected this approach, demanding that the entire Punjab should be granted to Pakistan.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–104}} The Sikh leaders then sought the original partition instead, and the Congress Working Committee passed a resolution in support of partitioning Punjab and Bengal.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–104}}<ref name="Mann2014p81">{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Mann |title=South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TBscBQAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-317-62446-2 |pages=81–83}}</ref>
[[File:Sikh Light Infantry.jpg|thumb|[[Sikh Light Infantry]] personnel march past during the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic day parade]] in New Delhi, India.]]

Between March and August 1947, a series of riots, arson, plunder of Sikh and property, assassination of Sikh leaders, and killings in Jhelum districts, Rawalpindi, Attock and other places led to Tara Singh calling the situation in Punjab a "civil war", while [[Lord Mountbatten]] stated "civil war preparations were going on."<ref name="Abid2014">{{cite web |last1=Abid |first1=Abdul Majeed |title=The forgotten massacre |url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre |website=The Nation |date=29 December 2014 |quote=On the same dates, Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears and fire-arms. (A former civil servant mentioned in his autobiography that weapon supplies had been sent from NWFP and money was supplied by Delhi-based politicians.) They had bands of stabbers and their auxiliaries, who covered the assailant, ambushed the victim and if necessary disposed of his body. These bands were subsidized monetarily by the Muslim League, and cash payments were made to individual assassins based on the numbers of Hindus and Sikhs killed. There were also regular patrolling parties in jeeps which went about sniping and picking off any stray Hindu or Sikh. ... Thousands of non-combatants including women and children were killed or injured by mobs, supported by the All India Muslim League. |access-date=7 December 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202231234/https://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre |url-status=live }}</ref> The riots had triggered the early waves of migration in April, with some 20,000 people leaving northwest Punjab and moving to Patiala.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=104–105}}<ref name="Shani2007p86" /> In Rawalpindi, 40,000 people became homeless. The Sikh leaders made desperate petitions, but all religious communities were suffering in the political turmoil. Sikhs constituted only 4 million out of a total of 28 million in Punjab, and 6 million out of nearly 400 million in India; they did not constitute the majority, not even in a single district.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=104–105}}<ref name="Wolpert2010p9">{{cite book |first=Stanley |last=Wolpert |title=India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation?|url= https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp |url-access=registration|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94800-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp/page/n10 9]–12, 16–23}}</ref>

When the partition line was formally announced in August 1947, the violence was unprecedented, with Sikhs being one of the most affected religious community both in terms of deaths, as well as property loss, injury, trauma and disruption.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=108–111}}<ref name="Mann2014p81" /> Sikhs and Muslims were both victims and perpetrators of retaliatory violence against each other. Estimates range between 200,000 and 2 million deaths of Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=108–111}}<ref name="Mann2014p81" /> There were numerous rapes of and mass suicides by Sikh women, they being taken captives, their rescues and above all a mass exodus of Sikhs from newly created Pakistan into newly independent India. The partition created the "largest foot convoy of refugees recorded in [human] history, stretching over 100 kilometer long", states Banga, with nearly 300,000 people consisting of mostly "distraught, suffering, injured and angry Sikhs". Sikh and Hindu refugees from Pakistan flooded into India, Muslim refugees from India flooded into Pakistan, each into their new homeland.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=108–111}}<ref name="Wolpert2010p9" />

====Khalistan====
[[File:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg|thumb|Sikhs in [[London]] protesting against the Indian government]]
In 1940, a few Sikhs such as the victims of [[Komagata Maru incident|Komagata Maru in Canada]] proposed the idea of Khalistan as a buffer state between an independent India and what would become Pakistan.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–103}} These leaders, however, were largely ignored.{{sfn|Banga|2017|pp=99–100}}<ref name="Shani2007p86" /> The early 1980s witnessed some Sikh groups seeking an independent state named [[Khalistan]] carved out from India and Pakistan. The [[Golden Temple]] and Akal Takht were occupied by various militant groups in 1982. These included the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] led by [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], the Babbar Khalsa, the AISSF and the National Council of Khalistan.<ref name="Chima2008p85" /> Between 1982 and 1983, there were [[Anandpur Resolution]] demand-related terrorist attacks against civilians in parts of India.<ref name=horowitz482/> By late 1983, the Bhindranwale led group had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the [[Golden Temple]], with militants involved in weapons training.<ref name="Chima2008p85" /> In June 1984, the then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]] ordered Indian Army to begin [[Operation Blue Star]] against the militants.<ref name="Chima2008p85">{{cite book |first=Jugdep S. |last=Chima |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|date=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0538-1|pages=85–95}}</ref> The fierce engagement took place in the precincts of Darbar Sahib and resulted in many deaths, including Bhindranwale. It also resulted in the destruction of the Sikh Reference Library, which was considered a national treasure that contained over a thousand rare manuscripts<ref name="mann 114">{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Mann |title=South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TBscBQAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-317-62446-2 |page=114}}</ref> and the Akal Takht. Numerous soldiers, civilians and militants died in the cross fire. Within days of the Operation Bluestar, some 2,000 Sikh soldiers in India mutinied and attempted to reach Amritsar to liberate the [[Golden Temple]].<ref name="Chima2008p85" /> Within six months, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards [[Satwant Singh|Satwant]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]] [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated her]]. The assassination triggered the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]].<ref name=horowitz482>{{cite book |last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|date=2003|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23642-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/482 482–485]|url= https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/482}}</ref> According to Donald Horowitz, while anti-Sikh riots led to much damage and deaths, many serious provocations by militants also failed to trigger ethnic violence in many cases throughout the 1980s. The Sikhs and their neighbours, for most part, ignored attempts to provoke riots and communal strife.<ref name=horowitz482/>

==Sikh people==
{{Main|Sikhs}}
{|class="sortable wikitable floatright"
|+ [[Sikhs in India]]<ref name=census2011sikhs/>
! [[States and union territories of India|State/Union Territory]] !! Percentage
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]||{{percentage bar|57.7}}
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]||{{percentage bar|13.1}}
|-
|[[Haryana]]||{{percentage bar|4.9}}
|-
|[[Delhi]]||{{percentage bar|3.4}}
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]||{{percentage bar|2.3}}
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]||{{percentage bar|1.9}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]||{{percentage bar|1.3}}
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]||{{percentage bar|1.2}}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable floatright"
|+ [[Sikhs in Canada]]<ref name="canadareligion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province/Territory]] !! Percentage
|-
|[[British Columbia]]||{{percentage bar|5.9}}
|-
|[[Manitoba]]||{{percentage bar|2.7}}
|-
|[[Alberta]]||{{percentage bar|2.5}}
|-
|[[Ontario]]||{{percentage bar|2.1}}
|-
|[[Yukon]]||{{percentage bar|1.0}}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable floatright"
|+ [[Sikhism in England|Sikhs in England]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=TS030 – Religion Edit query|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm|access-date=29 November 2022|website=nomisweb.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
! [[Regions of England|Region]] !! Percentage
|-
|[[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]||{{percentage bar|2.9}}
|-
|[[Greater London]]||{{percentage bar|1.6}}
|-
|[[East Midlands (region)|East Midlands]]||{{percentage bar|1.1}}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable floatright"
|+ [[Sikhs in Australia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2001&DataType=UR|title=Australia-Community Profile|access-date=3 April 2023|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123042443/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2001&DataType=UR|url-status=live}}</ref>
! [[States and territories of Australia|State/Territory]] !! Percentage
|-
|[[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||{{percentage bar|1.4}}
|-
|[[South Australia]]||{{percentage bar|1.0}}
|-
|[[Australian Capital Territory]]||{{percentage bar|1.0}}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable floatright"
|+ [[Sikhism in New Zealand|Sikhs in New Zealand]]<ref name="figure">{{cite web|title=Religious affiliations in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand|url=https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk|website=Figure NZ Trust|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220043832/https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk|url-status=live}}</ref>
! [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] !! Percentage
|-
|[[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]]||{{percentage bar|1.6}}
|-
|[[Auckland Region|Auckland]]||{{percentage bar|1.5}}
|}
Estimates {{As of|2019|lc=y}} state that Sikhism has some 25–30 million followers worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567|title = Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak|work = BBC News|date = 12 November 2019|access-date = 21 January 2021|archive-date = 27 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210127230917/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567|url-status = live}}</ref> A 2020 estimate by Charles Preston gives a figure of 29,254,000 of Sikhs worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Charles |date=2 July 2024 |title=List of religious populations: Populations of world religions in 2020 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=Britannica}}</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]], a think tank and research group based in Washington, DC, over 9-in-10 Sikhs are in [[Sikhism in India|India]], but there are also sizeable Sikh communities in the [[Sikhism in the United States|United States]], the [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-18 |title=Other Religions |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-other/ |access-date= |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901021622/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-other/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Within India, the Sikh population is found in every [[States and union territories of India|state and union territory]], but it is predominantly found in the northwestern and northern states. Only in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] do Sikhs constitute a majority (58% of the total, per [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]).<ref name=census2011sikhs/> In addition to Punjab, the states and union territories of India where Sikhs constitute more than 1.5% of its population are [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], all of which are in the northern half of India.<ref name=census2011sikhs>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html Religion demographics: 2011 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815045141/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html |date=15 August 2018 }}, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India</ref>

Canada is home to the largest proportion of Sikhs, as a ratio of the country's total population, in the world, at 2.1%.<ref name="canadareligion2021"/> Within Canada, Sikhs form 5.9% of the total population in the western province of [[British Columbia]], representing the third-largest Sikh proportion amongst all global [[administrative divisions]], behind only Punjab and Chandigarh in India. British Columbia, [[Manitoba]], and [[Yukon]] hold the distinction of being three of the only four [[administrative divisions]] in the world with Sikhism as the second-most followed religion among the population.{{refn|Sikhism is the second-largest religion in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Yukon.<ref name="canadareligion2021"/> Per the [[2011 Indian census]], Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh. These are the only two Indian states/UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 – Chandigarh |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821191248/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>|name="ProvincePopulation"}}

Prior to the [[Partition of India|1947 partition]] of [[British Raj|British India]], millions of Sikhs lived in what later became [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistan]]. Likewise, Sikhism was founded in what is now Pakistan, and some of the gurus were born near [[Lahore]] and in other parts of Pakistan. During the partition, Sikhs and Hindus left the newly created Muslim-majority Pakistan and mostly moved to Hindu-majority India—with some moving to Muslim-majority [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Explainer: Who are the Afghan Sikhs? |work=The Conversation |date=20 August 2014 |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331144838/https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699 |url-status=live }}</ref>—while numerous Muslims in India moved to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |first1=L. A. |last1=Kosinski |first2=K. M. |last2=Elahi |title=Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-009-5309-3 |pages=186–203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Nigel |last1=Eltringham |first2=Pam |last2=Maclean |title=Remembering Genocide |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6OfpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-317-75421-3 |pages=30–32}}</ref> According to 2017 news reports, only about 20,000 [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikhs remain in Pakistan]], and their population is dwindling ({{nowrap|0.01%}} of the country's estimated 200 million population).<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1176521 Pakistan's dwindling Sikh community wants improved security] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806075623/http://www.dawn.com/news/1176521 |date=6 August 2015 }}, ''The Dawn'', Pakistan (17 April 2017)</ref><ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1321294 Pakistan's Sikh community disappointed at being 'left out' of national census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026214602/https://www.dawn.com/news/1321294 |date=26 October 2017 }}, Ali Akbar, ''The Dawn'' (March 2017)</ref>

===Sikh sects===
{{main|Sects of Sikhism}}
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham.jpg|left|thumb|[[Ravidassia|Ravidassia Sikh]] Gurdwara, Birmingham]]
Sikh sects are sub-traditions within Sikhism that believe in an alternate lineage of gurus, or have a different interpretation of the Sikh scriptures, or believe in following a living guru, or hold other concepts that differ from the orthodox Khalsa Sikhs.<ref name="Syan2014p170">{{cite book |first=Hardip Singh |last=Syan |editor1-first=Pashaura |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Louis E. |editor2-last=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=170–180}}</ref><ref name="Takhar2014p350" /> The major historic sects of Sikhism have included Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari, and Sarvaria.<ref name="Oberoi1994p24">{{cite book |first=Harjot |last=Oberoi |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA78 |date=1994 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=24–25}}</ref>

Sikhs originally had only five orders, or [[Sampradaya|sampradas]] (not to be confused as deviant sects). These include:

[[Nihang]]s – the Sikh [[Panth|Panth's]] warriors or armed troops.<ref name=":5" /> There are two main groups within this order: Buddha Dal, or the army of veterans, and Tarna Dal, or the army of youth. There are other smaller sub-orders connected to these two.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Akalis/Nihangs |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=philtar.ac.uk}}</ref> The president of Buddha Dal, previously always served as the president of the [[Akal Takht|Akaal Takht]], which has jurisdiction over all things pertaining to the [[Nihang|Akaali Nihang]] order.<ref name=":2a" />
[[File:Dr. Sant Singh Khalsa, a white convert to Sikhism, who authored the most widely used translation of the primary Sikh Scripture.jpg|thumb|Sant Singh Khalsa, a white convert to Sikhism, authored the most widely used translation of the Guru Granth Sahib.]]
[[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmalas]] – scholars. Composed texts as well as traditionally studying a wide range of [[Indian religions|Indian]] and some non-Indian literature. They converse with other [[Dharma|Dharmik pathways]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmalas |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/nirmal.html |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=philtar.ac.uk}}</ref> The tenth guru also institutionalised them. Bhai Daya Singh Ji Samparda and Bhai Dharam Singh Ji Samparda, two of the [[Panj Pyare]] or cherished ones of the tenth guru, founded two Nirmala orders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2006 |title=Nirmal Home |url=http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024 |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615052041/http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024 |archive-date=15 June 2006 }}</ref>

[[Udasi]]s – an ascetic group that historically looked after [[Gurdwara]]s and carried out [[missionary]] activity. Although not promoting it to others, certain of their practices depart from the majority of Sikh beliefs.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Udasis |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/udas.html |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=philtar.ac.uk}}</ref> [[Sri Chand|Baba Sri Chand]], the eldest Sahibzada (son) of the first guru, [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]], founded the order.<ref name=":3" /> Their Gurdev is Baba Sri Chand.<ref name=":2a" />

[[Sevapanthi (Sikh Order)|Sevapanthis]] – philanthropists who engage in charitable work/seva, or selfless service, without expecting payment.<ref name=":4">Shriniwas, Geeta. "sevapanthi sampradaya itihash aur vikas."</ref> They also work on academic projects. Bhai Kahnaiya, a Sikh of the ninth and tenth guru, served as the first head of the order<ref>Mahal, Ramandeep. "Bhai Kanhaiya ji: A Humanitarian Soul."</ref> and is renowned for his wartime medical assistance to wounded enemy soldiers.<ref name=":4" /> Very few of them exist today. The environment in which they lived and with which they interacted was a predominantly Muslim one.<ref name=":4" />

[[Damdami Taksal|Gyaaniyan Samparda]] – the university of Sikhi, whilst technically not an order, it essentially serves as one.<ref name="Nirbhai Singh 1990 1–3">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nirbhai |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyofsikh0000nirb/page/n26 |title=Philosophy of Sikhi: Reality and Its Manifestations |date=1990 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |pages=1–3 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Made up from individuals belonging to all of the above sects. Many branches within this order.[[File:Ustad Baljit Singh Luxmi Namdhari and Fateh Singh.jpg|left|thumb|[[Namdhari|Namdhari Sikhs]], also called the ''Kuka'' Sikhs are a sect of Sikhism known for their crisp white dress and horizontal ''pagari'' (turban).<ref name=britsikhssects>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups "Sects and other groups: Sikhism"], ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] Online''.</ref><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10">{{cite book |first1=Kristen |last1=Haar |first2=Sewa Singh |last2=Kalsi |title=Sikhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2 |pages=10–11}}</ref> Above: Namdhari singer and musicians.]]

The early Sikh sects were [[Udasi]]s and [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]] founded by Baba [[Sri Chand]] – the elder son of [[Guru Nanak]], and [[Prithi Chand]] – the elder son of [[Guru Ram Das]] respectively, in parallel to the official succession of the Sikh gurus. Later on [[Ramraiya]] sect, founded by [[Baba Ram Rai|Ram Rai]], grew in [[Dehradun]] with the patronage of Aurangzeb.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p260" /> Many splintered Sikh communities formed during the [[Mughal Empire]] era. Some of these sects were financially and administratively supported by the Mughal rulers in the hopes of gaining a more favourable and compliant citizenry.<ref name="Takhar2014p350">{{cite book |first1=Opinderjit Kaur |last1=Takhar |editor1-first=Pashaura |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Louis E. |editor2-last=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=350–359}}</ref><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p260">{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA260|date=2014|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=260–261}}</ref>

After the collapse of Mughal Empire, and particularly during the rule of Ranjit Singh, Udasi Sikhs protected Sikh shrines, preserved the Sikh scripture and rebuilt those that were desecrated or destroyed during the Muslim–Sikh wars. However, Udasi Sikhs kept idols and images inside these Sikh temples.<ref name="Oberoi1994p78" /><ref name="Fenech2014p375">{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=375–377}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[Namdhari]]s and [[Nirankari]]s sects were formed in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism.<ref name="fenech273">{{cite book |first1=Louis E. |last1=Fenech |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|date=2014|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=151, 273}}</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014p28" /><ref name="Mandair 2013 85–86"/>

All these sects differ from Khalsa orthodox Sikhs in their beliefs and practices, such as continuing to solemnise their weddings around fire and being strictly vegetarian.<ref name=britsikhssects/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10" /> Many accept the concept of living gurus such as Guru [[Baba Dyal Singh]]. The Nirankari sect, though unorthodox, was influential in shaping the views of Tat Khalsa and the contemporary-era Sikh beliefs and practices.<ref name=britsikhsects>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups "Sects in Sikhism"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' Online. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=141 |title=The Culture of India |first=Kathleen |last=Kuiper |publisher=Rosen}}</ref> Another significant Sikh sect of the 19th century was the [[Radhasoami]] movement in Punjab led by Baba Shiv Dyal.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9">{{cite book |first1=Kristen |last1=Haar |first2=Sewa Singh |last2=Kalsi |title=Sikhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA9 |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2 |pages=9–14}}</ref> Other contemporary era Sikhs sects include the [[3HO]], formed in 1971, which exists outside India, particularly in North America and Europe.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9" /><ref name=verne560>{{cite book |first=Verne |last=Dusenbery |editor1-first=Pashaura |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Louis E. |editor2-last=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=560–570}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mooney |first=Nicola |title=Reading Weber Among the Sikhs: Asceticism and Capitalism in the 3HO/Sikh Dharma |journal=Sikh Formations |volume=8 |issue=3 |year=2012 |issn=1744-8727 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2012.745305 |pages=417–436 |s2cid=145775040}}</ref>

===Sikh castes===
{{Further|Sikhism and caste}}[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji.jpg|thumb|[[Ravidassia|Ravidassia Sikh]] Gurdwara, Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939]]
[[File:Nagar Kirtan.jpg|thumb|[[Nagar Kirtan]] in [[Bangalore]]]]
According to Surinder Jodhka, the state of Punjab with a Sikh majority has the "largest proportion of [[Dalit|scheduled caste]] population in India". Although decried by Sikhism, Sikhs have practiced a caste system. The system, along with [[untouchability]], has been more common in rural parts of Punjab. The landowning dominant Sikh castes, states Jodhka, "have not shed all their prejudices against the lower castes or [[dalits]]; while dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurdwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar." The Sikh dalits of Punjab have tried to build their own gurdwara, other local level institutions and sought better material circumstances and dignity. According to Jodhka, due to economic mobility in contemporary Punjab, castes no longer mean an inherited occupation, nor are work relations tied to a single location.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jodhka|first1=Surinder S|title=Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab |journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=11–17 May 2002|volume=37|issue=19|pages=1813–1823|jstor=4412102}}</ref>
In 1953, the government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader, [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]], to include Sikh Dalit castes in the list of scheduled castes.<ref name="Harish K. Puri 2004">{{cite book |title=Dalits in Regional Context |first=Harish K. |last=Puri |isbn=978-81-7033-871-0|date=2004|publisher=Rawat Publications }}</ref> In the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]], 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low-caste Sikhs.<ref name="Harish K. Puri 2004" />

The 2011 Indian Census recorded 5,390,484 Scheduled Caste individuals identifying as Sikhs in Punjab, out of the state’s total Scheduled Caste population of 8,860,179, representing 33.68% of Punjab’s total Sikh population (16,004,754).<ref>{{cite web |title=India - SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Punjab - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2108 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> Over 60% of Sikhs belong to the [[Jat Sikh|Jat]] caste,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rawat |first1=Ramnarayan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alrgCwAAQBAJ&dq=Dalit+Studies&pg=PA9 |title=Dalit Studies |last2=Satyanarayana |first2=K. |date=2016-04-07 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-7431-2 |page=251 |language=en |type= |ol=27435967M |quote=They feared that the formation of a Sikh-majority province would further consolidate the power of the already dominant landowning Jat Sikhs, which would make their position in the rural society of Punjab even more vulnerable. After the 1966 reorganization of Punjab, the Jat Sikhs constituted nearly 60 percent of the population and the Hindus around 38 percent. |url-access=registration |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ram |first=Ronki |date=2004 |title=Untouchability in India with a Difference: Ad Dharm, Dalit Assertion, and Caste Conflicts in Punjab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=897 |doi=10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895 |jstor=10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895 |issn=0004-4687 |quote=Tradiyionally the majority of their followers have come from the Jat-Sikhs. According to an 1881 census, 66% of Sikhs were Jats, followed by Ramgarhia (carpenter) Sikhs (6.5%), and Chamar (cobbler and weaver) Sikhs (5.6%). The Khatris' share was only 2.2%.' Although Sikhs are prominently identified by a set of diacritical features, which they are supposed to follow according to the Rahatnama (the Sikh code of conduct), the Jat-Sikhs do not always observe them strictly.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which is an agrarian caste. Despite being very small in numbers, the mercantile [[Khatri]] and [[Arora]] castes wield considerable influence within the Sikh community. Other common Sikh castes include [[Saini]]s, [[Ramgarhia]]s (artisans), [[Brahmins]], [[Ahluwalia (caste)|Ahluwalias]] (formerly brewers), [[Rajput]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} India: Rajput Sikh religion |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be4214.html |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> [[Rai Sikh]] (Rai), [[Kamboj]]s (rural caste), [[Labana]]s, [[Kumhar]]s and the two Dalit castes, known in Sikh terminology as the [[Mazhabi]]s (the Chuhras) and the [[Ravidasia]]s (the Chamars).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sikhism (religion)|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543916/Sikhism/253170/The-rejection-of-caste |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>

===Sikh diaspora===
{{Further|Sikhism in India|Sikh diaspora|Sikhism by country}}
[[File:Sikhs on the move!.jpg|thumb|Sikhs celebrating [[Vaisakhi]] in [[Toronto, Canada]]]]
Worldwide, there are 30 million Sikhs,<ref name="Britannica">McLeod, William Hewat. 2019 [1998]. {{cite encyclopedia |title=Sikhism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism |access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2019 |title=Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567}}</ref> which makes up 0.4% of the world's population. Approximately 75% of Sikhs live in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], where they constitute 57.7% of the state's population. Large communities of Sikhs migrate to the neighbouring states such as Indian State of Haryana which is home to the second largest Sikh population in India with 1.1 million Sikhs as per 2001 census, and large immigrant communities of Sikhs can be found across India. However, Sikhs only comprise about 1.7% of the Indian population.<ref name="Singh Kalsi 2007 12">{{cite book |title=Sikhism |last=Singh Kalsi |first=Sewa |date=2007 |publisher=Bravo Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-1-85733-436-4 |page=12}}</ref>

Most Sikhs outside India live in the [[core Anglosphere]], with 771,790 in [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]] (2.1% Sikh),<ref name="canadareligion2021"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |title=The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> 524,140 in the [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] (0.9% Sikh),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=ons.gov.uk}}</ref> 280,000 in the [[Sikhism in the United States|United States]] (0.1% Sikh),{{refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="How Many U.S. Sikhs">{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organisations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="How Many U.S. Sikhs"/> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023|archive-date=23 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723043536/https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |date=4 August 2017 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California."
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."}}</ref>}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020|url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414220224/https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>}} 210,400 in [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia]] (0.8% Sikh),<ref>{{cite web |author=Glenn |url=http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/ |title=2011 Australian Census – Fastest Growing Religions |publisher=Blog.id.com.au |date=6 September 2012 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419034240/http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80
| title = 2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016
| publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics
| date = 28 June 2017
| access-date = 14 August 2021
}}</ref> and 40,908 in [[Sikhism in New Zealand|New Zealand]] (0.9% Sikh).<ref name="New Zealand Sikh population">{{cite web | url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/losing-our-religion |title = Losing our religion | Stats NZ}}</ref>{{When|date=May 2023}} While these communities are over 125 years old, most Sikhs in the West are first, second, or third-generation immigrants. {{As of|2021|alt=As of}} the [[2021 Canadian Census]], more than half of Canada's Sikhs can be found in one of four cities: [[Brampton, Ontario|Brampton]] (163,260),<ref name="bramptoncity2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022
|title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=brampton |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> [[Surrey, BC|Surrey]] (154,415),<ref name="surreycity2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022
|title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915004&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=surrey |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> [[Calgary]] (49,465),<ref name="calgarycity2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022
|title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=calgary |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> and [[Abbotsford, BC|Abbotsford]] (38,395).<ref name="abbotsfordcity2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022
|title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Abbotsford, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055909052&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=abbotsford |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>

Sikhs also migrated to East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. These communities developed as Sikhs migrated out of Punjab to fill in gaps in imperial labour markets.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ballantyne|first=Tony|date=2006|title=Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World|publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-3824-6|pages=69–74}}</ref>

==Prohibitions in Sikhism==
{{further|Prohibitions in Sikhism|Diet in Sikhism}}Four major transgressions:<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.]; [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 1.-4.]</ref>
* [[Hair]] removal – Hair [[cutting]], trimming, removing, [[shaving]], [[Plucking (hair removal)|plucking]], [[Threading (epilation)|threading]], [[Dyeing hair|dyeing]], or any other alteration from any body part is strictly forbidden.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.]; [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 1. & q. 3.]</ref>
* Eating [[Kutha meat|Kutha]] meat.<ref>[https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 2.]</ref> This is the absolute minimum required by all [[Khalsa|initiated Sikhs]]. Many Sikhs refrain from eating [[non-vegetarian]] food, and believe all should follow this diet. This is due to various social, cultural, political, and familial aspects. As such, there has always been major disagreement among Sikhs over the issue of eating [[non-vegetarian]] food. Sikhs following the rahit (code of conduct) of the [[Damdami Taksal]] and [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha|AKJ]] also subscribe to this view. The [[Nihang|Akali Nihangs]] have traditionally eaten meat and are famous for performing [[Jhatka]].<ref>{{cite web |quote=A Nihang carries out 'Chatka' on a 'Chatanga' (a specially selected goat for sacrifice) |title=The Multifarious Faces of Sikhism throughout Sikh History |url=http://www.sarbloh.info/htmls/article_samparda_kartar17.html |website=sarbloh.info |access-date=18 August 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718132057/http://www.sarbloh.info/htmls/article_samparda_kartar17.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mahaprashad">''"The most special occasion of the Chhauni is the festival of Diwali which is celebrated for ten days. This is the only Sikh shrine at Amritsar where Maha Prasad (meat) is served on special occasions in Langar"'', The Sikh review, Volume 35, Issue 409 – Volume 36, Issue 420, Sikh Cultural Centre., 1988</ref><ref name="Sikh Goat Sacrifice">''"The tradition traces back to the time of Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji who started the tradition of hunting for Sikhs ... The tradition of ritually sacrificing goats and consuming Mahaparshad remains alive not only with the Nihang Singh Dals, but also at Sachkhand Sri Hazoor Sahib and Sachkhand Sri Patna Sahib (two of the Sikhs holiest shrines)."'' [http://www.nihangsingh.org/website/trad-jhatka.html Panth Akali Budha Dal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523054532/http://www.nihangsingh.org/website/trad-jhatka.html |date=23 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Sikh Goat Sacrifice2">''"Another noteworthy practice performed here is that a goat is sacrificed on Dussehra night every year. This ceremony was performed on Diwali day this year (Oct 28, 2008). The fresh blood of the sacrificed goat is used for tilak on the Guru's weapons."'', SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS OF THE SIKH COMMUNITY, Dr Madanjit Kaur, Institute of Sikh Studies [http://sikhinstitute.org/apr_2009/10-madakaur.html Institute of Sikh Studies, Madan Kaur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612142006/http://sikhinstitute.org/apr_2009/10-madakaur.html |date=12 June 2010 }}</ref> Thus, there is a wide range of views that exist on the issue of a proper "Sikh diet" in the [[Panth]]. It has been stipulated that meat slaughtered via the Muslim ([[Halal]]) or Jewish ([[Shechita]]) methods is against Sikh dogma and principles.<ref>"Sikhism, A Complete Introduction" by H.S. Singha & Satwant Kaur Hemkunt, Hemkunt Press, New Delhi, 1994, {{ISBN|81-7010-245-6}}</ref><ref>"Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs" by Opinderjit Kaur Takhar, pg. 51, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7546-5202-5}}</ref> The [[Akal Takht]] represents the final authority on controversial issues concerning the Sikh [[Panth]] (community or collective). The [[Hukamnama]] (edict or clarification), issued by [[Akal Takht]] [[Jathedar]] [[Jathedar Sadhu Singh Bhaura|Sadhu Singh Bhaura]] dated 15 February 1980, states that eating meat does not go against the code of conduct of the Sikhs. [[Khalsa|Amritdhari]] Sikhs can eat meat as long as it is [[Jhatka]] meat.<ref name="Singh 2001 89">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Dharam|title=Perspectives on Sikhism: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on Sikhism: a Religion for the Third Millennium Held at Punjabi University, Patiala on 27–29 March 2000|year=2001|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|isbn=9788173807367|page=89}}</ref>
* [[Adultery]]: Cohabiting with a person other than one's spouse (sexual relations with anyone who you are not married to).<ref>{{cite book |last=Jakobsh |first=Doris R. |title=Relocating Gender in Sikh History: Transformation, Meaning and Identity |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2003 |pages=39–40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA119 |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=24 July 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |pages=119 |language=en |author-link=W. H. McLeod}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=214 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95 |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099038-1 |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beckerlegge |first=Gwilym |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgmNpPoYabwC&pg=PA456 |title=World Religions Reader |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-24748-1 |pages=456 |language=en}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|reason=Not an [[BP:EXTRAORDINARY]] claim, no need to [[BP:REFBOMB]]|date=May 2023}}
* [[Intoxications|Intoxication]] – Consumption of [[tobacco]] and [[intoxicants]] ([[hemp]], [[opium]], [[liquor]], [[narcotic]]s, [[cocaine]], etc.) is not allowed.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, j.]</ref><ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 4. & q. 1., q. 5.]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Athur |author-link=Max Arthur Macauliffe |date=1909 |title=The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors |volume=1 |page=[[s:Page:The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors Vol 1.djvu/27|xxi]]}}</ref> [[Cannabis and Sikhism|Cannabis is generally prohibited]], but ritually consumed in edible form by some Sikhs.<ref name="SinghFenech2014">{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA378 |date=March 2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=378–}}</ref><ref name="SinghHawley2012">{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Michael |last2=Hawley |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA34 |date=7 December 2012 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-24236-4|pages=34–}}</ref> Some Sikh groups, like the [[Damdami Taksal]], are even opposed to drinking [[caffeine]] in [[Tea|Indian tea]]. Indian tea is almost always served in Sikh [[Gurdwara|Gurudwaras]] around the world. Some [[Nihang|Akali Nihang]] groups consume [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis-containing]] shaheedi degh ({{lang|pa|ਭੰਗ}}), purportedly to help in [[meditation]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Richard Beck
| first = David Worden
| title = Gcse Religious Studies for Aqa
| year = 2002
|page= 64
| publisher = Heinemann
| isbn = 0-435-30692-8}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031946/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-03-19/chandigarh/27281595_1_bhang-united-colours-procession Hola Mohalla: United colours of celebrations],</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040103/asp/opinion/story_2735311.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040112104613/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040103/asp/opinion/story_2735311.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2004 |title=Mad About Words |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=3 January 2004 |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> ''Sūkha parshaad'' ({{lang|pa|ਸੁੱਖਾ ਪ੍ਰਰਸਾਦ}}), "Dry-sweet", is the term Akali Nihangs use to refer to it. It was traditionally crushed and consumed as a liquid, especially during festivals like [[Hola Mohalla]]. It is never smoked, as this practice is forbidden in Sikhism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html |title=UCSM.ac.uk |publisher=Philtar.ucsm.ac.uk |access-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016012718/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html |archive-date=16 October 2010 }}</ref> In 2001, [[Jathedar Santa Singh]], the leader of [[Budha Dal]], along with 20 chiefs of [[Nihang]] sects, refused to accept the ban on consumption of'' shaheedi degh'' by the apex Sikh clergy of [[Akal Takht]] – in order to preserve their traditional practices.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010326/punjab1.htm#3 Nihangs 'not to accept' ban on shaheedi degh]. [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]. 26 March 2001.</ref> According to a 2011 [[BBC]] article, "Traditionally they also drank shaheedi degh, an infusion of cannabis, to become closer with God".<ref>{{cite web|last=Hegarty |first=Stephanie |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15480741 |title=The only living master of a dying martial art |publisher=BBC |date=29 October 2011 |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Baba Santa Singh was excommunicated and replaced with Baba Balbir Singh, who agreed to shun the consumption of [[bhang]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010310/main7.htm#2 No 'bhang' at Hola Mohalla]. [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]. 10 March 2001.</ref>

Other mentioned practices to be avoided, as per the Sikh Rehat Maryada:
* Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, k.]</ref> However, this is a point of contention as it was common for Sikh men and women to wear during the [[Sikh Misl]] period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today, the idea of religious Sikh men wearing earrings would be ridiculous – and in many puritan circles, the idea of any form of piercing for all Sikhs, including women and their jewelry, would be off-limits. Yet the historical record tells us a different story... |url=https://twitter.com/YungBhujang/status/1276634524340776961 |via=Twitter}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2023}}
* [[Female infanticide]]: A Sikh should not kill their daughter; nor should they maintain any relationship with a killer of a daughter.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, l.]</ref>
* A Sikh shall not [[Theft|steal]], form dubious associations or engage in [[gambling]].<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, o.]</ref>
* It is not proper for a Sikh woman to wear a [[veil]], or keep her face hidden.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, s.]</ref>
* Sikhs cannot wear any token of any other faith, nor participate in idol worship ([[idolatry]]) according to the Guru Granth Sahib. Sikhs must not have their head bare or wear [[cap]]s. They also cannot wear any [[Ornament (art)|ornament]]s piercing through any part of the body.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.]; [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, d.]</ref>
* Hereditary priest – Sikhism does not have priests, as they were abolished by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url= http://www.sikhs.org/summary.htm |title=Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People |publisher=sikhs.org}}</ref> The only position he left was a [[Granthi]] to look after the Guru Granth Sahib; any Sikh is free to become Granthi or read from the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==See also==
{{Portal|Sikhism}}
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Indian religions]]
* [[Five Virtues]]
* [[Panjab Digital Library]]
* [[Turban training centre]]
* [[Women in the Guru Granth Sahib]]
* [[Idolatry in Sikhism]]
* [[Khalsa]]
* [[History of Sikhism]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-roman}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|group=general references}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Brill Academic|first=Indu|last=Banga|display-editors=etal|editor-first=Knut A.|editor-last=Jacobsen|date=2017|isbn=978-90-04-29745-6}}
* Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (1997), ''The Sikh Reference Book''; Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 1997.
* Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2005), ''Dictionary of Sikh Philosophy''; Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2005.
* Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2008), ''Sikh Twareekh''; Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2008.
* Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2012), ''Sikh History'' (in 10 volumes); Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2010–2012.
* {{cite book|last=Duggal|first=Kartar Singh|date=1988|title=Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism|publisher=Himalayan Institute Press|isbn=978-0-89389-109-1}}
* Kaur, Surjit; ''Amongst the Sikhs: Reaching for the Stars''; New Delhi: Roli Books, 2003, {{ISBN|81-7436-267-3}}
* Khalsa, Guru Fatha Singh; ''Five Paragons of Peace: Magic and Magnificence in the Guru's Way'', Toronto: Monkey Minds Press, 2010, {{ISBN|0-9682658-2-0}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711135252/http://www.gurufathasingh.com/five-paragons-of-peace.html GuruFathaSingh.com]
* Khalsa, Shanti Kaur; ''The History of Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere''; Espanola, New Mexico, US: Sikh Dharma; 1995 {{ISBN|0-9639847-4-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs: Volume 1: 1469-1839 |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-567308-1 |edition=2nd|author-link=Khushwant Singh}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs: Volume 2: 1839-2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567309-8 |edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=2006|title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567747-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Patwant|date=1999|title=The Sikhs|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-50206-1|author-link=Patwant Singh}}
* Takhar, Opinderjit Kaur, ''Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs''. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate; 2005 {{ISBN|0-7546-5202-5}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q9316|n=no|c=Category:Sikhism|s=Portal:Sikhism|v=no}}

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism "Sikhism"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online''.

{{Sikhism|state=expanded}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Punjab|Sikhism}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Sikhism| ]]
[[Category:Nirguna worship traditions]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:1500 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 15th century]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Punjab]]
[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]

Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)

2026-03-25T13:12:18Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: expanded page after review for accuracy

{{short description|Indian reality show (2023)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 2
| image = Bigg Boss Ott 2 Logo.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Eye Logo of ''Bigg Boss OTT 2''
| bgcolour = #43B3A3
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Salman Khan]]
| num_days = 70
| num_housemates = 15
| winner = [[Elvish Yadav]]
| runner_up = Abhishek Malhan
}}
| num_episodes = 70
| network = [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|6|17}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2023|8|14}}
| next_season = [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) season 3|Season 3]]
| episode_list = See on JioCinema App for the detailed list
}}
'''''Bigg Boss OTT 2''''' also known as '''''Bigg Boss: Over-the-Top Season 2''' ,'' was the second season of the Indian reality digital series ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]'' which itself is the spin-off version of ''[[Bigg Boss]]''. It premiered on 17 June 2023 on [[JioCinema]] with [[Salman Khan]] as the host for the first time of OTT version.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title=Salman Khan confirms hosting Bigg Boss OTT 2; gives a glimpse in the first promo |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/salman-khan-confirms-hosting-bigg-boss-ott-2-gives-a-glimpse-in-the-first-promo/articleshow/100518539.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Salman Khan wants to know what will India watch after cricket in first promo of Bigg Boss OTT 2. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/salman-khan-hosted-bigg-boss-ott-2-first-promo-revealed-watch-video-8629782/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The grand finale took place on 14 August 2023 where [[Elvish Yadav]] emerged as the winner and Abhishek Malhan <ref>{{Citation |title=Abhishek Malhan |date=2025-01-12 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Malhan |access-date=2025-01-14 |language=en}}</ref> emerged as the runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Abhishek Malhan is Bigg Boss OTT 2 1st runner-up, loses to Elvish Yadav |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/abhishek-malhan-is-bigg-boss-ott-2-1st-runner-up-loses-to-elvish-yadav-2421087-2023-08-14 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
===Teaser===
On 26 May 2023, [[JioCinema]] released a promotional video featuring host [[Salman Khan]] and promising an entertaining new season. The show's tagline is #IssBaarJantaHaiAsliBoss.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Bigg Boss OTT season 2: Host Salman Khan asks in first promo 'cricket ke baad kya dekhenge?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/bigg-boss-ott-2-first-promo-out-salman-khan-confirmed-as-host-101685075703951.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title=Salman Khan confirms hosting Bigg Boss OTT 2; gives a glimpse in the first promo |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/salman-khan-confirms-hosting-bigg-boss-ott-2-gives-a-glimpse-in-the-first-promo/articleshow/100518539.cms |access-date=2023-05-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Broadcast===
Viewers had access to [[24x7]] camera footage, in addition to the usual hour-long episode.

===House===
The house is located in [[Film City, Mumbai]]. The house design theme, 'Recycled,' features an eye structure in the garden area made of plastic water bottles and another eye in the kitchen made of used wooden spoons. Empty egg trays are also placed on a wall in the kitchen area. The theme #StayTogether was unveiled a few days before the premiere, along with the promo, and JioCinema revealed the first glimpse of the house on 15 June 2023.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

For the first time, the house now has a "Vimal Zone" and a "Namkeen Zone".

===Eye logo===
The eye logo for this season features a mix of light and dark colours filling the pupil and lens, including dark blue, sky blue, and dark green.

== Housemate status ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:fit;"
|-
! style="background:#43B3A3; color:black;" | Sr
! style="background:#43B3A3; color:black;" | Housemates
! style="background:#43B3A3; color:black;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! style="background: #43B3A3; color:black;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! style="background: #43B3A3; color:black;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Elvish
| Day 26
| Day 58
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Abhishek
| Day 1
| Day 58
| {{Runner-up|1st Runner up }}
|-
| 3
| Manisha
| Day 1
| Day 58
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"|2nd runner-up
|-
| 4
| Bebika
| Day 1
| Day 58
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd runner-up
|-
| 5
| Pooja
| Day 1
| Day 58
| style="background:#FF69D4;" |{{nowrap|4th runner-up}}
|-
| 6
| Jiya
| Day 1
| Day 54
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|7
|Avinash
|Day 1
|Day 50
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Jad
| Day 1
| Day 50
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Aashika
| Day 26
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Falaq
| Day 1
| Day 35
| style="background:#BFFF00;" | {{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| 11
| Cyrus
| Day 1
| Day 23
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| 12
| Akanksha
| Day 2
| Day 15
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Aaliya
| Day 1
| Day 11
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Palak
| Day 2
| Day 8
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Puneet
| colspan="2" | Day 1
| {{cRemoved|Ejected}}
|}

== Housemates ==
===Original entrants===
* [[Manisha Rani]] - Dancer, actress and content creator.
* Abhishek Malhan – Content creator and singer, also known as Fukra Insaan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=Abhishek Malhan on his stint with Bigg Boss OTT 2: 'Makers decide how they want to project you, if you are their favourite then...' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhishek-malhan-on-his-stint-with-bigg-boss-ott-2-makers-decide-how-they-want-to-project-you-if-you-are-their-favourite-then-/articleshow/104945736.cms |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Cyrus Broacha]] – Comedian, actor and TV anchor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Cyrus Broacha reveals why he agreed to take part in Bigg Boss OTT 2, talks about problems he will face inside house |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/cyrus-broacha-bigg-boss-ott-2-salman-khan-101687170648796.html |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He has acted in few films like ''[[Jalwa]]'', ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' and [[Fruit and Nut (film)|''Fruit and Nut'']]. He participated in reality shows ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 2]]'' and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 3]]''.
* [[Jiya Shankar]] — Actress. She is known for her roles in ''[[Meri Hanikarak Biwi]]'', ''[[Kaatelal & Sons]]'' and ''[[Pishachini]]''.
* [[Falaq Naaz]] — Television actress. She is known for her role in ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''.
* Jad Hadid – International model and actor from [[Beirut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/bigg-boss-ott-2-jad-hadid-and-avinash-sachdev-evicted-101691340467917.html|title=Bigg Boss OTT 2: Jad Hadid and Avinash Sachdev evicted in finale week|work=Hindustan Times |date=6 August 2023}}</ref> He has acted in few films like ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'', ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'', ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' and ''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]''.
* [[Avinash Sachdev]] – Television actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/avinash-sachdev-bigg-boss-ott-2-eviction-pooja-bhatt-salman-khan-2417538-2023-08-07|title=Avinash Sachdev was eliminated from Bigg Boss OTT 2 in the latest 'Weekend Ka Vaar' episode. He was joined by Dubai-based model-actor Jad Hadid|website=India Today|date=7 August 2023 }}</ref> He is known for ''[[Choti Bahu]]'', ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir|Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?, Ek Baar Phir]]'' and participating in ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 9]]''.
* Bebika Dhurve – Actress, dentist, astrologist and feminist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-ott-2-finale-bebika-dhurve-out-salman-khan-tells-her-parents-aap-chahte-the-main-sudharu-isko-8536529.html|title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 Finale: Bebika Dhurve Out; Salman Khan Tells Her Parents 'Aap Chahte The Main Sudharu Isko?'|date=15 August 2023}}</ref> She is known for her role of Devika Oberoi in ''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]].''
* Aaliya Siddiqui – Theatre actress. She is mostly known as the wife of famous actor [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]].
* Puneet Kumar – Social media sensation, also known as Puneet Superstar. He is famous for his various memes on social media.
* [[Pooja Bhatt]] — Film actress, director and producer.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/pooja-bhatt-is-1st-finalist-to-be-evicted-from-bigg-boss-ott-2-2421093-2023-08-14#:~:text=Pooja%20Bhatt%20has%20been%20eliminated,She%20was%20very%20opinionated.|title= Pooja Bhatt is 1st finalist to be evicted from Bigg Boss OTT 2|date=14 August 2023}}</ref> She is the half-sister of [[Alia Bhatt]] and the daughter of veteran Indian filmmaker [[Mahesh Bhatt]]. She is known for acting in the musical ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]''.
* [[Akanksha Puri]] – Film actress.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-ott-2-weekend-ka-vaar-elimination-akanksha-puri-gets-evicted-from-salman-khan-led-show-1228348 |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 Weekend Ka Vaar Elimination: Akanksha Puri gets evicted from Salman Khan-led show |date=2 July 2023 |author=Pramila Mandal |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702220501/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-ott-2-weekend-ka-vaar-elimination-akanksha-puri-gets-evicted-from-salman-khan-led-show-1228348 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is known for films like ''[[Lodde]]'' and ''[[Calendar Girls (2015 film)|Calendar Girls]]''. She is the winner of the reality show ''[[Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti]]''.
* [[Palak Purswani]] — Television actress, model and fashion designer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke actress Palak Purswani in Bigg Boss OTT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-actress-palak-purswani-in-bigg-boss-ott/articleshow/100723826.cms |date=3 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She is known for participating in ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|MTV Splitsvilla 7]]'', and acting as Shweta in ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''.

===Wild card entrants===
* [[Elvish Yadav]] – Content creator and singer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title=Meet Elvish Yadav, Desi Creator Whose YouTube Antics Have Entered 'Bigg Boss' House |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/meet-elvish-yadav-desi-creator-whose-youtube-antics-have-entered-bigg-boss-house-8530585.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823011508/https://www.news18.com/viral/meet-elvish-yadav-desi-creator-whose-youtube-antics-have-entered-bigg-boss-house-8530585.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 : Elvish Yadav Becomes The First Wild Card To Win The Trophy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-ott-season-2-finale-elvish-yadav-lifts-trophy-beats-abhishek-malhan-4298456 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816165451/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-ott-season-2-finale-elvish-yadav-lifts-trophy-beats-abhishek-malhan-4298456 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Aashika Bhatia – Actress and social media influencer and content creator.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2: Elvish Yadav, Aashika Bhatia To Enter As Wild Card Contestants? What We Know |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-aashika-bhatia-to-enter-as-wild-card-contestants-what-we-know-article-101693109 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818155226/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bigg-boss-ott-2-elvish-yadav-aashika-bhatia-to-enter-as-wild-card-contestants-what-we-know-article-101693109 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is known for her appearances in Hindi serials such as ''Meera'' and ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''. She also appeared in the film ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''.

== Twists ==

=== Bigg Boss Currency ===
In this season, contestants on Bigg Boss used a currency called 'Bigg Boss Currency' to pay for their needs, with different amounts based on their ranking determined by viewer votes. The currency theme ended on Day 9.

==== Bigg Boss Currency Ranking and Amount Given by Panelists ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Rank
!Audience
!Final decision
by
’Janta Ki Awaz’
!Bigg Boss currency amount
|-
!1
|{{Nowrap|Abhishek ↓ }}
| style="background: lightgreen;" | Pooja
|1,50,000
|-
!2
|Puneet ↓
| style="background:lightgreen;" | Cyrus
|1,35,000
|-
!3
|<s>Akanksha</s>
| style="background:lightgreen;" | Avinash
|1,20,000
|-
!4
|Jiya ↓
| style="background:lightgreen;" | Falaq
|1,05,000
|-
!5
|Avinash ↑
| style="background:lightgreen;" | Jad
|90,000
|-
!6
|Jad ↑
| style="background:#CC6666;" |Abhishek & Jiya
|75,000
|-
!7
|<s>Palak</s>
|{{N/A}}
|60,000
|-
!8
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" |Manisha ↔
|45,000
|-
!9
|Falaq ↑
| style="background:lightgreen;" | Bebika
|30,000
|-
!10
|Cyrus ↑
| style="background:#CC6666;" | Puneet
|20,000
|-
!11
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" |Aaliya ↔
|10,000
|-
!12
|Bebika ↑
|{{N/A}}
|5,000
|-
!13
|{{Nowrap|Pooja ↑}}
| {{N/A}}
|2,500
|}

===BB Verse===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:86%; line-height:30px; "
|-
! style="background:#43B3A3; color:black; " |Weeks
! style="background:#43B3A3; color:black; " |Contestants entered
! style="background:#43B3A3; color:black; " |Task
!style="background: #43B3A3; color:black; " |Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |Week 1
|Cyrus
| rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|Cyrus gets to ate food till Jad reads the}} shown content correctly while mud being poured on him.
| rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|Jad was able to read correctly }}for more than a few minutes.
|-
|Jad
|-
| rowspan="3" |Week 2
|Abhishek
| rowspan="3" |Contestants had to decide who should be evicted from three of them till the timer goes on.
| rowspan="3" |Housemates lost eggs and access to bathroom for one week.
|-
|Akanksha
|-
|Jiya
|-
| rowspan="4" |Week 3
|Abhishek
| rowspan="4" |Housemates had to name one contestant whom they think should not become captain again for rest of the season.
| rowspan="4" |Abhishek was abolished from Captaincy for rest of the season.
|-
|Falaq
|-
|Jad
|-
|Jiya
|-
| rowspan="2" |Week 4
|Aashika
| rowspan="2" |Housemates had to decide whom they should think become servant.
| rowspan="2" |Housemates decided that Elvish will become servant for all the housemates for one week and they also gave him three veto cards to reject any three requests by housemates.
|-
|Elvish
|-
|Week 5
|Jiya
|She has to decide what she wants to take; Abhishek's Captaincy, Avinash's bracelet Or Pooja's bangles
|She chose Abhishek's Captaincy.
|-
|rowspan="2"|Week 6
|Abhishek
|rowspan="2" |They had to decide one item among coffee, curds and eggs which only they both would be able to share and the rest of the two items would not come in the weekly ration. They also had to sacrifice one existing item in the house to avail the new item.
|rowspan="2" |They chose eggs and sacrificed pumpkin.
|-
|Avinash
|}

===Jail Punishment===
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!
! colspan="2" |Week 1
!Week 2
!Week 3
!Week 4
!Week 5
!Week 6
!Week 7
!Week 8
|-
! Punishment by
|'''Housemates'''
| bgcolor="gold" | '''Falaq'''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
| bgcolor="gold" |'''Jiya'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
|'''Housemates'''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Punishment given to
|'''Bebika'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Aaliya'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Manisha'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Manisha'''
|-
|'''Akanksha'''
|}

==Weekly summary==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
! rowspan="11" style="background:#43B3A3;" | Week 1
!Entrances
|On Grand Premiere, Falaq, Jiya, Abhishek, Cyrus, Manisha, Jad, Avinash, Bebika, Aaliya, Puneet and Pooja entered the house.
On Day 2, Akanksha and Palak entered the house.
|-
!Twists
|
*As soon as Akanksha and Palak entered the house, they were nominated for eviction. A few hours later, Bigg Boss announced that the audience had to vote for one of them. Fortunately for Akanksha, she received the majority of the votes and was able to stay in the house. However, Palak still had a chance to stay by collecting 30,000 BB Currency from the other housemates. She managed to do so and earned a spot in the house.
*On Day 3, Bigg Boss instructed all the housemates to contribute their BB Currency to a chest called 'Tijori'. This currency would be used collectively by everyone in the house. The total amount collected was 3,19,000 BB Currency.
|-

! rowspan="3" |Captaincy Task
|On Day 4 in the Bigg Boss house, the two content creators, Cyrus and Abhishek, were given a task by Bigg Boss to select one housemate each as a contender for captaincy. Cyrus opted for Falaq, while Abhishek chose Akanksha. Both pairs were tasked with creating an entertaining 'video' in the Activity Area, behind their prop TV and Phone screen frames. The audience would then vote to decide which content was more entertaining, and the winners would receive a reward of 2 kg of any personal ration item. Additionally, the winning creator would also secure captaincy for their partner. After the audience voted, it was Cyrus-Falaq who emerged victorious. As a result, Cyrus chose to take 2 kg of mutton.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white; | Winner (Captaincy Task) - Falaq Naaz
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;| Failed (Captaincy Task) - Akanksha Puri
|-
|style="background:#cfc;|'''House Captain'''
|style="background:#cfc;|'''Falaq Naaz'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|
''' Jaadui Jungle '''

All housemates were called into the Activity Area. Each housemate was supposed to nominate others for eviction, by paying a specific amount of BB Currency into the ‘Jaadui Wishing Gulak’.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;
|+
!No. of Housemates
to Nominate
!Amount of
BB Currency
|-
|1 Housemate
|2,000
|-
|2 Housemates
|2,500
|-
|3 Housemates
|3,000
|}
Total BB Currency Spent: 27,500 out of 3,19,000
|-
|Avinash, Bebika, Jiya and Palak were nominated for first-week eviction
|-
!Tasks
|During Day 4, Bigg Boss introduced the 'BB Vending Machine,' a new method for obtaining household ration. The vending machine was placed in the garden area. Whenever Bigg Boss played a specific sound, which sounded like items falling from a vending machine, the housemates could use their BB Currency to purchase items for their weekly ration. Every item had a varying cost. However, this system was discontinued on Day 9, along with BB Currency.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;
|+
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Coffee '''
25,000/-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Eggs '''
10,000/-
| bgcolor=beige|''' Bhindi (Okra) '''
5,000/-
|-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Greek '''
''' Yogurt '''

45,000/-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Tomato '''
15,000/-
| bgcolor=beige|''' Bread '''
30,000/-
|-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Dal (Lentil) '''
20,000/-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Mutton '''
75,000/-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Onion '''
10,000/-
|-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Dairy '''
35,000/-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Chicken '''
65,000/-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Potato '''
10,000/-
|-
|bgcolor=beige| ''' Atta (Flour) '''
30,000/-
| bgcolor=beige|''' Rice '''
40,000/-
| bgcolor=beige|''' Tea '''
10,000/-
|}
|-
!Punishments
|On Day 5, Aaliya, Akanksha and Bebika were selected by housemates to be imprisoned in the Jail
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|• On Day 1, Puneet Kumar was ejected by housemates from the house due to constant breaking of rules and creating a nuisance.
• On Day 7, Palak Purswani was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="15" style="background:#43B3A3;" | Week 2
!Entrances
|• On Day 13, Abdu Rozik entered the house as a guest.
|-
! rowspan="3" |Nominations
|'''Circle of Truth'''
In the Activity Area, all the housemates were assembled for a new round of nominations. Bigg Boss would call out the name of one housemate at a time, and their fellow housemates would have the opportunity to nominate them for eviction by activating the light in front of them and providing a reason for their decision. Falaq, as the captain, was immune from nominations, but Akanksha opted not to nominate anyone to increase her chances of getting out of jail. However, she remained vulnerable to being nominated by others.
|-
|Aaliya and Jiya were nominated for second-week eviction
|-
|Abhishek, Akanksha and Jiya were nominated for second-week eviction
|-
! rowspan="2" |Twists
|The concept of BB Currency has been abolished and this week is now known as 'Team vs Team Week'. Both teams will compete in all tasks and activities created by Bigg Boss, with the winning teams receiving luxury ration, items, and special rights. Each victory will earn the winning team a point on their scoreboard. At the end of the week, the team with the most points will be rewarded with a special ability.
{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
! style="background:black; color:white; " | Team A
! style="background:white; color:black; " | Team B
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Avinash'''
|'''Aaliya'''
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Bebika'''
|'''Abhishek'''
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Cyrus'''
|'''Akanksha'''
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Falaq'''
|'''Jad'''
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Manisha'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Jiya'''
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Pooja'''
|}
'''Tabadla'''
{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
! style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Team A'''
! style="background:white; color:black; " | '''Team B'''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Avinash'''
|'''Abhishek'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Akanksha'''
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Cyrus'''
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Falaq'''
|'''Jad'''
|-
|style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Bebika'''
|'''Jiya'''
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; " | '''Pooja'''
|'''Manisha'''
|}
|-
| '''Scorecard'''
{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
! style="background:black; color:white; " |Team A
!style="background:white; color:black; " |Team B
|-
| style="background:black; color:white; "|
| '''♟︎ ♟︎'''
|}
|-
|style="background:#cfc;|'''House Captain'''
|style="background:#cfc;|'''<s>Jad Hadid</s>''' '''Abhishek Malhan'''
|-
! rowspan="6" |Tasks
|'''Toy Factory'''
The garden area was transformed into a Toy Factory for the 'Team v/s Team Week.' Each team had to create sock puppets using the available thread and needle at their workstations. During each round, the first siren sound indicated that wool, buttons, and socks were about to be sent into the house through a ramp, and puppet creation had to be paused.

When the second siren sound played, only two members from each team were allowed to take as many supplies as needed. Once the supplies were taken, puppet creation could resume. Only the chosen team members could work behind the workstation to create puppets, while the rest had to wait.

Pooja and Aaliya were assigned as quality-assurance managers for the opposing teams. Once one side created 10 puppets, the quality-assurance manager of the opposite team had to either 'Reject' or 'Approve' the puppets, providing a reason for any rejections. The approved and rejected puppets of each team were placed into separate boxes labelled 'Approved' and 'Rejected.'

At the end of the task, the team with the most approved sock puppets would win the challenge and receive Premium Ration and the privilege of not having to do any household duties for the week. Conversely, the losing team would receive a basic ration and be responsible for performing the household duties for the week.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;| Winner - Team B (Aaliya, Abhishek, Akanksha, Jad and Jiya)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;| Failed - Team A (Avinash, Bebika, Cyrus, Falaq, Manisha and Pooja)
|-
|'''Dare Task'''
As the final challenge of the 'Team versus Team Week,' this task will determine the ultimate winner. There will be two rounds, each lasting an hour.

In the first round, Team A can dare or challenge Team B to complete a task or challenge of their choosing. The nature of the dare will be entirely up to Team A. However, Team B will have the freedom to decide whether they want to accept and complete the task or not.

In the second round, roles will swap, and Team B will have the chance to dare or challenge Team A with a task of their choosing. Once again, it will be Team A's choice whether to accept or decline the challenge.

After the task, viewers will vote to determine which team performed better in completing their respective challenges. The winning team, based on viewer votes, will be granted the privilege of selecting a member from their team to become the next House Captain.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;| Winner - Team B (Abhishek, Akanksha, Jad, Jiya and Manisha)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;| Failed - Team A (Avinash, Bebika, Cyrus, Falaq and Pooja)
|-
!Punishments
|On Day 11, Abhishek, Akanksha and Jiya were nominated as a punishment for discussing future nominations.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|• On Day 11, Aaliya Siddiqui was evicted after facing public votes in a mid-week eviction. 
• On Day 15, Akanksha Puri was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#43B3A3;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|Each housemate must nominate two housemates by using the ‘Rejected’ stamp and stamping it onto the face of the housemate they want to nominate. As a result, Avinash, Bebika, Cyrus, Falaq, Jad, Jiya, and Manisha were nominated for third-week eviction.
|-
|After the ''Satta Badal'' Task, Avinash, Bebika, Cyrus, Falaq, Jad, Manisha and Pooja were nominated for third-week eviction
|-
! rowspan="4" |Captaincy Task
|'''Satta Badal - Fall of Captaincy'''
In the garden area, there was a buzzer enclosed by a red square. All the housemates had to wait outside the red border until the siren was played. The first person to press the buzzer after the siren would get the chance to eliminate one housemate from the captaincy race. To do this, they had to walk up the Red Carpet, climb the stairs, and throw the chosen housemate's picture into the pool.

The housemate whose photo remained hanging at the end would become the captain and could save themselves or another housemate from nominations. They had the option to replace the saved housemate with a safe one. The winner of the task would take all the picture magnets of the housemates and a red tick from Abhishek's profile and put them on their profile.
|-
|'''Satta Badal - Torture Task'''
In the garden area, a throne was set up for Jiya, the Captain of the house on Bigg Boss. The other housemates had to distract her and try to get her off the throne without physically violating her. The task would start when the first siren was played and would last for about 3 hours. Jiya could return to her seat when the second siren was played.

The housemate who successfully managed to get Jiya off the throne during the task would become the next Captain of the house. If Jiya managed to stay on the throne until the second siren, she would keep her position as the Captain of the House.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;| Winner - Jiya Shankar
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;|Failed - Rest of the Housemates
|-
| style="background:#cfc;|'''House Captain'''
| style="background:#cfc; | <s>'''Abhishek Malhan'''</s> '''Jiya Shankar'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tasks
|'''Buzzer of Complaints'''
In the living area, Bigg Boss placed a buzzer for the housemates to press when the first siren sounded. The first person to press the buzzer would get a chance to present their complaint about Jiya's Captaincy. Both the complainant and Jiya would select a Jury to hear the case.

