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Reusable launch vehicle

2026-05-21T12:20:54Z

DiannaGariepy5: Made basic data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Vehicles that can go to space and return}}
[[File:Falcon 9 first stage at LZ-1(two).jpg|alt=Booster hooked up on a crane|thumb|Recovery of [[Falcon 9]] first-stage booster after its [[Falcon 9 flight 20|first landing]]]]
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A '''reusable launch vehicle''' has parts that can be recovered and reflown, while carrying [[payload]]s from the surface to [[outer space]]. [[Rocket stage]]s are the most common [[launch vehicle]] parts aimed for reuse. Smaller parts such as [[payload fairing|fairings]], [[Booster (rocketry)|boosters]] or [[rocket engine]]s can also be reused, though [[reusable spacecraft]] may be launched on top of an expendable launch vehicle. Reusable launch vehicles do not need to make these parts for each launch, therefore reducing its [[launch cost]] significantly. However, these benefits can be diminished by the cost of recovery and refurbishment.

Reusable launch vehicles may contain additional [[avionics]] and [[propellant]], making them heavier than their expendable counterparts. Reused parts may need to [[Atmospheric entry|enter the atmosphere]] and navigate through it, so they are often equipped with [[heat shield]]s, [[grid fin]]s, and other [[flight control surfaces]]. By modifying their shape, [[spaceplane]]s can leverage [[aviation]] mechanics to aid in its recovery, such as [[gliding]] or [[Lift (force)|lift]]. In the atmosphere, [[parachute]]s or [[retrorocket]]s may also be needed to slow it down further. Reusable parts may also need specialized recovery facilities such as [[runway]]s or [[autonomous spaceport drone ship]]s. Some concepts rely on ground infrastructures such as [[mass driver]]s to accelerate the launch vehicle beforehand.

Since at least in the early 20th century, [[single-stage-to-orbit]] reusable launch vehicles have existed in [[science fiction]]. In the 1970s, the first reusable launch vehicle, the [[Space Shuttle]], was developed. However, in the 1990s, due to the program's failure to meet expectations, reusable launch vehicle concepts were reduced to prototype testing. The rise of [[private spaceflight]] companies in the 2000s and 2010s lead to a resurgence of their development, such as in [[SpaceShipOne]], [[New Shepard]], [[New Glenn]], [[Rocket Lab Electron|Electron]], [[Falcon 9]], and [[Falcon Heavy]]. Many launch vehicles are now expected to debut with reusability in the 2020s, such as [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]], [[Rocket Lab Neutron|Neutron]], [[Maia (rocket)|Maia]], [[Miura 5]], [[Long March 10]] and [[Long March 12|12]], [[Tianlong-3]], [[Terran R]], [[Stoke Space Nova]], [[Eclipse (rocket)|Eclipse]], and the suborbital Dawn Mk-II Aurora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawn Aerospace unveils the Mk II Aurora suborbital space plane, capable of multiple same-day flights |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/dawn-aerospace-unveils-the-mk-ii-aurora-suborbital-space-plane-capable-of-multiple-same-day-flights/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=TechCrunch |date=28 July 2020 |language=en-US }}</ref>

The impact of reusability in launch vehicles has been momentous for the spaceflight industry. In 2024, the [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]] initiated a 50-year forward looking plan for the Cape that involved major infrastructure upgrades (including to [[Port Canaveral]]) to support a higher anticipated launch cadence and landing sites for the new generation of vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davenport |first=Justin |date=2024-05-09 |title=Space Coast looks toward the future with port and factory expansions |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/05/cape-flyover-may-2024/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Configurations==
=== Fully reusable launch vehicle ===
Several companies are currently developing fully reusable launch vehicles as of January 2026. Each of them is working on a [[two-stage-to-orbit]] system. [[SpaceX]] is testing Starship, which has been in development since 2016 and has made [[Starship flight test 1|an initial test flight]] in April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Strickland |first2=Ashley |date=2023-04-20 |title=SpaceX's Starship rocket lifts off for inaugural test flight but explodes midair |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/20/world/spacex-starship-launch-thursday-scn/index.html |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> and a total of [[List of Starship launches|11 flights]] as of October 2025. [[Blue Origin]], with [[Project Jarvis]], began development work by early 2021, but has announced no date for testing and have not discussed the project publicly.<ref name=ars20210727>{{cite news |title=Blue Origin has a secret project named "Jarvis" to compete with SpaceX |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/blue-origin-is-developing-reusable-second-stage-other-advanced-projects/ |last=Berger |first=Eric |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=27 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730113522/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/blue-origin-is-developing-reusable-second-stage-other-advanced-projects/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Stoke Space]] is also developing a rocket which is planned to be reusable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=STOKE Space Raises $65M Series A to Make Space Access Sustainable and Scalable |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211215005168/en/STOKE-Space-Raises-65M-Series-A-to-Make-Space-Access-Sustainable-and-Scalable |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sesnic |first1=Trevor |last2=Volosín |first2=Juan I. Morales |date=2023-02-04 |title=Full Reusability By Stoke Space |url=https://everydayastronaut.com/stoke-space/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Everyday Astronaut |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{as of|2026|01}}, Starship is the only [[launch vehicle]] intended to be fully reusable that has been fully built and tested. The [[Starship flight test 5|fifth test flight]] was on October 13, 2024, in which the vehicle completed a suborbital launch and landed both stages for the second time. The [[SpaceX Super Heavy|Super Heavy]] booster was caught successfully by the "chopstick system" on Orbital Pad A for the first time. The Ship completed its second successful reentry and returned for a controlled splashdown in the Indian Ocean. The test marked the second instance that could be considered meeting all requirements to be fully reusable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=SpaceX Flies IFT-4, Achieves Super Heavy, Starship Controlled Splashdowns - AmericaSpace |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2024/06/06/spacex-flies-ift-4-achieves-super-heavy-starship-splashdowns/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.americaspace.com |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2024|talk=Starship IFT-4 and full re-usability}}

=== Partially reusable launch systems ===
Partial reusable launch systems, in the form of multiple stage to orbit systems have been so far the only reusable configurations in use. The historic [[Space Shuttle]] reused its [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|Solid Rocket Boosters]], its [[RS-25]] engines and the [[Space Shuttle orbiter]] that acted as an orbital insertion stage, but it did not reuse the [[External Tank]] that fed the RS-25 engines. This is an example of a reusable launch system which reuses specific components of rockets. [[United Launch Alliance|ULA's]] [[Vulcan Centaur]] was originally designed to reuse the first stage engines, while the tank is expended. The engines would splashdown on an inflatable [[aeroshell]], then be recovered.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} On 23 February 2024, one of the nine Merlin engines powering a Falcon 9 launched for the 22nd time, making it the most reused liquid fuel engine used in an operational manner, having already surpassed [[RS-25|Space Shuttle Main Engine]] number 2019's record of 19 flights. As of 2026, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy and New Glenn are the only orbital rockets to reuse their boosters, although multiple other systems are in development. All aircraft-launched rockets reuse the aircraft.

Other than that, a range of [[Non-rocket launch|non-rocket liftoff systems]] have been proposed and explored over time as reusable systems for liftoff, from balloons<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reyes|first1=Tim|title=Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars|journal=Universe Today|date=October 17, 2014|url=http://www.universetoday.com/115391/balloon-launcher-zero2infinity-sets-its-sights-to-the-stars/|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123411/http://www.universetoday.com/115391/balloon-launcher-zero2infinity-sets-its-sights-to-the-stars/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=October 2020}} to [[space elevator]]s. Existing examples are systems which employ winged horizontal jet-engine powered liftoff. Such aircraft can [[air launch]] expendable rockets and can because of that be considered partially reusable systems if the aircraft is thought of as the first stage of the launch vehicle. An example of this configuration is the [[Orbital Sciences Pegasus]]. For suborbital flight the [[SpaceShipTwo]] uses for liftoff a carrier plane, its [[mothership]] the [[Scaled Composites White Knight Two]]. Rocket Lab is working on Neutron, and the [[European Space Agency]] is working on [[Themis programme|Themis]]. Both vehicles are planned to recover the first stage.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 December 2020 |title=ESA plans demonstration of a reusable rocket stage |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/ESA_plans_demonstration_of_a_reusable_rocket_stage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=Everything you need to know about Themis |url=https://europeanspaceflight.substack.com/p/everything-you-need-to-know-about-ddb}}</ref>

So far, most launch systems achieve [[orbital insertion]] with at least partially expended [[multistaged rocket]]s, particularly with the second and third stages. Only the [[Space Shuttle]] has achieved a reuse of the orbital insertion stage, by using the engines and fuel tank of [[Space Shuttle orbiter|its orbiter]]. The [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran spaceplane]] and [[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)|Starship spacecraft]] are two other reusable spacecraft that were designed to be able to act as orbital insertion stages and have been produced, however the former only made one uncrewed test flight before the project was cancelled, and the latter is not yet operational, having completed [[List of Starship launches|eleven suborbital test flights]], as of November 2025, which achieved all of its mission objectives at the fourth flight.

=== Reusable spacecraft ===
{{Main|Reusable spacecraft}}

Launch systems can be combined with reusable spaceplanes or capsules. The [[Space Shuttle orbiter]], [[SpaceShipTwo]], Dawn Mk-II Aurora, and the under-development Indian [[RLV-TD]] are examples for a reusable space vehicle (a [[spaceplane]]) as well as a part of its launch system. Contemporary reusable orbital vehicles include the [[Boeing X-37|X-37]], [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]], and the upcoming [[Dream Chaser]], Indian RLV-TD and the upcoming European [[Space Rider]] (successor to the [[IXV]]).

As with launch vehicles, all pure spacecraft during the early decades of human capacity to achieve spaceflight were designed to be single-use items. This was true both for [[satellite]]s and [[space probes]] intended to be left in space for a long time, as well as any object designed to return to Earth such as [[human spaceflight|human-carrying]] [[space capsule]]s or the sample return canisters of space matter collection missions like [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]] (1999–2006)<ref name="newscientist20060115">{{cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8586-pinch-of-comet-dust-lands-safely-on-earth/ |title=Pinch of comet dust lands safely on Earth |work=New Scientist |first=Hazel |last=Muir |date=15 January 2006 |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184644/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8586-pinch-of-comet-dust-lands-safely-on-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or [[Hayabusa]] (2005–2010).<ref name="indyposted201006">{{Cite web|url=http://indyposted.com/27014/mission-accomplished-for-japans-asteroid-explorer-hayabusa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616232222/http://indyposted.com/27014/mission-accomplished-for-japans-asteroid-explorer-hayabusa/|url-status=dead|title=Mission Accomplished For Japan's Asteroid Explorer Hayabusa|archive-date=June 16, 2010}}</ref><ref name="sdc20100613">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/hayabusa-asteroid-probe-landing-preview-100613.html |title=Space Probe, Perhaps with a Chunk of Asteroid, Returns to Earth Sunday |work=[[Space.com]] |date=13 June 2010 |access-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616062115/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/hayabusa-asteroid-probe-landing-preview-100613.html |archive-date=16 June 2010 }}</ref> Exceptions to the general rule for space vehicles were the US [[Gemini SC-2]], the [[Soviet Union]] spacecraft [[VA spacecraft|Vozvraschaemyi Apparat (VA)]], the US Space Shuttle orbiter (mid-1970s-2011, with 135 flights between 1981 and 2011) and the Soviet [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] (1980–1988, with just one uncrewed test flight in 1988). Both of these spaceships were also an integral part of the launch system (providing launch acceleration) as well as operating as medium-duration spaceships in [[orbital spaceflight|space]]. This began to change in the mid-2010s.

In the 2010s, the [[Commercial Resupply Services|space transport cargo capsule]] from one of the suppliers resupplying the [[International Space Station]] was designed for reuse, and after 2017,<ref name="Dragon_reused">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/06/03/cargo-manifest-for-spacexs-11th-resupply-mission-to-the-space-station/|title=Cargo manifest for SpaceX's 11th resupply mission to the space station|publisher=Spaceflight Now|last=Clark|first=Stephen|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111921/https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/06/03/cargo-manifest-for-spacexs-11th-resupply-mission-to-the-space-station/|url-status=live}}</ref> NASA began to allow the reuse of the SpaceX [[Dragon 1|Dragon cargo spacecraft]] on these NASA-contracted transport routes. This was the beginning of design and operation of a reusable space vehicle.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The [[Boeing Starliner]] capsules also reduce their fall speed with parachutes and deploy an airbag shortly before touchdown on the ground, in order to retrieve and reuse the vehicle.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} {{as of|2021}}, SpaceX is building and testing the Starship spaceship to be capable of surviving multiple [[hypersonic]] [[atmospheric reentry|reentries through the atmosphere]] so that they become truly reusable long-duration spaceships; no Starship operational flights have yet occurred.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Entry systems==
{{Main|Atmospheric entry}}
{{See also|Air brake (aeronautics)|Aerobraking|Aeroshell|Gravity turn|Orbital injection}}

=== Heat shield ===
{{See also|Atmospheric entry#Thermal protection systems}}
With possible inflatable [[Heat shield#Spacecraft|heat shield]]s, as developed by the US (Low Earth Orbit Flight Test Inflatable Decelerator - LOFTID)<ref name="noaa-20190703">{{cite web |last=Marder |first=Jenny |url=https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/news.html?122 |title=Inflatable Decelerator Will Hitch a Ride on the JPSS-2 Satellite |publisher=[[NOAA]] |date=3 July 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001050140/https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/news.html?122 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and China,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/2020-05/05/c_1125945037.htm|title="胖五"家族迎新送新一代载人飞船试验船升空——长征五号B运载火箭首飞三大看点 (LM5 Family in focus: next generation crewed spacecraft and other highlight of the Long March 5B maiden flight)|language=zh|website=Xinhua News|author=Xinhua Editorial Board|date=5 May 2020|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807093711/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2020-05/05/c_1125945037.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> single-use rockets like the [[Space Launch System]] are considered to be retrofitted with such heat shields to salvage the expensive engines, possibly reducing the costs of launches significantly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://westeastspace.com/2020/05/07/is-chinas-inflatable-space-tech-a-400-million-cost-savings-for-nasas-sls/ |date=7 May 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=westeastspace.com |author=Bill D'Zio |title=Is China's inflatable space tech a $400 Million Cost savings for NASA's SLS? |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510233336/https://westeastspace.com/2020/05/07/is-chinas-inflatable-space-tech-a-400-million-cost-savings-for-nasas-sls/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Heat shields allow an orbiting spacecraft to land safely without expending very much fuel. They need not take the form of inflatable heat shields, they may simply take the form of heat-resistant tiles that prevent [[heat conduction]]. Heat shields are also proposed for use in combination with retrograde thrust to allow for full reusability as seen in Starship.

=== Retrograde thrust ===
{{Main||Retrorocket|Thrust reversal}}
Reusable launch system stages such as the Falcon 9 and the New Shepard employ retrograde burns for re-entry, and landing.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Landing systems==
Reusable systems can come in [[Single-stage-to-orbit|single]] or multiple ([[two-stage-to-orbit|two]] or [[Three-stage-to-orbit|three]]) stages to orbit configurations. For some or all stages the following landing system types can be employed.

=== Parachutes and airbags ===

{{Main|Splashdown|Airbag#Spacecraft airbag landing systems|Parachute}}

{{See also|Water landing}}

These are landing systems that employ parachutes and bolstered hard landings, like in a [[splashdown]] at sea or a touchdown at land. The latter may require an engine burn just before landing as parachutes alone cannot slow the craft down enough to prevent injury to astronauts. This can be seen in the Soyuz capsule. Though such systems have been in use since the beginning of [[astronautics]] to recover space vehicles, only later have the vehicles been reused.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Examples include:
*[[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters]]
*[[SpaceX Dragon|SpaceX Dragon capsule]]

=== Horizontal (winged) ===

{{Main|Spaceplane}}

Single or main stages, as well as fly-back boosters can employ a horizontal landing system. These vehicles land on earth much like a plane does, but they usually do not use propellant during landing. Vehicles that land horizontally on a runway require wings and undercarriage. These typically consume about 9-12% of the landing vehicle mass,{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} which either reduces the payload or increases the size of the vehicle. Concepts such as [[lifting bodies]] offer some reduction in wing mass,{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} as does the [[delta wing]] shape of the Space Shuttle. A variant is an in-air-capture tow back system, advocated by a company called EMBENTION with its FALCon project.<ref>{{cite web |title=FALCon |url=https://www.embention.com/project/falcon-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027121718/https://www.embention.com/project/falcon-project/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=embention.com}}</ref>

Examples include:
*[[Space Shuttle orbiter]] - as part of the main stage
*[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran spaceplane]] - acted as an orbital insertion stage, however [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus]] could also be used as a second stage for the [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] launch vehicle.
*[[Venturestar]] - a project of [[NASA]]
*[[Studied Space Shuttle designs#Liquid Fly-back Booster|Space Shuttle's studied fly-back booster]]
*[[Energia (rocket)|Energia II ("Uragan")]] - an alternative [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] launch system concept
*[[OK-GLI]] - another [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] spacecraft version
*[[Liquid Fly-back Booster]] - a German concept
*[[Baikal (rocket booster)|Baikal]] - a former Russian project
*[[Reusable Booster System]] - a U.S. research project
*[[SpaceShipTwo]] - a [[spaceplane]] for [[space tourism]] made by [[Virgin Galactic]]
*[[SpaceShipThree]] - a [[spaceplane]] under development for [[space tourism]] made by [[Virgin Galactic]]
*Dawn Mk-II Aurora - a [[spaceplane]] under development by [[Dawn Aerospace]]
*[[XS-1 (spacecraft)|XS-1]] - another U.S. research project
*[[RLV-TD]] - an ongoing Indian project
*[[Reaction Engines]] [[Skylon (spacecraft)|Skylon]] [[SSTO]]

=== Vertical (retrograde) ===

{{Main|VTVL|Retrorocket|Thrust reversal}}

Systems like the [[McDonnell Douglas DC-X|McDonnell Douglas DC-X (Delta Clipper)]] and those by [[SpaceX]] are examples of a retrograde system. The boosters of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy land using one of their nine engines. The Falcon 9 rocket is the first orbital rocket to vertically land its first stage on the ground. The first stage of Starship is caught by the same arms that raise it to the launch platform after performing most of the typical steps of a retrograde landing.<ref name="SSCatch">{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |title=After seeing hundreds of launches, SpaceX's rocket catch was a new thrill |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/10/after-seeing-hundreds-of-launches-spacexs-rocket-catch-was-a-new-thrill/ |website=Ars Technica |access-date=21 September 2025 |language=en |date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Starship's second stage is also planned to be caught by arms attached to a tower when landing on Earth or to land vertically on the Moon or Mars. [[Blue Origin]]'s New Shepard suborbital rocket also lands vertically back at the launch site. Retrograde landing typically requires about 10% of the total first stage propellant, reducing the payload that can be carried due to the [[rocket equation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/679114269485436928|title=SpaceX on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=January 7, 2016|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920110637/https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/679114269485436928|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Landing using aerostatic force ===
There is also the concept of a launch vehicle with an inflatable, reusable first stage. The shape of this structure will be supported by excess internal pressure (using light gases). It is assumed that the bulk density of the first stage (without propellant) is less than the bulk density of air. Upon returning from flight, such a first stage remains floating in the air (without touching the surface of the Earth). This will ensure that the first stage is retained for reuse. Increasing the size of the first stage increases aerodynamic losses. This results in a slight decrease in payload. This reduction in payload is compensated for by the reuse of the first stage.<ref>{{Citation |url = https://engrxiv.org/xbf8z/ |first1 = Valentyn |last1 = Pidvysotskyi |title = The Concept of an Inflatable Reusable Launch Vehicle |date = July 2021 |doi = 10.31224/osf.io/xbf8z |s2cid = 243032818 |access-date = 2021-08-18 |archive-date = 2021-08-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818223109/https://engrxiv.org/xbf8z/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

== Constraints ==
=== Extra weight ===
Reusable stages weigh more than equivalent [[Expendable launch vehicle|expendable stages]]. This is unavoidable due to the supplementary systems, landing gear and/or surplus propellant needed to land a stage. The actual mass penalty depends on the vehicle and the return mode chosen.<ref name=IAC2017 >{{Citation | url = https://elib.dlr.de/114960/1/IAC17-D2.4.4.pdf | first1 = M | last1 = Sippel | first2 = S | last2 = Stappert | first3 = L | last3 = Bussler | first4 = E | last4 = Dumont | title = Systematic Assessment of Reusable First-Stage Return Options | journal = IAC-17-D2.4.4, 68th International Astronautical Congress, Adelaide, Australia. | date = September 2017 | access-date = 2017-12-26 | archive-date = 2020-04-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413165634/https://elib.dlr.de/114960/1/IAC17-D2.4.4.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Refurbishment===
After the launcher lands, it may need to be refurbished to prepare it for its next flight. This process may be lengthy and expensive.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The launcher may not be able to be recertified as human-rated after refurbishment, although SpaceX has flown reused Falcon 9 boosters for human missions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} There is eventually a limit on how many times a launcher can be refurbished before it has to be retired, but how often a launcher can be reused differs significantly between the various launch system designs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Return to launch site ==

After 1980, but before the 2010s, two orbital launch vehicles developed the capability to '''return to the launch site''' (RTLS). Both the US Space Shuttle—with one of its [[Space Shuttle abort modes#Return to launch site (RTLS)|abort modes]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Return to Launch Site |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/sts/aborts/rtls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415062428/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/sts/aborts/rtls.html |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=4 October 2016 |website=NASA.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2011 |title=Space Shuttle Abort Evolution |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110015564.pdf |access-date=4 October 2016 |website=ntrs.nasa.gov}}</ref>—and the Soviet [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]]<ref name="ng2016041">{{cite web |last=Handwerk |first=Brian |date=12 April 2016 |title=The Forgotten Soviet Space Shuttle Could Fly Itself |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160412-soviet-union-space-shuttle-buran-cosmonaut-day-gagarin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415135433/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160412-soviet-union-space-shuttle-buran-cosmonaut-day-gagarin/ |archive-date=April 15, 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |work=[[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref> had a designed-in capability to return a part of the launch vehicle to the launch site via the mechanism of [[HTHL|horizontal-landing]] of the [[spaceplane]] portion of the launch vehicle. In both cases, the main vehicle thrust structure and the large propellant tank were expendable, as had been the standard procedure for all orbital launch vehicles flown prior to that time. Both were subsequently demonstrated on actual orbital nominal flights, although both also had an abort mode during launch that could conceivably allow the crew to land the spaceplane following an off-nominal launch.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In the 2000s, both SpaceX and Blue Origin have [[private spaceflight|privately developed]] a set of technologies to support [[vertical landing]] of the booster stage of a launch vehicle. After 2010, SpaceX undertook a [[SpaceX reusable launch system development program|development program]] to acquire the ability to bring back and [[VTVL|vertically land]] a part of the Falcon 9 orbital launch vehicle: the [[first stage (rocketry)|first stage]]. The first successful landing was done in December 2015,<ref name="abc2015121">{{cite web |last1=Newcomb |first1=Alyssa |last2=Dooley |first2=Erin |date=21 December 2015 |title=SpaceX Historic Rocket Landing Is a Success |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/spacex-historic-rocket-landing-success/story?id=35888303 |access-date=4 October 2016 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> since then several additional rocket stages landed either at a [[Landing Zones 1 and 2|landing pad]] adjacent to the launch site or on an [[autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship|landing platform]] at sea, some distance away from the launch site.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sparks |first=Daniel |date=17 August 2016 |title=SpaceX Lands 6th Rocket, Moves Closer to Reusability |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/08/17/spacex-lands-6th-rocket-moves-closer-to-reusabilit.aspx |access-date=27 February 2017 |work=[[Los Motley Fool]]}}</ref> The Falcon Heavy is similarly designed to reuse the three cores comprising its first stage. On its [[Falcon Heavy test flight|first flight]] in February 2018, the two outer cores successfully returned to the launch site landing pads while the center core targeted the landing platform at sea but did not successfully land on it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gebhardt |first1=Chris |date=February 5, 2018 |title=SpaceX successfully debuts Falcon Heavy in demonstration launch from KSC – NASASpaceFlight.com |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/02/spacex-debut-falcon-heavy-demonstration-launch/ |access-date=February 23, 2018 |work=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref>

Blue Origin developed similar technologies for bringing back and landing their [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|suborbital]] ''New Shepard'', and successfully demonstrated return in 2015, and successfully reused the same booster on a second suborbital flight in January 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=22 January 2016 |title=Blue Origin reflies New Shepard suborbital vehicle |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-reflies-new-shepard-suborbital-vehicle/ |access-date=1 November 2017 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref> By October 2016, Blue had reflown, and landed successfully, that same launch vehicle a total of five times.<ref name="sn20161005">{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=5 October 2016 |title=Blue Origin successfully tests New Shepard abort system |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-successfully-tests-new-shepard-abort-system/ |access-date=8 October 2016 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref> It must however be noted that the launch trajectories of both vehicles are very different, with New Shepard going straight up and down without achieving orbital flight, whereas Falcon 9 has to cancel substantial horizontal velocity and return from a significant distance downrange, while delivering the payload to orbit with the second stage.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Both Blue Origin and SpaceX also have additional reusable launch vehicles under development. Blue is developing the first stage of the orbital New Glenn LV to be reusable, with first flight planned for no earlier than 2024. SpaceX has a new super-heavy launch vehicle under development for missions to [[interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary space]]. The SpaceX Starship is designed to support RTLS, vertical-landing and full reuse of ''both'' the booster stage and the integrated second-stage/large-spacecraft that are designed for use with Starship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |date=15 October 2017 |title=Musk offers more technical details on BFR system - SpaceNews.com |url=https://spacenews.com/musk-offers-more-technical-details-on-bfr-system/ |access-date=February 23, 2018 |website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref> Its [[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 1|first launch attempt]] took place in April 2023; however, both stages were lost during ascent. On the [[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 4|fourth launch attempt]] however, both the booster and the ship achieved a soft landing in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and the [[Indian Ocean]], respectively.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==History==
[[File:NEXUS.jpg|thumb|[[General Dynamics Nexus|NEXUS]] concept]]
[[File:Atlantis taking off on STS-27.jpg|thumb|''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'' taking off on [[STS-27]]]]
With the development of [[rocket propulsion]] in the first half of the twentieth century, [[Spaceflight|space travel]] became a technical possibility. Early ideas of a single-stage reusable [[spaceplane]] proved unrealistic and although even the first practical rocket vehicles ([[V-2]]) could reach the fringes of space, reusable technology was too heavy. In addition, many early rockets were developed to deliver weapons, making reuse impossible by design. The problem of mass efficiency was overcome by using multiple expendable stages in a vertical launch [[multistage rocket]]. USAF and NACA had been studying orbital reusable spaceplanes since 1958, e.g. [[Dyna-Soar]], but the first reusable stages did not fly until the advent of the US Space Shuttle in 1981.

Perhaps the first reusable launch vehicles were the ones conceptualized and studied by [[Wernher von Braun]] from 1948 until 1956. The [[von Braun ferry rocket]] underwent two revisions: once in 1952 and again in 1956. They would have landed using parachutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/v/vonbraunconceptvehicle.html|title=von Braun concept vehicle|website=www.astronautix.com|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012312/http://www.astronautix.com/v/vonbraunconceptvehicle.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/09/wernher-von-brauns-fantastic-vision-ferry-rocket/|title=Wernher von Braun's Fantastic Vision: Ferry Rocket |last1=Portree |first1=David S. F. |magazine=Wired |access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024915/https://www.wired.com/2014/09/wernher-von-brauns-fantastic-vision-ferry-rocket/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[General Dynamics Nexus]] was proposed in the 1960s as a fully reusable successor to the Saturn V rocket, having the capacity of transporting up to {{cvt|990000-2000000|lb|t|order=flip}} to orbit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/ch2.htm|title=ch2|website=history.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/n/nexus.html|title=Nexus|website=www.astronautix.com|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032934/http://www.astronautix.com/n/nexus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> See also [[Sea Dragon (rocket)|Sea Dragon]], and [[Douglas SASSTO]].

The [[BAC Mustard]] was studied starting in 1964. It would have comprised three identical spaceplanes strapped together and arranged in two stages. During ascent the two outer spaceplanes, which formed the first stage, would detach and glide back individually to earth. It was canceled after the last study of the design in 1967 due to a lack of funds for development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/feature/1960s-lsquothunderbirdsrsquo-projects-brought-to-life|title=Forgotten 1960s 'Thunderbirds' projects brought to life|website=BAE Systems | United Kingdom|access-date=2021-02-07|archive-date=2021-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118141419/https://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/feature/1960s-lsquothunderbirdsrsquo-projects-brought-to-life|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:McDonnell Douglas DC-XA.jpg|thumb|right|[[McDonnell Douglas DC-X]]]]
[[File:X-33 Venture Star.jpg|thumb|[[Lockheed Martin X-33|X-33]] concept]]
[[File:Kistler K-1.jpg|thumb|[[Kistler K-1]] concept]]
[[File:Phoenix prototype glider preserved at Airbus Bremen.jpg|thumb|[[Hopper (spacecraft)|Hopper]] prototype Phoenix RLV]]
[[File:Kluft-photo-SS1-landing-June-2004-Img 1406c.jpg|thumb|[[Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne]]|alt=]]

=== The Space Shuttle era ===
NASA started the [[Space Shuttle design process]] in 1968, with the vision of creating a fully reusable [[spaceplane]] using a crewed [[LFBB (NASA)|fly-back booster]]. This concept proved expensive and complex, therefore the design was scaled back to reusable [[solid rocket]] boosters and an expendable [[external tank]].<ref name="nasaStudy1982">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100513080246/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940004970_1994004970.pdf NASA-CR-195281, "Utilization of the external tanks of the space transportation system"]</ref><ref name="nasaStudy1980">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/stsation.htm|title=STS External Tank Station|publisher=Ntrs.nasa.gov|access-date=7 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407010201/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/stsation.htm|archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> Space Shuttle ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'' launched and landed 27 times and was lost with all crew on the 28th landing attempt; ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'' launched and landed 9 times and was lost with all crew on the 10th launch attempt; ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' launched and landed 39 times; ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'' launched and landed 33 times; ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' launched and landed 25 times. The last mission of Space Shuttle, [[STS-135]], landed back on Earth on 21 July 2011 after delivering supplies and equipment to the International Space Station.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=2011-07-21 |title=Atlantis arrives home to Kennedy - An emotional finale for Shuttle |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/07/atlantis-kennedy-an-emotional-finale-for-shuttle/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1986 President [[Ronald Reagan]] called for an air-breathing [[scramjet]] [[National Aerospace Plane]] (NASP)/[[X-30]]. The project failed due to technical issues and was canceled in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/c/coppercanyon.html|title=Copper Canyon|website=www.astronautix.com|access-date=2018-06-08|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920050424/http://www.astronautix.com/c/coppercanyon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the late 1980s a fully reusable version of the Soviet [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] rocket, the Energia II, was proposed. Its boosters and core would have had the capability of landing separately on a runway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/41-3.htm|title=Б.И.Губанов. Триумф и трагедия "Энергии" глава 41|website=www.buran.ru|access-date=2020-11-14|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103946/http://www.buran.ru/htm/41-3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This concept was not developed and even the original expendable Energia flew only twice in the late 1980s. The second flight launched the reusable spacecraft [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] on its first and only, uncrewed mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energia |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/energia.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref>

In the 1990s the McDonnell Douglas [[Delta Clipper]] VTOL SSTO proposal progressed to the testing phase. The [[DC-X]] prototype demonstrated rapid turnaround time and automatic computer control.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-03 |title=The Spaceship that Came in From the Cold War: The Untold Story of the DC-X - NSS |url=https://nss.org/the-spaceship-that-came-in-from-the-cold-war-the-untold-story-of-the-dc-x/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In mid-1990s, British research evolved an earlier [[HOTOL]] design into the [[Skylon (spacecraft)|Skylon]] design, which remained in development at [[Reaction Engines Limited|Reaction Engines]] until 2024 when the company went bankrupt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaction Engines Goes Into Bankruptcy, Taking the Hypersonic SABRE Engine With it |url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/reaction-engines-goes-into-bankruptcy-taking-the-hypersonic-sabre-engine-with-it |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Universe Today |date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, the [[European Space Agency|European Space Agency (ESA)]] announced a plan to use technologies developed for Skylon's [[SABRE (rocket engine)|SABRE engine]] in its future Flying Engine Testbed initiative INVICTUS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-07-19 |title=ESA Finally Kicks Off Flying Engine Testbed Project Following ITT Reissue |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/esa-finally-kicks-off-flying-engine-testbed-project-following-itt-reissue/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref>

From the late 1990s to the 2000s, the European Space Agency (ESA) studied the recovery of the [[Ariane 5]] solid rocket boosters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2008/11/Recovery_of_an_Ariane_5_booster_at_sea|title=Recovery of an Ariane 5 booster at sea|website=www.esa.int|access-date=2021-03-03|archive-date=2021-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001025526/https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2008/11/Recovery_of_an_Ariane_5_booster_at_sea|url-status=live}}</ref> The last recovery attempt took place in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.france-science.org/spip.php?article399#3-ARIANE-5-ECA-BOOSTER-RECOVERED|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125213207/http://www.france-science.org/spip.php?article399#3-ARIANE-5-ECA-BOOSTER-RECOVERED|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-01-25|title=France in Space #387|access-date=2021-03-03}}</ref>

Two commercial ventures, Kistler Aerospace (later [[Rocketplane Kistler]]) and [[Rotary Rocket]], attempted to build reusable privately developed rockets in the 1990s before going bankrupt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SatMagazine |url=http://www.satmagazine.com/story.php?number=1750576525 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=www.satmagazine.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stathopoulous |first=Vic |date=2016-11-11 |title=Roton Rotary Rocket |url=https://www.aerospaceguide.net/roton.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=AeroSpaceGuide.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Back To The Future: The Rotary Rocket Roton |url=http://www.lunar.org/docs/LUNARclips/v6/v6n2/Roton.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=www.lunar.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Cathy |date=2019-05-25 |title=Memories of Rotary Rocket in the air |url=https://www.theloopnewspaper.com/story/2019/05/25/community/memories-of-rotary-rocket-in-the-air/5370.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Loop Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

NASA proposed reusable concepts to replace the Shuttle technology, to be demonstrated under the [[X-33]] and [[X-34]] programs, which were both cancelled in the early 2000s due to rising costs and technical issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spaceflight Now {{!}} Breaking News {{!}} NASA kills X-33 and X-34 |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0103/01x33/index2.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=spaceflightnow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Brian |date=2001-03-05 |title=X-33's death signals shift in NASA's goals |url=https://spacenews.com/x-33s-death-signals-shift-in-nasas-goals/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title=Promise Denied |url=https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/promise-denied-nasas-x-34-and-the-quest-for-cheap-reusable-access-to-space/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Ansari X Prize]] contest, created in 1996, was intended to develop private suborbital reusable vehicles. Many private companies competed, with the winner, [[Scaled Composites]], reaching the [[Kármán line]] twice in a two-week period in 2004 with their reusable [[SpaceShipOne]].<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Mike Wall |date=2014-10-03 |title=How SpaceShipOne and X Prize Launched Commercial Spaceflight 10 Years Ago |url=https://www.space.com/27339-spaceshipone-xprize-launched-commercial-spaceflight.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref> The design was later developed into the [[space tourism]] vehicle [[SpaceShipTwo]], which flew on multiple suborbital flights, but never reached the [[Kármán line]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virgin Galactic completes final spaceflight before two-year pause |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-06-virgin-galactic-spaceflight-year-1.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref>

Between 1999 and 2004, the German [[German Aerospace Center|DLR]] was working on two reusable launch vehicle concepts within the ASTRA (Ausgewählte Systeme und Technologien für Raumtransport) program. The [[Liquid fly-back booster|Liquid Fly-back Booster (LFBB)]] was a winged horizontal landing booster for the [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]] family of rockets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sippel |first1=Martin |last2=Manfletti |first2=Chiara |last3=Burkhardt |first3=Holger |date=2006-02-01 |title=Long-term/strategic scenario for reusable booster stages |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576505003061 |journal=Acta Astronautica |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=209–221 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.09.012 |bibcode=2006AcAau..58..209S |issn=0094-5765}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SART |title=DLR - Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme - Liquid Fly-back Booster (LFBB) |url=http://www.dlr.de/irs/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-7582/12834_read-32243/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050518/http://www.dlr.de/irs/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-7582/12834_read-32243/ |archive-date=2015-06-10 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.dlr.de |language=de}}</ref> The [[Hopper (spacecraft)|Hopper spacecraft]] was a [[rocket sled]]-launched [[spaceplane]]. In 2004, DLR performed a series of drop tests with Phoenix RLV, a subscale prototype of Hopper, at the [[North European Aerospace Test range]] in [[Kiruna]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-10-01 |title=Launching the next generation of rockets |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3699848.stm |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe's space shuttle passes early test |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4975-europes-space-shuttle-passes-early-test/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2001, the Russian [[Khrunichev]] space centre proposed a reusable fly-back booster [[Baikal (rocket booster)|Baikal]] for the [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara]] family of rockets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Come Back Big booster |url=https://www.spacedaily.com/news/launcher-russia-01j.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.spacedaily.com}}</ref> This vehicle never flew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patrascu |first=Daniel |date=2021-10-27 |title=Baikal Heavy on Flyback Boosters Is How Russia Could Have Bested America |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/baikal-heavy-on-flyback-boosters-is-how-russia-could-have-bested-america-172741.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=autoevolution |language=en}}</ref> A similar concept was later proposed by [[Roscosmos]] in 2018 with no subsequent updates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baikal |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikal.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref>

In 2005, [[NASA]] initiated the [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services|Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS)]] program supporting private companies in developing [[Comparison of space station cargo vehicles|uncrewed cargo vehicles]] for resupplying the ISS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lambright |first=W. Henry |date=2015-11-01 |title=Launching commercial space: NASA, cargo, and policy innovation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964615300059 |journal=Space Policy |volume=34 |pages=23–31 |doi=10.1016/j.spacepol.2015.05.005 |bibcode=2015SpPol..34...23L |issn=0265-9646}}</ref> This program has briefly resurrected the reusable [[Kistler K-1]] concept by [[Rocketplane Kistler]] before it was cancelled for lack of private funding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasztor |first=Andy |date=2007-08-23 |title=Rocketplane Cuts Workforce As Financial Woes Mount - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118788458187906675 |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Whitesides |first=Loretta Hidalgo |title=NASA Terminates COTS Funds for Rocketplane Kistler |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/09/nasa-terminates/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> However, another recipient of [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services|COTS]] funding from NASA, SpaceX, managed to use this support to keep operating and to develop its Falcon 9 rocket, which later became partially reusable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SpaceNews |date=2013-12-16 |title=Editorial {{!}} A Space Policy Success Story |url=https://spacenews.com/38718editorial-a-space-policy-success-story/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2016-04-11 |title=Without NASA there would be no SpaceX and its brilliant boat landing |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/04/without-nasa-there-would-be-no-spacex-and-its-brilliant-boat-landing/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===
[[File:Falcon Heavy Side Boosters landing on LZ1 and LZ2 - 2018 (25254688767).jpg|thumb|[[Falcon Heavy]] side boosters landing during 2018 [[Falcon Heavy test flight|demonstration mission]]]]
[[File:Adeline.svg|thumb|[[Adeline (rocket stage)|Adeline]] concept]]
[[File:Long March rocket mockups at ZHAL (CZ 9 and 10 cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Long March 9]] and [[Long March 10|10]] models]]
[[File:NGLV Family.svg|thumb|[[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)]] rocket family]]
[[File:Cfd-berechnung-zur-bewertung-des-massenstroms-um-das-raumfahrzeug.jpg|thumb|[[CALLISTO]] rocket demonstrator by [[CNES]], [[German Aerospace Center|DLR]], and [[JAXA]]]]
[[File:静态点火试验中的朱雀三号运载火箭（遥一）.jpg|thumb|Static firing test of the [[Zhuque-3]]]]
[[File:Blue Origin New Glenn flight 2.jpg|thumb|[[New Glenn]] second flight, 2025]]
In 2012, SpaceX started a flight test program with [[SpaceX Grasshopper|experimental vehicles]]. These subsequently led to the development of the Falcon 9 reusable rocket launcher.<ref name="nsw20130328">{{cite news|url=http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-moving-quickly-towards-fly-back-first-stage.html|title=SpaceX moving quickly towards fly-back first stage|last=Lindsey|first=Clark|date=2013-03-28|newspaper=NewSpace Watch|access-date=2013-03-29|url-access=subscription|archive-date=2013-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416030256/http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-moving-quickly-towards-fly-back-first-stage.html|url-status=live}}</ref> SpaceX achieved the first vertical soft landing of a reusable orbital rocket stage on December 21, 2015, after delivering 11 [[Orbcomm OG-2]] commercial satellites into [[low Earth orbit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SpaceX on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/679114269485436928 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920110637/https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/679114269485436928 |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2015-12-22 |work=Twitter}}</ref> The first reuse of a Falcon 9 first stage occurred on 30 March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2017 |title=SpaceX {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|suc|cessful|y}} launches first recycled rocket – video |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/video/2017/mar/31/spacex-successfuly-launches-first-recycled-rocket-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209034302/https://www.theguardian.com/science/video/2017/mar/31/spacex-successfuly-launches-first-recycled-rocket-video |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=31 March 2017 |work=The Guardian |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Since then, SpaceX has been routinely recovering and reusing their first stages, as well as [[SpaceX fairing recovery program|fairings]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=12 April 2019 |title=SpaceX Recovered Falcon Heavy Nose Cone, Plans to Re-fly it This Year (Photos) |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-reuse-payload-fairing-starlink-launch.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040053/https://www.space.com/spacex-reuse-payload-fairing-starlink-launch.html |archive-date=2021-02-09 |access-date=2019-04-29 |website=Space.com}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Airbus Defence and Space]] proposed the [[Adeline (rocket stage)|Adeline]] reusable engine pod for the [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]] family of rockets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selding |first=Peter B. de |date=2015-06-05 |title=Meet Adeline, Airbus' Answer To SpaceX Reusability |url=https://spacenews.com/meet-adeline-airbus-response-to-reusable-spacex-rocket/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, [[CNES]] declared the concept not financially interesting and it hasn't been developed further.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gosnold |date=2018-05-21 |title=Ariane 6 and beyond |url=https://satelliteobservation.net/2018/05/21/ariane-6-and-beyond/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=SatelliteObservation.net |language=en}}</ref>

On 23 November 2015 the [[New Shepard]] rocket became the first [[VTVL|Vertical Take-off, Vertical Landing (VTVL)]] sub-orbital rocket to reach space by passing the Kármán line ({{cvt|100|km|disp=or}}), reaching {{cvt|329,839|ft}} before returning for a propulsive landing.<ref name="space20151124">{{cite news |url=https://www.space.com/31202-blue-origin-historic-private-rocket-landing.html |title=Blue Origin Makes Historic Reusable Rocket Landing in Epic Test Flight |work=Calla Cofield |publisher=Space.Com |date=2015-11-24 |access-date=2015-11-25 |archive-date=2021-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209034257/https://www.space.com/31202-blue-origin-historic-private-rocket-landing.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="arstechnica20151125">{{cite web|last1=Berger|first1=Eric|title=Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk spar over gravity of Blue Origin rocket landing|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/11/jeff-bezos-and-elon-musk-spar-over-gravity-of-blue-origin-rocket-landing/|website=Ars Technica|date=24 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123413/https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/11/jeff-bezos-and-elon-musk-spar-over-gravity-of-blue-origin-rocket-landing/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2016, ESA selected the Spanish Company [[PLD Space]] to start developing a reusable first stage under the agency's [[Future Launchers Preparatory Programme|FLPP]] program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Caleb |date=2016 |title=Spanish propulsion startup wants to build Europe's first reusable rockets |url=https://spacenews.com/spanish-propulsion-startup-wants-to-build-europes-first-reusable-rockets/}}</ref> This project became known as [[Miura 5]] in 2018, when [[PLD Space]] redesigned the vehicle to increase its payload capacity after a review by ESA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Caleb |date=2018-11-28 |title=PLD Space, after ESA input, doubles lift capacity of smallsat launcher |url=https://spacenews.com/pld-space-after-esa-input-doubles-lift-capacity-of-smallsat-launcher/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2019, [[PLD Space]] performed a successful drop and recovery test of a Miura 5 first stage demonstrator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reusability: Drop test of microlauncher's demonstration first stage |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2019/04/Reusability_Drop_test_of_microlauncher_s_demonstration_first_stage/(lang)/en |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=2019-04-17 |title=Spain's PLD Space Successfully Completes Miura-5 Reusable Booster Drop Test |url=https://spacewatch.global/2019/04/spains-pld-space-successfully-completes-miura-5-reusable-booster-drop-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818222848/https://spacewatch.global/2019/04/spains-pld-space-successfully-completes-miura-5-reusable-booster-drop-test/ |archive-date=2019-08-18 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=SpaceWatch.GLOBAL |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, the [[German Aerospace Center|German Aerospace Center (DLR)]] started working on the Reusable Flight Experiment (ReFEx) aiming to demonstrate a winged fly-back rocket booster. As of 2024, its launch was planned for late 2026 atop a Brazilian [[VSB-30]] sounding rocket from the [[Koonibba Test Range]] in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2024-11-02 |title=Launch of DLR Reusable Flight Experiment Pushed to Late 2026 |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/launch-of-dlr-reusable-flight-experiment-pushed-to-late-2026/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2018, China was researching possible reusability for the [[Long March 8]] system.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-04-30 |title=China to test rocket reusability with planned Long March 8 launcher |url=https://spacenews.com/china-to-test-rocket-reusability-with-planned-long-march-8-launcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001025442/https://spacenews.com/china-to-test-rocket-reusability-with-planned-long-march-8-launcher/ |archive-date=2021-10-01 |access-date=2020-10-04 |publisher=SpaceNews.com}}</ref> This had been later abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2025-02-11 |title=First launch of Long March 8A sends second group of Guowang megaconstellation satellites into orbit |url=https://spacenews.com/first-launch-of-long-march-8a-sends-second-group-of-guowang-megaconstellation-satellites-into-orbit/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> However, multiple Chinese private companies developing reusable launch vehicles have been performing [[VTVL]] test flights of varying complexity and success since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2019-08-12 |title=Chinese Linkspace reaches 300 meters with launch and landing test |url=https://spacenews.com/chinese-linkspace-reaches-300-meters-with-launch-and-landing-test/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Rizwan |title=SpaceX rival, China's iSpace claims success in vertical landing rocket test |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/spacex-rival-chinas-ispace-claims-success-in-vertical-landing-rocket-test |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Interesting Engineering |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Singer |first1=Peter W. |last2=Nova |first2=Alex |date=2025-08-14 |title=China is working on reusable rockets—and a strategic leap in space power |url=https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2025/08/china-working-reusable-rocketsand-strategic-leap-space-power/407453/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Defense One |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Jack |title=Rocket hopping season begins in China! [CASC-SAST 10km Test Flight] |url=https://www.china-in-space.com/p/rocket-hopping-season-begins-in-china |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.china-in-space.com |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2019, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) started working on the [[European Union|EU]]-funded project [[RETALT]] aimed at developing [[retropropulsion]] technologies for reusable rockets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2019-06-26 |title=Europe says SpaceX "dominating" launch, vows to develop Falcon 9-like rocket |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/06/europe-says-spacex-dominating-launch-vows-to-develop-falcon-9-like-rocket/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019 [[Rocket Lab]] announced plans to recover and reuse the first stage of their Electron launch vehicle, intending to use [[parachute]]s and [[mid-air retrieval]].<ref name="rlab20190806">{{cite web|url=https://www.rocketlabusa.com/about-us/updates/rocket-lab-announces-reusability-plans-for-electron-rocket/|title=Rocket Lab Announces Reusability Plans For Electron Rocket|publisher=Rocket Lab|date=6 August 2019|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521172157/https://www.rocketlabusa.com/about-us/updates/rocket-lab-announces-reusability-plans-for-electron-rocket/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 November 2020, Rocket Lab successfully returned an Electron first stage from an orbital launch, the stage softly splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="SpaceNews 2020">{{cite web | title=Rocket Lab launches Electron in test of booster recovery | website=SpaceNews | date=2020-11-20 | url=https://spacenews.com/rocket-lab-launches-electron-in-test-of-booster-recovery/ | access-date=2020-11-20 | archive-date=2021-10-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001025441/https://spacenews.com/rocket-lab-launches-electron-in-test-of-booster-recovery/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Nine first stage boosters were recovered between November 2020 and January 2024, however after Rocket Lab re-used certain components from the recovered boosters (including [[Rutherford (rocket engine)|Rutherford rocket engines]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2023-08-24 |title=The re-flight of a Rutherford engine demonstrates rocket reuse is here to stay |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/08/rocket-lab-joins-spacex-in-re-flying-a-rocket-engine-to-space/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Q3 2023 Investor Update |date=8 November 2023 |publisher=Rocket Lab USA |url=https://s28.q4cdn.com/737637457/files/doc_financials/2023/q3/FINAL_Rocket-Lab-Q3-2023-presentation_pdf_1.pdf#page=6}}</ref>), the company decided not to re-use Electron first stage boosters, citing decreasing marginal financial savings from the booster recovery program, instead focusing on the larger, partially reusable Neutron rocket.<ref name="PeterBeckInterview202511">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2025-11-24 |title=Rocket Lab chief opens up about Neutron delays, New Glenn's success, and NASA science |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/11/rocket-lab-chief-opens-up-about-neutron-delays-new-glenns-success-and-nasa-science/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
In 2020, the only operational reusable orbital-class launch systems were the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy, the latter of which is based upon the Falcon 9. SpaceX was also developing the fully reusable Starship launch system.<ref name="musk20170929">
Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/tdUX3ypDVwI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929083108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdUX3ypDVwI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdUX3ypDVwI |people=Elon Musk |title=Becoming a Multiplanetary Species |date=29 September 2017 |medium=video |location=68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide, Australia |publisher=SpaceX |via=YouTube |access-date=2017-12-31}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Blue Origin was developing its New Glenn orbital rocket with a reusable first stage.

In October 2020, Roscosmos signed a development contract for [[Amur (launch vehicle)|Amur]], a new launcher with a reusable first stage.<ref name="roscosmos20201005">{{cite web |title=Trouble-free as a Kalashnikov assault rifle: the Amur methane rocket |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/29357/ |publisher=[[Roscosmos]] |language=ru |date=5 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006120801/https://www.roscosmos.ru/29357/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Roscosmos expected the vehicle to fly no earlier than 2030 and announced intention to start developing a prototype first stage in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2024-11-11 |title=Russia: Fine, I guess we should have a Grasshopper rocket project, too |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/11/russia-fine-i-guess-we-should-have-a-grasshopper-rocket-project-too/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2025-08-25 |title=With a new Soyuz rocket, Russia seeks to break its Ukrainian dependency |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/08/with-a-new-soyuz-rocket-russia-seeks-to-break-its-ukrainian-dependency/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2020, ESA signed contracts to start developing [[Themis programme|THEMIS]], a prototype reusable first stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/ESA_plans_demonstration_of_a_reusable_rocket_stage_999.html|title=ESA plans demonstration of a reusable rocket stage|website=Space Daily|access-date=2020-12-19|archive-date=2020-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216090722/https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/ESA_plans_demonstration_of_a_reusable_rocket_stage_999.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2025, the first THEMIS prototype has been fully assembled at its launch site at [[Esrange]] in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-09-19 |title=ArianeGroup Completes Themis Integration Ahead of Combined Tests |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/arianegroup-completes-themis-integration-ahead-of-combined-tests/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref> Lessons learned through the development and testing of THEMIS, as well as smaller-scale demonstrators [[CALLISTO]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-09-16 |title=CNES Call Reveals Inaugural Callisto Flight Test Pushed to 2027 |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/cnes-call-reveals-inaugural-callisto-flight-test-pushed-to-2027/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref> FROG-T, and FROG-H<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-09-20 |title=CNES Pushes FROG-H Reusable Rocket Demonstrator Debut to 2026 |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/cnes-pushes-frog-h-reusable-rocket-demonstrator-debut-to-2026/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref> will be used in development of future European reusable launchers [[Maia (rocket)|Maia]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2024-11-21 |title=ESA Awards Another €230M to ArianeGroup for Themis Demonstrator |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/esa-award-another-e230m-to-arianegroup-for-themis-demonstrator/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Ariane Next]].<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Patureau de Mirand |first1=Antoine |date=July 2019 |title=Ariane Next, a vision for a reusable cost efficient European rocket |url=https://www.eucass.eu/index.php/component/docindexer/?task=download&id=5506 |format=PDF |conference=8th European Conference for Aeronautics and Space Sciences |doi=10.13009/EUCASS2019-949 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patureau de Mirand |first1=Antoine |last2=Bahu |first2=Jean-Marc |last3=Gogdet |first3=Olivier |date=2020-05-01 |title=Ariane Next, a vision for the next generation of Ariane Launchers |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576520300631 |journal=Acta Astronautica |volume=170 |pages=735–749 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.02.003 |bibcode=2020AcAau.170..735P |issn=0094-5765}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=gosnold |date=2018-06-02 |title=CNES' director of launchers talks reusable rockets |url=https://satelliteobservation.net/2018/06/02/cnes-director-of-launchers-talks-reusable-rockets/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=SatelliteObservation.net |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2022, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) initiated the Advanced Technologies for High Energetic Atmospheric Flight of Launcher Stages (ATHEAt) program for demonstrating various technologies related to launch vehicle reusability. The first suborbital test flight of the program successfully launched on 6 October 2025 from [[Andøya Space]] in Norway and the second, using a different rocket booster, is scheduled for 2026 from [[Esrange|Esrange Space Center]] in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-10-02 |title=DLR Prepares to Launch Small Reusable Space Transportation Demonstrator |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/dlr-prepares-to-launch-small-reusable-space-transportation-demonstrator/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=German flight experiment ready for launch from Andøya |url=https://andoyaspace.no/news-articles/german-flight-experiment-ready-to-launch-from-andoya/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Andoya Space |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshiet |first=Collins |date=2025-10-09 |title=Germany's ATHEAt Mission Successfully Launches From Andøya Space |url=https://orbitaltoday.com/2025/10/09/atheat-successfully-launches-from-andoya-space/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Orbital Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ATHEAt flight experiment successfully launched |url=https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2025/athea-flight-experiment-successfully-launched |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.dlr.de |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPA0aVxU8pk |title=Wiederverwendbarer Raumtransport: DLR-Flugexperiment ATHEAt im Härtetest |date=2026-02-24 |last=DLR |access-date=2026-02-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

In 2022, China revealed plans to use reusable first stages on the new [[Long March 9]] and [[Long March 10|10]] rockets, which are expected to serve the country's [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program|crewed Lunar program]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2022-11-09 |title=China scraps expendable Long March 9 rocket plan in favor of reusable version |url=https://spacenews.com/china-scraps-expendable-long-march-9-rocket-plan-in-favor-of-reusable-version/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Andrew Jones |date=2022-03-06 |title=China wants its new rocket for astronaut launches to be reusable |url=https://www.space.com/china-reusable-rockets-for-astronaut-launches |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref> In August and September 2025, China performed first hot fire tests of [[Long March 10]]'s first stage, including a restart sequence likely related to first stage landing maneuvres needed for reusability.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2025-09-12 |title=China completes second hot-fire test for new moon rocket, including engine restarts |url=https://spacenews.com/china-completes-second-hot-fire-test-for-new-moon-rocket-including-engine-restarts/ |work=SpaceNews}}</ref> [[Long March 10]]'s first stage performed its first soft landing on water on 11 February 2026 during the launch abort test of the [[Mengzhou (spacecraft)|Mengzhou]] spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-11|title=Un pas de plus vers la Lune : La Chine valide l’éjection et l’amerrissage de son vaisseau Mengzhou et teste la Long March 10A|url=https://reves-d-espace.com/la-chine-valide-ejection-et-amerrissage-vaisseau-mengzhou-et-teste-la-long-march-10a/|access-date=2026-02-11|website=Rêves d'Espace|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2026-02-11 |title=China tests crewed spacecraft abort and rocket recovery in major lunar milestone |url=https://spacenews.com/china-tests-crewed-spacecraft-abort-and-rocket-recovery-in-major-lunar-milestone/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2023, the Spanish company [[PLD Space]], supported by ESA's [[Future Launchers Preparatory Programme|FLPP]] funding,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miura 1 launch |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/02/Miura_1_launch |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> tested various technologies for its future reusable launch vehicle [[Miura 5]] by successfully launching the suborbital rocket [[Miura 1]] from the [[El Arenosillo|El Arenosillo Test Centre]] in [[Huelva]], Spain. The company claimed that as much as 70% of the technology needed for Miura 5 could be tested on Miura 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2023-10-09 |title=PLD Space Successfully Debuts Suborbital Miura 1 Rocket |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/pld-space-successfully-debuts-suborbital-miura-1-rocket/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2023-10-20 |title=PLD Space calls first launch a success |url=https://spacenews.com/pld-space-calls-first-launch-a-success/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 2024, the [[Government of India]] has approved plans to develop a new partially reusable rocket [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|NGLV]]. The vehicle, with a VTVL first stage, is expected to be operational around 2033.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=2024-09-19 |title=India approves development of reusable launcher, space station module |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/09/india-is-on-a-path-to-become-the-worlds-third-largest-space-power/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2024, China debuted the [[Long March 12]] rocket,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2024-11-30 |title=China launches first Long March 12 from new commercial spaceport in boost for country's lunar plans |url=https://spacenews.com/china-launches-first-long-march-12-from-new-commercial-spaceport-in-boost-for-countrys-lunar-plans/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> whose later version [[Long March 12A]] is designed to have a reusable first stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2025-01-02 |title=China to debut new Long March and commercial rockets in 2025 |url=https://spacenews.com/china-to-debut-new-long-march-and-commercial-rockets-in-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2025, the Longxing-2 [[VTVL]] demonstrator, likely a precursor to Long March 12A's first stage, flew on a high altitude suborbital test flight. The outcome of this test was not made public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2025-01-20 |title=China performs high altitude reusable rocket test with uncertain outcome |url=https://spacenews.com/china-performs-high-altitude-reusable-rocket-test-with-uncertain-outcome/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=2025-01-24 |title=Rocket Report: Did China's reusable rocket work?; DOT may review SpaceX fines |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/01/rocket-report-dot-may-review-spacex-fines-did-chinas-reusable-rocket-work/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Martin |date=2025-01-22 |title=China Roundup: Chang Zheng 8A set for debut, Chinese hopper flies 75 km high-altitude test |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/01/china-roundup-012225/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Long March 12A]] had its maiden flight on 23 December 2025. The rocket successfully reached orbit but the first stage was destroyed during its landing attempt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Andrew |title=Long March 12A reaches orbit in first reusable launch attempt, but landing fails |url=https://spacenews.com/long-march-12a-reaches-orbit-in-first-reusable-launch-attempt-but-landing-fails/ |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=SpaceNews}}</ref>

In 2025, [[Arianespace]] proposed making [[Ariane 6]] partially reusable by substituting the rocket's solid-fuel expendable boosters with Liquid Reusable Boosters (LRBs) derived from the Maia rocket under development by Arianespace's subsidiary MaiaSpace. The development of the proposal was funded by ESA's Boosters for European Space Transportation (BEST!) initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2026-01-07 |title=ArianeGroup Proposes Ariane 6 Evolution Using MaiaSpace Boosters |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/arianegroup-proposes-ariane-6-evolution-using-maiaspace-boosters/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=2026-01-10 |title=ESA considers righting the wrongs of Ariane 6 by turning it into a Franken-rocket |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/esa-considers-righting-the-wrongs-of-ariane-6-by-turning-it-into-a-franken-rocket/ |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2025, the Japanese company [[Honda]] performed a successful 300 m high VTVL flight of a [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid-propellant]] demonstrator rocket equipped with [[Grid fin|grid fins]] and landing legs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=2025-06-18 |title=Honda's hopper suddenly makes the Japanese carmaker a serious player in rocketry |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2025/06/hondas-hopper-suddenly-makes-the-japanese-carmaker-a-serious-player-in-rocketry/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomaswick |first=Andy |date=2025-06-21 |title=Honda - Yes, Honda - Tests a Reusable Rocket |url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/honda-yes-honda-tests-a-reusable-rocket |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Universe Today |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, ESA awarded a contract to the Italian company [[Avio]] to start developing a reusable upper stage demonstrator.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-09-29 |title=Avio Wins €40M ESA Contract to Design Reusable Upper Stage Demo |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/avio-wins-e40m-esa-contract-to-design-reusable-upper-stage-demo/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=2025-09-29 |title=ESA will pay an Italian company nearly $50 million to design a mini-Starship |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/esa-will-pay-an-italian-company-nearly-50-million-to-design-a-mini-starship/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Avio sign contract for a reuseable upper stage demonstration mission |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/ESA_and_Avio_sign_contract_for_a_reuseable_upper_stage_demonstration_mission |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> Later in 2025, ESA also awarded a related contract to the Italian company Ingegneria Dei Sistemi (IDS) to design a reusable rocket stage recovery vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-10-16 |title=ESA Awards Contract for Reusable Rocket Stage Recovery Vessel |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/esa-awards-contract-for-reusable-rocket-stage-recovery-vessel/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref> Meanwhile, Avio has been developing the FD1 and FD2 rocket demonstrators of [[Liquid rocket propellant|methalox]] engines for their future Vega Next rocket, with possible reusability-related features like [[Grid fin|grid fins]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-10-20 |title=Avio Reaches Key Milestone in the Development of its FD1 Rocket Demonstrator |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/avio-reaches-key-milestone-in-the-development-of-its-fd1-rocket-demonstrator/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-03-17 |title=Avio to Begin Testing Next-Gen Reusable Rocket Demonstrator in 2025 |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/avio-to-begin-testing-next-gen-reusable-rocket-demonstrator-in-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2024-09-12 |title=Avio Plans Introduction of Vega Next Rocket Beyond 2032 |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/avio-plans-introduction-of-vega-next-rocket-beyond-2032/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=2024-09-05 |title=The Vega rocket never found its commercial niche. After tonight, it's gone. |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/09/the-vega-rocket-never-found-its-commercial-niche-after-tonight-its-gone/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2025-10-29 |title=Avio Reveals More Hardware for its FD1 Rocket Demonstrator |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/avio-reveals-more-hardware-for-its-fd1-rocket-demonstrator/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 20 October 2025, the Chinese company [[LandSpace Technology Corporation|LandSpace]] performed a static-fire test of its new rocket [[Zhuque-3]] intended for partial reusability. The first stage of the rocket was equipped with [[Grid fin|grid fins]], aerodynamic chines, and landing legs.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Mike Wall |date=2025-10-21 |title=China's 1st reusable rocket test fires engines ahead of debut flight (video) |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/chinese-company-landspace-fires-up-its-reusable-rocket-ahead-of-debut-flight-video |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-22 |title=Revesdespace (@revesdespace@universeodon.com) |url=https://universeodon.com/@revesdespace/115418788383857174 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Universeodon Social Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-22 |title=Rêves d'espace (@revesdespace.bsky.social) |url=https://bsky.app/profile/revesdespace.bsky.social/post/3m3sbnvaeu22n |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030122513/https://bsky.app/profile/revesdespace.bsky.social/post/3m3sbnvaeu22n |archive-date=2025-10-30 |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=Bluesky Social}}</ref> The rocket successfully launched and reached orbit on 3 December 2025 but the first stage was destroyed during its landing attempt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=2025-12-03 |title=China pushing for reusability milestone with Zhuque-3 launch and near-landing |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/12/china-reusability-zhuque-3-launch-landing/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Simone |last2=Valerio |first2=Mike |last3=He |first3=Fred |last4=Liu |first4=John |date=2025-12-03 |title=A Chinese reusable booster explodes in historic first orbital test — highlighting challenge to chase SpaceX |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/12/03/science/zhuque-3-launch-china-reusable-rocket-intl-hnk |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 November 2025, Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket launched NASA's twin [[ESCAPADE]] spacecraft to Mars on its second flight. The rocket's first stage then successfully landed on a barge in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Blue Origin launches twin Mars probes for NASA as New Glenn makes first landing – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/11/13/blue-origin-launches-twin-mars-probes-for-nasa-as-new-glenn-makes-first-landing/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Blue Origin nails booster landing on second New Glenn launch |url=https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/blue-origin-nails-booster-landing-on-second-new-glenn-launch/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Aerospace America |language=en-US}}</ref> This made Blue Origin the second company after SpaceX to recover an orbital-class booster by a propulsive landing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Origin Poised To Pick Up Pace Of New Glenn Launches {{!}} Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/space/commercial-space/blue-origin-poised-pick-pace-new-glenn-launches |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref> The same first stage, with a new set of engines, was then successfully reused on 19 April 2026 during the [[List of New Glenn launches#NG-3|third flight of New Glenn]], although the flight's primary mission failed due to a second stage issue.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-04-18 |title=Blue Origin reuses huge New Glenn rocket for 1st time, lands booster at sea (launch video) |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/blue-origin-reuses-new-glenn-rocket-landing-success-1st-time-on-april-19-2026-video |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Haygen |date=2026-04-18 |title=New Glenn launches on third mission, successfully reuses booster for the first time |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2026/04/ng-3-launch/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=2026-04-19 |title=Blue Origin's rocket reuse achievement marred by errant satellite deployment |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/04/errant-upper-stage-spoils-blue-origins-success-in-reusing-new-glenn-booster/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luciani 0 |first=Massimo |date=2026-04-21 |title=AST SpaceMobile’s Bluebird 7 satellite will fall back to Earth after being placed into an incorrect orbit |url=https://english.tachyonbeam.com/2026/04/21/ast-spacemobiles-bluebird-7-satellite-will-fall-back-to-earth-after-being-placed-into-an-incorrect-orbit/ |access-date=2026-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== List of reusable launch vehicles ==
=== Existing ===
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Existing reusable launch vehicles
|-
! #
! Vehicle
! Organization
! Reusable component(s)
! Launched
! Recovered
! Reflown
! Payload to [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
! First Launch
! Status
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[Space Shuttle]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]]
|[[Space Shuttle orbiter|Orbiter]]
|135
|133
|130
| Rowspan=2 |27,500 kg
| Rowspan=2 |1981-04-12
| Rowspan=2 {{Dropped|Retired (2011)}}
|-
|[[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|Side booster]]
|270
|266
|?{{efn|An exact figure for reused SRBs is not possible because the boosters were broken up for parts at the end of recovery and not kept as complete sets of parts.}}
|-
! 2
| [[Ares I]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]]
|First stage
|1
|1
|0
|25,400 kg
|2009-10-28
| {{Dropped|Retired (2010)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" |[[Falcon 9]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flagicon|USA}} [[SpaceX]]
|[[List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters|First stage]]
|{{Falcon rocket statistics|F9launch}}
|{{#expr:{{Falcon rocket statistics|F9Landingsuccess}} - 2}}
|{{#expr:{{Falcon rocket statistics|F9FTBlock5launch}} - {{Falcon rocket statistics|F9FTBlock5boosters}} + 12}} 
| Rowspan = 2 | 17,500 kg (reusable)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1762019803630563800|author=Elon Musk|title=Due to continued design improvements, this Falcon 9 carried its highest ever payload of 17.5 tons of useful load to a useful orbit|date=26 February 2024}}</ref> 22,800 kg (expended)
| Rowspan = 2 | 2010-06-04
| Rowspan = 2 {{Yes|Active}}
|-
|Fairing half
| >486{{efn|name=falconfairing|As of 12 January 2024. A presentation slide at the company's all-hands meeting stated that fairing halves of the Falcon 9 and Heavy rockets had been recovered and reflown "more than 300 times".<ref>{{YouTube|id=6xLmBLWDSHo|time=14m12s|title=Elon Musk delivers SpaceX update, talks Starship progress and more!}}</ref>}}
| colspan = 2 | >300 {{small|(Falcon 9 and Heavy)}}{{efn|name=falconfairing}}
|-
! 4
| [[Electron (rocket)|Electron]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}}{{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Rocket Lab]]
|First stage
|85
|9
|0
|325 kg (expended)
|2017-05-25
| {{dropped|Active, reflight cancelled}}<ref name="PeterBeckInterview202511"/>
|-
! rowspan="3" | 5
| rowspan="3" | [[Falcon Heavy]]
| rowspan="3" | {{Flagicon|USA}} [[SpaceX]]
|Side booster
|22
|18
|14
| Rowspan=3 |~33,000 kg (all cores reusable) 63,800 kg (expended)
| Rowspan=3 |2018-02-07
| Rowspan=3 {{Yes|Active}}
|-
|Center core
|11
|0{{efn|The center booster used for [[Arabsat-6A]] was landed but not recovered.}}
|0
|-
|Fairing half
| >18{{efn|name=falconfairing}}
| colspan = 2 | >300 {{small|(Falcon 9 and Heavy)}}{{efn|name=falconfairing}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 6
| rowspan="2" |[[SpaceX Starship|Starship]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[SpaceX]]
|[[SpaceX Super Heavy|First stage]]
|{{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalLaunches}}
|{{#expr:{{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalBlock1BoosterRecover}} + {{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalBlock2BoosterRecover}}}}
|{{#expr:{{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalBlock1BoosterReflight}} + {{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalBlock2BoosterReflight}}}}
| rowspan=2 |100,000 kg (Block 3)

200,000 kg (Block 4)
| rowspan=2 |2023-04-20
| rowspan=2 {{Yes|Active}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)|Second stage]]
|{{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalLaunches}}
|{{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalBlock2ShipRecover}}
|{{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalBlock2ShipReflight}}
|-
! 7
| [[Vulcan Centaur]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United Launch Alliance]]
|First stage engine module
|4
|0
|0
|27,200 kg
|2024-01-08
|{{Operational|Active, recovery planned}}
|-
! 8
| [[New Glenn]]
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Blue Origin]]
|First stage
|3
|2
|1
|45,000 kg
|2025-01-16
|{{Yes|Active}}
|-
! 9
|[[Zhuque-3]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[LandSpace]]
|First stage
|1
|0
|0
|18,300 kg (reusable) 21,300 kg (expended)
|2025-12-03
|{{Operational|Active, recovery attempted}}
|-
!10
|[[Long March 12A]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology|SAST]]
|First Stage
|1
|0
|0
|9,000 kg (reusable) 12,000 kg (expended)
|2025-12-23
|{{Operational|Active, recovery attempted}}
|-
!11
|[[Tianlong-3]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Space Pioneer]]
|First stage
|1
|0
|0
|17,000 kg
|2026-04-03
|{{Operational|Active, recovery planned}}
|}

=== Planned ===
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Planned reusable launch vehicles
|-
! Vehicle
! Organization
! Reusable component(s)
! Payload to [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
! Planned launch
|-
|[[Kinetica-2]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[CAS Space]]
|First stage
|12,000 kg
|2026
|-
|[[Pallas-1]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Galactic Energy]]
|First stage
|5,000 kg
|2026
|-
|[[Nebula 1]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Deep Blue Aerospace]]
|First stage
|2,000 kg
|2026
|-
|[[Perigee Aerospace|Blue Whale 1]]
|{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Perigee Aerospace]]
|First stage
|170 kg
|2026
|-
| [[Neutron (rocket)|Neutron]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}}{{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Rocket Lab]]
|First stage (includes fairing)
|13,000 kg (reusable) 15,000 kg (expended)
|2026
|-
|[[Nova (fully reusable launch vehicle)|Nova]]
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Stoke Space]]
|Fully reusable
|3,000 kg (reusable) 5,000 kg (stage 2 expended) 7,000 kg (fully expended)
|2026
|-
|[[Hyperbola-3]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[i-Space (Chinese company)|I-space]]
|First stage
|8,300 kg (reusable) 13,400 kg (expended)
|2026
|-
|[[Deep Blue Aerospace#Nebula 2|Nebula 2]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Deep Blue Aerospace]]
|First stage
|20,000 kg
|2026
|-
|[[Orienspace|Gravity-2]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Orienspace]]
|First stage
|17,400 kg (reusable) 21,500 kg(expended)
|2026
|-
|[[Terran R]]
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Relativity Space]]
|First stage
|23,500 kg (reusable) 33,500 kg (expended)
|2026
|-
|[[Miura 5]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}}[[File:ESA_logo_simple.svg|20px]] [[PLD Space]]
|First stage
|900 kg
|2026
|-
|[[Maia (rocket)|Maia]]
|{{Flagicon|France}}[[File:ESA_logo_simple.svg|20px]] [[MaiaSpace]]
|First Stage
|500 kg (reusable) 1,500 kg (expended) 2,500 kg (3rd stage and expended)
|2026
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Space Pioneer#Tianlong 3|Tianlong-3H]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Flagicon|China}} [[Space Pioneer]]
|Side booster
| Rowspan=2 |68,000 kg (expended)
| Rowspan=2 |2026
|-
|Center core
|-
|[[Long March 10B]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|First Stage
|16,000 kg (reusable)
|2026
|-
|[[Long March 12B]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|CASC]]
|First Stage
|12,000 kg (reusable) 20,000 kg (expended)
|2026
|-
|Yuanxingzhe-1
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Space Epoch]]
|First Stage
|6,500 kg
|2026
|-
|[[Orienspace|Gravity-3]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Orienspace]]
|First stage, fairing
|30,600 kg
|2027
|-
|[[Long March 10A]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|First Stage
|14,000 kg (reusable) 18,000 kg (expended)
|2027
|-
|[[Galactic Energy Pallas-2|Pallas-2]]
|{{Flagicon|China}} [[Galactic Energy]]
|First stage
|20,000 kg
|2027
|-
|[[Eclipse (rocket)|Eclipse]]
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Firefly Aerospace]]
|First stage
|16,300 kg
|2027
|-
|[[Amur (launch vehicle)|Amur]]
|{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Roscosmos]]
|First stage
|10,500 kg
|2030
|-
|[[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|NGLV]]
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[ISRO]]
|First stage
|14,000 kg
|2033
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Long March 9]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|China}} [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|First Stage
| rowspan=2 | 100,000 kg
| rowspan=2 | 2033
|-
|Second Stage
|-
|[[Ariane Next]]
|{{Flagicon|France}}[[File:ESA_logo_simple.svg|20px]] [[ArianeSpace]]
|First Stage
|TBD
|2030s
|-
|[[Vega C#Vega Next|Vega Next]]
|{{Flagicon|Italy}}[[File:ESA_logo_simple.svg|20px]] [[Avio]]
|TBD
|TBD
|2030s
|}

== List of reusable spacecraft ==
{{Main|Reusable spacecraft#List of reusable orbital spacecraft}}

{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header-multi" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Reusable spacecrafts
|-
! Spacecraft
! Organization
!Launch Vehicle
!Launched
!Recovered
!Reflown
!Launch Mass
!First Launch
!Status
|-
| [[Space Shuttle orbiter]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]]
|[[Space Shuttle]]
|135
|133
|130
|110,000 kg
|1981-04-12
|{{Dropped|Retired (2011)}}
|-
| [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]]
| {{Flagicon|USSR}} [[Energia (corporation)|NPO-Energia]]
|[[Energia (rocket)|Energia]]
|1
|1
|0
|92,000 kg
|1988-11-15
|{{Dropped|Retired (1988)}}
|-
| [[X-37]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Boeing]]
|[[Atlas V]], [[Falcon 9|Falcon{{nbsp}}9]], [[Falcon Heavy]]
|7
|7
|5
| 5,000 kg
|2010-04-22
|{{Yes|Active}}
|-
| [[SpaceX Dragon|Dragon]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[SpaceX]]
| Falcon 9
|51
|49
|30
| 12,519 kg
|2010-12-08
| {{Yes|Active}}
|-
| [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]]
| [[Space Launch System]]
|3
|3
|0
| 10,400 kg (excluding service module and abort system)
|2014-12-05
|{{Operational|Active, reflight planned}}
|-
| [[Boeing Starliner|Starliner]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Boeing]]
| Atlas V
|3
|3
|1
| 13,000 kg
|2019-12-20
|{{Yes|Active}}
|-
| [[Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft]]
| {{Flagicon|China}} [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|CASC]]
| [[Long March 2F]]
|3
|2
| unknown
| unknown
|2020-09-04
|{{Operational|Active, reusability unknown}}
|-
| [[Dream Chaser]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Sierra Space]]
| [[Vulcan Centaur]]
|0
|0
|0
| 9,000 kg
|2026
|{{Planned}}
|-
|[[Space Rider]]
|[[File:ESA_logo_simple.svg|20px]] [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
|[[Vega C]]
|0
|0
|0
|4,900 kg
|2027
|{{Planned}}
|-
| [[Mengzhou (spacecraft)|Mengzhou]]
| {{Flagicon|China}} [[China Academy of Space Technology|CAST]]
| [[Long March 10A]]
|0
|0
|0
|14,000 kg
|2027
|{{Planned}}
|}