When the next siren sounded, the complainant's explanation would come to an end, and the Jury would deliberate to determine whether Jiya was guilty of the complaints or not. Based on the arguments presented during the task, the Jury would be responsible for making the final decision regarding Jiya's Captaincy.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Complainer
!Complainer's Jury
!Jiya's Jury
!Guilty or Not
|-
|Bebika
|Pooja
|Abhishek
| style="background:lightgreen; |Not Guilty
|-
|Manisha
|Abhishek
|Avinash
| style="background:salmon; | Guilty
|}
|-
|'''Ranking Task'''
Housemates had to mutually decide and rank each housemate from 1-9 based on contribution
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Rank
!Housemate
|-
|1
|Abhishek
|-
|2
|Pooja
|-
|3
|Falaq
|-
|4
|Jiya
|-
|5
|Avinash
|-
|6
|Manisha
|-
|7
|Bebika
|-
|8
|Cyrus
|-
|9
|Jad
|}
|-
!rowspan="2"|Punishments
|• On Day 15, Jad Hadid was nominated by Salman Khan for next week as a punishment for breaching the rules of the show.
|-
| • On Day 22, Abhishek Malhan was banned from participating for becoming the captain by the housemate's decision.
|-style="background:salmon;"
!rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|• On Day 16, Abdu Rozik exited the house.
|-style="background:#ccc;"
|• On Day 22, no eviction took place.
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#43B3A3;" | Week 4
!Entrances
|On Day 26, Elvish Yadav and Aashika Bhatia entered as wild card entrants.
|-
! rowspan="1" |Nominations
|Avinash, Bebika, Falaq, Manisha and Pooja were nominated for fourth-week eviction.
|-
| style="background:#cfc;|'''House Captain'''
| style="background:#cfc; | '''Jiya Shankar'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tasks
|'''BB Junkyard'''

During the task, a truck horn honked five times. The housemates had to choose a valuable possession to sacrifice to Jiya and Abhishek each time the horn sounded. It was up to the pair to accept or reject the offers. All accepted items were destroyed. After accepting an item, Jiya and Abhishek would reveal the name of the next nominee.

Jiya was exempt from nominations because she was the house captain, while Abhishek was saved by viewers who voted on the JioCinema app.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;"
|+
!Sacrificer
!Item of Sacrifice
!Accepted or Rejected
!Nominee
|-
|Falaq
|Perfume
| style="background:lightgreen; " | Accepted
|Bebika
|-
|Falaq
|Family Photo
| style="background:lightgreen; " | Accepted
|Manisha
|-
|Pooja
|Bangles
| style="background:lightgreen; " | Accepted
|Falaq
|-
|Avinash
|Bracelet
| style="background:lightgreen; " | Accepted
|Pooja
|-
|Falaq
|Ring
| style="background:lightgreen; " | Accepted
|Avinash
|}
|-
| '''BB Tours & Travels'''
For this task, a well-known social media influencer would enter the house as a guest every time the doorbell rang. The objective for the housemates was to win each round by completely disregarding the guest's presence.

The challenge tested the housemates' ability to resist any interaction or acknowledgement of the guest. The goal was to maintain composure and focus on ignoring the guest. The round was considered successful if the housemates managed to ignore the guest throughout their stay in the house until the next doorbell rang for the next round of the task.
{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Guest
!Ignored or Acknowledged
|-
|Dipraj Jadhav
| style="background:lightgreen; " | Ignored
|-
|Miss Malini
| style="background:lightgreen; " |Ignored
|-
|Snehil Mehra
| style="background:lightgreen; " |Ignored
|-
|RJ Malishka
| style="background:lightgreen; " |Ignored
|-
|Danny Pandit
| style="background:lightgreen; " |Ignored
|}
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|• On Day 23, Cyrus Broacha walked out of the house due to health issues.
• On Day 28, no eviction took place.
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#43B3A3;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|There is a large lion statue in the activity area. Whenever a specific song plays, the housemates are required to enter the activity area. Once inside, only one person can make a nomination. The person nominating may only choose the housemate whose locket they have been assigned. When a housemate is nominated, they must sit in the lion's mouth and have red liquid poured on them. As Manisha is the Captain this week, she is not eligible to be nominated or nominate another housemate. However, the housemates are allowed to discuss nominations for this task. The table below highlights the nominated housemates in red.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Housemate
!Image on Locket
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Aashika
| style="background:salmon; " | Jad
|-
|Abhishek
| style="background:salmon; " | Falaq
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Avinash
| style="background:salmon; " | Aashika
|-
|Bebika
|Pooja
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Elvish
| style="background:salmon; " | Avinash
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Falaq
| style="background:salmon; " | Elvish
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Jad
| style="background:salmon; " | Jiya
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Jiya
|Abhishek
|-
|Pooja
|Bebika
|}
|-
|Avinash, Falaq, Elvish, Jad, Jiya and Aashika were nominated for fifth-week eviction.
|-
| style="background:#cfc;|'''House Captain'''
| style="background:#cfc; | '''Manisha Rani'''
|-
! rowspan="5" |Tasks
|'''BB Health Camp'''
During the activity, three housemates will assume the roles of three different doctors. Each doctor must examine at least four patients and choose one of them to treat at the end of the round. In the first round, Abhishek will be the Eye Specialist and will select patients based on their lack of direction or strategy in the house. After his round, Abhishek will ring a bell and announce the four patients he has chosen to treat, then have them read a Snellen Chart.

In the second round, Jiya will act as an Oral Dentist and will choose patients whose language is vulgar and offensive. At the end of her round, she must select one of her four patients and provide them with an entire beaker of mouthwash to use.

Finally, Avinash will play the role of a Physiotherapist and will choose lazy housemates as his patients. At the end of his round, he will splash a bucket of water on his patient to wake them up.

The table below highlights the patients who were selected for treatment in red.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
|+
!Doctor
!Patients
|-
| rowspan="4" |Abhishek
|Falaq
|-
|Bebika
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Elvish
|-
|Aashika
|-
| rowspan="4" |Jiya
|Manisha
|-
|Bebika
|-
|Falaq
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Elvish
|-
| rowspan="4" |Avinash
|Manisha
|-
|Bebika
|-
|Jad
|-
| style="background:salmon; " | Aashika
|}
|-
|'''Elvish Ka Raj'''
Elvish has completed his BB Verse punishment and is now in charge of directing the other house residents. In the garden, there is a designated throne for Elvish where he will oversee three rounds of tasks. When the trumpet sounds, all housemates must gather around the throne. Elvish will then point out any mistakes made by the residents in their household duties. When the whistle sounds, the housemates must march around the garden area twice while chanting "Captain Elvish ki Jai Ho" (meaning "Long Live Captain Elvish").

When the buzzer sounds, the housemates must line up in the garden area, and Elvish will choose one housemate. This chosen housemate must sit on the "Video of Shame" chair and praise Elvish while saying negative things about themselves. This video will then be uploaded to social media.
|-
|The upcoming captain for next week will be determined through a task. There are five candidates for the captaincy, namely Avinash, Bebika, Falaq, Jad, and Pooja. They need to mold their 'BB' signs using clay in the garden area. The first siren sound signals the start of each round, and candidates can only begin shaping their signs then. The second siren sound signals the end of the round.

The supervisor, Abhishek, will evaluate each sign and declare the winner for that round based on the best-shaped sign. The winner of each round will remove the image of the candidate they want to eliminate from the race to become the captain from the board placed in the garden area. The task will continue in the next round.

The candidate whose image remains until the final round will become the captain for the next week. The other housemates, including Abhishek, can help shape the candidate they support but cannot defend their signs from others' interference.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;| Winner (Captaincy Task) - Pooja Bhatt
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;| Failed (Captaincy Task) - Avinash Sachdev, Bebika Dhurve, Falaq Naaz and Jad Hadid
|-style="background:salmon;"
!style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|• On Day 36, Falaq Naaz got evicted after facing housemate's votes.
|-
! rowspan="16" style="background:#43B3A3;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" |Twists
|Pooja Got A Power To Save One Contestant By Giving Green Apple And She Chose Abhishek To Save
|-
|Since Elvish and Jiya had the same amount of toys and pearls in the Toy Shop Task, Bigg Boss asked the rest of the housemates if either of the, should receive Ticket To Finale, or nobody at all should receive the opportunity, The Housemates chose that nobody should receive the Ticket to Finale.
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|'''Nominations Ka Jaadui Jungle'''
The activity area turned into a magical Jaadui Jungle, complete with a massive tree loaded with red apples. Pooja was chosen as the jungle's guard. Whenever Bigg Boss called a housemate's name, they had to head to the tree. Pooja was there to dish out a minimum of one and a maximum of three apples. Each apple indicated how many fellow housemates that person could nominate for eviction.
Dangling amid the apples was a single green one. Pooja could use this special green apple to rescue a housemate from the threat of nominations. Pooja chose Abhishek and saved him from nominations.

Since Pooja was the captain, she couldn't be nominated for eviction.
|-
|Manisha And Aashika were nominated for sixth-week nominations
|-
|style="background:#cfc;|'''House Captain'''
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''Pooja Bhatt'''
|-
! rowspan="10" |Tasks
| '''Angels v/s Devils'''

In this task, there are two teams: Angels and Devils. The Angel's team included Abhishek, Avinash, Jad, and Manisha, while the Devil's team included Aashika, Bebika, Elvish, and Jiya.

The Angels have to follow a set of six rules:

1. The Angels must speak softly at all times.

2. The Angels must remain calm and not get angry.

3. The Angels must refrain from crying.

4. The Angels should address others using 'Aap' ''(Hindi: formal for "you") ''.

5. The Angels must always respond to others and never ignore anyone.

6. The Angels can only eat bland food.

The Devils' objective is to make the Angels break these rules. The Devils can target one Angel at a time. If an Angel breaks a rule, the task continues, and the Angel isn't eliminated. Pooja supervises the task.

At the end of the task, Pooja decides the winner. The winning team gets a luxury meal as their reward.
{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Rule Broken by Angels
!Rule Broken By
|-
|The Angels must refrain from crying
|Manisha
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;| Winner (Angels v/s Devils Task) - Devils (Aashika, Bebika, Elvish and Jiya)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;| Failed (Angels v/s Devils Task) - Angels (Abhishek, Avinash, Jad and Manisha)
|-
|'''Ticket To Finale - Viral Videos'''

In this task, three teams are participating:

Team A - Avinash, Jad, and Aashika

Team B - Pooja, Abhishek, and Manisha

Team C - Elvish, Bebika, and Jiya

Each round starts when the first buzzer is played. In the first round, Team A attempts to entertain the audience. When the second buzzer sounds, it's Team B's turn to engage the audience. Similarly, when the third buzzer is played, it's Team C's opportunity to captivate the audience.

Following the performances of each team, the audience votes for their favorite. The team that accumulates the highest number of votes wins the privilege to participate in the final "Ticket to Finale" Task.

|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;| Winner (Viral Videos Task) - Team C (Elvish, Bebika and Jiya)
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;| Failed (Viral Videos Task) - Team A & B (Aashika, Abhishek, Avinash, Jad, Manisha and Pooja)
|-
|Since Team C won the previous task, only Elvish, Bebika, and Jiya can participate as candidates for the Ticket To Finale in this task. The winner of this task not only wins the Ticket to Finale but also becomes the Captain of the house.

In the garden area, there are three toy shops, one for each of the candidates. Bebika, Elvish and Jiya were the shopkeepers. When the horn sounds, it indicates that the BB Warehouse is restocked with toys, and the shopkeepers can go and collect their toys for their shops. The rest of the housemates have bags full of pearls used as currency to buy these toys from the toy shops. The price of the toys is entirely up to the shopkeeper and the housemate's negotiation skills. The shopkeeper must always place the pearls they earn, in a steel container, present at their shop.

When the sound of kids laughing is played, the housemates can buy toys in return for pearls from their chosen shops. When the sound of a shuttle going down is played, the housemates can steal toys and pearls from any shop, and the shopkeeper has to step out of the shop. This continues until the next kids laughing sound is played.
|-
| style="background:lightgrey;" |'' No winner''
|-
|'''Ration Task'''
In this task, Pooja auditions the housemates. Each time the chime sound is played, Bigg Boss announces the role Pooja has to cast for. Pooja's office setup opens up in the activity area. She announces the names of the housemates who could fit into that role and invites them for auditions. Bigg Boss calls in a housemate to Pooja's office one by one for the audition. After each audition, Pooja announces which housemate she believes fits the role. She then places that housemate's photo next to their designated role on the board in her office.

Pooja's casting process is observed and judged by the audience. At the end of the task, the audience votes to decide whether they agree with Pooja's casting choices or not. If the audience agrees, the housemates receive premium ration. If not, they receive basic ration.
|-
!The audience disagrees with Pooja's casting decisions; as a result, the housemates receive basic ration.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|• On Day 42, Aashika Bhatia was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="12" style="background:#43B3A3;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|'''Room of Dilemma'''
Bigg Boss calls a pair of housemates into the activity area, which is set up as the 'Room of Dilemma'. In this room, there are cutouts of two housemates, each with a buzzer placed in front of them. The pair of housemates facing the dilemma must mutually agree and decide to nominate one of the two housemates whose cutouts are present. Once they make their decision, they press the buzzer in front of the chosen housemate's cutout to indicate their nomination.

{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Pair of Housemates
! colspan="2" |Nominees
|-
|Elvish-Bebika
| style="background:salmon;" | Jiya
|Pooja
|-
|Abhishek-Manisha
|Elvish
| style="background:salmon;" | Jad
|-
|Pooja-Avinash
|Bebika
| style="background:salmon;" | Manisha
|-
|Jad-Jiya
| style="background:salmon;" | Avinash
|Abhishek
|}
{{smalldiv|1=: Housemates in {{red|Red}} were nominated. }}
|-
|Avinash, Jad, Jiya and Manisha were nominated for the seventh-week eviction
|-
|style="background:#cfc;|'''House Captain'''
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''Abhishek Malhan'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Captaincy Task
|During the BB Hotel Task, Pooja and Abhishek emerged as the top performers by collecting the maximum number of stars. As a result, they were the only contenders who could participate in the final Captaincy Task.

The task was set up in the garden area, which had three ramps descending from the ceiling. Whenever a bike bell sound was played, fruits would roll down these ramps. The remaining housemates had the responsibility of collecting the fruits and deciding whether to place them in Pooja or Abhishek's basket. This choice was entirely up to them.

Only Pooja and Abhishek were authorized to remove fruits from each other's baskets, and they had the responsibility of guarding their baskets. The objective of this task was to collect as many fruits as possible and secure them in their respective baskets.

At the end of the task, the housemate with the highest number of fruits in their basket would be declared the final Captain of the house and the first finalist of the season.
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;| Winner - Abhishek Malhan
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;| Failed - Pooja Bhatt
|-
! rowspan="5" |Tasks
|'''Family Week - BB Hotel'''

In this task, the housemates have a chance to meet their family members. The house is transformed into the 'BB Hotel'. Bigg Boss announces each round, and the hotel manager, Abhishek, decides the staff role for each housemate. The roles include one receptionist, two chefs, and four housekeepers. After the roles are decided, Abhishek places the names of the housemates next to their assigned jobs on a board in the garden area. Then, the guests, who are the family members, enter the house. Once the guests' time is up, they give a star to a housemate who isn't their family member. At the end of the task, the two housemates with the most stars become candidates for the next week's Captaincy.
{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Housemate
!Guest/Family Member
!Star Given to
|-
|Avinash
|Pooja Sachdev - Mother
|Pooja
|-
|Manisha
|Manoj Kumar Chandi - Father
|Abhishek
|-
|Abhishek
|Dimple Malhan - Mother
|Elvish
|-
|Jiya
|Surekha Gavli - Mother
|Pooja
|-
|Pooja
|Mahesh Bhatt - Father
|Bebika
|-
|Elvish
|Ram Avtar Yadav - Father
|Abhishek
|-
|Bebika
|Shriram Dhurve - Father
|Pooja
|}
{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Housemate
!Total Stars
|-
|Avinash
|0
|-
|Manisha
|0
|-
|Abhishek
|⭐⭐
|-
|Jiya
|0
|-
|Pooja
|⭐⭐⭐
|-
|Elvish
|⭐
|-
|Bebika
|⭐
|}
|-
! style="background:#087830;color:white;| Winners (BB Hotel Task) - Abhishek Malhan and Pooja Bhatt
|-
! style="background:#CF1020;color:white;| Failed (BB Hotel Task) - Rest of the housemates
|-
|'''Ration Task - Punishment Zone'''
A task consisting of three rounds was conducted in the garden area, where a punishment zone was set up. In each round, Bigg Boss announced certain criteria or characteristics of a housemate, and Abhishek was responsible for selecting a housemate who he thought best met the criteria. After that, Bigg Boss announced one of three punishments: 'Laundry Zone', 'Boot Polish', or 'Joker Zone'.

The housemate picked by Abhishek had to complete the assigned punishment until Bigg Boss declared its end. The better Abhishek's selection was in choosing the housemate who fit the criteria, the better the ration they would receive.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;"
|+
!Criteria
!Housemate Chosen By Abhishek
!Punishment
!Status
|-
|Who Played the Game the Worst
|Bebika
|Laundry Zone
| style="background:lightgreen; " |Completed
|-
|Who Entered the House as a Star, But Now is Irrelevant
|Manisha
|Boot Polish
| style="background:lightgreen; " |Completed
|-
|Who Gossips and Doesn't Voice Out Their Opinions Upfront
|Avinash and Jiya
|Jokers Zone
| style="background:salmon; " |Incomplete
|}
|-
!Because the task was not completed, basic ration was granted.
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|
*On Day 49, Jad Hadid was evicted after facing public votes.
*On Day 49, Avinash Sachdev was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#43B3A3;" | Week 8
!Twists
|''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nominations
|In this task, there are three teams: Elvish-Manisha, Abhishek-Jiya, and Pooja-Bebika.
The activity area is transformed into the 'Room of Truth'. In each round, Bigg Boss announces which pair has to perform. One housemate from the pair goes into the Room of Truth and talks about the other housemates and their journey. The other person in the pair sits in the living area and counts to twenty-seven minutes. Once they believe that twenty-seven minutes have passed, they walk into the Room of Truth and hit the gong to signal the end of the twenty-seven minutes.
{| class="wikitable"style=" text-align:center;
|+
!Pairs
!Time
|-
|Pooja-Bebika
|30:24 Min
|-
|Abhishek-{{red|Jiya}}
|39:55 Min
|-
|{{Red|Elvish-Manisha}}
|38:41 Min
|}
{{smalldiv|1=: Housemates in {{red|Red}} were nominated. }}
At the conclusion, the pair with the closest time to twenty-seven minutes wins the task and becomes safe from final nominations. They also become the next finalists of the show. The remaining pairs would be nominated. Abhishek, being the Captain, cannot be nominated.
|-
|Elvish, Manisha and Jiya were nominated for final-week eviction.
|-
|style="background:#cfc;|'''House Captain'''
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''Abhishek Malhan'''
|-
!Tasks
|''None''
|-style="background:salmon;"
! style="background:salmon;" |Exits
|On Day 54, Jiya Shankar was evicted after facing public votes for a mid-week eviction.
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:gold; color: black; " |Day 59 Grand Finale
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#FF69D4; style="text-align:center;"|4th Runner Up
! style="text-align:center;"style="background:#FF69D4; |Pooja Bhatt
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#DDA0DD; |3rd Runner-up
! style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center" |Bebika Dhurve
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center" |2nd Runner-up
! style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center"|Manisha Rani
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center" |1st Runner-up
! style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center" |Abhishek Malhan
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" |Winner
! style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" |Elvish Yadav
|}

==Nominations table==


<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
| colspan="4" style="width: 5%;" bgcolor="gold" |'''Week 8'''
|-
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 1
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 2
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 3
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 9
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 11
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 16
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 18
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 31
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 36
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Day 54
| colspan="2" bgcolor="gold" |'''Day 59'''
|- style="background:#C2DFFF;" |
! Nominees for Captaincy
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5| ''No Captain''
| colspan="2" | Akanksha Falaq
| Abhishek Akanksha Jiya Jad Manisha
| Abhishek Avinash Bebika Cyrus Falaq Jiya Manisha Pooja
| style="background:#E5E5E5|''No Nominees''
|Avinash Manisha
| colspan="2" | <s>Elvish</s> Avinash Bebika Falaq Jad Pooja
| Bebika Elvish Jiya
| colspan="2" | Abhishek Pooja
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! House Captain
|colspan="2" | '''Falaq'''
| '''<s>Jad</s> Abhishek'''
| '''<s>Abhishek</s> Jiya'''
| '''Jiya'''
| '''Manisha'''
| colspan="2" | '''Pooja'''
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Captain''
| colspan="2" | '''Abhishek'''
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| Aaliya
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Bebika Falaq
| Pooja {{nowrap|(to evict)}}
| colspan="1" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Falaq
| Abhishek (to save)
| 39:55 Min
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|-
! colspan="16" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! {{nowrap|Eject Puneet}}
! ''None''
! colspan="2" | Evict
! ''None''
! colspan="3" | Evict
! {{nowrap|Evict / Save}}
! colspan="3" | Evict
! 27 Min
! colspan="2" | WIN
|-
| colspan="16" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Elvish
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| Avinash (to evict)
| Falaq
| Avinash Bebika
| Jiya
| 38:41 Min
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#73FB76;" | '''''Winner''''' (Day 59)
|-
! Abhishek
| No
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Avinash
| Bebika Cyrus
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''<s>House Captain</s>''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Falaq (to evict)
| Falaq
| Bebika
| Jad
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up'''''}} (Day 59)
|-
! Manisha
| No
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Jiya Palak
| Jiya
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" | Falaq Jiya
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Falaq
| Avinash Jiya
| Jad
| 38:41 Min
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''''2nd runner-up''''' (Day 59)}}
|-
! Bebika
| Yes
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Akanksha Falaq Jiya
| Aaliya Abhishek Akanksha Jiya
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" | Jiya Manisha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Pooja (to save)
| Falaq
| Aashika Elvish Manisha
| Jiya
| 30:24 Min
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|'''3rd runner-up'''}} (Day 59)
|-
! Pooja
| Yes
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Palak
| Aaliya
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" | Cyrus Manisha
| Falaq
| Bebika (to save)
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Manisha
| 30:24 Min
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FF69D4;" |{{nowrap|'''4th runner-up'''}} (Day 59)
|-
! Jiya
| Yes
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Bebika
| Avinash Bebika
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, white 50%, #cfc 50%);" |Avinash Bebika
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Abhishek (to save)
| Falaq
| Aashika Manisha
| Avinash
| 39:55 Min
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 54)
|-
! Avinash
| Yes
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Abhishek Bebika Palak
| Aaliya Jiya
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" | Cyrus Manisha
| Pooja
| Aashika (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 3''
| Manisha Aashika
| Manisha
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted '' (Day 50)
|-
! Jad
| Yes
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Bebika Manisha
| bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;"|Bebika Pooja
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Jiya (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 3''
| Aashika Elvish Manisha
| Avinash
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 50)
|-
! Aashika
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| Jad (to evict)
| Falaq
| Jad
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 43)
|-
! Falaq
| Yes
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Bebika
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| colspan="2" | Cyrus Manisha
| Avinash Bebika Manisha
| Elvish (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 3''
| colspan="5" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 36)
|-
! Cyrus
| Yes
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Palak
| Abhishek
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" | Avinash Jiya
| colspan="8" style="background:#fcf;" |''Walked'' (Day 23)
|-
! Akanksha
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Bebika
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="10" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 15)
|-
! Aaliya
| No
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Bebika
| Avinash Cyrus Pooja
| colspan="11" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 11)
|-
! Palak
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Avinash Bebika 
| colspan="12" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 8)
|-
! Puneet
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="14" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected by Housemates '' (Day 1)
|-
! colspan="16" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| [[#endnote 1|1]],[[#endnote 2|2]]
| [[#endnote 3|3]]
| [[#endnote 4|4]]
| [[#endnote 5|5]],[[#endnote 6|6]]
| [[#endnote 7|7]]
| colspan="2" | [[#endnote 8|8]], [[#endnote 9|9]]
| [[#endnote 10|10]],[[#endnote 11|11]]
| colspan="10" {{n/a|None}}
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
! Against public vote
| bgcolor="#ccc" |''None''
| Akanksha Palak
| Avinash Bebika Jiya Palak
| Aaliya Jiya
| Abhishek Akanksha Jiya
| colspan="2" | Avinash Bebika Cyrus Falaq Jad <s>Jiya</s> Manisha Pooja
| Avinash Bebika Falaq Manisha Pooja
| Aashika Avinash Elvish Falaq Jad Jiya
| Avinash Falaq Jad
| Aashika Manisha
| Avinash Jad Jiya Manisha
| Elvish Jiya Manisha
| colspan="2" | '''Abhishek Bebika Elvish Manisha Pooja'''
|-
! Ejected
| style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''Puneet'''
| colspan="14" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Walked
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#fcf;" |'''Cyrus'''
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Evicted
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Palak'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Aaliya'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Akanksha'''
| rowspan="3" colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#BFFF00;" |'''Falaq'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Aashika'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Avinash'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Jiya'''
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''Pooja'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Bebika'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Manisha'''
|-
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Jad'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Abhishek'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Elvish'''
|}
</blockquote>
'''Color keys'''
: {{Color box|#cfc}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#C2DFFF}} indicates the Nominees for house captaincy.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=black}} indicates that the Housemate was safe prior to nominations.
: {{Color box|#959FFD}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction before the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner-up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner-up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner-up.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4}} indicates the fourth runner-up.
: {{Color box|#DAFF99}} indicates that the contestant has re-entered the house.
: {{Color box|#fcf}} indicates that the contestant walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B}} indicates that the contestant was ejected from the house.
: {{Color box|salmon}} indicates that the contestant was evicted.

'''Nomination notes'''
* {{note|1|1}}: On Launch Day, Akanksha and Palak were not chosen by the panellists to enter the house. They joined the house on Day 2.
* {{note|2|2}}: On Day 1, Puneet was nominated by Bigg Boss for misusing Bigg Boss property and misbehaving with fellow housemates. The housemates voted to evict him from the house.
* {{note|3|3}}: On Day 2, Akanksha and Palak faced the public vote for a few hours. Public votes saved Akanksha, and Palak was given a chance to stay only if she collected 30,000 BB Currency from other housemates. She was successful and remained in the house.
* {{note|4|4}}: In these Nominations, housemates had the option to nominate either one housemate, two housemate, or three housemates with BB Currency prices of 2000, 2500, and 3000, respectively.
* {{note|5|5}}: On Day 8, Akanksha chose to free herself from jail by giving up the chance to nominate in the next nominations.
* {{note|6|6}}: In these Nominations, Bigg Boss presented a housemate, and the housemates had to press the buzzer to nominate that housemate. Housemates had no limit on nominations.
* {{note|7|7}}: Akanksha, Abhishek, and Jiya were nominated by Bigg Boss as a punishment for discussing nominations.
* {{note|8|8}}: Jad was elected by the housemates as the Captain. Abhishek completed a secret task given by Bigg Boss and became the new House Captain.
* {{note|9|9}}: Jad was directly nominated by Salman for breaching the show's rules.
* {{note|10|10}}: Cyrus voluntarily exited the show due to a family emergency.
* {{note|11|11}}: Elvish Yadav and Aashika Bhatia entered the show as wild card entrants on Day 26 and selected Manisha as Captain for Week 5.

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
!style="background:#43B3A3; color:black; " |Week(s)
!style="background:#43B3A3; color:black; " |Day(s)
!style="background:#43B3A3; color:black; " |Guest(s)
!style="background:#43B3A3; color:black; " |Notes
|-
| rowspan="5" |Grand Premiere
| rowspan="5" |Day 0
|[[Ajay Jadeja]]
| rowspan="5" |Janta Ki Awaaz<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 premiere live updates: Puneet Superstar enters show, Salman tells him to calm down |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/bigg-boss-ott-2-premiere-live-updates-salman-khan-full-list-of-contestants-101687011693457.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Hindustan Times |date=17 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dibang]]
|-
|[[Sandiip Sikcand]]
|-
|[[Sunny Leone]]
|-
|MC Stan
|-
| rowspan="3" |Week 1
| rowspan="3" |Day 8
|[[Maniesh Paul]]
|To promote [[Rafuchakkar|''Rafuchakkkar'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 वीकेंड का वार में सलमान खान संग मनीष पॉल आएंगे नजर, पहले हफ्ते लगेगा एंटरटेनमेंट का तड़का {{!}} News in Hindi |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/bigg-boss-ott-2-weekend-ka-vaar-manish-paul-in-bb-show-with-salman-khan/1749726 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|To promote movie ''[[I Love You (2023 film)|I Love You]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2: Rakul Preet Singh Set To Join Salman Khan for 'Weekend Ka Vaar' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/bigg-boss-ott-2-rakul-preet-singh-set-to-join-salman-khan-for-weekend-ka-vaar-2626253.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|To entertain and presenting fun task<ref>{{Cite news |title=Krushna Abhishek to be seen with Salman Khan on Bigg Boss OTT 2, to host fun segments on the show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krushna-abhishek-to-be-seen-with-salman-khan-on-bigg-boss-ott-2-to-host-fun-segments-on-the-show/articleshow/100942355.cms |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |Week 2
| rowspan="3" |Day 15
|[[Gippy Grewal]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote ''[[Carry on Jatta 3]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonam Bajwa, Gippy Grewal To Grace 'Bigg Boss OTT 2' To Promote Carry on Jatta 3 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/sonam-bajwa-gippy-grewal-to-grace-bigg-boss-ott-2-to-promote-carry-on-jatta-3-2629095.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=zeenews-india-com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sonam Bajwa]]
|-
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|To entertain
|-
| rowspan="4" |Week 3
| rowspan="2" |Day 21
|[[Shafaq Naaz]]
|To interact with her sister [[Falaq Naaz]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2 Shafaq Naaz Tells Salman Khan Falaq is Not Being Herself on The Show Asks Why Are You Scared |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-ott-2-shafaq-naaz-tells-salman-khan-falaq-is-not-being-herself-on-the-show-asks-why-are-you-scared-tv-news-6156945/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Falaq Naaz's sister Shafaq tells her she's not being herself inside Bigg Boss OTT 2 house |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/falaq-naazs-sister-shafaq-tells-her-shes-not-being-herself-inside-bigg-boss-ott-2-house-101688878115257.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kunal Vijaykar]]
|To interact with his friend [[Cyrus Broacha]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |Day 22
|[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]
|To perform a task with contestants
|-
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|To entertain
|-
| rowspan="11" |Week 4
| rowspan="5" |Day 26
|Dipraj Jadhav
| rowspan="5" |To perform a special task
|-
|[[Malini Agarwal|Miss Malini]]
|-
|Snehil Mehra
|-
|[[RJ Malishka]]
|-
|Danny Pandit
|-
| rowspan="2" |Day 27-28
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
| rowspan="2" |To host Weekend ka Vaar
|-
|[[Bharti Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Day 28
|[[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]
|To promote ''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
|-
|Nishant Bhat
| rowspan="3" |For fun tasks
|-
|[[Sumedh Mudgalkar]]
|-
|[[Sumbul Touqeer]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Week 5
| rowspan="2" |Day 35
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|To entertain
|-
|Mahesh Keshwala
|To interact with his friend Abhishek Malhan
|-
| rowspan="5" |Week 6
|Day 41
|Sushma Yadav
|To interact with her son [[Elvish Yadav]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Day 42
|[[Bharti Singh]]
|To entertain
|-
|[[Vijay Varma]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote ''[[Kaalkoot]]''
|-
|[[Shweta Tripathi]]
|-
|Emiway Bantai
|To promote rap
|-
| rowspan="14" |Week 7
| rowspan="4" |Day 43
|Cattleya Hadid
|Jad Hadid's daughter
|-
|Pooja Sachdev
|[[Avinash Sachdev]]'s mother
|-
|Manoj Kumar Chandi
|[[Manisha Rani]]'s father
|-
|Dimple Malhan
|Abhishek Malhan's mother
|-
| rowspan="4" |Day 44
|Surekha Gavli
|[[Jiya Shankar]]'s mother
|-
|[[Mahesh Bhatt]]
|[[Pooja Bhatt]]'s father
|-
|Ram Avtar Yadav
|Elvish Yadav's father
|-
|Janardhan Dhurve
|Bebika Dhurve's father
|-
| rowspan="6" |Day 49
|[[Raftaar]]
| rowspan="5" |To promote Bajao
|-
|Mahira Sharma
|-
|[[Sahil Khattar]]
|-
|[[Sahil Vaid]]
|-
|[[Tanuj Virwani]]
|-
|[[Neha Kakkar]]
|To perform a fun task and present some awards
|-
| rowspan="16" |Week 8
|Day 51
|[[Urfi Javed|Uorfi Javed]]
|To encourage housemates
|-
| rowspan="3" |Day 52
|[[Kunal Vijaykar]]
| rowspan="3" |For fun food task
|-
|Devashree Sanghvi
|-
|Saloni Kukreja
|-
| rowspan="2" |Day 53
|Anunay Sood
| rowspan="2" |For travel vlogs task
|-
|Mohit Manocha
|-
|Day 54
|RJ Mahvash Amu
|For Radio BB
|-
|Day 55
|Amit Tandon
|For a fun roasting task
|-
| rowspan="2" |Day 56
|[[Tony Kakkar]]
| rowspan="2" |For live concert
|-
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |Day 57
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|To promote upcoming song
|-
|[[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
| rowspan="3" |To promote [[Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond]]
|-
|[[Elnaaz Norouzi]]
|-
|Prasanna Venkatesan
|-
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote ''[[Dream Girl 2]]''
|-
|[[Ananya Panday]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/bigg-boss-ott/3499624 ''Bigg Boss OTT''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Bigg Boss OTT}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television seasons]]

Anatolia

2026-03-23T03:04:39Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit:

{{Short description|Peninsula of Turkey in Western Asia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Asia Minor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Anatolia {{small|Asia Minor}}
| local_name = {{nobold|{{lang|tr|Anadolu}} ([[Turkish language|Turkish]])}}
| image_map = Map of the geographic region of Anatolia.png
| image_map_caption = Map of Anatolia (dark green), which according to one definition is delineated by an imprecise line from the [[Gulf of Alexandretta]] to the [[Black Sea]].<ref name=Merriam>{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&q=anatolia+geographical+dictionary&pg=PA883 |access-date=18 May 2001 |last1=Hopkins |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Staff |first2=Merriam-Webster |author3=편집부 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128204112/https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&q=anatolia+geographical+dictionary&pg=PA883 |url-status=live |quote=Anatolia: The part of Turkey in Asia equivalent to the peninsula of Asia Minor up to indefinite line on E from Gulf of Iskenderun to Black Sea comprising about three fifths of Turkey's provinces}}</ref> According to another definition, it is coterminous with the Asian part of Turkey.<ref name=anatolia_definition>
* {{harvnb|McColl|2014|p=922}}: "Thrace, its European area, is about the size of Vermont at 9,412 square mi (24,378 square km). Its Asian area (Asia Minor) is called Anatolia and covers 291,971 square mi (756,202 square km)"
* {{harvnb|Cohen|2008|p=125}}: "Anatolia, [Gr.=sunrise], Asiatic part of Turkey; its area covers 97% of all Turkey"
* {{harvnb|Tockner|Uehlinger|Robinson|2009|location=Chapter 17}}: "About 97% of the country is in Asia Minor (Anatolia) and 3% in Europe (Thrace)"
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#geography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618061436/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#geography |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2022 |title=Turkey |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=20 February 2024}}: "the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia"
* {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia |title=Anatolia |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=29 February 2024}}: "Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey"
* {{harvnb|Steadman|McMahon|2011|p=466}}
* {{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=7}}
* {{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |title=Turkey: A Country Study | Geography |year=1995 |location=Washington |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |access-date=31 May 2024}}: "The Asian part of the country is known by a variety of names--Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, the Anatolian Plateau, and Anatolia (Anadolu)"</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|39|N|35|E|type:country|display=inline,title}}
| etymology = 'The East' (from {{langx|grc|[[wikt:ἀνατολή|Ἀνατολή]]|label=[[Ancient Greek|Greek]]}}, {{transliteration|grc|Anatolḗ}})
| location = [[West Asia]]
| island_type = [[Peninsula]]
| area_km2 = 537,886
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book |author1=Stephen Mitchell |title=Anatolia: land, men, and Gods in Asia Minor |date=6 July 1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-815029-6 |url=https://libunix.ku.edu.tr/search~S9/?searchtype=t&searcharg=Anatolia%3A+Land%2C+Men%2C+and+Gods+in+Asia+Minor&searchscope=9&SORT=DZ&extended=0&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=tAnatolian+Civilizations+and+Antique+Cities+of+Turkey |volume=2 }}</ref>
| country_largest_city = [[Ankara]]
| country_largest_city_population = 5,803,482
| demonym = Anatolian
| population =
| languages = {{vunblist
| Predominantly [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref>
* {{harvnb|KONDA|2006|p=19}}
* {{harvnb|Comrie|2018|p=537}}</ref>}} {{collapsible list |title=Others:|[[Kurmanji|Kurdish]]|[[Zaza language|Zaza]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Circassian languages|Circassian]]|[[Laz language|Laz]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Georgian language|Georgian]]|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]|[[Suret language|Neo-Aramaic]]|[[Languages of Turkey|Other languages]]}}
| ethnic_groups = {{Plainlist|
*Majority: [[Turkish people|Turks]]<ref name=World_Factbook_People>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#people-and-society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618061436/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#people-and-society |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2022 |title=Turkey (Turkiye) |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="KONDA 2006 17">{{harvnb|KONDA|2006|p=17}}</ref>
*Minority: [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurds]] and [[Minorities in Turkey|other peoples]]<ref name=World_Factbook_People/><ref name="KONDA 2006 17"/>}}
| timezone1 = [[Time in Turkey|TRT]]
| utc_offset1 = +03:00
}}

'''Anatolia''' ({{langx|tr|Anadolu}}), also known as '''Asia Minor''',{{efn|Additional alternative names include '''Asian/Asiatic Turkey''', the '''Anatolian Peninsula''', and the '''Anatolian Plateau'''.}} is a [[peninsula]] in [[West Asia]] that makes up the majority of the land area of [[Turkey]]. It is the westernmost protrusion of [[Asia]] and is geographically bounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south, the [[Aegean Sea]] to the west, the [[Turkish Straits]] to the northwest, and the [[Black Sea]] to the north. The eastern and southeastern limits have been expanded either to the entirety of Asiatic Turkey<ref name="anatolia_definition" /> or to an imprecise line from the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Gulf of Alexandretta]].<ref name="Merriam" /> Topographically, the [[Sea of Marmara]] connects the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through the [[Bosporus]] and the [[Dardanelles]], and separates Anatolia from [[Thrace]] in [[Southeast Europe]].

During the [[Neolithic period]], Anatolia was an early center for the [[development of farming]] after it originated in the adjacent [[Fertile Crescent]]. Beginning around 9,000 years ago, there was a major migration of [[Anatolian Neolithic Farmers|Anatolian neolithic farmers]] into [[Neolithic Europe|Europe]], with their descendants coming to dominate the continent as far west as the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and the [[British Isles]].

The [[List of ancient peoples of Anatolia|earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia]], such as the [[Hattians]], who were neither [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] nor [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], were gradually absorbed by the incoming Indo-European [[Anatolian peoples]], who spoke the now-extinct [[Anatolian languages]]. The major Anatolian languages included [[Hittite language|Hittite]], [[Luwian language|Luwian]], and [[Lydian language|Lydian]]; other local languages, albeit poorly attested, included [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] and [[Mysian language|Mysian]]. The [[Hurro-Urartian languages]] were spoken throughout [[Mitanni]] in the southeast, while [[Galatian language|Galatian]], a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]], was spoken throughout [[Galatia]] in the central peninsula. Among the other peoples who established a significant presence in [[Prehistory of Anatolia|ancient Anatolia]] were the [[Galatians (people)|Galatians]], the [[Hurrians]], the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], the [[Armenians]], the [[Hattians]], and the [[Cimmerians]], as well as some of the [[List of ancient Greek tribes|ancient Greek tribes]], including the [[Ionians]], the [[Dorians]], and the [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolian]]s. In the era of [[classical antiquity]] (see [[Classical Anatolia]]), the Anatolian languages were largely replaced by the [[Greek language]], which came to dominate a large region during the [[Hellenistic period]] and the [[Roman Empire|Roman period]].

The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]] saw the height and eventual decline of Greek influence throughout the peninsula as the [[Byzantine–Seljuk wars]] enabled the incoming [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk Turks]] to establish a foothold in the region. Thus, the process of Anatolia's [[Turkification]] began under the [[Seljuk Empire]] in the late 11th century and continued under the [[Ottoman Empire]] until the early 20th century, when the [[Ottoman dynasty]] collapsed in the [[Aftermath of World War I#Ottoman Empire|aftermath of World War I]]. Between 1894 and 1924, millions of non-Turkic peoples and [[Christianity in the Ottoman Empire|Christians]], especially [[Greeks]] (about two million) and [[Armenian Genocide|Armenians]] (est. 1.5 million),<ref>https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-in-armenia-guide/</ref> were [[Late Ottoman genocides|killed by the Ottoman Turkish authorities]] or expelled from the bulk of the area of modern-day Turkey. Nonetheless, a variety of non-Turkic languages continue to be spoken by ethnic minorities in Anatolia today, including [[Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Neo-Aramaic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], the [[North Caucasian languages]], [[Laz language|Laz]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], and [[Greek language|Greek]].

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Turkey}}

[[File:Weichsel-Würm-Glaciation.png|thumb|right|Europe during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], c. 20,000 years ago. Anatolia was connected to the European mainland until {{Circa|5,600 BCE}},<ref name="Black Sea Deluge">{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deluge-NASA.png|title=Illustration of the Lake (later Sea) of Marmara and the formation of the Turkish Straits after the Black Sea deluge|website=www.ncdc.noaa.gov|date=26 January 2014|access-date=22 May 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831144627/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deluge-NASA.png|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dimitrov1">Dimitrov P., 2003. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284602641_The_Black_Sea_-_a_Clue_to_the_Secret_of_World_Flood "The Black Sea – a Clue to the Secret of World Flood"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521201345/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284602641_The_Black_Sea_-_a_Clue_to_the_Secret_of_World_Flood |date=21 May 2021 }}. ''Oceanology'', 4, 52–57.</ref><ref name="Dimitrov2">Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290938137_The_Black_Sea_The_Flood_and_the_ancient_myths The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515095644/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290938137_The_Black_Sea_The_Flood_and_the_ancient_myths |date=15 May 2021 }}. "Slavena", Varna, {{ISBN|954579335X}}, 91 pp., {{doi|10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327}}.</ref> when the melting [[ice sheet]]s caused the [[sea level]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] to rise around {{convert|120|m|-1|abbr=on}},<ref name="Dimitrov1"/><ref name="Dimitrov2"/> triggering the formation of the [[Turkish Straits]].<ref name="Black Sea Deluge"/><ref name="Dimitrov1"/><ref name="Dimitrov2"/> As a result, two former [[lake]]s (the [[Sea of Marmara]] and the [[Black Sea]])<ref name="Black Sea Deluge"/> were connected to the [[Mediterranean Sea]], which separated Anatolia from Europe.]]

Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to an indefinite line running from the [[Gulf of Alexandretta]] to the [[Black Sea]],<ref name="Niewohner2017">{{cite book|author=Philipp Niewohner|title=The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAUmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-061047-0|pages=18–|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311111958/https://books.google.com/books?id=cAUmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> coterminous with the [[Anatolian Plateau]]. This traditional geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of ''[[Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary]]''.<ref name="Merriam" /> Under this definition, Anatolia is bounded to the east by the [[Armenian Highlands]], and the [[Euphrates]] before that river bends to the southeast to enter [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="Mitchell">Stephen Mitchell (1995). ''Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. The Celts in Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule''. Clarendon Press, 266 pp. {{ISBN|978-0198150299}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=pUYtwuve40kC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329114033/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUYtwuve40kC|date=29 March 2017}}</ref> To the southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the [[Orontes River|Orontes]] valley in [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and the Mesopotamian plain.<ref name="Mitchell"/>

Following the [[Armenian genocide]], [[Western Armenia]] [[Eastern Anatolia Region#Substitution with Armenia|was renamed]] the [[Eastern Anatolia region]] by the newly established Turkish government.<ref name="Sahakyan">{{cite book|last=Sahakyan|first=Lusine|title=Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey|year=2010|publisher=Arod Books|location=Montreal|isbn=978-0-9699879-7-0}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Hovannisian |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC |title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies |date=2007 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-3592-3 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |page=3 |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010030024/https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1941, with the [[First Geography Congress, Turkey|First Geography Congress]] which divided Turkey into [[geographical regions of Turkey|seven geographical regions]] based on differences in climate and landscape, the eastern [[provinces of Turkey]] were placed into the Eastern Anatolia region,<ref>[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2167/irgee216.0 A Comparative Analysis Regarding Pictures Included in Secondary School Geography Textbooks Taught in Turkey]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413141440/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2167/irgee216.0 |date=13 April 2015 }}, Okan Yasar and Mehmet Seremet, ''International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education'', 2007.</ref> which largely corresponds to the historical region of [[Western Armenia]]. Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatolia" to apply to territory in eastern Turkey that was formerly referred to as ''Armenia'' (which had a sizeable [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] population before the [[Armenian genocide]]) an "ahistorical imposition" and notes that a growing body of literature is uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoman East as "Eastern Anatolia".<ref>Vazken Khatchig Davidian, "Imagining Ottoman Armenia: Realism and Allegory in Garabed Nichanian's Provincial Wedding in Moush and Late Ottoman Art Criticism", p. 7 & footnote 34, in ''Études arméniennes contemporaines'' volume 6, 2015.</ref><ref name="Sahakyan"/><ref name=":0" />

The highest mountain in the Eastern Anatolia region (also the highest peak in the [[Armenian Highlands]]) is [[Mount Ararat]] (5123 m).<ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 42| issue = 2| pages = 143–149| last1 = Fevzi Özgökçe| last2 = Kit Tan| last3 = Vladimir Stevanović| title = A new subspecies of Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae) from East Anatolia, Turkey| journal = Annales Botanici Fennici|year = 2005| jstor = 23726860}}</ref> The [[Euphrates]], [[Aras (river)|Aras]], [[Karasu (Euphrates)|Karasu]] and [[Murat river]]s connect the Armenian Highlands to the [[South Caucasus]] and the Upper Euphrates Valley. Along with the [[Çoruh]], these rivers are the longest in the Eastern Anatolia region.<ref name=palumbi>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0009| last = Palumbi| first = Giulio| title = The Chalcolithic of Eastern Anatolia| journal = The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia| volume = 1| access-date = 6 May 2018| date = 5 September 2011| url = http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195376142-e-9| editor1-last = McMahon| editor1-first = Gregory| editor2-last = Steadman| editor2-first = Sharon| archive-date = 12 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180512155433/http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195376142-e-9| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The English-language name ''Anatolia'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Ἀνατολή}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|Anatolḗ}}) meaning "the East" and designating (from a Greek point of view) eastern regions in general. The Greek word refers to the direction where the sun rises, coming from {{lang|grc|ἀνατέλλω}} ''anatello'' '(Ι) rise up', comparable to terms in other languages such as "[[levant]]" from Latin {{Lang|la|levo}} 'to rise', "[[orient]]" from Latin {{Lang|la|orior}} 'to arise, to originate', [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{Lang|he|מִזְרָח}} ''mizraḥ'' 'east' from {{Lang|he|זָרַח}} ''zaraḥ'' 'to rise, to shine', [[Aramaic]] {{Lang|arc|מִדְנָח}} ''midnaḥ'' from {{Lang|arc|דְּנַח}} ''denaḥ'' 'to rise, to shine'.<ref name="etym">{{cite web |url= https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%237638 |author= Henry George Liddell |author2= Robert Scott |title=ἀνατολή |website= A Greek-English Lexicon |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070526063014/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%237638 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="OED">{{Cite web |title=Anatolia | Origin and meaning of the name Anatolia |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/anatolia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713102500/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anatolia |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |language=en-US}}</ref>

The use of Anatolian designations has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the [[Aeolians|Aeolian]], [[Ionians|Ionian]] and [[Dorians|Dorian]] colonies situated along the eastern coasts of the [[Aegean Sea]], but also encompassing eastern regions in general. Such use of Anatolian designations was employed during the reign of Roman Emperor [[Diocletian]] ({{Reign|284|305}}), who created the [[Diocese of the East]], known in Greek as the Eastern Diocese, but completely unrelated to the regions of Asia Minor. In their widest territorial scope, Anatolian designations were employed during the reign of Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] (306–337), who created the [[Praetorian prefecture of the East]], known in Greek as the Eastern Prefecture, encompassing all eastern regions of the [[Late Roman Empire]] and spanning from [[Diocese of Thrace|Thrace]] to [[Diocese of Egypt|Egypt]].

Only after the loss of other eastern regions during the 7th century and the reduction of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] eastern domains to Asia Minor, that region became the only remaining part of the ''Byzantine East'', and thus commonly referred to (in Greek) as the Eastern part of the Empire. At the same time, the [[Anatolic Theme]] ({{lang|grc|Ἀνατολικὸν θέμα}} / "the Eastern theme") was created, as a province (''[[Theme (Byzantine district)|theme]]'') covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day [[Central Anatolia Region]], centered around [[Iconium]], but ruled from the city of [[Amorium]].<ref name="First Thema 1952, p. 59">"On the First Thema, called Anatolikón. This theme is called Anatolikón or Theme of the Anatolics, not because it is above and in the direction of the east where the sun rises, but because it lies to the East of Byzantium and Europe." [[Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus]], ''De Thematibus'', ed. A. Pertusi. Vatican: [[Vatican Library]], 1952, pp. 59 ff.</ref><ref name="John Haldon 2002. Page 32">John Haldon, ''Byzantium, a History'', 2002, p. 32.</ref>

The Latinized form "{{Lang|la-x-medieval|Anatolia|italic=no}}", with its ''-ia'' ending, is probably a [[Medieval Latin]] innovation.<ref name=OED /> The modern Turkish form {{Lang|tr|Anadolu}} derives directly from the Greek name {{lang|el|Ἀνατολή}} (''Anatolḗ''). The Russian male name [[Anatoly]], the French [[Anatole (given name)|Anatole]] and plain [[Anatol]], all stemming from saints [[Anatolius of Laodicea]] (d. 283) and [[Anatolius of Constantinople]] (d. 458; the first [[Patriarch of Constantinople]]), share the same linguistic origin.

== Names ==
{{Further|Place name changes in Turkey}}

The oldest known name for any region within Anatolia is related to its central area, known as the "Land of [[Hatti (land of the Hattians)|Hatti]]" – a designation that was initially used for the land of ancient [[Hattians]], but later became the most common name for the entire territory under the rule of ancient [[Hittites]].{{sfn|Bryce|2009|pp=297–98}}

The first recorded name the Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula, though not particularly popular at the time, was [[:wikt:Ἀσία|Ἀσία]] (''Asía''),<ref>Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*%29asi%2Fa Ἀσία]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427042823/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*%29asi%2Fa |date=27 April 2011 }}, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus.</ref> perhaps from an Akkadian expression for the "sunrise" or possibly echoing the name of the [[Assuwa league]] in western Anatolia.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} The Romans used it as the name of their [[Asia (Roman province)|province]], comprising the west of the peninsula plus the nearby [[Aegean Islands]]. As the name "Asia" broadened its scope to apply to the vaster region east of the Mediterranean, some Greeks in [[Late Antiquity]] came to use the name Asia Minor (Μικρὰ Ἀσία, ''Mikrà Asía''), meaning "Lesser Asia" to refer to present-day Anatolia, whereas the administration of the Empire preferred the description Ἀνατολή (''Anatolḗ''; {{lit|the East}}).

The [[endonym]] Ῥωμανία (''Rōmanía'' "the land of the Romans, i.e. the Eastern Roman Empire") was understood as another name for the province by the invading [[Seljuq Turks]], who founded a [[Sultanate of Rûm]] in 1077. Thus (land of the) [[Rûm]] became another name for Anatolia. By the 12th century Europeans had started referring to Anatolia as ''Turchia''.<ref name=oxfordreference>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-186632-6| last = Everett-Heath| first = John| title = The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names| volume = 1| chapter = Anatolia| access-date = 5 December 2018| year = 2018| chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-258| doi = 10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001| archive-date = 6 December 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102228/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-258| url-status = live}}</ref>

During the era of the [[Ottoman Empire]], many mapmakers referred to the mountainous plateau in eastern Anatolia as [[Armenia]]. Other contemporary sources called the same area [[Kurdistan]].<ref name=suny>{{Cite book| publisher = Princeton University Press| isbn = 978-1-4008-6558-1| last = Suny| first = Ronald Grigor| title = 'They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else': A History of the Armenian Genocide| year=2015|page=31}}</ref> Geographers have used ''[[East Anatolian plateau]]'', ''[[Armenian plateau]]'' and the ''[[Iranian plateau]]'' to refer to the region; the former two largely overlap.<ref name=Oxford_Handbook_p466>{{harvnb|Steadman|McMahon|2011|p=466}}</ref> While a standard definition of Anatolia refers to the entire Asian side of Turkey, according to archaeologist Lori Khatchadourian, this difference in terminology "primarily result[s] from the shifting political fortunes and cultural trajectories of the region since the nineteenth century".<ref name=Oxford_Handbook_p466/>

Turkey's [[First Geography Congress, Turkey|First Geography Congress]] in 1941 created two [[geographical regions of Turkey]] to the east of the Gulf of Iskenderun-Black Sea line, the [[Eastern Anatolia region]] and the [[Southeastern Anatolia region]],<ref name="Yigit">Ali Yiğit, "Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye'yi Bölgelere Ayıran Çalışmalar ve Yapılması Gerekenler", ''Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, IV. Ulural Coğrafya Sempozyumu, "Avrupa Birliği Sürecindeki Türkiye'de Bölgesel Farklılıklar"'', [http://www.fka.org.tr/SayfaDownload/bildiri_nihan_atay.pdf pp. 34–35]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109013737/http://www.fka.org.tr/SayfaDownload/bildiri_nihan_atay.pdf |date= 9 November 2013 }}.</ref> the former largely corresponding to the [[Western Armenia|western part of the Armenian Highlands]], the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotamian plain. According to [[Richard G. Hovannisian|Richard Hovannisian]], this changing of toponyms was "necessary to obscure all evidence" of the [[Armenians|Armenian]] presence as part of the policy of [[Armenian genocide denial]] embarked upon by the newly established Turkish government and what Hovannisian calls its "foreign collaborators".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wayne State University Press| isbn = 978-0-8143-2777-7| last = Hovannisian| first = Richard G.| title = Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide| date = 1998| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kiBHkRtRmIIC&pg=PA204| access-date = 5 December 2018| archive-date = 10 March 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200310025218/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiBHkRtRmIIC&pg=PA204| url-status = live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Anatolia}}

===Prehistoric Anatolia===
[[File:Göbeklitepe_Şanlıurfa.jpg|thumb|The [[henge]]s in [[Göbekli Tepe]] were erected as far back as 9,600 BCE.]]
{{main|Prehistory of Anatolia}}

Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the [[Paleolithic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stiner |first=Mary C. |author2=Kuhn, Steven L. |author3= Güleç, Erksin |title=Early Upper Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I (Turkey): Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=380–98 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008 |issn=0047-2484 |year=2013 |pmid=23481346|bibcode=2013JHumE..64..380S }}</ref> Neolithic settlements include [[Çatalhöyük]], [[Çayönü]], [[Nevali Cori]], [[Aşıklı Höyük]], [[Boncuklu Höyük]], [[Hacilar]], [[Göbekli Tepe]], [[Norşuntepe]], [[Köşk Höyük]], and [[Yumuktepe]]. Çatalhöyük (7,000 BCE) is considered the most advanced of these.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehouse |first1=Harvey |last2=Martin |first2=Luther H. |title=Theorizing Religions Past: Archaeology, History, and Cognition |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0621-5 |page=38 |language=en}}</ref> Recent advances in archaeogenetics have confirmed that the [[History of agriculture|spread of agriculture]] from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the [[Pre-modern human migration|migration]] of [[Early European Farmers|early farmers from Anatolia]] about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange.<ref>{{cite news |last=Curry |first=Andrew |date=August 2019 |title=The first Europeans weren't who you might think |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319032852/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |archive-date=19 March 2021 |work=National Geographic}}</ref> Anatolian Neolithic farmers derived most of their ancestry from local [[Anatolian hunter-gatherers]], suggesting that agriculture was adopted in site by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by [[demic diffusion]] into the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krause |first1=Johannes |last2=Jeong |first2=Choongwon |last3=Haak |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Posth |first4=Cosimo |last5=Stockhammer |first5=Philipp W. |last6=Mustafaoğlu |first6=Gökhan |last7=Fairbairn |first7=Andrew |last8=Bianco |first8=Raffaela A. |last9=Julia Gresky |date=19 March 2019 |title=Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=1218 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1218F |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6425003 |pmid=30890703 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Anatolian-derived Neolithic Farmers would subsequently spread across Europe, as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=Selina |last2=Diekmann |first2=Yoan |last3=Booth |first3=Thomas J. |last4=van Dorp |first4=Lucy |last5=Faltyskova |first5=Zuzana |last6=Rohland |first6=Nadin |last7=Mallick |first7=Swapan |last8=Olalde |first8=Iñigo |last9=Ferry |first9=Matthew |last10=Michel |first10=Megan |last11=Oppenheimer |first11=Jonas |last12=Broomandkhoshbacht |first12=Nasreen |last13=Stewardson |first13=Kristin |last14=Martiniano |first14=Rui |last15=Walsh |first15=Susan |date=15 April 2019 |title=Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=765–771 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9 |issn=2397-334X |pmc=6520225 |pmid=30988490|bibcode=2019NatEE...3..765B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olalde |first1=Iñigo |last2=Mallick |first2=Swapan |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Villalba-Mouco |first5=Vanessa |last6=Silva |first6=Marina |last7=Dulias |first7=Katharina |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Gandini |first9=Francesca |last10=Pala |first10=Maria |last11=Soares |first11=Pedro |last12=Ferrando-Bernal |first12=Manuel |last13=Adamski |first13=Nicole |last14=Broomandkhoshbacht |first14=Nasreen |last15=Cheronet |first15=Olivia |date=15 March 2019 |title=The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8,000 years |journal=Science |language=en |volume=363 |issue=6432 |pages=1230–1234 |doi=10.1126/science.aav4040 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=6436108 |pmid=30872528|bibcode=2019Sci...363.1230O }}</ref> as well as to the [[Maghreb]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Simões |first1=Luciana G. |last2=Günther |first2=Torsten |last3=Martínez-Sánchez |first3=Rafael M. |last4=Vera-Rodríguez |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Iriarte |first5=Eneko |last6=Rodríguez-Varela |first6=Ricardo |last7=Bokbot |first7=Youssef |last8=Valdiosera |first8=Cristina |last9=Jakobsson |first9=Mattias |date=15 June 2023 |title=Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=618 |issue=7965 |pages=550–556 |bibcode=2023Natur.618..550S |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=10266975 |pmid=37286608}}</ref> Most modern Europeans derive a significant part of their ancestry from these Neolithic Anatolian farmers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allentoft |first1=Morten E. |last2=Sikora |first2=Martin |last3=Refoyo-Martínez |first3=Alba |last4=Irving-Pease |first4=Evan K. |last5=Fischer |first5=Anders |last6=Barrie |first6=William |last7=Ingason |first7=Andrés |last8=Stenderup |first8=Jesper |last9=Sjögren |first9=Karl-Göran |last10=Pearson |first10=Alice |last11=Sousa da Mota |first11=Bárbara |last12=Schulz Paulsson |first12=Bettina |last13=Halgren |first13=Alma |last14=Macleod |first14=Ruairidh |last15=Jørkov |first15=Marie Louise Schjellerup |date=11 January 2024 |title=Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=625 |issue=7994 |pages=301–311 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=10781627 |pmid=38200295|bibcode=2024Natur.625..301A }}</ref> [[Levantines]] also have significant Neolithic Anatolian farmer ancestry from post-[[Bronze Age]] migrations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Almarri |first1=Mohamed A. |last2=Haber |first2=Marc |last3=Lootah |first3=Reem A. |last4=Hallast |first4=Pille |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=The genomic history of the Middle East |journal=Cell |volume=184 |issue=18 |pages=4612–4625 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013 |pmc=8445022 |pmid=34352227}}</ref> About 6,500 years ago and thereafter, Anatolians became more genetically homogeneous due to eastern inflow. Earlier forms of Anatolian and non–Indo-European languages such as Hattic and Hurrian were likely spoken by migrants and locals participating in this great mixture. Steppe ancestry is also absent in Anatolians until the Bronze Age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6609 |article-number=eabm4247 |doi=10.1126/science.abm4247 |pmid=36007055 |pmc=10064553 |hdl=20.500.12684/12345 }}</ref>

[[Neolithic]] Anatolia has been [[Anatolian hypothesis|proposed]] as the [[Urheimat|homeland]] of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]], although linguists tend to favor a [[Kurgan hypothesis|later origin]] in the steppes north of the Black Sea. However, it is clear that the [[Anatolian languages]], the earliest attested branch of Indo-European, have been spoken in Anatolia since at least the 19th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indo-European Daughter Languages: Anatolian|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesMiddEast/AnatoliaLanguage01.htm|access-date=26 January 2021|website=www.historyfiles.co.uk|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513212533/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesMiddEast/AnatoliaLanguage01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anatolian languages|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anatolian-languages|access-date= 26 January 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190429/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anatolian-languages|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ancient Anatolia===
{{Main|List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia|Ancient regions of Anatolia}}