== List of reusable suborbital spacecrafts ==
{{updated|1 December 2024.}}
{{sticky header}}{{Sort under}}{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi sort-under col9center col10center" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:left;"
|+ Reusable suborbital spacecrafts
! #
! Vehicle
! Company
! First launch to space
! Launches to space{{efn|only successful launches counted}}
! Recovered from space{{efn|only successful recoveries counted}}
! Reflown to space{{efn|only successful launches counted}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[New Shepard]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Blue Origin]]
| 2015
| 27
| 26
| 22
|-
| colspan="5" | Fully reusable. Active as of December 2024. Of the 27 (successful) launches to space, 3 were to an altitude over 80 km (USAF/NASA limit for space) but below 100 km (international limit for space) and 24 to an altitude over 100 km.
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2
| rowspan="2" | [[SpaceShipTwo]] ([[VSS Unity]])
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Virgin Galactic]]
| 2018
| 12
| 12
| 11
|-
| colspan="5" | Fully reusable. Retired in 2024. Only flew to above 80 km (USAF/NASA limit for space) but not above 100 km (international limit for space).
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" | [[SpaceShipOne]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Mojave Aerospace Ventures]]/[[Scaled Composites]]
| 2004
| 3
| 3
| 2
|-
| colspan="5" | Fully reusable. Retired in 2004. Of the 3 (successful) launches to space, all were to an altitude over 100 km (international limit for space).
|-
! rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | [[North American X-15]]
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[North American Aviation]]/[[USAF]]/[[NASA]]
| 1962
| 13
| 12
| 11
|-
| colspan="5" | Fully reusable. Retired in 1968. Of the 13 (successful) launches to space, 2 were to an altitude over 100 km (international limit for space) and 11 to an altitude over 80 km (USAF/NASA limit for space) but below 100 km.
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Reusable spacecraft]]
* [[SpaceX reusable launch system development program]]
* [[List of private spaceflight companies]]
* [[Takeoff and landing]]
*[https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/entry-descent-landing/ Mars Descent Vehicle]
*[https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/entry-descent-landing/ Mars Ascent Vehicle]
*[[Lunar Lander (spacecraft)|Lunar Lander]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Heribert Kuczera, et al.: ''Reusable space transportation systems.'' Springer, Berlin 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-540-89180-2}}.
* {{Cite book|title=Design of Rockets and Space Launch Vehicles|last1=Edberg|first1=Don|last2=Costa|first2=Willie|publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-62410-641-5|edition=2nd|doi=10.2514/4.106422}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reusable launch systems}}
* [https://www.ikonet.com/en/visualdictionary/astronomy/astronautics/space-shuttle/space-shuttle-at-takeoff.php Illustration of a Space Shuttle at takeoff and Orbiter] (Visual Dictionary - QAInternational)
*[[Lunar lander|Lunar Lander Module]]

{{Reusable launch systems}}
{{Spaceflight}}
{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|space=yes}}
{{European launch systems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Spacecraft propulsion]]
[[Category:Reusable launch systems| ]]
[[Category:Reusable spaceflight technology|*]]
[[Category:Space launch vehicles]]
[[Category:Space access]]
[[Category:Rocket propulsion]]

A. Anbalagan

2026-05-07T09:35:11Z

DiannaGariepy5: Started stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Anbalagan
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Annibal Kennedy]]
| constituency = [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]
| term_start1 = May 2001
| term_end1 = May 2021
| predecessor1 = S. Rathinam
| successor1 = [[Annibal Kennedy]]
| constituency1 = [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| father = Arumugam
| spouse =
}}

'''Arumugam Anbalagan''' better known as '''A. Anbalagan'''<ref>{{cite web |title=A. Anbalagan(AIADMK):Constituency - Puducherry 2021 |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=232}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Puducherry (Union Territory)|Puducherry]]. He is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from [[Oupalam Assembly constituency]] in [[Puducherry district]]. He was served as an MLA for four consecutive terms since 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pondicherry Assembly Election Results in 2001 |url=https://www.elections.in/pondicherry/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pondicherry Assembly Election Results in 2011 |url=https://www.elections.in/pondicherry/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pondicherry Assembly Election Results in 2016 |url=https://www.elections.in/pondicherry/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> In [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]] he lost to [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] candidate [[Annibal Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Pondicherry |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/pondicherry/282/39}}</ref> He won in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026 election]] representing [[AIADMK]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Oupalam election result LIVE: A Anbalagan of AIADMK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/oupalam-puducherry-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10071494.html |access-date=4 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Oupalam Election Result 2026 Live: AIADMK's A Anbalagan wins Oupalam with 9099 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/story/oupalam-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-puducherry-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-paelb-2905253-2026-05-04 |work=India Today |date=4 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anbalagan, A.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Puducherry district]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2026–2031]]

Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay

2026-05-05T13:07:56Z

DiannaGariepy5: Started post

{{Short description|Indian-American epidemiologist}}
{{excessive citations|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay
| image = Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay.jpg
| birth_place = Kolkata
| alma_mater = Harvard University, Calcutta National Medical College
| years_active = 2006-present
| employer = Gates Foundation
| awards = IVI-SK bioscience Park MahnHoon Award
}}

'''Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay''' is an [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] doctor and [[epidemiologist]] working on disease eradication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=Poliovirus near extinction in Pakistan, Afghanistan, health experts say |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poliovirus-near-extinction-in-pakistan-afghanistan-health-experts-say/7552442.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Marik |first=Priyam |date=15 September 2024 |title="Inside Ananda Sankar Bandyopadhyay's global fight to eradicate polio" |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/inside-kolkata-boy-cnmc-and-harvard-alumnus-ananda-sankar-bandyopadhyays-global-fight-to-eradicate-polio/cid/2048127 |work=The Telegraph online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandavilli |first=Apoorva |date=2022-08-18 |title=Polio Was Almost Eradicated. This Year It Staged a Comeback. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/18/health/polio-new-york-malawi.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He is currently the Deputy Director - [[Polio]] at the [[Gates Foundation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ananda Bandyopadhyay |url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/ananda-bandyopadhyay |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.gatesfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref> He helped with the development and deployment of the [[NOPV2|nOPV2 vaccine]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mejía |first1=Luis Rivera |last2=Mendez |first2=Lourdes Peña |last3=Rüttimann |first3=Ricardo W. |last4=Gast |first4=Chris |last5=Bandyopadhyay |first5=Ananda Sankar |date=2024-08-23 |title=Safety and Immunogenicity of Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine in Vaccinated Children and Vaccine-Naïve Infants: A Phase 4 Study |journal=Vaccines |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=953 |doi=10.3390/vaccines12090953 |doi-access=free|issn=2076-393X |pmid=39339985 |pmc=11436059 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=soyeon.park |date=2025-07-30 |title=Science DongA {{!}} Interview with Winners of 'Nobel Prize for Vaccines' |url=https://www.ivi.int/science-donga-interview-with-winners-of-nobel-prize-for-vaccines/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=IVI |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO prequalifies an additional novel oral polio vaccine, strengthening global outbreak response |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-02-2026-who-prequalifies-additional-novel-oral-polio-vaccine |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> which is credited with reducing risk of [[poliovirus]] outbreaks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peiró |first=Patricia |date=2020-06-02 |title=La primera vacuna contra la polio en medio siglo reactiva la esperanza de volver a erradicar una enfermedad |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/19/planeta_futuro/1589905455_504030.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=El País |language=es |issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Katherine J. |date=2022-09-16 |title=Polio Is Exploiting a Very Human Weakness |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/09/polio-eradication-vaccine-loophole/671451/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 10, 2026 |title="Improved immunisation key to fight variant poliovirus strains: Expert" |url=https://www.business-standard.com/health/improved-immunisation-key-to-fight-variant-poliovirus-strains-expert-126021000578_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ochoge |first1=Magnus |last2=Futa |first2=Ahmed Cherno |last3=Umesi |first3=Ama |last4=Affleck |first4=Lucy |last5=Kotei |first5=Larry |last6=Daffeh |first6=Baboucarr |last7=Saidy-Jah |first7=Ebrima |last8=Njie |first8=Anna |last9=Oyadiran |first9=Oluwafemi |last10=Edem |first10=Bassey |last11=Jallow |first11=Musa |last12=Jallow |first12=Edrissa |last13=Donkor |first13=Simon A. |last14=Tritama |first14=Erman |last15=Abid |first15=Talha |date=2024-03-23 |title=Safety of the novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) in infants and young children aged 1 to |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=403 |issue=10432 |pages=1164–1175 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02844-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=38402887 |pmc=10985839 }}</ref><ref>https://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/GPEI-nOPV2-Factsheet-20251120.pdf</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bandyopadhyay was born in a middle-class [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in [[Behala]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. His father was a scientist with the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran scientist Tara Sankar Bandyopadhyay dies |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/10/13/ces35-wb-scientist-death.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

He did his higher secondary education from [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School|St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Kolkata]] and completed his [[MBBS]] from the [[Calcutta National Medical College|Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital]], winning multiple honors certificates and a gold medal in [[Otorhinolaryngology]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-27 |title=New polio cases found due to pause in immunisation during COVID-19 time, says expert from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/new-polio-cases-found-due-to-pause-in-immunisation-during-covid-19-time-says-expert-from-bill-melinda-gates-foundation/article66059781.ece |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2010, he completed his master's degree in [[Public health|Public Health]], specialising in [[Global health|Global Health]] from the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Harvard School of Public Health]].<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Bandyopadhyay joined the National Polio Surveillance Project of the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation (WHO)]] in 2006 as a Surveillance Medical Officer.<ref name=":0" /> Here, he worked across many of the remotest parts of [[Northeast India|North-East]] and [[North India]], investigating [[Disease outbreak|outbreaks]] for infectious diseases such as [[polio]], [[measles]], and [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]], while organising large-scale [[vaccination]] drives<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Audio {{!}} The Inquiry {{!}} Can we eradicate polio? |url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/w3csyth4 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Ananda Bandyopadhyay, Deputy Director of Technology, Research and Analytics in the Polio Team at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/dr-ananda-bandyopadhyay-deputy-director-technology-research-and-analytics-polio-team-bill-melinda |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=podcasts.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

After graduating from [[Harvard University]], he joined the [[Rhode Island Department of Health]]<ref name=":0" /> as a public health [[epidemiologist]]. Here, he led surveillance initiatives focusing on [[Respiratory disease|respiratory illnesses]] and [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] diseases, investigated disease outbreaks, and coordinated successful response strategies.

Bandyopadhyay joined the [[Gates Foundation]]'s Global Development division in 2012.<ref name=":0" /> He has led major global initiatives advancing research and development efforts for [[polio eradication]].

In 2020, he co-chaired a global effort to roll out the novel Oral Polio Vaccine type-2 (nOPV2), the first [[vaccine]] to be authorized under the WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novel Oral Polio Vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) granted EUL recommendation - GPEI |url=https://polioeradication.org/news/novel-oral-polio-vaccine-type-2-nopv2-granted-interim-emergency-use-listing-recommendation/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First ever vaccine listed under WHO emergency use |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-11-2020-first-ever-vaccine-listed-under-who-emergency-use |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> designed to facilitate response options for Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandavilli |first=Apoorva |date=2024-09-07 |title=The Pivotal Decision That Led to a Resurgence of Polio |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/07/health/polio-vaccine-gaza-children.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Macklin |first1=Grace R. |last2=Peak |first2=Corey |last3=Eisenhawer |first3=Martin |last4=Kurji |first4=Feyrouz |last5=Mach |first5=Ondrej |last6=Konz |first6=John |last7=Gast |first7=Chris |last8=Bachtiar |first8=Novilia Sjafri |last9=Bandyopadhyay |first9=Ananda S. |last10=Zipursky |first10=Simona |date=2023-04-06 |title=Enabling accelerated vaccine roll-out for Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEICs): Novel Oral Polio Vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) experience |journal=Vaccine |volume=41 Suppl 1 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=A122–A127 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.050 |issn=1873-2518 |pmid=35307230 |pmc=10109087 }}</ref> He led the [[Drug development|clinical development]] and field deployment of the vaccine, working with major health and research institutes around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=From Kolkata to Global Health: Dr. Ananda Bandyopadhyay's Quiet Crusade |url=https://www.healthcareexecutive.in/blog/from-kolkata-to-global-health |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Healthcare Executive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Why polio is making a comeback |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/why-polio-is-making-a-comeback |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Magazine |language=en}}</ref> As of November 2025, more than 2 billion doses<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novel oral polio vaccine type 2 by India's Biological E achieves WHO prequalification - GPEI |url=https://polioeradication.org/news/novel-oral-polio-vaccine-type-2-by-indias-biological-e-achieves-who-prequalification/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> of nOPV2 have been administered across 40 countries to interrupt variant poliovirus outbreaks.

From 2011 to 2024, Bandyopadhyay was a Guest Speaker at the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Harvard School of Public Health]]. He is a scientific committee member and guest faculty at the Advanced Course in Vaccinology (ADVAC), [[Annecy]], [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananda Bandyopadhyay |url=https://www.advac.org/scientific-committee/ananda-bandyopadhyay |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.advac.org}}</ref> He is also engaged as an adjunct faculty for major academic programs in vaccinology and global health in countries such as [[India]], [[Italy]], and the [[United States|United States of America]].

== Personal Life ==
Bandyopadhyay is married to Sohini. They live in [[Seattle]] with their two children.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Seattle-based Bengali couple challenge norms with a joint 'poite' ceremony for son and daughter |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/seattle-based-bengali-couple-challenge-norms-with-a-joint-poite-sacred-thread-ceremony-for-son-and-daughter/cid/2075261 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250521235544/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/seattle-based-bengali-couple-challenge-norms-with-a-joint-poite-sacred-thread-ceremony-for-son-and-daughter/cid/2075261 |archive-date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2026-03-27 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2025, he was awarded the Park MahnHoon Award<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unity is the key to fighting viruses that don't discriminate: Ananda Sankar Bandyopadhyay |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/unity-is-the-key-to-fighting-viruses-that-dont-discriminate-ananda-sankar-bandyopadhyay/cid/2108817 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251113051619/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/unity-is-the-key-to-fighting-viruses-that-dont-discriminate-ananda-sankar-bandyopadhyay/cid/2108817 |archive-date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Em |first=Aerie |date=2025-05-01 |title=Prof. Pierre van Damme and Dr. Ananda Sankar Bandyopadhyay as co-awardees; and Ms. Luiza Helena Trajano and Ms. Svetha Janumpalli co-awardees honored at 2025 IVI – SK bioscience Park MahnHoon Award Ceremony |url=https://www.ivi.int/prof-pierre-van-damme-and-dr-ananda-sankar-bandyopadhyay-as-co-awardees-and-ms-luiza-helena-trajano-and-ms-svetha-janumpalli-co-awardees-honored-at-2025-ivi-sk-bioscience-park-mahnhoon-award/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=IVI |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |via=Press Trust of India|date=2025-05-22 |title=US-based Indian doctor receives global recognition for vaccine research |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/dr-ananda-bandyopadhyay-has-received-ivi-sk-bioscience-park-mahnhoon-award-for-vaccine-research-2729092-2025-05-22 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> by the [[International Vaccine Institute]] SK bioscience for his contribution to the advancement of [[public health]].

The [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Harvard School of Public Health]]'s Alumni Association bestowed its highest honour, the Award of Merit, upon Bandyopadhyay in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard honors Ananda Sankar Bandyopadhyay with alumni award of merit |url=https://www.newindiaabroad.com/english/people/harvard-honors-ananda-sankar-bandyopadhyay-with-alumni-award-of-merit |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www.newindiaabroad.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=By |date=2024-09-12 |title=Meet the winners of the 2024 Alumni Awards |website=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health |url=https://hsph.harvard.edu/news/2024-alumni-award-winners/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title="Protecting vulnerable communities through effective vaccine delivery and evidence-based intervention" |url=https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu/s/1319/m23/interior.aspx?sid=1319&gid=2&pgid=2764 |website=alumni.sph.harvard.edu}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandyopadhyay, Ananda S.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American epidemiologists]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni]]

Anandatandavapuram railway station

2026-05-04T00:13:17Z

DiannaGariepy5: Started new info!

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Anandatandavapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Anandathandavapuram]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.1446672|79.6587715|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|10|m}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| lines = [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other = [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| parking = Available
| accessible = Yes
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = ANP
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Tiruchirappalli}}
}}
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| opened = {{Start date|1877|07|01|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 28 January 2020
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_dot_label = [[Anandathandavapuram]]
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]##Location in India
}}
'''Anandatandavapuram railway station''' (station code: ANP), is a NSG–6 category railway station serving [[Anandathandavapuram|Anandatandavapuram]], a village in [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The station is part of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] and is administered by the [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]]. The station lies on the [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]].

== Location and layout ==
The railway station is located on the [[Mayiladuthurai]] to Anathandavapuram road, and is about {{Convert|0.5|km|mi|abbr=unit}} for the Anathandavapuram bus stop. The nearest airport is situated {{Convert|117|km|mi|abbr=unit}} away at [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI DIVISION LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913395482-TPJ%20DIVISION%20-%20LIST%20OF%20STATIONS%20-2023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214011556/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913395482-TPJ%20DIVISION%20-%20LIST%20OF%20STATIONS%20-2023.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-14 |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=sr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=ltd |first=South Indian railway co |url=https://www.google.com.qa/books/edition/Illustrated_Guide_to_the_South_Indian_Ra/rd9zf-PsrNUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mayavaram+junction&pg=PA184&printsec=frontcover |title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway: Including the Tanjore Board, Pondicherry, Travancore State and Peralam-Karaikkal Railways |date=1900 |publisher=South Indian Railway Company Limited |pages=166 }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Co |first=South Indian Railway |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=irg2AAAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PA208&hl=en_GB |title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway: Including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal Railways ... |date=1900 |publisher=Higginbotham |pages=210 }}</ref>

== Lines ==
The station was opened on 1 July 1877 as part of the {{Convert|19.71|km|mi|abbr=unit}} [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]] – [[Sirkazhi railway station|Sirkazhi]] section on the [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]]. It is situated between Mayiladuthurai and [[Vaithisvarankoil railway station]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railway History Time line |url=https://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091500/https://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=irse.bravehost.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=ltd |first=South Indian railway co |url=https://www.google.com.qa/books/edition/Illustrated_Guide_to_the_South_Indian_Ra/rd9zf-PsrNUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mayavaram+junction&pg=PA184&printsec=frontcover |title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway: Including the Tanjore Board, Pondicherry, Travancore State and Peralam-Karaikkal Railways |date=1900 |publisher=South Indian Railway Company Limited |pages=165 }}</ref>

The station has direct daily services to destinations including [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]], Chidambaram, [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]] and [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]] railway stations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahul |title=Anandatandavapuram Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/anandatandavapuram-anp/7320 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415125157/https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/anandatandavapuram-anp/7320 |archive-date=2026-04-15 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Electrification work over in Cuddalore -Tiruvarur stretch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/electrification-work-over-in-cuddalore-mayiladuthirai-tiruvarur-stretch/article30670410.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128012247/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/electrification-work-over-in-cuddalore-mayiladuthirai-tiruvarur-stretch/article30670410.ece |archive-date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2026-04-02 |work=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Location Survey completed for doubling of Villupuram-Thanjavur mainline railway track |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/final-location-survey-completed-for-doubling-of-villupuram-thanjavur-mainline-railway-track/article67594744.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|Navagraha temple]]
* [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswami temple]]
* [[Poombuhar|Poompuhar]]
* [[Ananthathandesvarar Temple, Kanjaru]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Trichy railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1877]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

1985–86 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:20Z

DiannaGariepy5: Started a pg!

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1985-86 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 287px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| count = 4
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Kirti Azad]] (Delhi) (834)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1985/86 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1985-86/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Sarkar Talwar]] (Haryana) (45)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1985/86 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1985-86/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1984–85
| previous_tournament = 1984–85 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1986–87
| next_tournament = 1986–87 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1985–86 Ranji Trophy''' was the 52nd season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Delhi defeated Haryana by an innings and 141 runs in the final.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1985-86/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/RANJI_1985-86-SCHEDULE.html | title=Ranji Trophy 1985-86 Schedule | author=ESPNcricinfo | website=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=2024-10-06 }}</ref>

==Expansion==
Three teams participated for the first time: [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] in the South Zone, [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] in the North Zone and [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] in the East Zone. This raised the number of teams from 24 to 27.<ref>P. N. Sundaresan, "Cricket in India, 1985-86", ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 1987, pp. 1138–53.</ref>

==Highlights==
*Playing for [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] against [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]], [[Pradeep Sunderam]] took all 10 wickets for 78 runs, and 16 wickets for 154 runs. This was the second (and till 2021, the last) instance of a bowler taking 10 wickets in an innings in Ranji trophy.<ref>[https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Bowling/Most_Wickets_in_Innings_in_India_by_BB.html Most wickets in an innings in India]</ref>

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''100''' || 4.035
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''98''' || 1.595
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''75''' || 1.473
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''51''' || 0.649
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''50''' || 0.736
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 0.254
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''70''' || 2.367
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''67''' || 0.861
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''45''' || 0.879
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''32''' || 0.941
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 0.733
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''69''' || 1.727
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''56''' || 2.000
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''34''' || 0.830
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''32''' || 0.576
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 0.714
|}
{{col-2}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''86''' || 1.448
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''82''' || 1.558
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''81''' || 1.834
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''61''' || 1.146
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''52''' || 0.684
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''28''' || 0.429
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''101''' || 2.377
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''73''' || 1.570
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''72''' || 1.558
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''44''' || 0.558
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 0.321
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|||||
|||||
|7 Feb 1986 — Pune|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''|'''585 & 278/4'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|373
|||||
|7 Feb 1986 — Kanpur|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|149/1|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]''' (T) '''|508
|||||
|||||
|||||

|14 Feb 1986 — Jaipur|'''[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]'''|'''431'''|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]|185 & 227/4
|14 Feb 1986 — Pune|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|352 & 64/3|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''604 & 160/4d'''
|14 Feb 1986 — Madras|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|233 & 212/5|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''380'''
|14 Feb 1986 — Jamshedpur|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|268|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''|'''270 & 385'''

|15 Mar 1986 — Kota|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]|169 & 177|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''192 & 358'''
|15 Mar 1986 — Bombay|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|296 & 229|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''|'''423 & 252'''

|28 Mar 1986 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''638'''|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|288 & 209

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=no|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=yes
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

'''(T)''' - Advanced to next round by spin of coin.

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 29 March - 1 April 1986
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (H)
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''288 (109.5 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ashwini Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwini Kumar]] 74
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 3/66
| score-team2-inns1 = '''638 (186.2 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 113, [[Kirti Azad]] 107, [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 194, [[Ajay Sharma]] 110
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sarkar Talwar]] 4/194
| score-team1-inns2 = '''209 (79.1 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ashok Malhotra]] 98
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 8/54
| result = Delhi won by an innings and 141 runs
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Subrata Banerjee]], [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]]
| motm =
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1986-87/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_HYD_RJI-FINAL_21-26MAR1987.html Scorecard]
| toss = Haryana won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1985-86.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1985-86 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1985 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1986 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1985–86]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Tarakeswar affair

2026-05-01T04:52:48Z

DiannaGariepy5: adding a data basic info

{{Short description|Scandal of Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{good article}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Nabin kills Elokeshi.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 =
| caption1 = The fatal blow
| image2 = After Elokeshi's murder.jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 =
| caption2 = After the blow
| footer =
}}
The '''Tarakeswar affair''' (also known as the '''Tarakeswar scandal''') refers to a public scandal in 19th-century [[Bengal]] during the [[British Raj]]. It resulted from a forceful sexual relation between Elokeshi, the teenage wife of a government employee Nobin Chandra, and Maharaj Madhab Chandra Giri, the scandalous [[Brahmin]] head priest (or ''[[mahant]]'') of the [[Tarakeswar]] [[Taraknath Temple|Shiva temple]].<ref name="V&A">{{cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O71394/painting-the-mahant-arrives-in-jail/|title=The Mahant arrives in jail; Tarakeshwar affair|work=Official site of Museum|date=1880 |publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|access-date=5 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="Chattopadhyay">{{cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Swati|title=Representing Calcutta: modernity, nationalism, and the colonial uncanny|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|pages=229–237|chapter=Representing sexual transgression|isbn=0-415-34359-3}}</ref> Nobin subsequently [[decapitated]] his wife Elokeshi because he was not able to save her from the salacious ''mahant''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhay |first=Debarati |title=Hariye Jawa Khunira |publisher=Deep Prakashan |date=January 2024 |isbn=978-93-89584-98-1 |edition=9th |location=Kolkata |pages=14}}</ref> A highly publicised trial followed, dubbed the '''Tarakeswar murder case''' of 1873, in which both the husband and the ''mahant'' were found guilty to varying degrees.<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/>

Bengali society considered the ''mahant''{{'}}s actions as punishable and criminal, while justifying Nobin's action of killing an unchaste wife. The resulting public outrage forced authorities to release Nobin after two years.<ref name="V&A"/><ref name="movinghere"/> The scandal became the subject of [[Kalighat painting]]s and several popular [[Bengali language|Bengali]] plays, which often portrayed Nobin as a devoted husband. The ''mahant'' was generally presented as a womaniser, who took advantage of young women. The murder victim Elokeshi was sometimes blamed as a seductress and the root cause of the affair. In other plays, she was absolved of all guilt and was portrayed to have been tricked and raped by the ''mahant''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=Legal throwback: The Tarakeshwar murder case of Hoogly involving infidelity, adultery |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/legal-throwback-the-tarakeshwar-murder-case-of-hoogly-involving-infidelity-adultery-2230805 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Event==
[[File:Trial of Tarakeswar scandal.jpg|thumb|The trial of the Tarakeswar scandal. Clockwise from left top: the court clerk, British judge, lawyer, the ''mahant'' in the witness box, Nabin with ''havildar'' (policeman). Elokeshi's corpse and the murder weapon in the centre.]]
Elokeshi, the fifteen-year-old wife of the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] government employee Nobin Chandra (Nobinchandra/Nabinchandra) Banerjee, lived in Kumrul, a village of Tarakeswar, with her parents, while Nobin was away for work in a military press in Calcutta.<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/><ref name="sarkar1">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika |title=Hindu wife, Hindu nation|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2005|pages=56–62|chapter=Talking about scandals|isbn=81-7824-067-X}}</ref>

Elokeshi was the eldest daughter of a poor priest Nilkamal Mukhopadhyay, who struggled to meet ends for his family. She also had a half-sister Muktokeshi, from her step-mother Mandakini.

''Mahant'' Madhab Chandra Giri was the lewd head priest of Tarakeswar temple. He was well known in the village for his randy character. Mandakini was one of the endeared women of Madhab Giri. She used to get food and clothing from Madhab, in exchange. Nilkamal was aware of it.<ref name=":0" />

They married off their daughter, Elokeshi, in 1867 at the age of 8. Nabin immensely loved his wife but couldn't afford to take her to Calcutta city where he lived in a tiny rented house and worked in a government press for a minimal salary. He often visited Elokeshi and also used to give some expenses to her step-mother.<ref name=":0" />

When Elokeshi turned 15, one day lascivious ''mahant'' Madhab Giri spotted her bathing in the village pond and followed her to her home. He understood that she was the step-daughter of Mandakini, immediately after reaching the house, she entered.<ref name=":0" />

That night Mandakini was summoned to the temple and was offered to hand over her step daughter to ''mahant'' Giri, in exchange of money and gold. Nilkamal upon learning this was shocked at first, but later agreed to the plan, for the financial benefits they'd get in return.<ref name=":0" />

She was taken to Madhab Chandra Giri, the "powerful" ''mahant'' of the popular and prosperous Tarakeswar temple,<ref name="sarkar1" /> by her step mother, seeking fertility medication; however the ''mahant'' allegedly seduced and raped her.<ref name="Chattopadhyay" /> A shameful chapter began with the "connivance" of Elokeshi's parents.<ref name="sarkar1" />

Starting from then, the poor girl was compelled to live with that "powerful" ''mahant'' to fulfil his libido.

When Nobin eventually learned about the affair from village gossip, he was publicly humiliated by the villagers.<ref name="Chattopadhyay" /><ref name="movinghere" /> He confronted Elokeshi, who confessed and begged him for forgiveness. Not only did Nobin forgive her but he decided to run away with her from Tarakeswar. However, the ''mahant'' did not allow the couple to escape; his goons blocked their way.<ref name="sarkar1" /> Overwhelmed with anger, Nobin slit his wife's throat with a fish knife, decapitating her,<ref name="movinghere" /> on 27 May 1873.<ref name="V&A" /> Full of remorse, Nobin surrendered to the local police station and confessed his crime.<ref name="sarkar1" />

The ''Tarakeswar murder case of 1873'' (''Queen vs Nobin Chandra Banerjee'')<ref name="sarkar1"/> first stood in the Hoogly Sessions Court at [[Serampore]] in south-west [[Bengal]]. The Indian jury acquitted Nobin, accepting his plea of insanity, but the British judge Field overruled the jury's decision and forwarded the matter to the [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref name="sarkar1"/> However, Judge Field accepted that there was an adulterous relationship between Elokeshi and the ''mahant'', with whom she was seen "joking and flirting".<ref name="sarkar2">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika |title=Hindu wife, Hindu nation|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2005|pages=72–74|chapter=Talking about scandals|isbn=81-7824-067-X}}</ref> Judge Markby, who presided over the case in the High Court, also accepted the evidence proving adultery.<ref name="sarkar2"/> The High Court convicted both Nobin and the ''mahant''. Nobin was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]]; the ''mahant'' got 3 years [[rigorous imprisonment]] and a fine of ₹2000.<ref name="V&A"/><ref name="movinghere">{{cite web|url=http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/asian/culture/painting1.htm|title=Background|work=Moving Here: Migration Histories|access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref>

==Public reaction==
The newspaper ''Bengalee'' remarked: "People flock to the Sessions Court as they would flock to the Lewis Theatre to watch ''[[Othello]]'' being performed". The courtroom drama became a public spectacle. Authorities had to charge an entrance fee to control the crowds at the Hoogly Sessions Court. The right of admission was also restricted to those literate in English, citing that the ''mahant'''s British lawyer and the judge only spoke in English.<ref name="sarkar2"/>

The overruling of the Indian jury's decision by the Sessions Court judge was heavily debated.<ref name="sarkar2"/> According to Swati Chattopadhyay (author of ''Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism and the Colonial Uncanny''), the court proceedings were seen as an interference by the British in local matters. The court represented a conflict between village and city, the priest and ''[[bhadralok]]'' (Bengali gentleman class) and the colonial state and nationalist subjects.<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/> The court proceedings were disturbed several times by crowds demanding clemency for Nobin or stringency for the ''mahant''. The ''mahant'' and his English lawyer were often attacked outside the court.<ref name="sarkar1"/> The ''mahant's'' punishment was termed lenient by the Bengali public. Nobin was released in 1875, following several public petitions for pardon.<ref name="sarkar1"/> Such pleas came from members of the Calcutta elite and district town notables, local royals and "acknowledged leaders of native society", as well as from the "lower middle class"—from whom a 10,000-signature mercy plea was received.<ref name="sarkar1"/>

[[File:The Mahant turns an oil press.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The ''mahant'' turns an oil press in prison.]]
The 1873 ''mahant''–Elokeshi incident was not the first incident against a ''mahant'' of Tarakeswar. ''Mahant'' Shrimanta Giri was executed in 1824 for the murder of his mistress's lover. However, according to Sarkar (author of ''Hindu wife, Hindu nation''), while the 1824 scandal hardly created any public outrage and faded quickly from public memory, the 1873 affair was embedded in public memory and created a huge sensation in contemporary Bengal. When a ''[[satyagraha]]'' was organised against the reigning ''mahant'' of Tarakeswar, Satish Giri, in 1974 for his sexual and financial misconduct, the 1873 affair was alluded to several times.<ref name="sarkar1"/>

A regional daily reported that the ''mahant'''s affair with Elokeshi was still discussed by the common people of Bengal, who did not know of other current affairs, even six months after the murder. Bengali newspapers followed the court trial on a day-to-day basis, often reporting it verbatim and capturing the responses of all parties involved: judges, jury, lawyers and the common man. The "culpability" of each of the characters of the scandal was debated, and British justice and Hindu norms were analysed, especially by British-owned newspapers.<ref name="sarkar1"/> While Missionaries interpreted the public outcry against the ''mahant'' as the "disenchantment" of the Hindus, British-owned newspapers also pondered over the question of asserting more control on Hindu temples and organisations.<ref name="sarkar1"/> In an era when [[Hindu reform movements]] were blossoming in Bengal, the scandal led the reformist as well as orthodox society to re-examine "the relationship between Hindu norms, leaders and women".<ref name="sarkar1"/>

Many products were specially manufactured to commemorate the event. [[Sari]]s, fish knives, betel-leaf boxes and other memorabilia with Elokeshi's name printed or inscribed on them were made. A balm for headache was advertised as using the oil made by the ''mahant'' in the jail oil press. Such commemorative items were still in sale in as late as 1894. These items were unique in the sense that they were the only such commemorative items modelled on an event.<ref name="sarkar1"/>

==In the arts==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Elokeshi_meets_the_Mahanta.jpg
| width1 = 170
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Elokeshi (in blue sari) meets the ''mahant'' (bearded man) for the first time, with the [[Taraknath Temple]] shrine of [[Tarakeswar]] in background
| image2 = Elokeshi is Offering Betel Leaf to the Mahant.jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Elokeshi is offering betel leaf to the ''mahant''
| footer =
}}

At least 34 farces were published by the "popular press" on the events of the Tarakeswar affair—the rape, the murder and the trial. At least four of these were reprinted several times. This is the largest number of 19th-century farces in Bengal created in response to a contemporary event.<ref name="sarkar1"/> Farces and plays of the era were often inspired by the real courtroom drama.<ref name="sarkar2"/> At least 19 plays were also based on the scandal, all of which became very popular and big money-makers; especially ''Mohanter Ei ki Kaj!'' became a huge hit on stage.<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/><ref name="sarkar1"/> Plays written as late as 1924 referred to the affair as if it was common public knowledge.<ref name="sarkar1"/>

Numerous [[Kalighat painting]]s and Battala woodwork prints—created in the decade after the scandal—depicted the "immoral" affair, the gruesome murder and the resultant trial.<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/><ref name="sarkar1"/> According to Chattopadhyay (author of ''Representing Calcutta: modernity, nationalism, and the colonial uncanny''), it was the popularity of the plays combined with "the rhetoric of sin and morality" that inspired Kalighat painters to present this "tragedy as a spectacle".<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/> Kalighat painters often chose to paint mythological themes and Bengali day-to-day life; the paintings on the Tarakeswar affair were a unique exception.<ref name="sarkar2"/>

Often painted as a series, the Kalighat paintings depict various scenes related to the affair: the ''mahant'' riding on an elephant ''[[howdah]]''; ''The Meeting of Elokeshi and the mahant''—Elokeshi goes to the temple with her sister and meets the ''mahant''; ''The Seduction''—Elokeshi offering ''[[paan]]'' (betel nut leaf), the ''mahant'' fans Elokeshi and/or the ''mahant'' offering her childbirth medicine in order to drug her before raping her; Elokeshi embracing Nobin and asking his forgiveness; the three stages of the murder such as ''The Fatal/First Blow'' (Nobin about to decapitate Elokeshi with a fish knife) and ''After the murder'' (Nobin with the decapitated body of Elokeshi). The Kalighat paintings also depict a courtroom scene of the trial of the ''mahant'' followed by the ''mahant'' in jail, enduring rigorous labour turning an oil press or working as a jail gardener, while jail guards or the superintendent watch over him.<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/><ref name="V&Asearch">{{cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?listing_type=imagetext&offset=0&limit=15&narrow=0&q=elokeshi&commit=Search&quality=0&objectnamesearch=&placesearch=&after=&after-adbc=AD&before=&before-adbc=AD&namesearch=&materialsearch=&mnsearch=&locationsearch=|title=Tarakeshwar affair|work=Official site of Museum|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|access-date=5 September 2011}}</ref>

The plays and the paintings suggested the theme of loss of traditional Indian culture in the face of colonialism.<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/>

==Assessment and portrayal of the characters==
Most accounts agree that Nobin loved his wife dearly, evidenced by the fact that he was ready to accept his wife at first and run away with her, even after knowledge of the affair.<ref name="sarkar4"/> In an era where the chastity of a wife was highly valued, Nobin's blind love and acceptance of a guilty wife were deemed inappropriate by a large section of society. Her murder was considered justifiable. Some songs criticise Nobin's stupidity of trying to save his adulterous wife and thereby risking his own life.<ref name="sarkar4"/> Police reports, confirming Nobin's love, read that after the murder, Nobin rushed to the police saying: "Hang me quick. This world is wilderness to me. I am impatient to join my wife in the next [world/life]", a line reported verbatim in newspapers as well as used in plays and songs.<ref name="sarkar4"/> Some public petitions argued that given a choice to leave Elokeshi in the arms of the ''mahant'' to live a life of dishonour—which was worse than death—and to kill her, like a true husband, Nobin chose the latter to end her misery.<ref name="sarkar4"/> However, some plays portray that Nobin has a mistress in town so leaves his wife in the village.<ref name="sarkar4"/>

[[File:Mahant offers Ekokeshi childbirth medicine.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The ''mahant'' offers Elokeshi childbirth medicine, to drug her before raping her]]
Most of the plays were named to suggest the main crime was not Elokeshi's murder by Nobin, but the immoral activities of the ''mahant''. The ''mahant'' is portrayed as the root cause of Elokeshi's death, which was an "inevitable conclusion" of the ''mahant'' 's activities. Elokeshi, "the object of desire", had to be killed by Nobin to restore his honour.<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/> Titles of such plays reinforce the theme and focus on the ''mahant'''s crime. Examples include: ''Mohanter Chakrabhraman'', ''Mohanter Ki Saja'', ''Mohanter Karabash'' and ''Mohanter Ei Ki Dasha''.<ref name="sarkar3"/>

The Kalighat paintings and Battala woodcuts often depict the ''mahant'' as a womaniser and the temple as "a haven for pimps".<ref name="sarkar3"/> He was also described as "a vile seducer".<ref name="sarkar4"/> The Tarakeswar shrine was a famed cure for barren women. The ''mahant'' was rumoured to seduce women like Elokeshi who came to him for childbirth medicine and appropriate them with the help of his goons. After being raped, the women could not return to their family and languished in the brothels of Tarakeswar.<ref name="sarkar3"/> In most plays, the ''mahant'' is described as drugging Elokeshi—by offering fake childbirth medicine—and then raping her.<ref name="sarkar4"/> In the play ''Mohanter Dafarafa'', a rare exception to the general theme of immorality in plays where the ''mahant'' misuses Elokeshi, his love is portrayed to be genuine and her seduction by him a resultant after-effect. However, later he is repentant.<ref name="sarkar3">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika |title=Hindu wife, Hindu nation|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2005|pages=79–82|chapter=Talking about scandals|isbn=81-7824-067-X}}</ref>

The ''Bengalee'', a reformist newspaper, presents a rare view of the true victim Elokeshi being forgotten in the debate of the trial and sympathy towards Nobin.<ref name="sarkar4"/> In the ''First Meeting'' painting, Elokeshi is sometimes depicted as a courtesan, indicating that she is the one who seduces the ''mahant''. She is often described as unchaste and to have developed the adulterous affair and even lived with him for some time despite the fact that he first rapes her.<ref name="sarkar4"/> In one play, Elokeshi's character is debated by village wives and prostitutes. The wives vilify Elokeshi as an unchaste woman, question her devotion for Nobin and express the belief that a woman cannot be raped without her consent. The prostitutes empathise with Elokeshi, another victim of male lust and lament her fall from grace, which for them illustrates the brittle status of a wife.<ref name="sarkar4"/> Some plays depict Elokeshi as having no choice but to surrender to the ''mahant'''s lust on her father's command. Such plays concentrate more on scenes where Elokeshi gives in to her father's orders than on the depiction of rape.<ref name="sarkar4"/>

One farce depicts a divine trial of not only Elokeshi and the ''mahant'', but also of her parents, who are portrayed as being equally guilty. Elokeshi is condemned for seducing the ''mahant'' and tarnishing the name of the holy shrine of Tarakeswar. The ''mahant'' is punished for misusing the authority and money of the temple.<ref name="sarkar2"/> One newspaper describes Elokeshi's father as "the still worse scoundrel (worse than the ''mahant'') who bartered his daughter's virtue".<ref name="sarkar4"/> In many plays, Elokeshi's father, who is now sexually incompetent, is driven by the greed of Elokeshi's young stepmother and he resorts to pleasing his wife by giving gifts like jewellery, for which he sells off his daughter to the ''mahant''.<ref name="sarkar4">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika |title=Hindu wife, Hindu nation|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2005|pages=85–90|chapter=Talking about scandals|isbn=81-7824-067-X}}</ref> Elokeshi's staying at her parents' home—and not with her husband—is also blamed for their excessive control over her.<ref name="sarkar4"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Tarakeswar affair}}

[[Category:Political sex scandals in India]]
[[Category:Religious scandals]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:19th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in India]]
[[Category:Hooghly district]]
[[Category:1873 murders in India]]
[[Category:Decapitation]]
[[Category:Crime in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Knife attacks in India]]
[[Category:Child marriage in India]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:Uxoricides in India]]

Negha Shahin

2026-04-26T22:45:06Z

DiannaGariepy5: stub

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
|name=Negha
Shahin
| image = File:'Antharam' location still - Negha Shahin, Feb 2021.jpg
| caption = Negha in 2021
|birth_date={{birth year and age|1993}}
|birth_place=[[Tamil Nadu, India]]
|occupation={{hlist|[[Actress]]| [[Writer]] | [[video jockey|VJ]]| [[Organizational founder|Founder]]| Queer and Trans rights Artivism }}
}}

'''Negha Shahin '''(born 1993) is an Indian trans actress. Negha Shahin, who created history by becoming the first [[trans woman]] to win the debut actor award at the [[52nd Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Meet Negha S, winner of Kerala State film award for women and trans persons |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-negha-s-winner-kerala-state-film-award-women-and-trans-persons-165184 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=The News Minute|date=22 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Pride Month {{!}} Two queer actors on the need for more LGBTQIA+ voices in the Indian film industry |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/pride-month-two-queer-actors-on-the-need-for-more-lgbtqia-voices-in-the-indian-film-industry-10853601.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> She was born in [[Tamil Nadu]], India'''.'''