Anatolia's historical records start with [[clay tablets]] from approximately around 2000 BC that were found in modern-day [[Kültepe]].<ref name="Howard 2016-4">{{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=26}}</ref> These tablets belonged to an [[Karum (trade post)|Assyrian trade colony]].<ref name="Howard 2016-4"/> The languages in Anatolia at that time included Hattian, Hurrian, [[Hittite language|Hittite]], [[Luwian language|Luwian]], and [[Palaic language|Palaic]].<ref name="McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234">{{harvnb|Steadman|2012|p=234}}</ref>

====Hattians and Hurrians====
{{main|Hattians|Hurrians}}

The earliest historically attested populations of Anatolia were the [[Hattians]] in central Anatolia, and [[Hurrians]] further to the east. The Hattians were an indigenous people, whose main center was the city of [[Hattush]]. Affiliation of [[Hattian language]] remains unclear, while [[Hurrian language]] belongs to a distinctive family of [[Hurro-Urartian languages]]. All of those languages are extinct; relationships with indigenous [[languages of the Caucasus]] have been proposed,{{sfn|Bryce|2005|p=12}} but are not generally accepted. The region became famous for exporting raw materials. Organized trade between Anatolia and [[Mesopotamia]] started to emerge during the period of the [[Akkadian Empire]], and was continued and intensified during the period of the [[Old Assyrian Empire]], between the 21st and the 18th centuries BCE. Assyrian traders were bringing tin and textiles in exchange for copper, silver or gold. Cuneiform records, dated {{Circa|20th century BCE}}, found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of [[Kültepe|Kanesh]], use an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.<ref name="Freeman">{{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Charles|title= Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-872194-9}}</ref>{{sfn|Akurgal|2001|p=}}{{sfn|Barjamovic|2011|p=}}

====Hittites, Luwians, and Palaians====
{{See also|Hittites|Luwians|Pala (Anatolia)}}
[[File:Sphinx_Gate,_Hattusa_01.jpg|thumb|The Sphinx Gate in [[Hattusa]]]]

[[Hattians|Hattian]] rulers were gradually replaced by [[Hittites|Hittite]] rulers.<ref name="Howard 2016-4"/> The Hittite kingdom was a large kingdom in Central Anatolia, with its capital of [[Hattusa]].<ref name="Howard 2016-4"/> It co-existed in Anatolia with [[Pala (Anatolia)|Palaians]] and [[Luwians]], approximately between 1700 and 1200 BC.<ref name="Howard 2016-4"/> As the Hittite kingdom was disintegrating, further waves of Indo-European peoples migrated from southeastern Europe, which was followed by warfare.<ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2016|pp=26–27}}</ref> It is not known if the [[Trojan War]] is based on historical events.<ref>{{harvnb|Jablonka|2012|pp=724–726}}</ref> [[Late Bronze Age Troy|Troy's Late Bronze Age]] layers matches most with ''[[Iliad]]''{{'}}s story.<ref>{{harvnb|McMahon|2012|p=17}}</ref>

====Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th centuries BCE)====
{{multiple image
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| image1 = The_theatre_of_ancient_Halicarnassus,_built_in_the_4th_century_BC_during_the_reign_of_King_Mausolos_and_enlarged_in_the_2nd_century_AD,_the_original_capacity_of_the_theatre_was_10,000,_Bodrum,_Turkey_(16456817694).jpg|245
| caption1 = The [[Theatre at Halicarnassus]] (modern [[Bodrum]]) was built in the 4th century BCE by [[Mausolus]], the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] [[satrap]] (governor) of [[Caria#Persian satrapy|Caria]]. The [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]] was one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]].<ref name=history>{{cite web | title = History of the Past: World History | url = http://worldhistory.byethost8.com/}}</ref><ref name=seven>{{cite web | title = The Seven Wonders | author = Paul Lunde | date = May–June 1980 | publisher = Saudi Aramco World | url = http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198003/the.seven.wonders.htm | access-date = 12 September 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091013125703/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198003/the.seven.wonders.htm | archive-date = 13 October 2009 }}</ref>
| image2 = Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Façade.jpg|245
| caption2 = The [[Library of Celsus]] in [[Ephesus]] was built by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in 114–117.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Celsus_Library/|title=Celsus Library|publisher=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|author=Mark Cartwright|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> The [[Temple of Artemis]] in Ephesus, built by king [[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]] in the 6th century BC, was one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/128/|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date= 17 February 2017}}</ref>
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Around 750 BC, [[Phrygia]] had been established, with its two centers in [[Gordium]] and modern-day [[Kayseri]].<ref name="Howard 2016-2">{{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=27}}</ref> [[Phrygians]] spoke an Indo-European language, which was closer to [[Greek language|Greek]] than Anatolian languages.<ref name="McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522">{{harvnb|Beckman|2012|p=522}}</ref> Phrygians shared Anatolia with [[Neo-Hittite states|Neo-Hittites]] and [[Urartu]]. Luwian-speakers were probably the majority in various Anatolian Neo-Hittite states.<ref>{{harvnb|Yakubovich|2012|p=538}}</ref> Urartians spoke a non-Indo-European language and their capital was around [[Lake Van]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zimansky|2012|p=552}}</ref><ref name="Howard 2016-2"/> Urartu and Phrygia fell in seventh century BC.<ref name="Howard 2016-2"/><ref name="Howard 2016">{{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=28}}</ref> They were replaced by [[Carians]], [[Lycians]] and [[Lydians]].<ref name="Howard 2016"/> These three cultures "can be considered a reassertion of the ancient, indigenous culture of the Hattian cities of Anatolia".<ref name="Howard 2016"/>

==== Early Greek presence ====
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Afrodisias_-_Sebastión_-_Sebasteion.jpg
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| image2 = Tetrapilón_-_Afrodisias_-_02.jpg
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| footer = The [[Sebasteion]] (left) and [[Tetrapylon]] (right) in [[Aphrodisias]] of [[Caria]], which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 2017.
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In the late [[Bronze Age]], there were three<ref name=Bryce_2012_pp369–370>{{harvnb|Bryce|2012|pp=369–370}}: "The only clear evidence we have for significant Mycenaean settlement anywhere in the Near Eastern region is at Miletus on the southwestern Anatolian coast, at the mouth of the Maeander River, and at the site now called Müsgebi ..."</ref> or four<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web|title=Anatolia – Greek colonies on the Anatolian coasts, c. 1180–547 bce|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia/Greek-colonies-on-the-Anatolian-coasts-c-1180-547-bce|access-date=2 February 2024|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en|quote=Before the Greek migrations that followed the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE), probably the only Greek-speaking communities on the west coast of Anatolia were Mycenaean settlements at Iasus and Müskebi on the Halicarnassus peninsula and walled Mycenaean colonies at Miletus and Colophon. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321122314/https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia/Greek-colonies-on-the-Anatolian-coasts-c-1180-547-bce |archive-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Greek-speaking settlements in Anatolia, including [[Miletus]].<ref name=Bryce_2012_pp369–370/><ref name="Britannica"/> Around 1200–1000 BC, [[Iron Age Greek migrations|Greeks started migrating]] to the west coast of Anatolia.<ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=27}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|p=753}}</ref> The size of these migrations are unknown.<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|p=753}}: "It is impossible to estimate the scale of Greek migrations after the collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms."</ref> Important [[polis|cities]] included [[Miletus]], [[Ephesus]], [[Halicarnassus]], [[Smyrna]] (now [[İzmir]]) and others<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|pp=753–756}}</ref> These settlements were grouped as [[Aeolis]], [[Ionia]], and [[Doric hexapolis|Doris]], after the specific Greek groups that settled them.<ref>{{harvnb|Greaves|2012|p=505}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|p=753}}</ref> By 900 BC, Greek settlements emerged across the west coast of Anatolia from [[Knidos]] in the south all the way to the entrance of the [[Hellespont]] in the north.<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|p=753}}</ref> In the Anatolian interior, Greek culture had limited influence until the time of [[Alexander the Great]]; Greek settlements "largely (although not exclusively)" existed on the western coast of Anatolia in the early [[Iron Age]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greaves|2012|p=500–501}}: "However, during the early Iron Age, Greek communities in Anatolia were largely (although not exclusively) limited to the western coastal region. Their cultural influence in the interior was relatively limited, only becoming dominant after Alexander"</ref>

Further Greek colonization in Anatolia was led by Miletus and [[Megara]] in 750–480 BC, particularly in the [[Sea of Marmara]] and the [[Black Sea]]; settlements were also established in the south coast of Anatolia, at [[Phaselis]], [[Aspendos]], and [[Side, Turkey|Side]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|pp=753–754}}</ref> Some archaeological evidence supports ancient Greeks' migration myths about the Ionian Migration not being a "virgin soil foundation", with a pre-Greek population present.<ref>{{harvnb|Greaves|2012|pp=508–509}}</ref> Aeolian and Ionian Greeks, refugees from their former Mycenaean kingdoms, mixed through marriages with native Anatolians.<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|p=754}}</ref> In the late eighth century BC, the Greek cities of Anatolia maintained familial, linguistic, and religious connections to their close relatives on the Greek mainland. Around 750 BC, Greeks in Anatolia started to differentiate themselves from other Anatolians, whom they regarded as barbarians, through the concept of the [[polis]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|pp=754–755}}</ref> The Greek city-states emerged in Anatolian western coasts as significant cultural and commercial hubs.<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|p=755}}</ref> Their prosperity was based on extensive trade with the Anatolian peoples (Lycian, Lydian, Carian) and with other cities around the Aegean Sea.{{sfn|Harl|2012|pp=755}} They also made numerous achievements in philosophy, science, architecture, and literature.{{sfn|Harl|2012|pp=755–761}}

===Classical Anatolia===
{{main|Classical Anatolia}}

In [[Classical antiquity]], Anatolia was described by the Ancient Greek historian [[Herodotus]] and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language, and religious practices.<ref name=yavuz>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-517072-6| last = Yavuz| first = Mehmet Fatih| title = The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome| chapter = Anatolia| access-date = 5 December 2018| date = 2010| chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-61| doi = 10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001| archive-date = 6 December 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102239/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-61| url-status = live}}</ref> The northern regions included [[Bithynia]], [[Paphlagonia]], and [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]]; to the west were [[Mysia]], [[Lydia]], and Caria; and [[Lycia]], [[Pamphylia]], and [[Cilicia]] belonged to the southern shore. There were also several inland regions: [[Phrygia]], [[Cappadocia]], [[Pisidia]], and [[Galatia]].<ref name=yavuz /> Languages spoken included the late surviving [[Anatolic languages]], [[Isaurian language|Isaurian]],<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5geoDQAAQBAJ&q=isaurian%20personal%20names&pg=PT64|title=Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices|last=Honey|first=Linda|isbn=978-1-351-87574-5|page=50|chapter=Justifiably Outraged or Simply Outrageous? The Isaurian Incident of Ammianus Marcellinus|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Routledge |access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519052917/https://books.google.com/books?id=5geoDQAAQBAJ&q=isaurian%20personal%20names&pg=PT64|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Pisidian language|Pisidian]], [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] in western and coastal regions, [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] spoken until the 7th century CE,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Swain|first1=Simon|last2=Adams|first2=J. Maxwell|last3=Janse|first3=Mark|title=Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=2002 |pages=246–66|isbn=0-19-924506-1}}</ref> local variants of [[Thracian]] in the northwest, the [[Galatian language|Galatian variant of Gaulish]] in [[Galatia]] until the 6th century CE,<ref>Freeman, Philip, ''The Galatian Language'', Edwin Mellen, 2001, pp. 11–12.</ref><ref>Clackson, James. "Language maintenance and language shift in the Mediterranean world during the Roman Empire." Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds (2012): 36–57. p. 46: The second testimonium for the late survival of Galatian appears in the Life of Saint Euthymius, who died in ad 487.</ref><ref>Norton, Tom. [https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/402/1/TOM%20NORTON.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102201528/http://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/402/1/TOM%20NORTON.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/402/1/TOM%20NORTON.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|date=2 November 2018}} | A question of identity: who were the Galatians?. University of Wales. p. 62: The final reference to Galatian comes two hundred years later in the sixth century, when Cyril of Scythopolis attests that Galatian was still being spoken eight hundred years after the Galatians arrived in Asia Minor. Cyril tells of the temporary possession of a monk from Galatia by Satan and rendered speechless, but when he recovered, he spoke only in his native Galatian when questioned: 'If he were pressed, he spoke only in Galatian'.180 After this, the rest is silence, and further archaeological or literary discoveries are awaited to see if Galatian survived any later. In this regard, the example of Crimean Gothic is instructive. It was presumed to have died out in the fifth century CE, but the discovery of a small corpus of the language dating from the sixteenth century altered this perception.</ref> [[Ancient Cappadocian language|Cappadocian]] in the homonymous region,<ref>J. Eric Cooper, Michael J. Decker, ''Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia'' {{ISBN|0230361064}}, p. 14</ref> [[Armenian language|Armenian]] in the east, and [[Kartvelian languages]] in the northeast.

Anatolia is known as the birthplace of minted [[coin]]age (as opposed to unminted coinage, which first appears in [[Mesopotamia]] at a much earlier date) as a medium of exchange, sometime in the 7th century BCE in Lydia. The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the [[Hellenistic period|Greek]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] eras.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-0-415-08992-0|last=Howgego|first=C. J.|title=Ancient History from Coins|author-link=Christopher Howgego| year=1995|publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>[http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/ Asia Minor Coins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317151148/https://www.asiaminorcoins.com/ |date=17 March 2020 }} – an index of Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia)</ref>

During the 6th century BCE, all of Anatolia was conquered by the [[Persia]]n [[Achaemenid Empire]], the Persians having usurped the [[Medes]] as the [[List of monarchs of Persia|dominant dynasty of Persia]]. In 499 BCE, the [[Ionia]]n city-states on the west coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule. The [[Ionian Revolt]], as it became known, though quelled, initiated the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], which ended in a [[Delian League|Greek]] victory in 449 BCE, and the Ionian cities regained their independence. By the [[Peace of Antalcidas]] (387 BCE), which ended the [[Corinthian War]], Persia regained control over Ionia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dandamaev |first1=M. A. |author-link1=Muhammad Dandamayev |title=A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire |date=1989 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09172-6 |page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = ARTAXERXES II | last = Schmitt | first = R. | author-link = Rüdiger Schmitt | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/artaxerxes-ii-achaemenid-king | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6 | pages = 656–58 | year = 1986 | access-date = 21 April 2019 | archive-date = 9 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190409011010/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/artaxerxes-ii-achaemenid-king | url-status = live }}</ref>

====Hellenistic period====
In 334 BCE, the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] Greek king [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the Anatolian peninsula from the Achaemenid Persian Empire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roisman|first1=Joseph|last2=Worthington|first2=Ian|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416185650/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC|url-status=live}}</ref> Alexander restored democracy in the Greek cities of Anatolia and was greeted by them as a liberator. The Lydians and Carians also hailed Alexander.<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|p=771}}</ref> Alexander's conquest opened up the interior of Asia Minor to Greek settlement and influence. Anatolian cities transformed themselves into Hellenic-style poleis, and cities in Caria, Lydia, Lycia and Cilicia adopted Greek language, culture and institutions.<ref>{{harvnb|Harl|2012|p=772}}</ref>
[[File:Nemrut Dağı 12.jpg|thumb|left|Sanctuary of the Kings of [[Commagene]] on [[Mount Nemrut]] (1st century BCE)]] Following the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent breakup of the [[Macedonian Empire]], Anatolia was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms, such as the [[Attalid dynasty|Attalids of Pergamum]] and the [[Seleucids]], the latter controlling most of Anatolia. A period of peaceful [[Hellenization]] followed, such that the local Anatolian languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st century BCE. In 133 BCE, the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to the [[Roman Republic]]; western and central Anatolia came under [[Romanization of Anatolia|Roman control]], but [[Hellenistic culture]] remained predominant.
[[File:Asia Minor 188 BCE.jpg|thumb|250px|Asia Minor in 188 BC]]
[[File:PonticKingdom.png|thumb|250px|Kingdom of Pontus before the reign of Mithridates VI (120 BC, Dark Purple), after his early conquests (Light Purple), and his conquests in the first Mithridatic wars (88 BC, Pink). Armenia is in Green]]
[[Mithridates VI Eupator]], ruler of the [[Kingdom of Pontus]] in northern Anatolia, waged war against the [[Roman Republic]] in the year 88 BCE in order to halt the advance of Roman [[hegemony]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] region. Mithridates VI sought to dominate Asia Minor and the [[Black Sea]] region, waging several hard-fought but ultimately unsuccessful wars (the [[Mithridatic Wars]]) to break Roman dominion over Asia and the [[Hellenic world]].<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mithradates-VI-Eupator Mithradates VI Eupator]", ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref> He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|title=Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities|year=2009|publisher=Mazda Publishers, Inc.|location=Costa Mesa, CA|isbn=978-1-56859-155-1|pages=41, 37–66|editor=Richard G. Hovannisian|chapter=Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond}}</ref> His ally and son-in-law, [[Tigranes the Great]] of [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] ({{reign|95|55 BCE}}), briefly conquered significant portions of Anatolia, including Cilicia, Cappadocia, [[Sophene]] and perhaps [[Galatia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Traina |first1=Giusto |author1-link=Giusto Traina |editor1-last=Dueck |editor1-first=Daniela |title=The Routledge Companion to Strabo |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-315-69641-6 |page=95 |chapter=Strabo and the history of Armenia}}</ref> Further annexations by Rome, in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus by [[Pompey]], brought all of Anatolia under [[Romanization of Anatolia|Roman control]], except for the southeastern frontier with the [[Parthian Empire]], which remained unstable for centuries, causing a series of military conflicts that culminated in the [[Roman–Parthian Wars]] (54 BCE – 217 CE).

===Early Christian period===
{{Main|Christianity as the Roman state religion|Spread of Christianity}}

{{Further|Christianity in late antiquity|Crisis of the Third Century}}

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|upright=1.1|{{legend|#b23938|[[Roman Empire]] in 117 CE at its greatest extent, at the time of [[Trajan]]'s death.}} {{legend|#d28989|[[vassal state]]s<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bennett, Julian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC |title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps: a Life and Times |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-16524-2}}. Fig. 1. Regions east of the [[Euphrates]] river were held only in the years 116–117.</ref>}}]]
[[File:Seven churches of asia.svg|thumb|The [[Seven churches of Asia]]]]
After the [[first division of the Roman Empire]], Anatolia became part of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]], otherwise known as the Byzantine Empire or [[Byzantium]].<ref name="Niewöhner 2017">{{cite book |author-last=Niewöhner |author-first=Philipp |year=2017 |chapter=Chapter 3: Urbanism – The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgUmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |editor-last=Niewöhner |editor-first=Philipp |title=The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks |location=[[Oxford]] and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=39–59 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190610463.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-061048-7}}</ref> In the 1st century CE, Anatolia became [[History of early Christianity|one of the first places where Christianity spread]], so that by the 4th century CE, western and central Anatolia were overwhelmingly Christian and Greek-speaking.<ref name="Niewöhner 2017"/>

Byzantine Anatolia was one of the wealthiest and most densely populated places in the [[Later Roman Empire]]. Anatolia's wealth grew during the 4th and 5th centuries thanks, in part, to the [[Pilgrim's Road]] that ran through the peninsula. Literary evidence about the rural landscape stems from the [[Hagiography|Christian hagiographies]] of the 6th-century [[Nicholas of Sion]] and 7th-century [[Theodore of Sykeon]]. Large and prosperous urban centers of Byzantine Anatolia included [[Assos]], [[Ephesus]], [[Miletus]], [[Nicaea]], [[Pergamum]], [[Priene]], [[Sardis]], and [[Aphrodisias]].<ref name="Niewöhner 2017"/>

From the mid-5th century onwards, urbanism was affected negatively and began to decline, while the rural areas reached unprecedented levels of prosperity in the region.<ref name="Niewöhner 2017"/> Historians and scholars continue to debate the cause of the urban decline in Byzantine Anatolia between the 6th and 7th centuries,<ref name="Niewöhner 2017"/> variously attributing it to the [[Plague of Justinian]] (541), the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|Byzantine–Sasanian War]] (602–628), and the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Arab invasion of the Levant]] (634–638).<ref name=thonemann>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-866277-8| last = Thonemann| first = Peter| title = The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity| volume = 1| chapter = Anatolia| access-date = 6 December 2018| year = 2018| chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-241| doi = 10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001| archive-date = 6 December 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102258/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-241| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Medieval period===
{{further|Byzantine Anatolia|Byzantine Empire|Sultanate of Rum}}
{{see also|List of states in late medieval Anatolia}}
[[File:Asia Minor ca 842 AD.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|[[Byzantine Anatolia]] and the [[Arab–Byzantine wars|Byzantine-Arab frontier zone]] in the mid-9th century]]

In the 10 years following the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071, the [[Seljuk Turks]] from [[Central Asia]] migrated over large areas of Anatolia, with particular concentrations around the northwestern rim.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204 |last=Angold |first=Michael |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-582-29468-4 |page=117|publisher=Longman }}</ref> The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking (although ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians remained numerous and retained Christianity and their native languages). In the following century, the [[Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty|Byzantines]] managed to reassert their control in western and northern Anatolia. Control of Anatolia was then split between the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the Seljuk [[Sultanate of Rûm]], with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.<ref name=Balyuzi/>
[[File:11 13th century Asia Minor Turkish Invasions.png|thumb|Settlements and regions affected during the first wave of [[Byzantine–Seljuk wars|Turkish invasions]] in Asia Minor (11th–13th century)]]
The [[Fourth Crusade]] would prove to be a grave challenge to the Byzantine Empire. The loss of a central authority figure shattered the empire, breaking it into four major successor states that each held sway over different parts of the empire.<ref>Treadgold. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. p. 941-944</ref> Two of these states, the [[Empire of Nicaea]] and the [[Empire of Trebizond]], would contend for the remains of the empire in Anatolia, with the Nicaean Empire holding the northwestern coast and the Trapezuntine empire holding the northeastern coast.

In 1255, the [[Mongols]] swept through eastern and central Anatolia, and would remain until 1335. The [[Ilkhanate]] garrison was stationed near [[Ankara]].<ref name=Balyuzi>H. M. Balyuzi ''Muḥammad and the course of Islám'', p. 342</ref><ref>John Freely ''Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey'', p. 83</ref> After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335 to 1353, the [[Mongol Empire]]'s legacy in the region was the [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] [[Eretna Dynasty]] that was overthrown by [[Kadi Burhan al-Din]] in 1381.<ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p. 234</ref>

By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various [[Anatolian beyliks]]. Smyrna fell in 1330, and the last Byzantine stronghold in Anatolia, [[Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], [[Fall of Philadelphia|fell in 1390]]. The [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols, at least nominally, through declining Seljuk Sultans.<ref>Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser-The origins of the Ottoman Empire, p. 33</ref><ref>Peter Partner ''God of battles: holy wars of Christianity and Islam'', p. 122</ref> The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the [[Mongol]] [[Ilkhanids]].<ref>''Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire'', p. 13</ref> The [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] ruler [[Osman I]] was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s; they bear the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugrul".<ref>Artuk – ''Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu'', 27f</ref> Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]], it can be considered that the Ottoman Turks had become formally independent from the Mongol Khans.<ref>Pamuk – ''A Monetary History'', pp. 30–31</ref>

===Ottoman Empire===
{{further|Ottoman Empire}}

[[File:Growth of the Ottoman Empire.jpg|thumb|[[Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire]] between 1359 and 1683]]
Among the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] leaders, the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottomans]] emerged as great power under [[Osman I]] and his son [[Orhan]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Osman-I|title=Osman I {{!}} Ottoman Sultan|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424073731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Osman-I|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Orhan|title=Orhan {{!}} Ottoman Sultan|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310140006/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Orhan|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Anatolian beyliks]] were successively absorbed into the rising [[Ottoman Empire]] during the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-cambridge-history-of-islam/rise-of-the-ottomans/015D10BC98EA8A2D69B29D54AC7241CC|title=The rise of the Ottomans (Chapter 11) – The New Cambridge History of Islam|pages=313–31|last=Fleet|first=Kate|publisher=Cambridge Core|language=en|access-date=23 April 2018|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.013|chapter=The rise of the Ottomans|year=2010|isbn=978-1-139-05615-1|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071602/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-cambridge-history-of-islam/rise-of-the-ottomans/015D10BC98EA8A2D69B29D54AC7241CC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not well understood how the Osmanlı, or [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]], came to dominate their neighbors, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.<ref>{{cite book |last=Finkel |first=Caroline |title=Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&pg=PA5 |year=2007 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-00850-6 |page=5 |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102002603/http://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ottomans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of [[Halicarnassus]] (modern [[Bodrum]]) from the [[Knights of Saint John]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/halicarnassus|title=Halicarnassus |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |orig-date=15 December 2003 |date=1 March 2012 |first1=Bruno |last1=Genito |access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071811/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/halicarnassus|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Modern times===
{{further|History of Turkey}}
[[File:The Historical Atlas, 1911 – Distribution of Races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor.jpg|thumb|Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1905–06]]
With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of the [[Russian Empire]] in the [[Caucasus]], many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly [[Circassians]], [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Azeris]], [[Lezgian people|Lezgis]], [[Chechens]], [[Chveneburi|Muslim Georgians]],<ref name="Incorporated2009">{{cite book|last=Incorporated|first=Facts On File|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=chveneburi&pg=PA244}}</ref> [[Hemshin people|Hamshenis]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Simonian |first=Hovann H. |date=2007b |title=The Hemshin: History, Society and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey |chapter=Hemshin from Islamicization to the End of the Nineteenth Century}}</ref> and several [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] groups left their homelands and settled in Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire further shrank in the [[Balkan]] regions and then fragmented during the [[Balkan Wars]], much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly Balkan Muslims ([[Bosniaks]], [[Albanians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Serb Muslims]],<ref name="Pekesen2012">{{Cite web |last=Pekesen |first=Berna |date=7 March 2012 |editor-last=Berger |editor-first=Lutz |editor2-last=Landes |editor2-first=Lisa |title=Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[European History Online]] |publisher=[[Leibniz Institute of European History]] |translator-last=Reid |translator-first=Christopher}}</ref> [[Pomaks|Muslim Bulgarians]] and [[Greek Muslims]] such as the [[Vallahades]] from [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]]), were resettled in various parts of Anatolia, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia.
[[File:St. Polycarp Kilisesi (2).jpg|left|thumb|St. Polycarp Church, in modern-day [[İzmir|Izmir]].]]
A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century, when Greeks from Anatolia, [[Constantinople]] and Pontus area migrated toward the newly independent [[Kingdom of Greece]], and also towards the [[United States]], the southern part of the [[Russian Empire]], Latin America, and the rest of Europe.
[[File:Ankara and mosque wza.jpg|thumb|Mosque in [[Ankara]]]]
Following the Russo-Persian [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] (1828) and the incorporation of [[Eastern Armenia]] into the Russian Empire, another migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatolia, which recorded significant migration rates from [[Western Armenia]] (Eastern Anatolia) toward the Russian Empire, especially toward its newly established Armenian provinces.<ref name="Swietochowski Borderland">{{cite book |last=Swietochowski |first=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Swietochowski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ&q=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game:+travelogues+and+orientalism |title=Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-231-07068-3 |pages=69, 133}}</ref>

Anatolia remained [[multi-ethnic]] until the early 20th century (see the [[rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire]]). During World War I, the [[Armenian genocide]], the [[Greek genocide]] (especially in [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]]), and the [[Assyrian genocide]] almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of [[Armenians|Armenian]], [[Greeks|Greek]], and [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] populations in Anatolia and surrounding regions. Following the [[Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922]], most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923 [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]]. Of the remainder, most have left Turkey since then, leaving fewer than 5,000 Greeks in Anatolia today.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=The uncertain future of Greeks in Turkey |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/09/07/the-uncertain-future-of-greeks-in-turkey#selection-1030.0-1030.1 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=archive.is |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230907151019/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/09/07/the-uncertain-future-of-greeks-in-turkey#selection-1030.0-1030.1 |archive-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> According to Morris and Ze'evi, 4 million Christians were ethnically cleansed from Asia minor by the Turks from 1894 to 1924.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Benny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=Benny+Morris+the+thirty+year+genocide |title=The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 |last2=Ze'evi |first2=Dror |date=24 April 2019 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91645-6 |page=3 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geology==
[[File:Lake_Tuz,_Turkey_(Unsplash_O0uCm1WLnA0).jpg|thumb|Salty shores of [[Lake Tuz]]]]

Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central [[massif]] composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded [[Trough (geology)|troughs]], covered by recent [[Deposit (geology)|deposits]] and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the [[Kızıl River]], the coastal plains of [[Çukurova]] and the valley floors of the [[Gediz River]] and the [[Büyük Menderes River]] as well as some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around [[Lake Tuz]] (Salt Lake) and the [[Konya]] Basin (''Konya Ovasi'').

There are two mountain ranges in southern Anatolia: the [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] and the [[Zagros]] Mountains.<ref name=wiley>{{Cite book| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| isbn = 978-1-118-94501-8| last1 = Cemen| first1 = Ibrahim| last2 = Yilmaz| first2 = Yucel| title = Active Global Seismology: Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region| year=2017}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Turkey}}

<gallery caption="Temperatures of Anatolia" widths="180px">
File:Klima_ankara.png|[[Ankara]] (central Anatolia)
File:Klima_antalya.png|[[Antalya]] (southern Anatolia)
File:Klima_van.png|[[Van, Turkey|Van]] (eastern Anatolia)
</gallery>

Anatolia has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical Mediterranean climate, with mild rainy winters and warm, dry summers.<ref name=Prothero19>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/19/|access-date=6 September 2013|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102025925/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/19/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Black Sea and Marmara coasts have a temperate oceanic climate, with warm, foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year.

===Ecoregions===
[[File:Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Mediterranean climate]] is prevalent in the [[Turkish Riviera]]]]
[[File:Central Anatolia (52397494465).jpg|thumb|Anatolia's dry central plateau]]
There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities.

The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia experience a humid and mild climate. There are [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forest|temperate broadleaf, mixed]] and [[temperate coniferous forest|coniferous]] forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier [[continental climate]], has deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatolia, which have a [[Mediterranean climate]], contain [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub]] ecoregions.
* [[Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests]]: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of [[temperate rainforest]] lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=pa0422|name=Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref>
* [[Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests]]: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=pa0515|name=Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref>
* [[Central Anatolian deciduous forests]]: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=pa0410|name=Central Anatolian deciduous forests|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref>
* [[Central Anatolian steppe]]: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include [[halophytic]] (salt-tolerant) plant communities.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Central Anatolian steppe|access-date=25 May 2008|id=pa0803}}</ref>
[[File:Pontic Panorama.jpg|thumb|A panorama of the [[Pontic Mountains]] in the [[Black Sea Region]] of northern Anatolia, Turkey]]
* [[Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests]]: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is beneficial for steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=pa0420|name=Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref>
* [[Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests]]: These forests occupy the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau. Pine forests, mixed pine, oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests|access-date=25 May 2008|id=pa1202}}</ref>
* [[Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests]]: These Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion has forests of [[Turkish pine]] ''(Pinus brutia)'', oak forests and woodlands, and [[maquis shrubland]] of Turkish pine and evergreen [[sclerophyll]]ous trees and shrubs, including [[Olive]] ''(Olea europaea)'', [[Arbutus unedo|Strawberry Tree]] ''(Arbutus unedo)'', ''[[Arbutus andrachne]]'', Kermes Oak ''([[Quercus coccifera]])'', and [[Bay Laurel]] ''(Laurus nobilis)''.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests|access-date=25 May 2008|id=pa1201}}</ref>
* [[Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests]]: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate [[Taurus Mountains]] of southern Anatolia. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolian black pine ''([[Pinus nigra]])'', Cedar of Lebanon ''([[Cedrus libani]])'', Taurus fir ''([[Abies cilicica]])'', and [[juniper]] ''([[Juniperus foetidissima]]'' and ''[[Juniperus excelsa|J. excelsa]])''. Broadleaf trees include oaks, [[hornbeam]], and [[maple]]s.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests|access-date=25 May 2008|id=pa1220}}</ref>
* [[Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests]]: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine ''(''Pinus halepensis'')'' and Turkish Pine ''(Pinus brutia)'', and dry oak ''(Quercus'' spp.) woodlands and steppes.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=pa1207|name=Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Turkey}}

The largest provinces in Anatolia (aside from the Asian side of [[Istanbul]]) are [[Ankara]], [[İzmir]], [[Bursa]], [[Antalya]], [[Konya]], [[Adana]], [[Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]], [[Mersin]], [[Manisa]], [[Kayseri]], [[Samsun]], [[Balıkesir]], [[Aydın]], [[Kahramanmaraş|Maraş]], [[Sakarya Province|Sakarya]], [[Muğla]], [[Denizli]], [[Eskişehir]], [[Trabzon]], [[Ordu]], [[Afyonkarahisar|Afyon]], [[Sivas]], [[Tokat]], [[Zonguldak]], [[Kütahya]], [[Çanakkale]], [[Osmaniye]] and [[Çorum]]. All have populations of more than 500,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye'nin En Kalabalık İlleri 2024 En Kalabalık Şehirler |url=https://www.nufusu.com/turkiyenin-en-kalabalik-sehirleri |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=www.nufusu.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Turkey}}
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Aeolis]]
* [[Anatolian hypothesis]]
* [[Anatolianism]]
* [[Anatolian leopard]]
* [[Anatolian Plate]]
* [[Anatolian Shepherd]]
* [[Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia]]
* [[Antigonid dynasty]]
* [[Doris (Asia Minor)]]
* [[Empire of Nicaea]]
* [[Empire of Trebizond]]
* [[Gordium]]
* [[Lycaonia]]
* [[Midas]]
* [[Miletus]]
* [[Myra]]
* [[Pentarchy]]
* [[Pontic Greeks]]
* [[Rumi]]
* [[Saint Anatolia]]
* [[John the Apostle|Saint John]]
* [[Saint Nicholas]]
* [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]]
* [[Seleucid Empire]]
* [[Seven churches of Asia]]
* [[Seven Sleepers]]
* [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]]
* [[Troad]]
* [[Turkic migration]]
{{div col end}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Akurgal |first=Ekrem |author-link=Ekrem Akurgal |title=The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations |year=2001 |location=Ankara |publisher=Ministry of Culture |isbn=978-975-17-2756-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1tAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428164117/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Barjamovic |first=Gojko |author-link=Gojko Barjamovic |title=A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period |year=2011 |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-3645-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB9feN_sbx4C |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428164116/https://books.google.com/books?id=hB9feN_sbx4C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Bryce |first=Trevor R. |author-link=Trevor R. Bryce |title=The Kingdom of the Hittites |year=2005 |orig-date=1998 |edition=2nd revised |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927908-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMHmCwAAQBAJ |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505123630/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMHmCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Bryce |first=Trevor R. |author-link=Trevor R. Bryce |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire |year=2009 |location=London & New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-15907-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C }}
* {{cite book | editor-last1=Cohen | editor-first1=Saul B. | title=The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G | publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=2nd | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-231-14554-1 | oclc=212893637}}
* {{cite book | last=Comrie | first=Bernard | editor-first1=Bernard | editor-last1=Comrie | title=The World's Major Languages | publisher=Routledge | date=2018 |edition=3rd | isbn=978-0-19-506511-4 |doi=10.4324/9781315644936}}
* {{cite book | last=Howard | first=Douglas A. | title=The History of Turkey | publisher=Greenwood | publication-place=Santa Barbara, California | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4408-3466-0 |edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book | last=McColl | first=R. W. | title=Encyclopedia of World Geography | publisher=Facts On File | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3}}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001 |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-537614-2 |editor-last1=McMahon |editor-last2=Steadman |editor-first1=Gregory |editor-first2=Sharon |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE) |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
** {{harvc |last1=McMahon |first1=Gregory |last2=Steadman |first2=Sharon |chapter=Introduction: The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=3–12 |anchor-year=2012a}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0001}}
** {{harvc |last1=McMahon |first1=Gregory |chapter=The Land and Peoples of Anatolia through Ancient Eyes |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=15–33}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0002}}
** {{harvc |last1=Matthews |first1=Roger |chapter=A History of the Preclassical Archaeology of Anatolia |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=34–55}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0003}}
** {{harvc |last1=Steadman |first1=Sharon |chapter=The Early Bronze Age on the Plateau |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=229–259}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0010}}
** {{harvc |last1=Michel |first1=Cécile |chapter=The Kārum Period on the Plateau |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=313–336}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0013}}
** {{harvc |last1=Bryce |first1=Trevor |chapter=The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=363–375}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0015}}
** {{harvc |last1=Khatchadourian |first1=Lori |chapter=The Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=464–499}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0020}}
** {{harvc |last1=Greaves |first1=Alan M. |chapter=The Greeks in Western Anatolia |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=500–514}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0021}}
** {{harvc |last1=Beckman |first1=Gary |chapter=The Hittite Language: Recovery and Grammatical Sketch |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=517–533}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0022}}
** {{harvc |last1=Yakubovich |first1=Ilya |chapter=Luwian and the Luwians |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=534–547}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0023}}
** {{harvc |last1=Zimansky |first1=Paul |chapter=Urartian and the Urartians |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=548–559}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0024}}
** {{harvc |last1=Sams |first1=G. Kenneth |chapter=Anatolia: The First Millennium B.C.E. in Historical Context |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=604–622}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0027}}
** {{harvc |last1=Melchert |first1=H. Craig |chapter=Indo-Europeans |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=704–716}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0031}}
** {{harvc |last1=Jablonka |first1=Peter |chapter=Troy in Regional and International Context |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=717–733}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0032}}
** {{harvc |last1=Harl |first1=Kenneth W. |chapter=The Greeks in Anatolia: From the Migrations to Alexander the Great |in1=McMahon |in2=Steadman |year=2012 |pages=752–774}} {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0034}}
* {{cite book |last1=Steadman |first1=Sharon R. |last2=McMahon |first2=Gregory |year=2011 |title = The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia:(10,000–323 BCE) |publisher=Oxford University Press Inc. |isbn=978-0-19-537614-2 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001 |hdl=11693/51311 |editor1-last=McMahon |editor1-first=Gregory |editor2-last=Steadman |editor2-first=Sharon }}
* {{cite book | editor-last1=Tockner | editor-first1=Klement | editor-last2=Uehlinger | editor-first2=Urs | editor-last3=Robinson | editor-first3=Christopher T. | title=Rivers of Europe | publisher=Academic Press | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-08-091908-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmX5XKkQCcC}}
* {{cite report |ref={{harvid|KONDA|2006}} |url=http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf |title=Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=[[KONDA Research and Consultancy]] |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215004933/http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box |by=no|onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Anatolia |viaf= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
*Akat, Yücel, Neşe Özgünel, and Aynur Durukan. 1991. ''Anatolia: A World Heritage''. Ankara: Kültür Bakanliǧi.
*Brewster, Harry. 1993. ''Classical Anatolia: The Glory of Hellenism''. London: I. B. Tauris.
*Donbaz, Veysel, and Şemsi Güner. 1995. ''The Royal Roads of Anatolia''. Istanbul: Dünya.
*Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. 2013. ''Empire, Authority, and Autonomy In Achaemenid Anatolia''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Gates, Charles, Jacques Morin, and Thomas Zimmermann. 2009. ''Sacred Landscapes In Anatolia and Neighboring Regions''. Oxford: Archaeopress.
*Mikasa, Takahito, ed. 1999. ''Essays On Ancient Anatolia''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
*Takaoğlu, Turan. 2004. ''Ethnoarchaeological Investigations In Rural Anatolia''. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
*Taracha, Piotr. 2009. ''Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
*Taymaz, Tuncay, Y. Yilmaz, and Yildirim Dilek. 2007. ''The Geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia''. London: Geological Society.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Turkey topics}}
{{Regions of the world}}
{{Peninsulas of Turkey}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anatolia| ]]
[[Category:Geography of ancient Greece]]
[[Category:Geography of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Turkey]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Asia]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Turkey]]
[[Category:Physiographic provinces]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of Turkey]]
[[Category:West Asia]]

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology

2026-03-21T09:38:38Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Public university in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
| image = Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Logo.svg
| image_upright = .6
| former_name = West Bengal University of Technology
| motto = ''In Pursuit of Knowledge and Excellence''
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=y|2001|7|16}}
| accreditation = {{hlist|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]|[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Institute of technology|technical university]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|74.09|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2023–24 est.)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| vice_chancellor = Tapas Chakraborty ''(acting)''
| faculty = 167 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 2,914 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://makautwb.ac.in/big_files/NIRF-2025-Overall.pdf |publisher=[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]}}</ref>
| undergrad = 1,862 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 1,041 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 11 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Haringhata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|22|57|25.34|N|88|32|36.46|E|type:edu_region:IN-WB|display= inline, title}}
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Semi Urban]] {{Convert|40|acre|ha}}
| free_label1 = Newspaper
| free1 = ''Tech Vistas''
| website = {{Official URL}}
|}}
[[File:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology 05.jpg|thumb|MAKAUT entrance gate in Haringhata]]
'''Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology''', '''West Bengal''' ('''MAKAUT, WB'''), formerly known as '''West Bengal University of Technology''' ('''WBUT'''), is a [[public university|public]] [[institute of technology|technical university]] located in [[Haringhata]], [[West Bengal]], India. Established in 2001 by the [[West Bengal]] legislature, it is fully funded by the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MAKAUT University Act 2000 | url=https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/WBUTAct2000.pdf|website=wbhed.gov.in|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> The university provides [[management]] and [[engineering]] degrees through [[Collegiate university|affiliated]] colleges<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated Colleges of West Bengal University of Technology | url=https://makautresult.in/colleges}}</ref> and in-house departments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/life-details/E/4870/makaut-launches-new-certification-and-diploma-courses-on-archaeology.html|title=MAKAUT launches new certification and diploma courses on Archaeology|website=Indiablooms|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>

==History==
An expert committee was set up on 31 December 1998 by the [[Government of West Bengal]], under the Chairmanship of [[Ashesh Prosad Mitra]], for establishing a university of engineering and technology in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (Formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology) - About Us|url=https://makautwb.ac.in/page.php?id=196#intro|access-date=2020-06-02|website=makautwb.ac.in}}</ref> The university was formalized on 15 January 2001 by an act of the West Bengal Legislature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Act XV of 2000|url=https://makautwb.ac.in/rti/WBUT-ACT-Amended.pdf}}</ref> The university changed its name from West Bengal University of Technology to the current one in April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Users |url=http://www.wbut.ac.in/datas/users/0-makaut.pdf |website=www.wbut.ac.in}}</ref> From 2023 University started to give access to [[DigiLocker]] System to Students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2023 |title=MAKAUT, WB Fourth among Universities in India to give Access to DigiLocker System to Students |work=IBG News March 14, 2023 6:35 pm |url=https://ibgnews.com/2023/03/14/makaut-wb-fourth-among-universities-in-india-to-give-access-to-digilocker-system-to-students/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315151758/https://ibgnews.com/2023/03/14/makaut-wb-fourth-among-universities-in-india-to-give-access-to-digilocker-system-to-students/ |archive-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

==Campus==
The university has a main campus covering approximately 40 acres at [[Haringhata]], provided by the [[Government of West Bengal]]. Hostels accommodate both male and female students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://makautwb.ac.in/page.php?id=196|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (Formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology) - About Us|website=makautwb.ac.in|access-date=2018-07-11}}</ref> The university is located in between [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya]] and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata|IISER Kolkata]].

==Organisation and administration==

===Schools, Departments & Centers===
The university has 11 different Schools of Studies and there are 75 Undergraduate and 100 post-graduate courses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2022 |title=An Outstanding Institution of Higher Learning |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] 25.08.22, 11:10 AM |publisher=ABP Digital Brand Studio|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-outstanding-institution-of-higher-learning/cid/1882302 |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831064407/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-outstanding-institution-of-higher-learning/cid/1882302 |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

{|class = "wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
!style='background: #4169e1'|Schools
!style='background: #4169e1'|Department and Centres
|-
|rowspan=5 |School of biological science and technology
|[[Biotechnology]]
|-
|[[Bioinformatics]]
|-
|[[Applied Biology]]
|-
|[[Life Sciences]]
|-
|Centre for Bio Resource Management & Bioeconomy
|-
| rowspan=1 |School of computer science & engineering
|[[Computer science and engineering]]
|-
| rowspan=6 |School of information science and technology
|[[Information technology]]
|-
|[[Emerging technologies]]
|-
|[[Information science]]-Undergraduate
|-
|[[Information science]]-Postgraduate
|-
|[[Computer Applications]]
|-
|[[Geo-informatics]] and [[Spatial sciences]]
|-
| rowspan=4 |School of engineering science & technology
|[[Industrial Engineering and Management]]
|-
|[[Microelectronics]] and [[VLSI Technology]]
|-
|Centre for [[Robotics]] & [[3D Printing]]
|-
|Centre for [[Biomedical engineering]]
|-
| rowspan=3 |School of energy and environmental engineering
|[[Environmental science]]
|-
|Renewable Energy Engineering
|-
|Centre for Waste utilization
|-
| rowspan=5 |School of management science
|[[Management]] & [[Business administration]]
|-
|Management & [[Business Studies]]
|-
|Undergraduate Business Studies
|-
|[[Hospital administration]] & Management
|-
|[[Hospitality]] & [[Hotel administration]]
|-
| rowspan=6 |School of applied science & technology
|[[Applied Chemistry]]
|-
|[[Applied Mathematics]]
|-
|[[Applied Physics]]
|-
|[[Applied Statistics]]
|-
|[[Forensic science]] & Technology
|-
|[[Materials science]] & Technology
|-
| rowspan=2 |School of food science & agro technology
|[[Food Science]]
|-
|[[Food technology]]
|-
| rowspan=1 |School of pharmaceutical science & health care technology
|[[Pharmaceutical technology]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |School of humanities and social sciences
|[[Applied economics]]
|-
|[[Applied psychology]]
|-
|[[Linguistics]]
|-
|[[Humanities]]
|-
| rowspan=2 |School of media science & entertainment
|Media Science
|-
|[[Multimedia technology]]
|-
| rowspan=1 |School of planning & architecture design
|[[Archaeology]] (Heritage Cell)
|-
|}

==Academics==
===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University

|NIRF_E_2024=101-150|State Public University=}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked it 157 among engineering colleges in 2020,<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_E_2020">{{cite web |title=NIRF Engineering 2020 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/EngineeringRanking.html |publisher=NIRF |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127231813/https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 158 in 2021.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_E_2021">{{cite web |title=NIRF Engineering 2021 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/EngineeringRanking.html |publisher=NIRF |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093421/https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> And gave rank band 201–250 in 2022 <ref name="Rankings_NIRF_E_2022">{{cite web |title=NIRF Engineering 2022 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking150.html |publisher=NIRF}}</ref> and 101–150 in 2023 & 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIRF Engineering 2023 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/EngineeringRanking150.html |publisher=[[NIRF]] |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626092413/https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/EngineeringRanking150.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2024, NIRF's newly introduced parameter, "State Public University" it ranked within 51-100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of India |first=Ministry of Education |date=2024 |title=India Rankings 2024: State Public Universities (Rank -band: 51-100) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/STATEPUBLICUNIVERSITYRanking100.html |website=National Institute Ranking Framework}}</ref>

===Accreditation and recognition===
The university is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wbut.ac.in/page.php?id=196 |title=Accreditations |publisher=West Bengal University of Technology}}</ref> It has been awarded B++ with a Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) of 2.87 by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx | title=Accreditation | publisher=National Assessment and Accreditation Council | access-date=5 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118225051/http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx | archive-date=18 November 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the year 2022 University received [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]] accreditation for two Undergraduate B.Tech. courses in CSE and IT for 3 years and for Postgraduate M.Tech. course in Biotechnology for 6 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2022 |title=MAKAUT University Gets NBA Approval For 3 Engineering Courses |work=[[Outlook India]] 08 JUN 2022 9:16 PM |location=Kolkata |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/makaut-university-gets-nba-approval-for-3-engineering-courses-news-201206#:~:text=Maulana%20Abul%20Kalam%20Azad%20University,Tech. |url-status=live |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609051928/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/makaut-university-gets-nba-approval-for-3-engineering-courses-news-201206 |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of universities in India#West Bengal|List of universities in West Bengal]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal|List of educational institutions in West Bengal]]
*[[Distant Education Bureau|Distance Education Bureau]]
*[[University Grants Commission (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://makautwb.ac.in}}

{{Commons}}

{{West Bengal University of Technology}}
{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Bengal University Of Technology}}
[[Category:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Universities in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in West Bengal]]

Hakim Shahjahan

2026-03-16T23:21:42Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new a article.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hakim Shahjahan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage| [[Sana Althaf]] |2024}}
}}
'''Hakim Shahjahan''' is an Indian actor who works predominately in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films.

==Career==
Hakim Shahjahan worked as an assistant director before making his debut as an actor through ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' (2013). He played one of the lead roles in ''Oru Sopetty Katha'' (2013) co-starring Shafique Rahman and played supporting roles in many films such as the Tamil film ''[[Kadaseela Biriyani]]'' (2021) and ''[[Archana 31 Not Out]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-soappetty-katha/movie-review/25930941.cms|title=Oru Soappetty Katha Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Oru Soappetty Katha by Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/interview-happy-to-see-the-audience-accepting-my-characters-the-way-i-intended-says-hakim-shahjahan/|title=Interview: Happy to see the audience accepting my characters the way I intended, says Hakim Shahjahan|first=Arjun|last=Ramachandran|date=9 October 2024|work=The South First}}</ref> He went on to act in films like ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]'' (2023), ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'' (2025) and ''[[Mirage (2025 film)|Mirage]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Pranaya Vilasam movie review: Honouring Mom, but with kind consideration to Dad's hypocrisy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review-honouring-mom-but-with-kind-consideration-to-dads-hypocrisy-12246992.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328171632/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review-honouring-mom-but-with-kind-consideration-to-dads-hypocrisy-12246992.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/12/hakim-shahjahan-shares-pictures-of-his-scary-accident-from-bazooka-sets|title=Hakim Shahjahan shares pictures of his scary accident from Bazooka sets|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|date=12 April 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/meesha-star-hakim-shahjahan-it-is-easy-to-become-an-actor-but-survival-is-a-challenge-exclusive/0f0c9e2431603|title=Meesha star Hakim Shahjahan: 'It is easy to become an actor, but survival is a challenge...'| Exclusive|website=OTTPlay|date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mirage-review-jeethu-josephs-latest-film-is-all-twists-but-very-few-thrills|title=Mirage review: Jeethu Joseph's latest film is all twists, but very few thrills|first=Lakshmi|last=Priya|date=September 19, 2025|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

He played one of the lead roles in ''[[Meesha (film)|Meesha]]'' (2025) with a critic noting that "Hakim portrays Anandhu convincingly, capturing the character's emotional highs and lows with precision".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/meesha-review-kathir-hakim-shahjahan-emcy-joseph-sudhi-koppa-shine-tom-chacko/1e317bd46286|title=Meesha review: Kathir's film deals with friendship in its most unvarnished form|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' || College student ||
|-
| ''Oru Soppetty Katha'' || Tony Mathew ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'' || Josemon ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Naam (2018 film)|Naam]]'' || Manu Alexander ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021 || ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'' || Hakkim ||
|-
| ''[[Kadaseela Biriyani]]'' || Johan Kariya aka Panni Kusu Roast || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| ''Freedom @ Midnight'' || Das || Short film
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022 || ''[[Archana 31 Not Out]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' || Sreenath ||
|-
| ''[[Visudha Mejo]]'' || Rahul ||
|-
| ''[[The Teacher (2022 film)|The Teacher]]'' || Sujith ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]'' || Vinod || Won{{Ndash}}SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor
|-
| rowspan="4"|2024 || ''Kadakan'' || Sulfi || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kadakan-malayalam-movie-review/|title=Kadakan review: Hakeem Shahjahan shines in this mixed bag of emotions|first=Arjun|last=Ramachandran|date=1 March 2024|work=The South First}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kadha Innuvare]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Oru Kattil Oru Muri'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sorgavaasal]]'' || Tiger Mani || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025 || ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'' || Sunny Varghese / Mr. Mario / SD_47 ||
|-
| ''[[Meesha (film)|Meesha]]'' || Anandhu ||
|-
| ''[[Mirage (2025 film)|Mirage]]'' || Kiran / Amal ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm9025544}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahjahan, Hakim}}
[[Category:Actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ghatikachalam

2026-03-14T11:36:18Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Adding some info initial version.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghatikachalam
| image = Ghatikachalam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Amar Kamepalli
| writer =
| screenplay = Amar Kamepalli
| story = MC Raju
| producer = MC Raju
| starring = {{plain list|
* Nikhil Devadula
* Prabhakar Podakandla
* Jogi Naidu
* Aarvika Gupta
* Samyuktha Kanumareddy
}}
| cinematography = SS Manoj
| editing = Srinivas Bainaboyina
| music = Flavio G. Cuccurullo
| studio = Oasis Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ghatikachalam''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[psychological horror]] film co-written and directed by Amar Kamepalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-10-14 |title='Ghatikachalam' teaser gets unveiled |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ghatikachalam-teaser-gets-unveiled-914299 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It stars Nikhil Devadula, Prabhakar Podakandla, Jogi Naidu, Aarvika Gupta and Samyuktha Kanumareddy in important roles.<ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Ghatikachalam Teaser Reveals Intense Story Of Mental Health Struggles Among Teenagers |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ghatikachalam-teaser-reveals-intense-story-of-mental-health-struggles-among-teenagers-9086773.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 31 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-23 |title=Ghatikachalam trailer: A youngster struggles with inner darkness in psychological thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/23/ghatikachalam-trailer-a-youngster-struggles-with-inner-darkness-in-psychological-thriller |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Nikhil Devadula as Kaushik
* Prabhakar Podakandla as Parashuram
* Jogi Naidu as Sudivelu
* Aarvika Gupta as Dr. Shraddha
* Samyuktha Kanumareddy as Samyu
* Devi as Ramadevi
* Tanmai as Eesha
* Arjun Vihaan as George
* Shan Kakkar as Panigrahi
* Rangadham as Ghatikachalam

==Music==
The background score and soundtrack were composed by Flavio G. Cuccurullo.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Prisoner Of Fate
| extra1 = Ekaterina Shelehova
| length1 = 3:10
| lyrics1 = Flavio G. Cuccurullo
}}

==Release and reception==
''Ghatikachalam'' was released on 31 May 2025. It was later released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 20 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guptha |first=Ganesh |date=2025-06-20 |title=సడన్‌గా ఓటీటీలోకి సైకలాజికల్ థ్రిల్లర్ 'ఘటికాచలం' - ఒకేసారి రెండు చోట్ల స్ట్రీమింగ్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ott-webseries/ghatikachalam-ott-streaming-nikhil-devadula-avrvika-gupta-prabhakar-tanmai-khushi-samyu-reddy-psychological-thriller-available-to-watch-on-aha-amazon-prime-211214 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref>

Bhargav Chaganti of [[NTV (India)|NTV]] rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and appreciated Nikhil Devadula's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Ghatikachalam Review: ఘటికాచలం రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/ghatikachalam-review-and-rating-806785.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref> Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2 out 5 and was critical towards poor editing, weak screenplay and narration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-30 |title=Ghatikachalam movie review: A promising psychological horror weighed down by predictability |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/May/30/ghatikachalam-review-a-promising-psychological-horror-weighed-down-by-predictability |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|34117876|Ghatikachalam}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:2020s psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Syed Noor

2026-03-08T06:56:35Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit:

{{short description|Pakistani film director based in Lahore (born 1950)}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Noor
|birth_name = Syed Ghulam Mohyuddin Noor
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|2|21}}
| birth_place =[[Lahore]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| occupation = Film director, producer, writer and actor
| yearsactive = 1970{{ndash}}present
| spouse = Rukhsana Noor (d. 2017) 
[[Saima Noor]]<ref name="dawn.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/245048/marriage-disclosed|date= 2 May 2007|title=Actress Saima admits marriage with film director Syed Noor|publisher=Dawn (newspaper)|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref>
| awards = [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Star of Excellence) Award by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 2013 Won 3 [[Nigar Awards]] in 1995, 1996 and 1997
}}

'''Syed Noor''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سید نور}}}}) (born Syed Ghulam Mohyuddin Noor) is a [[Pakistani]] [[film director]] based in [[Lahore]].

== Early life and education ==
Syed Ghulam Mohyuddin Noor was born on 21 February 1950 in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. He completed his schooling in Lahore and earned a [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor’s degree]] in [[Journalism]] from [[Government Dayal Singh College, Lahore|Government Dyal Singh College, Lahore]].<ref name="times">[https://www.pakistantimes.com/syed-noor/ “Syed Noor achieved a bachelors degree in journalism from Dayal Singh College in Lahore,” Pakistan Times]</ref>

== Career ==

=== Screenwriter ===
In 1970, Syed Noor joined the [[Pakistani film industry]] as an assistant to director S. Suleman. Noor assisted S. Suleman for 18 feature films, after which, he penned his first script for the film, [[Society Girl (1976 film)|''Society Girl'']] (1976), which was considered the best film of the year. After the success of his first film, Noor became the prime screenwriting talent in the Pakistani film industry and worked with all the prominent directors of the time.<ref name=":0" />

Syed Noor wrote about 250 films from 1976 to 1992. His written scripts and screenplays were both in Urdu and in Punjabi. As a writer, Noor won many awards in his career, including National Award, [[Nigar Award]], Graduate Award, Bolan Award, and Asian Award. During his writing career, he was also offered acting opportunities, which he turned down as his ultimate goal was to direct feature films. He had assisted Pakistani film director [[S. Suleman]] for 5 years with the intention of one day directing his own work.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2294708/renowned-director-s-suleman-passes-away |title=Renowned director S. Suleman passes away|author=Adnan Lodhi|date=14 April 2021|newspaper=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>

=== Director ===
In 1993, Syed Noor made his directorial debut with the movie, ''Qasam'', which was successful at the box office. During this time, Pakistani cinema was ruled by Punjabi films. Syed Noor began to make films with the intention of reviving Urdu cinema, and his second film ''[[Jeeva (1995 film)|Jeeva]]'' (1995) and third film [[Sargam (1995 film)|''Sargam'']] (1995) realized his intent. Noor also introduced a number of new actors in his films, who went on to have illustrious careers in the film industry. With the success of Urdu movies, now Punjabi films began to disappear from cinemas, especially after the murder of Punjabi film superstar, [[Sultan Rahi]]. At this point, Noor announced that he would work on Punjabi films and gave his first Punjabi directorial, the super-hit ''[[Choorian (1998 film)|Choorian]]'' (1998), which is considered one of the most successful films of Pakistani film industry. The vast success of ''Choorian'' was followed by another Punjabi film by Noor, [[Majajan]] (2006), which ran in cinemas for even longer than its predecessor.

=== Media education ===
With the intent of teaching filmmaking to a new generation, Syed Noor launched Paragon Studios and Paragon Academy of Performing Arts. Partnering with the Mass Communications Department of [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]], Noor began to teach film as a subject. During this time, multiplex cinemas began to be built in Pakistan and film became digitized, which gave new filmmakers excellent opportunities for new material and projects.

== Awards and recognition ==
After writing nearly 300 films, directing 55 films, and winning more than 10 National Awards and many other honors, Syed Noor was awarded the highest civilian honor of Pakistan, the "[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]" (Star of Excellence) Award by the Pakistani government in 2013.<ref name="Dawn2">[https://www.dawn.com/news/742068/abida-parveen-aleem-dar-among-winners-posthumous-awards-for-manto-mehdi-hassan Abida Parveen, Aleem Dar among winners, Posthumous awards for Manto, Mehdi Hassan (includes Syed Noor's award listed under his full name Syed Ghulam Mohiyuddin Noor)] Dawn (newspaper), Published 14 August 2012, Retrieved 23 July 2023</ref>

*[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Star of Excellence) Award by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 2013<ref name="Dawn2" />
* [[Nigar Award]] for Best Film Director in 1995, 1996 and 1997<ref>{{cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=Pakistan's 'Oscars': The Nigar Awards (scroll down for Syed Noor to year 1995, 1996 and 1997) |url=https://www.desimoviesreviews.com/index.php/2017/11/24/pakistans-oscars-nigar-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613171619/https://www.desimoviesreviews.com/index.php/2017/11/24/pakistans-oscars-nigar-awards/ |archive-date=13 June 2020 |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=The Hot Spot Film Reviews website}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Screenwriter===
* Syed Noor was the screenwriter for film director [[Sangeeta (Pakistani actress)|Sangeeta]]'s successful film [[Society Girl (1976 film)|''Society Girl'']] followed by over 250 more films.

===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Starring
|-
| 1984|| ''Judai'' || Punjabi language film ||
|-
|1987
|Lady Smuggler
|Urdu
|Babra Sharif, Bobita, Sabita, Ismael Shah
|-
| 1993|| ''[[Qasam (film)|Qasam]]'' || Urdu || Iram Hassan, [[Saleem Sheikh]], [[Kaveeta]], [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1995|| ''[[Jeeva (1995 film)|Jeeva]]'' || Urdu || [[Resham]], [[Babar Ali]], [[Javed Sheikh]], [[Neeli]]
|-
| ''[[Sargam (1995 film)|Sargam]]'' || Urdu || [[Zeba Bakhtiar]], [[Adnan Sami]], [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem]]
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1996|| ''Hawaien'' || Urdu || [[Reema Khan]], [[Saud (actor)|Saud]], [[Meera (Irtiza Rubab)|Meera]]
|-
|'' [[Chor Machaye Shor (1996 film)|Chor Machaye Shor]]'' || Urdu ||[[Resham]], [[Reema Khan|Reema]], [[Sahiba]], [[Afzal Khan (actor)|Rambo]], [[Babar Ali]]
|-
| ''[[Ghunghat (1996 film)|Ghunghat]]'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Resham]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], Andaleeb
|-
| ''Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman'' || Urdu || [[Jan Rambo]], [[Meera (Irtiza Rubab)|Meera]], Laila, [[Andaleeb (actress)|Andaleeb]], [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1997 || ''Uqabon Ka Nasheman'' || Urdu || [[Reema Khan]], [[Babar Ali]], [[Jan Rambo]], [[Javed Sheikh]]
|-
| ''[[Sangam (1997 film)|Sangam]]'' || Urdu || [[Resham]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Sana Nawaz]],
|-
| ''Raja Pakistani'' || Urdu || Nirma, [[Reema Khan]], [[Babar Ali]], [[Sahiba Afzal]],
|-
| ''[[Deewane Tere Pyar Ke]]'' || Urdu || [[Moammar Rana]], Jia Ali, [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem]], Yasmin Ismail
|-
|rowspan="6"| 1998|| ''[[Muhafiz (1998)|Muhafiz]]'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]], [[Jana Malik]], [[Sahiba Afzal]],
|-
| ''Zewar'' || Urdu || [[Reema Khan]], [[Babar Ali]], [[Sahiba Afzal]], [[Jan Rambo]]
|-
| ''Zor'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], [[Jana Malik]]
|-
| ''[[Choorian (1998 film)|Choorian]]'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], [[Nargis (Pakistani actress)|Nargis]]
|-
| ''Deewarain'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Reema Khan]], [[Babar Ali]],
|-
| ''Dupatta Jal Raha Hai'' || Urdu || Arbaz Khan, [[Resham]], [[Saima Noor]], [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem]]
|-
| 1999 || ''Daku Rani'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], Arbaaz Khan,
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2000|| ''[[Mehndi Waley Hath]]'' || Punjabi || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], Nagma,
|-
| ''Angaray '' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Deeba]],
|-
| ''[[Jungle Queen (2001 film)|Jungle Queen]]'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], [[Saira Khan (Pakistani actress)|Saira Khan]], [[Jan Rambo]],
|-
| ''[[Billi]]'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Noor Bukhari|Noor]], [[Meera (Pakistani actress)|Meera]],
|-
| ''Lakhon Main Aik'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], [[Abid Ali (actor)|Abid Ali]],
|-
| ''Beti '' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Babar Ali]], [[Moammar Rana]], [[Sana Nawaz|Sana]]
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2001|| ''Daket'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Moammar Rana]], [[Resham]]
|-
| ''Chooriyan Nahin Hathkarian '' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], Arbaaz Khan
|-
| ''Uff Yeh Beewiyan'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], [[Reema Khan]]
|-
| ''Sapne Apne Apne'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], [[Saud (actor)|Saud]]
|-
| ''Baghi'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Saud (actor)|Saud]]
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2002|| ''Sholay '' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Reema Khan]]
|-
| ''Behram Daku'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Babar Ali]]
|-
| ''[[Buddha Gujjar]]'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Resham]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003|| ''Commando'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Zara Sheikh]]
|-
| ''[[Larki Punjaban]]'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shamyl Khan]], [[Babar Ali]]
|-
| 2004|| ''Hum Aik Hain'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Shamyl Khan]]
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Majajan]]'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Saud (actor)|Saud]]
|-
| 2007|| ''[[Jhoomar]]'' || Urdu|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], Aleena
|-
| 2010|| ''Wohti ley ke jaani ay'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Mustafa Qureshi]], [[Iftikhar Thakur]]
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2011|| ''[[Aik Aur Ghazi]]'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], Heera Malik, [[Safqat Cheema]]
|-
| ''[[Jugni (film)|Jugni]]'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]], [[Moammar Rana]]
|-
| ''Dane Pay Dana'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], Haya Ali
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012|| ''[[Shareeka]]'' || Punjabi|| [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid|Shaan]]
|-
| ''[[Meri Shadi Karao]]'' || [[Bollywood]] (''Syed Noor's debut in India'') || Gurdeep Mehndi, [[Sakhawat Naz]]
|-
| 2013 || ''Ik Si Sher'' || Punjabi || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Shaan Shahid]]
|-
| 2013 || ''Devar Bhabhi (television film)'' || Urdu || [[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Sami Khan (actor)|Sami Khan]], [[Saud (actor)|Saud]], Sadia Khan
|-
|2017
|''[[Chain Aye Na]]''
|Urdu
|Shehroz Sabzwari, Sarish Khan, Adil Murad, Sobia Khan, Waqar Ali Godhra
|-
|2022
|''[[Tere Bajre Di Rakhi]]''
|Punjabi
|[[Saima Noor]], Jannat Mirza, [[Iftikhar Thakur]], [[Mustafa Qureshi]], [[Shafqat Cheema]], [[Babar Ali]], [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]], Agha Majid, Naghma Begum
|-
| TBA || ''Price of Honour''<ref>[http://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1147506 Film 'Price of Honour' finally to hit screens after Eid, on hipinpakistan.com website] Published 7 July 2015, Retrieved 23 February 2019</ref><ref>[http://arynews.tv/en/sharmeen-obaid-copied-the-idea-and-name-of-my-movie-syed-noor/ Sharmeen Obaid copied the idea and name of my movie: Syed Noor], ARY TV News, Posted 2 March 2016, Retrieved 23 February 2019</ref> || Urdu || Atif Naveed, Danyal, Rakshi
|-
|TBA
|''Bhai Wanted'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/syed-noor-coming-up-with-latest-film-bhai-wanted-saima-leads-the-way/|title=Syed Noor coming up with latest film ‘Bhai Wanted’, Saima leads the way|website=Daily Pakistan Global|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
|Urdu
|[[Saima Noor|Saima]], [[Moammar Rana]], Khurram Patras, [[Danish Nawaz]]
|-
|TBA
|''Aina 2'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1388096/cupid-strikes-sequel-lollywood-classic-aina-making/|title=Cupid strikes again: sequel to Lollywood classic ‘Aina’ in the making|last=Tribune.com.pk|date=2017-04-19|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
|Urdu
|[[Shehroz Sabzwari]], [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem]], [[Shabnam]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Lists of Pakistani films]]
* [[Pakistani films of 2010]]
* [[Majajan]]
* [[Choorian (1998 film)|Choorian]]
* [[Cinema of Pakistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==

{{Syed Noor}}
{{NigarAwardBestDirector|1981-2000}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noor, Syed}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani screenwriters]]
[[Category:Pakistani film producers]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Nigar Award winners]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Film directors from Lahore]]
[[Category:Pakistani film directors]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]

Holy Wound

2026-03-03T09:41:40Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new a article

{{Short description|2022 Malayalam-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption = Red River Movie Poster
| director = Asok. R. Nath
| producer = Sandeep. R
| writer = Paul Wiclif
| starring = Janaki Sudheer Amrita Vinod Sabu Praudeen
| music = Ronnie Raphael
| cinematography = Unni Madavoor
| editing = Vipin Mannoor
| studio = Sahasrara Cinemas
| distributor = Sahasrara Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|08|12}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Holy Wound''''' is a 2022 Malayalam [[silent film]] directed by Asok. R. Nath and written by Paul Wiclif. Janaki Sudheer, Amrita Vinod, Sabu Praudeen play lead roles. The film was produced by Sandeep. R for Sahasrara Cinemas. The music was by the ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea|Marakkar]]'' composer, [[Ronnie Raphael]]. ''Holy Wound'' explores bold themes related to [[lesbian|lesbianism]], which is unusual in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asok R Nath's next is lesbian drama 'Holy Wound' |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=4 November 2021 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/04/asok-r-naths-next-is-lesbian-drama-holy-wound-2379400.html |access-date=20 November 2021}} - {{Cite news |title=പെണ്ണും പെണ്ണും പ്രണയിക്കുമ്പോൾ |date=29 October 2021 |language=ml |work=Anweshanam |url=https://anweshanam.com/entertainment/movie-news/when-a-girl-and-a-girl-fall-in-love/cid5664939.htm |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> The film was released through direct [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] on 12 August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mtimesofindia.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/watch-holy-wound-trailer-showcases-love-between-two-women-from-different-social-backgrounds/videoshow/93002879.cms |title=Watch: 'Holy Wound' trailer showcases love between two women from different social backgrounds |work=The Times of India |date=20 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film depicts the story of two young homosexual women, one of whom is married to a man. She has no interest in sex with her husband. He brutally uses her for his sexual gratification. As she grieves over her husband's abuse, she remembers her homosexual friend, who is now a nun.

== Cast ==
* Janaki Sudheer
* Amrita Vinod as Nun
* Sabu Praudeen as Husband

== Production ==
''Holy Wound'' was produced by Sandeep. R under the banner of Sahasrara Cinemas with Paul Wiclif as the writer, Unni Madavoor as the cinematographer, Vipin Mannoor as the editor. Ronnie Raphael composed the music.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ലെസ്ബിയന്‍ പ്രണയത്തിന്റെ ചൂടുംചൂരും നിറച്ച് 'ഹോളിവൂണ്ട്' |author=എന്‍റര്‍ടൈന്‍മെന്‍റ് ഡെസ്ക് |date=29 October 2021 |language=ml |work=SouthLive |url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/film-news/holly-wound-movie-based-on-lesbian-romance |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> The film was released as a direct OTT release on 12 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ലെസ്ബിയൻ പ്രണയം; 'ഹോളിവൂണ്ട്´ ചിത്രീകരണം പൂർത്തിയായി |date=10 November 2021 |language=ml |work=Rashtraboomi |url=https://www.rashtrabhoomi.com/lesbian-love-hollywound-malayalam-film/ |access-date=22 November 2021}} - {{Cite news |title=പ്രണയത്തിന് ലിംഗവ്യത്യാസം ഒരു തടസമാകുന്നില്ല, രണ്ട് മനസുകളുടെ പറഞ്ഞു തീർക്കാൻ കഴിയാത്ത ആവേശമാണത്, ലെസ്ബിയൻ പ്രണയം വിഷയമാക്കി 'ഹോളിവൂണ്ട്' |date=29 October 2021 |language=ml |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=672823&u=malayalam-new-film-holy-wound |access-date=18 November 2021}} - {{Cite news |title=ജാനകി സുധീർ നായികയായ നിശബ്ദ ചിത്രം 'ഹോളിവൂണ്ട്' |language=ml |date=2 November 2021 |work=Metro Vaartha |url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/news/80132/holly-wound-heroine-janaki-sudheer |access-date=18 November 2021}} - {{Cite news |title=പ്രണയത്തിന് ലിംഗവ്യത്യാസം ഒരു തടസമാകുന്നില്ല, രണ്ട് മനസുകളുടെ പറഞ്ഞു തീർക്കാൻ കഴിയാത്ത ആവേശമാണത്, ലെസ്ബിയൻ പ്രണയം വിഷയമാക്കി 'ഹോളിവൂണ്ട് ' |language=ml |date=29 October 2021 |work=Kerala Kaumudi |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=672823&u=malayalam-new-film-holy-wound |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=15842078}}

{{improve categories|date=October 2022}}

[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2022 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

India at the South Asian Games

2026-03-02T13:47:26Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit:

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = South Asian Games
| year =
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website =
| location =
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| rank = 1
| gold = 1263
| silver = 736
| bronze = 379
| officials =
| app_begin_year = 1984
| app_end_year =
}}

[[India]] has participated in every edition of the [[South Asian Games]]. The country has been the best performer and the table topper back-to-back at every single Games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=2016 South Asian Games begin today: Facts on the event and India's achievements |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/2016-south-asian-games-307265-2016-02-05 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Hosting history ==
India has hosted the South Asian Games three times. The [[1987 South Asian Games|1987 edition]] in [[Calcutta]] was the first time the nation hosted the Games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-17 |title=South Asian Games: 12th edition best ever, says IOC president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/other-sports/story/12th-south-asian-games-best-ever-ioc-president-309113-2016-02-17 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The next hosted SAG was the [[1995 South Asian Games|1995 edition]] hosted in [[Madras]]. This was followed by the [[2016 South Asian Games|2016 edition]] in [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-13 |title=Logo, mascot of South Asian Games 2016 launched |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/logo-mascot-of-south-asian-games-2016-launched/article7983368.ece/amp/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Medal table==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! Games
! Host
! Rank
! {{Asia1}} Gold
! {{Asia2}} Silver
! {{Asia3}} Bronze
! Total
|-
|[[1984 South Asian Games|1984 Kathmandu]]
|{{Flagicon|NEP}} Nepal
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|44
|28
|16
|88
|-
|[[1985 South Asian Games|1985 Dhaka]]
|{{Flagicon|BAN}} Bangladesh
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|61
|32
|14
|107
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|[[1987 South Asian Games|1987 Calcutta]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} India
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|91
|45
|19
|155
|-
|[[1989 South Asian Games|1989 Islamabad]]
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|61
|43
|20
|124
|-
|[[1991 South Asian Games|1991 Colombo]]
|{{Flagicon|SRI}} Sri Lanka
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|64
|59
|41
|164
|-
|[[1993 South Asian Games|1993 Dhaka]]
|{{Flagicon|BAN}} Bangladesh
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|60
|46
|31
|137
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|[[1995 South Asian Games|1995 Madras]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} India
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|106
|60
|19
|185
|-
|[[1999 South Asian Games|1999 Kathmandu]]
|{{Flagicon|NEP}} Nepal
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|102
|58
|37
|197
|-
|[[2004 South Asian Games|2004 Islamabad]]
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|103
|57
|32
|192
|-
|[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]
|{{Flagicon|SRI}} Sri Lanka
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|118
|69
|'''47'''
|234
|-
|[[2010 South Asian Games|2010 Dhaka]]
|{{Flagicon|BAN}} Bangladesh
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|90
|55
|30
|175
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati–Shillong]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} India
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|'''188'''
|'''92'''
|28
|308
|-
|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu–Pokhara]]
|{{Flagicon|NEP}} Nepal
|bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|175
|'''92'''
|45
|'''312'''
|-
|''[[2026 South Asian Games|2026 Lahore]]''
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
| colspan="5" |''Upcoming event''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
| bgcolor=gold|'''1'''
|'''1263'''
|'''736'''
|'''379'''
|'''2378'''
|}

== See also ==
*[[Sport in India]]
*[[India at the Olympics]]
*[[India at the Deaflympics]]
*[[India at the Paralympics]]
*[[India at the World Games]]
*[[India at the Asian Games]]
*[[India at the Asian Para Games]]
*[[India at the Commonwealth Games]]
*[[India at the Lusofonia Games]]
*[[India at the Youth Olympics]]
*[[India at the Asian Youth Games]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:India at the South Asian Games| ]]
[[Category:Nations at the South Asian Games]]
{{National sports teams of India}}

Slow loris

2026-03-02T07:53:24Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: enhanced section for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|Genus of primates from Southeast Asia}}
{{distinguish|Slowloris (cyber attack)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Slow lorises
| image = Nycticebus coucang 002.jpg
| image_caption = [[Sunda slow loris]]{{Clear}}''Nycticebus coucang''
| status = CITES_A1
| status_system = CITES
| status_ref = <ref name=CITES_Apps/>
| taxon = Nycticebus
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812{{Sfn|Groves|2005|pp=122–123}}
| type_species = ''[[Sunda slow loris|Tardigradus coucang]]''<ref>{{MSW3|id=12100112}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = [[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' [[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]], 1906
* ''[[Bengal slow loris|N. bengalensis]]'' ([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800)
* ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]'' [[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]], 1906
* ''[[Sunda slow loris|N. coucang]]'' ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)
* ''[[Sumatran slow loris|N. hilleri]]'' [[Witmer Stone|Stone]] & [[James A. G. Rehn|Rehn]], 1902
* ''[[Javan slow loris|N. javanicus]]'' [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812
* ''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]'' Munds, Nekaris & Ford, 2013
* ''[[Nycticebus menagensis|N. menagensis]]'' ([[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1893)
* {{extinct}}[[Nycticebus linglom|''N. linglom'']] Mein & Ginsburg, 1997}}
| range_map = Slow loris area.png
| range_map_alt = Range map showing ranges of several species: the Sunda slow loris complex (''N. coucang'') in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia; the Bengal slow loris (''N. bengalensis'') in east India, China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia; and the pygmy slow loris (''X. pygmaeus'') in Vietnam and Laos.
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Nycticebus'' and ''Xanthonycticebus''{{Clear}}'''{{color|#e41a1c|red}}''' = ''X. pygmaeus'';{{Clear}}'''{{color|#377eb8|blue}}''' = ''N. bengalensis'';{{Clear}}'''{{color|#a65628|brown}}''' = ''N. bancanus'', ''N. borneanus'', ''N. coucang'', ''N. javanicus'', ''N. kayan'' & ''N. menagensis''
| synonyms = * ''Tardigradus'' [[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] 1784: ([[Slender loris|preoccupied]])
* ''Loris'' [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] 1796
* ''Lori'' [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] 1799
* ''Stenops'' [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]] 1811
* ''Bradycebus'' [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] and [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] 1820: ''([[nomen nudum]])''
* ''Bradylemur'' [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]] 1839
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Table2b>{{cite web|title=Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations|url=http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|website=Loris and potto conservation database|publisher=www.loris-conservation.org|access-date=30 April 2013|page=3|date=4 February 2003|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418172021/http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)|url=http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|website=Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=eol.org|access-date=30 April 2013|archive-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205231937/http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Slow lorises''' are a group of several [[species]] of [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]]s that make up the [[genus]] '''''Nycticebus'''''. Found in [[Southeast Asia]] and nearby areas, they range from [[Bangladesh]] and [[Northeast India]] in the west to the [[Sulu Archipelago]] in the [[Philippines]] in the east, and from [[Yunnan]] province in China in the north to the island of [[Java]] in the south.

Although many previous classifications recognized as few as a single all-inclusive species, there are now at least eight that are considered valid: the [[Sunda slow loris]] (''N. coucang''), [[Bengal slow loris]] (''N. bengalensis''), [[Javan slow loris]] (''N. javanicus''), [[Philippine slow loris]] (''N. menagensis''), [[Bangka slow loris]] (''N. bancanus''), [[Bornean slow loris]] (''N. borneanus''), [[Kayan River slow loris]] (''N. kayan'') and Sumatran slow loris (''N. hilleri''). A ninth species, the [[pygmy slow loris]] (''X. pygmaeus''), was recently moved to the new genus ''[[Xanthonycticebus]]''.<ref name=Xanth/> After the pygmy slow loris, the group's closest relatives are the [[slender loris]]es of southern India and Sri Lanka. Their next closest relatives are the African [[Lorisidae|lorisids]], the [[potto]]s, [[false potto]]s, and [[angwantibo]]s. They are less closely related to the remaining [[Lorisoidea|lorisoids]] (the various types of [[galago]]), and more distantly to the [[lemur]]s of [[Madagascar]]. Their evolutionary history is uncertain since their [[fossil]] record is patchy and [[molecular clock]] studies have given inconsistent results.

Slow lorises have a round head, a narrow snout, large eyes, and a variety of distinctive coloration patterns that are species-dependent. Their arms and legs are nearly equal in length, and their [[torso]] is long and flexible, allowing them to twist and extend to nearby branches. The hands and feet of slow lorises have several adaptations that give them a pincer-like grip and enable them to grasp branches for long periods of time. Slow lorises have a toxic bite, a trait rare among mammals and unique among the primates.<ref>{{Cite web | author= Basic Biology | date= 2015 | title= Primates | url= https://basicbiology.net/animal/mammals/primates | access-date= 6 March 2020 | archive-date= 13 January 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200113101718/https://basicbiology.net/animal/mammals/primates | url-status= live }}</ref> The [[toxin]] is obtained by licking a sweat [[gland]] on their arm, and the [[secretion]] is activated by mixing with [[saliva]]. Their toxic bite, once thought to be primarily a deterrent to predators, has been discovered to be primarily used in disputes within the species.

The secretion from the arm contains a chemical related to [[Fel d 1|cat allergen]], but may be augmented by secondary toxins from the diet in wild individuals. Slow lorises move slowly and deliberately, making little or no noise, and when threatened, they stop moving and remain motionless. Their only documented predators—apart from humans—include snakes, [[changeable hawk-eagle]]s and [[orangutan]]s, although [[Felidae|cat]]s, [[viverrid]]s and [[sun bear]]s are suspected. Little is known about their social structure, but they are known to communicate by [[Territory (animal)#Spraying|scent marking]]. Males are highly territorial. Slow lorises reproduce slowly, and the infants are initially parked on branches or carried by either parent. They are [[omnivore]]s, eating small animals, fruit, [[Gum (botany)|tree gum]], and other vegetation.

Each of the slow loris species that had been identified prior to 2012 is listed as either "[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]" or "[[Endangered species|Endangered]]" on the [[IUCN Red List]]. The three newest species are yet to be evaluated, but they arise from (and further reduce the ranks of) what was thought to be a single "vulnerable" species. All four of these are expected to be listed with at least the same, if not a higher-risk, conservation status. All slow lorises are threatened by the [[wildlife trade]] and [[habitat loss]]. Their habitat is rapidly disappearing and becoming [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]], making it nearly impossible for slow lorises to [[Biological dispersal|disperse]] between forest fragments; unsustainable demand from the [[exotic pet]] trade and from [[traditional medicine]] has been the greatest cause for their decline.

==Taxonomy and systematics==
Although many previous classifications recognized as few as a single all-inclusive species, there are now at least eight that are considered valid:
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[Nycticebus]] |authority-name=[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É Geoffroy]] |authority-year=1812 |species-count=eight|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Bangka slow loris]] |binomial=N. bancanus
|image= |image-size=123px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]] |authority-year=1906 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Borneo]] and [[Bangka Island]]s in southeastern Asia |range-image= |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|26|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="KayanPaper"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNBangkaslowloris"/>
|hunting=Insects, gum, nectar, and fruit<ref name="PrimatesPerspective2833"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNBangkaslowloris"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Bengal slow loris]] |binomial=N. bengalensis
|image=File:Captive N. bengalensis from Laos with 6-week baby.JPG |image-size=123px |image-alt=Brown and white loris
|authority-name=[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] |authority-year=1800 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Bengal Slow Loris area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|26|–|38|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with [[vestigial]] tail<ref name="ADWBengalslowloris"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCN_N._bengalensis"/>
|hunting=Resin and gum, as well as nectar, fruit, invertebrates, bark, and bird eggs<ref name="ADWBengalslowloris"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCN_N._bengalensis"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Bornean slow loris]] |binomial=N. borneanus
|image=File:Nycticebus borneanus (Nycticebus coucang borneanus) - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02519.JPG |image-size=180px |image-alt=Gray loris
|authority-name=[[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]] |authority-year=1906 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Borneo |range-image= |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|26|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="KayanPaper"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNBorneanslowloris"/>
|hunting=Insects, gum, nectar, and fruit<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia25"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNBorneanslowloris"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Javan slow loris]] |binomial=N. javanicus
|image=File:Coucang.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Light brown loris
|authority-name=[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É Geoffroy]] |authority-year=1812
|range=[[Java]] in southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Javan Slow Loris area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|28|–|31|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with vestigial tail<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia2122"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCN_N._javanicus"/>
|hunting=Nectar, gum, insects, fruit, lizards, and eggs<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia2122"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCN_N._javanicus"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Kayan River slow loris]] |binomial=N. kayan
|image=File:Slow Loris.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown loris
|authority-name=[[Rachel A. Munds|Munds]], [[K. Anne-Isola Nekaris|Nekaris]], [[Susan M. Ford (zoologist)|Ford]] |authority-year=2013
|range=Borneo |range-image= |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|27|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="KayanPaper"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNKayanslowloris"/>
|hunting=Unknown<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia30"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNKayanslowloris"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Philippine slow loris]] |binomial=N. menagensis
|image=File:Nycticebus menagensis.png |image-size=120px |image-alt=Gray photo of a loris
|authority-name=[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]] |authority-year=1893
|range=Borneo and nearby islands |range-image=File:Range Nycticebus menagensis.png |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|27|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="KayanPaper"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCN_N._menagensis"/>
|hunting=Insects, nectar, gum, and fruit<ref name="SlowLorisCranium"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCN_N._menagensis"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Sumatran slow loris]] |binomial=N. hilleri
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Witmer Stone|Stone]] and [[James A. G. Rehn|Rehn]] |authority-year=1902 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Sumatra]] in southeastern Asia |range-image= |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|26|–|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="SlowLoris2007"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNSumatranslowloris"/>
|hunting=Insects, nectar, gum, and fruit<ref name="IUCNSumatranslowloris"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNSumatranslowloris"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Sunda slow loris]] |binomial=N. coucang
|image=File:Nycticebus coucang 004.jpg |image-size=130px |image-alt=Brown loris
|authority-name=[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] |authority-year=1785 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Sunda Loris area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|27|–|38|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="ADWSundaslowloris"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCN_N._coucang"/>
|hunting=Sap, gum, nectar, stems, and fruit, as well as arthropods and insects<ref name="ADWSundaslowloris"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCN_N._coucang"/>
}}
{{Species table/end}}

Other than the [[pygmy slow loris]] in sister genus ''[[Xanthonycticebus]]'',<ref name=Xanth/> the group's closest relatives are the [[slender loris]]es of southern India and Sri Lanka. Their next closest relatives are the African [[Lorisidae|lorisids]], the [[potto]]s, [[false potto]]s, and [[angwantibo]]s. They are less closely related to the remaining [[Lorisoidea|lorisoids]] (the various types of [[galago]]), and more distantly to the [[lemur]]s of [[Madagascar]]. Their evolutionary history is uncertain since their [[fossil]] record is patchy and [[molecular clock]] studies have given inconsistent results.

===Evolutionary history===
{{cladogram|align=left
|title=Closest living relatives of slow lorises{{Sfn|Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011|loc=figs. 1, 2}}{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|loc=fig. 3}}<ref name=Xanth/>
|clades={{clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:90%; width:40em;
|label1=[[Lemuriformes]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Lorisoidea]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Lorisidae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Perodicticinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Angwantibo]]s (''Arctocebus'')
|2=[[Potto]]s (''Perodicticus'')
}}
|label2= [[Lorisinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Slender loris]]es (''Loris'')
|2={{clade
|1='''Slow lorises (''Nycticebus'')'''
|2=[[Pygmy slow loris]] (''Xanthonycticebus'')
}}
}}
}}
|2=[[Galago]]s (Galagidae)
}}
|2=[[Lemur]]s (Lemuroidea)
}}
}}
}}

Slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') are [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]]s and are related to other living [[Lorisoidea|lorisoids]], such as the [[pygmy slow loris]] (''Xanthonycticebus''), [[slender loris]]es (''Loris''), [[potto]]s (''Perodicticus''), [[false potto]]s (''Pseudopotto''), [[angwantibo]]s (''Arctocebus''), and [[galago]]s (family Galagidae), and to the [[lemur]]s of [[Madagascar]].{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}<ref name=Xanth/> They are most closely related to the pygmy slow loris, followed by the slender lorises of [[South Asia]], the angwantibos, pottos and false pottos of [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[West Africa]].{{Sfn|Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011|loc=figs. 1, 2}}{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|loc=fig. 3}}<ref name=Xanth/> Lorisoids are thought to have evolved in Africa, where most living species occur;{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Attia|2003|p=421}}{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|p=11400}} later, one group may have migrated to Asia and evolved into the slender and slow lorises of today.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|pp=93–94}}

Lorises first appear in the Asian fossil record in the [[Miocene]], with records in [[Thailand]] around 18 million years ago (mya){{Sfn|Mein|Ginsburg|1997|pp=783, 805–806}} and in [[Pakistan]] 16 mya.{{Sfn|Flynn|Morgan|2005|p=100}} The Thai record is based on a single tooth that most closely resembles living slow lorises and that is tentatively classified as a species of ''Nycticebus''. The species is named [[? Nycticebus linglom|? ''Nycticebus linglom'']], using [[open nomenclature]] (the preceding "?" indicates the tentative nature of the assignment).{{Sfn|Mein|Ginsburg|1997|pp=805–806}}

Several lorises are found in the [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalik]] deposits of Pakistan, including ''[[Nycticeboides]]'' and ''[[Microloris]]''; they date from 16 to 8 mya Most are small, but an unnamed form dating to 15–16 mya is comparable in size to the largest living slow lorises.{{Sfn|Flynn|Morgan|2005|pp=100–107}} Molecular clock analysis suggests that slow lorises may have started [[speciation|evolving into distinct species]] about 10 mya.{{Sfn|Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011|loc=table 1, fig. 2}} They are thought to have reached the islands of [[Sundaland]] when the [[Sunda Shelf]] was exposed at times of low sea level, creating a [[land bridge]] between the mainland and islands off the coast of Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Groves|1971|p=52}}

====Discovery and taxonomy====
{{Quote box
| quote = ... it had the face of a bear, the hands of a monkey and moved like a sloth ...
| source = American zoologist [[Dean Conant Worcester]], describing the Bornean slow loris in 1891.{{Sfn|Worcester|Bourns|1905|pp=683–684}}
| align = right
}}
The earliest known mention of a slow loris in scientific literature is from 1770, when Dutchman Arnout Vosmaer (1720–1799) described a specimen of what we know today as ''N. bengalensis'' that he had received two years earlier. The French naturalist [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], later questioned Vosmaer's decision to affiliate the animal with sloths, arguing that it was more closely aligned with the lorises of [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka) and Bengal.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|p=45}} The word "loris" was first used in 1765 by Buffon as a close equivalent to a Dutch name, ''loeris''. This [[etymology]] was later supported by the [[physician]] [[William Baird (physician)|William Baird]] in the 1820s, who noted that the Dutch word ''loeris'' signified "a clown".{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|pp=44–45}}

In 1785, the Dutch physician and naturalist [[Pieter Boddaert]] was the first to officially [[species description|describe]] a species of slow loris using the name ''Tardigradus coucang''.{{Sfn|Boddaert|1785|p=67}}{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|p=46}} This species was based on the "tailless maucauco" described by [[Thomas Pennant]] in 1781, which is thought to have been based on a Sunda slow loris, and on Vosmaer's description of a Bengal slow loris.{{Sfn|Pocock|1939|p=171}} Consequently, there has been some disagreement over the identity of ''Tardigradus coucang''; currently the name is given to the Sunda slow loris.{{Sfn|Thomas|1922}}{{Sfn|Groves|1971|p=49}} The next slow loris species to be described was ''Lori bengalensis'' (currently ''Nycticebus bengalensis''), named by [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1800.{{Sfn|Lacépède|1800|p=68}}{{Sfn|Husson|Holthuis|1953|p=213}}

In 1812, [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] named the genus ''Nycticebus'',{{Sfn|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|1812|p=163}} naming it for its [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] behavior. The name derives from the {{langx|grc|νυκτός|(nyktos)}}, [[genitive case|genitive]] form of {{lang|grc|νύξ}} ({{transliteration|grc|nyx}}, "night"), and {{lang|grc|κῆβος}} ({{transliteration|grc|kêbos}}, "monkey").<ref>{{LSJ|nu/c|νύξ|ref}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|kh{{=}}bos|κῆβος|shortref}}</ref>{{Sfn|Palmer|1904|p=465}} Geoffroy also named ''Nycticebus javanicus'' in this work.{{Sfn|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|1812|p=164}} Later 19th-century authors also called the slow lorises ''Nycticebus'', but most used the species name ''tardigradus'' (given by Linnaeus in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturæ'']]) for slow lorises, until [[mammalogy|mammalogists]] [[Witmer Stone]] and [[James A. G. Rehn]] clarified in 1902 that Linnaeus's name actually referred to a slender loris.{{Sfn|Stone|Rehn|1902|pp=136–139}}

Several more species were named around 1900, including ''Nycticebus menagensis'' (originally ''Lemur menagensis'') by [[Richard Lydekker]] in 1893{{Sfn|Lydekker|1893|pp=24–25}} and ''Nycticebus pygmaeus'' by [[J. Lewis Bonhote|John James Lewis Bonhote]] in 1907.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Jaffe|2007|pp=187–196}} However, in 1939 [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] consolidated all slow lorises into a single [[species]], ''N. coucang'',{{Sfn|Pocock|1939|p=165}} and in his influential 1953 book ''Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy'', primatologist [[William Charles Osman Hill]] also followed this course.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953a|pp=156–163}} In 1971 [[Colin Groves]] recognized the [[pygmy slow loris]] (''N. pygmaeus'') as a separate species,{{Sfn|Groves|1971|p=45}} and divided ''N. coucang'' into four [[subspecies]],{{Sfn|Groves|1971|pp=48–49}} while in 2001 Groves opined there were three species (''N. coucang'', ''N. pygmaeus'', and ''N. bengalensis''), and that ''N. coucang'' had three subspecies (''Nycticebus coucang coucang'', ''N. c. menagensis'', and ''N. c. javanicus'').{{Sfn|Groves|2001|p=99}}

[[File:Slow Loris.jpg|thumb|The Kayan River slow loris<ref name="KayanSlowLoris">{{cite web|last=Nekaris|first=Anna|title=Experts gather to tackle slow loris trade|url=http://www.nocturama.org/tag/nycticebus-kayan/|website=Prof Anna Nekaris' Little Fireface Project|publisher=nocturama.org|access-date=30 April 2013|date=23 January 2013|quote=Anna Nekaris, ... who described the new Kayan slow loris, presented the results of her research highlighting the differences between the species.|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201181531/http://www.nocturama.org/tag/nycticebus-kayan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ITIS-kayan>{{ITIS |id=944112|taxon=''Nycticebus kayan''|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> (''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]'') was distinguished from ''[[Nycticebus menagensis|N. menagensis]]'' in 2012.]]
In 2006, the Bornean slow loris was elevated to the species level (as ''Nycticebus menagensis'') based on [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular analysis]] of [[Nucleic acid sequence|DNA sequences]] of the [[D-loop]] and the [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] gene.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006|p=1198}} In 2008, Groves and Ibnu Maryanto confirmed the promotion of the fifth species, the Javan slow loris, to species status, a move that had been suggested in previous studies from 2000. They based their decision on an analysis of cranial [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and characteristics of [[fur|pelage]].{{Sfn|Groves|Maryanto|2008|p=120}} Species differentiation was based largely on differences in morphology, such as size, fur color, and head markings.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006|p=1188}}

To help clarify species and subspecies boundaries, and to establish whether morphology-based classifications were consistent with evolutionary relationships, the [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] relationships within the genus ''Nycticebus'' were investigated by Chen and colleagues using DNA sequences derived from the [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] markers D-loop and cytochrome ''b''.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006}} Previous molecular analyses using [[karyotype]]s,{{Sfn|Chen|Zhang|Shi|Liu|1993|pp=47–53}} [[restriction enzyme]]s,{{Sfn|Zhang|Chen|Shi|1993|pp=167–175}} and DNA sequences{{Sfn|Wang|Su|Lan|Liu|1996|pp=89–93}} were focused on understanding the relationships between a few species, not the phylogeny of the entire genus.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006|p=1188}} The analyses published in 2006 by Chen and colleagues' proved inconclusive, although one test suggested that ''N. coucang'' and ''N. bengalensis'' apparently share a closer evolutionary relationship with each other than with members of their own species, possibly due to [[Introgression|introgressive hybridization]] since the tested individuals of these two taxa originated from a region of [[sympatry]] in southern Thailand.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006}} This hypothesis was corroborated by a 2007 study that compared the variations in mitochondrial DNA sequences between ''N. bengalensis'' and ''N. coucang'', and suggested that there has been [[gene flow]] between the two species.{{Sfn|Pan|Chen|Groves|Wang|2007|pp=791–799}}

In 2012, two [[Synonym (taxonomy)|taxonomic synonyms]] (formerly recognized as subspecies) of ''N. menagensis''—''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' and ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]''—were elevated to species status, and a new species—''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]''—was also distinguished from the same. Rachel Munds, Anna Nekaris and Susan Ford based these taxonomic revisions on distinguishable facial markings.{{Sfn|Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013|p=46}}<ref name=2012BBC/> With that, the ''N. menagensis'' [[species complex]] that had been collectively known as the Bornean slow loris became four species: the [[Philippine slow loris]] (''N. menagensis''),<ref name=ITIS-menagensis>{{ITIS |id=944109|taxon=''Nycticebus menagensis''|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> the [[Bornean slow loris]] (''N. borneanus''),<ref name=ITIS-borneanus>{{ITIS |id=944111|taxon=''Nycticebus borneanus''|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> the [[Bangka slow loris]] (''N. bancanus''),<ref name=ITIS-bancanus>{{ITIS |id=944110|taxon=''Nycticebus bancanus''|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> and the [[Kayan River slow loris]] (''N. kayan'').<ref name=ITIS-kayan/>

Nekaris and Nijman (2022) combined morphological, behavioural, karyotypical and genetic data and suggested that the pygmy slow loris is best placed in its own genus, ''Xanthonycticebus.''<ref name=Xanth>{{Cite journal |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. Anne-Isola |last2=Nijman |first2=Vincent |date=2022-03-23 |title=A new genus name for pygmy lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. (Mammalia, primates) |url=https://zse.pensoft.net/article/81942/ |journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=87–92 |doi=10.3897/zse.98.81942 |s2cid=247649999 |issn=1860-0743 |doi-access=free |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618095920/https://zse.pensoft.net/article/81942/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Anatomy and physiology==
[[File:Sunda Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) skull.jpg|thumb|The skull of the Sunda slow loris]]
Slow lorises have a round head{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=80}} because their [[skull]] is shorter than in other living strepsirrhine.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=185}} Like other [[lorisidae|lorisids]], their snout does not taper towards the front of the face as it does in lemurs, making the face appear less long and pointed.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=186}} Compared with the slender lorises, the snout of the slow loris is even less pointed.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=80}} As with other members of Lorisidae, its interorbital distance is shorter than in lemurs.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=185–186}} The skull has prominent [[Sagittal crest|crests]] (ridges of bone).{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}} A distinguishing feature of the slow loris skull is that the [[occipital bone]] is flattened and faces backward. The [[foramen magnum]] (hole through which the spinal cord enters) faces directly backward.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=186–187}} The brains of slow lorises have more folds (convolutions) than the brains of galagos.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=216}}

[[File:Smit.Faces of Lorises.jpg|thumb|upright|Coloration patterns around the eyes differ between the slender lorises (middle two) and the slow lorises (top and bottom).]]
The ears are small,{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}} sparsely covered in hair, and hidden in the fur.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} Similar to the slender lorises, the fur around and directly above the eyes is dark. Unlike the slender lorises, however, the white stripe that separates the eye rings broadens both on the tip of the nose and on the forehead while also fading out on the forehead.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} Like other strepsirrhine primates, the nose and lip are covered by a moist skin called the [[rhinarium]] ("wet nose"), which is a sense organ.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=54}}

The eyes of slow lorises are forward-facing, which gives [[stereopsis|stereo vision]]. Their eyes are large{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}<ref name=2009Adam/> and possess a reflective layer, called the [[tapetum lucidum]], that improves low-light vision. It is possible that this layer blurs the images they see, as the reflected light may interfere with the [[Ray (optics)|incoming light]].{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=457–458}} Slow lorises have [[Monochromacy|monochromatic vision]], meaning they see in shades of only one color. They lack the [[opsin]] gene that would allow them to detect short wavelength light, which includes the colors blue and green.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=464–465}}

The [[dental formula]] of slow lorises is {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3|total=36}}, meaning that on each side of the mouth there are two upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) [[incisor]]s, one upper and lower [[canine tooth]], three upper and lower [[premolar]]s, and three upper and lower [[Molar (tooth)|molars]], giving a total of 36 permanent teeth.{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=246}} As in all other [[Crown group|crown]] strepsirrhines, their lower incisors and canine are procumbent (lie down and face outwards), forming a [[toothcomb]], which is used for [[Personal grooming|personal]] and [[social grooming]] and feeding.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=246}}{{Sfn|Martin|1979|pp=45–47}} The toothcomb is kept clean by the [[sublingua]] or "under-tongue", a specialized structure that acts like a toothbrush to remove hair and other debris. The sublingua extends below the tip of the tongue and is tipped with [[keratin]]ized, serrated points that rake between the front teeth.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|p=73}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=421–423}}

Slow lorises have relatively large maxillary canine teeth, their inner (mesial) maxillary incisors are larger than the outer (distal) maxillary incisors, and they have a [[Diastema (dentistry)|diastema]] (gap) between the canine and the first premolar. The first [[mandibular first premolar|mandibular premolar]] is elongated, and the last molar has three [[Cusp (dentistry)|cusps]] on the [[Crown (tooth)|crown]], the shortest of which is near the back. The bony [[palate]] (roof of the mouth) only goes as far back as the second molar.{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}

Slow lorises range in weight from the Bornean slow loris at {{convert|265|g}} to as much as {{convert|2100|g}} for the Bengal slow loris.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=157}} Slow lorises have stout bodies,{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} and their tails are only stubs and hidden beneath the dense fur.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} Their combined head and body lengths vary by species, but range from {{convert|18|to|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} between all species.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} The [[Trunk (anatomy)|trunk]] is longer than in other living strepsirrhines{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=303}} because they have 15–16 [[thoracic vertebrae]], compared to 12–14 in other living strepsirrhines.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}} This gives them greater mobility when twisting and extending towards nearby branches.<ref name=2009Adam/> Their other [[vertebrae]] include seven [[cervical vertebrae]], six or seven [[lumbar vertebrae]], six or seven [[sacral vertebrae]], and seven to eleven [[caudal vertebrae]].{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}}

[[File:Nycticebus pygmaeus 003.jpg|thumb|The eyes of slow lorises are large and have a reflective layer, called the [[tapetum lucidum]], to help them see better at night.]]
Unlike galagos, which have longer legs than arms, slow lorises have arms and legs of nearly equal length.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}} Their [[intermembral index]] (ratio of arm to leg length) averages 89, indicating that their forelimbs are slightly shorter than their hind limbs.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} As with the slender lorises, their arms are slightly longer than their body,{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}} but the extremities of slow lorises are more stout.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}}

Slow lorises have a powerful grasp with both their hands and feet due to several specializations.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}}{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}} They can tightly grasp branches with little effort because of a special muscular arrangement in their hands and feet, where the thumb diverges at nearly 180° from the rest of the fingers, while the [[hallux]] (big toe) ranges between being perpendicular and pointing slightly backwards.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=348}} The toes have a large [[flexor digitorum longus muscle|flexor muscle]] that originates on the lower end of the [[Femur|thigh bone]], which helps to impart a strong grasping ability to the hind limbs.{{Sfn|Forbes|1896|p=34}}

The second digit of the hand is short compared to the other digits,{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} while on the foot, the fourth toe is the longest.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}} The sturdy thumb helps to act like a clamp when digits three, four, and five grasp the opposite side of a tree branch.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} This gives their hands and feet a pincer-like appearance.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}} The strong grip can be held for hours without losing sensation due to the presence of a [[rete mirabile]] (network of capillaries), a trait shared among all lorises.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=80}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=348}} Both slender and slow lorises have relatively short feet.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}} Like nearly all lemuriforms, they have a [[grooming claw]] on the second toe of each foot.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}}

Slow lorises have an unusually low [[basal metabolic rate]], about 40% of the typical value for placental mammals of their size, comparable to that of [[sloth]]s. Since they consume a relatively high-calorie diet that is available year-round, it has been proposed that this slow metabolism is due primarily to the need to eliminate toxic compounds from their food. For example, slow lorises can feed on ''[[Gluta]]'' bark, which may be fatal to humans.{{Sfn|Wiens|Zitzmann|Hussein|2006}}

==Distribution and diversity==
Slow lorises are found in South and [[Southeast Asia]]. Their collective range stretches from [[Northeast India]] through [[Indochina]], east to the [[Sulu Archipelago]] (the small, southern islands of the [[Philippines]]), and south to the island of [[Java]] (including [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], and many small nearby islands).{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=57}} They are found in [[India]] (Northeastern states),{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=57}}{{Sfn|Choudhury|1988|pp=89–94}}{{Sfn|Choudhury|1992|pp=77–83}} [[China]] ([[Yunnan]] province), [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], Thailand, [[Malaysia]], the Philippines, [[Indonesia]],{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=57}} [[Brunei]],<ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis/> and [[Singapore]].<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang/>

There are currently seven recognized species. The [[Bornean slow loris]] (''N. menagensis''), found on Borneo and nearby islands, including the Sulu Archipelago,<ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis/> and in 2012 was split into four distinct species (adding ''N. bancanus'', ''N. borneanus'', and ''N. kayan'').{{Sfn|Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013|p=46}} The [[Javan slow loris]] (''N. javanicus'') is only found on the island of Java in Indonesia.<ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus/> The [[Sunda slow loris]] (''N. coucang'') occurs on Sumatra and the [[Malay Peninsula]], including Singapore and southern Thailand (the [[Isthmus of Kra]]).<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang/> The [[Bengal slow loris]] (''N. bengalensis'') has the largest distribution of all the slow lorises{{Sfn|Swapna|Gupta|Radhakrishna|2008|pp=37–40}} and can be found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, southern China, Northeast India, Laos, Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref name=IUCN_N._bengalensis/>

Slow lorises range across [[Tropics|tropical]] and [[Subtropics|subtropical]] regions<ref name=2006CITES/> and are found in primary and secondary [[rainforest]]s, as well as [[bamboo]] groves and [[mangrove]] forests.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=388}} They prefer forests with high, dense [[Canopy (biology)|canopies]],{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}}<ref name=2006CITES/> although some species have also been found in [[Disturbance (ecology)|disturbed habitats]], such as [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] plantations and mixed-crop home gardens.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=388}} Due largely to their nocturnal behavior and the subsequent difficulties in accurately quantifying abundance, data about the population size or distribution patterns of slow lorises is limited. In general, encounter rates are low; a combined analysis of several field studies involving [[transect]] surveys conducted in South and Southeast Asia determined encounter rates ranging from as high as 0.74 lorises per kilometer for ''N. coucang'' to as low as 0.1 lorises per kilometer for ''N. bengalensis''.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Nijman|2007|p=212}}

==Behavior and ecology==
[[File:Captive N. bengalensis from Laos with 6-week baby.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A small 6-week-old infant clings to its mothers back as she climbs vertically through the branches|Infants are either parked on branches or carried by one of their parents while they forage.]]
Little is known about the social structure of slow lorises, but they generally spend most of the night foraging alone.{{Sfn|Wiens|2002|pp=31–32}}{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}} Individuals sleep during the day, usually alone but occasionally with other slow lorises.{{Sfn|Wiens|2002|pp=31–32}} Home ranges of adults may significantly overlap, and those of males are generally larger than those of females.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}}{{Sfn|Wiens|Zitzmann|2003|p=35}} In the absence of direct studies of the genus, primatologist Simon Bearder speculated that slow loris social behavior is similar to that of the [[potto]], another nocturnal primate.{{Sfn|Bearder|1987|p=22}}

Such a social system is distinguished by a lack of [[matriarchy]] and by factors that allow the slow loris to remain inconspicuous and minimize energy expenditure. Vocal exchanges and alarm calls are limited; [[urine marking|scent marking with urine]] is the dominant form of communication.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Bearder|1987|p=22}} Adult males are highly territorial and are aggressive towards other males.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=83}} [[Animal communication|Vocalizations]] include an affiliative (friendly) call ''krik'', and a louder call resembling a crow's caw.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=387}} When disturbed, slow lorises can also produce a low buzzing hiss or growl. To make contact with other individuals, they emit a single high-pitched rising tone, and females use a high whistle when in [[estrus]].{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=83}}

[[File:Slow loris.jpg|thumb|In Indonesia, slow lorises are called ''malu malu'' or "shy one" because they freeze and cover their face when spotted.]]
Slow lorises are slow and deliberate climbers, and often hold on to branches with three of their four limbs.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=82–83}} To move between trees, they carefully grip the terminal branches of the neighboring tree and pull themselves across the small gap.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}} They will also grip branches with only their hind feet, lift themselves upright, and quickly launch forward with their hands to catch prey.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=82–83}}

Due to their slow movement, all lorises, including the slow lorises, have a specially adapted mechanism for defense against [[predation]]. Their slow, deliberate movement hardly disturbs the vegetation and is almost completely silent. Once disturbed, they immediately stop moving and remain motionless.{{Sfn|Sussman|2003|p=84}} In Indonesia, slow lorises are called ''malu malu'' or "shy one" because they freeze and cover their face when spotted.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=393}}

If cornered, they may adopt a defensive posture by curling up and lunging at the predator.{{Sfn|Sussman|2003|p=84}} The [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] name, ''buah angin'' ("wind monkey"), refers to their ability to "fleetingly but silently escape".{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=383}} Little is known about the predation of slow lorises. Documented predators include snakes, the [[changeable hawk-eagle]] (''Nisaetus cirrhatus''),{{Sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|p=254}} and [[Sumatran orangutan]]s (''Pongo abelii'').{{Sfn|Utami|Van Hooff|1997}} Other potential predators include cats, [[sun bear]]s (''Helarctos malayanus''), [[binturong]]s (''Arctictis binturong''), and [[Asian palm civet]]s.{{Sfn|Alterman|1995|pp=422–423}}

Slow lorises produce a [[secretion]] from their brachial [[gland]] (a scent gland on the upper arm near the [[axilla]]) that is licked and mixed with their saliva. In tests, three predators—binturongs, [[clouded leopard]]s (''Neofelis nebulosa''), and sun bears—retreated or showed other signs of displeasure when presented with cotton swabs anointed with a mixture of the toxic secretion and the saliva, whereas the toxic secretion alone generated mild interest. Before stashing their offspring in a secure location, female slow lorises will lick their brachial glands, and then groom their young with their toothcomb, depositing the toxin on their fur. When threatened, slow lorises may also lick their brachial glands and bite their aggressors, delivering the toxin into the wounds. Slow lorises can be reluctant to release their bite, which is likely to maximize the transfer of toxins. This toxic bite is a rare trait among mammals and unique to lorisid primates.{{Sfn|Alterman|1995|pp=421–423}} It may also be used for defense against other slow lorises and [[Parasitism|parasites]]. According to Nekaris, this adaptation—along with vocalizations, movement, and coloration patterns similar to those of [[Naja|true cobras]]—may have evolved through [[Müllerian mimicry]] to protect slow lorises when they need to move across the ground due to breaks in the canopy.{{Sfn|Nekaris|2014|p=185}}

The secretion from the brachial gland of captive slow lorises is similar to the allergen in cat [[dander]], hence the secretions may merely elicit an allergic reaction, not toxicosis.{{Sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|p=265}} Loris bites cause a painful swelling, and the single case of human death reported in the scientific literature was believed to have resulted from [[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]].{{Sfn|Wilde|1972}}

To protect itself, the Slow loris has also been observed to rub the venom on its fur to chemically defend itself from predators.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nekaris|first1=K. Anne-Isola|last2=Moore|first2=Richard S.|last3=Rode|first3=E. Johanna|last4=Fry|first4=Bryan G.|date=2013-09-27|title=Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom|url= |journal=Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases|volume=19|issue=1|page=21|doi=10.1186/1678-9199-19-21|issn=1678-9199|pmc=3852360|pmid=24074353 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Nycticebus coucang 003.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Slow lorises have a special network of capillaries in their hands and feet that allow them to cling to branches for hours without losing sensation.]]
Studies suggest that slow lorises are [[polygynandry|polygynandrous]].{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2010|p=52}} Infants are either parked on branches while their parents find food or else are carried by one of the parents.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=83}} Due to their long [[gestation]]s (about six months), small litter sizes, low birth weights, long [[weaning]] times (three to six months),{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=384}} and long gaps between births, slow loris populations have one of the slowest growth rates among mammals of similar size.{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=22}} Pygmy slow lorises are likely to give birth to twins—from 50% to 100% of births, depending on the study; in contrast, this phenomenon is rare (3% occurrence) in Bengal slow lorises. A seven-year study of captive-bred pygmy slow lorises showed a skewed sex distribution, with 1.68 males born for every 1 female.{{Sfn|Pan|Chen|Groves|Wang|2007|pp=791–799}}

Breeding may be continuous throughout the year.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}} Copulation often occurs while suspended with the hands and feet clinging to horizontal branches for support.{{Sfn|Fitch-Snyder|Schulze|Streicher|2003|p=124}} In captive Sunda slow lorises, mating primarily occurs between June and mid-September, with the [[Estrous cycle|estrus cycle]] lasting 29 to 45 days and estrus lasting one to five days. Likewise, gestation lasts 185 to 197 days, and the young weigh between {{convert|30|and|60|g|oz}} at birth. Females reach [[sexual maturity]] at 18 to 24 months, while males are capable of reproducing at 17 months. However, the fathers become hostile towards their male offspring after 12 to 14 months and will chase them away. In captivity, they can live 20 or more years.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}

===Diet===
Slow lorises are [[omnivore]]s, eating insects and other [[arthropod]]s, small birds and reptiles, eggs, fruits, [[gum (botany)|gums]], nectar and miscellaneous vegetation.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}}{{Sfn|Menon|2009|p=28}} They conduct most of their foraging for food in the middle to upper canopy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Melin |first1=Amanda D. |last2=Crowley |first2=Brooke E. |last3=Brown |first3=Shaun T. |last4=Wheatley |first4=Patrick V. |last5=Moritz |first5=Gillian L. |last6=Yit Yu |first6=Fred Tuh |last7=Bernard |first7=Henry |last8=DePaolo |first8=Donald J. |last9=Jacobson |first9=Andrew D. |last10=Dominy |first10=Nathaniel J. |date=17 May 2014 |title=Technical Note: Calcium and carbon stable isotope ratios as paleodietary indicators |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.22530 |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |language=en |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=633–643 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22530 |issn=0002-9483 |access-date=28 February 2026 |via=Wiley Online Library|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A 1984 study of the Sunda slow loris indicated that its diet consists of 71% fruit and gums, and 29% insects and other animal prey.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}}{{Sfn|Bearder|1987|p=16}} A more detailed study of another Sunda slow loris population in 2002 and 2003 showed different dietary proportions, consisting of 43.3% gum, 31.7% nectar, 22.5% fruit, and just 2.5% arthropods and other animal prey.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} The most common dietary item was nectar from flowers of the Bertram palm (''[[Eugeissona tristis]]'').{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} The Sunda slow loris eats insects that other predators avoid due to their repugnant taste or smell.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}}

Preliminary results of studies on the pygmy slow loris indicate that its diet consists primarily of gums and nectar (especially nectar from ''[[Saraca dives]]'' flowers), and that animal prey makes up 30–40% of its diet.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} However, one 2002 analysis of pygmy slow loris feces indicated that it contained 98% insect remains and just 2% plant remains.<ref name=nutrition/> The pygmy slow loris often returns to the same gum feeding sites and leaves conspicuous gouges on tree trunks when inducing the flow of [[exudate]]s.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}}{{Sfn|Tan|Drake|2001|p=37}} Slow lorises have been reported gouging for exudates at heights ranging from {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} to as much as {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}}; the gouging process, whereby the loris repetitively bangs its toothcomb into the hard bark, may be loud enough to be heard up to {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} away. The marks remaining after gouging can be used by field workers to assess loris presence in an area.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=159}}

Captive pygmy slow lorises also make characteristic gouge marks in wooden substrates, such as branches.<ref name=nutrition/> It is not known how the sympatric pygmy and Bengal slow lorises partition their feeding niches.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} The plant gums, obtained typically from species in the family [[Fabaceae]] (peas), are high in [[carbohydrate]]s and [[lipid]]s, and can serve as a year-around source of food, or an emergency reserve when other preferred food items are scarce.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=164}} Several anatomical adaptations present in slow lorises may enhance their ability to feed on exudates: a long narrow tongue to make it easier to reach gum stashed in cracks and crevices, a large [[cecum]] to help the animal digest [[polysaccharide|complex carbohydrates]], and a short [[duodenum]] to help quickly pass potentially toxic exudates.{{Sfn|Swapna|Radhakrishna|Gupta|Kumar|2010|pp=113–121}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=163}} Slow lorises can use both hands to eat while hanging upside down from a branch.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}} They spend about 20% of their nightly activities feeding.{{Sfn|Wiens|2002|p=30}}

==In culture==
Beliefs about slow lorises and their use in traditional practices are deep-rooted and go back at least 300 years, if not earlier based on oral traditions.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|pp=877–878}} In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was reported that the people from the interior of Borneo believed that slow lorises were the gatekeepers for the heavens and that each person had a personal slow loris waiting for them in the afterlife. More often, however, slow lorises are used in traditional medicine or to ward off evil.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}} The following passage from an early textbook about primates is indicative of the superstitions associated with slow lorises: <blockquote>Many strange powers are attributed to this animal by the natives of the countries it inhabits; there is hardly an event in life to man, woman or child, or even domestic animals, that may not be influenced for better or worse by the Slow Loris, alive or dead, or by any separate part of it, and apparently one cannot usually tell at the time, that one is under supernatural power. Thus a Malay may commit a crime he did not premeditate, and then find that an enemy had buried a particular part of a Loris under his threshold, which had, unknown to him, compelled him to act to his own disadvantage. ... [a slow loris's] life is not a happy one, for it is continually seeing ghosts; that is why it hides its face in its hands.{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|pp=30–31}}</blockquote>

In the [[Mondulkiri Province]] of Cambodia, hunters believe that lorises can heal their own broken bones immediately after falling from a branch so that they can climb back up the tree. They also believe that slow lorises have medicinal powers because they require more than one hit with a stick to die.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}} In the province of [[North Sumatra]], the slow loris is thought to bring good luck if it is buried under a house or a road.<ref name=2009Adam/>{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}} In the same province, slow loris body parts were used to place curses on enemies. In Java, it was thought that putting a piece of its skull in a water jug would make a husband more docile and submissive, just like a slow loris in the daytime. More recently, researchers have documented the belief that the consumption of loris meat was an [[aphrodisiac]] that improves "male power". The gall bladder of the Bengal slow loris has historically been used to make ink for tattoos by the village elders in [[Pursat Province|Pursat]] and [[Koh Kong Province]]s of Cambodia.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}} Loris wine is a traditional Cambodian medicine supposed to alleviate the pain of childbirth, made from a mixture of loris bodies and rice wine.<ref name=2007Black/>

==Conservation==
{{Main|Conservation of slow lorises}}
[[File:Slow Loris Female.jpg|thumb|Slow lorises are popular in the [[exotic pet]] trade, which threatens wild populations.]]
The two greatest threats to slow lorises are [[deforestation]] and the [[wildlife trade]].{{Sfn|Fitch-Snyder|Livingstone|2008}} Slow lorises have lost a significant amount of habitat,{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=878}} with [[habitat fragmentation]] isolating small populations and obstructing [[biological dispersal]].<ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus/> However, despite the lost habitat, their decline is most closely associated with unsustainable trade, either as [[exotic pet]]s or for [[traditional medicine]].{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=878}}

Each of the slow loris species that had been identified prior to 2012 are currently listed as either "[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]" or "[[Endangered species|Endangered]]" by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) on their [[IUCN Red List|Red List]].<ref name=Hance2011/> When they were all considered a single species, imprecise population data together with their regular occurrence in Southeast Asian animal markets combined to incorrectly suggest that slow lorises were common. This manifested as incorrect Red List assessments of "[[Least Concern]]" as recently as 2000.<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang/>{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=383}}{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=17}} The three newest species are yet to be evaluated by the IUCN, although each was once thought to be subpopulations of the Bornean slow loris—which was evaluated as "Vulnerable" in 2008. With this division of its range and population, the Bornean slow loris and the three new species face a higher risk of extinction than before.<ref name=MUNews/>

Since 2007, all slow loris species have been protected from commercial international trade under [[CITES Appendix I|Appendix I]] of [[CITES]].{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=390}} Furthermore, local trade is illegal because every nation in which they occur naturally has laws protecting them.<ref name=2010NatGeoNewsWatch/> Despite their CITES Appendix I status and local legal protection, slow lorises are still threatened by both local and international trade due to problems with enforcement.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=390}} Surveys are needed to determine existing population densities and habitat viability for all species of slow loris. Connectivity between protected areas is important for slow lorises because they are not adapted to dispersing across the ground over large distances.{{Sfn|Thorn|Nijman|Smith|Nekaris|2009|p=295}}

Populations of Bengal and Sunda slow lorises are not faring well in zoos. Of the 29 captive specimens in North American zoos in 2008, several are hybrids that cannot breed, while most are past their reproductive years. The last captive birth for these species in North America was in 2001 in San Diego. Pygmy slow lorises are doing better in North American zoos; from the late 1980s (when they were imported) to 2008, the population grew to 74 animals, with most of them born at the [[San Diego Zoo]].{{Sfn|Fitch-Snyder|Livingstone|2008}}

===Wildlife trade===
{{Quote box
| quote = Even the best-breeding facilities have great difficulty breeding lorises, and those that do often have difficulty keeping them alive. It is so easy to get access to wild-caught lorises, it is highly doubtful that a seller who claims to have captive-bred ones is telling the truth.
| source = Primatologist [[Anna Nekaris]], in 2009 discussing the misleading information posted on YouTube.<ref name=Hance2011/>
| align =
| width = 25em
}}
Until the 1960s, the hunting of slow lorises was sustainable,{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=878}} but due to growing demand, decreased supply, and the subsequent increased value of the marketed wildlife, slow lorises have been [[Overexploitation|overexploited]] and are in decline.{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=17}} With the use of modern technology, such as battery-powered searchlights, slow lorises have become easier to hunt because of their eyeshine.{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=22}} Traditional medicine made from loris parts is thought to cure many diseases,{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}} and the demand for this medicine from wealthy urban areas has replaced the subsistence hunting traditionally performed in poor rural areas. A survey by primatologist Anna Nekaris and colleagues (2010) showed that these belief systems were so strong that the majority of respondents expressed reluctance to consider alternatives to loris-based medicines.{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=17}}

Slow lorises are sold locally at street markets but are also sold internationally over the Internet and in pet stores.<ref name="2007Sakamoto" />{{Sfn|Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009}} They are especially popular or trendy in Japan, particularly among women.<ref name="2007Black" /><ref name="2007Sakamoto" /> The reasons for their popularity, according to the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society, are that "they're easy to keep, they don't cry, they're small, and just very cute."<ref name="2007Black" />