Negha was forced to leave her home and drop out of college at the age of 18.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Meet Negha S, winner of Kerala State film award for women and trans persons |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-negha-s-winner-kerala-state-film-award-women-and-trans-persons-165184 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> She is currently living in [[Chennai]] and has worked with various transgender rights organizations, including the Thozhi.

Negha's life story was included in the Class 8 Arts textbook of the Kerala State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), making her the first transgender woman from India to be featured in a Kerala school curriculum.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Jul/08/a-place-in-the-history-pages]</ref><ref>[https://www.mallurelease.com/2025/06/negha-and-antharam-in-textbook.html]</ref>

Negha is the founder of [[Queer Casting]] and QC is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting the trans and queer community.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Fathima |first=Azeefa |date=2024-06-12 |title=Chennai Pride Palooza event to be held on June 16: Everything to know|url= https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-pride-palooza-event-to-be-held-on-june-16-everything-to-know |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The New Minute |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="maalaimalar.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title= சினிமா வாய்ப்புக்கு ஏங்கும் திருநங்கைகள்: 'வாய்ப்பு கிடைத்தால் கலக்குவோம்' என்கிறார்கள் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/state/tamil-news-antharam-movie-actress-rekha-interview-667508 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Malai Malar|language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ram |first=Anjali |date=2022-02-14 |title=FII Interviews: Negha Shahin Talks About Trans Feminism And Mental Health|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/12/15/fii-interviews-negha-shahin-talks-about-trans-feminism-and-mental-health/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=feminisminindia |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Negha was assaulted and then kicked out by her parents when she came out as transgender. She moved to Chennai with her Plus Two certificate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-30 |title='Award a recognition for transgender community' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/award-a-recognition-for-transgender-community/article65476261.ece |access-date=2022-08-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Negha is a trained mental health counsellor, having worked with a [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] called Thozhi. She has counseled over 100+ trans women to overcome their gender issues and fight against their social stigma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Negha Shahin- Fighting against the odds |url=https://bhoomika.eastern.in/negha-shahin-fighting-against-the-odds/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829133038/https://bhoomika.eastern.in/negha-shahin-fighting-against-the-odds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> During this, she became a [[Model (person)|model]] and a television anchor. She also worked as a [[video jockey]] with [[Ananda Vikatan]].

Negha is the writer of Love Is Love.<ref name="Fathima">{{Cite web |last= Fathima |first=Azeefa |date=2024-06-12 |title=Chennai Pride Palooza event to be held on June 16: Everything to know|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/pride-month-2024-queer-artistes-on-the-stories-they-want-to-see-on-screen/article68326960.ece |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> and director of Sandakaranga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=Unveiled: theatre of the trans community |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/unveiled-theatre-of-the-trans-community/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=People's Archive of Rural India |language=en}}</ref> “This is the first-time trans men and trans women have come together on a stage,” says Negha in [https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/unveiled-theatre-of-the-trans-community/ Rural India Online.]

In 2021, she appeared in ''[[Antharam]]'', for which she was the first transgender woman to win a ''Maiden Award'' at the [[52nd Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=Negha S on winning first Kerala State Film Award for a trans artiste: 'Torch that'll show more of us the way' |url=https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/cinema/negha-s-on-winning-first-kerala-state-film-award-for-a-trans-artiste-torch-thatll-show-more-of-us-the-way-174693 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=New nine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ram |first=Anjali |date=2022-12-14 |title=FII Interviews: Negha Shahin Talks About Trans Feminism And Mental Health |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/12/15/fii-interviews-negha-shahin-talks-about-trans-feminism-and-mental-health/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

She has also starred in a few short films namely, [[Piravi]], Manam and Thirunagal.<ref name=":2" /> She worked on a Tamil film ''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]'' (2023), which also stars [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Miya George]].<ref name=":0" />

==Evolution in media==
In September 2023, the inaugural QC workshop was successfully completed with participation from over 18 transgender and queer individuals. They gained valuable field knowledge from directors [[Mysskin]] and [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] alongside various other directors and actors.<ref name="maalaimalar.com"/><ref name="Fathima"/>

In June 2024, observed worldwide as [[Pride Month]], Queer Casting hosted an event called "Pride Palooza" in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. This event's organized by a trans couple, featured a keynote of first southern [[trans men]] panel discussion in India and the 106th performance of [[A. Revathi]]'s play "Vellai Mozhi," an award ceremony with several other activities.<ref name="Fathima"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= Chandar|first=Bhuvanesh|date=2024-06-25 |title=Queer artistes on the stories they want to see on-screen |url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/pride-month-2024-queer-artistes-on-the-stories-they-want-to-see-on-screen/article68326960.ece |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Hindu|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film acting credits
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Antharam]]'' || Anjali || [[Malayalam]] || {{Won|align=left}}—[[Kerala State Film Award|Kerala State Film Special Award in Any Category for Women/Transgender]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=Publishing House for Queer Community Writers in India Makes its Debut |url=https://www.frontlist.in/publishing-house-for-queer-community-writers-in-india-makes-its-debut |access-date=4 September 2023 |publisher=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/meet-negha-s-and-alina-khan-two-trans-actors-from-india-and-pakistan-narrative-8101188/|title=Meet Negha S and Alina Khan, two trans actors, from India and Pakistan, who are changing the narrative|publisher=Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2022 |date=21 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]'' || Kaaturosa || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Debut Tamil film ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Meet Negha S, winner of Kerala State film award for women and trans persons |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-negha-s-winner-kerala-state-film-award-women-and-trans-persons-165184 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The News Minute }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahin, Negha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian transgender actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Transgender female models]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]

Mohini

2026-04-24T01:41:59Z

DiannaGariepy5: stub

{{About|the only female avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu|other uses|Mohini (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Hindu goddess of enchantment, the only female avatar of Vishnu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Mohini 01.JPG
| caption = A sculpture of Mohini at The [[National Museum, New Delhi]]
| alt =
| name = Mohini
| Devanagari = मोहिनी
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Mohinī
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]
| mantra =
| gender = Female
| children = [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]]
| weapons = Mohini-Astra (Seduction), [[Sudarshana Chakra]]
| deity_of = Goddess of Beauty, Seduction, Eroticism and Illusion
}}

'''Mohini''' ([[Sanskrit]]: मोहिनी, ''{{IAST|Mohinī}}'') is the [[Hindu goddess]] of enchantment. She is the only female [[avatar]] of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. She is portrayed as a ''[[femme fatale]]'', an enchantress, who maddens lovers and demons, sometimes leading them to their doom. Mohini is introduced into [[Hindu mythology|Hinduism]] in the narrative epic of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Here, she appears as a form of Vishnu following the [[Samudra-manthana|Churning of the Ocean]], a mesmerising beauty who distributes the [[amrita]] (the elixir of immortality) to the weakened [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods) and depriving it to the dominant [[Asura|asuras]] (demons), allowing the former to defeat the latter with their newfound immortality.

Many different legends tell of her various exploits, including her famed encounter with the god [[Shiva]]. These tales relate, among other things, the birth of the god [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]] and the destruction of [[Bhasmasura]], the ash-demon. Mohini's main ''[[modus operandi]]'' is to trick or beguile those she encounters. She is worshipped throughout Indian culture, but mainly in Western India, where temples are devoted to her in the form of [[Mhalsa]]— where she is worshipped as ''Mahalasa'' ''Narayani''.

==Etymology==
The name ''Mohini'' comes from the verb root ''moha'', meaning "to delude, enchant, perplex, or illusion,"<ref>Pattanaik (2001), p. 70</ref><ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]], [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0836-morAkabhavana.jpg Sanskrit-English Dictionary]. (1899).</ref> and literally means "delusion personified." In the [[Baiga (tribe)|Baiga]] culture of Central [[India]], the word ''mohini'' means "erotic magic or spell."<ref name = "G44">Goudriaan p. 44</ref> The name also has an implied connotation of "the essence of female [[beauty]] and allurement."<ref name="mohiniattam"/>

==Legends and history==

===The Amrita===
[[File:Mohini Samudra manthan.jpg|thumb|left|Mohini distributing the Amrita to the Devas (left), while the Asuras look on]][[File:India, Calcutta, Kalighat painting, 19th century - Vishnu in Female Form of Mohini Carrying Amrita for the Gods - 2003.122 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|alt=Vishnu as Mohini in the Kalighat style of painting, Cleveland Museum of Art|thumb|[[Vishnu]] as Mohini carrying the amrita in the [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat]] style of painting, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]]]

The earliest reference to a Mohini-type goddess appears in the ''[[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]]'' episode of the 5th century BCE [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>Goudriaan, p. 44, ''Adi Parva'' (chapter 17, stanzas 38–40)</ref> The Amrita, or nectar of immortality, is produced by the churning of the [[Ocean of Milk]]. The [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and the [[Asuras]] fight over its possession.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01019.htm ''Mahabharata'', Adi Parva, Astika Parva, Section 18.]</ref> The Asuras contrive to keep the Amrita for themselves, angering the Devas. Vishnu, wise to their plan, assumes the form of an "enchanting damsel". She uses her allure to trick the Asuras into giving her the Amrita, and then distributes it amongst the Devas. [[Rahu]], an Asura, disguises himself as a god and tries to drink some Amrita himself. [[Surya]] (the sun-god) and [[Chandra]] (the moon-god) quickly inform Vishnu, and he uses the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (the divine discus) to decapitate Rahu, leaving the head immortal.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01020.htm ''Mahabharata'', Adi Parva, Section 19.]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pandikattu |first1=Kuruvila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyLYAAAAMAAJ&q=Mohini+tricks+demons |title=Religion, Society, and Economics: Eastern and Western Perspectives in Dialogue |last2=Vonach |first2=Andreas |date=2003 |publisher=P. Lang |isbn=978-3-631-39955-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wKK7KNnMzAC&dq=Mohini+amrita+devas&pg=PT141 |title=Myth = Mithya: Decoding Hindu Mythology |date=2014-07-11 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-021-8 |language=en}}</ref> The other major Hindu epic, ''[[Ramayana]]'' (4th century BCE), narrates the Mohini story briefly in the ''[[Balakanda|Bala Kanda]]'' chapter.<ref>{{cite book|last= Robert P. Goldman|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki Balakanda 'An Epic of Ancient India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|page=366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kD84WlAtggkC&q=mohini+ramayana&pg=PA366|isbn= 978-81-208-3162-9|year= 2007}}</ref> This same tale is also recounted in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' four centuries later.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp044.htm#page_77 ''Vishnu Purana'', Book 1, Chap. 9.]</ref>

In the original text, Mohini is referred to as simply an enchanting, female form of Vishnu. In later versions, Mohini is described as the ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]'' (illusion) of Vishnu. Later still, the name of the avatar becomes Mohini from the original phrase describing his deliberate false appearance (''mayam ashito mohinim'').<ref name="G41">Goudriaan p. 41</ref> Once the Mohini legend became popular, it was retold, revised, and expanded in several texts. The tales of Mohini-Vishnu also increased among devotional circles in various regions.<ref name="G42">Goudriaan p. 42</ref><ref name="D263">Doniger (1999) p. 263</ref> The same expanded ''Mahabharata'' version of the story is also recounted in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' in the 10th century CE.<ref name="jarow">{{cite book|last=Jarow|first=Rick |title=Tales for the dying: the death narrative of the Bhāgavata-Purāṇa|publisher=SUNY Press|pages=78–80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8URUz0jhH3gC&q=mohini+visnu&pg=PA78|isbn=978-0-7914-5609-5|date=March 2003}}</ref><ref name="Pattanaik 2001, p. 65">Pattanaik (2001), p. 65</ref><ref>[http://www.bhagavata.org/canto8/chapter9.html Anand Aadhar translation of ''Bhagavata Purana'', Canto 8, chapter 9]</ref> Here, Mohini becomes a formal avatar of Vishnu.<ref name="Myths" />

This legend is also retold in the ''[[Padma Purana]]''.<ref name="Myths">{{cite book|last=Daniélou|first=Alain |title=The myths and gods of India|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani/page/165 165], 186–87|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani|url-access=registration|quote=mohini .|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4|date=1 December 1991}}</ref> and ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]''. In the ''Brahmanda Purana'', however, Vishnu-Mohini simply, after meditation upon the Great Goddess [[Mahadevi|Maheshvari]], acquires her form to trick the thieving asuras.<ref name = "D263"/>

===Slayer of demons===
[[File:Mohini bhasmasura.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Bhasmasura-Mohini by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]. Bhasmasura (left) is about to place his hand on his head following the dancing Mohini (centre), as Shiva (right) looks from behind the tree.]]

Mohini also has an active history in the destruction of demons throughout Hindu texts. In the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Mohini defeats [[Bhasmasura]], the "ash-demon".<ref name = "Shiva">{{cite book|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt |title=Shiva to Shankara: decoding the phallic symbol|publisher=Indus Source|pages=125, 129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oka4ekgGDRoC&q=mohini+Vishnu&pg=PT31|isbn=978-81-88569-04-5|date=1 January 2006}}</ref> Bhasmasura invokes the god Shiva by performing severe penances. Shiva, pleased with Bhasmasura, grants him the power to turn anyone into ashes by touching their head. The demon decides to try the power on Shiva himself. [[Shiva]] requests [[Vishnu]] for help and Vishnu transforms into Mohini and charms Bhasmasura. Bhasmasura is so taken by Mohini that he asks her to marry him. Mohini agrees, but only on the condition that Bhasmasura follows her move for move in a dance. In the course of the dance, she places her hand on her head. Bhasmasura mimics the action, and in turn, reduces himself to ashes.<ref name="Pattanaik_66">Pattanaik (2001), pp. 66–67</ref> The legend of Bhasmasura is retold in the Buddhist text ''Satara Dewala Devi Puvata'', with a slight variation. In this tale, Vishnu assumes his female form (the name "Mohini" is not used) and charms Bhasmasura. The female Vishnu asks Bhasmasura to promise never to leave her by placing his hand on his head as per the usual practice to swear on one's head. On doing so, Bhasmasura is reduced to ashes.<ref name="holt">{{cite book|last=John Clifford Holt|title=The Buddhist Visnu : 'Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|pages=146–48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvuDlhpvvHwC&q=mohini+visnu&pg=PA150|isbn=978-81-208-3269-5|date=1 January 2008}}</ref>

In a similar legend related to the birth of Ayyappa, the demon Surpanaka earns the power to turn anyone into ashes by his austerities. The tale mirrors all other aspects of the Buddhist version of the Bhasmasura tale, where he is forced by Mohini to severe fidelity by keeping his hand on his head and is burnt.<ref name="BLSmith5">Smith, B.L., p. 5, ''Religion and Legitimation of Power in South Asia'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=_LqB_NDF-l4C&q=Mohini]</ref>

The prelude of the ''[[Ramakien]]'', the Thai version of the ''Ramayana'', the demon Nontok is charmed and killed by Mohini-Vishnu. Nontok misuses a divine weapon given to him by Shiva. The four-armed Mohini-Vishnu enchants Nontok and then attacks him. In his last moments, the demon accuses Vishnu of foul play saying that Vishnu first seduced him and then attacked him. Vishnu decrees that in his next birth, Nontok will be born as the ten-headed demon [[Ravana]] and Vishnu will be a mortal man called [[Rama]]. He will then fight him and defeat him.<ref name = "P67">Pattanaik (2001), p. 67</ref>

In a lesser-known tale in the ''[[Ganesha Purana]]'' (900–1400 CE) the wise asura king Virochana is rewarded a magical crown by the sun-god [[Surya]]. The crown shields him against all harm. Vishnu as Mohini then enchants Virochana and steals his crown. The demon, thus unprotected, is killed by Vishnu.<ref name="Pattanaik_70-1">Pattanaik (2001), pp. 70–71</ref>

Another South Indian legend about the demon Araka associates Mohini with [[Krishna]] (an [[avatar]] of Vishnu) rather than the god himself. The demon Araka had become virtually invincible because he had never laid eyes on a woman (extreme chastity). Krishna takes the form of the beautiful Mohini and marries him. After three days of marriage, Araka's bonds of chastity are broken, and Krishna kills him in battle.<ref name="Pattanaik_83">Pattanaik (2001), p. 83</ref> Transgender [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]s consider Krishna-Mohini to be a transsexual deity.<ref name="D65">Doniger (1999) p. 265</ref>

===Relationship with Shiva===
[[File:Mattancherry palace murals.jpg|thumb|left|280px|A [[Mattancherry palace]] mural shows Shiva and Mohini in an embrace while Parvati seated on Nandi, the white bull, looks at them in distaste.<ref name="Pattanaik_73">Pattanaik (2001), p. 73</ref>]]

Stories about Mohini and Shiva are popular in South Indian texts.<ref name="Goudriaan pp. 42–43">Goudriaan pp. 42–43</ref> In the southern version of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', after Vishnu deceives the demons by his female form, Shiva sees Mohini.<ref name="Goudriaan pp. 42–43"/> He becomes "bereft of shame and robbed by her of good sense," runs crazily behind the enchanting form, while his wife [[Parvati]] (Uma) looks on. Shiva is overcome by [[Kāma]] (love and desire) in this version of mythology. Shiva's seed falls on the ground creating ores of silver and gold. Vishnu then states that emotions are difficult to overcome, and that Maya will become a half of Shiva's Ardhanarisvara aspect. Shiva then extols Vishnu's power.<ref name="jarow"/><ref name="Goudriaan pp. 42–43"/>

The ''[[Tripura Rahasya|Tripurarahasya]]'', a south Indian [[Shakta]] text, retells the story, giving more importance to the Goddess. When Shiva wishes to see Vishnu's Mohini form again, Vishnu fears that he may be burned to ashes like Kamadeva by the supreme ascetic Shiva. So, Vishnu prays to goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Tripura]], who grants half of her beauty to Vishnu, begetting the Mohini-form. As Shiva touches Mohini, his seed spills, indicating a loss of the merit gained through of all his austerities.<ref name = "G43">Goudriaan p. 43</ref>

In the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' when the wandering sage [[Narada]] tells Shiva about Vishnu's Mohini form that deluded the demons, Shiva dismisses him. Shiva and his wife Parvati go to Vishnu's home. Shiva asks him to take on the Mohini form again so he can see the actual transformation for himself. Vishnu smiles, again meditates on the Goddess and transforms himself into Mohini. Overcome by desire, Shiva chases Mohini as Parvati hangs her head in shame and envy. Shiva grabs Mohini's hand and embraces her, but Mohini frees herself and runs further. Finally, Shiva grabs her and their coupling leads to the discharge of Shiva's seed which falls on the ground and the god [[Shasta (deity)|Maha-Shasta]] ("The Great Chastiser") is born. Mohini disappears, while Shiva returns home with Parvati.<ref>Doniger (1999) pp. 263–65</ref><ref name=Vanita69>Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 69</ref>

Shasta is identified primarily with two regional deities: [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]] from [[Kerala]] and the Tamil [[Aiyanar]]. He is also identified with the classical Hindu gods [[Murugan|Skanda]] and [[Hanuman]].<ref name = "D64">Doniger (1999) p. 264</ref> In the later story of the origin of Ayyappa, Shiva impregnates Mohini, who gives birth to Ayyappa. They abandon Ayyappa, who is born to kill [[Mahishi (demoness)|Mahishi]], and the child was found by a king who raised him. The legend highlights Vishnu's protests to be Mohini again and also notes that Ayyappa is born of Vishnu's thigh as Mohini does not have a real womb.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caroline Osella, Filippo Osella|title=Men and masculinities in south India|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2006|pages=145–6|isbn=9781843313991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y53COylUxsgC&q=mohini+Vishnu&pg=PA145}}</ref> Another variant says that instead of a biological origin, Ayyappa sprang from Shiva's semen, which he ejaculated upon embracing Mohini.<ref>Pattanaik (2001), p. 76</ref> Ayyappa is referred to as ''Hariharaputra'', "the son of Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara)", and grows up to be a great hero.<ref name=Vanita94>Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 94</ref> Another tale says after Surpanaka's destruction, Shiva wishes to see Mohini and mesmerized by her looks, has union with her resulting in the birth of Ayyapppa.<ref name=BLSmith5/>
[[File:Narayani Mohini.jpg|thumb|upright|''Narayani-Mohini'' by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]]. The painting depicts Mohini as a goddess with iconographical attributes reminiscent of Vishnu.]]

The Tamil text ''Kanda Puranam'' narrates about the birth of Shasta identified with [[Aiyanar]]. The text tells just before the tale that Vishnu is Shiva's ''[[Shakti]]'' (wife and power) Parvati in a male form. The legend begins with Shiva's request and Vishnu's agreement to show his illusionary Mohini form, that he assumed for the distribution of amrita. Shiva falls in love with Mohini and proposes a union with her. Mohini-Vishnu declines saying that union of two men was unfruitful. Shiva informs Mohini-Vishnu that he was one of the forms of his Shakti ("female consort"). Thereafter, their union resulted in the birth of a dark boy with red locks, who was named Hariharaputra. Further, he was also known as Shasta and Aiyannar.<ref name="Daniélou"/><ref name="kandha"/>

In the ''[[Agni Purana]]'', as the enchanted Shiva follows Mohini, drops of his semen fall on the ground and become ''[[linga]]s'', Shiva's symbols. His seed also generates the monkey-god [[Hanuman]], who helps Vishnu's avatar Rama in his fight against Ravana in the Ramayana.<ref name="Pattanaik_74">Pattanaik (2001), p. 74</ref> The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' says that by the mere glimpse of Mohini, Shiva spurts out his seed. The seed was collected and poured into the ear of [[Añjanā]], who gave birth to Hanuman, the incarnation of Shiva.<ref name="Daniélou"/> The latter is retold in the Thai and Malaysian version of the Ramayana.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa Iyengar|title=Asian variations in Ramayana |year=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|pages=268|isbn=9788126018093 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C&q=mohini+ramayana&pg=PA268}}</ref> Though Hanuman springs from Shiva's seed, he is also considered as a combined son of Vishnu and Shiva.<ref name = "Shiva"/>

The Buddhist version of the Bhasmasura tale continues with Shiva (Ishvara) asking the female-Vishnu, who is seated on a swing, to marry him. She asks Shiva to get the permission of his wife Umayangana to take her home. Shiva returns with Umayangana's consent to find the female-Vishnu pregnant, who sends him back to get permission to bring a pregnant woman home. When he returns, a child is born and female-Vishnu is pregnant again. She requests Shiva to seek approval to bring a pregnant woman with a child home. This happens six more times. Finally, Shiva brings Umayangana with him to witness the miraculous woman. Vishnu then returns to his male form. Umayangana embraces the six youngest children merging them into the six-headed Skanda, while the eldest, named Aiyanayaka ("eldest brother") remains intact.<ref name="holt"/> Aiyanayaka is identified with Aiyanar.

The rare instance where an "explicit, male homosexual act" is suggested is found in a Telugu text. In this version, when Shiva is copulating with Mohini, Mohini reverts to Vishnu. Shiva, unable to differentiate because of the naturally curvaceous form of Vishnu, who was also still unclad, continued copulating.<ref name="D652">Doniger (1999) p. 265</ref>

[[File:Wood carving detail2 - Vishnu Mohini.jpg|thumb|left|Mohini seduces the sages. Mohini is depicted nude, adorned with garlands and ornaments, holding a lotus and a parrot, leaning on a stick. The sages pray to her, as their phalluses point to her.]]

Mohini plays a lesser role in a Shaiva legend in the ''[[Skanda Purana]]''. Here, Vishnu as Mohini joins Shiva to teach a lesson to arrogant sages. A group of sages are performing rituals in a forest, and start to consider themselves as gods. To humble them, Shiva takes the form of an attractive young beggar ([[Bhikshatana]]) and Vishnu becomes Mohini, his wife. While the sages fall for Mohini, their women wildly chase Shiva. When they regain their senses, they perform a black magic sacrifice, which produces a serpent, a lion, an elephant (or tiger) and a dwarf, all of which are overpowered by Shiva. Shiva then dances on the dwarf and takes the form of [[Nataraja]], the cosmic dancer.<ref name = "P71">Pattanaik (2001), p. 71</ref> The legend is retold in the Tamil ''Kovil Puranam'' and ''Kandha Puranam'' with some variation.<ref name = "G43">Goudriaan p. 43</ref><ref name="Daniélou">{{cite book|last=Daniélou|first=Alain |title=Gods of love and ecstasy: the traditions of Shiva and Dionysus|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Company|year=1992|pages=68–70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDQK7l13WIIC&q=mohini+Vishnu&pg=PA68|isbn=978-0-89281-374-2}} (originally published in French in 1979 and first translated into English in 1984)</ref><ref name="kandha">{{cite book|last=Dr.akila sivaraman|title=sri kandha puranam (english) |publisher=GIRI Trading Agency Private|pages=170–2, 366–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC&q=kandha+puranam|isbn=978-81-7950-397-3|year=2006}}</ref> This legend is also told in the ''Sthala Purana'' related to the [[Chidambaram Temple]] dedicated to Shiva-Nataraja.<ref>Swami Parmeshwaranand pp. 150–51</ref>

Another legend from the ''[[Linga Purana]]'' says that the embrace of enchanted Shiva with Mohini led to the merging of their bodies into one. In that moment, Mohini reverts to Vishnu resulting in the composite deity [[Harihara]], whose right side of the body is Shiva and left side is Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Patricia Turner, Charles Russell Coulter|title=Dictionary of ancient deities|publisher=Oxford University Press US.|pages=204, 327, 498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEcpkWjYOZQC&q=nepal+mohini&pg=PA204|isbn=978-0-19-514504-5|year=2001}}</ref><ref name = "swami">Swami P. Anand, Swami Parmeshwaranand p. 287</ref> The temple at Sankarnayinarkovil, near [[Kalugumalai]], has one of the rarest exceptions to iconography of Harihara (Sankara-Narayana). The deity is depicted similar to the [[Ardhanari]], the composite form of Shiva-Parvati, where right side of the body is the male Shiva and left side is female. Here, the image's female side represents Mohini and, together, it symbolizes the union of Shiva with Mohini.<ref>{{cite book|last=Monika Böck, Aparna Rao|title=Culture, creation, and procreation: concepts of kinship in South Asian practice|publisher=Berghahn Books. |pages=331–32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSImJbqr4yMC&q=mohini+visnu&pg=PA332|isbn=978-1-57181-912-3|year=2000}}</ref> In a Harihara image, the Shiva's half has an erect phallus (''urdhva linga'') and relates to Shiva's love to his left side Vishnu-Mohini.<ref>Swami Parmeshwaranand pp. 289-90</ref> The influence of Shakta traditions on Shaiva ones may have led to the development of Harihara, where Vishnu is identified as Shiva's consort, or Mohini.<ref>Swami Parmeshwaranand p. 295</ref> As it is in ''Kanda Puranam,'' the Shaiva saint [[Appar]] identifies Vishnu as Parvati (Uma), the female counterpart of Shiva.<ref>Swami Parmeshwaranand p. 46</ref>

== Other legends ==
[[File:Kuvagam hijras.jpg|thumb|upright|Aravanis, the [[Hijra (South Asia)|transgender]] brides of god [[Iravan|Aravan]], mourn his death. Aravanis don the role of Mohini-Krishna.]]
A South Indian folktale tells of the ''Mahabharata'' hero [[Iravan|Aravan]] (who becomes the Tamil god Kuttantavar), who was married to Mohini, before his self-sacrifice. Aravan agrees to become the sacrificial victim for the ''Kalappali'' ("sacrifice to the battlefield") to ensure the victory of the [[Pandavas]], his father, and his uncles. Before being sacrificed to goddess [[Kali]], Aravan asks three boons from Krishna, the guide of the Pandavas. The third boon was that Aravan should be married before the sacrifice so that he could get the right of cremation and funerary offerings (bachelors were buried). This third boon, however, is found only in the folk cults. To fulfill this wish in the Kuttantavar cult myth, Krishna turns into Mohini, marries Aravan, and spends the night with him. Then after the sacrifice, Mohini laments Aravan's death, breaking her bangles, beating her breasts, and discarding her bridal finery. She then returns to the original form of Krishna.<ref name="Hiltebeitel322ff">Hiltebeitel (1988) pp. 322–4</ref> The legend of the marriage of Aravan and Krishna in his female form as Mohini, and Mohini-Krishna's widowhood after Aravan's sacrifice, forms the central theme of an eighteen-day annual festival in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Cittirai (April–May) at Koovagam. The marriage ceremony is re-enacted by [[Hijra (South Asia)|transgender Hijras]], who play the role of Mohini-Krishna.<ref name="Hiltebeitel325">Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 325</ref>
==Cultural interpretations==
[[File:Mohini on a swing.jpg|thumb|''Mohini on a swing'' by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
Stories in which Shiva knows of Mohini's true nature have been interpreted to "suggest the fluidity of gender in sexual attraction".<ref name=Vanita70>Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 70</ref>

Another interpretation posits that the Mohini tale suggests that Vishnu's ''maya'' blinds even supernatural beings. Mohini is "the impersonation of the magically delusive nature of existence which fetters all beings to the rounds of births and deaths and vicissitudes of life."<ref name = "G44"/> Mohini also does not have an independent existence; she exists only as a temporary delusion, and is absorbed back into Vishnu after serving her purpose.<ref name = "D64">Doniger (1999) p. 264</ref>

The legend of the union of Mohini-Vishnu and Shiva may also be written as part of the desire to have a common child of the two cosmic patriarchs of Hinduism.<ref name = "D273">Dongier p. 273</ref>

==Worship==
[[File:Shri Mhalsa MohiniRaj.JPG|thumb|Vishnu (left) as Mohini with his consort Lakshmi, Nevasa.]]

On the fifth day of [[Srivari Brahmotsavam|Brahmotsavam]], [[Venkateshwara]] is dressed as Mohini and paraded in a grand procession.<ref name="Pattanaik65">Pattanaik (2001). p. 65.</ref>

In [[Goa]], Mohini is worshipped as [[Mahalasa]] or Mahalasa Narayani. She is the [[Kuladevata|kuladevi]] (family goddess) of many Hindus from western and southern India, including [[Goud Saraswat Brahmins]],<ref>Pattanaik (2001), p. 72</ref> [[Karhade Brahmin]]s, [[Daivajna]]s and [[Bhandari]]s. The chief [[Mahalasa Narayani Temple, Mardol|temple of Mahalasa Narayani]] is at [[Mardol, Goa]], though her temples also exist in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&video_id=k7WErOon9Ig&ar=1569585068010|title=Mohini Yakshini । मोहिनी साधना देगी धन रूप और यौवन|date=27 September 2019 |work=[[Navhind Times]]|access-date=12 March 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Mahalasa has four hands, carrying a [[Trishula]], a sword, a severed head, and a drinking bowl. She stands on a prostrate man or demon, as a tiger or lion licks blood dripping from the severed head. Goud Saraswat Brahmins as well as [[Vaishnava]]s from Goa and [[South Canara]] identify her with Mohini and call her [[Bhagavati|Narayani]] and Rahu-matthani, the slayer of Rahu, as told in the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=V. P. Chavan|title=Vaishnavism of the Gowd Saraswat Brahmins and a few Konkani folklore tales|publisher=Asian Educational Services. |pages=26–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBWQIDwNWx4C&q=mahalsa&pg=PA26|isbn=978-81-206-0645-6|year=1991}}</ref>

Mahalasa is also called Mhalsa, the consort of [[Khandoba]], a local incarnation of Shiva. As the consort of Khandoba, her chief temple - the Mohiniraj temple - is located at [[Nevasa]], where she is worshiped as a four-armed goddess and identified with Mohini. Mhalsa is often depicted with two arms and accompanying Khandoba on his horse or standing besides him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcdhere.com/RCD_Khandoba/khandoba_3.html|title=Chapter 2: MHAALSA|last=Dhere|first=R C|work=Summary of Book "FOLK GOD OF THE SOUTH: KHANDOBA"|publisher=R C Dhere|access-date=14 March 2010|archive-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017123905/http://www.rcdhere.com/RCD_Khandoba/khandoba_3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The central icon of the Jaganmohini-Kesava Swany temple at [[Ryali]], discovered buried underground by the king in the 11th century, represents the male Vishnu in the front, while the back of the icon is the female Jagan-Mohini ("one who deludes the world") or Mohini, with a female hairstyle and figure. A ''[[Sthala Purana]]'' tells that the flower in Mohini's hair fell at Ryali ("fall" in Telugu) when Mohini was being chased by Shiva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastgodavari.nic.in/Ryali.html |work=Official Government site of East Godavari district |publisher=National Informatics Centre(East Godavari District Centre) |access-date=14 March 2010 |title=Ryali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619073107/http://eastgodavari.nic.in/Ryali.html |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

Ariyannur in Kerala's [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] district is the site of the ancient Harikanyaka Temple. Here, Mohini is present as 'Hari Kanyaka', that is, the virgin form of the goddess. Religious iconography shows a [[Chaturbhuja|four-armed]] deity, holding the conch and discus in the upper arms, the pot of nectar ([[amrita]]) in her lower right hand, with the lower left arm placed on her waist. This temples is regarded to have been built by [[Perumthachan]], Kerala's legendary architect, and had authority over thirty two of the surrounding temples. Famed for its intricate sculptures, murals, and craftsmanship, it is currently a protected monument under the [[Archeological Survey of India]].

Chemmanadu Sri Krishna Garuda Mahavishnu Temple, situated in [[Thiruvaniyoor|Tiruvaniyoor]] in Kerala's [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district is another temple in the state where Mohini is worshiped.