=== Common misconceptions ===
Because of their "cuteness", videos of pet slow lorises are some of the most frequently watched animal-related [[viral video]]s on [[YouTube]].<ref name="2009Adam" /><ref name="Hance2011" /> By March 2011, a newly posted video of a slow loris holding a [[cocktail umbrella]] had been viewed more than two million times, while an older video of a slow loris being tickled had been viewed more than six million times.<ref name="Sherwin2011" /> According to Nekaris, these videos are misunderstood by most people who watch them, since most do not realize that it is illegal in most countries to own them as pets and that the slow lorises in the videos are only docile because that is their passive defensive reaction to threatening situations.<ref name="Hance2011" /><ref name="Sherwin2011" />

Despite frequent advertisements by pet shops in Japan, the [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] reported that only a few dozen slow lorises were legally imported in 2006, suggesting frequent [[wildlife smuggling|smuggling]].<ref name="2006CITES" /> Slow lorises are also smuggled to China, Taiwan, Europe, Russia, the United States, and Saudi Arabia for use as pets.<ref name="2007Black" />{{Sfn|Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009}}<ref name="Sherwin2011" />

[[File:Nycticebus tooth removal 01.jpg|thumb|alt=A small, the young slow loris is gripped by its limbs while its front teeth are cut with a fingernail cutter|Slow lorises have their front teeth cut or pulled before being sold as pets, a practice that often causes infection and death.]]
Within their countries of origin, slow lorises are very popular pets,{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=883}} particularly in Indonesia.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=877}} They are seen as a "living toy" for children by local people or are bought out of pity by Western tourists or expatriates. Neither local nor foreign buyers usually know anything about these primates, their endangered status, or that the trade is illegal.{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}} According to ''[[National Geographic]]'', slow lorises are protected by both local laws in southern Asia and by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).<ref name= Actman>{{cite journal| title= Born to be Wild| first= Jani| last= Actman| journal= [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]| page= 25| date= October 2017| volume= 232| number= 4| url= https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/10/explore-animals-illegal-pet-trade-slow-loris/| access-date= 16 November 2017| archive-date= 25 December 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171225144258/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/10/explore-animals-illegal-pet-trade-slow-loris/}}</ref> Furthermore, few know about their strong odor{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=884}} or their painful bite, which may lead to [[anaphylaxis]] in some cases.<ref>{{cite journal | journal= Clinical Toxicology |title= Abstracts of the 2008 North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology Annual Meeting, September 11–16, 2008, Toronto, Canada| date= 7 October 2008| number= 7| volume= 46| pages= 591–645| issn= 1556-9519| doi= 10.1080/15563650802255033|s2cid= 218857181| doi-access= free}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wilde|1972}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=884}} According to data compiled from monthly surveys and interviews with local traders, nearly a thousand locally sourced slow lorises exchanged hands in the [[Medan]] bird market in North Sumatra during the late first decade of the 21st century.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=883}}

International trade usually involves a high mortality rate during transit, between 30% and 90%. Slow lorises also experience many health problems due to both local and international trade.<ref name= 2007Black/> In order to give the impression that the primates are tame and appropriate pets for children,{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}} to protect people from their potentially toxic bite,<ref name= 2010NatGeoNewsWatch/> or to deceive buyers into thinking the animal is a baby,<ref name=2007Black/> animal dealers either pull the front teeth with [[pliers]] or [[wire cutter]]s or cut them off with [[nail clipper]]s.<ref name=2009Adam/>{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=883}}{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}} This results in severe bleeding, which sometimes causes [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]] or death.<ref name=2009Adam/>

Dental infection is common and is fatal in 90% of cases.{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}}{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}} Without their teeth, the animals can no longer fend for themselves in the wild and must remain in captivity for life.{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}}{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}} The slow lorises found in animal markets are usually underweight and malnourished and have had their fur dyed, which complicates species identification at rescue centers.{{Sfn|Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009}} As many as 95% of the slow lorises rescued from the markets die of dental infection or improper care.{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}}

As part of the trade, infants are pulled prematurely from their parents, leaving them unable to remove their own urine, feces, and oily skin secretions from their fur. Slow lorises have a special network of blood vessels in their hands and feet, which makes them vulnerable to cuts when pulled from the wire cages they are kept in.<ref name=2007Black/> Slow lorises are also stress-sensitive and do not thrive in captivity. Common health problems seen in pet slow lorises include undernourishment, tooth decay, diabetes, obesity, and kidney failure.<ref name=Hance2011/> Infection, stress, pneumonia, and poor nutrition lead to high death rates among pet lorises.{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}} Pet owners also fail to provide proper care because they are usually asleep when the nocturnal pet is awake.<ref name=Hance2011/>{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs=

<ref name=MUNews>{{cite web|last1=Wall |first1=T. |title=Three new species of venomous primate identified by MU researcher |url=http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2012/1213-three-new-species-of-venomous-primate-identified-by-mu-researcher/ |publisher=Missouri University News Bureau |access-date=19 December 2012 |date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214214732/http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2012/1213-three-new-species-of-venomous-primate-identified-by-mu-researcher/ |archive-date=14 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=2012BBC>{{cite news|last1=Walker |first1=M. |title=Primate species: new slow loris found in Borneo |work=BBC News |date=13 December 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172 |access-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214074604/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172 |archive-date=14 December 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=CITES_Apps>{{cite web | url = http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Nycticebus | title = Checklist of CITES Species | website = CITES | publisher = UNEP-WCMC | access-date = 18 March 2015 | archive-date = 15 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131115130957/http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Nycticebus | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name=2006CITES>{{cite conference|author=Management Authority of Cambodia |conference=CITES Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties; The Hague (Netherlands) 3–15 June 2007 |title=Notification to Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II |date=6 October 2006 |publisher=CITES |page=31 |url=http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228000912/http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=2009Adam>{{cite news|last=Adam |first=D. |title=The eyes may be cute but the elbows are lethal |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=9 July 2009 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/the-eyes-may-be-cute-but-the-elbows-are-lethal-20090708-ddg8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165747/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/the-eyes-may-be-cute-but-the-elbows-are-lethal-20090708-ddg8.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=2007Black>{{cite news|last=Black |first=R. |title=Too cute for comfort |newspaper=BBC News |date=8 June 2007 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6731631.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011124230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6731631.stm |archive-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN_N._bengalensis>{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, K.A.I. |author2=Al-Razi, H. |author3=Blair, M. |author4=Das, N. |author5=Ni, Q. |author6=Samun, E. |author7=Streicher, U. |author8=Xue-long, J. |author9=Yongcheng, L. |year=2020 |errata=2020 |title=''Nycticebus bengalensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39758A179045340 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39758A179045340.en |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang>{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, A. |author2=Streicher, U. |year=2008 |title=''Nycticebus coucang'' |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T39759A10263403 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39759A10263403.en |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus>{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, K.A.I., Shekelle, M, Wirdateti, Rode-Margono, E.J. |author2=Nijman, V. |year=2020 |errata=2021 |title=''Nycticebus javanicus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39761A205911512 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39761A205911512.en |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis>{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, A. |author2=Streicher, U. |year=2008 |title=''Nycticebus menagensis'' |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T39760A10263652 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39760A10263652.en |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=2010NatGeoNewsWatch>{{cite web|last=Braun |first=D. |title=Love potions threaten survival of lorises |publisher=National Geographic |year=2010 |url=http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/05/lorises-at-risk-from-illegal-trade.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531064749/http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/05/lorises-at-risk-from-illegal-trade.html |archive-date=31 May 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name=2007Sakamoto>{{cite web|last=Sakamoto |first=Masayuki |title=Slow lorises fly so fast into Japan |year=2007 |publisher=Japan Wildlife Conservation Society |url=http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5w15o41GF?url=http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=Hance2011>{{cite web|last=Hance |first=Jeremy |title='Cute' umbrella video of slow loris threatens primate |year=2011 |publisher=mongabay.com |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0313-hance_umbrella_loris.html |access-date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317064541/http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0313-hance_umbrella_loris.html |archive-date=17 March 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=Sherwin2011>{{cite news|last=Sherwin |first=Adam |title=YouTube sensation fuelling trade in an endangered species |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/youtube-sensation-fuelling-trade-in-an-endangered-species-2248930.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323064700/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/youtube-sensation-fuelling-trade-in-an-endangered-species-2248930.html |archive-date=23 March 2011 |location=London |date=22 March 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=nutrition>{{cite web | last = Schulze | first = H. | title = Nutrition of lorises and pottos | url = http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/captive_care/nutrition.html | publisher = Loris and potto conservation database | date = 11 July 2008 | access-date = 3 January 2011 | archive-date = 24 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170724145938/http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/captive_care/nutrition.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="KayanPaper">{{harvnb|Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013}}</ref>

<ref name="IUCNBangkaslowloris">{{cite iucn |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Marsh |first2=C. |title=''Nycticebus bancanus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T163015864A163015867 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163015864A163015867.en}}</ref>

<ref name="PrimatesPerspective2833">[[#CITEREF_PrimatesPerspective|Nekaris; Bearder]], pp. 28–33</ref>

<ref name="ADWBengalslowloris">{{cite web |first1=Reyd |last1=Smith |title=''Nycticebus bengalensis'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_bengalensis/ |date=2015 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="IUCNBorneanslowloris">{{cite iucn |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Miard |first2=P. |title=''Nycticebus borneanus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T163015906A163015915 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163015906A163015915.en}}</ref>

<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia25">[[#CITEREF_PrimatesIndonesia|Supriatna]], p. 25</ref>

<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia2122">[[#CITEREF_PrimatesIndonesia|Supriatna]], pp. 21–22</ref>

<ref name="IUCNKayanslowloris">{{cite iucn |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Miard |first2=P. |title=''Nycticebus kayan'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T163015583A163015849 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163015583A163015849.en}}</ref>

<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia30">[[#CITEREF_PrimatesIndonesia|Supriatna]], p. 30</ref>

<ref name="SlowLorisCranium">{{cite journal |last1=Ravosa |first1=M. J. |title=Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (''Nycticebus'') |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3<225::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-Y |journal=[[American Journal of Primatology]] |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=225–243 |year=1998 |pmid=9651647 |s2cid=20144250}}</ref>

<ref name="SlowLoris2007">{{harvnb|Nekaris|Jaffe|2007}}</ref>

<ref name="IUCNSumatranslowloris">{{cite iucn |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Poindexter |first2=S. |title=''Nycticebus hilleri'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T163019804A163020000 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163019804A163020000.en}}</ref>

<ref name="ADWSundaslowloris">{{cite web |first1=Paul |last1=Peña |title=''Nycticebus coucang'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_coucang/ |date=2013 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref>

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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Utami | first1 = S. S. | last2 = Van Hooff | first2 = J. A. R. A. M. | year = 1997| title = Meat-eating by adult female Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo pygmæus abelii'') | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–65 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:2<159::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-W| pmid = 9327098| s2cid = 12808186 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Wen | last2 = Su | first2 = Bing | last3 = Lan | first3 = Hong | last4 = Liu | first4 = Ruiqing | last5 = Zhu | first5 = Chunling | last6 = Nie | first6 = Wenhui | last7 = Chen | first7 = Yuze | last8 = Zhang | first8 = Yaping | title = Interspecific differentiation of the slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') inferred from ribosomal DNA restriction maps | journal = Zoological Research | year = 1996 | volume = 17 | pages = 89–93 }}
* {{Cite thesis | degree = Ph.D. | title = Behavior and ecology of wild slow lorises (''Nycticebus coucang''): social organization, infant care system, and diet | url = http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966021282&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=966021282.pdf | last = Wiens | first = Frank | year = 2002 | publisher = Bayreuth University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120309212455/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966021282&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=966021282.pdf | archive-date = 9 March 2012 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = Frank| last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = Annette| doi = 10.1017/S0952836903003947 | title = Social structure of the solitary slow loris ''Nycticebus coucang'' (Lorisidae) | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 261| issue = 1| pages = 35–46 | year = 2003 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = Frank | last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = Annette | last3 = Hussein | first3 = Nor Azman | doi = 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-007R1.1 | title = Fast food for slow lorises: is low metabolism related to secondary compounds in high-energy plant diet? | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 87 | issue = 4 | pages = 790–798 | year = 2006 | doi-access = free }}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Wilde
| first1 = H.
| title = Anaphylactic shock following bite by a 'slow loris', ''Nycticebus coucang''
| journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
| volume = 21
| issue = 5
| pages = 592–594
| year = 1972
| pmid = 5075669
| issn = 0002-9637
| doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.592
}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Worcester | first1 = D.C. | last2 = Bourns | first2 = F.S. | year = 1905 | title = Letters from the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands | journal = Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences | volume = 4 | pages = 131–172 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FI0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Y. -P. | last2 = Chen | first2 = Z. -P. | last3 = Shi | first3 = L. -M. | doi = 10.1007/BF02196510 | title = Phylogeny of the slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus''): an approach using mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–175 | year = 1993 | s2cid = 41665374 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.traffic.org/home/2012/4/3/loris-trade-not-so-slow.html TRAFFIC: Loris trade not so slow]
* [https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/slow-loris-sanctuary?currency=USD International Animal Rescue: Saving the slow loris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028110029/https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/slow-loris-sanctuary?currency=USD |date=28 October 2020 }}
* [http://nocturama.org/ Dr. Anna Nekaris' research and conservation]
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/slow_loris Primate Fact Sheets: Slow loris (''Nycticebus'')]
* [http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12540/region/skull/bone/cranium Slow loris skeleton]
* [http://www.loris-conservation.org/ Asian loris and African pottos conservation website directory]

{{Lorisidae nav}}
{{Strepsirrhini|L.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q74941}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Slow lorises| ]]
[[Category:Primates of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Venomous mammals]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by the pet trade]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1812]]

Umetha State

2026-02-28T16:38:21Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating data...

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Umetha State
|common_name =Umetha
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Umetha
|stat_area1 =62.16
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =5 356
|footnotes =
}}
'''Umetha State''' (or '''Umeta''') was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]] and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up</ref> and had a population of 5 356 and an area of 24 sq miles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manager Of Publications Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n297/mode/2up |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930}}</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref>

The state consisted of five villages in the Kaira District and nine villages in the Rewa Kantha Agency region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manager Of Publications Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n49/mode/2up |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1940}}</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers had the title of Thakur.

* Thakur Hathisinghi (b. 1825) fl. 1893 <ref>The golden book of India (1893 Edition), p. 558, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n579/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Gaupatsinghji Rajsinghi Padhiar (b. November 9, 1891) July 21, 1897- fl. 1915 <ref>Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1915,p. 276
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35687/page/n241/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Himatsinhji Ramsinhji (b. January 9, 1917) August 29, 1929 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1930, p. 276
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n297/mode/2up</ref>-June 20, 1938 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 41, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n49/mode/2up</ref>
* Jagdevsinhji Ramsinhji (b. August 7, 1925) October 20, 1938-fl. 1940 (Brother of Himatsinhji Ramsinhji) <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 41
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n49/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Discovery Channel

2026-02-16T16:22:50Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: brief improved formatting as per guidelines also and corrected details

{{Short description|American cable television channel}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Discovery Channel
| logo = [[File:Discovery Channel - Logo 2019.svg|250px|class=skin-invert]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1985|6|17}}<ref name="oscars.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1987 |title=The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners |access-date=July 23, 2011 |work=oscars.org |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402004243/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1987 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| closed_date =
| owner = [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]
| parent = [[Warner Bros. Discovery Global Linear Networks]]
| country = United States
| language = {{Plainlist|
* English
* Spanish (with [[Secondary audio program|SAP]])
}}
| area = Nationwide
| headquarters = 230 Park Avenue South New York City<ref>{{cite web|title=Discovery Selects 230 Park Avenue South As New Global Headquarters|url=https://corporate.discovery.com/discovery-newsroom/discovery-selects-230-park-avenue-south-as-new-global-headquarters/|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529025332/https://corporate.discovery.com/discovery-newsroom/discovery-selects-230-park-avenue-south-as-new-global-headquarters/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| former_names = The Discovery Channel (1985–1995)
| sister_channels = [[List of assets owned by Warner Bros. Discovery#Warner Bros. Discovery Networks|Sister channels]]
| website = {{official website|https://www.discovery.com/|discovery.com}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]] {{small|(downscaled to [[480i]] [[Letterboxing (filming)|letterbox]] for the [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]] feed)}}
| online_serv_1 = Affiliated streaming services
| online_chan_1 = {{hlist|[[Discovery+]]|[[Max_(streaming_service)|Max]]}}
| online_serv_2 = Services
| online_chan_2 = [[Sling TV]], [[YouTube TV]], [[Philo (company)|Philo]], [[Hulu + Live TV]]
}}

'''Discovery Channel''', also known as simply '''Discovery''' and previously known as '''The Discovery Channel''', is an American [[cable channel]] and the second flagship namesake asset of [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] that is best known for airing ongoing [[reality television|reality]] and [[edutainment|educational]] programming.

Launched on June 17, 1985, it initially broadcast documentary television programming focused primarily on [[popular science]], nature, technology, and history. Since the 2010s, it had become increasingly dominated by programs that focused on [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] or promoted [[pseudoscience]].<ref name="Nahigyan">{{cite web |last1=Nahigyan |first1=Pierce |date=August 19, 2014 |title=Discovery's 'Shark Week' Criticized for Silliness, Pseudoscience and Lies |url=http://www.planetexperts.com/discoverys-shark-week-criticized-silliness-pseudoscience-lies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417160116/http://www.planetexperts.com/discoverys-shark-week-criticized-silliness-pseudoscience-lies/ |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=April 17, 2017 |website=Planet Experts}}</ref><ref name="Kirk">{{cite web |last1=Kirk |first1=Chris |date=August 6, 2013 |title=Wil Wheaton Says Discovery Channel Has 'Betrayed Its Audience' |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/08/06/wil_wheaton_discovery_channel_megalodon_documentary_betrayed_viewers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417161122/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/08/06/wil_wheaton_discovery_channel_megalodon_documentary_betrayed_viewers.html |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=April 17, 2017 |website=Slate}}</ref><ref name="Epstein">{{cite web |last1=Epstein |first1=Adam |date=August 15, 2014 |title=The sad devolution of Discovery Channel |url=https://qz.com/249615/the-sad-devolution-of-discovery-channel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417155620/https://qz.com/249615/the-sad-devolution-of-discovery-channel/ |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=April 17, 2017 |website=Quartz}}</ref>

By June 2012, Discovery Channel was the third most widely distributed subscription channel in the United States, behind now-sibling channel [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]] and [[the Weather Channel]];<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/08/23/list-of-how-many-homes-each-cable-networks-is-in-cable-network-coverage-estimates-as-of-august-2013/199072/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130825033059/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/08/23/list-of-how-many-homes-each-cable-networks-is-in-cable-network-coverage-estimates-as-of-august-2013/199072/|url-status=dead|archive-date= August 25, 2013|title= List of How Many Homes Each Cable Networks Is In – Cable Network Coverage Estimates As Of August 2013|last=Seidman|first=Robert|publisher=[[TV by the Numbers]] |date=August 23, 2013|access-date=August 25, 2013}}</ref> it is available in 409 million households globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.discovery.com/brands/discoverychannel.html|title=DCI :: Businesses & Brands :: Discovery Channel|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012230919/http://corporate.discovery.com/brands/discoverychannel.html|archive-date=October 12, 2008}}</ref> {{As of|2023|11}}, Discovery Channel is available to approximately 71,000,000 pay television households in the United States-down from its peak of 99,000,000 in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wrestlenomics.com/u-s-cable-network-households-universe-1990-2023-nielsen-data/|title=U.S. cable network households (universe), 1990 – 2023|website=Wrestlenomics|date=May 14, 2024|access-date=July 28, 2019|archive-date=December 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231073226/https://wrestlenomics.com/u-s-cable-network-households-universe-1990-2023-nielsen-data/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[John Hendricks]] founded the channel and its parent company, Cable Educational Network Inc., in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73614317.html?dids=73614317:73614317&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+19%2C+1988&author=Martie+Zad&pub=The+Washington+Post+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=The+Discovery+Channel%3B+Science%2C+Nature%2C+Adventure+and+Animals+That+Bite&pqatl=google|title=The Discovery Channel; Science, Nature, Adventure and Animals That Bite|date=June 19, 1988|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Martie|last=Zad|access-date=July 6, 2017|archive-date=October 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027085230/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73614317.html?dids=73614317:73614317&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+19,+1988&author=Martie+Zad&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=The+Discovery+Channel;+Science,+Nature,+Adventure+and+Animals+That+Bite&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several investors (including the [[BBC]], [[Allen & Company]], and Venture America) raised $5 million in start-up capital to launch the network.

[[File:John Hendricks, The Baltimore Sun 1988-09-16 page 87.jpg|thumb|right|[[John Hendricks]], founder of Discovery Channel, in 1988|alt=Black and white newspaper photo of John Hendricks, a light-skinned man with short dark hair and a mustache wearing a suit and tie, leaning on a CRT television displaying the logo of the Discovery Channel. On the wall behind him is a framed photo of a Space Shuttle on its launchpad]]

The Discovery Channel began broadcasting on June 17, 1985. It was initially available to 156,000 households and broadcast for 12 hours each day between 3 p.m. and 3 a.m. About 75 percent of its program content had never been broadcast on U.S. television before.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/16/movies/cable-tv-notes-a-channel-with-a-difference.html |title=CABLE TV NOTES; A CHANNEL WITH A DIFFERENCE|date=June 16, 1985|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Steve|last=Schneider|access-date=May 1, 2010|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718061326/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/16/movies/cable-tv-notes-a-channel-with-a-difference.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In its early years, the channel's focus centered on educational programming in the form of cultural and wildlife documentaries, and science and historical [[television special|specials]]. It also broadcast some [[Television in the Soviet Union|Soviet programming]] during this time, including the news program ''[[Vremya]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963577,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417014020/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963577,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2008|title=Television: The Russians Are Coming|date=February 23, 1987|magazine=Time}}</ref> The channel also carried two [[teletext]] services over its [[Vertical blanking interval|VBI]] during this time, Infotext (offering news from the [[Associated Press]], as well as information about [[agribusiness]] and agriculture, including commodity prices from the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] on a 15-minute delay), and Datavizion (offering trivia, strange news stories, games and a satellite TV guide); both services originated from [[PBS Wisconsin|WHA-TV]] in [[Madison, Wisconsin]], and were run by the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin-Madison]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=In Brief.|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting-IDX/1985-Broadcasting/1985-03-11-Broadcasting-Page-0028.pdf|access-date=February 13, 2021|website=World Radio History|archive-date=June 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051510/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting-IDX/1985-Broadcasting/1985-03-11-Broadcasting-Page-0028.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Graziplene|first=Leonard R.|title=Teletext : its promise and demise|date=2000|publisher=Lehigh University Press|isbn=0-934223-64-5|location=Bethlehem, PA|oclc=43434699}}</ref>

During the late 90s to early 2000s, the channel began to attract a broader audience by incorporating more [[reality television|reality-based series]] focusing on automotive, occupations, and speculative investigation series; though the refocused programming strategy proved popular, Discovery Channel's ratings began to decline by the middle of the 2000s. Some critics<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/fraud-deception-and-lies-how-discoverys-shark-week-became-the-greatest-show-on-earth|title=Fraud, Deception And Lies: How Discovery's Shark Week Became The Greatest Show On Earth – Science Sushi|access-date=May 14, 2021|date=July 18, 2014|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514015750/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/fraud-deception-and-lies-how-discoverys-shark-week-became-the-greatest-show-on-earth|url-status=live}}</ref> said such shows strayed from Discovery's intention of providing more educationally based shows aimed at helping viewers learn about the world around them. In 2005, Discovery changed its programming focus to include more [[popular science]] and historical themes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multichannel.com/article/CA6361880.html|title=Dirty Work|date=August 14, 2006|work=Multichannel News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821194517/http://www.multichannel.com/article/CA6361880.html|archive-date=August 21, 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=October 30, 2009}}</ref> The network's ratings eventually recovered in 2006.<ref>[http://corporate.discovery.com/news/press/06q2/083006.html DCI :: Press and News Releases] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124155038/http://corporate.discovery.com/news/press/06q2/083006.html |date=January 24, 2007}}</ref> Discovery's programming today mostly incorporates [[Factual television|factual content]] and [[reality television]]

On January 4, 2006, Discovery Communications announced that anchor [[Ted Koppel]], executive producer Tom Bettag, and eight other former staff members from the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] newsmagazine ''[[Nightline (U.S. TV program)|Nightline]]'' were joining Discovery Channel. The network was nominated for seven [[Primetime Emmy Award]]s that year for shows including ''[[The Flight that Fought Back]]'' (a documentary about the hijacking of [[United Airlines Flight 93]] during the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks]] of September 11, 2001) and ''[[Deadliest Catch]]'' (a reality series about a group of seafood fishermen).

In 2007, Discovery Channel's top series included the Emmy Award– and Peabody Award–winning ''[[Planet Earth (2006 TV series)|Planet Earth]]'', ''[[Dirty Jobs]]'', ''[[MythBusters]]'', and ''[[Deadliest Catch]]''. Discovery Channel's 2008 lineup included ''[[Fight Quest]]'' and ''[[Smash Lab]]''.<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/planet-earth 67th Annual Peabody Awards] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204180547/http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/planet-earth |date=December 4, 2014 }}), May 2008.</ref>

On September 1, 2010, [[Discovery Communications headquarters hostage crisis|James Jay Lee entered]] the Discovery Communications headquarters in [[Silver Spring, Maryland]], armed with a handgun. Lee fired at least one shot and held several employees hostage; he was later shot dead by police.<ref name="Fox">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/09/01/maryland-police-respond-hostage-situation-man-gun-enters-building/|title=Armed Man With Bomb Takes at Least One Hostage in Discovery Channel Building|date=September 1, 2010|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]|access-date=September 1, 2010|archive-date=September 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901210347/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/09/01/maryland-police-respond-hostage-situation-man-gun-enters-building/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/09/01/maryland.discovery.suspect/ |title=Suspect in Maryland hostage situation published angry online manifesto|date=September 1, 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220418050345/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/09/01/maryland.discovery.suspect/ |archive-date= 2022-04-18|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=September 1, 2010}}</ref> Lee had published criticisms of the network at Savetheplanetprotest.com.<ref name="CNN"/>

In December 2015, Discovery Communications launched its [[TV Everywhere]] service, Discovery Go, which features live and video-on-demand content from Discovery Channel and eight of its sister networks.<ref name="mcn-discoverygo">{{cite web|title=Discovery Bows TV Everywhere App|url=http://www.multichannel.com/news/content/discovery-bows-tv-everywhere-app/395629|website=Multichannel News|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=December 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203203209/http://www.multichannel.com/news/content/discovery-bows-tv-everywhere-app/395629|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{main|List of Discovery Channel original programming}}

Programming on the flagship Discovery Channel in the U.S. is primarily focused on reality television series, such as speculative investigation (with shows such as ''MythBusters'', ''[[Unsolved History]]'', and ''[[Best Evidence (TV series)|Best Evidence]]''), automobiles, and occupations (such as ''Dirty Jobs'' and ''Deadliest Catch''). A popular annual feature on the channel is [[Shark Week]], which airs on Discovery during the summer months.<ref>[http://publications.mediapost.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Articles.showArticleHomePage&art_aid=64477 MediaPost Publications – Discovery Rebrands, Upgrades Marketing Efforts – 07/24/2007] {{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Discovery has also featured documentaries specifically aimed at families and younger audiences. Other popular programs have included ''[[How It's Made]]'', ''[[Cash Cab (American game show)|Cash Cab]]'', and ''[[Man vs. Wild]]''.

==Non-television ventures==

===Pro Cycling Team===
{{main|Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team}}

Shortly before the 2004 [[Tour de France]], Discovery Channel announced it would become the primary sponsor of a professional bicycling team starting in 2005, featuring the then-seven-time [[Tour de France]] winner [[Lance Armstrong]], whose wins were voided after he was proven to have cheated via doping. After the 2007 victory with the Spaniard [[Alberto Contador]], Discovery Channel discontinued the cycling sponsorship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/10/sports/othersports/10cycling.html|title=Discovery to End Sponsorship of Team|last=Wyatt|first=Edward|date=February 10, 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 9, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104455/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/10/sports/othersports/10cycling.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/discovery-channel-to-end-sponsorship/|title=Discovery Channel to end sponsorship|work=Cyclingnews.com|access-date=October 9, 2017|language=en-gb|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010032221/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/discovery-channel-to-end-sponsorship/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Store===
{{About|the US chain of stores|the former gadget store chain in the United Kingdom|The Discovery Store}}

The Discovery Channel stores first opened in 1995. By 1997, the chain had 17 US and 1 UK stores. At that time, the chain was building a flagship store in Washington, DC, with three levels themed to various environments—sea and underground, land and outer space, aviation and science—to be opened in February 1998, with another flagship store in San Francisco to be opened in November 1998.<ref>{{cite news|last1=White|first1=George|title=New Theme Player|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997/sep/16/business/fi-32873/2|work=Los Angeles Times|date=September 16, 1997|page=2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035821/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/sep/16/business/fi-32873/2|archive-date=February 8, 2017|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref>

On May 17, 2007, Discovery Communications announced it would close its standalone and mall-based stores. Hudson Group will continue to operate the Discovery Channel Airport Stores, and the website remains in operation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/05/17/news/companies/discovery/?postversion=2007051717|work=CNN|title=Discovery shuttering 103 locations|date=May 17, 2007|access-date=May 1, 2010|archive-date=June 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614011220/http://money.cnn.com/2007/05/17/news/companies/discovery/?postversion=2007051717|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Telescope===
{{main|Lowell Discovery Telescope}}

Discovery Channel funded the construction of the [[Lowell Discovery Telescope]], in partnership with [[Lowell Observatory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/cas/boston-university-joins-discovery-channel-telescope-partners-for-celebration-of-%E2%80%9Cfirst-light%E2%80%9D/|title=Boston University Joins Discovery Channel Telescope Partners for Celebration of "First Light" {{!}} Arts & Sciences|website=www.bu.edu|language=en|access-date=October 9, 2017|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010004700/http://www.bu.edu/cas/boston-university-joins-discovery-channel-telescope-partners-for-celebration-of-%E2%80%9Cfirst-light%E2%80%9D/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Website===
Discovery.com is the Discovery Channel's official website, which primarily provides information on the channel's programming and additional content, including articles, tied to those shows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shows |url=https://www.discovery.com/shows |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Discovery |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TV Schedule |url=https://www.discovery.com/shows/tv-schedule |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Discovery |language=en |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027145537/https://www.discovery.com/shows/tv-schedule |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Marketing and branding==
[[File:Discovery1985.svg|100px|thumb|left|The logo of Discovery Channel from 1987 to 1995.]]
The Discovery Channel's first logo was a television screen picturing a map of the world. For two decades, starting in 1987, the channel's logo incorporated the Discovery wordmark rendered in the Aurora Bold Condensed font with a circular shape in front of it. The circle usually took the form of a rising sun, or an animated version of the [[Vitruvian Man]]. Discovery Channel's previous [[slogan]]s had been "Explore Your World" and "There's No Thrill Like Discovery." Keeping with its changing focus away from strictly educational programming toward [[reality TV]], the slogan was changed in the early 2000s to "Entertain Your Brain".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shin |first=Annys |date=June 17, 2004 |title=Discovery Channel Hopes TV Ads Find Their Target |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/06/17/discovery-channel-hopes-tv-ads-find-their-target/e1a96c43-7be2-467b-be7b-631a16684ded/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

In 1995, the channel's name was simplified to "Discovery Channel", dropping "The" from its name. A globe became a permanent part of the logo, and an underline was added to the bottom of the logo

On March 31, 2008, Discovery unveiled a new logo, which took effect on-air on April 15, 2008 (coinciding with the fourth season premiere of ''Deadliest Catch''). The new logo was designed by Viewpoint Creative, and integrated Discovery's long-time globe iconography into the "D" lettering of the wordmark, creating a [[monogram]] that was usable as a standalone icon. The launch was accompanied by a new advertising campaign, "The World is Just Awesome", which featured scenes of Discovery personalities singing an adapted version of the song "I Love the Mountains". Discovery Channel president John Ford explained that the campaign was intended to "showcase our earned place in the greater pop culture landscape".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.multichannel.com/news/discovery-times-new-branding-campaign-deadliest-catch-debut-366142|title=Discovery Times New Branding Campaign To 'Deadliest Catch' Debut|last=Haugsted|first=Linda Moss & Linda|website=Multichannel|date=March 31, 2008|language=en-us|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=May 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515042232/https://www.multichannel.com/news/discovery-times-new-branding-campaign-deadliest-catch-debut-366142|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2013 (coinciding with ''Shark Week''), the aforementioned monogram became the main on-air logo as part of a new imaging campaign, "Grab Life By the Globe", which was designed to emphasize the channel's current focus on personality-driven programming. The logo was portrayed in promos with visual effects relevant to their respective program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adage.com/article/media/shark-week-ushers-discovery-channel-revamp/243411|title='Shark Week' Ushers in Discovery Channel Revamp|date=August 2, 2013|website=Ad Age|language=en|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=May 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515042236/https://adage.com/article/media/shark-week-ushers-discovery-channel-revamp/243411|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 1, 2019, Discovery unveiled a new logo, maintaining a refreshed version of the previous globe and D monogram. The new branding is accompanied by another new imaging campaign, "The World is Ours", which features scenes of Discovery personalities singing the [[Blue Swede]] version of "[[Hooked on a Feeling (song)|Hooked on a Feeling]]". The static version of the globe icon uses a non-standard [[Map projection|projection]] that shows all continents, reflecting Discovery's presence as an international brand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/discovery-launches-global-brand-refresh-1198545|title=Discovery Launches Global Brand Refresh (Exclusive)|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 2019|language=en|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=April 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406203225/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/discovery-launches-global-brand-refresh-1198545|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Related and international units==
===Related channel===
==== Discovery en Español ====
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Discovery en Español
| logo =Discovery en Español (2020).svg
| logo_size = 200px
| country = [[United States]]
| headquarters = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], [[United States]]
| language = [[Spanish Language|Spanish]]
| owner = [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]
| parent= [[Warner Bros. Discovery Networks]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[480i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1998}}
| website = {{URL|discoveryenespañol.com}}
| online_serv_1 = [[Fubo TV]]
| online_chan_1 = [https://www.fubo.tv/lp/latino/?title=Watch%20Discovery%20en%20Español%20on%20fuboTV&sr=watchLiveHPbutton Live Stream]
}}
'''Discovery en Español''' is an American [[pay television]] channel that was launched as the [[Spanish language|Spanish-language]] version of the Discovery Channel. It is operated by the Latin American division of [[Warner Bros. Discovery|Warner Bros. Discovery International]] in [[Miami, Florida]].

{{As of|February 2015|post=,}} approximately 6,476,000 American households (5.6% of households with television) receive Discovery en Español.<ref>{{cite web |last=Seidman |first=Robert |date=February 22, 2015 |title=List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015 |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/22/list-of-how-many-homes-each-cable-network-is-in-as-of-february-2015/366230/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223220414/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/22/list-of-how-many-homes-each-cable-network-is-in-as-of-february-2015/366230/ |archive-date=February 23, 2015 |access-date=March 14, 2015 |work=TV by the Numbers |publisher=Zap2it}}</ref>
===International===
Discovery Channel reaches 431 million homes in 170 countries. Discovery Communications currently offers 29 network brands in 33 languages. In a number of countries, Discovery's channels are available on [[Digital data|digital]] [[direct broadcast satellite|satellite]] platforms with multiple [[language]] soundtracks or [[subtitles]] including Spanish, German, Russian, French, [[Czech Language|Czech]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], Portuguese, Italian, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Finnish, [[Turkish language|Turkish]], Greek, [[Polish language|Polish]], Hungarian, [[Romanian language|Romanian]], Latvian, Arabic, [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], Japanese, Korean and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]. In 2011, a separate [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language channel was launched. In [[Bulgaria]], Discovery has, since 2000–2001, displayed [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] subtitles by all cable providers and since 2010 – with Bulgarian dubbing for some shows.

====Australia and New Zealand====
{{main|Discovery Channel (Australia and New Zealand)}}

In Australia, the Discovery Channel is part of a six-channel package (not including timeshifts) on digital subscription television, available on [[Foxtel]], [[Optus TV]] and [[AUSTAR]].

In New Zealand, the Australian version of Discovery is broadcast on [[SKY Network Television]].
====Canada====
{{main|Discovery Channel (Canada)}}

The Canadian version of Discovery was established in 1995 by Labatt Communications, and before 2024 the channel was owned by joint venture of [[Bell Media]] and WBD.

The channel airs similar programming to its U.S. counterpart, but also airs [[Canadian content|domestically produced programs]] to comply with local broadcasting regulations (which, in the past, included the daily science newsmagazine ''[[Daily Planet (TV series)|Daily Planet]]'' cancelled in 2018). Some of its original series (such as, most prominently, ''[[How It's Made]]'') have been picked up in the U.S. by Discovery's sister networks (such as [[Science Channel]]), but others have not necessarily aired on Discovery's networks. Since 2018, the channel has increasingly aired blocks of fiction programming with science- or technology-oriented themes.

In June 2024, [[Rogers Sports & Media]] announced that it had acquired the Canadian rights to all WBD factual and lifestyle brands beginning January 1, 2025, including Discovery Channel. Bell subsequently announced that it would enter into a licensing agreement with [[NBCUniversal]] for two of its Discovery-branded channels, with Discovery being relaunched as [[USA Network (Canadian TV channel)|USA Network]] on January 1, 2025. A [[Discovery Channel (Canadian TV channel)|new iteration of Discovery]] owned by Rogers concurrently launched the same day.

====India====
{{Main|Discovery Channel (India)}}

Discovery Channel was launched in 1995 in India broadcasting originally in English and Hindi. In June 2010, a Bengali audio track was added to the channel as well as a Telugu track in October 21 of that same year.<ref name="Bangla">{{cite web | url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/05/discovery-channel-launches-bangla-feed | title=Discovery channel launches Bangla feed | publisher=BestMediaInfo | date=May 11, 2011 | access-date=May 11, 2011 | archive-date=May 13, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513104506/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/05/discovery-channel-launches-bangla-feed/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Discovery Channel in Telugu | url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article293395.ece | access-date= September 26, 2015 | archive-date= September 27, 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150927170814/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article293395.ece | url-status= dead }}</ref> On August 15, 2011, a separate Tamil-language channel was launched<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverychannel.co.in/tv-shows/discovery-tamil-rebrand|title=Discovery Tamil Rebrand|access-date=October 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020074323/http://www.discoverychannel.co.in/tv-shows/discovery-tamil-rebrand/|archive-date=October 20, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> with an estimate audience of 10 million households.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/discovery-networks-to-launch-24hour-tamil-c/829828/ | title=Discovery Networks to launch 24-hour Tamil channel | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=August 10, 2011 | access-date=September 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/118/ARTICLE/9508/2012-07-19.html | title=Discovery Channel Tamil now available on Dish TV | publisher=Login Media Publishing | date=July 19, 2012 | access-date=September 10, 2012 | last=Manohar | first=Sandhya | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728034439/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/118/ARTICLE/9508/2012-07-19.html | archive-date=July 28, 2012 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
Discovery recently launched Discovery Plus, a new streaming service for India priced at ₹300 per year, offering content in eight languages—[[English Language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil Language|Tamil]], [[Telugu Language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Bengali Language|Bengali]] and [[Marathi Language|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/discovery-launches-discovery-plus-new-streaming-service-for-india-11584355463152.html|title=Discovery launches Discovery Plus, new streaming service for India|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=March 16, 2020|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=March 26, 2020|archive-date=March 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326131546/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/discovery-launches-discovery-plus-new-streaming-service-for-india-11584355463152.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Europe====
{{main|Discovery Channel Europe}}

In the United Kingdom, Discovery Channel UK airs some common programs as the U.S. version, including ''[[MythBusters]]'', ''[[American Chopper]]'', ''[[How It's Made]]'' and ''[[Deadliest Catch]]''. The channel is carried as a basic subscription channel on the [[Sky (UK and Ireland)|SKY]]digital satellite service and digital cable provider [[Virgin Media]]. Discovery UK also operates Discovery HD, Discovery Knowledge, Discovery Turbo, Discovery Science, Animal Planet, DMAX, Discovery Real Time, Discovery Home & Health, Discovery Travel & Leisure and Discovery Shed. Many of these channels also have timeshifted versions. In the [[Republic of Ireland]], the UK version of Discovery Channel is available on most cable providers in that country, but with local advertisements.

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, Discovery Channel is part of the [[Premiere (pay television network)|Premiere]] digital network and supplies specific programs to other networks like [[ZDF]] and [[kabel eins]]. [[Discovery Communications]] is also owner of the documentary-channel XXP. The channel was bought in the spring of 2006 from its former shareholders [[Der Spiegel|Spiegel TV]] and "dctp". All programs are dubbed into German. The channel is now known as "[[DMAX (TV channel)|DMAX]]", presumably to associate the channel with Discovery.

In the Netherlands, the Discovery Channel is included on most cable, IPTV and DVB-T providers. Nearly all of the programs are broadcast in their original language, but they are subtitled in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as is the policy of all Dutch television stations. Some programs and most promotions and program announcements have a Dutch voice-over. In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, a Flemish Discovery Channel launched (previously the Dutch version was available for IPTV, DVB-C and DVB-S) on cable (and digital) television on October 1, 2009.

In Italy, the Discovery Channel (and HD) is distributed via satellite by [[Sky Italia]] as part of the documentary pack. In addition, Italy has four Discovery-branded channels: Discovery Science, Discovery Real Time, Discovery Animal Planet and Discovery Travel and Living.

In [[Bulgaria]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Croatia]], [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Serbia]] and [[Slovenia]], Discovery Channel is carried by most cable television and [[IPTV]] providers with all the content subtitled in the respective languages. Additionally, it is also available on digital satellite platforms in Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia (sometimes requiring an additional fee). In Poland, [[nc+]] broadcasts the programs dubbed in Polish and in original English. A few other channels from Discovery are also in offer, like Discovery Historia, launched in cooperation with Polish broadcaster [[TVN (Poland)|TVN]], which later ended.

In Spain, the channel shares a schedule and programs with Portugal and is available on most satellite and cable platforms, making it possible to broadcast both in Spanish and Portuguese. In Spain, all programs are dubbed; whereas in Portugal, most of them are subtitled. In addition, Portugal has three Discovery-branded channels: [[Discovery Turbo]] (focusing on motorsports), [[Discovery Science (European TV channel)|Discovery Science]] (focusing on science and technology) and [[Discovery Civilization]] (focusing on historical events). These channels follow the same model as the original Discovery Channel, except for the absence of advertising. Spanish advertisements are broadcast on the Portuguese feed, non-subtitled or dubbed.
====Southeast Asia====
{{main|Discovery Channel (Southeast Asia)}}

In [[Southeast Asia]], Discovery Channel is available on digital subscription television. Discovery Channel Asia still shows crime programs (such as ''[[Most Evil]]'' and ''[[The FBI Files]]''). Many programs feature development and society in Asian countries, especially in India and China. Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore have other channels branched from the main Discovery Channel, including Discovery Turbo, Discovery Science, Discovery Home & Health and [[Discovery Travel & Living (Europe)|Discovery Travel & Living]].

The [[Philippines]] has its own semifeed derived from the Southeast Asian channel, in which offers [[regional variation]]s with local advertisements during the commercial breaks.

====South Africa====
In South Africa, Discovery Channel shares a schedule and programming with all of Africa, the Middle East and Turkey. Discovery Channel and sibling channels [[Discovery World (international TV channel)|Discovery World]], [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Satellite pay-TV operator loses TLC channel|url = http://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/Satellite-pay-TV-operator-loses-TLC-channel-20131220|access-date = May 9, 2015|archive-date = September 23, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222046/http://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/Satellite-pay-TV-operator-loses-TLC-channel-20131220|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Investigation Discovery Europe|Investigation Discovery]] and Animal Planet are available on the DStv/Multichoice platform.

==Controversies==
===RFID===
In August 2008, it was reported by ''The Consumerist'' that Discovery Channel had preempted an episode of ''[[MythBusters]]'' examining [[RFID]] security in regard to its implementation in [[credit cards]] before its original broadcast because the episode would upset credit card companies, who are major advertisers on Discovery Channel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mythbusters Gagged: Credit Card Companies Kill Episode Exposing RFID Security Flaws|url=http://consumerist.com/5043831/mythbusters-gagged-credit-card-companies-kill-episode-exposing-rfid-security-flaws|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008204341/http://consumerist.com/5043831/mythbusters-gagged-credit-card-companies-kill-episode-exposing-rfid-security-flaws|archive-date=October 8, 2009|access-date=December 12, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was later determined that the decision not to investigate the issue was made by [[Beyond Productions]], the ''MythBusters'' production company, and was not made by Discovery Channel or their advertising department.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mythbusters Host Retracts RFID Censorship Comments|url=http://consumerist.com/5045633/mythbusters-host-retracts-rfid-censorship-comments|access-date=December 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008204311/http://consumerist.com/5045633/mythbusters-host-retracts-rfid-censorship-comments|archive-date=October 8, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===''Enigmatic Malaysia''===
{{Main|2009 Pendet controversy}}

An ad promoting ''Enigmatic Malaysia'', a special series on the network meant to highlight the cultural heritages of [[Malaysia]], mistakenly featured [[Bali]]nese [[Pendet|Pendet dancers]]. This prompted outrage from Balinese dancers, who posted messages demanding that Malaysia apologize over the misinformation, which then sparked a series of street protests.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protests over presence of Pendet dance in Malaysia's tourism ad continue|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/23/protests-over-presence-pendet-dance-malaysia%E2%80%99s-tourism-ad-continue.html?page=2|date=September 3, 2009|access-date=September 3, 2009|author1=Niken Prathivi|author2=Irawaty Wardany|work=Jakarta Post|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829133013/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/23/protests-over-presence-pendet-dance-malaysia%E2%80%99s-tourism-ad-continue.html?page=2|archive-date=August 29, 2009}}</ref> Further demands were made from the local governments, cultural historians and the tourism ministry in [[Indonesia]] for Malaysia to clarify the situation.<ref>{{cite web|author=I Wayan Juniartha|title=Pendet, the dance that rocks the cradle|work=Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/28/pendet-dance-rocks-cradle.html|date=August 28, 2009|access-date=September 3, 2009|archive-date=September 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914052422/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/28/pendet-dance-rocks-cradle.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Malaysian government reportedly offered an apology, which was rejected by the Indonesian tourism minister, since the apology was given informally by phone; the Indonesian tourism minister demanded a written apology to make it more accountable.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 27, 2009 |title=Indonesian Minister Rejects Malaysian Pendet Apology |author=Dessy Sagita |work=The Jakarta Globe |url-status=dead |access-date=September 3, 2009 |url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/national/indonesian-minister-rejects-malaysian-pendet-apology/326562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831160121/http://thejakartaglobe.com/national/indonesian-minister-rejects-malaysian-pendet-apology/326562 |archive-date=August 31, 2009}}</ref>

===Shark Week===
{{Main|Shark Week#Criticism}}

[[Shark Week]], Discovery's annual shark-themed programming block, has been criticized for sensationalism and the promotion of [[junk science]].<ref>{{cite web|title=When Wildlife Documentaries Jump the Shark|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/08/30/344562317/when-wildlife-documentaries-jump-the-shark|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=August 30, 2014|access-date=March 11, 2018|archive-date=March 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312205037/https://www.npr.org/2014/08/30/344562317/when-wildlife-documentaries-jump-the-shark|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Grant|first1=Bob|title=Shark Week Veers Into Fiction . . . Again|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40760/title/-Shark-Week--Veers-Into-Fiction-------Again/|website=The-Scientist.com|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-date=July 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707205834/http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40760/title/-Shark-Week--Veers-Into-Fiction-------Again/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Romanian RCS&RDS===
In November 2012, the Romanian [[RCS&RDS]], the largest company of its kind on the internal market, interrupted its carriage of Discovery Communications channels, including Discovery Channel. The CEO of Discovery Communications Mark Hollinger sent an open letter in his attempt to counteract the action of RCS&RDS, attracting the attention to the negation of the alleged right of the viewer to choose the viewed channels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-media_publicitate-13718443-scrisoare-deschisa-din-partea-ceo-discovery-networks-catre-telespectatorii-romani-suntem-indignati-ceea-intampla-motiv-pentru-care-demarat-discutiile-autoritatile-din-romania-uniunea-europeana.htm|title=Scrisoare deschisa din partea CEO Discovery Networks catre telespectatorii afectati de decizia RCS&RDS: Suntem indignati de ceea ce se intampla, am demarat discutiile cu autoritatile din Romania si cu Uniunea Europeana|date=November 30, 2012 |access-date=February 22, 2013|archive-date=December 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203021032/http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-media_publicitate-13718443-scrisoare-deschisa-din-partea-ceo-discovery-networks-catre-telespectatorii-romani-suntem-indignati-ceea-intampla-motiv-pentru-care-demarat-discutiile-autoritatile-din-romania-uniunea-europeana.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In turn, RCS&RDS issued a press statement accusing of hypocrisy Hollinger's discourse attentive at the needs of viewers and attracted attention to the fact that, during negotiations, the main preoccupations of the Discovery representatives was maintaining as high as possible tariffs and monetary gains".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcs-rds.ro/comunicat?id=271|title=Reactie RCS & RDS la scrisoarea deschisa adresata presei de catre Mark Hollinger, presedinte Discovery Networks Bucuresti|date=December 3, 2012|access-date=February 22, 2013|archive-date=March 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304224854/http://www.rcs-rds.ro/comunicat?id=271|url-status=live}}</ref>

After four years of absence, on December 30, 2016, the Discovery Channel and its sister channel TLC returned to the RCS&RDS CATV, IPTV and DTH networks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcs-rds.ro/comunicat?id=578|title=RCS & RDS introduce canale noi in grila de televiziune Digi TV: Discovery Channel, TLC, E! Entertainment HD, HBO2 HD si Cinemax 2|access-date=January 18, 2017|archive-date=January 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104043320/http://www.rcs-rds.ro/comunicat?id=578|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Eaten Alive''===
''[[Eaten Alive (TV special)|Eaten Alive]]'' was a television program in which wildlife filmmaker Paul Rosolie was purportedly going to be "eaten alive" by an [[anaconda]]. It aired on December 7, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reality TV's New Extreme: Being 'Eaten Alive' by a Giant Anaconda Snake|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/reality-tvs-extreme-eaten-alive-giant-anaconda-snake/story?id=26727681|access-date=November 23, 2014|work=ABC News|date=November 6, 2014|archive-date=November 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126081658/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/reality-tvs-extreme-eaten-alive-giant-anaconda-snake/story?id=26727681|url-status=live}}</ref> When the special aired, the anaconda attacked Rosolie but did not swallow him, as its title had implied, prompting numerous complaints of a [[bait and switch]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.today.com/popculture/eaten-alive-ending-leaves-viewers-angrier-anaconda-1D80341775|title=Outrage! 'Eaten Alive' ending leaves viewers angrier than the anaconda|last=Hines|first=Ree|work=NBC News|date=December 8, 2014|access-date=December 8, 2014|archive-date=December 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208233429/http://www.today.com/popculture/eaten-alive-ending-leaves-viewers-angrier-anaconda-1D80341775|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Hibberd, James (December 8, 2014). [https://time.com/3623093/eaten-alive/ Eaten Alive Viewers Outraged Man Wasn’t Actually Eaten Alive] . ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved December 8, 2014.</ref>

=== ''World’s Ultimate Frontier'' ===
{{Further|Persecution of Uyghurs in China}}
In February 2024, a group of US congressmen sent a letter to the CEO of Warner Bros. Discovery criticizing ''World's Ultimate Frontier'', a joint production between Discovery and Chinese [[state media]] outlet [[China Global Television Network]] (CGTN), for "whitewashing genocide" of the [[Uyghurs]] in [[Xinjiang]]. They called on Discovery to "suspend this partnership with CGTN immediately and to abstain from entering into any similar partnership with any other agent of [[Chinese Communist Party|CCP]] influence."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parete |first=Dalia |date=2024-03-05 |title=New Frontiers in Foreign Propaganda |url=https://chinamediaproject.org/2024/03/05/new-frontiers-in-foreign-propaganda/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=China Media Project |language=en-US |archive-date=March 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306233936/https://chinamediaproject.org/2024/03/05/new-frontiers-in-foreign-propaganda/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Discovery Kids]]
* [[Discovery Times Square Exposition]]
* [[List of documentary channels]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Warner Bros. Discovery Networks}}
{{Warner Bros. Discovery}}
{{Webby Awards|cat=Science|year=1997|type=Nominee}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Discovery Channel| ]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in the United States]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1985]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1998]]
[[Category:Spanish-language television networks in the United States]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery networks]]
[[Category:Peabody Award winners]]
[[Category:Television networks in the United States]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in the United States]]

Franco Mulakkal

2026-02-15T04:56:53Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: adjusted references further and improved wording

{{short description|Indian bishop of the Catholic Church (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Franco Mulakkal
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar|Bishop Emeritus of Jalandhar]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| church =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Delhi]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar|Jalandhar]]
| appointed = 13 June 2013
| enthroned = 4 August 2013
| ended = 1 June 2023
| predecessor = [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]]|
| ordination = 21 April 1990
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 21 February 2009
| consecrated_by = [[Vincent Michael Concessao]]
| birth_name = Franco Mulakkal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|3|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mattam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| religion = [[Catholic Church]]
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Bishop
| previous_post =
| profession =
| alma_mater = [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] (M.A.) [[Alphonsian Academy]] (D.Phil.)
| signature =
| coat_of_arms =
| motto =
}}
'''Franco Mulakkal''' is an Indian [[prelate]] of the Catholic Church. He was a member of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, until changing his sui iuris to the Latin church in lieu of mission work. He worked as the [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar]] from 2013<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://scdimapur.org/latest-news/bp-franco-visits-salesian-college/|title=Bp. Franco visits Salesian College|date=2017-07-14|work=Salesian College Dimapur|access-date=2017-08-21|language=en-US|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822014114/http://scdimapur.org/latest-news/bp-franco-visits-salesian-college/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calgaryindians.com/photo/227-newly-appointed-diocese-of-jalandhar-bishop-franco-mulakkal.aspx|title=Newly appointed DIOCESE of Jalandhar, Bishop Franco Mulakkal|website=calgaryindians.com|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822015203/http://calgaryindians.com/photo/227-newly-appointed-diocese-of-jalandhar-bishop-franco-mulakkal.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/franco-mulakkal-is-new-bishop/story-EXoOODLscIKWOD6eKkMDlM.html|title=Franco Mulakkal is new bishop|date=2013-06-14|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-08-21|language=en|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822013656/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/franco-mulakkal-is-new-bishop/story-EXoOODLscIKWOD6eKkMDlM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> until his arrest in 2018 on charges of raping a nun.<ref>{{cite news |first=Saji |last=Thomas |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/accountability/news/news/mulakkal-appears-trial-nuns-rape-next-hearing-set-jan-6 |title=Mulakkal appears for trial in nun's rape, next hearing set for Jan. 6 |website=Global Sisters Report |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |date=2 December 2019 |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031135943/https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/accountability/news/news/mulakkal-appears-trial-nuns-rape-next-hearing-set-jan-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the first bishop in Indian Catholic church to be arrested for being accused in a rape case. In January 2022 the [[Kerala]] district court declared him innocent without the witnesses changing their statements. The court heard the statements of 39 witnesses in the case and he was [[Acquittal|acquitted]] of all charges. But the nuns are still fighting for their cause.<ref name="MM"/> He was forced to resign as Jalandhar bishop by the Vatican, and in June 2023 [[Pope Francis|Pope]] accepted his resignation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-nun-rape-case-accused-franco-mulakkal-resigns-as-jalandhar-bishop-101685619020469.html | title=Kerala nun rape case accused Franco Mulakkal resigns as Jalandhar Bishop | date=June 2023 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Franco Mulakkal was born in Mattam, [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India on 25 March 1964.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

He was ordained for Priesthood at [[St. Thomas Forane Church, Mattom|St.Thomas Forane Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Mattom]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], Kerala on 21 April 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://files.mulakkal.com/200000055-821e08317b/Missionaries%20More%20Info.pdf|title=Bishop Franco Mulakkal biography|last=Franco|first=Mulakkal|website=files.mulakkal.com|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923163057/http://files.mulakkal.com/200000055-821e08317b/Missionaries%20More%20Info.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Franco transferred [[Sui iuris|church sui iuris]] from the Syro-Malabar Church to the Latin Church with his missionary work in northern India. He was appointed [[auxiliary bishop]] of the Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi and [[titular bishop]] of [[Collo|Chullu]] on 17 January 2009. He was [[Holy Orders (Catholic Church)|consecrated]] a [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|bishop]] on 21 February 2009. He was appointed bishop of the Latin Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar on 13 June 2013 by [[Pope Francis]]. He was installed there on 4 August 2013.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 6 June 2023 | url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130806/jaltrib.htm#3 | title = Dr Franco Mulakkal installed as Jalandhar Bishop | date = 5 August 2013 | newspaper = Jalandhar Tribune }}</ref> He also served as the [[Secretary]] of the Regional [[Episcopal Conference|Bishops Conference]] of [[North India]] and [[Consultor]] for the [[Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-mulakkal/637|title=Bishop Franco Mulakkal {{!}} Bishop of Jalandhar Diocese Franco Mulakkal {{!}} Ucanews|website=directory.ucanews.com|access-date=2017-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625175112/http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-mulakkal/637|archive-date=25 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmulakkal.html|title=Bishop Franco Mulakkal (Aippunny) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|last=Cheney|first=David M.|website=catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2017-06-19|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518152059/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmulakkal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sexual assault allegation and acquittal==

In June 2018, a nun accused the bishop of rape, and a complaint was filed with the [[Kerala Police]] under Section 164 of Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC, India).<ref>{{cite news |author1=((Express News Service)) |title=Rape complaint: Jalandhar Bishop Franco Mulakkal not to be grilled soon |date=9 July 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/09/rape-complaint-jalandhar-bishop-franco-mulakkal-not-to-be-grilled-soon-1840775.html |access-date=17 July 2018|work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713013402/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/09/rape-complaint-jalandhar-bishop-franco-mulakkal-not-to-be-grilled-soon-1840775.html}}</ref> The nun alleged that she was raped by Mulakkal thirteen times between 2014 and 2016 during his visits to St. Francis Mission Home, [[Kuravilangad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kerala-rape-case-pope-temporarily-relieves-bishop-mulakkal-of-pastoral-duties/articleshow/65887778.cms|title=Kerala rape case: Pope temporarily relieves Bishop Mulakkal of pastoral duties |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920233816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kerala-rape-case-pope-temporarily-relieves-bishop-mulakkal-of-pastoral-duties/articleshow/65887778.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bishop-franco-mulakkal-accused-of-kerala-nuns-rape-relieved-of-duties-by-vatican-1919558|title=Bishop Franco Mulakkal, Accused Of Raping Kerala Nun, Temporarily Removed By Vatican|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920144201/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bishop-franco-mulakkal-accused-of-kerala-nuns-rape-relieved-of-duties-by-vatican-1919558|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nun-rape-case-sit-to-quiz-priest-for-3rd-day-tomorrow/articleshow/65890865.cms|title=Nun 'rape' case: SIT to question bishop for 3rd day tomorrow |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824084532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nun-rape-case-sit-to-quiz-priest-for-3rd-day-tomorrow/articleshow/65890865.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-nun-rape-case-accused-bishop-franco-mulakkal-quizzed-for-8-hours-on-day-2/articleshow/65891738.cms|title=Kerala nun rape case: Accused Bishop Franco Mulakkal quizzed for 8 hours on Day 2 |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921132501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-nun-rape-case-accused-bishop-franco-mulakkal-quizzed-for-8-hours-on-day-2/articleshow/65891738.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-nun-rape-case-bishop-mulakkal-appears-before-probe-team-1343301-2018-09-19|title=Kerala nun rape case: Bishop Franco Mulakkal appears before probe team|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919092743/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-nun-rape-case-bishop-mulakkal-appears-before-probe-team-1343301-2018-09-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/39408/indian-bishop-accused-of-rape-steps-aside-requests-leave-from-vatican|title=Indian bishop accused of rape steps aside, requests leave from Vatican|work=Catholic News Agency|access-date=2018-09-20|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074027/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/indian-bishop-accused-of-rape-steps-aside-requests-leave-from-vatican-71892|url-status=live}}</ref> Mulakkal said that rape story was fabricated in retaliation for taking action against the nun with regard to a complaint raised by a woman in 2016 alleging that the nun was having an illicit relationship with her husband, and the nun was removed from her post as [[Superior General (Christianity)|Mother Superior]] after an inquiry.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Kerala nun rape case: Allegations made up for revenge, alleges Bishop Franco Mulakkal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/sep/19/kerala-nun-rape-case-allegations-made-up-for-revenge-alleges-bishop-franco-mulakkal-1873929.html|access-date=14 January 2022|work=The New Indian Express|date=19 September 2018|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114074826/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/sep/19/kerala-nun-rape-case-allegations-made-up-for-revenge-alleges-bishop-franco-mulakkal-1873929.html|quote=...she held the highest post in the congregation as the superior general for nine years|url-status=dead|id= [[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> Police said that it was the bishop who first filed a complaint against the nun and the nun filed her complaint a day later. In his complaint, Mulakkal said that a nun was blackmailing him after he took disciplinary action against her, including transferring her, and that her family members are threatening to entrap him in rape case. FIR was filed for both cases.<ref>{{cite news |author1=News18 |title=Kerala Nun Accuses Jalandhar Bishop of Sexually Abusing Her 13 Times; Church 'Ignores' Complaint |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kerala-nun-accuses-jalandhar-bishop-of-sexually-abusing-her-13-times-church-ignores-complaint-1796125.html |access-date=14 January 2022 |work=[[News18]] |date=2 July 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114091610/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kerala-nun-accuses-jalandhar-bishop-of-sexually-abusing-her-13-times-church-ignores-complaint-1796125.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |author1=((Express News Service)) |title=Rape complaint: Jalandhar Bishop Franco Mulakkal not to be grilled soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/09/rape-complaint-jalandhar-bishop-franco-mulakkal-not-to-be-grilled-soon-1840775.html |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713013402/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/09/rape-complaint-jalandhar-bishop-franco-mulakkal-not-to-be-grilled-soon-1840775.html |archive-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
On 20 September 2018, Pope Francis accepted Mulakkal's request for a leave of absence.<ref name=leaderless>{{Cite web|url = https://www.ncronline.org/news/accountability/pope-names-administrator-indian-bishop-investigated-alleged-rape|title = Pope names administrator as Indian bishop investigated for alleged rape|date = 20 September 2018|access-date = 16 August 2019|archive-date = 16 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190816190733/https://www.ncronline.org/news/accountability/pope-names-administrator-indian-bishop-investigated-alleged-rape|url-status = live}}</ref> On 21 September 2018, the Kerala police arrested him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45600402|title=India bishop accused of rape arrested|work=BBC News|date=21 September 2018|access-date=6 February 2019|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144952/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45600402|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Police arrested Franco|work=[[Asianet News]]|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/news/former-jalandhar-franko-mulakkal-arrested-pfeo5t|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921225811/https://www.asianetnews.com/news/former-jalandhar-franko-mulakkal-arrested-pfeo5t|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bishop-franco-mulakkal-arrested-in-kerala-nun-rape-case-1345584-2018-09-21|title=Bishop Franco Mulakkal arrested in Kerala nun rape case|work=indiatoday|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921112826/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bishop-franco-mulakkal-arrested-in-kerala-nun-rape-case-1345584-2018-09-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/21/asia/india-bishop-sex-abuse-intl/index.html|title=Catholic bishop in India arrested after being accused of raping nun|work=CNN|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005427/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/21/asia/india-bishop-sex-abuse-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A Kerala judicial magistrate extended his judicial custody in jail for 14 days until 20 October 2018. The Kerala High Court rejected the bishop's first application for bail, citing ''[[prima facie]]'' evidence in the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-nun-rape-case-bishop-franco-mulakkals-judicial-custody-extended-by-14-days-5389570/|title=Kerala nun rape case: Bishop Franco Mulakkal's judicial custody extended by 14 days|work=indianexpress.com|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008071247/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-nun-rape-case-bishop-franco-mulakkals-judicial-custody-extended-by-14-days-5389570/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was granted bail on 15 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala HC Grants Conditional Bail to Bishop Franco Mulakkal in Nun Rape Case |url=https://thewire.in/women/kerala-hc-grants-conditional-bail-to-bishop-franco-mulakkal-in-nun-rape-case |access-date=14 January 2022 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=15 October 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114075629/https://thewire.in/women/kerala-hc-grants-conditional-bail-to-bishop-franco-mulakkal-in-nun-rape-case |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2019, he was formally charged by the Kerala police.<ref name=aprilcharge>{{Cite web |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/41005/indian-bishop-formally-charged-with-rape |title=Indian bishop formally charged with rape |work=Catholic News Agency |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410215418/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/indian-bishop-formally-charged-with-rape-39446 |url-status=live }}</ref> The trial began in November 2019.

On 14 January 2022, the Additional Sessions Court [[Acquittal|acquitted]] him of all charges.<ref name="MM">{{cite news |title=Nun rape case: Court acquits Bishop Franco Mulakkal of all charges |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/01/14/nun-rape-case-franco-mulakkal-verdict.html |access-date=14 January 2022 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114021144/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/01/14/nun-rape-case-franco-mulakkal-verdict.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/bishop-franco-mulakkal-case-judgment-407656.pdf|title=bishop franco mulakkal case judgment|work=livelaw|access-date=2022-01-13|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115091545/https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/bishop-franco-mulakkal-case-judgment-407656.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The judge stated as the basis for acquittal that the nun's evidence contained "exaggerations and embellishments" and that "[w]hen it is not feasible to separate truth from falsehood, when grain and chaff are inextricably mixed up, the only available course is to discard the evidence in toto."<ref name=BBC-protest>{{cite news |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60065287 |title=Franco Mulakkal: Hundreds write to Kerala nun who lost rape case against bishop |publisher=BBC News |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121040433/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60065287 |url-status=live }}</ref> The court also observed that there was no consistency in the complainant's statement and pointed out that her original version to the doctor is contradictory to the case.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 January 2022|title=Nun rape case: 'Exaggerations, embellishments' in victim's statements, reads 289-page verdict|work=onmanorama.com|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/01/14/nun-rape-case-bishop-franco-mulakkal-acquitted-additional-sessions-court-verdict.amp.html|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126180450/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/01/14/nun-rape-case-bishop-franco-mulakkal-acquitted-additional-sessions-court-verdict.amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been widespread objections to the verdict, including letters published on social media in support of the complainant and five other nuns who supported her.<ref name=BBC-protest/> Meanwhile, the nun and the prosecution are moving to file an appeal in the high court against the verdict.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 January 2022|title=Nun rape case: Prosecution sets ball rolling for plea in Kerala high court|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-appeal-favoured-in-nun-rape-case/articleshow/89067440.cms|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308185726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-appeal-favoured-in-nun-rape-case/articleshow/89067440.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases]]
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country#India]]
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}


{{SACC}}

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulakkal, Franco}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops]]

Kadai paneer

2026-02-15T00:43:39Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new data.

{{Short description|Indian dish}}
[[File:Kadai Paneer-Delhi-12.jpg|alt=Kadai Paneer|thumb|Kadai paneer]]
'''Kadai paneer'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-27 |title=Express recipes: How to make Kadhai Paneer in six easy steps |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/express-recipes-how-to-make-kadhai-paneer-in-six-easy-steps/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Indian Express en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahi Paneer, Kadai Paneer And More: 5 Classic Paneer Curry Recipes That You Must Try |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/shahi-paneer-kadai-paneer-and-more-5-classic-paneer-curry-recipes-that-you-must-try-2602908 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=NDTV Food }}</ref><ref name=Swasthi>{{Cite web |author=Swasthi |date=2022-11-01 |title=Kadai Paneer Recipe (Dry & Gravy) |url=https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/kadai-paneer-gravy-recipe/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Swasthi's Recipes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadai Paneer: Soft, Delicious and Creamy Restaurant Style Paneer |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/kadai-paneer-soft-delicious-and-creamy-restaurant-style-paneer-1663770553125 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Slurrp }}</ref> (or kadhai paneer) is an Indian dish made by cooking [[paneer]] and [[bell pepper]]s in a freshly ground spice powder. It is usually served with buttered [[naan]], [[paratha]], [[roti]], [[Jeera bhaat|jeera rice]], or steamed [[Basmati|basmati rice]].

It is of two types,<ref name=Swasthi/> gravy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitchen |first=Hebbars |date=2021-03-03 |title=kadai paneer recipe {{!}} karahi paneer {{!}} how to make kadai paneer gravy |url=https://hebbarskitchen.com/kadai-paneer-recipe-karahi-paneer-gravy/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Hebbar's Kitchen }}</ref> and dry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Raks |date=2011-10-10 |title=Kadai paneer recipe, How to make kadai paneer |url=https://rakskitchen.net/kadai-paneer-recipe-how-to-make-kadai-paneer/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Raks Kitchen }}</ref>
[[File:Kadai_Paneer_the_Indian_recipe.jpg|alt=Kadai Paneer|thumb|Kadai paneer]]
[[File:Kadai_Paneer_(15913018051).jpg|alt=Kadai Paneer with Butter Naan|thumb|Kadai paneer with [[naan]]]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cheese dishes]]
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]

Surjith Gopinath

2026-02-14T07:42:55Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating a pg...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surjith Gopinath
| image = Surjith Gopinath.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Surjith in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|08|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Alapad]] [[Thrissur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active = 2008
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'',<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Charlie: 100 Days celebration
|url = https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kerala/charlie-100-days-celebration/articleshow/51952870.cms
|publisher = The Times of India
|date = 23 April 2016
|accessdate = 1 August 2024
|language = English
}}
</ref>''[[Biriyaani]]'',<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Sajin Baabu's next titled Biriyani
|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Apr/29/sajin-baabus-next-titled-biriyani-1970240.html
|publisher = The New Indian Express
|date = 29 August 2019
|accessdate = 1 August 2024
|language = English
}}
</ref> ''[[Churuli]]''<ref>
{{cite news
|title = സിനിമാ ജീവിതവും കാഴ്ചപ്പാടുകളും സുർജിത്ത് ഗോപിനാഥ് സംസാരിക്കുന്നു
| url = https://malayalam.samayam.com
|publisher = Malayalam Samayam
|date = 26 September 2022
|accessdate = 1 August 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}
</ref>
}}

'''Surjith Gopinath''' is an [[Indian actor]] in [[Malayalam films]] known for his role in the movie ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' (2015).

==Personal life==
Surjith was born to [[Alapad]], [[Thrissur]]. He completed drama studies in School of Drama & Fine Arts at [[Thrissur]] and [[Pondicherry University]]. He started as a theater artist and directed some theater drama. He has acted in about 30 films and few Shortfilm.
Surjith is married to Diya Darmapalan and has two children, Uthara and Mayan
<ref>
{{cite news
|title = സുർജിത്ത് സുമതി ഇദ്ദേഹം വെറുമൊരു സഹനടൻ മാത്രമല്ല വൈറൽ കുറിപ്പ്
|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/4/25/actor-surjith-sumathi-gopinath-viral-post-by-jyothish.html
|publisher = manoramaonline
|date = 25 April 2020
|accessdate = 1 August 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|title = 'രാഘവോ... എന്താ ഒറിജിനാലിറ്റി.. ' സിനിമയെ വെല്ലും ഈ കുഞ്ഞു ചിത്രം......
|url =https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/short-films/raghavan-award-winning-short-film-surjith-gopinath-1.3586286
|publisher = mathrubhumi
|date = 26 April 2020
|accessdate = 1 August 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[My Mother's Laptop ]]'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' || Laser ||
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]'' || ||
|-
|'' [[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]''|| Aadu Abutty||
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Paavada]]'' || Drunkard||
|-
|'' [[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]''|| Gypsy singer ||
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Aby (film)|Aby]]'' || Crispy ||
|-
|''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]'' || Lottery seller ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2018 ||''[[Kamuki]]'' ||Handicapped man||
|-
|''[[Iblis (film)|Iblis]] '' ||Puppetry artist||
|-
|''[[Ladoo (film)|Ladoo]]''||Angeline's uncle ||
|-
|rowspan=4 |2019 ||''[[Evidey]]'' || Band member ||
|-
|''[[Maarconi Mathaai]]'' || Homeless man ||
|-
|''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' || Bolshevik Payli ||
|-
|''[[Biriyaani]]'' || Mohammed Bijili ||
|-
|2020 || ''Vrithakrithiyulla Chathuram'' || Ramachandran ||
|-
|rowspan=6 | 2021 || ''[[Maara]]'' || Muzzafir ||Tamil film
|-
|''[[Churuli]]'' || Shooter ||
|-
|''[[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]'' || Lonappan ||
|-
|''[[The Last Two Days]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Minnal Murali]]'' || Paachan ||
|-
|''[[Oru Thathvika Avalokanam]]'' || Nexal Shankaran ||
|-
|rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''Pullu Risng'' || Kallan ||
|-
|''[[Thattassery Koottam]]'' || Blind landlord ||
|-
|''[[Aanandam Paramanandam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Purusha Pretham]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=1| 2023 || ''Picasso'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2024 || ''Porul'' || Divakaran || TV mini series
|-
|''[[Qalb (film)|Qalb]]''||Freddy Uncle||
|-
|''[[Panchavalsara Padhathi]]''||Gokulan||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2026 || ''[[Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil]]'' || Nanji || Tamil film
|-
|{{pending film|[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]}}||||Kannada film<ref>{{cite news
|title =‘ടോക്സിക്കി’ലെ യാഷിന്റെ കാർ ഡ്രൈവർ ഈ മലയാളി നടൻ
|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2026/01/09/surjith-gopinath-in-toxic-movie-teaser.html |publisher = manoramaonline |date = 9 January 2026 |accessdate = 9 January 2026 |language =Malayalam }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2009 || ''Kelkkunnundo'' || || Directed by [[Geethu Mohandas]]
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''Raghavan'' || Raghavan || Directed by [[Rahul R. Sarma]]<ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2019 |title=രാഘവോ...കലിക്കീട്ടോ; തരംഗമായി ഹ്രസ്വചിത്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/shortfilms/2019/02/22/raghavan-award-winning-short-film-viral.html |accessdate=1 September 2025 |publisher=manoramaonline |language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2024 |title=South Actor Aju Varghese To Play Lead Role In Rahul R Sharma's Crime-Comedy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/south-actor-aju-varghese-to-play-lead-role-in-rahul-r-sharmas-crime-comedy8791332.html |accessdate=1 January 2025 |publisher=news18 |language=English}}</ref> Screened at the International Documentary Short Film Festival Kerala on 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2019 |title=രാജ്യാന്തര ഡോക്യൂമെൻറി, ഹ്രസ്വചലച്ചിത്രമേള ജൂൺ 21 മുതൽ 26 വരെ |url=https://prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/47690 |accessdate=1 September 2025 |publisher=prd.kerala.gov |language=Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
| ''Iravadhigaaram'' || Karthik || Tamil film
|-
|''Cheelu Vasu'' || Cheelu Vasu ||
|-
|''Fish Molly'' || Surjith ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 ||''Trigonometry'' || Bhadran ||
|-
| ''Vishudha Arappiyude Onnam Athbhutha Pravarthi'' || Kunjappan ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name |nm4538068}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopinath, Surjith}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Ramdas Gandhi

2026-02-10T02:54:24Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: add information for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Son of Mahatma Gandhi}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramdas Gandhi
| image = RamdasGandhiImage.jpg
| birth_name = Ramdas Mohandas Gandhi
| birth_date = 4 May 1897
| birth_place = [[Colony of Natal]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|4|14|1897|5|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = Nirmala
| children = 3, including [[Kanu Gandhi (scientist)|Kanu]], [[Sumitra Kulkarni|Sumitra]]
| father = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| mother = [[Kasturba Gandhi]]
| relatives = [[Harilal Gandhi|Harilal]], [[Manilal Gandhi|Manilal]], [[Devdas Gandhi|Devdas]] (brothers)
}}

'''Ramdas Mohandas Gandhi''' (4 May 1897 – 14 April 1969) was the third son of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He was a freedom activist in his own right.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four sons of Mohandas Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/photo-archives/four-sons-mohandas-gandhi-and-kasturba-gandhi|access-date=2021-04-16|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ramdas was born in the British [[Colony of Natal]], the third son of Mahatma Gandhi and [[Kasturba Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=University|first1=© Stanford|last2=Stanford|last3=California 94305|date=2016-06-15|title=To Ramdas M. Gandhi|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/ramdas-m-gandhi|access-date=2021-04-25|website=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute|language=en}}</ref> He had two older brothers, [[Harilal Gandhi|Harilal]] and [[Manilal Gandhi|Manilal]], and one younger brother, [[Devdas Gandhi]].

He was married to Nirmala Gandhi, and they had three children, including [[Kanu Gandhi (scientist)|Kanu Gandhi]] and [[Sumitra Kulkarni]].

Raised in South Africa on one of his father's ashram-farms, Ramdas would, as an adult, tend to deprecate the idealistic poverty imposed by his father on all his associates. He had no taste for [[asceticism]] and considered that his father's lifestyle was nothing more than a personal fetish which caused inconvenience to others, including the Gandhi family.

Nevertheless, he was a passionate nationalist and freedom fighter, and an active participant in the grueling [[Civil Rights|civil protests]] of the 1930s which his father led. He was imprisoned numerous times by the British, and these prolonged stints in jail had serious effects on his health.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Posted by Prof. Dr. Yogendra Yadav on June 20|first1=2012 at 4:39am|last2=Blog|first2=View|title=Mahatma Gandhi and his son Ramdas-II|url=http://gandhiking.ning.com/profiles/blogs/mahatma-gandhi-and-his-son-ramdas-ii-1|access-date=2021-04-25|website=gandhiking.ning.com|language=en}}</ref>

At his father's funeral, Ramdas Gandhi was the one who lit the funeral pyre, as he had desired.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramdas Gandhi lights the funeral pyre of his father, Indian political...|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/ramdas-gandhi-lights-the-funeral-pyre-of-his-father-news-footage/503371034|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Getty Images|date=30 December 2015 |language=en-us}}</ref> He was joined by his younger brother [[Devdas Gandhi]] at the funeral.

He died in 1969, aged 72.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gandhi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Ramdas}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi|Ramdas]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the Colony of Natal]]

Kranti Shah

2026-02-07T23:40:26Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: cleanup formatting for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|Social Worker, Humanitarian and Founder of Yuvak Biradari (Bharat)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kranti Shah
| image =
| caption = Kranti Shah
| birth_date = 1942
| birth_place = Sangli
| organization = Yuvak Biradari
| honours = [[Padma Shri]]
| website = {{URL|www.biradari.org}}
}}

'''Kranti Shah''' is an Indian social worker and the founder and director of Yuvak Biradari (Bharat) which is a voluntary, social, educational, cultural and youth movement of India. He has championed the cause of social welfare and youth development since 1974.<ref>{{cite news |title=Big B, a breath of fresh air for villagers|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/663891.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 Dec 2007|title=Meet on environment talks of Mumbai's future|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/meet-on-environment-talks-of-mumbais-future/245719/|url-status=dead|access-date=10 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202233018/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Meet-on-environment-talks-of-Mumbais-future/245719/|archive-date=2 December 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by [[Govt. of India]] in 2010 in the field of Social work<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=30 Padma Shri] [[Govt. of India]] portal.</ref>

==Biography==
He comes from an illustrious family of freedom fighters and philanthropist-businessman of [[Sangli]] in [[Maharashtra]]. He is a Graduate from [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]]. His own public life began during his school days when he was actively involved in Rashtra Seva Dal, then with Sane Guruji's Antar Bharati movement, and later he was elected as President of the Maharashtra Students’ Council. He proceeded to set up a Coffee Club for youngsters to engage in social reconstruction. At the time, he led disaster relief and rehabilitation work in the 60s and 70s for [[Koyna earthquake]] victims, Bangladeshi refugees in the aftermath of the [[Indo-Pak war]] as well as in the drought and famine-stricken regions. As his work shaped up over time, he founded the organisation Yuvak Biradari in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ओ गंगा, तुम बहती हो क्यूँ? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/ravivar-mata/kranti-shah-the-founder-of-yuvak-biradari-81st-birthday-special-article/articleshow/103322788.cms |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

Over the years under his leadership, Yuvak Biradari's awareness campaigns (long marches) have traversed 35,000 km through [[padayatra]] or cycle yatra by hundreds of youngsters and artists across 22 Indian states and were titled as Jodo Bharat Yatra (National Integration and brotherhood), Shanti Yatra (Peace marches), Vasundhara Bachao Abhiyaan (Save the Earth through environment protection), Swachhata Abhiyaan (Cleanliness and Hygiene) and Kanya Bachao Abhiyaan (Save the girl child) among others. A few examples of these marches are: ‘Ba se Bapu’ (from Pune-2 October to Delhi-14 November 1984), Sabarmati se Brahmaputra (from Ahmedabad-31 October to Guwahati-31 December 1989 and Shilong-12 January 1989), Mandovi se Yamuna (Panaji-18 December 1998 to Delhi-30 January 1999), Dandi Smriti Sankalp Abhiyaan (75 towns of Maharashtra and Gujarat from 11 March – 6 April 2005) etc.

In the last three decades, more than one lakh trees have been planted with volunteers in different regions. He conceptualised the Ek Sur Ek Taal social and value education programme using the medium of music, and to date, 21 lakh students have been directly trained in India by their faculty. The social themes of Biradari's 2500 cultural presentations have created long-lasting impressions on Indians. These have been ballet productions that were the brainchild of Shah to raise social awareness and consciousness. He has organised numerous educational camps, self-employment workshops for rural youth for their economic empowerment, art workshops which have trained 20000 youth till date and developed a generation of responsible citizens. His organisation's relief and rehabilitation work for riot-hit, earthquake, flood and drought victims kindled hope among many groups. Cultural inter-state programmes organised by him across the length and breadth of India have been memorable events in the organisation's history. Seminars on issues relevant to social change, grassroots projects by youngsters, and mentoring hundreds of youth have been his continuous activities. During this journey, many national public figures from the fields of literature, art, social activism, politics, business and academia rendered support to his movement. Thousands of Biradars (members) from around 10 states of the nation were integrated in this long journey.

==Awards and recognition==

* Shah was the recipient of Maharashtra Government's first Shiva Chhatrapati Yuva Award in 1983.
* Accolades to Yuvak Biradari (Bharat) like the ‘National Youth Award’ by the Government of India in 1993
* the ‘Indira Gandhi National Integration Award’ by the Government of Maharashtra in 1992 were recognitions for his lifetime's contribution.
* In 2010 he received the prestigious Padma Shri Award (social work) from the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-shri-awards-65793-2010-01-24 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.biradari.org/index.aspx Yuvak Biradari, website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125191910/http://www.biradari.org/index.aspx |date=25 January 2010 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Kranti}}
[[Category:Indian children's rights activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1944 births]]

Broom & Groom

2026-01-31T11:24:01Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Adding a article v1

{{Short description|Book by Pavan Choudary and Kiran Bedi}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Broom & Groom
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Broom-&-groom-eng.jpg
| author = [[Pavan Choudary]] and [[Kiran Bedi]]
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Personality Development]]
| publisher = Wisdom Village Publications
| release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardbound]])
| pages =
| isbn = 9789380710013
| dewey=
| congress=
| oclc=
| preceded_by =
| website = {{URL|http://www.broomandgroom.in}}
}}

'''''Broom & Groom''''', by co-authors [[Pavan Choudary]] and [[Kiran Bedi]], is a 2010 book on hygiene and manners intended to awaken "the right to civic sense" among the people of [[India]]. The book became a best-seller within six months of its launch. On a literal level, "broom" is used for cleaning house and "groom" for civility.

==Summary==
Through illustrations and graphics, the book provides readers with various examples of uncivilized behaviour. It was released in August 2010 at the press club in New Delhi. At the launch, the authors noted, "The fundamental thought behind the book is to trigger a civic sense movement where the people in power and the public come together and once and for all change the conditions we live in."

The book aims to help corporate sector employees differentiate themselves from competition, encourage children to excel at social interactions, and help students distinguish themselves at interviews. ''Broom & Groom'' has been well-received across India by large corporations such as G4S, Maruti, and Torrent, institutes such as Bharatiya Vidyapeeth, and many schools across the country.

It has been translated into Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.

Commenting on the book, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], former [[President of India]] said, "Every citizen of the nation, from all walks of life, needs to have a disciplined life. This book will contribute to creating an awareness among all in setting their own standards in disciplining their lives leading to good life, good society, and thereby a good nation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/issue198/kiran-bedi.html |title=Kiran Bedi and Pavan Choudary unveil their book Broom & Groom |publisher=Thisweekbangalore.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-17}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
This book is divided into two main categories: grooming and brooming. Under grooming, the book covers areas such as how to greet guests appropriately, how to handle hierarchy in both office and personal settings, and how to converse effectively. It further details how to be a good host and guest; social interaction etiquette; dining manners; mobile manners; restaurant manners; parking etiquette; how to behave while driving or walking on roads, in public places such as offices, lifts, airports, cinema halls, hospitals, and classrooms; and how to behave around VIPS, foreigners, teachers, and house help. Grooming includes how to maintain physical appearance, how to keep one's office, bathroom manners, day-to-day decency, and how to maintain the kitchen.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.broomandgroom.in}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130920153945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-20/gurgaon/28233717_1_citizens-book-basic-manners Times of India]
*[http://sreeszone.blogspot.in/2011/05/broom-and-groom.html sreeszone]
*[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4581724.Kiran_Bedi_Pavan_Choudary GoodReads]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130920013156/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article477786.ece New Indian Express ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130911210512/http://www.pavanchoudary.in/books/item/13-broom-groom Pavan Choudary ]
*[http://www.slideshare.net/PavanChoudary1/broom-groom]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Broom and Groom}}
[[Category:2010 non-fiction books]]

Airlines (Indian TV series)

2026-01-31T04:50:41Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Adding new post

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = Har Udaan Ek Toofan
| image = Airlines_indiantvseries.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Nikhil J Alva [[Niret Alva]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = [[Advaita Kala]]
| screenplay = Advaita Kala
| story =
| director = Supavitra Babul
| creative_director =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Tulip Joshi]]|VJ.Yudhishtir}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 20
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor = Shahid Saif
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 40 minutes
| company = [[Miditech]]
| budget =
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2014|8|24}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2015|2|1}}
}}

'''''Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan''''' is an Indian television series aired on [[StarPlus]] from 24 August 2014 to 1 February 2015 during Sundays.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Airlines-set-to-take-off-on-Star-Plus/articleshow/37447424.cms#_ga=2.7918514.1071364847.1585303275-780989158.1585303275|title=Airlines set to take off on Star Plus|last=|first=|date=29 June 2014|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tulip-Joshi-starrer-TV-show-Airlines-goes-off-air/articleshow/46085597.cms|title=Tulip Joshi starrer TV show Airlines goes off air|last=|first=|date=February 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> Produced by [[Miditech]], it starred [[Tulip Joshi]] and VJ Yudhishtir.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tulip-Joshi-returns-to-TV-with-Airlines-Har-Udaan-Ek-Toofan/articleshow/40669453.cms|title=Tulip Joshi returns to TV with Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan|last=|first=|date=22 August 2014|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

==Plot==
It follows the journey of an ambitious young woman Ananya Rawat who marks to become a top female pilot amongst this male dominant industry along with the ups and downs between her and her co pilot Akash Saluja.

==Cast==
*[[Tulip Joshi]] as Ananya Rawat
*[[VJ Yudhishtir]] as Akash Saluja
*Ankit Kakkar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishaqzaade-ankit-kakkar-of-ishaqzaade-fame-bags-a-tv-show-titled-airlines-on-star-plus/articleshow/33446819.cms|title=Ishaqzaade actor bags a TV show!|last=|first=|date=8 April 2014|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra]] as Rohit Mafatlal<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Himmanshoo-Ashok-Malhotra-to-enter-Airlines/articleshow/42533029.cms|title=Himmanshoo Ashok Malhotra to enter Airlines|last=|first=|date=15 September 2014|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>
*Sonica D'Souza as Natasha Gupta: In-flight manager
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
*[[Manju Warrier]]
*[[Ahmad Harhash]] as Shekhar Gupta

==Development==
===Production===
Real life pilots were roped for tutoring the actors.<ref name=":2" /> The production company collaborated along with Pixion for computer graphics and visual effects.<ref name=":2" />

A setup of [[Boeing 737]] was made for shooting the sequences inside an aircraft at the [[Noida Film City]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/aiming-for-the-sky-2/|title=Aiming for the sky|last=|first=|date=15 August 2014|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref> [[₹]]85 Lakhs were spent for the construction of the sets.<ref name=":3" />

Originally planned for 26 episodes, it ended with 20 episodes due to low viewership.<ref name=":1" /> The shooting of the series was wrapped up on 1 January 2015.<ref name=":1" />

===Promotion===
Before its premiere, an event was held at Hotel Grand in Delhi for promotion of the series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/airlines-new-show-in-star-plus/article6342112.ece|title=Taking Flight|last=|first=|date=22 August 2014|website=The Hindu|access-date=}}</ref>

===Casting===
The series marks the television debut of Bollywood actress [[Tulip Joshi]] and [[Video Jockey|VJ]] turned actor Yudhisthir in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/is-television-the-new-holiday-spot-for-bollywood-beauties/articleshow/44707214.cms|title=Is Television The New Holiday Spot For Bollywood Beauties?|last=|first=|date=|website=Business Insider|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Real life journalist [[Donal Bisht]] who was working for News Express, [[Delhi]] was cast as to play a journalist onscreen, making her acting debut.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Airlines-A-real-life-journalist-enters/articleshow/45757452.cms|title=Airlines: A real life journalist enters|last=|first=|date=5 January 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> Due to the premature end of the series, the plans of actor [[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra]] playing dual role and the entry of Kumar Vishwas were dropped.<ref name=":1" />

===Filming===

Set in [[Delhi]], the series is set in the backdrop of [[aviation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140824/entertainment-tvmusic/article/flying-start|title=Off to a flying start|last=|first=|date=24 August 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=}}</ref> The series was extensively shot at [[Noida Film City]].<ref name=":3" /> It was also shot in Terminal 3 of [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indra Gandhi International Airport]] of [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/star-plus-set-to-change-sunday-viewing-with-airlines-140821|title=Star Plus set to change Sunday viewing with Airlines|last=|first=|date=21 August 2014|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=}}</ref> Besides it was shot in [[Gurgaon]] and [[Manesar]].<ref name=":1" />

===Training===
{{blockquote|I could not do any such real-life training but I did research a lot on the internet, especially the body language because that is the most important aspect.|[[Tulip Joshi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/it-was-my-childhood-dream-to-be-a-pilot-tulip-joshi/|title=It was my childhood dream to be a pilot: Tulip Joshi|website=The Indian Express|date=21 August 2014 }}</ref>}}

==Reception==
''[[Firstpost]]'' reviewed the series stating, "It’s welcome that a television serial has a working woman as the main lead. ''Airlines'' is marked by terrible acting and very poor production value. The direction is very saas-bahu (mother in law - daughter in law), with actors doing triple takes unnecessarily."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/airlines-review-theres-lot-turbulence-tulip-joshis-first-tv-flight-1681819.html|title=Airlines review: There's a lot of turbulence in Tulip Joshi's first TV flight|last=|first=|date=26 August 2014|website=Firstpost|access-date=}}</ref>

[[News18 India|''News18'']] quoted, "The story of an ambitious girl's journey through a world of gender discrimination is a must watch."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/airlines-review-episode-1-the-story-of-an-ambitious-girls-journey-through-a-world-of-gender-discrimination-is-a-must-watch-709989.html|title='Airlines' review, episode 1: The story of an ambitious girl's journey through a world of gender discrimination is a must watch|last=|first=|date=26 August 2014|website=News18|access-date=}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated it 1/2 stating, "The two episodes we have seen so far have been very turbulent in nature. The special effects too are basic, and nothing that make the flying experience thrilling or soaring. This show — and Ananya — needs more punch if they want to crack the glass ceiling."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/out-of-the-box-mid-air-crisis/|title=Out of the box: Mid-Air Crisis|last=|first=|date=5 September 2014|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref>

Overall, it received criticism mainly for its [[visual effects]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/sep/05/up-in-the-air-656560.html|title=Up in the air|last=|first=|date=5 September 2014|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Aviation television series]]

Saratchandra Shenoi

2026-01-30T19:33:45Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating new details

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1953)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Saratchandra Shenoi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|3|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cochin]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[translator]], [[Academic staff|academic]]
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Sanskrit]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| notable_works = ''Antarnad'' (poetry collection)
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Saratchandra Shenoi''' (born 23 March 1953) is an Indian writer of [[Konkani language]] from Kerala. He is recognized for his contributions across various literary genres, including poetry, short stories, children's literature, and translations.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last=Mhalshi |first=Kamlakar |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/719 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=719 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref> Shenoi was honoured with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his Konkani poetry collection, ''Antarnad''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Asian News Digest: A Weekly Record on Governance, Economy, Development, Human Rights, and Environment |date=2000 |publisher=Asian News Chroniclers |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=71 |edition=Volume 1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Award>{{cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|website=Sahitya Akademi National Academy of Letters official government of India website |title=AKADEMI AWARDS (1955-2024) ... KONKANI (Since 1977) |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Saratchandra Shenoi was born on 23 March 1953 in [[Ernakulam]], Kerala. He is the youngest son of A. V. Raghunath Shenoi and Kanakabai. He pursued a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Career ==
Shenoi started writing in 1974, writing in both Konkani and Malayalam. He gained prominence as a 'Konkani Poet' through his regular contributions to the popular Kerala-based periodical ''Konkan Janata''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

{{As of|1999}}, he was employed by [[Canara Bank]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

{{As of|2000}}, he was the Joint Secretary of the Kerala Konkani Akademi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annual Report |date=2000 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |page=39}}</ref>

=== Notable works and translations ===
His literary works include:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhat |first1=V. Nithyanantha |last2=Sunītā |first2=Ela |title=The Konkani Language: Historical and Linguistic Perspectives |date=2004 |publisher=Sukr̥tīndra Oriental Research Institute |page=106 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Antarnad'': A collection of his Konkani poems published in 1997. The work explores themes of life and death, human struggle, and personal experiences.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Inner voice = Antarnad |url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/pb99131258562406421 |website=[[New York Public Library]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
* ''Meera: Jeevan ani Kavan'': A Konkani translation of sixty compositions by Saint Mirabai, published in 1987.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Sahitya Sankalan'': A 1995 compilation featuring the works of eleven contemporary Konkani writers and poets from Kerala, published by the Kerala Konkani Academy.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Kavyodyan'': An edited anthology of Konkani poetry from Kerala, featuring works by thirty-five poets.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Saga of The Uprooted: Translated from the Konkani''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hari |first1=Ranga |title=Saga of The Uprooted: Translated from the Konkani by Saratchandra Shenoi, published by Manipal Universal Press |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=Manipal Universal Press |isbn=978-93-82460-92-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Oh! My Brother from Kashmir''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhaskar |first1=R.S. |title=Oh! My Brother from Kashmir |journal=Indian Literature |date=2001 |volume=45 |issue=3 (203) |pages=58–60 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23344093 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

He also translated several Krishnastuti poems under the guidance of researcher P. B. Janardhan in Chennai in 1987.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Shenoi has received several accolades for his literary work:
* Sahitya Akademi Award: He was honored with this national award in 1999 for his poetry collection ''Antarnad''.
* Devaki Krishna Trust Award: Conferred by the Konkani Language Institute, Kochi, in 1991.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shenoi, Saratchandra}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Nabagram Vidyapith

2026-01-22T17:07:10Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: small cleanup section per sources and improved wording

{{short description|High school in Konnagar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school|
|name = Nabagram Vidyapith
|image = Nabagram Vidyapith Ground.jpg
|caption =
|motto = A faithful man who is absorbed in transcendental knowledge and who subdues his senses quickly attains the supreme spiritual peace.
|established = 1948
|location = Adibartma, Konnagar, Nabagram
|address = [[Adibartama, Nabagram]], [[Konnagar]] [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]]- 712246 [[Srirampore subdivision]] [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|head_label = [[Headmaster]]
|head = Mrs. Soma Chowdhury
|category = Boys'
|classes = V to X XI, XII ([[Commerce]] & [[Science]]) XI, XII ([[Vocational]])
|campus =
|affiliations = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]] (for [[Madhyamik]]) [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]] (for [[Higher Secondary]]) [[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training|WBSCVET]] (for [[Higher Secondary]] [[Vocational]])
|website = http://www.nabagramvidyapith.org/
https://nbalumni.wordpress.com/
}}

'''Nabagram Vidyapith''' is a boys [[high school]] located in [[Konnagar]], [[Hooghly District]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It has produced many notable alumni across various field.

== Organisation ==

Nabagram Vidyapith was established on 9 January 1948. Located at Konnagar, Hooghly.

This institution is affiliated to the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]. The medium of instruction is [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://wbbse.org/shoogli.htm |title= Hoogly |publisher= [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Edution]] |accessdate= 21 November 2011 |archive-date= 5 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210605102752/http://wbbse.org/shoogli.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> The current principal of the institution is Mrs. Soma Choudhury.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.amul.in/award/lists/toplist.php?id=29&type=1&spPage=14 |title= Award Lists |publisher=[[Amul]] |accessdate= 21 November 2011}}</ref> The institution presently consists of 1,100 students and 45 teachers.

== Alumni association ==
The official alumni association (Nabagram Vidyapith Alumni Association) has been formed in the year of 2018.

==Subjects==

===Higher Secondary===
# education
# Commerce
# science

===Vocational===
# Computer Assembly and Maintenance
# Automobile Mechanics
# Home Science

== Notable alumni ==

* Goutam Chattopadhyay, senior research scientist, [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] ([[NASA]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/life-in-space-and-other-stories-at-lecture/cid/1396378|title=Life in space and other stories at lecture|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/diversity-makes-us-great-says-nasa-scientist-from-city/articleshow/57047651.cms|title=Diversity makes US great: Diversity makes US great, says Nasa scientist from Kolkata |date=9 February 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/others/science/bengali-scientist-leads-nasa-s-life-search-mission-in-jupiter-s-water-rich-moon-europa-dgtlx-1.739565|title=বৃহস্পতির চাঁদে প্রাণ আছে? বাঙালির চোখে খুঁজে দেখবে নাসা|last=চক্রবর্তী|first=সুজয়|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
* Binod Ghosha, writer, recipient of President's Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/all-the-presidents-guests-royals-artists-teachers-innovator-4702800/|title=All the President's guests: royals, artists, teachers, innovator…|date=2017-06-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/binod-ghosal-a4273a41/?originalSubdomain=in|title=Binod Ghosal}}</ref>
* Sanjib Bandyopadhyay, deputy director general at [[India Meteorological Department]], Calcutta (Alipore Weather Office)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/low-celsius-in-calcutta-in-record-spell/cid/1680908|title=Low Celsius in Calcutta in record spell|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mercury-at-seasons-highest/cid/1692458|title=Mercury at season's highest|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
*Kaushik Mukhopadhyay, deputy director at [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-rains-helpline-numbers-for-stranded-cochin-airport-passengers/article24703950.ece|title=Kerala rains: Helpline numbers for stranded Cochin airport passengers|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2018-08-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/other/114730-control-room-at-new-delhi-to-address-issues-due-to-suspension-of-flight-operations-from-cochin-airport|title=Control Room at New Delhi to address issues due to suspension of flight operations from Cochin Airport|website=Devdiscourse|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/kaushik-mukhopadhyay-a0571458/?originalSubdomain=in|title=Kaushik Mukhopadhyay}}</ref>
*Amalendu Dasgupta, director at Development Consultants Private Limited, Kolkata (DC Group)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uem.edu.in/uem-kolkata/news-events/on-jan-15-2019-prof-amalendu-dasgupta-advisor-and-ex-director-development-consultants-private-limited-dcpl-delivered-a-speech-to-civil-engineering-students/|title=On Jan 15, 2019, Prof. Amalendu Dasgupta, Advisor and Ex-Director, Development Consultants Private Limited, DCPL delivered a speech to civil engineering students.|website=UEM Kolkata|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/amalendu-dasgupta-79a81141/?originalSubdomain=in|title=AMalendu Dasgupta}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="100" heights="100" perrow="6">
File:Nabagram Vidyapith entrance.jpg|Vidyapith entrance
File:Vidyapith Nabagram of konnagar.jpg|School Building
File:Nabagram Vidyapith.jpg|Nabagram Vidyapith school gate mentions in [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] - Established in 1948
File:Vidyapith Nabagram play ground.jpg|Nabagram Vidyapith Playground
File:Nabagram Vidyapith Backside.jpg|Backside of the School
File:Nabagram Vidyapith Prayer Ground.jpg|Prayer Ground
File:Nabagram Vidyapith Exit Gate.jpg|Exit Gate
File:Nabagram Vidyapith New Gate.jpg|New Entry Gate
File:Nabagram Vidyapith Saraswati Puja.jpg|During Saraswati Puja
File:Nabagram Vidyapith Sports Ground.jpg|School Ground
File:Nabagram Vidyapith Ground.jpg|Building No. 2
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Rishra Brahmananda Keshab Chandra High School]]
*[[Mahesh Sri Ramkrishna Ashram Vidyalaya (Higher Secondary)]]
*[[Rishra High School]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

4. https://nbalumni.wordpress.com/

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Punch-marked coins

2026-01-16T10:47:53Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit:

{{Short description|Ancient Indian coinage}}
{{About|the Indian coins||Countermark}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
[[File:Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins.jpg|thumb|200px|A hoard of mostly [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] punch-marked coins]]
'''Punch-marked coins''' were a type of [[karshapana]] or [[Coinage of India|Ancient Indian coinage]], also known as ''Aahat'' (''stamped'') ''coins'', dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. It was of irregular shape. These coins are found over most parts of subcontinent and remained in circulation till the early centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?fess1=8-10 |title=History - Our Past I |publisher=NCERT |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-7450-493-7 |edition=November 22 |location=New Delhi |page=4 |language=en}}</ref>

== History==

=== Janapada Coins ===
The study of the relative chronology of these coins has successfully established that the first punch-marked coins initially only had one or two punches, with the number of punches increasing over time.<ref name="JC1983-95">{{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |title=Investigating the introduction of coinage in India- a review of recent research, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India xlv (Varanasi 1983), pp.95-101 |pages=85–86 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33456187 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Errington |first=Elizabeth |title=A Survey of Late Hoards of Indian Punch-marked Coins, Numismatic Chronicle 2003, pp. 60-121, plates 18-23. |url=https://www.academia.edu/35840829}}</ref> 19th-century proposals which suggested an origin from as early as 1000 BC, independent of the introduction of [[Coin#Lydian and Ionian electrum coins (c. 600 BC)|coins in Asia Minor]], are "no longer given any credence".<ref name="JC1983-95" />

[[File:Metals and coins- Chandraketugarh- State Archaeological Museum- Address - 1, Satyen Roy Rd, Auddy Bagan Basti, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal 700034- First floor- Early history Gallery 03.jpg|thumb|Punch-marked coins discovered from [[Chandraketugarh]].]]
According to [[Osmund Bopearachchi]], the first punch-marked coins in the Indian Subcontinent may have been [[Mint (coin)|minted]] around the 6th century BC by the [[Mahajanapadas]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. These coins were produced by impressing single punches individually.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bopearachchi |first=Osmund |title=Ancient Indian Coins |publisher=Brepols |year=1998 |isbn=9782503507309 |pages=11}}</ref> According to [[E. J. Rapson]], the earliest punch-marked coins were karshapana produced by early Indian kingdoms and tribes before foreign influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rapson |first=Edward |title=Indian Coins |date=1897 |publisher=K.J. Trübner}}</ref> The earliest coins in the subcontinent were bent bar coins with impressions punched into them. Mahajanpadas were issuing coins called satamana.
[[File:Seal coin of the Ror Empire (Kuru).jpg|thumb|"Babyal Hoard" type, of the Kuru Janapada (350–315 BCE)]] [[File:Coin of the Kuru Kingdom.jpg|thumb|Silver, ½ Karshapana coin, “Babyal Hoard” type, of the Kuru Janapada (450–315 BC)]]
The [[Kuru kingdom]] in present day Haryana minted punched coins as excavated in the Babyal Hoard near [[Sugh Ancient Mound]] in present day Haryana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Handa |first=Devendra |date=2000 |title=Minuscule Silver Coins from Sugh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757464 |journal=East and West |volume=50 |issue=1/4 |pages=515–521 |jstor=29757464 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> The coins of the Babyal Hoard had a [[triskelion]]-like design punched into them.

The [[Gandhara]] Janapada issued stamped bent bar coins prior to the Achaemenid Era. These coins were found mixed along with standard Persian and Greek coins in the Bhir Mound which were likely still circulating during Achaemenid rule.

As mentioned by [[Pāṇini]] in his work [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]] (350 BCE), Panini categorized ancient Indian coins as ''Karshapanas,'' either marked or unmarked (punched). The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called ''Aahat.'' Several of these coins had a single symbol, for example, [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] had a humped bull, and Dakshin [[Panchala]] had a [[Swastika]], others, like [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], had several symbols. These coins were made of [[silver]] of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin.<ref name="Goyala1994">{{cite book|author=Śrīrāma Goyala|title=The Coinage of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5caAAAAYAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan}}</ref>

=== Achaemenid and Greek coinage (6th century onward) ===
[[File:Gandhara bent bar.jpg|thumb|"Bent bar" of the Gandhara Janapda unearthed with Achaemenid and Greek coins, [[Gandhara]], c.350 BC.<ref name=JC/><ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=309206 CNG Coins]</ref>]]
{{see also|Kabul hoard|Shaikhan Dehri hoard|Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley}}
Silver coins were certainly being produced in the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|Achaemenid]] Satrapy of [[Gandāra]], by the mid-4th century BC. As mentioned by Plutarch noted [[Taxiles]] (Ambhi) of Taxila exchanged coined tribute with [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plutarch |title=Life of Alexander |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/8.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Coin finds in the [[Kabul hoard]] (c. 380 BC), [[Mir Zakah]] hoards (c. 100 AD), Taxila [[Bhir Mound]] (c. 300 BC), or the [[Shaikhan Dehri hoard]] near [[Pushkalavati]] have revealed numerous [[Achaemenid coinage|Achaemenid coins]] as well as many [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BC were circulating in the area, at least as far as the [[Indus]] during the reign of the [[Achaemenids]] (549 - 330 BCE), who were in control of the areas as far as [[Gandhara]].<ref name="OB300">{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title="Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)" |pages=300–301 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15798938 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html |title=US Department of Defense |access-date=2018-07-30 |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610004813/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JC">{{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=9780951839911 |pages=57–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OB308">{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title="Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)" |pages=308– |url=https://www.academia.edu/15798938 |language=en}}</ref> In 2007 a small coin hoard was discovered at the site of ancient [[Pushkalavati]] (Shaikhan Dehri) in [[Pakistan]]. The hoard contained a [[tetradrachm]] minted in [[Athens]] c. 500-480 BC, together with a number of local types as well as silver cast ingots. The Athens coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far to the east.<ref name="CNG Coins">[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773 CNG Coins]</ref> The Mir Zakah hoards offered hundreds of thousands of examples, punched and stamped bars and coins, manufactured between the late 5th century BC, and late 1st century AD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=TYE |first=ROBERT |date=2006 |title=Late Indian Punchmarked Coins in the Mir Zakah II Hoard |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42666406 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=166 |pages=167–171 |jstor=42666406 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref>

[[Daniel Schlumberger]] also considers that punch-marked bars, similar to the many punch-marked bars found in northwestern India, initially originated in the Achaemenid Empire, rather than in the Indian heartland:{{blockquote|“The punch-marked bars were up to now considered to be Indian (...) However the weight standard is considered by some expert to be Persian, and now that we see them also being uncovered in the soil of Afghanistan, we must take into account the possibility that their country of origin should not be sought beyond the Indus, but rather in the oriental provinces of the Achaemenid Empire"|[[Daniel Schlumberger]], quoted from Trésors Monétaires, p.42.<ref name=OB308/>}}

According to [[Joe Cribb]], Indian punch-marked coins go back to the mid-4th century BC or slightly earlier, and actually started with the punch-marked coinage of the Achaemenids in the [[Kabul]]/ [[Gandhara]] area.<ref name="JC1983-95" />

=== Mauryan Period (322–185 BC) and Post Mauryan periods ===
[[Image:MauryanCoin.JPG|thumb|Punch-marked coin of the [[Nanda Empire|Nanda dynasty]] of Magadha. The five symbols on this coin are: Sun symbol, six-armed (Magadha) symbol, bull on hilltop, Indradhvaja flanked by four taurines, elephant. There's also an unofficial countermark on the reverse.]]
During the [[Mauryan]] period, punch-marked coins continued to be issued in large quantities. Similarly, the coinage of the Mauryan Empire was an example of the punch-marked coinage of Magadha. Each coin contained on average 50–54 grains of silver depending on wear and 32 [[ratti (unit)|ratti]]s in weight,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.med.unc.edu/~nupam/ancient1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-06-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050618025958/http://www.med.unc.edu/~nupam/ancient1.html |archive-date=2005-06-18 }} accessed 29 October 2009</ref> and earlier coins are flatter than later coins. Punches on these coins count to 450 different types with the most common the [[sun]] and six-armed symbols, and various forms of geometrical patterns, circles, wheels, human figures, various animals, bows and arrows, hills and trees etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Parmeshwari Lal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37933/page/n11/mode/1up |title=Silver Punch-marked Coins |year=1951 |pages=12}}</ref>

In the North, following the fall of the [[Maurya Empire]] and the increased influence of the [[Greco-Bactrians]] and [[Indo-Greeks]], punch-marked coins were replaced by cast die-struck coins, as visible in the [[Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara]].

Punch marked coins are mentioned in the [[Manu Smriti]] (c. 200 BC - 200 AD), and [[Buddhist]] [[Jataka]] (c. 300 BC - 400 AD), circulating in the North until approximately the beginning of the first century AD, but lasted three centuries longer in the South, i.e. until about 300 AD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD) |url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/04/01/coin1.htm |access-date=2007-09-06 |publisher=Government Museum Chhennai}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD) |url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/04/01/coin1.htm |access-date=2007-09-06 |publisher=Government Museum Chennai}}</ref>
* [[Shurasena]]
* [[Surashtra]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html |access-date=3 October 2010 |website=coinindia.com}}</ref>
** Early coins of India (400 BC – 100 AD) were made of [[silver]] and [[copper]], and bore animal and plant symbols on them.<ref name="EBAllan&Stern">Allan & Stern (2008)</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Indian punch-marked coins}}
{{Portal|Money|Numismatics}}
* [[Overstrike (numismatics)]] — where a new design is struck over an existing coin
* [[Chop marks on coins]]
* [[Countermark]]
* [[Counterfeit]]
* [[Nandipada]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121123356/http://www215.pair.com/sacoins/public_html/shailenspaper.htm ''The archaic indian punch marked coins – approaches to classification'', by Shailendra Bhandare]
* [http://scrapsatrandom.blogspot.com/ India's earliest coinage – punch-marked coins]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120605090747/http://coinindia.com/galleries-shurasena.html Punch-marked coins from Shurasena]
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html Punch-marked coins from Surashtra]

{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punch Marked Coins}}
[[Category:Ancient currencies]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]

The Painter of Signs

2026-01-16T05:20:45Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: creating pg...

{{short description|1976 novel by R. K. Narayan}}
{{infobox book|
| name = The Painter of Signs
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:ThePainterOfSigns.jpg
| caption = First edition (US)
| author = [[R. K. Narayan]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = [[Abner Graboff]]
| country =
| language =
| series =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Viking Press]] (US) [[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] (UK)
| release_date = 1976
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn = 0-670-53567-2
| preceded_by = [[My Days]]
| followed_by = [[A Tiger for Malgudi]]
}}
'''''The Painter of Signs''''' is a [[1976 in literature|1976]] novel by [[R. K. Narayan]].

==Plot==

{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2010}}
Raman is a sign-painter who takes the art of calligraphy very seriously. He devotedly creates the perfect signboard for all his customers, taking great care in the styling of words on the board. Made using the "best rosewood" from the Mempi mountains, Raman believes that his signboards are a notch above his rival Jayaraj's. Living with his aunt, a conservative old woman who likes to ramble about mythological stories and old family gossip, on Ellaman Street, Raman goes through periods of frustration at his aunt's interest in his going abouts and feelings of guilt for ignoring her affection and presence. Not orthodox himself, Raman neither sports a tuft like others from his caste nor has inhibitions in eating meat if necessary. He looks down on superstitions and old-fashioned notions of religion and caste and spends his time reading ancient copies of books on science and history. He does have a tendency to quote from the scriptures and make associations with events in the scriptures and those in his life.

Daisy, an intense young woman involved in family planning campaigns, hires Raman to make a signboard for her office. For no reason whatsoever, Raman finds himself bewitched by her beauty, and more so by her precision, authority and her devotion to her career. It so happens that he has to accompany Daisy on a three-week campaign in the villages around Malgudi to identify potential sites where he can paint signs and messages on population control and finds himself further attracted to her firmness, simplicity, and her tendency to shun luxuries and comforts of all sorts. He finds that his resolve to remain unmarried, seeing marriage as commonplace and unnecessary, is weakening.

The story goes on to outline Daisy's complicated past and her eventual admission of a mutual attraction for Raman. The two start spending the nights together, and decide to get a [[Gandharva marriage]], the simplest form of marital union. Daisy seems to be unaffected by the relationship though, and tells Raman that she will not change her last name, or house-keep for him. Raman mulls over the eventualities of such a wedlock, but is steadfast in his affection and love for Daisy and constantly tells himself that her needs and wishes will always be more important than his. His aunt, upset over her nephew's unorthodox afflictions - especially at his decision to marry out of caste - asks him to arrange a one way trip to [[Benaras]] for her. His repeated beseechings to her to stay and bless him and Daisy have no effect. On the morning that Daisy is to move into Raman's house on Ellaman Street, she changes her mind about Raman, feeling that her sense of purpose and her independent existence may be affected by married life. She decides to leave Malgudi for a three-year family planning initiative in villages all over India. Confused and befuddled, Raman tries his best to convince her, telling her that his house on Ellaman street will be open for her whenever she decides to return.

{{R. K. Narayan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Painter of Signs, The}}
[[Category:Novels by R. K. Narayan]]
[[Category:Novels about artists]]
[[Category:Viking Press books]]
[[Category:Heinemann (publisher) books]]
[[Category:1976 Indian novels]]

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering and Research

2026-01-07T14:13:12Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Pimpri-Chinchwad#Colleges]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Śvetāmbara

2026-01-06T13:55:12Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit:

{{short description|One of the two major schools of Jainism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Missing information|Śvetāmbara temples, icons|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Parshvanatha Mysuru Karnataka Svetambara Jain temple.jpg|alt=|thumb|An idol of the 23rd tirthankara [[Parshvanatha]] at a Jain temple in Mysore, depicting Śvetāmbara iconography]]
{{Jainism}}
The '''Śvetāmbara''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|w|ɛ|ˈ|t|ʌ|m|b|ə|r|ə}}; also spelled '''Shwetambara''', '''Shvetambara''', '''Svetambara''' or '''Swetambara''') is one of the two main branches of [[Jainism]], the other being the [[Digambara]]. ''Śvetāmbara'' in [[Sanskrit]] means "white-clad", and refers to its [[ascetic]]s' practice of wearing white clothes, which sets it apart from the ''Digambara'' or "sky-clad" Jains whose ascetic practitioners go nude. Śvetāmbaras do not believe that ascetics must practice nudity.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=45}}

The Śvetāmbara and Digambara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards Jain nuns, their legends and the texts they consider as important.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=53–59, 64–80, 286–287 with footnotes 21 and 32}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=83–84}}{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=1–2, 8–9, xxxiv–xxxv}} Śvetāmbara Jain communities are currently found mainly in [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]] and coastal regions of [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=60–61}}{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=1–2, 8–9, xxxiv–xxxv}} According to [[Jeffery D. Long]], a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, about four-fifths of all Jains in India are Śvetāmbaras.{{sfn|Long|2013|p=20}}

== History and lineage ==
{{See also|Pattavali}}
Śvetāmbaras consider themselves to be the original followers of [[Mahavira]] and that the [[Digambara]] sect emerged in 82 AD as a result of a rebellion by a monk named [[Sivabhuti]], who was the disciple of Arya Krishnasuri. This account is found in 5th century Śvetāmbara text ''Viśeśāvaśyaka Bhaśya''<ref name=":4" /> written by [[Jinabhadra]]. This is also the earliest formal recognition of the schism between the two sects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |title=The Jains |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-50165-6 |page=46 |language=en}}</ref>

Śvetāmbaras have several [[Pattavali|p''attavalis'']] that mention the historical lineage of their chief monks ([[Acharya (Jainism)|a''charya'']]) beginning with the 24th [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]]. The most popular of the ''pattavalis'' is the one mentioned in the [[Kalpa Sūtra]], a canonical scripture of the Śvetāmbaras. According to the lineage mentioned in the [[Kalpa Sūtra]], [[Sthulabhadra]] was, unequivocally, the successor of [[Bhadrabāhu]]. Śvetāmbaras also believe that both of them were white-clad monks. These beliefs are completely rejected by the Digambara sect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Lives of the Ginas: List of the Sthaviras |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2290.htm |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

[[File:Ārya Sthūlabhadra idol at Khaḍākhoṭadī no Pāḍo Jaina Temple at Patan, Gujarat (India).jpg|thumb|14th century Ārya Sthūlabhadra idol at the Khaḍākhoṭadī no Pāḍo Jaina Temple at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]]]

To manage the large following of the ''murtipujaka'' sect, [[Gaccha|''Gacchas'']] (administrative sub-divisions) were created. Each ''gaccha'' has its own ''pattavali.'' One of the 84 ''gacchas'' was the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]. While all other ''pattavalis'' (including the one mentioned in the [[Kalpa Sūtra]]) trace their lineage to the 24th [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]], ''Upkesa Gaccha''{{'}}s ''pattavali'' traces its lineage to the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha]]. [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Kesiswami]], one of [[Parshvanatha]]'s chief disciples, [[Ratnaprabhasuri|Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri]], the founder of the [[Oswal]] community as well as [[Swayamprabhasuri|Acharya Swayamprabhasuri]], the founder of the [[Porwal]] community belonged to this ''gaccha''. It was in existence until 1930s when it went extinct.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Glasenapp |first=Helmuth von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&dq=gaccha&pg=PA388 |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January–December |pages=233–242}}</ref>

A majority of the Śvetāmbaras are ''murtipujakas'', that is they actively offer devotional ''puja'' in temples, worship before the images or idols of [[Tirthankara]]s and important Jain demi-gods and demi-goddesses.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=20–22}} Historically, this is the oldest sub-tradition of the Śvetāmbaras and all other aniconic sects have emerged in and after the 14th century.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=20–22}}

The Śvetāmbara ''murtipujaka'' (idol-worshipping) sect is the largest of all sects and sub-sects of [[Jainism]] and has the most number of followers as well as monks. To manage the large following, [[Gaccha|''gacchas'']] (administrative sub-divisions) were created. 84 ''gacchas'' have come into existence till date and most of them are extinct now. Only 4 survive today - ''[[Tapa Gaccha]]'', ''[[Kharatara Gaccha]]'', ''Parshvachandra Gaccha'', and ''[[Achal Gaccha]].'' Of these, [[Tapa Gaccha]] is the largest, with the most monks and followers.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=88}}

The ''murtipujaka'' sect has had various eminent monks, including, but not limited to [[Vimalsuri]], [[Hemachandra]], [[Hiravijaya]], [[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]], [[Yashovijaya]], [[Anandghan]], [[Siddhasena]], and [[Manatunga]].