==Customs and ceremonies==
[[File:Yakshagana Bhasmasura-Mohini.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Bhasmasura and Mohini as depicted in [[Yakshagana]]]]
Mohini has an important, dramatic role in several mythical works of South Indian drama like ''[[Yakshagana]] and [[Kathakali]]''. In Kerala, however, where Mohini's son [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]] is popular, the ''[[Mohiniattam]]'' ("the dance of Mohini") is honored as an independent dance form.<ref name="dance">{{cite book|last= Ragini Devi|title=Dance dialects of India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2002|pages=116–9, 96|chapter=The Dance of Mohini|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&q=mohini&pg=PA116|isbn= 978-81-208-0674-0}}</ref> Named after the goddess, it is a dance meant exclusively for women and "an ideal example of the erotic form." The origins of Mohiniattam form are unknown, though it was popularized in the 1850s, but later banned as it was used by "loose women" to attract customers. The ban was lifted in 1950, after which it has seen a renewal.<ref name="mohiniattam">{{cite book|last=Reginald Massey|title=India's dances: their history, technique, and repertoire|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=131–2, 152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lif-Ct05aVgC&q=mohini+Vishnu&pg=PA132|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9|date=1 January 2004}}</ref><ref name="dance"/>

The legends of Mohini are also being depicted in other dances, including the modern ''[[Kathak]]''.<ref name="mohiniattam"/> The ''[[Sonal Nati]]'', performed in the Saho area of [[Chamba district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], retells the Mohini-Bhasmasura tale, and hence is known as the Mohini-Bhasmasura dance. It is performed on festive occasions, especially in the Saho fair held in [[Vaishakha|Baisakh]] in the precincts of the Chandershekhar temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hpchamba.nic.in/Dances.htm |title=Folk Dances of Himachal Pradesh |work=Official Government site of Chamba district |publisher=NIC, Chamba district |access-date=14 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917191435/http://hpchamba.nic.in/Dances.htm |archive-date=17 September 2009 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |title= The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore|last= Pattanaik|first= Devdutt |year= 2001|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-56023-181-3|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Odsk9xfOp6oC&q=mohini&pg=PA71}}
* {{Cite book |title= Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history|last= Vanita|first= Ruth |author2=Kidwai, Saleem |year= 2001|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29324-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Goudriaan|first=Teun|title=Māyā divine and human|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|year=1978|pages=41–49|chapter=The Māyā of the Gods: Mohini|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15-heLWM3UcC&q=mohini&pg=PA41|isbn=978-81-208-2389-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Doniger|first= Wendy |title=Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=London|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ8qfQbEJB4C&q=mohini+Vishnu&pg=PA263|isbn=978-0-226-15641-5}}
* {{cite book | last= Hiltebeitel | first= Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel | title= The Cult of Draupadi : Mythologies: from Gingee to Kuruksetra | chapter = Aravan's Sacrifice | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ui5gju8MwDUC&pg=PA317 | volume=1 | year = 1988 | publisher= University of Chicago Press | isbn = 978-0-226-34046-3}}
* {{Cite book|last= Swami Parmeshwaranand|title=Encyclopaedia of the Saivism|publisher=Sarup & Sons|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQvbJDacNDMC&q=mohini+visnu&pg=PA150|isbn= 978-81-7625-427-4|year= 2004}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Mohinī}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{HinduAvatars}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Trickster goddesses]]
[[Category:Buddhist mythology]]
[[Category:Consorts of Shiva]]

KLE Institute of Technology

2026-04-21T17:51:38Z

DiannaGariepy5: created new details basic info

{{Short description|Engineering institute in Hubli, India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=February 2022}}
{{Notability|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = K.L.E Society's KLE Institute of Technology (KLEIT)
|image =
|motto = Engineering Education for Competitive World
|principal = Dr.Manu T.M.
|type = [[Visweswaraiah Technological University]]
|free_label = Approvals
|free = [[AICTE]]<ref name=ApprovedByAICTE>{{cite web|title=AICTE Approved Institutes 2015-2016 | url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/List_of_Approved_Institutes_2015-2016.pdf}}</ref>
|president = Dr. Prabhakar B.Kore
|city = [[Hubli]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|15.3518705|N|75.0116065|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline, title}}
|established = 2008
|undergrad = 1920
|postgrad = 219
|campus = {{convert|15|acre|m2}}, Opposite [[Hubli Airport|Airport]], Gokul, [[Hubli]]
|mascot =
|website = [http://www.kleit.ac.in/ www.kleit.ac.in/]
}}

The '''K.L.E Society's KLE Institute of Technology (KLEIT)''' is an engineering college in [[Hubli]], India. Established in 2008, it is one of the institutes under the banner of [[Karnatak Lingayat Education Society]](KLE). KLEIT is approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]<ref name=ApprovedByAICTE/> and recognized by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grant Commission]]<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC approved Indian state universities - VTU Belgaum |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=12&Unitype=2}}</ref> of [[India]]. KLEIT is affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]], [[Belgaum]] for its [[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]], [[Master of Computer Application|MCA]] and [[Master of Technology|M.Tech]] courses.

==Academics==
The institute has nine academic departments with the following degrees offered:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width:25%;"| '''Degree''' || '''Specialization'''
|-
| style="width:25%;"| [[Bachelor of Technology]] (BTech) ||* Civil Engineering * Computer Science and Engineering * Electronics and Communication Engineering * Electrical and Electronic Engineering * Mechanical Engineering
|-
| style="width:25%;"| Postgraduate Courses || Master of Computer Applications<ref>{{Cite web|title=Master of Computer Applications – KLE Institute of Technology|url=https://kleit.ac.in/master-of-computer-applications/|access-date=2022-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:25%;"| [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] || Physics<ref>{{Cite web|title=Physics Department – KLE Institute of Technology|url=https://kleit.ac.in/physics-department/|access-date=2022-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Rankings==
KLEIT was placed into band of top 251-300 colleges in the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) 2021. It was the only engineering institution from North Karnataka under [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] (VTU) to achieve this ranking.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-15|title=KLEIT in top 300 in NIRF ranking|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kleit-in-top-300-in-nirf-ranking/article36477054.ece|access-date=2022-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.kleit.ac.in/}}

[[Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Hubli-Dharwad]]

Vadodara–Mumbai section

2026-04-19T14:48:21Z

DiannaGariepy5: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]

Dharamjaigarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:11Z

DiannaGariepy5: creating a entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharamjaigarh
| mla = Laljeet Singh Rathia
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| preceded_by = Om Prakash Rathia
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:212825}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 19
| map_image =Dharamjaigarh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Dharamjaigarh''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency|website=CEO CG|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Budhnath Sai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Chandrachud Prasad Singh Deo
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|Umed Singh
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kishori Mohan
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|R. C. P. Singh
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Vaidya Begraj Sharma
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Chanesh Ram Rathiya]]
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="2" |Om Prakash Rathia
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh election results: How the day unfolded">{{cite news |last1=News18 |title=Chhattisgarh election results: How the day unfolded |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/chhattisgarh-poll-654879.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |date=8 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027083328/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/chhattisgarh-poll-654879.html |archive-date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Laljeet Singh Rathia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharamjaigarh<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Laljeet Singh Rathia]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 90,493
|percentage = 49.18
|change = -6.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Harishchandra Rathia|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=80,856|percentage=43.94|change=+11.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jogendra Ekka|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=2,451|percentage=1.33|change=-1.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,427|percentage=1.86|change=-1.64}}
{{Election box majority|votes=9,637|percentage=5.24|change=-18.49}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=183,994|percentage=86.45|change=+0.28}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Dharamjaigarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Laljeet Singh Rathia]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 95,173
|percentage = 55.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Leenav Birju Rathia|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=54,838|percentage=32.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santram Rathia|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=4,574|percentage=2.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=5,954|percentage=3.50|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=40,335|percentage=23.73|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,69,984|percentage=86.17|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Raigarh district]]
*[[Dharamjaigarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Raigarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
{{coord|22.46|83.21|display=title}}

Alamelu Mani

2026-04-08T17:29:00Z

DiannaGariepy5: Started a article

{{Indian name|Alamelu|Mani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alamelu Mani
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Alamelu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1934|10|4}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Singer
| spouse = Anantha Subramani
| children = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo singer
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
| website =
|years_active =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2018)
}}
'''Alamelu Mani''' (born 4 October 1934) is an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist and music teacher from [[Mumbai]], India. She is the mother of singer [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]. In 2018 she received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Carnatic music.

==Biography==
Alamelu Mani was born on 4 October 1934, at Mumbai, Maharashtra.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=Alamelu Mani |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1649432906_Alamelu%20Mani.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> Her father, Varadhan, was a [[harmonium]] player.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Our music has a bright future, says doyenne of Carnatic music Alamelu Mani |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/our-music-has-a-bright-future-says-doyenne-of-carnatic-music-alamelu-mani-5998043/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002015239/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/our-music-has-a-bright-future-says-doyenne-of-carnatic-music-alamelu-mani-5998043/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], an Indian playback singer is her only son.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kudos for her enthusiasm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/kudos-for-her-enthusiasm/article4294261.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 January 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Shailaja |title=Humming along with Hariharan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/humming-along-with-hariharan/article23668235.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 April 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Musical career==
Alamelu was given her first music lessons by her grandmother when she was three years old.<ref name="The Indian Express"/> At the age of ten she started studying Carnatic music under H.A.S. Mani, whom she later married.<ref name="Mumbai Mirror">{{cite news |last1=Ramanan |first1=Sumana |title=Mumbai's lost world of Carnatic music |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/mumbais-lost-world-of-carnatic-music/articleshow/50272611.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> Her studies were interrupted when Mani died when she was 28, but a year later, she resumed her studies with [[T. Brinda]], a follower of the Devadasi tradition of Carnatic music, [[T. Muktha]] and Tanjavur V. Sankara Iyer.<ref name="Mumbai Mirror" /><ref name="SNA"/>

In Carnatic music, she is an exponent in Padams and Javalis.<ref name="lokvani">{{cite web |title=Exploring The Depths Of Padams And Javalis |url=https://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=7353 |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=14 January 2025 |archive-date=16 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116045022/https://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=7353 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Alamelu is an A Grade artist of [[All India Radio]] (since 1968) and [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="SNA"/>

As a Carnatic music teacher, Alamelu has taught over 1,000 students from around the world.<ref name="The Indian Express"/> Since 1963, she serves as the principal of the South Indian School of Music in Mumbai, founded by her husband H.A.S. Mani.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Living life on her terms |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/living-life-on-her-terms/article2476089.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 September 2011 |language=en-IN |archive-date=21 August 2021 |access-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821043627/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/living-life-on-her-terms/article2476089.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable students==
Alamelu is not only the mother of singer Hariharan but also his first music teacher.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Sanath |title=Familial notes: Singer Hariharan on working with his son Akshay and more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/Nov/28/familial-notes-2388116.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129011821/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/nov/28/familial-notes-2388116.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Singer [[Shriram Iyer]] is among her students.<ref name="lokvani"/> Geetha Raja, awarded 'Kalaimamani' title by Tamil Nadu Government, is also her student. <ref>https://geetharaja.com/profile/</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Alamelu received many titles and awards including Gold Medal in the music competition by All India Radio, Gurukripa Award by the [[Shankar Mahadevan Academy]], T. Brinda memorial award by [[Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival]], USA, Dronacharya Award from The Rotary Club of Madras East, the Sri Shanmukananda Dr M. S. Subbulakshmi Sangeetha Pracharya Award, ''Sur Mani'' title by Sur Singar Samsad, Mumbai, ''Acharya Chudamani'' title by Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai, and ''Sangeetha Booshana'' title by Sri Ranjini Sangeetha Sabha.<ref name="The Indian Express"/><ref name="SNA"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Virtuoso's mom honoured |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/Sep/14/virtuosos-mom-honoured-290622.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Expertise in teaching |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/alamelu-mani-mangad-natesan-expertise-in-teaching/article6651395.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 December 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2018 she received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Carnatic vocal.<ref>{{cite web |title=The following are the artists selected for The Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship and Awards in the year 2018 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/apr/doc20224939701.pdf |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]], Government of India |access-date=2025-01-14 |archive-date=2024-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221030644/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/apr/doc20224939701.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{YouTube|QlotC4JCyKc|Carnatic concert by Alamelu Mani}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, Alamelu}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Suresh David

2026-04-07T18:17:40Z

DiannaGariepy5: adding first entry added tags

{{Short description|Indian physician}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suresh David
| image = Leadership in Emergency Medicine Award.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Suresh Samuel David
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|3|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Emergency physician
| years_active = Since 1985
| known_for = Academic leadership in developing EM in India Medical writing
| notable_works = ''Handbook of Emergency Medicine''<ref>{{cite book |author=Suresh S David |title=Textbook Of Emergency Medicine |edition=1st |date=November 2011 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-8184732023 }}</ref> ''Clinical pathways in Emergency Medicine''<ref>{{cite book |author=Suresh S |title=Clinical pathways in Emergency Medicine|edition=1st |date=May 2016 |publisher=Springer link international publications|isbn=978-8132227113 }}</ref> ''Textbook of Emergency Medicine''
}}

'''Suresh Samuel David''' (born March 22, 1959) is an Indian physician specializing in [[emergency medicine]]. The first Indian physician to be formally trained in emergency medicine, David pioneered the practice of emergency medicine in India and is credited with founding the department of emergency medicine at [[Christian Medical College, Vellore]]. He is the first person to hold the position of a professor in the discipline of [[Emergency Medicine]] in India.

David has published three medical books viz. ''Handbook of Emergency Medicine'', ''Textbook of Emergency Medicine'' and ''Clinical pathways in Emergency Medicine'', the former two publications reported to be the first handbook and textbook on emergency medicine by an Indian author. He is a [[Fellowship (medicine)|Fellow]] of the [[Royal College of Physicians of London]] and the [[Australasian College for Emergency Medicine]] and a recipient of Best Doctor Award of [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]]. He has also received a citation, ''Leadership in Emergency Medicine'', from [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the former president of India.

==Education and career==
[[File:CMCH Vellore.JPG|thumb|235px|Christian Medical College, Vellore]]
David, born on 22 March 1959,<ref name="Standard Assessment Form">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mciindia.org/assessment_reports/2014/PushpagiriInstitute_TiruvallaKerala_01.09.2014_EmergencyMedicine_starting.pdf |title=Standard Assessment Form |date=2017 |publisher=Medical Council of India}}</ref> graduated in medicine (MBBS) from [[Christian Medical College, Vellore]] in 1982 and started his career by joining Christian Mission Hospital, [[Dharapuram]], Tamil Nadu. In 1985 he undertook training in general surgery at [[Madras Medical College]], after which he moved to Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, a rural secondary level mission hospital in [[Karakonam]]. Subsequently, he joined his alma mater, Christian Medical College as a junior lecturer in general surgery and during his service at CMC, he did a three-year advanced training in emergency medicine<ref name="CMCH archives">{{Cite web |url=http://archive-edu.com/edu/c/cmch-vellore.edu/2013-02-12_1378752_32/nursing |title=CMCH archives |date=2017 |publisher=Christian Medical College, Vellore}}</ref> at [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide]], an [[Australasian College for Emergency Medicine]]-accredited institution. On his return to India, he established the department of emergency medicine at CMC in 1994,<ref name="Hospitals `lack emergency medicine wings'">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/29/stories/2005102905550300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Hospitals 'lack emergency medicine wings' |date=October 29, 2005 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> the first independent department for emergency medicine in India;<ref name="Dr. Suresh David speaks on Past, Present & Future of EM in India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergencymedicine.in/current/news.php?readmore=35 |title=Dr. Suresh David speaks on Past, Present & Future of EM in India |date=2009 |publisher=Emergency Medicine}}</ref> the department would go on to be recognized as the ''South Asian Regional Training Centre in Emergency Medicine'' by the [[World Health Organization]] in 2005.<ref name="WHO accords recognition to CMC's EM department">{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/who-accords-recognition-to-cmcs-em-department_251505.html |title=WHO accords recognition to CMC's EM department |date=2005 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref> When he was appointed as a professor in 2002, he became the first person to hold the position of a professor in emergency medicine in India.<ref name="About Author">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lwwindia.co.in/author/174/suresh-david.aspx |title=About Author |date=2017 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer}}</ref> He served as a senior consultant and head of emergency department at CMC for 22 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emergencymedicine.in/current/news.php?readmore=35|title=EmergencyMedicine.in - News: Dr. Suresh David speaks on Past, Present & Future of EM in India|publisher=}}</ref><ref>https://acem.org.au/getattachment/96935e6d-8610-49b1-b0a5-31ca4ff79041/IEMSIG-Newsletter-Vol-4-Issue-1.aspx Page 13</ref><ref>The Hindu CHENNAI: January 29, 2011 16:42 IST UPDATED: January 29, 2011 16:42 IST</ref> During this period, he obtained a PhD from the [[University of Madras]] in 2013. He is also associated with [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] as a visiting scientist.<ref name="Visiting Scientist/delegate">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.edu/en/2014-12-18-11-27-59/99-hospital-administration.html |title=Visiting Scientist/delegate |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS Delhi}}</ref> In 2017, Professor David was inducted as Principal Assessor by the National Accreditation Board for hospitals (NABH).

== Legacy ==
[[File:10530-banner-Lives625-6-14.jpg|thumb|Emergency physicians conducting a trauma resuscitation]]
David is credited with pioneering the discipline of emergency medicine in [[India]] by restructuring the 'casualty' unit into the first independent emergency medicine department at CMC, Vellore in 1994. He headed the department and during his tenure, it evolved into a 45-bedded clinical unit, reported to be the largest of its kind in India in the private sector, tending to about 200 patients a day.<ref name="Emergency Department">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/sites/ae/home.html |title=Emergency Department |date=2017 |publisher=CMC Vellore}}</ref> The department started the first academic course{{Refn|group=note|fellowship course}} in emergency medicine in India in 1997 during his tenure.<ref name="DEPARTMENTS Emergency Medicine">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/Departments.aspx?depttype=MEDICAL |title=DEPARTMENTS Emergency Medicine |date=2017 |publisher=CMC Vellore}}</ref><ref name="Fellowship in emergency med from cmc vellore">{{Cite web |url=http://www.medicaltalk.net/t/fellowship-in-emergency-med-from-cmc-vellore/1006 |title=Fellowship in emergency med from cmc vellore |date=2017 |publisher=Medical Talk}}</ref> He was instrumental in the introduction of the concept of ''Trauma Team'' and [[triage]] at CMC.<ref name="About Author" /> The first of his three books, ''Handbook of Emergency Medicine'' was published by [[Elsevier]] in 1995, known to be the first handbook published by an Indian author on the subject.<ref name="Handbook of Emergency Medicine">{{Cite book |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/handbook-of-emergency-medicine/david/978-81-312-3047-3 |title=Handbook of Emergency Medicine |last=Suresh David |publisher=Elsevier |year=1995 |isbn=9788131230473 |page=316}}</ref> His second book, ''Textbook of Emergency Medicine'',<ref name="DavidAnantharaman2011">{{cite book|author1=Suresh S. David|author2=V. Anantharaman|author3=Anthony F. T. Brown, Brian K. Nelson, Ashis Banerjee|title=Textbook of Emergency Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Opl0MAEACAAJ|date=1 November 2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-81-8473-202-3}}</ref> a 2380-page 2-volume work composed of 262 chapters contributed by 292 authors, was published in 2011, making it the largest comprehensive textbook of emergency medicine published thus far.<ref name="Davids Textbook of Emergency Medicine Released at EMCON 2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergencymedicine.in/current/news.php?readmore=121 |title=Davids Textbook of Emergency Medicine Released at EMCON 2011 |date=2011 |publisher=Emergency Medicine}}</ref> The latest of his books, ''Clinical Pathways in Emergency Medicine'', was again a two-volume work spread over 1510 pages, and the book was released in 2016.<ref name="David2016-1">{{cite book|author=Suresh S David|title=Clinical Pathways in Emergency Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnxBDAAAQBAJ|date=23 May 2016|publisher=Springer India|isbn=978-81-322-2710-6}}</ref><ref name="David2016-2">{{cite book|author=Suresh S David|title=Clinical Pathways in Emergency Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtBVjgEACAAJ|date=6 June 2016|publisher=Springer India|isbn=978-81-322-2711-3}}</ref> Besides, he has contributed chapters to books by others<ref name="CameronJelinek2014">{{cite book|author1=Peter Cameron|author2=George Jelinek|author3=Anne-Maree Kelly, Anthony F. T. Brown, Mark Little|title=Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP1sAwAAQBAJ|date=1 April 2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5438-9}}</ref> and has published over 50 medical papers and articles.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Articles'' section}}

David chaired the scientific committee of SEMICON 2017, an annual conference on emergency medicine organized by Society for Emergency Medicine, India, held at [[Kochi]] in March 2017.<ref name="Scientific Chairman's message">{{Cite web |url=http://semicon2017.com/message/ |title=Scientific Chairman's message |date=2017 |publisher=Society for Emergency Medicine, India}}</ref> He is consultant of the [[World Health Organization]] for emergency medicine for South-East Asia and is a faculty member of WHO-[[USAID]] programs on [[Disaster medicine|Disaster Medicine]].<ref name="About Author" /> In the aftermath of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], David led a team of 9 volunteers from CMC and reportedly established 18 medical camps in a week's time which provided medical assistance to 2879 people.<ref name="Tsunami & Its Aftermath">{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergencymedicine.in/nepi/print.php?type=A&item_id=16 |title=Tsunami & Its Aftermath |date=2007 |publisher=Emergency Medicine}}</ref> He was the organizing secretary of the ''7th National Conference of Emergency Medicine'' (EMCON 2005) held in October 2005 at Vellore<ref name="Report on the Emergency Medicine Conference, ‘EMCON 2005’, Vellore, India">{{Cite web |url=https://acem.org.au/getattachment/75e27dde-e0b2-4861-b60f-a4e309be1aff/IEMSIG-Newsletter-Vol-2-Issue-2.aspx |title=Report on the Emergency Medicine Conference, 'EMCON 2005', Vellore, India |date=2005 |publisher=Newsletter of the International Emergency Medicine Specialist Interest Group of ACEM}}</ref> and is the founder of Network of Emergency Physicians, India (NEPI), a web platform for exchange of information among [[emergency physician]] community.<ref name="About NEPI">{{Cite web |url=http://nepi.emergencymedicine.in/viewpage.php?page_id=3 |title=About NEPI |date=2017 |publisher=Network of Emergency Physicians, India}}</ref> He sits in the board of advisors of ''EMS Leaders Forum''<ref name="Executive Body">{{Cite web |url=http://www.emsleadersforum.com/organization.html |title=Executive Body |date=2017 |publisher=EMS Leaders Forum}}</ref> and was a member of the three-member panel which designed courses for ''Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies'' (HOPE), a USAID-[[National Society for Earthquake Technology - Nepal|NSET]] initiative, in 2009.<ref name="HOPE Final Review conducted on March 5–6, 2009">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nset.org.np/peer/publication/090312newsletter12.pdf |title=HOPE Final Review conducted on March 5-6, 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=National Society for Earthquake Technology - Nepal}}</ref> He has delivered several invited speeches or keynote addresses which include ''National Assembly on Pediatric Emergency Medicine (NAPEM) 2011''<ref name="National Assembly on Pediatric Emergency Medicine (NAPEM) 2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergencymedicine.in/current/print.php?type=N&item_id=88 |title=National Assembly on Pediatric Emergency Medicine (NAPEM) 2011 |date=2011 |publisher=Emergency Medicine}}</ref><ref name="National Assembly on Pediatric Emergency Medicine">{{Cite web |url=http://stepindia.org.in/pdf/NAPEM_2011.pdf |title=National Assembly on Pediatric Emergency Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Step India}}</ref> and ''Conclave on Legal and Ethical Challenges in Healthcare Ecosystem'' of 2017.<ref name="Legal, Ethical and Administrative Challenges in Emergency Care and Road Safety">{{Cite web |url=https://rfhhaconclave.com/user/day1 |title=Legal, Ethical and Administrative Challenges in Emergency Care and Road Safety |date=2017 |publisher=Spirant Communication}}</ref> He has also been associated with medical conferences as a patron<ref name="Hepatathlon 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iriakerala.org/PDFFiles/98hepatathlon.pdf |title=Hepatathlon 2015 |date=2015 |publisher=Indian Radiological and Imaging Association}}</ref> or resource person<ref name="Plenary Session VII Disaster Management">{{Cite web |url=http://medcon.tmmnursingcollege.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Latest-Programme-Schedule.pdf |title=Plenary Session VII Disaster Management |date=2014 |publisher=TNM Nursing College}}</ref> and has participated in [[continuing medical education]] programs.<ref name="Guidelines 2017">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dmhemcrit.com/guideline.pdf |title=Guidelines 2017 |date=2017 |publisher=Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital & Research Center }}</ref><ref name="Training Programme on Disaster Health Care ">{{Cite web |url=http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/TrgReports/2010/November/22-26_NIDM.pdf |title=Training Programme on Disaster Health Care |date=2010 |publisher=National Institute of Disaster Management }}</ref><ref name="From the Director's Desk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wanlesshospital.org/img/mmcnews1.pdf |title=From the Director's Desk |date=2011 |publisher=Miraj Medical Centre}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
David, an honorary fellow of the [[Australasian College for Emergency Medicine]], (2006),<ref name="Dr. Suresh David speaks on Past, Present & Future of EM in India" /> and the [[Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians|Royal College of Physicians]] (2013), has been recognized as a ''resource person'' in the field of health care by the ''East Asia Summit Earthquake Risk Reduction Centre'' of the [[National Institute of Disaster Management (India)|National Institute of Disaster Management]].<ref name="Resource Person">{{Cite web |url=http://nidm.gov.in/easindia2014/err/pdf/resource_persons_DM.pdf |title=Resource Person |date=2017 |publisher=National Institute of Disaster Management}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214438/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120210/jsp/nation/story_15117075.jsp#.WNLKY2-GPIU] Telegraph India</ref> [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] awarded him the ''Best Doctor Award'' in 2012.<ref name="Dr Suresh David Bestowed upon Best Doctor Award">{{Cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story_comments_displaychunk.jsp?sId=107313&ScfUrl=its-an-emergency,-doctor.html |title=Dr Suresh David Bestowed upon Best Doctor Award |date=2013 |publisher=India Today - Readers' forum}}{{dead link|date=November 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was awarded ''Leadership in Emergency Medicine'' by MMHRC - Institute Of Emergency Medicine at the ''Regional Conference in Emergency Medicine 2015'', the citation presented to him by the former president of India, [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="Excellence In Leadership Award">{{Cite web |url=http://pushpagiri.in/news/excellence-in-leadership-award/ |title=Excellence In Leadership Award |date=2017 |publisher=Pushpagiri Medical College Hospital}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |title=Handbook of Emergency Medicine |last=Suresh David |publisher=Elsevier |year=1995 |isbn=9788131230473 |page=316}}
* {{cite book|author1=Suresh S. David|author2=V. Anantharaman|author3=Anthony F. T. Brown, Brian K. Nelson, Ashis Banerjee|title=Textbook of Emergency Medicine|date=1 November 2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-81-8473-202-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Suresh S David|title=Clinical Pathways in Emergency Medicine - Volume 1|date=23 May 2016|publisher=Springer India|isbn=978-81-322-2710-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Suresh S David|title=Clinical Pathways in Emergency Medicine - Volume 2|date=6 June 2016|publisher=Springer India|isbn=978-81-322-2711-3}}

=== Articles ===
*{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/2249-4863.184669 |pmid=27453878 |pmc=4943141 |title=Prehospital trauma care in South India: A glance through the last 15 years |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=195–6 |year=2016 |last1=Adhikari |first1=Debasisdas |last2=Florence |first2=Benita |last3=David |first3=Sureshsamuel |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0971-4065.133045 |pmid=25097346 |pmc=4119346 |title=Concern, counseling and consent for bariatric surgery |journal=Indian Journal of Nephrology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=263–4 |year=2014 |last1=Kumaran |first1=Ssenthil |last2=David |first2=SS |last3=Menezes |first3=RG |last4=Thirumalaikolundusubramanian |first4=P |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0972-5229.126091 |pmid=24678159 |title=Acute myocardial infarction and cocaine toxicity: One step closer |journal=Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=118 |year=2014 |last1=Senthilkumaran |first1=Subramanian |last2=David |first2=Sureshs |last3=Jena |first3=Narendranath |last4=Menezes |first4=Riteshg |last5=Thirumalaikolundusubramanian |first5=Ponniah |pmc=3943121 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1742-6723.12161 |pmid=24238068 |title=Limitations and consumer aspects of point-of-care in snake envenomation |journal=Emergency Medicine Australasia |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=208 |year=2014 |last1=Senthilkumaran |first1=Subramanian |last2=David |first2=Suresh S |last3=Jena |first3=Narendra Nath |last4=Thirumalaikolundusubramanian |first4=Ponniah |s2cid=2236439 }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1742-6723.12140 |pmid=24125090 |title=Acute myocardial infarction triggered by bee sting: An alternative view |journal=Emergency Medicine Australasia |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=615 |year=2013 |last1=Senthilkumaran |first1=Subramanian |last2=David |first2=Suresh S |last3=Menezes |first3=Ritesh G |last4=Thirumalaikolundusubramanian |first4=Ponniah |s2cid=45732006 }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0971-4065.114501 |pmid=23960360 |pmc=3741988 |title=Need for parenteral pyridoxine: A clarion call |journal=Indian Journal of Nephrology |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=324–5 |year=2013 |last1=Senthilkumaran |first1=S |last2=David |first2=SS |last3=Menezes |first3=RG |last4=Thirumalaikolundusubramanian |first4=P |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/emj.2007.054114 |pmid=18723723 |title=Atropine-resistant bradycardia due to hyperkalaemia |journal=Emergency Medicine Journal |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=611–2 |year=2008 |last1=Slade |first1=T J |last2=Grover |first2=J |last3=Benger |first3=J |s2cid=24657312 |url=http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/5286/1/Download.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2013.04.027 |pmid=23816194 |title=Epinephrine-induced myocardial infarction in severe anaphylaxis: Is β-blocker a bad actor or bystander? |journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1410 |year=2013 |last1=Senthilkumaran |first1=Subramanian |last2=David |first2=Suresh S |last3=Jena |first3=Narendra Nath |last4=Thirumalaikolundusubramanian |first4=Ponniah }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e328360d8b6 |pmid=23797347 |title=Role of fresh-frozen plasma in angioedema |journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=292–3 |year=2013 |last1=Senthilkumaran |first1=Subramanian |last2=David |first2=Suresh S |last3=Menezes |first3=Ritesh G |last4=Thirumalaikolundusubramanian |first4=Ponniah }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.3109/15563650.2013.765011 |pmid=23356817 |title=C-reactive protein value in organophosphate-poisoned patients – Promises and pitfalls |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=121 |year=2013 |last1=Senthilkumaran |first1=Subramanian |last2=David |first2=Suresh S |last3=Menezes |first3=Ritesh G |last4=Thirumalaikolundusubramanian |first4=Ponniah |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s13181-011-0204-0 |pmid=22234395 |pmc=3550238 |title=Mortality Predictors of Snake Bite Envenomation in Southern India—A Ten-Year Retrospective Audit of 533 Patients |journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=118–23 |year=2012 |last1=David |first1=Suresh |last2=Matathia |first2=Sarah |last3=Christopher |first3=Solomon }}
*David SS Divitha S. "The reliability, effectiveness, and epidemiological profile of the Vellore Model of Triage System". in {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1553-2712.2007.tb01794.x |title=Abstracts from India's Second International Emergency Medicine and Disaster Preparedness Conference |journal=Academic Emergency Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e109–e113 |year=2007 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.00985.x |pmid=17655628 |title=Emergency medicine in India: Why are we unable to ?walk the talk?? |journal=Emergency Medicine Australasia |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=289–95 |year=2007 |last1=David |first1=Suresh S |last2=Vasnaik |first2=Mabel |last3=Tv |first3=Ramakrishnan |s2cid=24674771 }}
*{{cite journal |pmid=11298483 |year=2000 |last1=David |first1=S. S |title='Mantle of safety'--aero-medical service in Central Australia |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=245–6 }}
*{{cite journal |pmid=9212563 |year=1997 |last1=David |first1=S. S |title=Strategy for the development of emergency medical services in India |journal=Journal of the Indian Medical Association |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=17, 26 }}
*{{cite journal |pmid=9153988 |year=1997 |last1=David |first1=S. S |title=Incorporation of emergency medicine in the undergraduate curriculum |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=80–1 |last2=Selvaranjini |first2=S |last3=Thomas |first3=M }}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://whataftermedicine.blogspot.in/2010/02/prof-suresh-david-celebrates.html|title=Prof. Suresh David celebrates the recognition of Emergency medicine as a speciality in India|date=February 10, 2010 |publisher=What After Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:David, Suresh}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
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Ancient institutions of learning in the Indian subcontinent

2026-03-26T17:12:52Z

DiannaGariepy5:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Essay-like|date=June 2025}}
The [[Indian subcontinent]] has a long history of education and learning from the era of [[Indus Valley Civilization]]. Important ancient institutions of learning in ancient India are Takshashila, Kashmir Smast, Nalanda, Valabhi, Pushpagiri, Odantapuri, Vikramashila, Somapura, Bikrampur, Jagaddala.

== Takshashila or Taxila ==

'''First university'''

The [[University of ancient Taxila]] was a renowned [[Ancient higher-learning institutions|ancient institute of higher-learning]] located in the city of [[Taxila]], [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] region of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan. Located in the [[Taxila Tehsil]] of [[Rawalpindi District]], it lies approximately {{convert|25|km|abbr=}} northwest of the [[Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area]] and is just south of the [[Haripur District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].
According to scattered references that were only fixed a millennium later, it may have dated back to at least the fifth century BC.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last1=Scharfe|first1=Hartmut|title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India|last2=Bronkhorst|first2=Johannes|last3=Spuler|first3=Bertold|last4=Altenmüller|first4=Hartwig|year=2002|isbn=978-90-04-12556-8|page=141|publisher=BRILL }}</ref> Some scholars date Takshashila's existence back to the sixth century BC.<ref name="Britannica Education">"History of Education", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007.</ref> The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
[[File:Dharmarajika stupa,Taxila.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of University of Taxila]]

Takshashila is described in some detail in later [[Jataka tales|Jātaka]] tales, written in [[Sri Lanka]] around the fifth century AD.<ref>Marshall 1975:81</ref>

It became a noted centre of learning at least several centuries BC, and continued to attract students until the destruction of the city in the fifth century AD.

=== Important teachers ===
Important teachers that are said to be teaching at university of Taxila include;
* [[Pāṇini]], the great 5th century BCE Indian grammarian{{sfnp|Lowe|Yasuhara|2016|p=62}}
* [[Kumāralāta]], according to the 3rd century Chinese Buddhist monk and traveller Yuan Chwang, [[Kumāralāta]], the founder of [[Sautrāntika]] school.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watters|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxnUDwAAQBAJ&q=Kum%C4%81ralabdha&pg=PA245|title=On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629-645 A.D|date=1904-01-01|publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vasubandhu]], the founder of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is said to be teaching there. His famous pupil includes [[Dharmakirti]] and [[Dignaga]].<ref name="acmuller.net">Lusthaus, Dan; [http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/thinkers/vasubandhu.html Vasubandhu]</ref>

=== Important students ===
Important pupil from ancient University of Taxila includes;

* King [[Pasenadi]] of [[Kosala]], a close friend of the Buddha.
* [[Jivaka Komarabhacca|Jivaka]], court doctor at [[Rajagriha]] and personal doctor of the Buddha.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Batchelor|first1=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT256|title=Confession of a Buddhist Atheist|date=2010|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=9781588369840|page=256|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Charaka]], the Indian "father of medicine" and one of the leading authorities in [[Ayurveda]], is also said to have studied at Taxila, and practiced there.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lowe|first1=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niExDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62|title=The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities|last2=Yasuhara|first2=Yoshihito|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317543268|page=PT62|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Subhadra Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&pg=PT27|title=Ashoka|date=2009|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184758078|page=PT27|language=en}}</ref>

==Somapura Mahavihara==
[[Somapura Mahavihara]] in Paharpur, [[Badalgachhi Upazila]], [[Naogaon District]], [[Bangladesh]] is among the best known [[vihara]]s, monasteries, in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is one of the most important archaeological sites in the country. It was one of the largest residential university in ancient India. It was designated as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 1985. It is one of the most famous examples of architecture in pre-Islamic [[Bangladesh]]. It dates from a period to the nearby [[Halud Vihara]] and to the [[Sitakot Vihara]] in [[Nawabganj Upazila, Dinajpur|Nawabganj Upazila]] of Dinajpur District.<ref name=Banglapedia2>{{cite book
|last=Rahman |first=SS Mostafizur |year=2012
|chapter=Sitakot Vihara
|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sitakot_Vihara
|editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Nalanda==
[[File:Nalanda University ruins.JPG|thumb|Nalanda University ruins]]
[[Nalanda]] (Pali: नालंंदा) was an ancient Buddhist ''[[Mahavihara]]'', a revered university which served as a renowned centre of learning, in the ancient kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (modern-day [[Bihar]]) in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/history/|title = History | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar | India}}</ref> The university of Nalanda obtained significant fame, prestige and relevance during ancient times, and rose to legendary status due to its contribution to the emergence of India as a great power around the fourth century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Universities in India |url=https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/ancient.pdf |website=All India Council for Technical Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509132335/https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/ancient.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The site is located about {{convert|95|km|mi}} southeast of [[Patna]], and was one of the greatest centres of learning in the world from the fifth century CE to {{Circa|1200 CE}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scharfe|first1=Hartmut|title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India|last2=Bronkhorst|first2=Johannes|last3=Spuler|first3=Bertold|last4=Altenmüller|first4=Hartwig|year=2002|isbn=978-90-04-12556-8|page=149|publisher=BRILL }}</ref> Today, it is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2016 |agency=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=15 July 2016 |language=en |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1524 |title=Four sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List |work=whc.unesco.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716131638/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1524 |archive-date=16 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="nalandaET">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chandigarhs-capitol-complex-makes-it-to-unescos-world-heritage-list/articleshow/53252789.cms |title=Chandigarh's Capitol Complex makes it to UNESCO's World Heritage List |date=18 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |newspaper=Economic Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718081019/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chandigarhs-capitol-complex-makes-it-to-unescos-world-heritage-list/articleshow/53252789.cms |archive-date=18 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Valabhi University==
The [[Valabhi University]] was an important centre of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] learning and championed the cause of [[Hinayana|Hinayana Buddhism]] between 600 CE and 1200 CE. [[Valabhi]] was the capital of the [[Maitraka]] empire during the period 480-775 CE. It was an important port for international trade located in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], present day it is called [[Vallabhi]]pur located in [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]] district of [[Gujarat]] in western India, identical with the old state of [[Vala State|Vala]]. For some time, the university was considered to be a rival to [[Nalanda]], in [[Bihar]], in the field of education. In September 2017, the Indian central government started to consider a proposal to revive the ancient university.<ref>Prashant Ruperal: [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/ancient-vallabhi-university-to-be-revived/articleshow/60811468.cms Ancient Vallabhi University to be revived], The Times of India, September 24, 2017, accessed on September 25, 2017.</ref>

== Sharada Peeth ==
[[Sharada Peeth]] is a [[Ruins|ruined]] [[Hindu temple]] and ancient centre of learning located in present-day Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir. Between the 6th and 12th centuries CE, it was among the most prominent [[Ancient higher-learning institutions#Ancient India|temple universities]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Known in particular for its library, stories recount scholars travelling long distances to access its texts. It played a key role in the development and popularisation of the [[Sharada script]] in [[North India]].<ref name="Qazi 111–120">{{Cite journal|last1=Qazi|first1=Junaid Ahmad|last2=Samad|first2=Abdul|date=January 2015|editor-last=Shakirullah|editor2-last=Young|editor2-first=Ruth|title=Śarda Temple and the Stone Temples of Kashmir in Perspective: A Review Note|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318307548|journal=Pakistan Heritage|publisher=Hazara University Mansehra-Pakistan|volume=7|pages=111–120|via=Research Gate}}</ref>

=== Library at Sharada Peeth ===
Sharada Peeth was also valued by scholars across the Indian subcontinent for its library, and stories detail long journeys they would take to consult it.

* In the 11th century, the [[Vaishnava]] saint [[Ramanuja|Swami Ramanuja]] traveled from [[Srirangam]] to Sharada Peeth to refer to the [[Brahma Sutras]], before commencing work on writing his commentary on the Brahma sutras, the [[Sri Bhasya]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2016-08-04|title=Ramanuja's revelation of the 'secret mantra'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Ramanuja%E2%80%99s-revelation-of-the-%E2%80%98secret-mantra%E2%80%99/article14550905.ece|access-date=2020-04-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
[[File:Birch bark MS from Kashmir of the Rupavatra Wellcome L0032691.jpg|right|thumb| 17th-century [[birch bark manuscript]] of Pāṇini's grammar treatise from [[Sharada Peeth]] ]]
* The 13th century CE (1277 – 78) text ''[[Prabhavakacarita|Prabhāvakacarita]]'' contains a story of the [[Śvētāmbara]] scholar [[Hemachandra]]. As Sharada Peeth was the only place with a library known to have all such works available in their complete form,<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=0520245008|location=Los Angeles|pages=182|quote=...accordingly, being stored in its most perfect form in the temple of the Goddess of Speech in the far-off land of Kashmir, from where Hemacandra acquired his supremely authoritative exemplars, grammar was at the same time clearly a precious cultural good, one that could be imported and whose very possession secured high prestige for its possessor.}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Suri|first=Chandraprabha|title=Prabhavakacharita}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Sahana|title=The Educational Heritage of Ancient India|publisher=Notion Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-947586-53-6|location=Chennai|pages=23|quote=Hemachandra is noted to have requested for a copy of all the earlier grammar works that had been written until then, and which were only available in their complete form in the library of Sharada university.}}</ref> Hemachandra requested [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|King Jayasimha Siddharaja]] to send a team to retrieve copies of the existing eight Sanskrit grammatical texts preserved there. These supported his own text of Sanskrit grammar, the [[Hemachandra#Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana|Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana]].<ref name="Pollock 2006 588–892">{{harvnb|Pollock|2006|pp=588–89}}</ref>

=== Important students ===
The important pupil who studied here include:

* [[Vaṭeśvara]], a tenth century [[Indian mathematician]] who presented several [[trigonometric identities]]. He was the author of Vaṭeśvara-siddhānta written in 904 AD, a treatise focusing on astronomy and applied mathematics.
* {{citation needed span|text=[[Kumarajiva]] (344 – 413 CE) was born to a Kashmiri father, [[Kumārāyana]], and a Chinese mother from [[Kucha]]. He was sent to Kashmir at a young age to gain a grounding in Buddhism, where he studied under a Kashmiri scholar of the [[Sarvastivada]] school.|date=May 2021}}
* [[Rinchen Zangpo]], a principal lotsawa or translator of [[Sanskrit]] [[Buddhist]] texts into [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]], is also said to be studied here.<ref>Rizvi (1996), pp. 58-59.</ref>
[[File:Sharda Fort, Azad Jammu & Kashmir.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of Sharada Peeth]]
* The Kashmiri historian [[Kalhana|Kalhana Pandit]]<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Kalhana|title=Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅginī: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr|publisher=Archibald Constable and Company, Ltd.|year=1900|isbn=9788120803718|location=Westminster|pages=151–152|translator-last=Stein|translator-first=Marc Aurel}}</ref>
* Hindu philosopher [[Adi Shankara]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{Cite book|last=Raina|first=Mohini Qasba|title=Kashur: The Kashmiri Speaking People|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1490701653|pages=85, 191}}</ref>

==Pushpagiri Vihara==
[[Pushpagiri Vihara|Pushpagiri]] ([[Odia language|Odia]]: ପୁଷ୍ପଗିରି) was an ancient Buddhist [[mahavihara]] or monastic complex located atop Langudi Hill (or Hills) in [[Jajpur district]] of [[Odisha]], India. Pushpagiri was mentioned in the writings of the Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] ({{circa|602|664}}) and some other ancient sources. Until the 1990s, it was hypothesised to be one or all of the [[Lalitgiri]]-[[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]]-[[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]] group of monastic sites, also located in Jajpur district. These sites contain ruins of many buildings, [[stupa]]s of various sizes, sculptures (many now removed to museums), and other artifacts.

However, archaeological excavations conducted at Langudi Hills during 1996-2006 resulted in the discovery of another site, with inscriptions describing the local monastery as ''puṣpa sabhar giriya'', and identified by the excavators as Pushpagiri. This has now become the general view among scholars. The site has now been made accessible for tourism.

The visit of Xuanzang indicates that Pushpagiri was an important Buddhist site in ancient India. Along with [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramashila]], [[Odantapuri]], [[Takshashila]] and [[Vallabhi]], it is believed to be a major ancient centre of learning. It flourished between 3rd and 11th centuries CE.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkLeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |title=A History of Science in World Cultures: Voices of Knowledge |author1=Scott L. Montgomery |author2=Alok Kumar |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317439066 |page=121 }}</ref>

==Odantapuri University==
[[Odantapuri]] (also called Odantapura or Uddandapura) was a prominent [[Buddhist]] [[Mahavihara]] in what is now [[Bihar]], India. It is believed to have been established by [[Gopala I]] in the 8th century. It is considered the second oldest of India's Mahaviharas after [[Nalanda University]] and was situated in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].

==Vikramashila==
[[Vikramashila]] (Sanskrit: विक्रमशिला) was one of the two most important centres of learning in India during the [[Pala Empire]], along with [[Nalanda]]. Its location is now the site of Antichak village, [[Bhagalpur district]] in [[Bihar]].

[[Vikramashila]] was established by the [[Pala Empire|Pala emperor]] [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] (783 to 820 AD) in response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at [[Nalanda]]. [[Atiśa]], the renowned [[pandita (Buddhism)|pandita]], is sometimes listed as a notable [[abbot]]. It was destroyed by the forces of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] around 1193.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Alexis Sanderson |author-link1=Alexis Sanderson |editor1-last=Einoo |editor1-first=Shingo |title=Genesis and Development of Tantrism |date=2009 |publisher=Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo |location=Tokyo |pages=89 |chapter=The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period}}</ref><ref name = Eaton>{{cite journal
| last = Eaton
| first = Richard
| title = Temple desecration in pre-modern India
| journal = Frontline
| volume = 17
| issue = 25
| pages = 62–70
| date=December 22, 2000
}}
</ref>

==Bikrampur Vihara==
[[Bikrampur Vihara]] is an ancient Buddhist [[vihara]] at Raghurampur village, [[Bikrampur]], [[Munshiganj District]], [[Dhaka Division]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=4,11375,0,0,1,0#.UdL2qTv0F0M|title=Archaeology - Ancient Buddhist Vihara found in Munshiganj|website=www.buddhistchannel.tv|access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref>

==Jagaddala Mahavihara==
[[Jagaddala Mahavihara]] ([[floruit|fl.]] late 11th century - mid-12th century) was a [[Buddhist]] monastery and seat of learning in [[Varendra]], a geographical unit in present north Bengal in Bangladesh.<ref name="India 1962. pg 377">''Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.'' by Dutt, Sukumar. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London 1962. pg 377</ref> It was founded by the later kings of the [[Pāla dynasty]], probably [[Ramapala]] (c. 1077–1120), most likely at a site near the present village of Jagdal in [[Dhamoirhat Upazila]] in the north-west [[Bangladesh]] on the border with India, near Paharapur.<ref name="UNESCO World Heritage website">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1212/ UNESCO World Heritage website]</ref> Some texts also spell the name Jaggadala.

== Other ==
Further centres include [[Telhara, Nalanda district|Telhara]] in Bihar<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yac.bih.nic.in/Documents/Telhara-(Nalanda)-Excavation-Report.pdf | title=TELHARA (NALANDA) EXCAVATION A Brief Report | publisher=yac.bih.nic.in | access-date=17 February 2015 | archive-date=28 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628083818/http://yac.bih.nic.in/Documents/Telhara-(Nalanda)-Excavation-Report.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> (probably older than Nalanda<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/telhara-universitys-ruins-older-than-nalanda-vikramshila-1849141.html | title=Telhara University's ruins older than Nalanda, Vikramshila | publisher=firstpost | date=14 December 2014 | access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>), [[Kanchipuram]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Manyakheta]], in [[Karnataka]], [[Ujjain]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Nagarjunakonda]], in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] (eighth century to modern times),[[Abhayagiri Vihāra]], and [[Jetavanaramaya]], in [[Sri Lanka]].

==See also==
*[[Indus Valley Civilization]]
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Buddhism]]
*[[Jainism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Education in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Education in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Education in Nepal]]

Knock-Out (1992 film)

2026-03-25T22:21:10Z

DiannaGariepy5: created first stub w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language short drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[B. Lenin]]
| writer = Devabharathi (dialogues)
| screenplay = B. Lenin
| story = B. Lenin
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[R. S. Shivaji]] [[S. Sathyendra]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[B. Kannan]]
| editing =
| music =
| studio = Buddha Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| runtime = 19 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AOKH/info|title=Knock Out|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Knock-Out''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language short [[drama film]] written and directed by [[B. Lenin]].

== Cast ==
In 1982, a gravedigger buries an unknown man and while clearing his body discovers a gold medal attached to his [[Upanayana|sacred thread]]. The corpse is revealed to be that of renown boxer Sanjeevi, who participated in the [[1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Olympics]]. After many years, a tour guide takes tourists to the memorial made by the government for Sanjeevi, which is inaccurately located and his grave is still exposed.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref name="IFFR"/>

== Cast ==
*[[R. S. Shivaji]] as a ''[[Funeral director|vettiyan]]''<ref name="The Hindu"/>
*[[S. Sathyendra]] as Sanjeevi's corpse<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece|title=Meet Mr. Versatile|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2012|first=Lakshmi|last=Venkataraman|access-date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216033702/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece|archive-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>
*R. Gunasekaran

== Accolades ==
The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director (non-feature film)]] and the Islamia Critics Award for Best Short Film at the [[Cairo International Film Festival]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=11 August 2017 |title=Making the right cut |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary-film-editor-and-director-b-lenin-on-what-constitutes-film-editing/article19472013.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919130919/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary-film-editor-and-director-b-lenin-on-what-constitutes-film-editing/article19472013.ece |archive-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dbgyff.com/lenin|title=Grand Jury|work=Don Bosco Global Youth Film Festival|access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] in 1995.<ref name="IFFR">{{Cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/1995/films/knock-out|title=Knock Out|work=[[International Film Festival Rotterdam|IFFR]]|access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0104628}}

[[Category:Boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 short films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Guhila dynasty

2026-03-25T10:41:34Z

DiannaGariepy5:

{{Short description|Indian dynasty in what is now Rajasthan}}
{{For|Guhilas of Saurashtra, Gujarat|Gohil dynasty|Gohil (disambiguation){{!}}Gohil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Guhila dynasty
| seat = {{plainlist|
*[[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]]
*[[Nagda, Rajasthan|Nagda]]
* [[Chittor]]}}
| country = [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| founder = [[Guhila|Rawal Guhil]]
| founded = {{start date and age|566}}
| deposition = [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|26 August 1303]] (main branch) 1948 (cadet branch)
| final_ruler = [[Ratnasimha]] (main branch) [[Bhupal Singh]] (cadet branch)
| current_head = [[Harshvardhan Singh Dungarpur]] (Main branch) [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]] (cadet branch)
| cadet branches = [[Sisodia dynasty]]
}}
The '''Guhilas of Medapata''' colloquially known as the '''Guhilas of Mewar''' were a Rajput dynasty that ruled the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] (Medapata, modern [[Mewar]]) region in present-day [[Rajasthan]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|pages=116|quote="The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan."|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=David Ludden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|page=89|quote= By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans...|language=en}}</ref> The Guhila kings initially ruled as feudatories of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] between the end of 8th and 9th centuries and later were independent in period of the early 10th century and allied themselves with the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=51}} Their capitals included Nagahrada ([[Nagda, Rajasthan|Nagda]]) and Aghata ([[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]]). For this reason, they are also known as the Nagda-Ahar branch of the [[Gahlot|Guhilas]]. The Guhilas later divided into two branches: [[Rawal (title)|Rawal Rajputs]] and [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia Rajputs.]]

The Guhilas assumed sovereignty after the decline of the Pratiharas in the 10th century under [[Rawal Bharttripatta II]] and [[Rawal Allata]]. During the 10th-13th centuries, they were involved in military conflicts with several of their neighbours, including the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]], the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Chaulukya]]s, and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]]. In the late 11th century, the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] interfered in the Guhila throne possibly deposing a ruler and placing some other ruler of the branch.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=59-61}}

In the mid-12th century, the dynasty divided into two branches. The senior branch (whose rulers are called ''[[Rawal (title)|Rawal]]'' in the later medieval literature) ruled from Chitrakuta (modern [[Chittor Fort|Chittorgarh]]), and ended with [[Ratnasimha]]'s defeat against the Delhi Sultanate at the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|1303 Siege of Chittorgarh]]. The junior branch rose from the village of Sisoda with the title ''[[Rana (title)|Rana]]'' and established the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]] dynasty.

== Origin ==

The history of the Guhilas has been obscured by bardic legends. In the 7th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan in Nagda-Ahar, Kishkindha (Kalyanpur) and Dhavagarta (Dhor). None of these dynasties claimed any prestigious origin in their 7th century records.{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=64}} The Guhilas of Dhavagarta explicitly mentioned the Mori kings as their overlords, and the early kings of the other two dynasties also bore the titles indicating their subordinate status.{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=65}}

By the 10th century, the Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar were the only among the three dynasties to have survived. By this time, their political status had increased, and the Guhila kings had assumed high royal titles such as ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]''. During this period, the dynasty started claiming a prestigious origin, stating that its founder Guhadatta(his origin is unknown, scholars try to link him with [[Brahmin]] or [[Hephthalite]] origin) who had migrated from Anandapura (present-day [[Vadnagar]] in Gujarat).{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=66}} The 977 CE Atpur inscription of Shaktikumara lists 20 Guhila kings in an unbroken line of succession, starting with Guhadatta and ending with Shaktikumara.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|pp=298-299}}

[[File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|The Guhila dynasty ruled from [[Chittor Fort]], which fell to the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)]], marking the end of the dynasty.]]
By the 13th century, having consolidated their rule over the Medapata (Mewar) region, the Guhilas came up with a new origin myth.{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=68}} Their post-13th century records and the subsequent bardic legends name the dynasty's founder as [[Bappa Rawal]], who is not mentioned in the Atpur inscription.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=299}} These accounts state that Bappa Rawal consolidated his rule with the blessings of the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] sage Haritarashi.{{sfn|Nandini Sinha|1991|p=68}} Different historians identify Bappa Rawal with different kings mentioned in the Atpur inscription, including Kalabhoja, Shiladitya, and Khummana. [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that Bappa achieved a highly significant military success, because of which he gained reputation as the dynasty's founder.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=299}}

According to the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshwar]] ([[Mount Abu|Abu]]) inscription of Vedasharma, Bappa Rawal "changed his priestly splendour for regal lustre". Based on this, scholars such as [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] theorized that the Guhilas were Kshatriya Rajputs since the beginning. [[G. H. Ojha]], however, believed that the statement in Vedasharma's inscription is a misinterpretation of the earlier Atpur inscription. The Atpur inscription describes Guhadatta as a "Mahideva", which according to historian R. V. Somani, can be translated as "Rajputra king".{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=31-32}}

The 1274 CE Chittor inscription compares the Guhila ruler Bharttripatta with Rama, describing both of them as "Brahma-Kshatras". Based on the identification of Rama with [[Parashurama]], scholars such as [[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that the progenitor of the dynasty had a Brahmin parent and a [[Kshatriya]] parent. However, Somani dismisses this theory, arguing that [[Rama]] here refers to [[Ramachandra]], from whose [[Solar dynasty]] (or [[Suryavansh]]) the later Guhilas claimed descent.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=32}}

The later bardic chronicles mention a fabricated genealogy, claiming that the dynasty's founder Guhaditya was a son of Shiladitya, the [[Maitraka]] ruler of [[Vallabhi]]. This claim is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=34}}

While James Tod considered the Guhilots (Guhilas) of Mewar to have originated from a [[Hephthalite]] stock associated with the Huna incursions into north-western India during the sixth century CE, he presented this view in ethnographic and historical terms rather than as a demonstrable genealogical descent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tod |first=James |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |year=1829 |volume=1 |pages=87–89}}</ref> Vincent A. Smith likewise interpreted the emergence of the Guhilot dynasty within the broader political transformations that followed the Huna invasions and the decline of Gupta authority, emphasizing the formation of new ruling houses through the assimilation of foreign and indigenous elements rather than uninterrupted indigenous lineage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent A. |title=Early History of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1924 |pages=328–330}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:Bappa_Rawal.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Bappa Rawal]] at [[Mewar]] (r.728 CE–763 CE).|left|257x257px]][[R. C. Majumdar]] places Guhadatta in the 5th century CE, assuming a 20-year reign for each generation.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|pp=298-299}} R. V Somani places him somewhere before the first quarter of the 6th century.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=34}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Daud |date=2005-01-01 |title=NANDINI SINHA KAPUR: State Formation in Rajasthan: Mewar during the Seventh-Fifteenth Centuries. 308pp. Delhi: Manohar, 2002. |url=https://www.academia.edu/14797579 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient}}</ref>

According to the 977 CE Atpur inscription and the 1083 CE Kadmal inscription, Guhadatta was succeeded by Bhoja, who commissioned the construction of a tank at [[Eklingji]]. The 1285 CE Achaleshwar inscription describes him as a devotee of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=36}} Bhoja was succeeded by Mahendra and Nagaditya. The bardic legends state that Nagaditya was killed in a battle with the [[Bhils]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=36}}

Nagaditya's successor Shiladitya raised the political status of the family significantly, as suggested by his 646 CE Samoli inscription, as well as the inscriptions of his successors, including the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE Abu inscription. R. V. Somani theorizes that the copper and zinc mines at [[Zawar|Jawar]] were excavated during his reign, which greatly increased the economic prosperity of the kingdom. The 16th century Buddhist writer [[Taranatha]] mentions a reputed artist named Shringadhara, who was patronized by the king Shila of Maru country. Somani identifies this king as the Guhila king Shiladitya.

Shiladitya was succeeded by Aparajita, who is attested by the 661 CE Kunda inscription. This epigraph records the construction of a Vishnu temple by Yashomati, the wife of Aparajita's commander Varaha. According to the bardic chronicles, Aparajita was also killed in a battle with the Bhils. His son Mahendra succeeded him.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=39}} Mahendra was succeeded by Kalabhoja, who has been identified as [[Bappa Rawal]] by several historians including [[G. H. Ojha]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=40}}

The Guhilas originally acknowledged the suzerainty of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]]. In the 10th century, [[Rawal Bharttripatta II|Bharttripatta II]] became an independent ruler, and assumed the title ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'', as attested by a 943 CE inscription. His successor [[Rawal Allata|Allata]] (reigned c. 950s CE) killed one Devapala, who according to Majumdar, might have been the Gurjara-Pratihara king Devapala.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=299}}[[File:Sahasra_Bahu_temples,_Nagda,_Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sahasra Bahu Temples]] in [[Nagda, Rajasthan]], 10th century CE.]]
[[File:Nagda(Rajasthan)Relief1.jpg|thumb|[[Sahasra Bahu Temples]] relief in [[Nagda, Rajasthan]], 10th century CE.|left]]

=== Guhilas of Ahar ===
Towards the end of the 10th century, [[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]] became the second capital of the Guhilas.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}}

In the later half of the 10th century, the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] defeated the elephant forces of the Guhilas, and plundered their capital Ahar. The defeated Guhila ruler (either Naravahana or his son Shaktikumara) took shelter with Dhavala, the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] ruler of Hastikundi. As a result of this victory, the Paramaras gained control of the eastern part of Mewar, including [[Chittorgarh]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=94}}

Shaktikumara's son Ambaprasada was defeated and killed by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Vakpatiraja II|Vakpati II]]. Among his successors, Vijayasimha (r.c. 1108–1116) was a son-in-law of the Paramara king [[Udayaditya]] and a father-in-law of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gayakarna]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}}

=== Rawal branch ===

According to the 15th century text ''[[Eklingji|Eklinga]]-Mahatmaya'', the family split into two branches during the reign of [[Ranasimha]] alias Karna: the Rawal (senior) branch of Chittor, and the Rana (junior) branch of Sisoda.{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|pp=311}} The later [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] Rajput dynasty of Sesoda thus descended from the Guhilas of Mewar.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298}}

Kshemasimha succeeded his father [[Ranasimha]] alias Karna. By 1151, Chittor was under the control of the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} Kshemasimha's son [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] appears to have achieved military success against Kumarapala's successor [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]. However, he was defeated by Ajayapala's feudatory Prahladana, the [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara]] chief of [[Mount Abu|Abu]]. The 1231 CE Abu ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription states that Prahladana defended the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] king (that is, Ajayapala) after [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] had broken the king's power on the battlefield.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=128}}[[File:10th century Sas Bahu Hindu temple, art carving, Nagda near Udaipur Rajasthan 2015.jpg|thumb|Roof carvings, [[Sahasra Bahu Temples]] in [[Nagda, Rajasthan]], 10th century CE.|255x255px]]Shortly later, the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] king [[Kirtipala]], who was also a Chaulukya feudatory, ousted [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] from Mewar. Kirtipala probably launched this invasion during 1171-1179 CE, with the approval of his Chaulukya overlord. By 1182,{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}} [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha's]] younger brother Kumarasimha regained the control of his ancestral kingdom by appeasing the Chaulukya king [[Bhima II]].{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=5}} After losing his ancestral realm, Samantasimha established new branch of the Guhilas in the area of Vagad. However, he was displaced from Vagad by [[Bhima II]] in 1185 CE or thereabouts. He was aided by [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Sambhar-Ajmer]] ruler [[Prithviraja III]] with whom he fought against the [[Ghurid|Ghurid conqueror]] [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in [[Second Battle of Tarain]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gopinath Sharma|chapter=RAJASTHAN|editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House|page=803|quote=COMPRISING the districts of Dungarpur and Banswara was known as Vagad in old days. It was occupied chiefly by Bhils and to a small extent by Rajputs of the Chauhan and Pramara clans. Samant Singh of Mewar was forced by circumstances to migrate to Vagad and to set up a separate principality with its capital at Baroda in the last halť of the twelfth century. But his rüle was short-lived. After a reign of about ten years, he was overpowered by Bhim Deva II, who established his sway about the year 1185 and posted his chief, Vijayapal, over Vagad. The fugitive prince, according to local traditions, repaired to the court of Prithviraja and died a martyr's death at the famous feld of Tarain|url=https://books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|page=350|quote=In the final quarter of the twelfth century AD (as noted already), Mewar's Guhila chief, Samantasimha, sought refuge in the Vagar area, following his defeat at the hands of Kirtipal of Jalore and the Chalukyas of Gujarat, along with the loss of his capital city. Samantasimha established a principality centred around his new small capital of Baroda sometime around c. 1171 or so. This probably proved short-lived. Ojha holds, on the basis of the Virpur Inscription, that having been forced to quit his estates, Samantasimha subsequently found a place at the court of Prithviraj Chauhan III, and finally met a hero's death at the battle of Tarain|language=en}}</ref>

Kumarasimha was succeeded by Mathanasimha, Padmasimha and [[Jaitrasimha]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=89}}

==== Jaitrasimha ====
{{Main|Jaitrasimha}}

During the reign of [[Jaitrasimha]] (r. c. 1213–1252), the Guhilas achieved a high political status.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} He fought with multiple rulers like [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s at [[Naddula]]{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} which was possible held by [[Ghurid dynasty]] who captured it from Chauhans,{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} Tribhuvana-Ranaka (identified with the Chaulukya king [[Tribhuvanapala]]) at Kottadaka,{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=168}} [[Iltutmish]] invaded Mewar, and destroyed Nagada. His relatives also possibly fought with Panchalagudika Jaitramalla.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}}

The Guhila records also credit him with military success against the king of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]]. The rulers of Shakambhari had already ended by this time, therefore, this may be a reference to the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamanas of Ranthambore]]. [[Jaitrasimha]] is also said to have defeated the Sindhuka army, whose identity is uncertain.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}}

==== Decline ====
[[Jaitrasimha|Jaitrasimha's]] son [[Tejasimha]] ascended the throne sometime before 1260. The earliest Guhila inscription discovered at Chittor is from Tejasimha's reign, and refers to "''Chitrakuta-maha-durga''" (the great fort of Chittor).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}}

Tejasimha's son [[Rawal Samarsimha|Samarasimha]] succeeded him sometime during 1267–1273. He defeated Krishnaraja, a ruler of the [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara branch]] of [[Mount Abu|Abu]]. He lost control of Abu soon, when Krishnaraja's son Pratapasimha, supported by the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Sarangadeva, conquered it during 1285–1287. Sometime before 1285, Samarasimha helped Sarangadeva repulse a [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]] (Turkic) invasion of Gujarat (possibly a [[Delhi Sultanate]] army during [[Balban]]'s reign).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} His Chirwa inscription states that he "like unto the [[varaha|primaeval boar]] [...] in a moment lifted the deeply sunk [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] land out of the Turushka sea".{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=133}} Towards the end of the 13th century, when [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s army [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|invaded Gujarat]], Samarasimha saved his kingdom by paying a [[tribute]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}}

The Rawal branch ended when [[Ratnasimha]] was defeated by [[Alauddin Khalji]] in the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)]].{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|p=313}} The Rana branch survived in form of the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] dynasty which continued to rule Mewar till [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]] from British control.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== Genealogy ==

Different sources offer different lists of the Guhila kings. The earliest extant inscription that provides a genealogy of the dynasty is the 971 CE inscription of Naravahana. However, it is badly damaged, and only three names can be read: Guhila, Bappa and Naravahana.{{sfn|Anil Chandra Banerjee|1958|p=15}}

The following inscriptions are the major sources of the dynasty's genealogy:{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|pp=119-121}}{{sfn|Anil Chandra Banerjee|1958|pp=14-15}}

* Atpur ([[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]]) inscription, 977 [[Common Era|CE]] (1034 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) of Śaktikumāra
* [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]] inscription, 1274 CE (1331 VS) of [[Rawal Samarsimha|Samarasiṃha]]
* [[Mount Abu|Abu]] ([[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshvar]]) inscription, 1285 CE (1342 VS) of Samarasiṃha
* [[Sadri|Sadadi]] (Ranpur) inscription, 1439 CE (1496 VS) of [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbhakarna]] of Rana (Sisodia) branch
* [[Kumbhalgarh]] inscription, 1460 CE (1517 VS) of Kumbhakarna of Rana (Sisodia) branch

=== Early kings ===

The following table lists the early kings of the dynasty, as given in the various inscriptions.{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|pp=119-121}}{{sfn|Anil Chandra Banerjee|1958|pp=14-15}}

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Name ([[IAST]]) !! Atpur{{br}}inscription !! Chittor{{br}}inscription !! Abu{{br}}inscription !! Sadadi{{br}}inscription !! Kumbhal-garh{{br}}inscription !! Date of own inscriptions !! Notes
|-
| 1 || Bappa|| || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Bappaka in Abu inscription
|-
| 2 || Guhila || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Guhadatta in Atpur inscription
|-
| 3 || Bhoja || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||||
|-
| 4 || Mahendra (I) || ✓ || || || || ✓ ||||
|-
| 5 || Nāga || ✓ || || || || ✓ ||||
|-
| 6 || Śila || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ? || 646 CE (703 VS)|| The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists [[Bappa Rawal|Bappa]] instead
|-
| 7 || Aparājita || ✓ || || || || ✓ || 661 CE (718 VS)||
|-
| 8 || Mahendra (II) || ✓ || || || || ✓ ||||
|-
| 9 || Kālabhoja || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||||
|-
| 10 || Khommāṇa (I) || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| Called Sh[Kh]ummāṇa in Kumbhalgarh inscription
|-
| 11 || Mattaṭa || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ |||| Called Manttaṭa in Chittor inscription
|-
| 12 || Bhartṛipaṭṭa (I) || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Bhartṛibhaṭa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one
|-
| 13 || Siṃha || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Athasiṃha Chittor inscription
|-
| 14 || Khommāṇa (II) || ✓ || || || || |||| Son of Siṃha
|-
| 15 || Mahāyaka || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Mahāyika in Abu inscription, Son of Khommāṇa
|-
| 16 || Khommāṇa (III) || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |||| Called Khumāṇa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one, Son of Mahāyaka
|-
| 17 || [[Rawal Bharttripatta II|Bhartṛipaṭṭa]] (II) || ✓ || || || || || 942 CE (999 VS), 943 CE (1000 VS)|| Son of Khommāṇa (III), Married Mahālakṣmī of [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] family
|-
| 18 || [[Rawal Allata|Allaṭa]]|| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || 951 CE (1008 VS), 953 CE (1010 VS)|| Son of [[Rawal Bharttripatta II|Bhartṛipaṭṭa]] (II), Married Huna princess Hariyādevī
|-
| 19 || Naravāhana || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || 971 CE (1028 VS)|| Son of [[Rawal Allata|Allaṭa]], Married a daughter of Jejaya of Chahamana family. Held religious debates in court between [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Jainism|Jains]] and [[Shaivism|Shaivite Hindus]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=55}}
|-
| 20 || Śalivāhana || ✓ || || || || ✓ |||| Son of Naravāhana
|-
| 21 || Śaktikumāra || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || 977 CE (1034 VS)|| Son of Śalivāhana
|-
| 22 || Āmraprasāda || || ✓ || || || ✓ ||993 CE (1050 VS)|| Called Ambāprasāda in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Śaktikumāra. Slain by Chauhan Vakpatiraja II in Battle.
|-
| 23 || Śuchivarman || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ? |||| The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Anantavarman (a son of Śaktikumāra) instead
|-
| 24 || Naravarman || || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ |||| Son of Śaktikumāra
|-
| 25 || Kīrtivarman || || || ✓ || ✓ || ? |||| The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Yaśovarman (a son of Śaktikumāra) instead
|-
| 26 || Yogarāja || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| According to Kumbhalgarh inscription, his descendants did not rule. Possibly deposed by [[Bhoja]] of Paramars.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=59-60}}
|-
| 27 || Vairaṭa || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ ||||Descendant of Junior branch from [[Rawal Allata|Allata]]. Possibly placed on throne by [[Bhoja]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=59}}
|-
| 28 || Vaṃśapāla || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Haṃsapāla in Kumbhalgarh inscription
|-
| 29 || Vairisiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Vaṃśapāla
|-
| 30 || Vijayasiṃha || || || ✓ || || || 1164 VS, 1173 VS|| Son of Vairaṭa. Married Śyāmaladevī (daughter of [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Udayaditya]]) forming a matrimonial alliance with the traditional enemy of the house; His daughter Alhaṇadevi married the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gayakarna]]. The Kumbhalgarh inscription mentions an unnamed ''narendra'' (prince), who is identified with him.{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|pp=310-314}}
|-
| 31 || Vairisiṃha (II) || || || || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Vijayasiṃha. Called Virasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription
|-
| 32 || Arisiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || ||||
|-
| 33 || Choḍa || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Called Choḍasiṃha in Sadadi inscription
|-
| 34 || Vikramasiṃha || || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ |||| Son of Choḍa (Abu insc.) or Elder brother of Choḍa (Kumbhalgarh insc.)
|-
| 35 || [[Ranasimha|Raṇasiṃha]]|| || || || ✓ || ✓ || 1223 VS|| Son of Vikramasiṃha. Called Karṇasiṃha in ''Ekalinga Purana.'' Rana Branch descends through his son Rahapa.
|}

=== Post-split Rawal branch ===

After Raṇasiṃha, the dynasty split into the Rawal branch and the Rana branch. The following is a list of the rulers of the Rawal branch. Except Ratnasiṃha, all these rulers are mentioned in Abu, Sadadi, and Kumbhalgarh inscriptions. Ratnasiṃha is mentioned only in the Kumbhalgarh inscription.{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|p=121}}{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|pp=312-313}}

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Name ([[IAST]]) !! Date of own inscriptions !! Notes
|-
| 36 || Kṣemasiṃha || 1228 VS, 1236 VS, 1256 VS, 1258 VS || Son of Raṇasiṃha; his elder brother Mahanasiṃha apparently died before their father Raṇasiṃha
|-
| 37 || [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Sāmantasiṃha]] || || Son of Kṣemasiṃha
|-
| 38 || Kumārasiṃha || || Younger brother of Sāmantasiṃha
|-
| 39 || Mathanasiṃha || || Called Mahanasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Kumārasiṃha
|-
| 40 || Padmasiṃha || ||
|-
| 41 || [[Jaitrasimha|Jaitrasiṃha]]|| 1270 VS, 1279 VS, 1284 VS || Called ''Raula'' Jayasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription. Son of Padmasiṃha. His younger son Sīlhaḍa seems to have ruled [[Vagad|Vāgaḍa]].
|-
| 42 || [[Tejasimha|Tejasiṃha]]|| 1317 VS, 1322 VS, 1324 VS || Son of Jaitrasiṃha. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as ''Rāula''. Married Jayatalladevī
|-
| 43 || [[Rawal Samarsimha|Samarasiṃha]]|| 1330 VS, 1331 VS, 1335 VS, 1342 VS, 1344 VS, 1345 VS, 1356 VS, 1358 VS || Son of Tejasiṃha. Assumed the title Mahārajākula. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as ''Rāula''.
|-
| 44 || [[Ratnasimha|Ratnasiṃha]] || 1359 VS || Son of Samarasiṃha. Assumed the title Mahārajākula in Dariba inscription. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as ''Rāula''.
|}

The 1439 Sadadi inscription of [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbhakarna]] lists the following five rulers as [[Rawal Samarsimha|Samarasiṃha's]] successors: Bhuvanasiṃha, Jayasiṃha, Lakṣmasiṃha, Ajayasiṃha, and Arisiṃha. These names are followed by that of [[Hammir Singh|Hammīra]] and other his [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] successors. These names are also mentioned in the text ''Ekalinga Māhātmya'' (also called ''Ekalinga Purāṇa''). However, these rulers actually belonged to the Rana branch of the family.{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|p=121}}

The 1460 Kumbhalgarh inscription of Kumbhakarna states that after Ratnasiṃha departed from the battlefield (during the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|1303 Siege of Chittor]]), Lakshmasiṃha of the Rana branch died fighting to defend the fort.{{sfn|Akshaya Keerty Vyas|1937|p=313}}

=== Rana branch ===
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</mapframe>
Rahapa, a son of [[Ranasimha]] alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 [[Eklingji]] inscription, Rahapa's successors were:{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=91}}

* Narapati
* Dinakara
* Jasakarna
* Nagapala
* Karnapala
* Bhuvanasimha
* Bhimasimha
* Jayasimha
* Lakhanasimha
* Arisimha (Arasi)
* [[Hammir Singh|Hammira]] (Hammir Singh)

Hammir Singh re-established the family's rule over Mewar under the title of [[Sisodias of Mewar|Rana]].

For Sisodia successors of Hammir Singh, see [[Template:Mewari Rana|Ranas of Mewar]].

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Akshaya Keerty Vyas |chapter=First and Third Slabs of Kumbhalgarh Inscription V.S. 1517 |editor=N. P. Chakravarti |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXIV |year=1937 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367483}}
* {{cite book |author=Anil Chandra Banerjee |title=Medieval studies |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12693 |year=1958 |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. |oclc=4469888 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |oclc=12737199 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |chapter=Northern India During The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries |editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Struggle for Empire |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQtuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=26241249 }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 }}
* {{cite book |author=N. P. Chakravarti |author-link=N. P. Chakravarti |chapter=Appendix: Rajaprasasti Inscription of Udaipur (Continued from Vol. XXIX, Part V) |editor1=N. Lakshminarayan Rao |editor2=D. C. Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXX |year=1987 |orig-year=1958 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XBDAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite journal |author=Nandini Sinha |title=A Study of the Origin Myths Situating the Guhilas in the History of Mewar (A.D. Seventh to Thirteenth Centuries) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=1991 |pages=63–71 |jstor=44142569 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Guhila dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]

Laltheri

2026-03-22T13:52:20Z

DiannaGariepy5: new

{{Short description|Lushai princess and chieftainess}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lalchawngpuii Laltheri
| image =
| title = Chieftainess
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Lalsavunga]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = Unknown son
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = [[Lalsavunga]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftainess
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}
'''Lalchawngpuii''' also known as '''Laltheri''' was the daughter of Chief [[Lalsavunga]]. She is known as a poet and a figure of tragedy in Mizo history for her love story with Chalthanga, a commoner.