==Scriptures and literature==
{{Main article|Jain literature}}
Śvetāmbara literature can be classified into two major categories {{--}} canonical and non-canonical. Canonical scriptures state the [[Jain cosmology]] and the [[Jain philosophy]] as well as the foundational aspects of understanding [[Jainism]]. They also govern the conduct of monks, nuns, as well as the laity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Contents |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2201.htm |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Non-canonical scriptures include, but are not limited to commentaries on canonical scriptures, biographies of the [[Śalākāpuruṣa]]s (as in [[Hemachandra|Hemachandra's]] ''Trisasti-shalakapurusa-caritra''),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-09-17 |title=Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Jain mythology]], treatise and extensions of the canonical scriptures, lists of rare and uncommon words and knowledge base and dictionaries for [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]], [[Maharashtri Prakrit]], and [[Sanskrit]], devotional hymns (''stavan, stuti, sajjhay,'' or ''mantra''), and miscellaneous scriptures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=The Great Accomplishment of the Past Century ABHIDHAN RAJENDRA KOSH - Jainavenue |url=https://jainavenue.org/the-great-accomplishment-of-the-past-century/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== ''Āgamas'' or Canonical Literature ===
The Śvetāmbara canon consists of 45 scriptures, mostly written in [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]]. They are considered to be what is left of [[Mahavira]]'s teachings. Historically, the knowledge of these scriptures was passed down orally in a preceptor-disciple system (''guru-shishya parampara''). However, the memory of the monks weakened in the 12-year long famine as described in the [[Kalpa Sūtra]]. As a result, most of the knowledge of the canonical scriptures was lost. The remaining canon was codified at the [[Vallabhi council|Great Council of Vallabhi]] under leadership of [[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]]a, which was held at [[Vallabhi]] in 454 CE resulting in the 45 scriptures that govern the Śvetāmbara sect's religious practices till date.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Margaret |year=1915 |title=The Heart of Jainism |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=408XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121126/https://books.google.com/books?id=408XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Benoy Kumar |year=1916 |title=The Beginning of Hindu Culture as World-power (A.D. 300–600) |location=Shanghai |publisher=Commercial Press |page=29 |oclc=613143923 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121124/https://books.google.com/books?id=UIhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From a linguistic point of view, Śvetāmbara canonical scriptures are the oldest of all [[Jain literature]]. The [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]], [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]], and the [[Sthananga Sutra]] of the Śvetāmbara canon are considered to have been created in 5th-4th century BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Sagarmal |title=Jain Literature [From earliest time to c. 10th A.D.], Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI |year=1998 |page=4}}</ref> Following is a list of the 45 canonical scriptures followed by the Śvetāmbaras: -

* Twelve ''Angās (limbs)''
** ''[[Acaranga Sutra|Āyāraṃga]]'' ([[Prakrit|Jain Prakrit]]; Sanskrit: ''Ācāranga'', meaning: 'On monastic conduct')
** ''[[Sutrakritanga|Sūyagaḍa]]'' (''Sūtrakṛtāṅga'', 'On heretical systems and views')
** ''[[Sthananga Sutra|Ṭhāṇaṃga]]'' (''Sthānāṅga'', 'On different points [of the teaching]')
** ''[[Samavayanga Sutra|Samavāyaṃga]]'' (''Samavāyāṅga'', 'On "rising numerical groups{{"'}})
** ''[[Vyakhyaprajnapti|Viyāha-pannatti / Bhagavaī]]'' (''Vyākhyā-prajñapti'' or ''Bhagavatī'', 'Exposition of explanations' or 'the holy one')
** ''[[Jnatrdharmakathah|Nāyā-dhamma-kahāo]]'' (''Jñāta-dharmakathānga'', 'Parables and religious stories')
** ''[[Upasakadasah|Uvāsaga-dasāo]]'' (''Upāsaka-daśāḥ'','Ten chapters on the Jain lay follower')
** ''[[Antakrddaasah|Aṇuttarovavāiya-dasāo]]'' (''Antakṛd-daśāḥ'', 'Ten chapters on those who put an end to rebirth in this very life')
** ''[[Anuttaraupapatikadasah|Anuttaraupapātikadaśāh]]'' (''Anuttaropapātika-daśāḥ'', 'Ten chapters on those who were reborn in the uppermost heavens')
** ''[[Prasnavyakaranani|Paṇha-vāgaraṇa]]'' (''Praśna-vyākaraṇa'', 'Questions and explanations')
** ''[[Vipakasruta|Vivāga-suya]]'' (''Vipākaśruta'','Bad or good results of deeds performed')
** ''[[Drstivada]]'' (''Driśtivāda,'' 'contained the 14 ''purvas'' and is considered lost now')
* Twelve ''Upāṅgas (auxiliary limbs)''
** ''Uvavāiya-sutta'' (Sanskrit: ''Aupapātika-sūtra'','Places of rebirth')
** ''Rāya-paseṇaijja'' or ''Rāyapaseṇiya'' (''Rāja-praśnīya'', 'Questions of the king')
** ''Jīvājīvābhigama'' (''Jīvājīvābhigama'', 'Classification of animate and inanimate entities')
** ''Pannavaṇā'' (''Prajñāpanā'', 'Enunciation on topics of philosophy and ethics')
** ''Sūriya-pannatti'' (''Sūrya-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the sun')
** ''Jambūdvīpa-pannatti'' (''Jambūdvīpa-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the Jambū continent and the Jain universe')
** ''Canda-pannatti'' (''Candra-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the moon and the Jain universe')
** ''Nirayāvaliyāo or Kappiya'' (''Narakāvalikā'', 'Series of stories on characters reborn in hells')
** ''Kappāvaḍaṃsiāo'' (''Kalpāvataṃsikāḥ'', 'Series of stories on characters reborn in the kalpa heavens')
** ''Pupphiāo'' (''Puṣpikāḥ'', 'Flowers' refers to one of the stories')
** ''Puppha-cūliāo'' (''Puṣpa-cūlikāḥ'', 'The nun Puṣpacūlā')
** ''Vaṇhi-dasāo'' (''Vṛṣṇi-daśāh'', 'Stories on characters from the legendary dynasty known as Andhaka-Vṛṣṇi')
* Six ''Chedasūtras'' (Texts relating to the conduct and behaviour of monks and nuns)
** ''Āyāra-dasāo'' (Sanskrit: ''Ācāradaśāh'', 'Ten [chapters] about monastic conduct', chapter 8 is the famed [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpa-sūtra]].)
** ''Bihā Kappa'' (''Bṛhat Kalpa'', '[Great] Religious code')
** ''[[Vyavahāra|Vavahāra]]'' (Vyavahāra, 'Procedure')
** ''[[Niśītha|Nisīha]]'' (Niśītha, 'Interdictions')
** ''Jīya-kappa'' (''Jīta-kalpa'', Customary rules), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjakas
** ''Mahā-nisīha'' (''Mahā-niśītha'', Large Niśītha), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjakas
* Four ''Mūlasūtras'' ('Fundamental texts' which are foundational works studied by new monastics)
** ''Dasaveyāliya-sutta'' (Sanskrit: ''Daśavaikālika-sūtra''), this is memorized by all new Jain mendicants
** ''[[Uttarādhyayana|Uttarajjhayaṇa-sutta]]'' (''Uttarādhyayana-sūtra'')
** ''Āvassaya-sutta'' (''[[Āvaśyaka-sūtra]]'')
** ''Piṇḍa-nijjutti'' and ''Ogha-nijjutti'' (''Piṇḍa-niryukti'' and ''Ogha-niryukti''), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjakas
* Two ''Cūlikasūtras'' ("appendixes")
** ''Nandī-sūtra'' – discusses the five types of knowledge
** ''Anuyogadvāra-sūtra'' – a technical treatise on analytical methods, discusses [[Anekantavada]]
* Ten ''Paiṇṇayasūtras'' ("miscellaneous texts")
** ''Cau-saraṇa'' (Sanskrit: ''Catuḥśaraṇa'', The 'four refuges')
** ''Āura-paccakkhāṇa'' (''Ātura-pratyākhyāna'', 'Sick man's renunciation')
** ''Bhatta-parinnā'' (''Bhakta-parijñā'', 'Renunciation of food')
** ''Saṃthāraga'' (''Saṃstāraka'', 'Straw bed')
** ''Tandula-veyāliya'' (''Taṇḍula-vaicārika'', 'Reflection on rice grains')
** ''Canda-vejjhaya'' (''Candravedhyaka'', 'Hitting the mark')
** ''Devinda-tthaya'' (''Devendra-stava'', 'Praise of the kings of gods')
** ''Gaṇi-vijjā'' (''Gaṇi-vidyā'', 'A Gaṇi's knowledge')
** ''Mahā-paccakkhāṇa'' (''Mahā-pratyākhyāna'', 'Great renunciation')
** ''Vīra-tthava'' (''Vīra-stava'', 'Great renunciation')

The above list makes it 46, but the last a''ngā Driśtivāda'' is considered to be lost by both the sects. It was this scripture that contained the 14 ''purvas'' (14 scriptures containing extensive knowledge) of [[Jainism]].

=== Non-Canonical Literature ===
All texts or pieces of literature written by Śvetāmbara monks, except the ones stated above are considered to be non-canonical in nature. Following are some popular examples. However, the complete list is inexhaustive as the Śvetāmbara sect has always had more monks than the Digambara sect: -

* Commentaries on canonical scriptures:
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''[[Yogaśāstra]]''
** [[Haribhadra]]'s ''[[Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya]]''
** [[Yashovijaya]]'s ''Gyānsār'' <ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mahopadhyay Yashovijaya Ji |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.444871/mode/2up |title=Gyan Saar |date=1958}}</ref>
** [[Jinabhadra]]'s ''Viśeśāvaśyaka Bhaśya'' <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Jainworld |title=Visheshavashyak Bhashya |url=https://jainworld.com/languages/jw-in-indian-languages/gujarati/visheshavashyak-bhashya/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Jainworld |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Biographies of [[Śalākāpuruṣa]]s and other monks
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Trīṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacharitra'' (biographies of the lives of 63 illustrious men)<ref name=":1" />
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''[[Parishishtaparvan|Pariśiṣṭaparvan]]''
** [[Vimalsuri]]'s ''Paumachariyam'' (oldest of all [[Rama in Jainism|Jain versions of Ramayana]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam Part 1 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/1 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam Part 2 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001273/1 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
* Devotional hymns
** [[Manatunga]]'s ''[[Bhaktāmara Stotra]]''
** [[Siddhasena]]'s ''Kalyān Mandir Stotra'' <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Siddhasena Divakarsuri |first=Acharya |title=Shri Kalyan Mandir Stotra |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002583/20 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
** [[Siddhasena]]'s ''Vardhamān Śakrastav Stotra'' <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Siddhasena Divakarasuri |first=Acharya |title=Shri Vardhman Shakrastav Stotra |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032465/1 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Sakalārhat Stotra'' <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Hemachandrasuri |first=Acharya |title=Shri Sakalarhat Stotra |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/300510/1 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
* Treatise on languages and grammar
** [[Rajendrasuri]]'s 7-part ''Abhidhānarājaindrakōśa'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendrasuri |first=Acharya |title=Abhidhānarājaindrakōśa |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/016041/1 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hemachandracharya |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313378 |title=Shri Siddha Hemachandra Shabdanushashanam (sanskrit Grammar) |date=1934}}</ref>
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Tattvaprakāśikā prakāś'' (the grammar of the [[Gujarati language|old Gujarati language]])
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Abhidhāna-cintāmaṇi-kośa''
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Anekarth Kośa''
** [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Deśi-Śabda-Sangraho''

== Religious practices ==

=== The ''Chaturvidha Sangha'' ===
There are vast differences between the practices of the Śvetāmbaras and the Digambaras with some fundamental overlaps. Śvetāmbara scriptures divide the [[Sangha|''Jain Sangha'']] into four parts and the congregation is popularly known as the ''chaturvidha sangha'' (a ''[[sangha]]'' comprising four parts). The four parts are {{Em dash}} monks, nuns, male lay followers (also known as [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|''śrāvakas'']]), and female lay followers (also known as ''śrāvikās''). Religious practices of the Śvetāmbara sect differ for each section (monastics and laity) of the ''sangha''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Karan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYYtAAAAQBAJ&q=chaturvidh |title=A Treasury of Indian Wisdom: An Anthology of Spiritual Learning |date=2016-01-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-303-5 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Monasticism ===

==== Preparing for Initiation ====
Right before initiation, an ascetic-to-be performs his/her final ''puja'' of the [[Tirthankara]] idols. Monks and nuns are not permitted to perform ''puja'' of the idols because they are not permitted to bathe all their life and Śvetāmbara scriptures only permit a person with clean body and after bathing may perform ''puja'' of the idols. Ceremonious donation of all world possessions is performed before initiation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=America (YJA) |first=Young Jains of |date=2024-02-23 |title=What is Jain Diksha and what does it entail? |url=https://medium.com/@YoungJains/what-is-jain-diksha-and-what-does-it-entail-b829b97d2cba |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

==== Initiation ====
Upon initiation, a monk or a nun renounces all worldly possessions and relations, takes the [[Five Vows]] and tears his/her hair out. A newly-initiated monk/nun is ceremoniously given the ''rajoharan'' by their preceptor (who is always only an [[Acharya (Jainism)|''acharya'']]). Unlike as in the Digambara sect where monks and nuns are not forbidden from touching each other and lay-followers of the opposite gender, monks and nuns of the Śvetāmbara sect do not touch persons of the opposite gender (neither mendicants nor lay-followers of the opposite gender) and observe extreme [[celibacy]] all their life.<ref name=":2" />

==== Monastic Possessions (''Āvaśyakas'') ====
Monks and nuns of the Śvetāmbara sect wear white seamless clothing and carry a ''rajoharan'' (woolen broom to clear their path of insects and small creatures), an alms bowl, a long stick, and scriptures. All monks and nuns possess only these objects. Additionally, they may only take what is given to them and what comes under permitted possessions (the objects listed earlier). They are not permitted to take anything that is not given to them by the owner of the said object.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Âkârâṅga Sûtra: Book II, Lecture 7, Lesson 1. |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2270.htm#page_171 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> [[File:Jain Narrative Relief Panel, mid 2nd century BCE.-1st century CE (18.4 x 61.6 cm) Brooklyn Museum 87.188.5.jpg|thumb|upright=2|A 1st- to 2nd–century CE water tank relief panel showing two ''[[ardhaphalaka]]'' Jain monks carrying ''colapatta'' cloth on their left hand found in the ruins of Mathura ([[Brooklyn Museum]] 87.188.5).{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|pp=174–176}} This cloth carrying tradition to cover genitalia by ancient Jain monks in principle resembles the beliefs of the Śvetāmbara and now extinct Yapaniya subtradition.{{sfn|Jaini|Goldman|2018|pp=42–45}}|center]]

==== Begging for Alms ====
Unlike ascetics of the Digambara sect, ascetics of the Śvetāmbara sect beg for alms from multiple households as the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]] describes how begging for alms for an entire meal from a single household does not fall under fault-free food that Jain monks must consume as it might aggrieve the householder they accept food from. Becoming the medium for a householder's grievance is unacceptable as per a mendicant's conduct. 42 faults of food are described which a monk or a nun must assess before accepting it as alms. They may only consume food free from the 42 faults (as described in the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]]) and boiled water between the period from 48 minutes after sunrise and until 48 minutes before sunset. However, monks and nuns of the Śvetāmbara sect actively perform and promote and inspire the laity to perform [[Fasting in Jainism|fasting]] to obtain control over the senses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Âkârâṅga Sûtra: Book II, Lecture 1, Lesson 1 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2247.htm |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2024-03-31|title=Jainacharya Hansaratna Suri Marharaj's 180-Day Record Fast Concludes in Mumbai|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/jainacharya-hansaratna-suri-maharajs-180-day-record-fast-concludes-in-mumbai-a510|work=[[Lokmat|Lokmat Times]]|language=en-in|publisher=Lokmat Media Limited|access-date=2024-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-29 |title=In rare feat, 16-year-old Jain girl completes 110-day fast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/in-rare-feat-16-year-old-jain-girl-completes-110-day-fast/articleshow/104792939.cms |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Wandering ====
Mendicants constantly wander for 8 months of a year (except the 4 months of the ''[[chaturmasya]]'') on foot. The reason mendicants must wander is to regulate their senses of possession and to spread the word of [[Jainism]]. The [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]] describes that for a mendicant, staying at one place for a period extending more than 1 month is not permitted. The reason for that is to regulate possession. A mendicant staying at one place for longer periods of time might begin getting attached to the place and such attachments must be avoided and if developed, given up. However, during the 4 months of the ''[[chaturmasya]]'', rains are expected and there is an increase in the number of insects on ground. Mendicants must not step on insects to practice [[Ahimsa in Jainism|''ahimsa'']] and therefore, they are required to stay at one place for those 4 months. Stepping on grass and on water or wet ground is not permitted due to their tendency to have life. Most mendicants give religious sermons and spread the word of [[Jainism]] wherever they wander. Usually, nowadays, several Jain temples have spaces that are used for general purposes that mendicants may use after obtaining permission from the temple management. This is particularly important as if the space was constructed for the purpose of housing mendicants, even temporarily, it becomes unfit for use by mendicants. That is because it no longer remains 'free of faults' since mendicants become a medium of violence as well as possession here. This is discussed in the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]] at length.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Âkârâṅga Sûtra: Book II, Lecture 3, Lesson 1 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2261.htm#page_136 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

==== Classes of Monks ====
Monks of the Śvetāmbara sect are categorized among the classes as described in the [[Namokar Mantra]]. Each newly initiated monk is a ''sadhu'' (the fifth class as described in the fifth line of the [[Namokar Mantra]]). After attaining sufficient spiritual and scriptural knowledge along with experience of the monastic life, a ''sadhu'' may be promoted to the status of an ''upadhyaya'' (the fourth class as described in the fourth line of the [[Namokar Mantra]]). Finally, after sufficient spiritual education, a monk is promoted to the status of an ''[[Acharya (Jainism)|acharya]]''.

''[[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharyas]]'' are spiritual heads of the said monastic order. Usually each of the 4 [[Gaccha|g''acchas'']] has a spiritual preceptor of the highest order and who is referred to as the ''gacchadhipati'' of the said ''[[gaccha]]''. A ''gacchadhipati'' is an ''acharya''. Each of ''Kharata Gaccha'', ''Achal Gaccha'', and ''Parshvachandra Gaccha'' have one ''gacchadhipati'' each. However, ''[[Tapa Gaccha]]'' has 21 ''gacchadhipatis'' as it is further sub-divided into various ''samudaays'' (smaller sections of a ''gaccha''). Some of the major ''samudaays'' of the ''[[Tapa Gaccha]]'' are - ''[[Buddhisagarsuri|Buddhisagarsuri Samudaay]]'', ''[[Daulatsagarsuri|Sagaranand (or Anandsagar) Samudaay]], [[Kalapurnasuri|Kalapurnasuri Samudaay]], [[Ratnasundarsuri|Bhuvanbhanusuri Samudaay]]'' etc. Another class of monks is ''ganivarya'' who are spiritual heads of a small sub-section of monks in a ''samudaay''. Other classes of monks such as ''panyaas'' and ''upapanyaas'' also exist.

==== Other Duties ====
Śvetāmbara monks also perform other miscellaneous functions and duties. Some of them are as described below: -

* Writing non-canonical scriptures (including commentaries on canonical scriptures) such as [[Hemachandra]]'s ''[[Yogaśāstra]],'' [[Haribhadra]]'s ''[[Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya]],'' [[Yashovijaya]]'s ''Gyānsār'' [[Jinabhadra]]'s ''Viśeśāvaśyaka Bhaśya.''<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />
* Writing devotional songs (''stavans'', ''stutis'', ''sajjhays'' etc.), such as [[Anandghan|Anandghan's]] ''Chouvisi,'' [[Manatunga|Manatunga's]] ''[[Bhaktāmara Stotra]],'' [[Siddhasena|Siddhasena's ''Kalyan Mandir Stotra'']] and ''Vardhamān Śakrastav Stotra,'' [[Hemachandra|Hemachandra's]] ''Sakalarhat Stotra'' etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand Ghan Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.551824 |title=Shri Anand Ghan Chovisi |date=1950}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
* Actively promoting principles of [[Jainism]] among the laity through religious sermons.
* Administering vows to the laity, such as the laity's [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|12 vows]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Vratas (Vows) of Householders - JAINA-JainLink |url=https://www.jaina.org/page/householdervratas |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.jaina.org}}</ref>
* Accepting confessions from and giving tasks to make up for their sins to the laity (''alochana'' or ''[[prāyaścitta]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Jay |date=2023-11-27 |title=6 Internal Austerities (Abhyantar Tap) in Jainism |url=https://medium.com/@jayshah_84248/6-internal-auterties-abhyantar-tap-in-jainism-5afe102b0ed5 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Acharya (Jainism)|''Acharyas'']] perform consecration of temple lands and idols in a ritual known as ''anjana-śalākā.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Pravin K |title=Anjan Shalaka Pran Pratistha Ceremony Shwetambar Sect |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/199998/2 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
* Training the lay followers who seek initiation in the near future.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-07 |title=India Jains: Why are these youngsters renouncing the world? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48879591 |access-date=2024-06-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Regularly performing [[Pratikramana]].

=== Laity ===
The Śvetāmbara canon defines some guidelines and duties for lay followers ([[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|''śrāvakas'']] and ''śrāvikās'') of [[Jainism]] to fulfill. Some of them are summarized as follows: -

==== 12 ''Vrats'' (Vows) of Householders ====
Scriptures describe 12 vows that a householder must take in order to bind minimum [[Karma in Jainism|''karma'']]. These 12 vows are also taken by lay followers of the Digambara sect as well as the aniconic offshoots of the Śvetāmbara sect. They are one of the very few points that both the sects agree upon. They summarize almost all duties a householder must perform as part of the [[Sangha (Jainism)|Jain ''sangha'']]. They are classified into 3 categories. Following is a list of the 12 vows of a householder: -

* 5 ''Aṇuvratas'' <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Malaykirtivijay |title=Samkit Mul 12 Vrat 124 Atichar |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/008988/1 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
*# ''Sthūla Prāṇātipāta Viramaṇ Vrat'': A toned-down version of the ''Ahimsa'' M''ahāvrat'' followed by the mendicants. Minimal and unavoidable violence is acceptable on householders' part and they are not required to follow ''ahimsa'' (non-violence) as mendicants follow.
*# ''Sthūla Mṛṣāvāda Viramaṇ Vrat'': This is a toned-down version of the ''Satya Mahāvrat'' followed by the mendicants. Householders are directed to avoid speaking lies.
*# ''Sthūla Adattādāna Viramaṇ Vrat'': This is a milder form of the ''Achaurya Mahāvrat'' followed by monks and nuns. Householders are discouraged from stealing anything that is not theirs or is not given to them.
*# ''Sthūla Maithuna Viramaṇ Vrat'': This is a toned-down form of the ''Brahmacharya Mahāvrat'' taken by the mendicants. Householders are discouraged from engaging in adultery with anyone other than their partner for any purpose.
*# ''Sthūla Parigrah Viramaṇ Vrat'': This is a milder form of the mendicants' ''Aparigrah Mahāvrat''. Householders are discouraged from holding assets more than their requirement and needs. Being too deeply involved in worldly and materialistic pleasures is a hindrance to the attainment of ''[[moksha]]''.
*3 ''Guṇavratas'' <ref name=":11" />
*#''Sthūla Dik Parimāṇa Vrat'': This vow is taken to reduce the movement in each direction by setting a specific limit. This is done to ensure minimum traveling is performed, leading to lesser [[Karma in Jainism|''karma'']] being bound to the soul.
*#''Sthūla Bhogopabhoga Viramaṇ Vrat'': This vow is taken to reduce the usage of materialistic objects to a set limit. By taking this vow, a lay follower can reduce their attachment to materialistic objects.
*#''Sthūla Anarthadaṇḍa Viramaṇ Vrat'': This vow is taken to completely give up useless and fruitless activities. Any action which is performed without a reason constitutes to a sin. Therefore, this vow directs a lay-follower to reduce/stop performing useless actions and activities.
*4 ''Śikṣāvratas'' <ref name=":11" />
*#''[[Sāmāyika|Sāmāyika Vrat]]'': This vow can either be given by a mendicant, or a lay-person who has already taken the vow or, can be self-taken. It lasts 48 minutes and lay followers are encouraged to study scriptures and improve their knowledge of the religion in this time. For these 48 minutes, a lay follower becomes just like a mendicant and must follow the [[Five Vows]] just like they do. One who takes this vow detaches themself from the worldly activities and embraces equanimity for 48 minutes at once. In loose terms, equanimity (indifference to the positives and negatives around one) is the ultimate goal of Jainism as it leads to no [[Karma in Jainism|''karma'']] being bound to the soul.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part II (SBE45): Uttarâdhyayana: Twenty-Ninth Lecture. The Exertion in Righteousness |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/sbe4531.htm |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
*#''Deśāvakāśika Vrat'': This vow entails the completion of 2 [[Pratikramana|''pratikramanas'']] and 8 [[Sāmāyika|''sāmāyikas'']].
*#''Pauṣadha Vrat'': This vow is taken for a specific period of time and is given by a mendicant only. During this time, the lay follower becomes equivalent to a mendicant and must practice the [[Five Vows]] just like they do. The follower must also beg for alms and follow all rule, rites, and rituals a mendicant follows.
*#''Atithi Saṃvibhāga Vrat'': This vow promotes charity among the lay followers in that they are encouraged to donate their belongings to monks, nuns, and other needy people. It is believed that this vow, if taken and followed seriously, leads to a reduction in attachment to the worldly and materialistic pleasures.

==== 6 ''Āvaśyakas'' (Essential Observances) of Householders ====
6 essential observances have been considered necessary for a lay follower to practice regularly in both the sects.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-14 |title=Concept of Six Essentials – Sadh Avashyaka - Jainavenue |url=https://jainavenue.org/concept-of-six-essentials-shad-avashyakas-2/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, the observances are different in each sect. Mendicants also observe these regularly and it is believed that these essential observances help one maintain discipline as well as bind least and shed most [[Karma in Jainism|''karma'']].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 28 – Six Essentials (Ävashyaka) – The Jainsite World's Largest Jain Website |url=https://jainsite.com/jainism_post/six-essentials-avashyaka/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Following are the 6 essential observances of [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|''śrāvakas'']] and ''śrāvikās'' of the Śvetāmbara sect: -<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2023-08-19 |title=Six Avasyakas (essentials) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/jainism-and-patanjali-yoga/d/doc1208515.html#note-t-231143 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

# ''[[Sāmāyika]]'': This concept is considered to be so important that it occurs in the 12 vows as well as 6 essential observances. It has also been a subject of great discussion in the canonical scripture [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]]. A lay follower embraces equanimity for 48 minutes and that is how purification of soul happens.<ref name=":12" />
# ''Chaturvimsati-stava'': This refers to extolling and appreciating the qualities of and praying to [[Tirthankara|''tirthankaras'']] as supreme beings for purification of soul. Through this, a lay follower attains the ''[[ratnatraya]]'' and eventual ''[[samyaktva]]'' (true and right knowledge, belief, and conduct). Śvetāmbara canon defines the ''Logassa Sutra'' and ''Namutthunam Sutra'' to extol the qualities of the 24 [[Tirthankara|''tirthankaras'']]. It is written in [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]].<ref name=":14" />
# ''Vandanā'': This refers to the practice of showing obeisance towards one's preceptor mendicant (monk/nun). It also means one should surrender themself to their guru and accept their word as it is. Performing service of one's preceptor and respecting them is one of the prime duties of householders.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
# ''[[Pratikramana]]'': Shedding of negative [[Karma in Jainism|''karma'']] is the prime goal of Jainism and this practice directly lets one perform that. It entails performing penance and mindfully regretting and seeking forgiveness for one's wrong deeds. It consists of a long sequence of hymns, prayers, and rituals. The main goal is to seek forgiveness for one's negative actions. It includes the first, second, and the fifth ''Āvaśyakas'' as part of rituals within it.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />
# [[Kayotsarga|''Kāyotsarga'']]: This practice is concerned with concentration on non-attachment. This may be performed in a standing or a sitting posture and during this time, the lay follower must not think of any attachments, including the body. As per the canonical scripture ''[[Sthananga Sutra]]'', a lay follower goes into ''shukladhyan'' (pure meditation) during ''[[kayotsarga]]''. Usually ''Chaturvimsati-stava Āvaśyaka'' through ''Logassa Sutra'' is performed during ''[[kayotsarga]]''.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />
# ''Pratyākhyāna'': Last of all ''Āvaśyakas,'' it includes taking vows for and limiting all actions so as to perform minimal [[Karma in Jainism|''karma'']]. A lay follower takes ''pratyākhyāna'' (vow) before commencing [[Fasting in Jainism|fasts]]. Similarly, a lay follower takes ''pratyākhyāna'' to limit intake of food and ay other materialistic things to have a better self-control. According to the 24th [[tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] in the [[Uttaradhyayana|''Uttaradhyayana Sutra'']], a follower's soul is purified by taking ''pratyākhyāna'' and renouncing certain actions and objects for a set period of time.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

==== ''Jinpūjā'' and ''Caityavandan'' (Idol Worship) ====
The Śvetāmbara canon unequivocally endorses the worshipping of idols of [[Tirthankara|''tirthankaras'']] by all sections of the ''Chaturvidha Sangha''. The main motive behind such worshipping is not a worldly affair, but worshipping their qualities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jainworld |title=Worship |url=https://jainworld.com/philosophy/worship-poojavandana/worship/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Jainworld |language=en-US}}</ref> Most Śvetāmbara lay-followers perform worshipping of idols in three main formats: -

* ''Aṅga Pūjā'' (Worshipping by anointing various parts of the idol): Such worshipping is performed by anointing various parts of the idol using several objects of worship, including water, saffron mixed with sandalwood paste,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to do Puja – Jain Society Of Greater Cleveland |url=https://jsgc.org/how-to-do-puja/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Vāsakṣepa'' (sandalwood powder), ''Yakṣakardama'' (a fragrant ointment) etc. According to scriptures, such worshipping is performed only using '''uttam dravya''{{'}} (excellent and possibly expensive objects of worship).[[File:Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg|thumb|A Śvetāmbara lay follower performing 'Anga Puja' of the idol of [[Kesariyaji]] by anointing the idol with saffron and sandalwood mixture as per ancient rituals of Kesariyaji temple and of the Śvetāmbara sect]]Mendicants are not allowed to perform worshipping using such objects as they do not own materialistic objects and have already renounced them. Also the violence that can be caused towards small creatures and beings during such worshipping is unacceptable according to a mendicant's conduct as described in the scriptures. Householders are not supposed to follow such micro levels of non-violence and must perform idol worship as it has more merits (extolling qualities of [[Tirthankara|''tirthankaras'']] and eventually attaining such a state) than demerits as described in the canon. Another form of such worship is ''Aṅga Rachanā'' or ''Āṅgī'', which refers to the devotional worshipping of the idol by decorating it with a devotedly designed armor of vibrant objects such as stones, clothes, and other colorful objects that are obtained by pure methods and sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jain Festival: Dressing up the gods and goddess {{!}} NY Living Traditions |url=https://nytraditions.org/digital-heritage/jain-festival-dressing-gods-and-goddess |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=nytraditions.org}}</ref> [[File:Anga_Rachana_with_Silver_Foil.jpg|thumb|Anga Rachana of an idol of Mahavira Swami, the 24th Tirthankara, using pure and non-violently prepared silver and gold foil. at Shri Mahavira Swami Jinalaya at Risala Bazar, Deesa]][[File:Anga_Rachna_with_Flowers.jpg|thumb|Anga Rachana (decoration of Tirthankara idols with pure materials) using only pure flowers at Vasupujya Swami Derasar, Goregaon, Mumbai]]
* ''Agra Pūjā'' (Worshipping of the idol without touching it): Such worshipping is performed by placing objects of worship in front of the idol and reciting [[Prakrit]] or [[Sanskrit]] prayers, or singing devotional hymns. Objects of worship include, ''Dhūp'' (incense), ''Dīpa'' (lamp), ''Akṣata'' (raw rice grains), ''Fal'' (fruits), and ''Naivedya'' (sweets). Each object of worshipping has its own significance and reason. These 5, in combination with ''Jal Pūjā'' (bathing the idol with water), ''Kesar Pūjā'' (worshipping with idol by anointing it with a mixture of sandalwood paste and saffron), and ''Kusum Pūjā'' (worshipping the idol by placing flower on its parts) are collectively known as ''Aṣṭaprakāri Pūjā''. Mendicants cannot perform this form of worshipping as well as the material used for such worshipping can cause violence against small creatures and a mendicant must strictly follow the [[Five Vows]] of which non-violence is the first. However, householders may perform such worshipping as the vows they follow do not entail practicing such micro-level of non-violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patani |first=Ashish |title=What is Ashta Prakari Puja? {{!}} Oshwal Association of the U.K. |url=https://oshwal.org.uk/what-is-ashta-prakari-puja/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="www.wisdomlib.org">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2023-08-19 |title=Ten rituals of the Temple |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/jainism-and-patanjali-yoga/d/doc1208517.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Agra_Puja.jpg|thumb|Agra puja using rice, sweet, and fruit in front of an idol of Mahavira Swami, the 24th Tirthankara at Jain Center of Southern California, Buena Park, California]]
* ''Bhāva Pūjā'' (worshipping of the idol through emotions without using objects of worship): This form of worshipping includes singing ''stavans'' and ''stutis'' (devotional hymns) extolling the life and qualities of a ''[[tirthankara]]''. A sequence of several [[Prakrit]] and some [[Sanskrit]] prayers extolling a ''[[tirthankara]]'' in particular seating positions is known as ''Caityavandan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YJA {{!}} Temple Handouts |url=https://www.yja.org/temple |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.yja.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Caityavandan'' is usually performed in two postures {{Em dash}} ''Yogamudrā'' and ''Muktāśuktimudrā''. It also includes 2 [[Kayotsarga|''kayotsargas'']] and at least 3 hymns and a recitation of major Jain hymns and prayers including [[Namokar Mantra]], [[Uvasaggaharam Stotra]], and ''Logassa Sutra''. It is considered to be a standard form of ''Bhāva Pūjā'' amongst the Śvetāmbara laity. Digambaras strictly do not have such form of worshipping of their idols. ''Bhāva Pūjā'' does not include the use of any materialistic objects of worship and therefore, can be performed by the mendicants. In fact, devotional hymns are usually authored by the Śvetāmbara mendicants which is why the Śvetāmbara sect has huge and rich literature on devotional worship of the [[Tirthankara|''tirthankaras'']].<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org"/>
Several other forms of worshipping of the idols exist. One of the most popular ones is ''Snātra Pūjā'' which is a lengthy ritual that includes mimicking of a [[Tirthankara|''tirthankara's'']] ritualistic bathing at [[Mount Meru]] by the demi-god [[Indra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austinjainsangh.org/index.php/religious-info/snatra-puja|title=Snatra Puja|website=Jain Sangh of Greater Austin|language=en-us|access-date=2024-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Snatra Puja – Jain Samaj of Long Island |url=https://jainsamajofli.org/snatra-puja/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Other popular ritualistic bathing is ''Śakrastava Abhiṣeka'' which is performed parallel to the recitation of the hymn of the same name authored by [[Siddhasena|Acharya Siddhasenadiwakarsuri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-04 |title=The divine moments of Shakrastav Abhishek at Kshatriyakund Tirth |url=https://www.storiesbyarpit.com/2018/08/the-divine-moments-of-shakrastav.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Usually, regular purification of temples and icons is performed and the ritual for which include ''18 Abhiṣeka'' which is a ritualistic bathing of the idols with 18 excellent objects of high fragrance and devotional value.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvindsagar Maharaj |first=Muni |title=Shri Adhaar Abhishek Vidhi |url=https://www.jainfoundation.in/JAINLIBRARY/books/Adhar_Abhishek_Vidhi_004229_HR6.pdf}}</ref>

==== ''Vyākhyāna'' and ''Guruvandan'' (Interaction with Mendicants) ====
The ''Chaturvidha Sangha'' has 4 pillars and [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|''śrāvakas'']] and ''śrāvikās'' (lay followers) derive their knowledge of the religion and its practices from the other two pillars - mendicants (monks and nuns). ''Vyākhyāna'' refers to the religious sermons that the mendicants give. It is a result of these sermons that Jainism is propagated to the lay followers. Since reading scriptures without the preceptor's permission is considered to be a grave sin, lay followers (householders) derive all their knowledge of the religion and scriptures as well as their duties and responsibilities from the mendicants' v''yākhyānas''. As such, even though attending ''vyākhyānas'' is not an essential part as per scriptures, lay followers are always encouraged to attend them regularly to learn principles of Jainism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=America (YJA) |first=Young Jains of |date=2018-09-14 |title=Experiences with Paryushan and Das Lakshan |url=https://medium.com/@YoungJains/experiences-with-paryushan-and-das-lakshan-12c529a97d8 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> A formal procedure of greeting the preceptor by reciting 2 ancient [[Prakrit]] prayers - ''Icchakāra Sutra'' and ''Abbhuthio Sutra'' and 4 ''Khamāsamaṉas'' in a particular sequence is known as ''Guruvandan''. The practice of ''Guruvandan'' is only performed by householders of the Śvetāmbara sect.

== Religious festivals ==
There are some festivals which are exclusively celebrated by the Śvetāmbara sect and are neither recognized nor celebrated by the Digambara sect. Following is a list of some of those festivals: -

=== ''Paryuṣaṇa'' ===
It is one of the most popular of the Jain festivals. It falls during the bright fortnight of the [[Bhadrapad|''Bhadrapada'']] month of the [[Jain calendar|lunar calendar]]. During this 8-day long festival, lay followers intensify their spirituality and undertake rigorous [[Fasting in Jainism|fasting]]. Some of them also fast for all 8 days by consuming either only boiled water or nothing at all (this fast is known as [[Aathai|''atthai'']]). It is during these 8 days that monks and nuns read the holy canonical scripture - [[Kalpa Sūtra]]. Most of the reading is done in private, except the chapter that describes the birth of [[Mahavira]], which is traditionally read and celebrated publicly on the 5th of the 8 days. The 8th day is known as ''samvatsari'' and is considered to be one of the holiest days by Śvetāmbara lay followers, who perform ''[[pratikramana]]'' and seek forgiveness for the sins they committed in the past year by saying "[[Micchami Dukkadam|''Michchhāmi Dukkaḍaṃ'']]" to the people they know. Digambaras, alternatively, celebrate the ''Das Lakshana,'' which is a 10-day long festival and has a different purpose than ''Paryuṣaṇa.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-19 |title=Paryushan 2023: Date, Rituals and Significance of Jain Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/paryushan-2023-date-rituals-and-significance-of-jain-festival/articleshow/103552312.cms |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== ''Śāśvata Navpad Oli'' ===
This is a 9-day long festival that occurs twice a year, once in the ''[[Chaitra]]'' month and once in the [[Ashvin (month)|''Ashvin'']] month of the [[Vira Nirvana Samvat|lunar calendar]]. This is one of the two major celebrations as per Śvetāmbara scriptures, the other being ''Paryuṣaṇa''. During this festival, Śvetāmbaras worship the 9 supreme entities, namely ''[[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]]'', ''[[Siddha (Jainism)|Siddhā]]'', ''[[Acharya (Jainism)|Ācārya]]'', ''[[Upadhyaya (Jainism)|Upādhyāya]]'', ''[[Sadhu (Jainism)|Sādhu]]'', ''[[Samyak darsana|Samyak Darśana]]'', ''[[Samyak Gyan|Samyak Jñāna]]'', ''[[Samyak Charitra|Samyak Cāritra]]'', and ''[[Fasting in Jainism|Samyak Tap]]'', one day for each of these entities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YJA {{!}} Navpad Oli |url=https://www.yja.org/navpadoli |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.yja.org |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jainism]] believes that these 9 entities were neither created nor can they be destroyed. It believes in the eternal existence of these 'categories' or ''padas'' that propagate [[Dharma (Jainism)|''dharma'']]. Śvetāmbaras, therefore, consider this festival to be ''śāśvata'' (which means that it has existed since eternity and will continue to exist forever).

Throughout these 9 days, Śvetāmbara lay followers perform [[Fasting in Jainism|''Ayambil'']], a form of fasting in which no oil, dairy products, and spices are consumed. This form of fasting is believed to improve control over the sense of taste.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAINA Newsletter:Importance of Navpad Oli, Ayambil Story, Veerayatan's Eye Campy etc… - JAINA-JainLink |url=https://www.jaina.org/page/03_22_18_ENewsletter |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.jaina.org}}</ref> They also worship the ''[[Siddhachakra]]'' during these 9 days. Spiritual practices are intensified during these days just as during the ''[[Paryushana|Paryuṣaṇa]]''. One of the most popular legends associated with this festival is of ''Śrīpāla'' and ''Mayaṇasundarī''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Vinayvijay |first1=Upadhyay |last2=Yashovijay |first2=Upadhyay |title=Shripaal Rajano Raas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/033409/1 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]] falls on the 7th day of the ''Navpad Oli'' that occurs during the ''[[Chaitra]]'' month. Although Digambaras believe in the legend of ''Śrīpāla'' and ''Mayaṇasundarī'', they do not perform [[Fasting in Jainism|''Ayambil'']] and their practices are vastly different from the Śvetāmbaras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=America (YJA) |first=Young Jains of |date=2022-04-11 |title=Navpad Oli |url=https://medium.com/@YoungJains/navpad-oli-e45d56ce8293 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://austinjainsangh.org/index.php/religious-info/navpad-oli|title=Navpad Oli - [Nine Elements] (also called Ayambil Oli)|website=Jain Sangh of Greater Austin|language=en-us|access-date=2024-06-09}}</ref>

=== ''Jñāna Pañcamī'' ===
It is celebrated on the 5th day of the bright fortnight of the [[Kārtika (month)|''Kārtika'']] month of the [[Vira Nirvana Samvat|lunar calendar]]. This festival is celebrated to worship ''Samyak'' ''Jñāna'' (right knowledge). Rituals include visiting a Jain temple, placing objects of knowledge (such as pen, pencil, paper, books etc.) on a platform and venerating the object with ''Vāsakṣepa'' (sandalwood powder) and reciting hymns venerating the [[Saraswati|demi-goddess Saraswati]]. In [[Jainism]], the eternal knowledge of the road to ''[[moksha]]'' is recorded in the word of the [[Tirthankara|''tirthankaras'']] and that is known as ''[[Jinvani|jinvāṇī]].'' This is what [[Saraswati]] represents. Therefore, in [[Jainism]], she is not worshipped as she is in [[Hinduism]], but as the word of the [[tirthankara]]s. [[Jainism]] endorses the existence of 5 types of knowledge {{--}} ''Mati Jñāna'', ''Śrut Jñāna'', ''Avadhi Jñāna'', ''Manaḥparyaya Jñāna'', ''[[Kevala jnana|Kevala Jñāna]]''. All these forms of knowledge are highly venerated and worshipped in the Śvetāmbara sect. Lay followers of the Śvetāmbara sect also perform penance and [[Fasting in Jainism|fast]] to celebrate the day. Most followers, if they do not perform fasts, refrain from consuming food after sunset.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Shobha |title=Shri Gyan Panchami {{!}} Oshwal Association of the U.K. |url=https://oshwal.org.uk/gyanpanchami/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== ''Maun Ekādaśī'' ===
This festival is celebrated on the 11th day of the bright fortnight of the ''[[Maargashirsha]]'' month of the [[Vira Nirvana Samvat|lunar calendar]]. Śvetāmbara legends say that if a devotee performs penance staying mum on this day every year for a period of 11 years and 11 months achieves ''[[moksha]]''. The word '''maun''{{'}} means silence. The most prominent of the penances on this day is to not speak and communicate for the entire day, until the next morning. This form of penance is believed to improve control over the mind and the tongue. According to Śvetāmbara legends, a total of 150 ''kalyāṇakas'' of the [[Panch Kalyanaka|''panch kalyanakas'']] of [[tirthankara]]s of the past, present, and future [[Jain cosmology|half cycles]] of time occur on this single day. Therefore, it holds high importance and auspiciousness in the Śvetāmbara sect. Most lay followers begin new ventures and worship [[tirthankara]] idols especially apart from performing the penance of staying silent on this day. Several legends including that of [[Neminatha]] and [[Krishna]] and of ''Suvrat Shetha'' are associated with this day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Maun Ekadashi |url=https://www.tattvagyan.com/jain-festivals/maun-ekadashi/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Tattva Gyan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Pulinbhai R |title=Maun Ekadashi Vrat Katha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006079/1 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

=== ''Phālguṇa Pherī'' ===
This festival is observed on the 13th day of the bright fortnight of the ''[[Phalguna]]'' month as per the [[Vira Nirvana Samvat|lunar calendar]] and is directly associated with [[Palitana temples|Palitana]], one of the most important pilgrimage sites for the Śvetāmbaras. Śvetāmbara legends state that [[Krishna|Krishna's]] sons [[Pradyumna]] and Shyaambh, along with 8.5 crore (85 million) mendicants attained [[Moksha|liberation]] from ''Bhadva's Dungar'' at [[Palitana temples|Palitana hills]] on this day. Śvetāmbara lay followers visit [[Palitana temples]] in huge numbers on this day, every year and circumambulate the entire region of [[Palitana|Palitana hills]] in a single day. The walk is 15–18 km long along a hilly terrain. This walk is also known as the ''6-Gau Yaatra'' (walk of visiting 6 villages).<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=America (YJA) |first=Young Jains of |date=2019-03-24 |title=Chha Gaun Yatra — A Hidden Journey |url=https://youngminds.yja.org/chha-gaun-yatra-a-hidden-journey-46ad6d118dcb |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

Devotees first ascend the hill until they reach the ''Ram Pol'' gate, and then take a different route from the usual route, which is opened only on this day every year for devotees to circumambulate around the hill. This route takes devotees through various 'hidden' regions of the [[Palitana temples]], which are otherwise inaccessible on other days. The shrines that this walk takes a devotee through can be summarized as follows: -

# The shrine of [[Devaki|Devaki's]] 6 sons {{--}} According to the Jain version of [[Mahabharata]], [[Devaki]] gave birth to 6 other sons before giving birth to [[Krishna]]. These 6 sons were initiated into the [[Jain sangha]] by [[Neminatha]]. Legend says that all 6 of them attained [[Moksha|liberation]] at the spot where this shrine stands today.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The "99fold" Pilgrimage to Shatrunjaya @ HereNow4U |url=https://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=76715 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=HereNow4U: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness |language=en}}</ref>
# ''Ulkā Jal Deri {{--}}'' It is believed to be the site where the water which is used in ritualistic bathing of the idol of [[Rishabhanatha]] gets collected.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Gunratnasuri |first=Acharya |title=Spiritual Pilgrimmage of Chha Gau |url=https://jainqq.org/booktext/Spiritual_Pilgrimmage_of_Chha_Gau_Romanized/006945 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
# ''Chandan Talavdi'' {{--}} Legend says this lake was established by ''Chillan Muni'', a disciple of ''Ganadhar Pundarik Swami'', who was himself one of the prime disciples of [[Rishabhanatha]]. It is said that he used his magical powers and established the lake for devotees to quench their thirst while ascending the hill. The lake's banks are of importance as Śvetāmbaras believe several mendicants performed penance in the ''[[kayotsarga]]'' posture at this point and eventually attained liberation. Several devotees perform ''[[kayotsarga]]'' here and recite the ''Logassa'' hymn.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
# ''Ajitnath - Shantinath Deri {{--}}'' These are two shrines devoted to the 2nd [[Tirthankara]] [[Ajitanatha]] and 16th [[Tirthankara]] [[Shantinatha]] each. Shrines dedicated to these two [[tirthankara]]s were constructed because it is believed that these two gave religious sermons in the said area. Legend says that during the 22nd [[tirthankara]] [[Neminatha|Neminatha's]] period, these two shrines stood opposite to each other and when a devotee would pray at one of these, their back would face the other. However, facing one's back towards [[tirthankara]] idols is considered to be a sin. Nandisena, a mendicant at that time, sat in the middle of both these shrines and composed the ''Ajit-Śānti Stava'', a hymn in which alternate verse extol [[Ajitanatha]] and [[Shantinatha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Nandisena |title=Ajit-Shanti Stotra |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/300530/1 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> The legend says that by the end of his recitation of the composition, the two shrines came side by side to each other. Today, both shrines stand next to each other.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=Palitana - Jain Treasures |url=https://jaintreasures.org.uk/palitana/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9" />
# ''Siddhshila {{--}}'' According to legends, this spot has witnessed most number of souls attaining ''[[moksha]]'' than any other spot on [[Palitana|Palitana hills]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" />
# ''Bhadva's Dungar {{--}}'' This is believed to be the spot where [[Krishna|Krishna's]] sons [[Pradyumna]] and Shyaambh attained ''[[moksha]]'' along with 8.5 crore (85 million) other mendicants. This place is believed to be the inspiration behind the whole walk of around 15–18 km (12 miles).<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" />
# ''Siddha Vad {{--}}'' This is an old [[Banyan|Banyan tree]]. It is believed that several soul attained ''[[moksha]]'' while performing penance under this tree.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" />
# ''Juni Taleti {{--}}'' This shrine is the old starting point of the ascent of the main hill. This is the point where the ''Phālguṇa Pherī'' comes to an end.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" />

=== ''Dhvajā Mahotsava'' ===
It is a generic name given to various observances and celebrations at different Jain temples. It refers to the changing of the flag that is hoisted at the top of a Jain temple's ''śikhara'' (topmost part of the structure) and is celebrated annually at every Jain temple. A common ritual is followed wherein the devotees bid to get a chance of changing the flag. The highest bidder performs devotional ''puja'' according to a ritual described in the scriptures and changes the ''dhvaj'' (flag) hoisted on the ''śikhara'' every year throughout lifetime passed on generation after generation. Every Jain temple has a different day for the ceremony and it is celebrated on the said temple's anniversary. A ''svāmi-vātsalya'' (community lunch) is organized as part of the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Deepratnasagar |title=Dhwaja Pujani Vidhi ane Samagri |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/249716/1 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Arvind K |title=Adhar Abhishek evam Dhwajaropan Vidhi |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/004230/1 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

=== ''Akshaya Tritiya'' ===
{{main|Akshaya Tritiya#Jain tradition}}
In [[Jainism]], [[Akshaya Tritiya]] is an important festival as it commemorates the first [[Tirthankara]], [[Rishabhanatha]], ending his 400-day-long fast by consuming sugarcane juice poured into his cupped hands. Śvetāmbara Jains perform a similar fast (but consume food on alternate days) that lasts 400 days. This practice is popularly known as ''Varshitapa''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash ‘Babloo’ |first=Dr Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIdCEAAAQBAJ&dq=varshitap&pg=PA232 |title=Indian Philosophy and Religion |date=2021-09-11 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en}}</ref> [[Rishabhanatha]] renounced worldly pleasures and turned into a monk. Thereafter, he fasted for 400 days. He did not accept food from lay followers as every time he was given food, it was not 'free of faults' as it should be for a Jain monk to accept. The 42 faults that food given to a Jain monk may have are discussed at length in the ancient Śvetāmbara text [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Âkârâṅga Sûtra: Book II, Lecture 1, Lesson 1 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2247.htm#page_88 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

== ''Sthanakvasi'' and ''Terapanthi'' (Aniconic) Traditions ==
[[File:Tirthapata.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tirth Pat]] on display at [[Prince of Wales museum]], Mumbai]]A minority of the Śvetāmbaras are split into other traditions where either Jain temples and halls are built but ''puja'' is a minor practice, or where all construction and use of temples, images and idols is actively discouraged and avoided. These sub-traditions began around 14th-century through 18th-century and are not considered authentic by any of the major Śvetāmbara monks and scriptures.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=20–22}}

A layman who opposed devotional temples, images and idols was Lonka Shah (c. 1476 CE) who is responsible for starting the [[Sthānakavāsī]] sub-tradition. [[Acharya Bhikshu|Bhikshu]] was initiated as a [[Sthānakavāsī]] monk, but he believed that their teachings were inappropriate. As a result, he started the [[Śvetāmbara Terapanth|Terapanth]] sub-tradition after criticizing the [[Sthanakvasi]] sub-tradition's beliefs.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=254}}{{sfn|Narendra Singh|2001|p=5184}} Early colonial era observers and some early 20th-century Jain writers such as Malvaniya hypothesized that this movement against idol worship may be the impact of Islam on Jainism, but later scholarship states that the sub-traditions arose from an internal dispute and debate on the principle [[Ahimsa]] (non-violence).{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=20–22}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=246–249}} The newer sub-traditions only accept 32 of the 45 scriptures of the original Śvetāmbara canon. In the 32 they have accepted, several parts have been modified and major sections of their canon is different from the original canon as followed by the oldest sect of the ''murtipujakas''.{{sfn|Narendra Singh|2001|p=5184}}

These sub-traditions are not recognized by the original Śvetāmbara sect of the idol-worshippers (''murtipujakas''), who consider that they were created as a result of a grave misinterpretation of canonical scriptures.{{sfn|Vallely|2002|p=59}} The ''murtipujaka'' Śvetāmbaras do not allow laypersons to read scriptures as a misinterpretation of the canon is considered to be a grave sin. The later sub-traditions have made their canon openly accessible. Both the newer sub-traditions have various sub-traditions within them that do not agree on several aspects of the canon due to an open access to their canon and eventual misinterpretation.{{sfn|Shashi|1996|p=945}}

== Shri Jain Shwetambar Conference ==
The '''Shri Jain Shwetambar Conference''' (Gujarati: શ્રી જૈન શ્વેતાંબર પરિષદ), formally established in 1902, was a prominent community reform and cultural organization within the Shwetambar [[Murtipujak]] sect of Jainism. It emerged during a period of social and religious ferment in late 19th-century India, influenced by wider reform movements and a desire among Jains to organize for collective upliftment.<ref name="makatai">Makatai, Nagkumar (1960). ''Shri Jain Shwetambar Conferenceno Itihas'' (Gujarati). Shri Jain Shwetambar Conference Publication.</ref><ref name="cort2001">Cort, John E. (2001). ''Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India''. Oxford University Press.</ref>

=== Origins and Formation (1893–1902) ===
The idea of a conference began as early as 1893 under the influence of Jain reformer and monk Acharya [[Vijayanandsuri]] (also known as Atmaramji), with support from lay leaders such as Gulabchandji Dhaddha and Kunwarji Anandji. The first informal gathering occurred in Ahmedabad that year, but disagreements postponed formalization. A decade later, in 1902, the first official session was held in Phalodi, Rajasthan, marking the institutional founding of the Conference.<ref name="makatai" /><ref name="cort2002">Cort, John E. (2002). “Conferences Inspired Reforms,” ''Jain Spirit'', Issue 12.</ref>

=== Objectives and Scope ===
The Conference aimed to modernize Jain society while maintaining core religious practices. Its goals included promoting education (particularly among youth and women), restoring temples and pilgrimage sites, reviving ancient Jain scriptures (Granthaoddhar), discouraging harmful social customs such as child marriage and extravagant feasts, and preserving image-worship traditions central to the Murtipujak sect.<ref name="makatai" /><ref name="jainspirit">"Jainism Enters the Modern Age." Jainworld. https://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/jainism-enters-the-modern-age/</ref>

=== Activities and Milestones ===
From 1902 to the 1950s, the Conference convened large annual or biennial sessions in cities such as Mumbai, Baroda, Patan, and Bhavnagar. Notable resolutions included:
* Promotion of vernacular education and Jain philosophy
* Advocacy for temple restoration (Tirtha Raksha) and manuscript preservation
* Ethical reforms including discouragement of dowry, polygamy, and wasteful rituals
* Campaigns to protect sacred sites like Mount Shatrunjaya and Dilwara temples

The 9th Conference in Sujangadh (1915) is particularly noted for passing 15 resolutions on social reform, education, animal welfare, and temple management.<ref name="cort2001" /><ref name="cort2002" />

The Conference also ran the monthly English-language ''Jain Shwetambar Conference Herald'' and later the ''Jain Yug'' journal, documenting its proceedings and scholarly discourse.<ref name="makatai" /><ref name="jainyug">Jain Yug Magazine Archives (1930s–1950s). Jain Library. https://jainelibrary.org</ref>

=== Institutional Impact ===
The Conference played a pivotal role in the creation and support of:
* Jain education boards and gurukuls
* Religious libraries and hostels (e.g., Mahavir Jain Vidyalayas)
* Temple trusts and reform committees
* Women's and youth divisions within the community

By modeling democratic and organized lay leadership, it helped modernize Jain civil society.<ref name="cort2001" />

==Differences with Digambaras==
Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts, Digambaras and Śvetāmbara differ in other significant ways such as:

Śvetāmbaras believe that Parshvanatha, the 23rd [[tirthankara]], taught only Four restraints (a claim, scholars say is confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jain monastic life). Mahāvīra taught Five vows.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=211}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=5}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=31–33}} The Digambara sect disagrees with the Śvetāmbara interpretations,{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=27–28}} and reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra's teachings.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=5}} However, Digambaras as well as Śvetāmbaras follow Five vows as taught by [[Mahavira]]. The difference is only that Śvetāmbaras believe [[Parshvanatha]] taught one vow less (the Four vows except [[Brahmacharya]]) than [[Mahavira]]. However, monks of Śvetāmbara sect also follow all 5 vows as stated in the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Contents |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2201.htm |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
* Digambaras believe that both Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra remained unmarried, whereas Śvetāmbara believe the 23rd and 24th tirthankar did indeed marry. According to the Śvetāmbara version, Parshvanāth married Prabhavati,{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=12}} and Mahāvīraswāmi married Yashoda who bore him a daughter named Priyadarshana.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=73–74}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} The two sects also differ on the origin of [[Trishala]], Mahāvīra's mother,{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=73–74}} as well as the details of Tirthankara's biographies such as how many auspicious dreams their mothers had when they were in the wombs.Digambaras believe it is 16 dreams while Śvetāmbaras believe it is 14.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=17}}
* Śvetāmbaras have a more comprehensive set of scriptures as they have a canon with extensive information, supported by the non-canonical literature. Digambara literature is much lesser in volume and their scriptures are more recent than those of the Śvetāmbaras.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Jain Agama Literature |url=https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/agamas.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.cs.colostate.edu}}</ref>
* Śvetāmbara believe that the Jain canon is still preserved, whereas Digambaras believe it was lost about 200 years after Mahāvīra's nirvana.<ref name=":15" /> Śvetāmbaras also have a richer non-canonical literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Knowledge and Stavan Collecting |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27131/chapter-abstract/196515195?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>
* Digambara believe Rishabha, [[Vasupujya]] and [[Neminatha]] were the three ''tirthankaras'' who reached omniscience while in sitting posture and other tirthankaras were in standing ascetic posture. In contrast, Śvetāmbaras believe it was Rishabha, Nemi and Mahāvīra who were the three in sitting posture.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=79–80}}
* According to Śvetāmbara Jain texts, since [[Rishabhanatha|Rishabhanatha's]] time, till date, its monastic community has had more ''sadhvis'' than ''sadhus'' (female than male mendicants). In ''[[Tapa Gaccha|Tapa Gacch]]'' of the modern era, the ratio of ''sadhvis'' to ''sadhus'' (nuns to monks) is about 3.5 to 1.{{sfn|Cort|2001a|p=47}} In contrast to Śvetāmbara, the Digambara sect monastic community has been predominantly male.{{sfn|Flügel|2006|pp=314–331, 353–361}}
* In the Digambara tradition, a male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve his soul's liberation from rebirths through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in the Digambara sect of Jainism.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=36–37}}{{sfn|Harvey|2016|pp=182–183}} The Śvetāmbaras strictly disagree with the Digambaras, believing that women can also achieve liberation from ''[[saṃsāra]]'' through ascetic practices.{{sfn|Harvey|2016|pp=182–183}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=55–59}}
* The Śvetāmbaras state the 19th Tirthankara [[Māllīnātha]] was female.{{sfn|Vallely|2002|p=15}} However, Digambara reject this, and worship Mallinatha as a male.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=56}}

==See also==
* [[Tirth Pat]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2001a |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 }}
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* {{citation |last=Flügel |first=Peter |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |url={{Google books|CIgqBgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Harvey |first=Graham |title=Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices |url={{Google books|wrTsCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-93690-8 }}
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==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Śvetāmbara}}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Svetambara}}
[[Category:Śvetāmbara| ]]
[[Category:Schools of Jainism]]

Madurai–Chandigarh Express

2025-12-26T14:02:45Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Adding...

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Madurai-Chandigarh Superfast Express
| image = Chd madurai sf.jpg
| caption = Madurai-Chandigarh Superfast Express At [[Mathura Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2003|10|30}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| formeroperator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Madurai}} (MDU)
| stops = 29
| end = {{stnlnk|Chandigarh}} (CDG)
| distance = {{convert|3075|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 51 hrs 50 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly.
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 20493 / 20494
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Madurai - Dehradun) Express route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20493 / 20494 '''Madurai–Chandigarh Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of [[Indian Railways]] – [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] and {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}} in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]], India. The slip coaches to [[Dehradun]] was permanently discontinued with effect from 11 July 2021.

It operates as train number 20493 from Madurai Junction to Chandigarh Junction and as train number 20494 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

It previously ran only up to {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}} being recently extended to Madurai Junction. It carried slip coaches to Dehradun. But after July 11 2021, the slip coaches to Dehradun was permanently discontinued and it runs as a single train to Chandigarh from Madurai Junction, with revised coach position.

The train then changed its number from 12687/12688 to 20493/20494 in September 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abhijay |first= |title=Renumbering of train - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/6065332 |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==History==

It was first introduced as a Bi-Weekly Superfast Express between [[Chennai Central]] to Chandigarh and slip coaches to [[Dehradun]] as Chennai–Dehradun Link Express.

Later in 2014, it was extended up to Madurai Junction and ran as Madurai Junction–Chandigarh / Dehradun Link Superfast Express. After July 11, 2021, the slip coaches to Dehradun were discontinued and it runs as a single train to Chandigarh without Dehradun Link Express coaches. Therefore, at present it runs as Madurai Junction–Chandigarh Bi-Weekly Superfast Express. Also it was diverted to run via, [[Perambur]] (Chennai), without touching Chennai Central since it has to take reversal done at Chennai Central. At present it takes reversal done only at [[Erode Junction]], it bypasses Chennai Central by without taking reversal. The coach position was also changed. After July 21, 2021, it will not carry AC First Class. It runs with AC Two Tier, AC Three, AC Three Economy, Pantry car,Sleeper class and General Unreserved.

==Coaches==

The 20493 / 94 Madurai–Chandigarh Superfast Express presently has,

* 1 AC Two Tier,
* 3 AC Three Tier,
* 3 AC Three Tier Economy,
* 9 Sleeper class,
* 1 Pantry car,
* 2 General Unreserved,
* 1 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake).

==Service==

The 20493 Madurai–Chandigarh Superfast Express covers the distance of 3074 kilometres in 51 hours 55 mins (60.34 km/h). It takes 53 hours 45 mins as 20494 Chandigarh–Madurai Express (58 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Route & halts==

The 20493 / 94 Madurai–Chandigarh Superfast Express runs from Madurai Junction via {{stnlnk|Dindigul Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Karur Junction}},{{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Perambur}}, [[Nayudupeta]], {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}, [[Warangal]], [[Balharshah]], [[Sewagram]], {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}, [[Itarsi Junction]], {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}, [[Agra Cantonment]], [[Faridabad]], {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}, [[Ghaziabad]], {{stnlnk|Meerut City Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharanpur Junction}}, [[Ambala Cantonment]] to Chandigarh.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction once at;
* {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}.

==Traction==
As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Madurai Junction to Chandigarh Junction and vice versa.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3605&id=0,4,268|title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal|publisher=nr.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Madurai-Dehradun-Express-to-run-from-May-15/articleshow/20021993.cms|title=Madurai-Dehradun Express to run from May 15|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.railnewscenter.com/2013/05/extension-of-dehradun-chandigarh.html|title=RAIL NEWS CENTER: EXTENSION OF DEHRADUN / CHANDIGARH – CHENNAI CENTRAL WEEKLY EXPRESS TO MADURAI|publisher=railnewscenter.com|accessdate=2014-05-30|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531142726/http://www.railnewscenter.com/2013/05/extension-of-dehradun-chandigarh.html|archivedate=31 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20140324/2362807.html|title=SR to increase frequency of Madurai-Dehradun/Chandigarh express|publisher=news.webindia123.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=11208|title=Live Chennai: Madurai—Chandigarh Express rescheduled|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=livechennai.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.indianrail.gov.in }}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madurai-Dehradun Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Trains from Dehradun]]

Amara Muzik

2025-11-24T04:20:49Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit:

{{Short description|Indian Music Company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Prose|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Amara Muzik
| logo = Amara Muzik Logo.png
| native_name = ଆମର ମ୍ୟୁଜିକ
| type = Private
| foundation =
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| genre = Various
| industry = [[Music]], Entertainment
| products = 
| parent =
| homepage = http://www.amaramuzik.in/
}}

'''Amara Muzik''' is a music label with rights to some of the latest top [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] music.