==Laltheri's Tragedy==
Following the death of her father [[Lalsavunga]], Laltheri lived in Saitual before moving to Ruallung.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=45}}{{sfn|Lalrammuani|2019|p=169}} Laltheri was not permitted to marry commoners as the daughter of a chief. A daughter of a chief was used to seal alliances with other chiefs and their sons for political advantages instead.{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=129}}{{sfn|Lalrammuani|2019|p=170}} Laltheri was an intelligent and beautiful woman, according to Mizo accounts.{{sfn|Jacob|2023}} She fell in love with Chalthanga.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=45}} According to narratives about the event, Chalthanga was aware of the taboo of letting Laltheri pursue him. There was a risk of exile or punishment from the chief if he were to indulge in a relationship with her.{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=130}} The main issue was that Chalthanga was a commoner from a minor tribe.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=45}}{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=130}}{{sfn|Jacob|2023}} The relationship was publicly observable by the inhabitants. The couple practised ''nula rim'' (courtship), where he would carry firewood for her or assist her in her jhum. Chalthanga contributed to the village and attempted to become a [[Pasalṭha]].{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=130}}

Chalthanga got Laltheri pregnant during their relationship.{{sfn|Khiangte|2006|p=126}}{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=45}} Fearing reprisal fromher family Chalthanga fled Ruallang. The men of Ruallang, under the orders of her brothers, pursued Chalthanga to Luangpawn. The men tricked Chalthanga by claiming that Laltheri was waiting for him with [[Zu (beverage)|zu]]. Placing trust in the men Chalthanga turned his back where he was attacked with their axes.{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=130-131}} He was decapitated, and his head was brought and stuck on a pole in Ruallang. Laltheri shocked by the display cried a poem disdaining the Sailo rulers' cruelty for her love of Chalthanga.{{sfn|Jacob|2023}} During her grievance before Chalthanga's head, she refused to wear clothes or eat as an act of defiance against her family and the chiefs. She often roamed the village grounds at night and rumours spread that she had gone insane among the Mizos.{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=131}} When her mother urged Laltheri to consume food, Laltheri refused. She sang another poem that she would not die for lack of food but of a broken heart. When her mother urged her to cover herself up by wearing clothes, Laltheri sang that she would not wear her clothes as her lover Chalthanga lies in the cold earth.{{sfn|Jacob|2023}}

Laltheri gave birth to a son. When her son was able to walk, Laltheri was said to have begun putting a knife in his hand and teaching him to take revenge for his father.{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=131}} Fearing the revenge of her son in the future for the murder of his father, the killers left Ruallang.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=45}} However, Laltheri's son would not survive past ten years of age.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=45}}{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=131}} Years after grieving for Chalthanga and her son, Laltheri married a widower named Dingmaga in due time. He was a commoner but had the permission of the chief to marry.{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=132}} Lalsavunga bequeathed a village to Dingmanga and Laltheri to rule jointly. Laltheri was a successful ruler and poet of her time.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=45}} Dingmanga would be killed in the east–west war after a western chief Hempua shot him during a raid. Laltheri fought valiantly to stop the raiders from taking Dingmanga's head.{{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=91-92}}

As an outcome of Laltheri's protest, the Sailo chiefs held a meeting and passed a decree not to kill the lovers of their daughters. For this reason, Laltheri was accredited with social reform for Mizo women during her time.{{sfn|Lalduhawmi|2023|p=132}}{{sfn|Khiangte|2006|p=126}}{{sfn|Jacob|2023}}

==Poetry==
During the time Laltheri dealt with her grief, she stopped waring clothes and eating food on the account that Chalthanga was also doing neither now in death. This leads to the first stanza:{{sfn|Lalrammuani|2019|p=172}}

{{blockquote|Mizo: {{lang|lus|Ka nemte puan ka châwi lo vang ka nu Ka di thandang zâlna mah, chhimhlei tualdaihah}} English: ''Mother, I will not wear my clothes on,'' ''Even my beloved lied in the grave''}}

As a result of the defiance, Laltheri's mother encouraged her to consume food which Laltheri refused leading to the second stanza.{{sfn|Lalrammuani|2019|p=172}}

{{blockquote|Mizo: {{lang|lus|Chhunrawl lovin ka fam lo vang, ka nu, Suihlunglengin Sailo ngurpui fam lo awk nâ e}} English: ''Mother, I will not die without having a mid-day meal,'' ''Even for a daughter of a Sailo chief, it is easier to die with longing''}}

The third stanza emerges when Laltheri berates her mother for hanging Chalthanga's head near their house.{{sfn|Lalrammuani|2019|p=172}}

{{blockquote|Mizo: {{lang|lus|Ka chun leh zua suihlung in mawl lua e, Kan sum tualah Thangdang thunglu hawihten in tar e}} English: ''Mother, you are so stupid'' ''You beheaded my beloved and hang up near our house''}}

The final two stanzas occur when Laltheri attempts to open the grave of Chalthanga to verify.{{sfn|Lalrammuani|2019|p=173}}

{{blockquote|Mizo: {{lang|lus|Suihlung lenin piallei khar hawng ila, A sakhmel leh a zungza tial engtin awm maw e. A zungza ṭial engtin a awm lo ve, A sakhmel snsiar khua fur tui ang a luang zo ta e.}} English ''Let us open his grave with utmost longing, Will his body and fingers remain. His body and fingers did no remain. His handsome body have run away like running water.''}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Khiangte |first=Laltluangliana|chapter=The Discourse in oral society of the Mizos|editor-last=Muthukumaraswamy|editor-first=M.D.|date=2006 |title=Folklore as Discourse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lC6FCZ9VcaAC |location=Chennai |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre |isbn=978-81-901481-6-0 |access-date=10 March 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Lalbiakthanga|date=1978 |title=The Mizos: A study in racial personality |location=Gauhati |publisher=united Publishers}}
*{{cite book |last=Lalduhawmi |first=Lydia|editor-last=Pachuau|editor-first=Margaret L. |date=2023 |title=Negotiating Culture: Writings from Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wypEAAAQBAJ |location=New Delhi |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing India |page= |isbn=978-93-56400-19-1 |access-date=10 March 2025|chapter=Performing Madness: Laltheri's Narrative}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Hmingthanzuali|editor-last2=Vanlalthanpuii|editor-first2=Mary|last=Jacob|first=Malsawmi |date=2023 |title=The Keepers of Knowledge:Writings from Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3boDEQAAQBAJ |location=New Delhi |publisher=Zubaan |page= |isbn=978-93-90514-96-0 |access-date=10 March 2025|chapter=Old Mizo Oral Literature}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal|last2=Lalsangpuii|first2=R. |chapter=Reversing of Gender: Anti-Colonial Resistance by Women Warriors in Northeast India|date=2024 |title=Gender in Modern India: History Culture, marginality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMgJEQAAQBAJ |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Oxford University press|page= |isbn=978-0-19-890078-8 |access-date=10 March 2025|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198900788.001.0001}}
{{Lushai frontier}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lalrammuani |first1=Enid. H. |title=Songs of Laltheri (Laltheri Zai) as reflection of liberation from social bondage in Mizo society |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |date=2019 |volume=XX |issue=1 |pages=169–175 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2020/03/ |access-date=17 October 2025}}

[[Category:Eastern Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:Mizo poets]]

Hijagang

2026-03-21T03:03:38Z

DiannaGariepy5: created a article with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Hijagang
| native_name =
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| image1 = Front view of two "Hiyang Hiren" watercrafts (boats of the royalties) in the middle and two "Tanna Hee" watercrafts (boats of the commoners) in the sideways, kept inside the "Hijagang" (Boatyard) in the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg
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| image_caption = Two ''hiyang hiren'' watercraft flanked by two ''tanna hi'' inside the Hijagang in the [[Kangla Fort]] and an eastern view of the Hijagang.
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| alternate_names = Hiyang Hiren Thampham
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| architectural_style = [[Meitei architecture]]
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| location = [[Kangla Fort]], [[Imphal West district]], [[Manipur]]
| address = [[Kangla Fort]], [[Imphal West district]], [[Manipur]]
| location_city = [[Imphal]]
| location_country = {{IND}}
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| construction_start_date = 2010<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title='Hijagang' inaugurated: 22nd aug13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..220813.aug13 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| construction_stop_date =
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| opened_date = 2013<ref name="auto3"/>
| inauguration_date = 2013<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Kangla boat-yard: 22nd aug13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..220813.aug13 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |title='Hijagang' inauguration on August 21 – KanglaOnline |date=19 August 2013 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2013/08/hijagang-inauguration-on-august-21/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929204524/http://kanglaonline.com/2013/08/hijagang-inauguration-on-august-21/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Rastogi |first=Priyanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdmYDwAAQBAJ&dq=hijagang&pg=PT107 |title=Early Sunrise, Early Sunset: Tales of a Solo Woman Traveler Across North East and East India |date=2019-05-13 |publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5437-0523-2 |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref>
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| client = [[Government of Manipur]]
| owner = [[Government of Manipur]]
| governing_body = Kangla Fort Board, [[Government of Manipur]]
| affiliation = [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|30px]] Meitei religion ([[Sanamahism]])
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The '''Hijagang''' ([[Meitei language|Meitei pronunciation]]: hī-ja-gāng) is a [[boathouse]] inside the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]], India. It houses four traditional Meitei [[watercraft]], including two ''[[hiyang hiren]]s'' (Royal racing boats) and two ''tanna his'' (commoners' racing boats).{{efn|Terms like [[canoe]] and [[dugout (boat)|dugout]] are also used besides [[watercraft]] and [[boat]] to refer to the "[[Hiyang Hiren]]"s and the ''"Tanna Hi"''s.}}<ref name="auto3"/> According to [[Sanamahism|Meitei religious]] beliefs, the ''hiyang hirens'' are used by the male ancestral deity ({{langx|mni|Ibudhou}}) and female ancestral deity ({{langx|mni|Ibendhou}}) and are sacred to the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]], the major ethnic group of [[Manipur]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

== Construction and inauguration ==
The construction of the Hijagang watercraft storage building started in the year 2010 and completed in the year 2013.<ref name="auto3"/>

On 21 August 2013, with the performances of necessary religious rites and rituals by the {{langnf|mni|[[:simple:Maiba|Amaiba]]s|[[priests]]}} and the {{langnf|mni|[[Maibi|Amaibi]]s|[[Ordination of women|priestesses]]}} in the early morning, the Hijagang was inaugurated by [[Okram Ibobi Singh]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], who was also the then President of ''"Kangla Fort Board"''.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/>

== Featuring watercrafts ==
=== Crafting processes and inaugural ===
According to RK Nimai, the then [[Commissioner]] of the [[Department of Arts and Culture]], [[Government of Manipur]], the two kinds of watercrafts were made from special kind of trees brought from [[Khamsom]] village in [[Senapati district]] of [[Manipur]]. The crafting processes were initiated in [[Khamsom]] in the year 2007.<ref name="auto3"/> Later, the woods for crafting the [[Hiyang Hiren]]s were brought to the [[Kangla]] on 6 June 2007, with the work of sculpturing getting commenced 2 days later. The watercrafts were made by a four-member team under the leadership of craftsman ''L. Thoiba''.<ref name="auto"/> Later, the watercrafts were inaugurated on 19 February 2010 (3 years before the completion of the building construction).<ref name="auto3"/>
=== Crafting materials used ===
The ''hiyang hiren'' are made of [[Phoebe hainesiana|uningthou]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Meaning of "Uningthou") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=uningthou&matchtype=default |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tamang |first=Jyoti Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRHUDwAAQBAJ&q=uningthou+%28Phoebe+hainesiana%29&pg=PA353 |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |date=2020-03-02 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-1486-9 |pages=353 |language=en}}</ref> and the ''tanna hi'' of [[Cedrela toona|tairen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Meaning of "Tairen") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F&matchtype=default |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto"/>

=== Lengths, widths and heights ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Types of Watercrafts
! Length
! Width
! Height
! Reference(s)
|-
| [[Hiyang Hiren]] of Ibudhou
| 64.2 feet
| 36 inches
| 63 inches
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| [[Hiyang Hiren]] of Ibendhou
| 60 feet
| 35 inches
| 57 inches
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 1st "Tanna Hee"
| 52 feet
| 31.5 inches
|
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 2nd "Tanna Hee"
| 51 feet
| 31 inches
|
| <ref name="auto"/>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Hiyang Hiren]]
* [[Hiyang Tannaba]]
* [[Heikru Hidongba]]
* [[Kangla Sanathong]]
* [[Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh]]
* [[Manipur State Museum]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Hijagang}}
* [http://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1&src=Landscape/Kangla/Hijagang20130821_2 Hijagang] at e-pao.net Gallery

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei architecture]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Imphal]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:Museums in Manipur]]
[[Category:Public art in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]

Barack Obama

2026-03-19T02:04:02Z

DiannaGariepy5: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|President of the United States from 2009 to 2017}}
{{Redirect-several|Barack|Obama|Barack Obama}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = President Barack Obama.jpg 
| alt = Obama standing in the Oval Office with his arms folded and smiling
| caption = Official portrait, 2012
| order = 44th
| office = President of the United States
| vice_president = [[Joe Biden]]
| term_start = January 20, 2009
| term_end = January 20, 2017
| predecessor = [[George W. Bush]]
| successor = [[Donald Trump]]
| jr/sr1 = United States Senator
| state1 = [[Illinois]]
| term_start1 = January 3, 2005
| term_end1 = November 16, 2008
| predecessor1 = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]]
| successor1 = [[Roland Burris]]
| state_senate2 = Illinois
| district2 = [[Illinois's 13th Senate district|13th]]
| predecessor2 = [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]]
| term_start2 = January 8, 1997
| term_end2 = November 4, 2004
| successor2 = [[Kwame Raoul]]
| birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|8|4}}
| birth_place = [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, US
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Michelle Robinson]]|October 3, 1992}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Malia Obama|Malia]]|[[Sasha Obama|Sasha]]}}
| father = [[Barack Obama Sr.]]
| mother = [[Ann Dunham]]
| relatives = [[Obama family]]
| education = [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| awards = [[List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama|Full list]]
| signature = Barack Obama signature.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| website = {{ubl|{{url|barackobama.com|Official website}}|{{url|www.obama.org|Obama Foundation}}|{{url|obamawhitehouse.archives.gov|White House Archives}}}}
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=President Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden.ogg|title=Obama's voice|type=speech|description=Obama on the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] Recorded May 2, 2011}}
}}
{{Barack Obama sidebar}}
'''Barack Hussein Obama II'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|_|h|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|_|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɑː|m|ə}}, {{respell|bə|RAHK}} {{respell|hoo|SAYN}} {{respell|oh|BAH|mə}}<ref>{{YouTube|clMEg4-N7ao|"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"}}. January 20, 2009.</ref>}} (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th [[president of the United States]] from 2009 to 2017. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he was the first [[African heritage of presidents of the United States#Barack Obama|African American president]]. Obama previously served as a [[U.S. senator]] representing [[Illinois]] from 2005 to 2008 and as an [[Illinois state senator]] from 1997 to 2004.

Born in [[Honolulu]], Obama graduated from [[Columbia University]] in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and later worked as a community organizer in [[Chicago]]. In 1988, Obama enrolled in [[Harvard Law School]], where he was the first black president of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] from 1992 to 2004. In 1996, Obama was elected to [[Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama|represent the 13th district in the Illinois Senate]], a position he held until 2004, when he [[2004 United States Senate election in Illinois|successfully ran for the U.S. Senate]]. In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], after [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|a close primary campaign]] against [[Hillary Clinton]], he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected [[Joe Biden]] as his running mate and defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee [[John McCain]] and his running mate [[Sarah Palin]].

Obama was awarded the [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize]] for efforts in international diplomacy, a decision that drew both praise and criticism. During his first term, his administration responded to the [[2008 financial crisis]] with measures including the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] to address the [[Great Recession]]; a partial extension of the [[Bush tax cuts]]; [[Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration|legislation to reform health care]]; and the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]], a major financial regulation reform bill. Obama also appointed [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] justices [[Sonia Sotomayor]] and [[Elena Kagan]], the former being the first [[Hispanic American]] on the Supreme Court. Obama also oversaw the end of the [[Iraq War]] and ordered [[Operation Neptune Spear]], the raid that killed [[Osama bin Laden]], who was responsible for the [[September 11 attacks]]. He downplayed Bush's [[counterinsurgency]] model by expanding [[air strikes]] and making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. Obama also ordered the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]] to implement [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]], which contributed to the overthrow of [[Muammar Gaddafi]].

Obama defeated Republican opponent [[Mitt Romney]] and his running mate [[Paul Ryan]] in the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]]. In his second term, Obama advocated for [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] in the wake of the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], took steps to [[combat climate change]] by signing the [[Paris Agreement]] on climate change and an executive order to limit [[carbon emission]]s, and presided over the implementation of the [[Affordable Care Act]] and other legislation passed during his first term. Obama also initiated [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|sanctions against Russia]] following its [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invasion in Ukraine]] and again after [[Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections]]. He ordered [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|military intervention in Iraq]] after gains made by [[ISIL]] following the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, negotiated the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] (a nuclear agreement with Iran), and [[Cuban thaw|normalized relations with Cuba]]. The number of [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|American soldiers in Afghanistan]] decreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout his presidency. He also promoted inclusion for [[LGBT Americans]], becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]].

Obama left office in 2017, he continues to reside in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Joyce |last2=Schultz |first2=Katie |title=Where Do the Obamas Live? Here Are the Places Barack and Michelle Have Called Home Over the Years |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/where-do-the-obamas-live |website=Architectural Digest |publisher=Condé Nast Publications |access-date=20 November 2025 |date=August 5, 2025 |quote=In 2017, the Obamas began renting a home in the tony DC neighborhood of Kalorama... made their stay a little more permanent by purchasing the property for $8.1 million.}}</ref> and remains politically active, campaigning for candidates in American elections, including in Biden's [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|successful presidential bid]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]. Outside politics, [[Bibliography of Barack Obama|Obama has published three books]]: ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'' (1995)'', [[The Audacity of Hope]]'' (2006), and ''[[A Promised Land]]'' (2020). [[Barack Obama Presidential Center|His presidential library]] began construction in the [[South Side of Chicago]] in 2021. Historians and political scientists rank Obama highly in [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#Scholar survey summary|historical rankings of U.S. presidents]].

==Early life and career==
{{Main|Early life and career of Barack Obama}}

[[File:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg|thumb|left|Obama (right) with grandfather [[Stanley Armour Dunham]], mother [[Ann Dunham]], and half-sister [[Maya Soetoro]], mid-1970s in [[Honolulu]]|alt=Photo of a young Obama sitting on grass with his grandfather, mother, and half-sister.]]

Barack Hussein Obama II was born on August 4, 1961<ref>{{cite news| title=Births, Marriages, Deaths| date=Aug 13, 1961| page=28 | work=[[Honolulu Star-Advertiser]]| url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/honolulu-star-advertiser-barack-obama-bi/18503640/}}</ref><ref>{{ cite news| title=Obama's isle birth is easily verified, but few check | work=[[Honolulu Star-Advertiser]] | date=April 23, 2011|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2011/04/23/breaking-news/obamas-isle-birth-is-easily-verified-but-few-check/}}</ref><ref name="bioguide">{{Cite web |title=OBAMA, Barack |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/O000167 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]}}</ref><ref name="biography">{{cite web |year = 2008 |title = President Barack Obama |publisher = The White House |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/ |access-date = December 12, 2008 |url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama |archive-date=October 26, 2009}}</ref> at [[Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children]] in Honolulu, Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2011 |title=President Obama's Long Form Birth Certificate |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/04/27/president-obamas-long-form-birth-certificate |access-date=August 4, 2023 |website=[[whitehouse.gov|White House]] |language=en |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731152530/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/04/27/president-obamas-long-form-birth-certificate |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="birth-certificate" /><ref name="maraniss">{{cite news |last = Maraniss | first = David | author-link=David Maraniss | date = August 24, 2008 |title = Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |page = A22 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html |access-date = October 28, 2008 |archive-date = March 28, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164728/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Nakaso | first= Dan |date = December 22, 2008 |title = Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years |newspaper = [[The Honolulu Advertiser]] |page = B1 |url = http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html |access-date = January 22, 2011 |archive-date = January 29, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110129023832/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html |url-status = live}}</ref> He is the only president born outside the [[contiguous United States]].<ref name="BarretoO'Bryant2013">{{cite book|last1=Barreto|first1=Amílcar Antonio|first2=Richard L.|last2=O'Bryant|title=American Identity in the Age of Obama|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|access-date=May 8, 2017|date=November 12, 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-93715-9|pages=18–19|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother, [[Ann Dunham]] (1942–1995), was born in [[Wichita, Kansas]], and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village of [[Moneygall]], Ireland to the U.S. in 1850.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2022 |author-first1=Sheila|author-last1=Langan|title=When Barack Obama's Irish ancestor from County Offaly was discovered|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/genealogy/obama-irish-ancestor |access-date=August 2, 2022 |website=IrishCentral.com |language=en |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195827/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/genealogy/obama-irish-ancestor |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2012, [[Ancestry.com]] found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], an enslaved African man who lived in the [[Colony of Virginia]] during the seventeenth century.<ref name="ancestry">{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094350/http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/|url-status=dead|title="Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests"|archivedate=April 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stolberg |first1=Sheryl Gay |title=Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research Suggests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/us/obamas-mother-had-african-forebear-study-suggests.html |access-date=July 5, 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=July 30, 2012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hennessey |first=Kathleen |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-jul-30-la-pn-obama-related-to-legendary-virginia-slave-genealogist-says-20120730-story.html |access-date=March 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Obama has described the ancestors of his grandparents as [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] mostly.<ref name="g877">{{cite web |title=Remarks by the President at the Democratic National Convention |website=whitehouse.gov |date=July 28, 2016 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/07/28/remarks-president-democratic-national-convention |access-date=August 15, 2025|quote=They were Scotch-Irish mostly -- farmers, teachers, ranch hands, pharmacists, oil rig workers}}</ref> Obama's father, [[Barack Obama Sr.]] (1934–1982),<ref>{{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|p=65}}: "He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on June 18, 1934."</ref> was a married<ref name="Jacobs2011">{{cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Sally |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life |title=President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life' |publisher=NPR |year=2011b |access-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-date=December 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223124234/https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Swaine |first=Jon |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s' |newspaper=Telegraph |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=January 16, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Rachel L. |last=Swarns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/nyregion/letters-by-and-about-barack-obamas-father.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618145445/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/nyregion/letters-by-and-about-barack-obamas-father.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son |work=The New York Times |date=June 18, 2016 |access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> [[Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania|Luo Kenyan]] from [[Nyang'oma Kogelo]].<ref name="Jacobs2011" /><ref>{{cite news |first=David R |last=Arnott |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/photo/obamas-old-school-his-ancestral-village-world-reacts-us-presidential-flna1C6912948 |title=From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election |work=NBC News |access-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028204719/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/photo/obamas-old-school-his-ancestral-village-world-reacts-us-presidential-flna1C6912948 |url-status=live}}</ref> His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bearak |first=Max |date=June 19, 2016 |title=The fascinating tribal tradition that gave Obama his last name |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/19/the-fascinating-tribal-tradition-that-gave-obama-his-last-name/ |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107203003/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/19/the-fascinating-tribal-tradition-that-gave-obama-his-last-name/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]], where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<ref name="Jones 2007">{{cite news |author = Jones, Tim |date = March 27, 2007 |title = Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator |newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune]] |page = 1 (Tempo) |url=http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112933/http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt |archive-date = February 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10">{{harvnb|Obama|2004|pp=9–10}}
* {{harvnb|Scott|2011|pp=80–86}}
* {{harvnb|Jacobs|2011a|pp=115–118}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=154–160}}</ref> The couple married in [[Wailuku, Hawaii]], on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.<ref name="Ripley 2008">{{cite news |author = Ripley, Amanda |date = April 9, 2008 |title = The story of Barack Obama's mother |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html |access-date = April 9, 2007 |archive-date = August 28, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130828141021/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Scott|2011|p=86}}
* {{harvnb|Jacobs|2011a|pp=125–127}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=160–163}}</ref>

In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]], where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at [[Harvard University]], where he earned a [[Master of Arts]] in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<ref>{{harvnb|Scott|2011|pp=87–93}}
* {{harvnb|Jacobs|2011a|pp=115–118, 125–127, 133–161}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=170–183, 188–189}}</ref> Obama Sr. returned to [[Kenya]] in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the senior economic analyst in the Ministry of Finance.{{sfn|Obama|2004}}{{Page needed|date=March 2025}} He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<ref>{{harvnb|Scott|2011|pp=142–144}}
* {{harvnb|Jacobs|2011a|pp=161–177, 227–230.}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=190–194, 201–209, 227–230}}</ref> before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<ref>{{cite news |last = Ochieng | first= Philip |date = November 1, 2004 |title = From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found |newspaper = [[The EastAfrican]] |location = Nairobi |url = http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html |archive-date = September 27, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html}}
* {{cite news |author = Merida, Kevin |date = December 14, 2007 |title = The ghost of a father |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A12 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html |access-date = June 25, 2008 |archive-date = August 29, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080829185447/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html |url-status = live}}
* {{harvnb|Jacobs|2011a|pp=251–255}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=411–417}}</ref> Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."<ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10" /> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<ref>{{cite news |author = Serrano, Richard A. |date = March 11, 2007 |title = Obama's peers didn't see his angst |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |page = A20 |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story |access-date = March 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108080115/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story |archive-date = November 8, 2008}}
* {{harvnb|Obama|2004|loc=chapters 4 and 5}}.</ref>

In 1963, Dunham met [[Lolo Soetoro]] at the [[University of Hawaiʻi]]; he was an Indonesian [[East–West Center]] graduate student in geography. The couple married on [[Molokai]] on March 15, 1965.<ref>{{harvnb|Scott|2011|pp=97–103}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=195–201, 225–230}}</ref> After two one-year extensions of his [[J-1 visa]], Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the [[Tebet, South Jakarta|Tebet]] district of [[South Jakarta]]. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the [[Menteng]] district of [[Central Jakarta]].{{sfn|Maraniss|2012|pp=195–201, 209–223, 230–244}}

===Education===
[[File:Barry Soetoro school record.jpg|thumb|Obama's Indonesian school record in St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School. Obama was enrolled as "Barry Soetoro" (no. 1), and was wrongly recorded as an Indonesian citizen (no. 3) and a Muslim (no. 4).<ref name="Suhartono_3/19/2010">{{Cite news|last=Suhartono|first=Anton|date=March 19, 2010|title=Sekolah di SD Asisi, Obama Berstatus Agama Islam|work=Okezone|url=https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2010/03/19/337/313977/sekolah-di-sd-asisi-obama-berstatus-agama-islam|language=Indonesian|access-date=January 21, 2021|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128041130/https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2010/03/19/337/313977/sekolah-di-sd-asisi-obama-berstatus-agama-islam|url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=Scan of Obama's elementary school record, where he is wrongly recorded as Indonesian and Muslim.]]

When he was six years old, Obama and his mother moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as "Barry"<ref name="Suhartono_3/19/2010" /> and attended local [[Indonesian-language]] schools: ''Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi'' (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and [[State Elementary School Menteng 01|''Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01'']] (State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language [[Calvert School]] homeschooling by his mother.{{sfn|Maraniss|2012|pp=216, 221, 230, 234–244}}<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler |title = Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler?—Calvert Education Blog |publisher = calverteducation.com |access-date = November 25, 2015 |date = January 25, 2014 |archive-date = March 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170313134441/http://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler |url-status = live}}</ref> As a result of his four years in [[Jakarta]], he was able to speak [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] fluently as a child.<ref name="in Jakarta" /> During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011 |title=What Barack Obama Learned from His Father |last=Meacham |first=Jon |date=August 22, 2008 |newspaper=Newsweek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100237/http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us |archive-date=January 7, 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2017}}</ref>

In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, [[Madelyn Dunham|Madelyn]] and [[Stanley Armour Dunham|Stanley Dunham]]. He attended [[Punahou School]]—a private [[college preparatory school]]—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<ref>{{cite news |author = Serafin, Peter |date = March 21, 2004 |title = Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics |newspaper = [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url = http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html |access-date = March 20, 2008 |archive-date = March 28, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164918/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html |url-status = live}}
* {{cite news |last = Scott | first= Janny |date = March 14, 2008 |title = A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path |work = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080314042735/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html |archive-date = March 14, 2008 |url-access = limited |url-status = live |access-date = November 18, 2011}}
* {{harvnb|Obama|2004|loc=chapters 3 and 4}}
* {{harvnb|Scott|2011|pp=131–134}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=264–269}}</ref> In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname "Barry" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255 |title = When Barry Became Barack |last = Wolffe |first = Richard |date = March 22, 2008 |access-date = March 21, 2016 |work = [[Newsweek]] |archive-date = April 18, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100418174557/http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633 |url-status = live}}</ref> Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, [[Maya Soetoro]], in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in [[anthropology]] at the University of Hawaii.<ref>{{harvnb|Scott|2011|pp=139–157}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=279–281}}</ref> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<ref>{{harvnb|Scott|2011|pp=157–194}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=279–281, 324–326}}</ref> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for [[ovarian cancer|ovarian]] and [[uterine cancer]].{{sfn|Scott|2011|pp=214, 294, 317–346}}

Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered&nbsp;— to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect&nbsp;— became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."<ref>{{cite news |author = Reyes, B.J. |date = February 8, 2007 |title = Punahou left lasting impression on Obama |newspaper = Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url = http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html |access-date = February 10, 2007 |quote = As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended mostly by blacks. |archive-date = March 28, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164806/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html |url-status = live}}</ref> Obama has also written and talked about using [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[marijuana]], and [[cocaine]] during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".<ref>{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Philip |agency=Associated Press |date=November 21, 2007 |title=Obama gets blunt with N.H. students |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |page=8A |url=http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail |access-date=May 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail |archive-date=April 7, 2012}}</ref> Obama was also a member of the "Choom Gang" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana.<ref>{{cite news |last = Karl |first = Jonathan |work = ABC News |date = May 25, 2012 |title = Obama and His Pot-Smoking 'Choom Gang' |url = https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/ |access-date = May 25, 2012 |archive-date = May 25, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120525194225/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/ |url-status = live}}
* {{harvnb|Obama|2004|pp=93–94}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=293–97, 299, 302, 306, 315, 317, 319, 365, 452, 515}}
* for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
* {{cite news |last = Seelye | first= Katharine Q. |date = October 24, 2006 |title = Obama offers more variations from the norm |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A21 |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63 |access-date = October 29, 2006 |archive-date = May 11, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044339/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63 |url-status = live}}
* {{cite news |last = Romano | first = Lois |date = January 3, 2007 |title = Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A1 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html |access-date = January 14, 2007 |archive-date = May 11, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210621/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/ |title = FRONTLINE The Choice 2012 |publisher = PBS |date = October 9, 2012 |access-date = October 29, 2012 |archive-date = October 10, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074023/http://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/ |url-status = live}}</ref>

''' College and research jobs '''

After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend [[Occidental College]] on a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the [[disinvestment from South Africa]] in response to that nation's policy of [[apartheid]].<ref name="Occidental" /> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends in [[Pakistan]] for three weeks.<ref name="Occidental" /> Later in 1981, he [[College transfer|transferred]] to [[Columbia University]] in New York City as a [[Junior (education year)|junior]], where he majored in [[political science]] with a specialty in [[international relations]]<ref>{{cite news |author = Boss-Bicak, Shira |date = January 2005 |title = Barack Obama '83 |magazine = Columbia College Today |issn = 0572-7820 |url=http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php |access-date = October 1, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905121815/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php |archive-date = September 5, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and in [[English literature]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall|title=Remarks by the President in Town Hall|date=June 26, 2014|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=October 15, 2016|archive-date=February 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216133246/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall|url-status=live}}</ref> and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/ |title = The Approval Matrix |date = August 27, 2012 |work = New York |access-date = February 18, 2020 |archive-date = May 19, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200519005536/https://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/ |url-status = live}}</ref> He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7 [[Grading (education)#United States|GPA]]. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at the [[Business International Corporation]], where he was a financial researcher and writer,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92337754 |title=Obama's Early Brush With Financial Markets |last=Horsley |first=Scott |date=July 9, 2008 |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=July 17, 2017 |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005930/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92337754 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = Obama, Barack |year = 1998 |title = Curriculum vitae |publisher = The University of Chicago Law School |url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html |archive-date = May 9, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html |access-date = October 1, 2006}}
* {{cite news |author = Issenberg, Sasha |date = August 6, 2008 |title = Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 1A |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/ |access-date = August 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107145054/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance?page=full |archive-date = November 7, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> then as a project coordinator for the [[New York Public Interest Research Group]] on the [[City College of New York]] campus for three months in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = July 30, 2007 |title = Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say |newspaper = The New York Times |page = B1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031000738/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date = July 31, 2007}}
* {{harvnb|Obama|2004|pp=133–140}}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=62–63}}</ref><ref name="Who's Who 2008">{{cite book |editor = Chassie, Karen |year = 2007 |title = Who's Who in America, 2008 |page = 3468 |place = New Providence, New Jersey |publisher = Marquis Who's Who |isbn = 978-0-8379-7011-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513 |title = Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job |date = November 9, 2008 |newspaper = Newsday |first = Jason |last = Fink |access-date = March 13, 2014 |archive-date = May 6, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110506062005/http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513 |url-status = live}}</ref>

''' Community organizer and Harvard Law School '''

Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the [[Developing Communities Project]], a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in [[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]], [[West Pullman]], and [[Riverdale, Chicago|Riverdale]] on Chicago's [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]]. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |date=March 19, 2007 |title=The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education |magazine=The New Republic |volume=236 |issue=12 |pages=22–26, 28–29 |issn=0028-6583 |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education |access-date=August 21, 2007 |archive-date=November 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112225829/http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Secter |first1=Bob |last2=McCormick |first2=John |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Portrait of a pragmatist |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story |access-date=May 18, 2012 |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |url-status=dead}}
* {{harvnb|Obama|2004|pp=140–295}}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=63–83}}</ref> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in [[Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)|Altgeld Gardens]].<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a">{{cite news |last = Matchan |first = Linda |date = February 15, 1990 |title = A Law Review breakthrough |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 29 |url = https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough |access-date = June 15, 2008 |archive-date = January 22, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122000920/http://boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough/ |url-status = live}}
* {{cite news |last = Corr |first = John |date = February 27, 1990 |title = From mean streets to hallowed halls |newspaper = The Philadelphia Inquirer |page = C01 |format = paid archive |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802%2F27%2F1990%20to%2002%2F27%2F1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date%3AB%2CE&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802%2F27%2F1990%20to%2002%2F27%2F1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno |access-date = June 6, 2008 |archive-date = August 28, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190828224400/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no |url-status = live}}</ref> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the [[Gamaliel Foundation]], a community organizing institute.<ref>{{cite magazine |last = Obama |first = Barack |date = August–September 1988 |title = Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city |magazine = Illinois Issues |volume = 14 |issue = 8–9 |pages = 40–42 |issn = 0738-9663}} reprinted in:{{break}}{{cite book |editor = Knoepfle, Peg |year = 1990 |title = After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois |place = Springfield, Illinois |publisher = Sangamon State University |pages = 35–40 |isbn = 978-0-9620873-3-2 |quote = He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.}}</ref> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in [[Europe]] for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his [[Jael Obama|paternal relatives]] for the first time.<ref name="Obama 2012">{{cite book |last = Obama |first = Auma |year = 2012 |title = And then life happens: a memoir |location = New York |publisher = St. Martin's Press |isbn = 978-1-250-01005-6 |pages = 189–208, 212–216}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Obama|2004|pp=299–437}}
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|pp=564–570}}</ref>
{{external media | float = right | video1 = [http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard], April 24, 1990, 11:34, [[WGBH Educational Foundation|Boston TV Digital Archive]]<ref name="wgbh">{{cite news |url=http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N |title=Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard |date=April 24, 1990 |work=[[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]], [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] |publisher=WGBH and the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Boston and Washington, D.C. |access-date=September 23, 2016 |archive-date=November 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108075226/http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N |url-status=live}}</ref> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.}}

Despite being offered a full scholarship to [[Northwestern University School of Law]], Obama enrolled at [[Harvard Law School]] in the fall of 1988, living in nearby [[Somerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Somerville Scout |issue=January/February 2014 |page=26 |title=Something in the Water |url=https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/ |author1=Joey Del Ponte |author2=Somerville Scout Staff |quote=Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway{{spaces}}... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School. |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101163528/https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref> He was selected as an editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' at the end of his first year,<ref name="Harvard Law 2007">{{cite news |first1 = Michael |last1 = Levenson |first2 = Jonathan |last2 = Saltzman |date = January 28, 2007 |title = At Harvard Law, a unifying voice |newspaper = Boston Globe |page = 1A |url = http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/ |access-date = June 15, 2008 |archive-date = August 3, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160803042245/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/ |url-status = live}}
* {{cite news |author = Kantor, Jodi |date = January 28, 2007 |title = In law school, Obama found political voice |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070307091848/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html |archive-date = March 7, 2007 |url-access = limited |url-status = live |access-date = June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite news |author = Mundy, Liza |date = August 12, 2007 |title = A series of fortunate events |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = W10 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html |access-date = June 15, 2008 |archive-date = August 14, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070814185300/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html |url-status = live}}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=80–92}}</ref> president of the journal in his second year,<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b">{{cite news |author = Butterfield, Fox |date = February 6, 1990 |title = First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html |access-date = June 15, 2008 |archive-date = April 10, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080410210514/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC1631F935A35751C0A966958260 |url-status = live}}
* {{cite news |author = Ybarra, Michael J |date = February 7, 1990 |title = Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 3 |url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html |access-date = October 29, 2011 |archive-date = October 22, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232657/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html |url-status = live}}
* {{cite news |author = Drummond, Tammerlin |date = March 12, 1990 |title = Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |page = E1 |format = paid archive |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date = June 15, 2008 |archive-date = June 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150504/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead}}
* {{cite magazine |last = Evans |first = Gaynelle |date = March 15, 1990 |title = Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama |magazine = Black Issues in Higher Education |volume = 7 |issue = 1 |page = 5 |issn = 0742-0277 |url = https://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/ |access-date = May 18, 2012 |archive-date = May 20, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120520143753/http://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/ |url-status = live}}
* {{cite news |author = Pugh, Allison J. |agency = Associated Press |date = April 18, 1990 |title = Law Review's first black president aims to help poor |newspaper = The Miami Herald |page = C01 |url = https://allisonpugh.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/7/8/44787215/miami_herald__22law_review_president_22.pdf |access-date = January 1, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200101145727/https://allisonpugh.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/7/8/44787215/miami_herald__22law_review_president_22.pdf |archive-date = January 1, 2020 |url-status = live}}</ref> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar [[Laurence Tribe]] while at Harvard.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Obama Made A Strong First Impression At Harvard |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/05/22/153214284/obamas-harvard-days-began-with-exclamation-point |access-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220014856/https://www.npr.org/2012/05/22/153214284/obamas-harvard-days-began-with-exclamation-point |url-status=live}}</ref> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a [[Associate attorney#Summer associates|summer associate]] at the law firms of [[Sidley Austin]] in 1989 and [[Hopkins & Sutter]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |author = Aguilar, Louis |date = July 11, 1990 |title = Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929145015/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |archive-date=September 29, 2008 |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 (Business) |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date = June 15, 2008}}</ref> Obama's election as the [[List of African-American firsts|first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review'']] gained national media attention<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b" /> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<ref name="Scott 2008a">{{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html |access-date = June 15, 2008 |archive-date = April 1, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222500/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html |url-status = live}}
* {{harvnb|Obama|2004|pp=xiii–xvii}}</ref> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a" /> Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with a [[Juris Doctor]] ''[[Latin honors|magna cum laude]]''.<ref name="Juris Doctor" /><ref name="Harvard Law 2007" />