==History==
The company was founded in 2015 by Naveen Bhandari who now serves as the CEO, managing director of the company. It is headquartered at Chennai, India. In 2015 the company made their catalogue available worldwide through online digital stores including YouTube, iTunes, Apple Music, Deezer, Spotify, Google Play, Amazon Music, JioSaavn, Gaana etc. and on mVAS (WAP, IVR, RBT) across telecom operators.<ref name="mbctv">{{cite web|url=http://www.mbctv.co.in/index.php/movies/88-movies/9591-amara-muzik-launches-music-of-amaresh-pati-s-movie-hela-mate-prema-jara-hmpj|title=AMARA MUZIK LAUNCHES MUSIC OF AMARESH PATI'S MOVIE HELA MATE PREMA JARA (HMPJ)|publisher=mbctv.co.in/|access-date=2016-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410173301/http://www.mbctv.co.in/index.php/movies/88-movies/9591-amara-muzik-launches-music-of-amaresh-pati-s-movie-hela-mate-prema-jara-hmpj|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2016, Amara Muzik diversified its market in Bengal.

In 2016, Amara Muzik acquired the audio-video catalogue of Micro Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) for an undisclosed amount. The catalogue consists of 160 Odia songs acquired for a perpetual tenure.<ref name="mbc content acquisition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/labels/160509-naveen-bhandaris-amara-muzik-acquires-micro-films-odiy|title=Naveen Bhandari's Amara Muzik acquires Micro Films' Odiya library|website=www.radioandmusic.com}}</ref>

In April 2016, Amara Muzik launched the music of one of the most anticipated Odia Movie Agastya.<ref name="orissapost">{{cite web|url=http://www.odishanews360.com/Odisha/details?mallId=3&jobId=5153&type=ENTERTAINMENT|title='Agastya' Music Promises To Lilt, Ananya Lends Voice|publisher=odishanews360.com/|accessdate=2016-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602225830/http://www.odishanews360.com/Odisha/details?mallId=3&jobId=5153&type=ENTERTAINMENT|archive-date=2 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 2017, Amara Muzik Odia channel crosses a milestone of 1,00,000 subscribers on YouTube, the popular video-sharing website.<ref name="http://orissadiary.com">{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/amara-muzik-crosses-1-lakh-subscribers-47-mn-views-youtube/|title=Amara Muzik crosses 1 Lakh subscribers & 47 Mn Views on Youtube|work=orissadiary.com//|accessdate=2017-09-23|date=23 September 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, Amara Muzik forayed into 2 other regional languages - Chhattisgarhi and Rajasthani. They also started acquiring and promoting Bengali shortfilms.

In 2018, Amara Muzik expanded into a production wing for producing movies in Odia and Chhattisgarhi languages and named it Amara Studios. Amara Studios has announced 6 movies both in Odia and Chhattisgarhi.

In 2021, Amara Muzik started acquiring content in the Gujarati space with the likes of Gaman Santhal, Jignesh Barot, Rohit Thakor and more.

==Short films released by Amara Muzik==
Following are the list of notable Short Films by Amara Muzik.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Short Film !! Language
|-
| 2017 || ''Entho'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''Marichika'' || Odia
|-
| 2017 || ''Charitra'' || Odia
|-
| 2018 || ''Baalir Niche Jawler Shabda'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''Goolaam'' || Odia
|-
| 2017 || ''Who'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''Bastur Khoje'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''Katakuti'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''Mela - The Fair'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''Baanshiwala'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''The Feelmaker'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''Hothat Dekha'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''EYELINER'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''Oasis'' || Bengali
|-
| 2017 || ''The Forlorn'' || Bengali
|}

==Music albums released by Amara Muzik==
Following are the list of notable music albums by Amara Muzik.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ODIA
!YEAR
!ALBUM
|-
|2018
|''Lemme Fall for you''
|-
|2018
|''Sawariya''
|-
|2018
|''[[Dil Se (2018 film)|Dil Se]]''
|-
|2018
|'' Janena Ki Tu Mo Valentine 2 ''
|-
|2019
|''Barajatia Rum''
|-
|2019
|''Jete Thara Dekhile Bi Tate''
|-
|2018
|''To Prema Mo Duniya''
|-
|2018
|''Love Fever''
|-
|2018
|''Deewana Heli toh pain''
|-
|2019
|''Awara Dil''
|-
|2018
|''Sufiyana''
|-
|2018
|''Baap Ka Maal''
|-
|2018
|''Prema Rutu''
|-
|2018
|''Mana Pakhi''
|-
|2019
|'' O Re Priya''
|-
|2018
|''Twins''
|-
|2018
|''Hai Re''
|-
|2018
|''Hrudaya Ra Sunyata''
|-
|2018
|''Ae Desha Ama Maa''
|-
|2019
|''Mo bhai Ku Nei Aa''
|-
|2018
|''Stupid Love''
|-
|2018
|''Om Gan Ganapataye Namah''
|-
|2018
|''Ranjhana''
|-
|2018
|''Happy Birthday Beauty Queen''
|-
|2018
|''Satare Nahele Nahin''
|-
|2018
|''Tu Pheri Aa''
|-
|2018
|'' Prathama Prema ''
|-
|2018
|'' Dheere Dheere ''
|-
|2018
|'' Toh Nirabata ''
|-
|2018
|''Tu Pheri Aa''
|-
|2018
|'' O Balma''
|-
|2018
|''i'm in Love''
|-
|2018
|''Jenni''
|-
|2018
|''Jharaka Sepate Barsha''
|-
|2018
|'' Re Parichaya''
|-
|2018
|''Maa''
|-
|2018
|''Tu Pheri Aa''
|-
|2018
|''Ishqiyan''
|-
|2018
|''Tu Pheri Aa''
|-
|2018
|''Lemme Fall For You''
|-
|2018
|''Happy Birthday Bhaijaan''
|-
|2018
|''Jaana Jaana''
|-
|2018
|''DreamGirl''
|-
|2017
|''Tuma Otha tale''
|-
|2017
|''Premagrantha''
|-
|2017
|''Soniye''
|-
|2017
|''Nirabata''
|-
|2017
|''Me Before you''
|-
|2017
|'' Toh Bina''
|-
|2017
|''Toh Ishq Re''
|-
|2017
|'' Aaashiqui ''
|-
|2017
|'' MUSAFIR''
|-
|2017
|''Patajhara''
|-
|2017
|''Saathiya''
|-
|2017
|''Nagei De Bhoga''
|-
|2017
|''Toh Rakhi''
|-
|2017
|''Kalia Balia Mo Dui Bhai''
|-
|2017
|''Manimaa by ASHA BHOSLE''
|-
|2017
|''Last Summer''
|-
|2017
|''[[Deewana Deewani]]''
|-
|2017
|''The BB Song''
|-
|2017
|''Saajna''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+HINDI
!Year
!Album
|-
|2018
|''Aao Na''
|-
|2017
|''Freedom at 70 ( Sare Jahan Se Accha)''
|-
|2017
|''Tere Liya Zindagi''
|-
|2017
|''Musafir''
|-
|2017
|''Pyaar Ke Pal''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+BENGALI
!YEAR
!ALBUM
|-
|2019
|''Tomar Kothay''
|-
|2018
|''Dil ki doya''
|-
|2018
|''Abhimani''
|-
|2018
|'' Klanto mon''
|-
|2018
|'' Cholo dekha hok ''
|-
|2018
|''Jaak Shob Chole Jaak''
|-
|2017
|''Maa Ashche''
|-
|2017
|''Maa Elo Re''
|-
|2017
|''Monkharaper Gaan''
|-
|2017
|''Ekta Chithi Tor''
|-
|2017
|''KEU PRASHNO TOLENI''
|-
|2017
|''Mehul''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+GUJARATI
!YEAR
!ALBUM
|-
|2021
|Pan Tame Kya Khovai Gaya
|-
|2021
|Matlabi
|-
|2021
|Kyarek To Mane Yaad Re Karo
|-
|2021
|Tu Mari Na Thai Hu Taro Na Thayo
|-
|2021
|Tari Yaadmaa Zindagi Jaavani
|}

==Film music released by Amara Muzik==

Following are the list of notable music albums released by Amara Muzik.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Language
|-
|''Uraan''|| Bengali
|-
|''O Bondhu Amar''|| Bengali
|-
|''Drishyantar''|| Bengali
|-
|''Reunion''|| Bengali
|-
|''Kuasha Jakhon''|| Bengali
|-
|''Flat No 609''|| Bengali
|-
|''Happy Pill''|| Bengali
|-
|''E Tumi Kemon Tumi''|| Bengali
|-
|''Ka Kha Ga Gha''|| Bengali
|-
|''Maahiya''|| Bengali
|-
|''Hariye Jawa''|| Bengali
|-
|''Popcorn''|| Bengali
|-
|''[[Comrade (2017 film)|Comrade]]''|| Bengali
|-
|''Chitrokar''|| Bengali
|-
|''[[Michael (Bengali film)|Michael]]''|| Bengali
|-
|''Curzon Er Kalom''|| Bengali
|-
|''Adhunik''|| Bengali
|-
|''Barandab''|| Bengali
|-
|''Guhamanab''|| Bengali
|-
|''Bhalobashar Bari''|| Bengali
|-
|''[[Bilu Rakkhosh]]''|| Bengali
|-
|''Kichu Na Bola Kotha''|| Bengali
|-
|''K: Secret Eye''|| Bengali
|-
|''Arani Takhon''|| Bengali
|-
|''[[Durga Sohay]]''|| Bengali
|-
|''Meher Aali''|| Bengali
|-
|''Poran Bondhu Re''|| Bengali
|-
|''MandoBasar Galpo''|| Bengali
|-
|''The Oasis''|| Bengali
|-
|''The Forlorn''|| Bengali
|-
|''[[Ei To Jeebon]]''|| Bengali
|-
|''Aroni Takhon''|| Bengali
|-
|''[[Kuheli]]''|| Bengali
|-
|''Ludo''|| Bengali
|-
|''Antarleen''|| Bengali
|-
|''[[Romantic Noy]]''|| Bengali
|-
|''TEENANKO''||Bengali
|-
|''Hothat Dekha''||Bengali
|-
|''[[Kiriti O Kalo Bhromor]]''||Bengali
|-
|''Potadar Kirtee''||Bengali
|-
|''Mister Bhaduri''||Bengali
|-
|''VIRUS''||Bengali
|-
|''[[Shaheb Bibi Golaam]]''||Bengali
|-
|''[[Praktan]]''||Bengali
|-
|''[[Bastu-Shaap]]''||Bengali
|-
|''Jenana''||Bengali
|-
|''Neerajanam''||Telugu
|-
|''Pehla Adhi Akshar''||Gujarati
|-
|''Prem ke Bandhna''||Chhattisgarhi
|-
|''Dhartiput''||Chhattisgarhi
|-
|''Kariya Mahadev''||Chhattisgarhi
|-
|''36garh Ke Handsome''||Chhattisgarhi
|-
|''Nag Aau Arjun''||Chhattisgarhi
|-
|''Raju Dilwala''||Chhattisgarhi
|-
|''Aashiq Maya Wale''||Chattissgarhi
|-
|''Teen Than Bhokwa''||Chattissgarhi
|-
|''Mayaru Ganga''||Chattissgarhi
|-
|''Mister Tetku Ram''
|Chattissgarhi
|-
|''Lagan Mora Sajan Se''||Chattissgarhi
|-
|''Raja Chhatisgarhiya 2''||Chhattisgarhi
|-
|''Krishna''||Odia
|-
|''[[Rahasya]]''||Odia
|-
|''[[Dil Se (2018 film)|Dil Se]]''||Odia
|-
|''Mu Khanti Odia Jhia''||Odia
|-
|''Badmash Toka''
|Odia
|-
|''[[Kabula Barabula]] Searching Laila''
|Odia
|-
|''Tike Khara Tike Chhai''
|Odia
|-
|''Chaai Pari Rahithibi''
|Odia
|-
|''Sita Rama Nka Bahaghara Kali Jugare''
|Odia
|-
|''The End''
|Odia
|-
|''Mana Mora Jajabara''
|Odia
|-
|''Mu Bhabuchi Kichhi''
|Odia
|-
|''Gunda''
|Odia
|-
|''Balighara''
|Odia
|-
|''[[Baby (2016 film)|Bay]]''||Odia
|-
|''Sweet Heart''||Odia
|-
|''[[Bye Bye Dubai]]''||Odia
|-
|''Revenge''||Odia
|-
|''[[Agastya (film)|Agastya]]''||Odia
|-
|''Zabardast Premika''||Odia
|-
|''Hela Mate Prema Jara''||Odia
|-
|''Gote Suaa Gote Sari''||Odia
|-
|''[[Tu Kahibu Na Mu]]''||Odia
|-
|''Ashique''||Odia
|-
|''Jouthi Tu Seithi Mu''||Odia
|-
|''Kehi Nuhen Kahara''||Odia
|-
|''Lekhichhi Naa Tora''||Odia
|-
|''[[Love You Hamesha]]''||Odia
|-
|''[[Maya (Odia filn)|Maya]]''||Odia
|-
|''[[God Father (2017 film)|God Father]]''||Odia
|-
|''Mo Dil Kahe Illu Illu''||Odia
|-
|''To Sathe Bandha Mo Jibana Dori''||Odia
|-
|''Tume Thile Sathire''||Odia
|-
|''Ashok Samrat''||Odia
|-
|''Khei Jane Bhala Lage Re''||Odia
|-
|''Salam Cinema''||Odia
|-
|''Panchamurta''||Odia
|-
|''Sapatha''||Odia
|-
|''Thookol''||Odia
|-
|''Gud Boy''||Odia
|-
|''Matric Fail''||Odia
|-
|''[[Idiot: I Do Ishq Only Tumse|Idiot]]''||Odia
|-
|''Rangeela Toka''||Odia
|-
|''Jaggu Autowallah''||Odia
|-
|''[[Sala Budha]]''||Odia
|-
|''Bandhan''||Odia
|-
|''Mu Premi Mu Pagal''||Odia
|-
|''[[Balunga Toka]]''||Odia
|-
|''Kichi Khata Kichi Mitha''||Odia
|-
|''Loafer''||Odia
|-
|''Daibee Krupa''||Odia
|-
|''[[Jai Jagannatha]]''||Odia
|-
|''Talophotoka''||Odia
|-
|''Hey Baba Saburi Mallik Tume''||Odia
|-
|''Nimdaru''||Odia
|-
|''Khare Kalia''||Odia
|-
|''Chandan Chhita''||Odia
|-
|''I'm Mad For You''||Odia
|-
|''Adim Vichar''||Odia
|-
|''[[Sahara Jaluchi]]''||Odia
|-
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/AmaraMuzik/ Facebook]
* [https://twitter.com/amaramuzik Twitter]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian record labels]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Sameer Gehlaut

2025-11-21T05:07:19Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: further correct references and added references

{{short description|Indian businessman (born 1974)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Gehlaut
| birth_name = Sameer Gehlaut
|image =File:Chairman web1.jpg
|caption = Gehlaut in 2015
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|03|3|df=y}}
| citizenship = Indian
| education = Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]
| occupation = Chairman and Founder of [[Indiabulls|Indiabulls Group]]
| spouse = Divya S Gehlaut
| children = 2
}}

'''Sameer Gehlaut''' (born 3 March 1974) is an Indian businessman. He is the founder and chairman of the [[Indiabulls Group]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sameer-gehlaut/#284c1fb78234|title=Forbes List - Sameer Gehlaut & family|work=[[Forbes]]|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/forbes-billionaires-list-2017-here-are-the-10-youngest-billionaires-in-india-4839966/|title=Forbes Billionaires List 2017: Here are the 10 youngest billionaires in India|website=The Business News, [[The Indian Express]]|date=12 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/meet-6-youngest-self-made-192102920.html|title=Meet the 6 youngest self-made Indian billionaires under 50|website=[[Yahoo! Finance]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Sameer-Gehlaut_WDNK.html|title=The World's Billionaires - Sameer Gehlaut|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> a financial services conglomerate.

== Early life and education ==
Gehlaut was born in Rohtak, Haryana, on 3 March 1974.<ref name=":0" /> His mother [[Krishna Gahlawat]] is a politician, who was part of the [[Haryana Vikas Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]], before joining the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2014.<ref name="newsclick">{{cite news |last1=Guha Thakurta |first1=Paranjoy |title=The Maze of Political Links of Indiabull’s Sameer Gehlaut |url=https://www.newsclick.in/The-Maze-of-Political-Links-of-Indiabull-Sameer-Gehlaut |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=NewsClick |date=30 September 2019}}</ref>

Gehlaut graduated in mechanical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology]], New Delhi in 1995.

== Career ==
===Indiabulls===
In 1999, Gehlaut co-founded Indiabulls as an online stock brokerage, starting operations from a small office in Delhi with two college friends from [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-09-12 |title=Three Indians among Forbes Web Billionaires |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/three-indians-among-forbes-web-billionaires/articleshow/3475730.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/in-this-issue/the-rs-29,000crore-surprise/story/664.html|title=The Rs 29,000-crore surprise|website=[[Business Today (India)]]|date=4 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name="mna"/> In September 2004, Indiabulls Financial Services had its [[initial public offering]].<ref name="mna"/> In 2005, Indiabulls acquired defunct mill properties in Central Mumbai (Jupiter Mills and Elphinstone Mills), which led to the creation of Indiabulls Real Estate (IBREL). It operated commercial and residential projects in Mumbai, Delhi and London.<ref name="mna">{{Cite web |last=M & A Critique |date=2015-12-08 |title=Zeal to Excel : Sameer Gehlaut {{!}} Indiabulls Group {{!}} M&A Critique |url=https://mnacritique.mergersindia.com/zeal-to-excel-sameer-gehlaut/#:~:text=Building%20on%20real%20estate%20business) |access-date=2025-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/Indiabulls%20Housing%20Finance%20Limited_April_09_2019_RR.html|title=Rating Rationale - Indiabulls Housing Finance Limited|website=[[CRISIL]]}}</ref> Indiabulls set up power generation projects in the late 2000s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-09-12 |title=Three Indians among Forbes Web Billionaires |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/three-indians-among-forbes-web-billionaires/articleshow/3475730.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=Gehlaut%20had%20started%20an%20online,power%20sector,%20the%20magazine%20stated |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2014, the Indiabulls Group was split between the three co-founders, with Gehlaut retaining control of Indiabulls Housing Finance, Indiabulls Real Estate, Indiabulls Securities and Indiabulls Wholesale Services.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indiabulls' three promoters split Rs 8.8k cr group |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiabulls-three-promoters-split-rs-8-8k-cr-group/articleshow/38096408.cms |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=10 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Raghavendra |title=Indiabulls promoters split empire |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indiabulls-promoters-split-empire-114070900745_1.html |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=10 July 2024}}</ref>

In 2016, Gehlaut was named in the [[Panama Papers]]; an ''[[Indian Express]]'' report alleged that Gehlaut had acquired real estate properties in London through a chain of family-owned offshore entities without requisite public disclosures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazoomdaar |first1=Jay |title=Paying for real estate deals: Karnal to London via Bahamas, the route Indiabulls promoter took |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/panama-papers-panama-papers-india-indiabulls-indiabulls-realty-groups-paying-for-real-estate-deals-karnal-to-london-via-bahamas-the-route-indiabulls-promoter-took/ |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Gehlaut said he had paid all taxes and made full disclosures.<ref name=ToIno>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Panama-Papers-DLFApollo-TyresIndiaBulls-deny-violating-laws/articleshow/51686591.cms |title=Panama Papers: DLF, Apollo Tyres, IndiaBulls deny violating laws |date=April 4, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2016 |newspaper=Times of India |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411140135/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Panama-Papers-DLFApollo-TyresIndiaBulls-deny-violating-laws/articleshow/51686591.cms |archive-date=April 11, 2016 }}</ref>

Gehlaut resigned from the board of Indiabulls Real Estate in October 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Sameer Gehlaut resigns as non-executive chairman of Indiabulls Real Estate |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/sameer-gehlaut-resigns-as-non-executive-chairman-of-indiabulls-real-estate-7584051.html |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=Moneycontrol |date=14 October 2021}}</ref> and the board of Indiabulls Housing Finance in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nahar |first1=Pawan |title=Indiabulls Housing rallies 13% on Sameer Gehlaut's resignation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indiabulls-housing-rallies-13-on-sameer-gehlauts-resignation/articleshow/90216949.cms |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=15 March 2022}}</ref> Gehlaut exited Indiabulls Housing Finance by selling his remaining stake in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indiabulls' Gehlaut to exit flagship housing finance company |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiabulls-gehlaut-to-exit-flagship-housing-finance-company/articleshow/102220581.cms |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

===Clivedale===
In November 2019, Gehlaut was named in a ''[[quid pro quo]]'' loan case, along with [[Yes Bank]]'s [[Rana Kapoor]] family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhara |first1=Tushar |title=New affidavit in Indiabulls case accuses Yes Bank of dubious loans of thousands of crores |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/business/new-affidavit-indiabulls-case-accuses-yes-bank-dubious-loans-thousands-crores |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=The Caravan |date=25 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In March 2020, days after he left for [[London]], the [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued a [[summons]] to Gehlaut in relation to the case; Gehlaut said he was unable to join the investigation citing the [[COVID-19 lockdown]].<ref name="london">{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Pradeep |title=Indiabulls boss in UK, says can’t join ED probe due to flight bar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiabulls-boss-in-uk-says-cant-join-ed-probe-due-to-flight-bar/articleshow/74701679.cms |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

Since March 2020, Gehlaut has been based in [[London]],<ref name="london"/> where he has invested in multiple high-end real estate projects through his [[family office]] called Clivedale.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Neville |first1=Matthew |title=Entrepreneur pouring millions into London's “world-class” property market |url=https://bdaily.co.uk/articles/2022/09/23/entrepreneur-pouring-millions-into-londons-world-class-property-market |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=Bdaily Business News |date=23 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Moffitt |first1=Will |title=Indian impact |url=https://mayfairtimes.co.uk/2023/11/indian-impact/ |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=Mayfair Times |date=5 November 2023}}</ref> [[Moneycontrol]] reported in November 2025 that Clivedale is a [[fintech]] company which claimed to have [[Pound sterling|£]]2.5 billion in retail deposits.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burugula |first1=Pavan |title=Explained: Who is Sameer Gehlaut and what is the Sammaan Capital case about? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/explained-who-is-sameer-gehlaut-and-what-is-the-sammaan-capital-case-about-13688592.html |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=Moneycontrol |date=20 November 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gehlaut is married to Divya S Gehlaut,<ref name=":0" /> the daughter of politician Sumita Singh, a former two-term Congress [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Karnal Assembly constituency|Karnal, Haryana]].<ref name="newsclick"/>

Gehlaut's brother Narendra Gehlaut is married to politician [[Jyoti Mirdha]], a former Congress [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] from [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur, Rajasthan]].<ref name="newsclick"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gehlaut, Sameer}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:People named in the Panama Papers]]

Irene Barros

2025-11-16T01:15:36Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new new data

{{Short description|Indian politician (1930–2021)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Irene Barros
| birth_date = 12 November 1929
| birth_place = [[Cuncolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]],
| death_date = 22 August 2021
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], Bambolim, Goa, India
| burial_place = Betalbatim, Goa, India
| education = B.A.
| occupation = Politician
| title = President of [[Indian National Congress]]-Goa
| term = 1980–1982
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| movement = [[1967 Goa status referendum]]
| known for = First woman [[sarpanch]] in Goa
| spouse = Leo Barros
}}

'''Irene Lourenço e Barros''' was an Indian politician, [[Indian National Congress]] loyalist and pioneer for woman politicians from [[Goa]]. She was the first woman to be elected as a [[sarpanch]] of a village in the state of Goa, and the first and only woman to serve as president of the [[Indian National Congress]]-Goa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Goa's first woman sarpanch Irene Barros passes away|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goa%25E2%2580%2599s-first-woman-sarpanch-Irene-Barros-passes-away/179136|access-date=2022-02-08|website=oHeraldo}}</ref> According to the [[Congress party]] she was probably the first female sarpanch in India.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Personal life==
Born Maria Irene Lourenço, in 1930, to the Lourenço family of Bhiunsa-[[Cuncolim]] in the erstwhile [[Portuguese Goa]], she was the niece of [[Monsignor]]. Padre Agapito Lourenço, a prominent [[clergyman]] and educationalist, instrumental in setting up educational institutes in Cuncolim.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaz|first=J. Clement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&q=msgr%2520Agapito%2520lorenco&pg=PA113|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|date=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-619-2|language=en}}</ref>
She went on to study and complete her Bachelor of Arts undergraduate degree and after completion would marry into the Barros (a.k.a. de Barros) family of Betalbatim, originally the Barros family of Cansaulim as one branch moved to Betalbatim in the 18th century. Her husband was Dr. Leo Mackenson Barros, a medical doctor and the younger brother of Prof. José Simião Francisco Regis Barros who was born in Mombasa. Both were sons of Sr. Antonio Pedro Barros and Da. Maria Leticia Viegas (Assolnã).

==Political career==
Her husband Leo was a well known medical practitioner in his hometown as well the surrounding villages, hence Barros was already popular, and was known to help her neighborhood as many village locals were not educated at that time. With the invasion and [[annexation of Goa]] by India in December 1961, the [[panchayati raj]] system and elections were set up in Goa, and Barros decided to actively enter politics despite facing objections from friends as it was considered unbefitting for a woman to be involved in politics. She stood in Goa's first ever panchayat elections and proved to be a popular candidate.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Barros was unanimously chosen to head the council and was declared [[Sarpanch]], making her the 1st woman in Goa and possibly one such of [[India]] to hold a post of that rank. She is known to have even allowed the use of the anti-hall of the Barros manor as the makeshift office and village hall during the early years while the Barros family and other prominent townsfolk personally contributed to construct a building for the local government. She would go on to serve 3 terms (15years) as sarpanch and would often rely on her new family personal wealth to finance the development of the village.
She strongly supported the [[United Goans Party]] candidate in the Goa's 1st state [[legislative assembly]], her brother-in-law, Prof. José Barros's wife Dª.Filomena Rosita Antónia Inês Rodrigues first cousin, Dr.Maurillo Furtado from Varcá was one of the main leaders of the united Goans, who became the 1st [[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]] of [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=[Goanet] Goa's Renowned First M.L.A. Passes away.|url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/i16ughxr/goa-s-renowned-first-m-l-a-passes-away|access-date=2022-02-08|website=goanet.goanet.narkive.com}}</ref>
Her support for the party would come again, when she strongly voiced her support for the [[Goa Opinion Poll]] to be held, and strongly opposed the introduction of liquor laws by the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP Party]], stating that the culture of Goa that accepts women can drink was progressive (which was considered taboo in the rest of India).
After the success of the opinion poll in saving Goa's future, Barros worked for the strengthening of an almost nonexistent presence of the [[Indian National Congress]], and became closely associated with then prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] who appreciated her as a strong woman candidate.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Barros played a major role in bringing [[Indian National Congress|INC]] into power for the 1st time, which would remain in uninterrupted power for 15 years until internal split in the party. With Congress forming the government in 1980, Barros was soon nominated as president of [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]],<ref name=":0" /> with [[Pratapsingh Rane]] as [[Chief Minister of Goa]]. With the fall of [[Shashikala Kakodkar]], and simultaneous governments in the [[Lok sabha]] and Goa for the 1st time, many referred to Barros during her tenure as 'The most powerful woman in Goa'. Citing her inability to control infighting amongst the congress MLAs as well as her loss of local popularity and support, Barros was relieved of her post in 1982 by [[Sulochana Katkar]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Asoka Raina |date=9 October 2013 |title=Infighting in Goa Pradesh Congress(I) reaches awesome proportions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820715-infighting-in-goa-pradesh-congressi-reaches-awesome-proportions-771985-2013-10-09|access-date=2022-02-08|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Post-politics and death==
After being relieved as president, she served as Chairman of Goa Provedoria (Institute of Public Assistance) briefly. Much before her retirement much of the Barros family's wealth had been spent with her support for development and the fight over [[Goa Opinion Poll]], including her brother-in-law Prof. Jose Barros whose small time [[iron ore]] business was taken over by Chowgule Group in financial support of his cousin Dr. Maurillo Furtardo, who himself was forced to sell his successful medical clinic in [[Karachi]], to garner support against the Goa merger with Maharashtra, prompting him to refer to his comrades and himself as ''Martyr Politicians''.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

After her retirement she was often asked to head and speak in multiple women empowerment groups all over Goa well into her old age. She began to shy away from public life after she lost 2 of her daughters to [[breast cancer]]. She was diagnosed with [[COVID-19]] in April 2020 and was admitted at [[Goa Medical College]], but made a recovery and was discharged, but a while later, was admitted once again due to her deteriorating condition. She was shifted to the GMC ICU where special attention was given to her on request of the health minister [[Vishwajit Rane]], son of her colleague [[Pratapsingh Rane]]. She died on 22 August 2021, due to post-COVID complications of [[acute kidney failure]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=23 Aug 2021|title=Former state Cong prez Irene Barros passes away | Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/former-state-cong-prez-irene-barros-passes-away/articleshow/85548084.cms|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
Barros has been cited as an inspiration for all Goan women by [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee|GPCC]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barros, Irene}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]

Jhinjhak

2025-11-10T20:22:20Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: cleanup details and updated info based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhinjhak
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Jhinjhak Railway Station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Jhinjhak Railway Station]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5512803|79.7350681|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Lok Sabha constituency
| subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanpur Dehat district]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Rasulabad (Assembly constituency)|Rasulabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1916
| founder = British rule
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Sarojini Devi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 131
| population_total = 45000
| population_as_of = 2011 est.
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 209302
| area_code = 05114
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = '''[[List of RTO districts in India#UP.E2.80.94Uttar Pradesh|UP]]-77'''
| website = http://kanpurdehat.nic.in/
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Jhinjhak''' ({{IAST|Jhīñjhak}}) is a town and a [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal council]] in [[Kanpur Dehat district]], India. The town is situated on the Lower Ganges Canal and is approximately {{Convert|20|km|mi}} from the industrial city of [[Dibiyapur]].

==Name==
According to Paul Whalley, the name ''Jhīñjhak'' is derived from a [[reduplication|reduplicated]] form of ''jhān'' (a common variant of standard Hindi ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/झाड़ jhāṛ]'' ("bushes, undergrowth"; ultimately from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/झाट jhāṭa]''), with the [[pleonasm|pleonastic]] suffix ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-क -ka]'' at the end.<ref name="Whalley 1922">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Section 2: Suffixes |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1922 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=52–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|83-4}}

==History==
Jhinjhak [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] was founded on January 11, 1916, by the [[British Government]]. In 1972, its territory expanded to include the nearby villages "Turana" and "Tikan Gaon."<ref name="amarujala.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/secaned-nagar-plika-declare-in-kanpur-dehat-hindi-news|title = जिले की दूसरी नगर पालिका बनेगी झींझक}}</ref> In 2016, Jhinjhak gained the Nagar Palika Parishad, further expanding its territory to include nearby villages.<ref name="amarujala.com"/>

==Transport==
===Rail===
Jhinjhak is served by the [[Kanpur–Delhi section|Kanpur-Phaphund-Tundla Sub-section]], of [[Kanpur-Delhi section]]. Jhinjhak Railway Station is on the Delhi-Howrah rail route. It is a major station between Etawah and Kanpur central. It lies on the North Central railway zone. To the east, Ambiapur Station (10 km) is the nearest station. Going west, Parjani (5 km) is the next station. Kanpur Central Railway Station is the nearest major railway station.

Direct trains to [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]], [[Lucknow]], [[Allahabad]], [[Patna]], [[Etawah]], [[Dibiyapur]], [[Agra]], [[Delhi]], [[Hathras]] run from this railway station. [[Kanpur Central railway station]] is {{Convert|63|km|mi}} away from other railway stations that service major cities in the country.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Road===
Jhinjhak is 50 km from the town [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway|Agra-Lucknow's expressway]]. [[NH 19]] (previously, National Highway 2) is {{Convert|25|km|mi}} from the town. A road network connects the city to nearby cities including [[Dibiyapur]], [[Auraiya]], [[Kannauj]], and [[Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jhinjhak, Uttar Pradesh - road map and street view|url=https://www.maps-streetview.com/India/Jhinjhak/roadmap.php|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.maps-streetview.com}}</ref>

===Air===
Two nearest airports to Jhinjhak are [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport|Lucknow Airport]] and [[Kanpur Airport|Kanpur Chakeri Airport]]. Lucknow Airport services major cities within the country as well as several international destinations. Kanpur Chakeri Airport services strictly domestic destinations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jhinjhak, India on the map — exact time, time zone, airports nearby, population|url=https://lr.utc.city/982564|access-date=2021-05-24|website=lr.utc.city}}</ref>

==Places of worship==
* Akshayvat Akhaivar Temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/kanpur/special-story-on-akshayavat-temple-jhinjhak-kanpur-dehat-1282720/|title = पुणे के एक होटल से गायब हुआ विदेशी युवक | Foreign man, missing man, foreign man missing, Pune hotel|date = 6 January 2015}}</ref>
* Jai Mata Di Temple
* Shiva and Hanuman temple at Chota Chouraha
* Sati Maa temple, Basti

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Jhinjhak-75218.htm Jhinjhak] at India9.com

{{Kanpur Dehat district}}

* http://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/story-ramnath-kovind-was-born-in-kanpur-dehat-studied-in-kanpur-1145989.html

[[Category: Cities and towns in Kanpur Dehat district]]

{{KanpurDehat-geo-stub}}

Rashmi Singh

2025-11-06T11:38:50Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new basic biography basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Rashmi Singh
|background = non_performing_personnel
|birth_place = [[India]]
|occupation = [[Lyricist]]
}}
'''Rashmi Singh''' is an Indian [[lyricist]]. She received recognition for writing the lyrics of the song "[[Muskurane]]". She was awarded the "Best Lyricist" award for the song at the [[Filmfare awards]] thus becoming the first female lyricist to get the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete list of winners |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 February 2015 |accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> She was subsequently nominated in the category of the "Lyricist of the year in 2015" for her [[lyrics]] writing work in [[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]] by the [[Mirchi Music Awards]].<ref name="music">{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/ek-villain-citylights-and-happy-new-year-lead-nominations-mirchi-music-awards-150216|title=Ek Villan citylights and happy New year lead nominations for Mirchi music awards|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Apart from writing her own individual lyrics, she is also a member of lyrics writing duo [[Rashmi Virag]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Nominated Song
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center; background:#ddd; "| '''[[Mirchi Music Awards]]'''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| -
| rowspan=3 | ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]''
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
| rowspan=3 style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-27}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| rowspan=2 | "[[Muskurane]]"
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rashmi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]

{{Songwriter-stub}}
{{India-writer-stub}}

Lobha Garh

2025-11-02T00:27:13Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: Done...

{{short description|Medieval hill-fort traditionally counted among the ''52 garh'' of Garhwal, Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox military structure
| name = Lobha Garh
| native_name = लोहबा गढ़ / लोभा गढ़
| location = Garhwal region, present-day [[Uttarakhand]], India
| caption = Schematic location within the Garhwal Himalaya
| type = Hill-fort (''garh'')
| built = c. 11th–15th centuries (trad.)
| used = Medieval period
| materials = Stone and dry masonry (typical of Garhwal hill-forts)
| occupants = Local chieftains; later integrated into Garhwal Kingdom
}}

'''Lobha Garh''' (also spelled '''Lohba Garh''') is a medieval hill-fort site in the Garhwal Himalaya of present-day [[Uttarakhand]], India. It is traditionally included in the celebrated list of the ''baonī'' or "52 forts" from which the name ''Garh-wal'' (land of forts) derives.<ref name="Rawat2002">{{cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |title=Garhwal Himalaya: A Study in Historical Perspective |year=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173871368}}</ref><ref name="Rawat1989">{{cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |title=History of Garhwal, 1358–1947: An Erstwhile Kingdom in the Himalayas |year=1989 |publisher=Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788185182186}}</ref><ref name="Handa2002">{{cite book |last=Handa |first=Omacanda |title=History of Uttaranchal |year=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173871283}}</ref><ref name="Negi1994">{{cite book |last=Negi |first=Sharad Singh |title=Garhwal: The Land and People |year=1994 |publisher=Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788185182919}}</ref>

== Name and identification ==
The fort is variously rendered as '''Lobha Garh''', '''Lohba Garh''' or '''Lobhāgarh''' in English-language sources on Garhwal history and ethnography.<ref name="Rawat2002" /><ref name="Handa2002" /><ref name="Nature2007">{{cite book |editor-last=Pant |editor-first=Shiva |title=Nature, Culture and Society of Garhwal Himalaya |year=2007 |publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot |location=Almora}}</ref> Reference works and gazetteers discussing the Garhwal forts enumerate Lobha/Lohba among the minor strongholds (''garh/garhī'') associated with particular clans or lineages.<ref name="Atkinson1882">{{cite book |last=Atkinson |first=E. T. |title=The Himalayan Districts of the North-Western Provinces of India |volume=2 |year=1882 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad}}</ref><ref name="ImpGaz">{{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=15 |year=1908 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref>

== Historical context ==
From roughly the 11th to 15th centuries, fortified hamlets and ridge-top outworks dotted the Garhwal highlands. These forts guarded trans-Himalayan routes, river crossings, and grain-producing valleys; many were the seats of petty ''thākur'' chiefs before political unification under [[Ajay Pal]] (r. 14th century).<ref name="Rawat2002" /><ref name="Rawat1989" /><ref name="Rawat2021">{{cite journal |last=Rawat |first=Nagendra S. |title=Networked medieval strongholds in Garhwal Himalaya, India |journal=Antiquity |year=2021 |volume=95 |issue=383 |pages= |doi=10.15184/aqy.2021.21|doi-access=free }}</ref> Survey and archaeological literature treat Lobha Garh as part of this fort network, with construction styles typical of Garhwal hill-forts ([[dry stone]], coursed rubble, and contour-hugging ramparts).<ref name="GeoSurvey1905">{{cite book |title=Records of the Geological Survey of India |year=1905 |publisher=Geological Survey of India |location=Calcutta}}</ref><ref name="Heritage2018">{{cite journal |last=Rawat |first=Nagendra S. |title=An Archaeological and Geospatial Investigation of Lost Forts and Fortalices in Yamuna Valley with Special Reference to Vairat and Mungra Forts in Garhwal, Central Himalaya |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |year=2018 |volume=6 |pages=872–886}}</ref>

== Clan association and local tradition ==
A number of regional histories list '''Lobha Garh''' among the forts traditionally linked to the '''Lobhan Negi''' lineage; such lists often pair forts with the clans that held them prior to Ajay Pal’s consolidation.<ref name="Rawat1989" /><ref name="Rawat2002" /><ref name="Dobhal2005">{{cite book |last=Dobhal |first=Girdhari Lal |title=Development of the Hill Areas: A Case Study of Pauri Garhwal District |year=2005 |publisher=Concept Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788180691621}}</ref>
: ''On the question of broader caste-clan affiliation:'' Some modern compendia and community genealogies describe Negis of Garhwal (including Lobhan Negis) as a Rajput group with branches tracing to Chauhan lineages; academic monographs, however, rarely treat this specific sub-branch in depth. Works on Rajput [[ethnogenesis]] and regional lineages (e.g., Sharma’s study of early Chauhans) are frequently cited in secondary writing, but direct primary confirmation tying the ''Lobhan Negi'' subset explicitly to the Chauhan clan is sparse in accessible printed sources.<ref name="GarhwalSansthaHistory">
{{cite book
| title = गढ़वाल का इतिहास
| trans-title= Garhwal: History
| publisher = Uttarakhand Sanstha, Indore
| year =
| author =
| url = https://uttarakhandsansthaindore.com/website_img/गढ़वाल%20का%20इतिहास.pdf
| access-date = 13 August 2025
}}
</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samrat |first1=Garhwal |title=उत्तराखंडी ई-पत्रिका: History Features of Lobha Negi (Chauhan) of East-North Border of Garhwal |url=https://e-magazineofuttarakhand.blogspot.com/2014/02/history-features-of-lobha-negi-chauhan.html |website=उत्तराखंडी ई-पत्रिका |date=25 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Negi1994" />
{{efn|Until a page-cited source explicitly identifying the ''Lobhan Negi'' branch as ''Chauhan'' is located in a reliable publication, editors generally present this as a local/traditional identification rather than an established scholarly consensus.}}

== Location ==
While the precise coordinates vary across lists, Lobha Garh is consistently placed among the smaller forts of the central Garhwal belt (present Pauri–Tehri region). Gazetteers and district handbooks that map historic sites attribute the ''garh'' to local chiefs prior to integration into the Garhwal Kingdom.<ref name="Atkinson1882" /><ref name="Census1961">{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook: Chamoli |year=1961 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India |location=Lucknow}}</ref><ref name="Living2003">{{cite book |last=Negi |first=Uttam S. |title=Living Himalayas: Peoples, Forests & Daily Struggles |year=2003 |publisher=Indus |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Fort lists (''Baonī garh'') ==
The most-cited printed enumerations of the 52 forts include Lobha/Lohba Garh. These lists appear across historical syntheses, development handbooks, and cultural studies, often derived from earlier vernacular histories and genealogical notes.<ref name="Dobhal2005" /><ref name="Rawat1989" /><ref name="Rawat2002" /><ref name="Handa2002" /><ref name="Nature2007" /> Scholars also note that later authors sometimes expanded or varied the list (to 64 or more) as additional local strongholds were recorded.<ref name="Invest2014">{{cite report |last=Rawat |first=Nagendra S. |title=Investigation of Garhs/Hill Forts using Geoinformatics Tools in District Pauri of Garhwal Himalaya |year=2014 |publisher=HNB Garhwal University |type=Research report}}</ref>

== Material culture and archaeology ==
Although few systematic excavations have been published specifically for Lobha Garh, hill-fort studies in adjacent valleys document typical features: terraced defensive lines, stone revetments, dry masonry, and small keep-like enclosures adapted to ridgelines.<ref name="Heritage2018" /> Broader archaeological and cultural surveys of the Garhwal–Kumaon region provide comparative context for fortification sites and associated settlement patterns.<ref name="RockArt2016">{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Maheshwar P. |title=Rock Art in Kumaon Himalaya |year=2016 |publisher=Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173872525}}</ref><ref name="GeoSurvey1905" />

== Integration into the Garhwal Kingdom ==
By the later medieval period, Ajay Pal’s consolidation drew these local strongholds—including Lobha Garh—into a centralized polity. Regional histories describe this political knitting-together as crucial to Garhwal’s endurance through the early modern era.<ref name="Rawat2002" /><ref name="Rawat2021" /><ref name="Atkinson1882" /><ref name="ImpGaz" />

== Cultural memory ==
The association of individual forts with particular clans (e.g., Negi, Bisht, Rana, Ramola, Payal) persists in regional lore and is reflected in modern ethnographic and cultural writing on Garhwal.<ref name="Negi1994" /><ref name="Nature2007" /><ref name="Living2003" /> Contemporary overviews of the Garhwal fort-network continue to list Lobha/Lohba among historically attested sites, even where remains are fragmentary.<ref name="Dobhal2005" /><ref name="Rawat2002" />

== See also ==
* [[Garhwal Kingdom]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |title=Garhwal Himalaya: A Study in Historical Perspective |year=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing}}
* {{cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |title=History of Garhwal, 1358–1947 |year=1989 |publisher=Indus Publishing}}
* {{cite book |last=Handa |first=Omacanda |title=History of Uttaranchal |year=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing}}
* {{cite book |last=Negi |first=Sharad Singh |title=Garhwal: The Land and People |year=1994 |publisher=Indus Publishing}}
* {{cite book |last=Atkinson |first=E. T. |title=The Himalayan Districts... |year=1882 |publisher=Government Press}}
* {{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |year=1908 |publisher=OUP}}
* {{cite book |last=Negi |first=U. S. |title=Living Himalayas |year=2003 |publisher=Indus}}
* {{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Maheshwar P. |title=Rock Art in Kumaon Himalaya |year=2016 |publisher=Indus}}
* {{cite book |last=Dobhal |first=Girdhari Lal |title=Development of the Hill Areas: Pauri Garhwal |year=2005 |publisher=Concept}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rawat |first=Nagendra S. |title=Networked medieval strongholds in Garhwal Himalaya |journal=Antiquity |year=2021}}
* {{cite report |last=Rawat |first=Nagendra S. |title=Investigation of Garhs/Hill Forts... |year=2014 |publisher=HNB Garhwal University}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |title=Early Chauhan Dynasties |year=1959 |publisher=MLBD}}
* {{cite book |title=Records of the Geological Survey of India |year=1905 |publisher=GSI}}
* {{cite book |title=District Census Handbook: Chamoli |year=1961 |publisher=RGI}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Forts in India]]

Bharya Bhartalu

2025-10-23T16:06:20Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: expanded section also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1961 film directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bharya Bhartalu
| image = Bharya Bhartalu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release Poster
| director = [[K. Pratyagatma]]
| producer = A. V. Subba Rao
| writer = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] Pitcheswara Rao {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Dr. K. Tripura Sundari
| screenplay = K. Pratyagatma
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cinematography = C. Nageswara Rao
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| studio = [[Prasad Art Pictures]]
| distributor = Navayuga Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1961|3|31}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Bharya Bhartalu''''' ({{translation|Wife and Husband}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by A. V. Subba Rao under the [[Prasad Art Pictures]] banner and directed by [[K. Pratyagatma]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], with music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. The film was adapted from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] novel ''Pennmanam'' by Lakshmi Tripurasundari.<ref name="remake">{{Cite news |date=28 April 2016 |title=Bharya Bharthalu (1961) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bharya-bharthalu-1961/article8532431.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085810/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bharya-bharthalu-1961/article8532431.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> It was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Abhimaanam]]'' (1975).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ajay |date=15 December 2010 |title=Old is Gold: Remakes from other languages (than Tamil) |url=http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/12/remakes-from-other-languages-than-tamil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129171214/http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/12/remakes-from-other-languages-than-tamil.html |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Old is Gold}}</ref> The movie was also remade in Tamil as ''[[Iruvar Ullam (1963 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' (1963) and in Hindi as ''Hamrahi ''(1963) - both of which completed 25 weeks run.<ref name="remake" />

== Plot ==
The film begins with Public Prosecutor Dharma Rao, a paterfamilias at the forefront of high esteem in society. He lives with his wife, Manikyamma, two sons advocate Ramanandam, & Anand, and a daughter, Sarala. Anand studies in Madras, spends his life frolicking, and becomes a playboy. During that time, Hemalatha, one of his girlfriends, who traps several men for her aspirations, blackmails Anand to marry her, but he cuts loose. So, she informs Dharma Rao when he becomes furious and sends his brother-in-law Venakataratham to resolve the problem. At that juncture, Venkataratnam discovers that Hema has an affair with a callow, Anjaneyulu. So, he ceases her and rotates Anand back.

Therein, he starts a new play when he gets acquainted with a school teacher, Sarada, and truly falls for her. Parallelly, a glimpse, Sarada is the daughter of court clerk Sivakamaiah, who stays with his second wife, Kanakam, and her father, Kutumbaiah, a lazy berg who constantly suffers from him with his naughty deeds. Fortuitously, Sarada joins tuition at Sarala, where she is surprised to see Anand. Once Anand expresses his love, which she denies when he challenges her to marry her. The incident libeled Sarada and compelled her to marry Anand. Soon after, Sarada professes he could nearly win the heart when anguished. Anand replies that until he does so, he will not touch her.

Meanwhile, Hema marries Anjaneyulu on papers and shifts to Visakhapatnam, unwittingly joining as a tenant in the house of Anand's friend Gopinath, and she fastens fling with him, too. Just after, Sarada tries to accept Anand, but the rift increases due to his past life. Moreover, Hema creates turbulence between the couple, leading to Sarada's ailing. Thereupon, Hema reaches Anand's house, showers her fake love for him for money, and denigrates Sarada when Anand rebukes and necks her. At that moment, Sarada overhears the conversation and realizes her husband's nobility.

Besides, Sivakamaiah annoyed & boots his father-in-law when he accommodated himself in a hotel. At the same time, Anjaneyulu recognizes the promiscuous nature of Hema and is enraged with avenge, so he ruses as if he moved to a camp but holds back in a hotel along with Subbaiah. Right now, discovering Anand & Gopi are friends, Hema falsifies Anand and makes him land there when a quarrel erupts. Exploiting it, Anjaneyulu backstabs Hema, in which Anand is indicted. Here, Dharma Rao prosecutes the case, and Ramanandam takes up the defense counsel when Kutumbaiah reveals the presence of Anjaneyulu in the city. At last, Sarada, with her willpower, enacts a mask play and rescues her husband from death's door. Finally, the movie ends happily with the couple's reunion.

== Cast ==
*[[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]] as Anand
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Sarada
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Lawyer Ramanandham
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Sivakamaiah
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Public Prosecutor Dharma Rao
*[[B. Padmanabham|Padmanabham]] as Anjaneyulu
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] as Kutumbaiah
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Train Passenger
*[[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]] as Tayaru
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Hema
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanti]] as Kamala
*Sandhya as Kanakam
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Manikyamma
*[[Kusalakumari]] special appearance in the song "Ranga rangeli"
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bharya Bhartalu
| type = film
| artist = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1961
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:21
| label =
| producer = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. Music released on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Jooruga Hoosharuga"
|Sri Sri
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|4:09
|-
|2
|"O Sukumara"
|[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]]
|3:57
|-
|3
|"Madhuram Madhuram"
|Sri Sri
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:29
|-
|4
|"Emani Padedano Eevela"
|Sri Sri
|P. Susheela
|2:53
|-
|5
|"Ranga Rangeli"
| Arudra
|P. Susheela
|2:52
|-
|6
|"Choosi Choosi Kallu"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|Ghantasala, [[Jikki]]
|3:04
|-
|7
|"Kanakamma"
|Kosaraju
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], Swarnalata
|2:57
|}

== Awards ==
The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] in 1962 at [[9th National Film Awards]].<ref name="9thaward">{{Cite web |title=9th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 December 2016 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |accessdate=8 September 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0213515}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

History of Darul Uloom Deoband

2025-09-25T12:43:56Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new page.

{{Short description|1976 book by Syed Mehboob Rizwi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = History of Darul Uloom Deoband
| image = Cover of History of Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
| caption = English cover
| author = [[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]]
| title_orig = تاریخ دارالعلوم دیوبند
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| genre = [[History]]
| publisher = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| pub_date = 1977
| english_pub_date = 1980
| oclc = 20222197
| website = [https://darululoom-deoband.com/books/archives/381 darululoom-deoband.com]
}}
'''''History of Darul Uloom Deoband''''' (also known by its Urdu name '''''Tareekh e Darul Uloom Deoband''''') is a two-volume historical work written by [[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]] in 1977. It is generally regarded as the first{{How?|date=September 2025}} and authoritative reference on the subject.<ref name=":Qasmi">
{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |url=https://archive.org/download/dar-al-aloom-deoband-ki-jame-aor-mukhtasar-tareekh/Dar%20al%20aloom%20deoband%20ki%20jame%20aor%20mukhtasar%20tareekh%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86.pdf |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |date=2020 |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=3rd |location=India |page=39 |language=ur |oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref name="Rizwi">{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title=[[History of Darul Uloom Deoband|Tarīkh-e-Darul Uloom Deoband]] |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |year=1977 |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |page=3 |language=ur |chapter=Year of Publication|chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-dar-ul-uloom-deoband-volume-1-ebooks#3}}</ref> This work traces the hundred-year history and role of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], upholding a legacy of continuous publication.<ref name=":Qasmi" /> The first volume chronologically recounts events from the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband up to 1976. Simultaneously, the second volume discusses the personalities and the institutional framework defining Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name=":Qasmi" /> The English translation of the first volume predates the [[Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband]], while the translation of the second volume was published post-celebration,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizwi |first=Syed Mehboob |url=https://archive.org/details/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband |title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |publisher=Idara-e Ihtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |year=1981 |volume=2 |location=UP, India |page=3 |language=en |oclc=20222197}}</ref> and the Arabic translation consistently appears in the periodical ''[[Al-Daie]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Abu Hisham |url=https://archive.org/download/tareekhkeqatilhaqaeqkeaainemein/Tareekh%20ke%20Qaatil%20Haqaeq%20ke%20Aaine%20mein.pdf |title=Tareekh Ke Qatil Haqaeq Ke Aaine Mein |publisher=Kutubkhana Deoband |year=2019 |page=24 |location=India |language=ur}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]] wrote a concise book titled ''Darul Uloom Ki Sad Sali Zindagi'' in 1965, giving a brief overview of Darul Uloom Deoband's founding, educational, missionary, and administrative aspects. The Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband felt there was a need for a detailed investigation of the institution's history to enhance the academic understanding of [[Islam in India|Muslims in India]], which they entrusted Syed Mahboob Rizvi with producing. Initially, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi wrote an introduction, which is itself an independent book.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haq |first=Rashidul |date=2005 |title=T'aaruf Tabsirah Kitab |url=https://archive.org/download/Tareek-e-Darul-Uloom-Deoband-Rashidul-haq/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%20%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%20%DB%94%20%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82.pdf |journal=Monthly Al-Haq |language=ur |location=Pakistan |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Haqqania]]}}</ref>

== Content ==
The book is an account of the establishment of the institution, describing the circumstances, motivations, and key figures involved. It examines the founders' aspirations, the institution's objectives, its faculty, students, curriculum, and the subsequent growth and influence of Darul Uloom Deoband across diverse domains, both within the nation and globally. The introduction of the first edition by Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi spans fifty pages, outlining the historical progression and accomplishments of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
[[Taqi Usmani]] deemed the book highly valuable for religious schools and general knowledge enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usmani |first=Taqi |url=https://archive.org/details/Tabsre_201610 |title=Tabsre |publisher=Maktaba Ma'ariful Quran |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |page=136 |language=ur |author1-link=Taqi Usmani}}</ref> [[Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi]], the author of ''Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh'', called it the most important effort in the history of Darul Uloom Deoband.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2019|p=39}} [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] acknowledges the author's suitability for the task, praising the book for presenting a concise history of education and schools in Islam through authentic sources, clear language, and a lively narrative.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Akbarabadi |first=Saeed Ahmad |author-link=Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi |date=1978 |title=Muhbub Hasan Rizvi ki kitaab 'Tareekh Darul Uloom Deoband' ki isha'at |url=https://articles.rasailojaraid.com/Resources/ArticleFiles/20/2219/31602.pdf |journal=Monthly Burhan |language=ur |location=India |publisher=[[Nadwatul Musannifeen]] |page=195 |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208025242/https://articles.rasailojaraid.com/Resources/ArticleFiles/20/2219/31602.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, Muhammad Naveed Akhtar from [[Ghazi University]] criticizes the book for adopting a descriptive and apologetic narrative style, lacking the critical understanding and objectivity necessary for a comprehensive discourse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Muhammad Naveed |date=2022 |title=Darul Ulum Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations |url=https://hamdardislamicus.com.pk/index.php/hi/article/view/326 |url-status=live |journal=Hamdard Islamicus |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |page=84 |doi=10.57144/hi.v45i3.326 |issn=0250-7196 |s2cid=252890505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209234819/https://hamdardislamicus.com.pk/index.php/hi/article/view/326 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=26 December 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In 2016, the Majlis-e Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband selected Muhammadullah Qasmi to write a history of the first 150 years of the institution, inspired by Sayed Rizvi's previous work and titled ''Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh''.<ref name=":Qasmi" /> This was criticised in 2019 by Abu Ukashah, who argued that a comprehensive history was unnecessary and an indication of the institution's desire to shape Rizwi's legacy; he instead proposed a third volume of the ''History of Darul Uloom Deoband''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ukashah |first=Abu |url=https://archive.org/download/tareekhkeqaatilabuukashahrahman/Tareekh%20Ke%20Qaatil-Abu%20Ukashah%20Rahman.pdf |title=Tareekh ke Qatil |publisher=Faran Publications |year=2019 |location=Hyderabad, India |language=ur |oclc=1106138522}}</ref> Later that year, Abu Hisham Qasmi suggested that the inclusion of "Mukhtasar" (concise) in the new book's title implies that the history of Darul Uloom Deoband is intricate, thus avoiding overshadowing the original work.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2019|p=24}}

== See also ==
* [[Bibliography of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband|''History of Darul Uloom Deoband'']] at [[Internet Archive]]
* {{Google books|hc7XAAAAMAAJ}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works about Deobandism]]
[[Category:Works about Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandi historical works]]
[[Category:1976 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Indian history books]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Publications of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]

Isidore Fernandes (bishop)

2025-09-23T17:45:49Z

DigiGuru Prasenjit: new new stub

{{Short description|Indian Roman Catholic bishop (1947–2023)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Isidore Fernandes
| honorific_suffix = [[Doctor of Divinity|DD]]
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad|Bishop Emeritus of Allahabad]]
| image = BpIjjuFerns.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Bishop Isidore Fernandes
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| church = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Archdiocese of Agra]]
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad]]
| see = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad|Allahabad]]
| appointed = 5 May 1988
| enthroned = 4 August 1988
| term_start = 5 May 1988
| term_end = 31 January 2013
| predecessor = [[Baptist Mudartha]]
| successor = [[Raphy Manjaly]]

| ordination = 29 October 1972
| ordained_by = [[William Gomes]]
| consecration = 4 August 1988
| consecrated_by = [[Cecil DeSa]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = Bishop
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|01|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Udupi district|Kalathur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|04|26|1947|01|02|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| buried = St. Joseph's Cathedral, Allahabad
| resting_place_coordinates = 25.4575°N 81.8444°E
| nationality = Indian
| religion = Roman Catholic
| residence =
| parents = Casmir Fernandes'''(father)''', Lucy Fernandes'''(mother)'''
| previous_post = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad|Vicar General of Allahabad]] (1980–1988)
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Papal Seminary]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| motto =
| other_post = Chairman, Proclamation Commission, [[Conference of Catholic Bishops of India]] (2007–2011)<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=https://ccbi.in/proclamation|title=Proclamation Commission, Conference of Catholic Bishops of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox bishop styles
|name=Isidore Fernandes
|dipstyle=[[The Most Reverend]]
|offstyle=Your Lordship
|deathstyle=
|image=
}}
{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by = William Gomes
| date of priestly ordination = 29 October 1972
| place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by = Cecil DeSa
| co-consecrators = [[Baptist Mudartha]] [[Patrick Paul D'Souza]]
| date of consecration = 4 August 1988
| place of consecration =
| elevated by =
| date of elevation =
| sources =
| bishop 1 =
| consecration date 1 =
| bishop 2 =
| consecration date 2 =
}}

'''Isidore Fernandes''' (2 January 1947 – 26 April 2023) was an Indian [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]] who served as the tenth Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad|Diocese of Allahabad]] from 1988 until 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bfernis.html|title=Bishop Isidore Fernandes [Catholic-Hierarchy]|website=Catholic-Hierarchy.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dioceseofallahabad.org/Former_Prelates.aspx#|title=Former Prelates - Catholic Diocese of Allahabad}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.udupidiocese.in/bishop/bishops-from-the-diocese/546-bishops-from-the-diocesel|title=Bishops from Diocese of Udupi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Isidore was born in Kalathur, Udupi on 2 January 1947, to Casmir and Lucy Fernandes.<ref name=":1" /> His paternal Uncle was [[Bishop Anthony Fernandes| Anthony Fernandes]], the first Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly|Diocese of Bareilly]]

== Priesthood ==
Isidore completed his high school studies at St. Mary's High School in [[Shirva, India|Shirva]], [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]]. He then joined the St. Paul's Minor Seminary in [[Lucknow]] and was then sent to the [[Papal Seminary]] in [[Pune]], where he studied philosophy and theology. Isidore was [[Holy orders|ordained]] to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] by Most. Rev. William Gomes, the then bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona|Poona]], on 29 October 1972.<ref name="Biography"/>

== Episcopate ==
Fernandes was appointed bishop <ref name="Biography2" />by [[Pope John Paul II]] on 5 May 1988, and his episcopal ordination took place on 4 August 1988, at the hands of Most Rev. Cecil D'Sa, the then archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Agra]]. At the time of his episcopal ordination, Isidore was one of the youngest Catholic bishops in India at age 41.

On Thursday, 31 January 2013, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] accepted the resignation of Bishop Isidore Fernandes, from the pastoral care of the Diocese of Allahabad.

== Death ==
Fernandes died from a heart attack on 26 April 2023, at the age of 76. He was a priest for 50 years and a bishop for 34 years.<ref>[https://ccbi.in/bishop-isidore-fernandes-passes-away/#:~:text=Bangalore%2026%20April%202023%20(CCBI,.%20Joseph%20Regional%20Seminary%2C%20Allahabad. Bishop Isidore Fernandes Passes Away]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web
|url=http://www.dioceseofallahabad.org/
|title=Official website of the Diocese of Allahabad
|date=22 May 2010
|publisher=[[Diocese of Allahabad]]
|accessdate=22 May 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name="Biography2">{{Cite web
|url=http://www.cbcisite.com/Allahabad.htm
|title=Diocese of Allahabad
|date=28 May 2010
|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad|Diocese of Allahabad]]
|accessdate=28 May 2010
|url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413210249/http://www.cbcisite.com/Allahabad.htm
|archivedate=13 April 2011 }}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{wikiquote}}

*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bfernis.html Catholic Hierarchy]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Baptist Mudartha]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Allahabad|years=1988–2013}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Raphy Manjaly]]}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Isidore}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Mangalore]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}