''' University of Chicago Law School '''

In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] to work on his first book.<ref name="Scott 2008a" /><ref name="Fellow" /> He then taught [[constitutional law]] at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web |date = March 27, 2008 |title = Statement regarding Barack Obama |publisher = University of Chicago Law School |url = http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |access-date = June 5, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |archive-date = June 8, 2008 |url-status = dead}}
* {{cite web |last=Miller |first=Joe |date=March 28, 2008 |title=Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor? |work=FactCheck.org |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/ |access-date=May 18, 2012 |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516200322/http://www.factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Holan |first=Angie Drobnic |date=March 7, 2008 |title=Obama's 20 years of experience |work=PolitiFact.com |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience/ |access-date=June 10, 2008 |archive-date=May 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515194211/http://politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's [[Project Vote]], a [[voter registration campaign]] with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading ''[[Crain's Chicago Business]]'' to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<ref name="Forty" />

===Family and personal life===
{{Main|Family of Barack Obama}}

In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of [[family of Barack Obama|his extended family]]: "It's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like [[Bernie Mac]], and I've got relatives who look like [[Margaret Thatcher]]."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10 |title = Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First |date = October 18, 2006 |website = The Oprah Winfrey Show |access-date = June 24, 2008 |archive-date = April 17, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417020958/http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10 |url-status = live}}</ref> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.<ref>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Fornek |title=Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family' |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=dead}} See also: {{cite news |url=http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html |archive-date=July 3, 2008 |title=Interactive Family Tree |date=September 9, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,<ref>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Fornek |title=Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer' |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232433/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.article |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> until her death on November 2, 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html |title = Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer |publisher = CNN |access-date = November 4, 2008 |date = November 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html |archive-date = November 3, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in [[Moneygall]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html |title = Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall |date = May 9, 2011 |work = The Huffington Post |first = Megan |last = Smolenyak |access-date = February 18, 2020 |archive-date = September 15, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180915183446/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html |url-status = live}}</ref> In ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'', Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[President of the Confederate States of America]] during the [[American Civil War]]. He also shares distant ancestors in common with [[George W. Bush]] and [[Dick Cheney]], among others.<ref>{{harvnb|Obama|2004|p=13}}. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, [[Dick Cheney]], and [[Harry S. Truman]], see: {{cite news|first1=David |last1=Nitkin |first2=Harry |last2=Merritt |title=A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History |date=March 2, 2007 |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |work=The Baltimore Sun |access-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mary |last=Jordan |title=Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own |date=May 13, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=June 24, 2008 |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405183959/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises |date=September 8, 2007 |publisher=CBS 2 (Chicago) |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |agency=Associated Press |access-date=June 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |archive-date=June 2, 2008}}</ref>

Obama lived with anthropologist [[Sheila Miyoshi Jager]] while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<ref name="theindependentbeforemichelle">{{cite news|last1=Hosie|first1=Rachel|title=Before Michelle: The story of Barack Obama's proposal to Sheila Miyoshi Jager|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html|access-date=May 11, 2017|work=The Independent|date=May 3, 2017|archive-date=May 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509133231/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<ref name="theindependentbeforemichelle" /><ref name="tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor">{{cite news|last1=Tobias|first1=Andrew J.|title=Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals|url=http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html|access-date=May 11, 2017|work=The Plain Dealer|date=May 3, 2017|archive-date=May 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503220931/http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<ref name="tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor" />

[[File:Obama family portrait in the Green Room.jpg|thumb|Obama poses in the [[Green Room (White House)|Green Room]] of the White House with wife [[Michelle Obama|Michelle]] and daughters Sasha and Malia, September 2009|alt=Picture of Obama, his wife, and their two daughters smiling at the camera. Obama wears a dress shirt and tie.]]
In June 1989, Obama met [[Michelle Robinson]] when he was employed at [[Sidley Austin]].<ref>{{harvnb|Obama|2006a|pp=327–332}}. See also: {{cite news |first = Sarah |last = Brown |title = Obama '85 masters balancing act |work = The Daily Princetonian |url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049 |date = December 7, 2005 |access-date = February 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/ |archive-date = February 20, 2009}}</ref> Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.{{sfn|Obama|2006a|p=329}} They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fornek |first=Scott |title=Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet' |date=October 3, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208051056/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent [[in vitro fertilization]] to conceive their children.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/09/michelle-obama-had-miscarriage-used-ivf-conceive-girls/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/09/michelle-obama-had-miscarriage-used-ivf-conceive-girls/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Michelle Obama had miscarriage, used IVF to conceive girls|first=Ben|last=Riley-Smith|date=November 9, 2018|access-date=November 15, 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html |title = Born on the 4th of July |date = July 4, 2008 |access-date = July 10, 2008 |work = Politico |last = Martin |first = Jonathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html |archive-date = July 10, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<ref>{{harvnb|Obama|2004|p=440}} and {{harvnb|Obama|2006a|pp=339–340}}. See also: {{cite web |title = Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama |url = http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153 |publisher = Gannett News Service |access-date = April 28, 2008 |archive-date = February 21, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221030722/http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153 |url-status = live}}</ref> The Obama daughters attended the [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]]. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the [[Sidwell Friends School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php |title = Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School |website = International Herald Tribune |date = November 22, 2008 |access-date = July 2, 2015 |archive-date = January 29, 2009}}</ref> The Obamas had two [[Portuguese Water Dog]]s; the first, a male named [[Bo (dog)|Bo]], was a gift from Senator [[Ted Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416023426/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title = One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo |work = The New York Times |date = April 13, 2009 |access-date = December 22, 2010 |first = Helene |last = Cooper}}</ref> In 2013, Bo was joined by [[Sunny (dog)|Sunny]], a female.<ref name=Feldmann>{{Cite journal |last = Feldmann |first = Linda |title = New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video) |url = https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video |journal = Christian Science Monitor |access-date = August 20, 2013 |date = August 20, 2013 |archive-date = December 19, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219041430/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video |url-status = live}}</ref> Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wang|first=Amy|date=May 8, 2021|title=Obamas announce death of dog Bo, 'a true friend and loyal companion'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2021/05/08/obama-dog-bo-dies/|access-date=May 8, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509011516/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2021/05/08/obama-dog-bo-dies/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Obama is a supporter of the [[Chicago White Sox]], and he threw out the first pitch at the [[2005 ALCS]] when he was still a senator.<ref>{{cite news |title = Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball |date = August 25, 2008 |first = Mark |last = Silva |work = Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html |archive-date = August 29, 2008}}</ref> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the [[2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]] while wearing a White Sox jacket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obama throws ceremonial first pitch at All-Star game |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/14/obama.pitch/index.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=CNN Politics |archive-date=December 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030149/https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/14/obama.pitch/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He is also primarily a [[Chicago Bears]] football fan in the [[NFL]], but in his childhood and adolescence was a [[Steeler Nation|fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers]] and rooted for them ahead of their victory in [[Super Bowl XLIII]] 12 days after he took office as president.<ref name="Steelers">{{cite news |last = Branigin |first = William |title = Steelers Win Obama's Approval |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = January 30, 2009 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html |quote = But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart. |access-date = August 21, 2017 |archive-date = August 5, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181455/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html |url-status = live}}</ref> In 2011, Obama invited the [[1985 Chicago Bears]] to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their [[Super Bowl XX|Super Bowl win]] in 1986 due to the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Mayer |first = Larry |url=http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4 |title = 1985 Bears honored by President Obama |publisher = [[Chicago Bears]] |date = October 7, 2011 |access-date = November 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4 |archive-date = May 7, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He plays [[basketball]], a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<ref>{{cite news |first = Jodi |last = Kantor |title = One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow |date = June 1, 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html |work = The New York Times |access-date = April 28, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html |archive-date = April 1, 2009 |url-status = live}} See also: {{cite news |title = The Love of the Game |format = video |date = April 15, 2008 |work = Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel |publisher = HBO |url = http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html |access-date = October 12, 2011 |archive-date = October 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111016014443/http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html |url-status = live}}</ref> and he is left-handed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123145020/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title = On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone |last = Stolberg |first = Sheryl Gay |author2 = Kirkpatrick, David D. |author3 = Shane, Scott |date = January 22, 2009 |work = The New York Times |page = 1 |access-date = September 7, 2012}}</ref>

In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a [[Hyde Park, Chicago]] condominium to a $1.6{{spaces}}million house (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1.6|2005|r=1}}{{spaces}}million in {{Inflation-year|US}}) in neighboring [[Kenwood, Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Zeleny |title=The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year |date=December 24, 2005 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend [[Tony Rezko]]—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<ref name="corruption charges" />

In December 2007, ''[[Money Magazine]]'' estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3{{spaces}}million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1.3|2007|r=1}}{{spaces}}million in {{Inflation-year|US}}).<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama's Money |date = December 7, 2007 |url = https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |publisher = [[CNNMoney]] |access-date = April 28, 2008 |first = Marlys |last = Harris |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |archive-date = April 24, 2008 |url-status = live}}{{break}}See also:{{cite news |first = Zachary A |last = Goldfarb |title = Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates |date = March 24, 2007 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = April 28, 2008 |archive-date = December 12, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181212171951/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |url-status = live}}</ref> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5{{spaces}}million—up from about $4.2{{spaces}}million in 2007 and $1.6{{spaces}}million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.<ref>{{cite news |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |title = Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html |date = April 17, 2008 |work = The New York Times |access-date = April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015848/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html|archive-date=April 16, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html |title = Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = April 16, 2010 |access-date = December 22, 2010 |first1 = Michael D. |last1 = Shear |first2 = David S. |last2 = Hilzenrath |archive-date = January 26, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110126061654/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html |url-status = live}}</ref> On his 2010 income of $1.7{{spaces}}million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to [[Fisher House Foundation]], a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html |date = April 18, 2011 |title = How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010? |work = [[PBS NewsHour]] |first = Paul |last = Solman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502113725/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html |archive-date = May 2, 2011 |access-date = January 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html |date = April 27, 2011 |title = The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It? |work = [[PBS NewsHour]] |first = Paul |last = Solman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129072652/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html |archive-date = January 29, 2014 |access-date = January 27, 2012}}</ref> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10{{spaces}}million.<ref name="networth12">{{cite news |url = http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1 |title = Obama worth as much as $10 million |last = Wolf |first = Richard |date = May 16, 2012 |work = [[USA Today]] |access-date = June 16, 2012 |archive-date = May 16, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120516010755/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1 |url-status = live}}</ref>

===Religious views===
Obama is a [[Protestant]] Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.<ref name="Christian" /> He wrote in ''[[The Audacity of Hope]]'' that he "was not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person{{nbsp}}... I have ever known", and "a lonely witness for [[secular humanism]]." He described his father as a "confirmed [[atheist]]" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with [[black church]]es as a [[community organizer]] while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<ref name="social change" />
[[File:Obamas at church on Inauguration Day 2013.jpg|thumb|The Obamas worship at [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] in Washington, D.C., January 2013|alt=Obama and his wife standing in a crowded Church, looking forward, with their mouths open mid-sentence while reciting a prayer]]

In January 2008, Obama told ''[[Christianity Today]]'': "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the [[Redeemer (Christianity)|redemptive death]] and [[resurrection of Jesus Christ]]. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Pulliam |first1 = Sarah |last2 = Olsen |first2 = Ted |url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2 |title = Q&A: Barack Obama |work = Christianity Today |date = January 23, 2008 |access-date = January 4, 2013 |archive-date = April 28, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428085526/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2 |url-status = live}}</ref> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying:

{{blockquote|I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of [[Jesus Christ]] spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, [[Golden Rule|treating others as they would treat me]].<ref name="APbychoice">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html|title=Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner|last1=Babington|first1=Charles|last2=Superville|first2=Darlene|agency=Associated Press|date=September 28, 2010|work=The Huffington Post|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="ABCVideobychoice">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html|title=President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice ... The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=September 29, 2010|access-date=December 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001213546/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html|archive-date=October 1, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

Obama met [[Trinity United Church of Christ]] pastor [[Jeremiah Wright]] in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<ref name="Trinity" /> During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after [[Jeremiah Wright controversy|some of Wright's statements were criticized]].<ref>{{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = November 17, 2008 |title = Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized |work = NBC News |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757 |access-date = January 20, 2009 |archive-date = March 21, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130321122023/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757/ |url-status = live}}</ref> Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including [[Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)|Shiloh Baptist Church]] and [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square|St. John's Episcopal Church]], as well as Evergreen Chapel at [[Camp David]], but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parker |first=Ashley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230064130/http://www.nytimes.com//2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible |work=The New York Times |date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=January 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gilgoff |first=Dan |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt |title=TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=June 30, 2009 |access-date=January 15, 2017 |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625064319/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/ |title=First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church |publisher=CBS DC |agency=Associated Press |date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=January 15, 2017 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174238/http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Obama said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him "of all the different people I've met along the way", adding: "I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times." The items, "a whole bowl full", include rosary beads given to him by [[Pope Francis]], a figurine of the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]], a [[Coptic cross]] from Ethiopia, a small [[Buddha statue]] given by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed: Obama always carries Hanuman statuette in pocket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Revealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket/article14001552.ece |access-date=April 8, 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=January 16, 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414074305/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Revealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket/article14001552.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Obama Reveals Personal Faith-Related Items, Including Rosary Beads, Buddha Statuette |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/obama-reveals-personal-faith-related-items-including-rosary-beads-buddha-n497681 |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=NBC News |date=January 15, 2016 |language=en |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220013126/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/obama-reveals-personal-faith-related-items-including-rosary-beads-buddha-n497681 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legal career==
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the [[Woods Fund of Chicago]]—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the [[Joyce Foundation]].<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> He served on the board of directors of the [[Chicago Annenberg Challenge]] from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> Obama's law license became inactive in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/ |title = The Obamas' Law Licenses |publisher = FactCheck.org |date = June 14, 2012 |access-date = July 16, 2012 |last = Gore |first = D'Angelo |archive-date = July 18, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718221807/http://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/ |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="DavisMiner" />

==Legislative career==
===Illinois Senate (1997–2004)===

{{Main|Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama}}

[[File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg|thumb|State senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after [[ShoreBank]] co-founder Milton Davis in 1998|alt=Photo of Obama and others carrying a streetsign that reads "Honorary: Milton Davis Blvd."]]

Obama was elected to the [[Illinois Senate]] in 1996, succeeding Democratic state senator [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] from [[Illinois's 13th Senate district|Illinois's 13th District]], which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south to [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] and west to [[Chicago Lawn]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=David |last1=Jackson |last2=Long |first2=Ray |title=Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot |date=April 3, 2007 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=May 18, 2012 |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last = White |first = Jesse |author-link = Jesse White (politician) |year = 2001 |chapter = Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment |chapter-url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf |title = Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002 |place = Springfield |publisher = [[Illinois Secretary of State]] |page = 65 |access-date = July 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf |archive-date = February 26, 2008}} State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</ref> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Slevin |title=Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol |date=February 9, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055720/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists |date=September 23, 2007 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ |archive-date=April 16, 2008 |url-status=live}} See also:{{cite news|title=Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics |date=January 17, 2007 |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml |archive-date=April 12, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> He sponsored a law that increased [[tax credit]]s for low-income workers, negotiated [[welfare reform]], and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<ref name="Scott20070730">{{cite news |first = Janny |last = Scott |title = In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd |date = July 30, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html |work = The New York Times |access-date = April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html|archive-date=December 10, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican governor [[George Ryan]]'s [[payday loan]] regulations and [[predatory mortgage lending]] regulations aimed at averting home [[foreclosure]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Allison| first=Melissa |date=December 15, 2000 |title=State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Business) |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Ray |last1=Long |first2=Melissa |last2=Allison |date=April 18, 2001 |title=Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218011718/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |title = 13th District: Barack Obama |access-date = April 20, 2008 |date = August 24, 2000 |publisher = Illinois State Senate Democrats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |archive-date = August 24, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |title = 13th District: Barack Obama |access-date = April 20, 2008 |date = October 9, 2004 |publisher = Illinois State Senate Democrats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |archive-date = August 2, 2004}}</ref> In 2000, he lost a [[2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election|Democratic primary race]] for [[Illinois's 1st congressional district]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] to four-term incumbent [[Bobby Rush]] by a margin of two to one.<ref name="Democratic primary" />

In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jackie |last=Calmes |title=Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama |date=February 23, 2007 |url=https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=April 20, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918032039/http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html |archive-date=September 18, 2008}}</ref> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor [[racial profiling]] by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<ref name="Scott20070730" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Tavella |first=Anne Marie |date=April 14, 2003 |title=Profiling, taping plans pass Senate |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate |format=paid archive |work=Daily Herald |page=17 |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101151400/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Haynes |first=V. Dion |date=June 29, 2003 |title=Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=8 |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150449/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461%3A352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pearson |first=Rick |date=July 17, 2003 |title=Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Metro) |access-date=June 1, 2008 |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218011706/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status=dead}}</ref> During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]] reforms.<ref>{{cite news |first1 = Sam |last1 = Youngman |last2 = Blake |first2 = Aaron |title = Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals |date = March 14, 2007 |url = https://thehill.com/homenews/news/8935-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals/ |work = The Hill |access-date = May 18, 2012 |archive-date = November 14, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114030716/http://thehill.com/homenews/news/11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals |url-status = live}} See also: {{cite news |title = US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms |date = November 12, 2007 |work = International Herald Tribune |url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607111231/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php |agency = Associated Press |access-date = May 18, 2012 |archive-date = June 7, 2008}}</ref> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news|first=Melanie |last=Coffee |title=Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat |date=November 6, 2004 |publisher=HPKCC |url=http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174431/http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois===
{{Main|2004 United States Senate election in Illinois}}

[[File:Chicago, November 2, 2004 (5471954323).jpg|thumb|Obama campaign yard sign in [[Chicago]], {{circa|November 2004}}]]

In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant [[David Axelrod]] by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last = Helman |first = Scott |date = October 12, 2007 |title = Early defeat launched a rapid political climb |newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]] |page = 1A |url = https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb |access-date = April 13, 2008 |archive-date = October 12, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012215244/http://boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |url-status = live}}</ref>

Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Strausberg |first = Chinta |date = September 26, 2002 |title = Opposition to war mounts |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195931/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html |url-status=dead |archive-date = May 11, 2011 |format = paid archive |access-date = February 3, 2008}}</ref> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the [[Iraq Resolution|joint resolution]] authorizing the [[Iraq War]],<ref name="Rose Garden" /> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago [[Protests against the Iraq War|anti-Iraq War rally]],<ref name="Federal Plaza" /> and spoke out against the war.<ref name="spoke out" /> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<ref name="stop the war" />

Decisions by Republican incumbent [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]] and his Democratic predecessor [[Carol Moseley Braun]] not to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.<ref>{{cite news |last = Davey |first = Monica |date = March 7, 2004 |title = Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015834/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html|archive-date=April 16, 2009 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |page = 19 |access-date = April 13, 2008}}</ref> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, ''Dreams from My Father''.<ref name="future" /> In July 2004, Obama delivered [[2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address|the keynote address]] at the [[2004 Democratic National Convention]],<ref>{{cite news |last = Bernstein |first = David |date = June 2007 |title = The Speech |magazine = Chicago Magazine |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech |access-date = April 13, 2008 |archive-date = June 14, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080614213455/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech/ |url-status = live}}</ref> seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<ref name="status" />

Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner [[Jack Ryan (politician)|Jack Ryan]], withdrew from the race in June 2004.<ref>{{cite news |date = June 25, 2004 |title = Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois |publisher = CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/ |access-date = May 18, 2012 |archive-date = January 8, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180108042942/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/ |url-status = live}}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=260–271}}</ref> Six weeks later, [[Alan Keyes]] accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<ref>{{cite news |last = Lannan |first = Maura Kelly |agency = Associated Press |date = August 9, 2004 |title = Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star |newspaper = [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html |access-date = April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214115053/http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html |archive-date = December 14, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[2004 United States Senate election in Illinois|November 2004 general election]], Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.<ref name="margin" /> He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not perform well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaufman |first1=Burton |title=Barack Obama: Conservative, Pragmatist, Progressive |date=2022 |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=64}}</ref>

===U.S. Senate (2005–2008)===
{{See also|US Senate career of Barack Obama|List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate}}
[[File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg|thumb|Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate|alt=Photo of Obama smiling with his arms crossed, with the Capitol building and the sky in the background]]

Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<ref>{{CongBio|o000167|inline=1|date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> becoming the only Senate member of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Member Info |url=http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archive-date = July 9, 2008 |publisher = Congressional Black Caucus |access-date = June 25, 2008}}</ref> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction]] concept to conventional weapons;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |title = Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President |date = January 11, 2007 |publisher = Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008}} See also: {{cite news |first1 = Richard G. |last1 = Lugar |last2 = Obama |first2 = Barack |title = Junkyard Dogs of War |date = December 3, 2005 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-date = October 14, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014001222/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html |url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006]], which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<ref>{{cite news |first = John |last = McCormack |title = Google Government Gone Viral |date = December 21, 2007 |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |work = Weekly Standard |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |archive-date = April 23, 2008 |url-status=live}} See also: {{cite web |title = President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act |date = September 26, 2006 |url=http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archive-date = May 1, 2008 |publisher = Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office |access-date = April 27, 2008}}</ref> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators [[Tom Carper]], [[Tom Coburn]], and [[John McCain]]—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077 |title = S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress) |publisher = Govtrack.us |date = June 3, 2008 |access-date = May 18, 2012 |archive-date = May 3, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120503183255/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077 |url-status = live}}</ref> He also [[Sponsor (legislative)|cosponsored]] the [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act]].<ref>{{cite web |title = S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act |date = May 12, 2005 |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/1033/cosponsors |publisher = Library of Congress |access-date = February 25, 2017 |archive-date = February 26, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132657/https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/1033/cosponsors |url-status = live}}</ref>

In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<ref>{{cite web |title = Democratic Republic of the Congo |date = April 2006 |url=http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml |publisher = United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date = January 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml |archive-date = January 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo |date = January 5, 2007 |url=http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html |publisher = International Rescue Committee |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061958/http://www.rescue.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html |archive-date = August 7, 2011}}</ref> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the [[Honest Leadership and Open Government Act]], which was signed into law in September 2007.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nathaniel |last=Weixel |title=Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel |date=November 15, 2007 |url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |work=The Hill |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201902/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |archive-date=May 15, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nathaniel |last=Weixel |title=Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation |date=December 5, 2007 |url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |work=The Hill |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416162108/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |archive-date=April 16, 2008 |url-status=dead}} See also: {{cite news|title=Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 |date=September 24, 2007 |publisher=Federal Election Commission |url=http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411220016/http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |archive-date=April 11, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<ref>{{cite web |title = Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action |date = October 1, 2007 |url=http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |publisher = Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |archive-date = December 5, 2010}}</ref> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title = Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008 |date = March 14, 2008}}</ref> He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the [[Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/s1065|title=Iran Sanctions Enabling Act of 2009 (2009—S. 1065)|website=GovTrack.us|access-date=August 27, 2018|archive-date=August 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071034/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/s1065|url-status=live}}</ref> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<ref name="nuclear terrorism" /> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]], providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title = Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members |date = August 2, 2007 |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008}}</ref>

Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Foreign Relations]], [[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Environment and Public Works]], and [[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs|Veterans' Affairs]] through December 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |date = December 9, 2006 |title = Committee Assignments |access-date = April 27, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |archive-date = December 9, 2006}}</ref> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions|Health, Education, Labor and Pensions]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Gets New Committee Assignments |date = November 15, 2006 |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |url=http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |agency = Associated Press |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008}}</ref> He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation|European Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |first = Tom |last = Baldwin |title = 'Stay at home' Barack Obama comes under fire for a lack of foreign experience |date = December 21, 2007 |url = https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/stay-at-home-barack-obama-comes-under-fire-for-a-lack-of-foreign-experience-2qjm86d9l2n |work = Sunday Times (UK) |access-date = April 27, 2008 |archive-date = April 15, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200415064755/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/stay-at-home-barack-obama-comes-under-fire-for-a-lack-of-foreign-experience-2qjm86d9l2n |url-status = live}}</ref> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met with [[Mahmoud Abbas]] before Abbas became [[President of the Palestinian National Authority]] and gave a speech at the [[University of Nairobi]] in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<ref name="Kenyan" /> Obama [[resignation from the United States Senate|resigned his Senate seat]] on November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<ref name="transition period" />

==Presidential campaigns==
===2008 presidential candidacy===
{{Main|Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign|2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2008 United States presidential election}}

[[File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Results for the 2008 United States presidential election, depicting Obama winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West, and Florida, and McCain winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains.|2008 electoral vote results. Obama won 365–173.]]
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the [[Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)|Old State Capitol]] building in [[Springfield, Illinois]].<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210">{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Rick |last2=Long |first2=Ray |date=February 10, 2007 |title=Obama: I'm running for president |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story |access-date=September 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813115846/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story%2C0%2C3768114.story |archive-date=August 13, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC20070210">{{cite news |date=February 10, 2007 |title=Obama Launches Presidential Bid |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm |url-status=live |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202060802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm |archive-date=February 2, 2008}}</ref> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also where [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered his [[Lincoln's House Divided Speech|"House Divided"]] speech in 1858.<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210" /><ref name="ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210">{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html |url-status=dead |access-date=June 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195905/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html |archive-date = May 11, 2011 |title = Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy |last=Parsons |first=Christi |date=February 10, 2007 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing [[Energy policy of the United States|energy independence]], and [[Health care reform in the United States|reforming the health care system]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected? |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities |url-status=dead |access-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140350/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/ |archive-date=May 9, 2008}} See also:
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Evan |author-link=Evan Thomas |year=2009 |title=A Long Time Coming |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-58648-607-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom/page/74 74] }}
* {{cite news |last=Falcone |first=Michael |date=December 21, 2007 |title=Obama's 'One Thing' |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/ |access-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716212237/https://archive.nytimes.com/thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous candidates entered the [[2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic Party presidential primaries]]. The field narrowed to Obama and Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledged [[Delegate (American politics)|delegates]] due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in [[caucus]] states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<ref name="allocation" />
On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagourney |first1=Adam |first2=Jeff |last2=Zeleny |date=June 5, 2008 |title=Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=November 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605014013/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref> On August 23, 2008, Obama announced his [[2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|selection]] of [[Delaware]] senator [[Joe Biden]] as his vice presidential running mate.<ref name=nagourney>{{cite news |last1=Nagourney |first1=Adam |first2=Jeff |last2=Zeleny |date=August 23, 2008 |title=Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222653/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html |archive-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana governor and senator [[Evan Bayh]] and Virginia governor [[Tim Kaine]].<ref name=nagourney /> At the [[2008 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in [[Denver]], Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and [[Bill Clinton]] gave convention speeches in his support.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baldwin |first=Tom |date=August 27, 2008 |title=Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate' |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/hillary-clinton-barack-is-my-candidate-50w3d5n7wm9 |access-date=December 15, 2021 |issn=0140-0460 |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215030155/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hillary-clinton-barack-is-my-candidate-50w3d5n7wm9 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nagourney |first=Adam |date=August 28, 2008 |title=Obama Wins Nomination; Biden and Bill Clinton Rally Party |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=December 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827212341/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html |archive-date=August 27, 2008 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Obama delivered his acceptance speech at [[Invesco Field at Mile High]] stadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.<ref name="npr1409">{{cite news |last1=Liasson |first1=Mara |last2=Norris |first2=Michele |date=July 7, 2008 |title=Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409 |access-date=December 22, 2010 |archive-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316164750/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="acceptance" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Lloyd |first=Robert |date=August 29, 2008 |title=Barack Obama, Al Gore Raise the Roof at Invesco Field |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29,0,3593116.story |access-date=August 29, 2008 |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906195440/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29,0,3593116.story |url-status=live}}</ref> During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<ref name="small donations" /> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down [[Campaign finance in the United States#Public financing of campaigns|public financing]] in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<ref name="Bloomberg_Salant_20080619">{{cite news |last=Salant |first=Jonathan D. |date=June 19, 2008 |title=Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://article.wn.com/view/2008/06/19/Obama_Wont_Accept_Public_Money_in_Election_Campaign/ |access-date=June 19, 2008 |archive-date=February 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114028/https://article.wn.com/view/2008/06/19/Obama_Wont_Accept_Public_Money_in_Election_Campaign/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected [[Sarah Palin]] as his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in three [[United States presidential election debates|presidential debates]] in September and October 2008.<ref name="presidential debates" /> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] to 173 received by McCain.<ref name="electoral votes" /> Obama won 52.9 percent of the [[Election|popular vote]] to McCain's 45.7 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/us/general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html |title = General Election: McCain vs. Obama |access-date = February 20, 2009 |publisher = Real Clear Politics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217083055/http://www.realclearpolitics.com//epolls//2008//president//us//general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html |archive-date = February 17, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> He became the first African-American to be elected president.<ref name="FirstBlackPrez">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm |title = Obama wins historic US election |publisher = BBC News |date = November 5, 2008 |access-date = November 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm |archive-date = December 18, 2008 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |access-date = November 5, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html |title = Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls |first = Adam |last = Nagourney |date = November 4, 2008 |work = The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209071842/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html |archive-date = December 9, 2008 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |access-date = November 5, 2008 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |title = Obama: 'This is your victory' |publisher = CNN |date = November 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104231227/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |archive-date = November 4, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Obama delivered [[Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008|his victory speech]] before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]].<ref name=achangeisgoncome>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/us/politics/05text-obama.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|first=Barack|last=Obama|year=2008|title=Transcript of Senator Barack Obama's speech to supporters after the Feb. 5 nominating contests, as provided by Federal News Service|quote=Change will not come if we wait for some other person or if we wait for some other time. We are the ones we've been waiting for. We are the change that we seek.|access-date=June 21, 2023|archive-date=June 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621044712/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/us/politics/05text-obama.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="independent1">{{cite news |access-date = November 5, 2008 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html |title = Change has come, says President-elect Obama |work = The Independent |location = London |date = November 5, 2008 |last = Johnson |first = Wesley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209055411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html |archive-date = December 9, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others being [[Warren G. Harding]] and [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Senate: Senators Who Became President|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_became_president.htm|access-date=August 27, 2021|website=senate.gov|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724012115/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_became_president.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2012 presidential candidacy===
{{Main|Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2012 United States presidential election}}

[[File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Results for the 2012 United States presidential election, depicting Obama winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West, and Florida, and Romney winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains.|2012 electoral vote results. Obama won 332–206.]]

On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with the [[Federal Election Commission]] and then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/ |date = April 4, 2011 |first = Michael D. |last = Shear |work = The New York Times (blog) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405205656/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/ |archive-date = April 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama announces re-election bid |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief |date = April 4, 2011 |work = [[United Press International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011832/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief |archive-date = May 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html |date = April 4, 2011 |first1 = Jeff |last1 = Zeleny |work = The New York Times |first2 = Jackie |last2 = Calmes |name-list-style = amp |access-date = April 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115021431/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html|archive-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref> As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012|Democratic Party presidential primaries]],<ref name="CNN-clinch1">{{cite news |url = http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/leading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday/ |title = Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday |publisher = CNN (blog) |last = Yoon |first = Robert |date = April 3, 2012 |access-date = May 2, 2012 |archive-date = April 26, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426082004/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/leading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday/ |url-status = dead}}</ref> and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<ref name="CNN-clinch2">{{cite news |url = http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/breaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination/ |title = Obama clinches Democratic nomination |publisher = CNN (blog) |date = April 3, 2012 |access-date = April 3, 2012 |archive-date = April 4, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120404203415/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/breaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination/ |url-status = dead}}</ref> At the [[2012 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former president Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans [[Mitt Romney]], the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative [[Paul Ryan]] of Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Tom |title = Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America |url = https://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/05/politics/democratic-convention-wrap/index.html |publisher = CNN |date = September 6, 2012 |access-date = July 5, 2015 |archive-date = July 6, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706115632/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/05/politics/democratic-convention-wrap/index.html |url-status = live}}</ref>

On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<ref name="Lauter2012">{{cite news|last=Lauter |first=David |title=Romney campaign gives up in Florida |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108,0,415187.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020204/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108%2C0%2C415187.story |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=November 8, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Barnes2012">{{cite news |last = Barnes |first = Robert |title = Obama wins a second term as U.S. president |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = November 6, 2012 |access-date = July 5, 2015 |archive-date = April 17, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150417162701/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Welch2012">{{cite news |last1 = Welch |first1 = William M. |last2 = Strauss |first2 = Gary |title = With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/11/06/election-day-obama-romney/1680933/ |newspaper = USA Today |date = November 7, 2012 |access-date = July 5, 2015 |archive-date = June 16, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150616201528/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/11/06/election-day-obama-romney/1680933/ |url-status = live}}</ref> With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,<ref name="FEC">{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/federalelections2012.pdf |title = Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives |publisher = [[Federal Election Commission]] |author = FEC |date = July 2013 |access-date = August 20, 2013 |page = 5 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094824/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/federalelections2012.pdf |archive-date = October 2, 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Obama became the first Democratic president since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to win the [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|majority of the popular vote]] twice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brownstein |first=Ronald |title=The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone—and it's not turning back |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109 |work=[[National Journal]] |date=November 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231854/http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thenation.com/blog/171178/obama-has-great-big-mandate-and-he-must-use-it |title = Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate |last = Nichols |first = John |date = November 9, 2012 |work = The Nation |access-date = November 18, 2012 |archive-date = November 27, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121127235843/http://www.thenation.com/blog/171178/obama-has-great-big-mandate-and-he-must-use-it |url-status = live}}</ref> Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's [[McCormick Place]] after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Kristen A.|title=Election 2012: President Obama gives victory speech in front of thousands in Chicago, 'I have never been more hopeful about America{{'-}}|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-victory-speech-hopeful-america-article-1.1197895|access-date=November 8, 2012|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York|date=November 7, 2012|archive-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109073355/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-victory-speech-hopeful-america-article-1.1197895|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT20130121">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121151143/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Obama Offers Liberal Vision: 'We Must Act{{'-}}|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Shear|date=January 21, 2013|access-date=July 10, 2013}}</ref>

==Presidency (2009–2017)==
{{Main|Presidency of Barack Obama}}

{{for timeline|Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency}}{{Modern liberalism US|expanded=politicians}}

===First 100 days===
{{Main|First 100 days of the Obama presidency}}

[[File:US President Barack Obama taking his Oath of Office - 2009Jan20.jpg|thumb|Obama takes [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|the oath of office]] administered by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Roberts]] at [[United States Capitol|the Capitol]], January 20, 2009|alt=Photo of Obama raising his left hand for the oath of office]]
[[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright|Official portrait, 2009]]
The [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inauguration of Barack Obama]] as the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued [[executive order]]s and [[presidential memoranda]] directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown |date=January 23, 2009 |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2009/01/22/Obama-asks-Pentagon-for-responsible-Iraq-drawdown/stories/200901220423 |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |first1=Anne |last1=Gearan |first2=Lolita C. |last2=Baldor |agency=Associated Press |access-date=February 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223150302/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2009/01/22/Obama-asks-Pentagon-for-responsible-Iraq-drawdown/stories/200901220423 |url-status=live }}</ref> He ordered the closing of the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html |title = Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo |last = Glaberson |first = William |date = January 21, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = February 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015909/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html|archive-date=April 16, 2009 }}</ref> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<ref>{{cite news |title = Senate blocks transfer of Gitmo detainees |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/30826649 |date = May 20, 2009 |work = [[NBC News]] |agency = Associated Press |mode = cs2 |access-date = March 22, 2011 |archive-date = November 4, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141104101140/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30826649/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama signs Defense authorization bill |url = https://federalnewsnetwork.com/congress/2011/01/obama-signs-defense-authorization-bill/ |date = January 7, 2011 |first = Jared |last = Serbu |publisher = [[Federal News Radio]] |mode = cs2 |access-date = March 22, 2011 |archive-date = December 12, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181212174641/http://federalnewsnetwork.com/congress/2011/01/obama-signs-defense-authorization-bill/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.npr.org/2013/01/23/169922171/obamas-promise-to-close-guantanamo-prison-falls-short |title = Obama's Promise To Close Guantanamo Prison Falls Short |last = Northam |first = Jackie |date = January 23, 2013 |access-date = April 22, 2013 |publisher = [[NPR]] |archive-date = March 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130326042851/http://www.npr.org/2013/01/23/169922171/obamas-promise-to-close-guantanamo-prison-falls-short |url-status = live }}</ref> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |date=December 30, 2009 |title=Obama Curbs Secrecy of Classified Documents |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/us/politics/30secrets.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220023908/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/us/politics/30secrets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[Mexico City policy]] which prohibited federal aid to international [[family planning]] organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<ref>{{cite news |last = Meckler |first = Laura |date = January 24, 2009 |title = Obama lifts 'gag rule' on family-planning groups |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |page = A3 |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123272364299610287 |access-date = September 21, 2012 |archive-date = July 23, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150723125402/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123272364299610287 |url-status = live }}
* {{cite news |last1 = Stein |first1 = Rob |last2 = Shear |first2 = Michael |date = January 24, 2009 |title = Funding restored to groups that perform abortions, other care |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/23/AR2009012302814.html |access-date = September 21, 2012 |quote = Lifting the Mexico City Policy would not permit U.S. tax dollars to be used for abortions, but it would allow funding to resume to groups that provide other services, including counseling about abortions. |archive-date = November 11, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111031558/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/23/AR2009012302814.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

===Domestic policy===
{{See also|Social policy of the Obama administration}}

The first bill signed into law by Obama was the [[Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009]], relaxing the [[statute of limitations]] for equal-pay lawsuits.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation |work = The New York Times |first=Sheryl Gay|last=Stolberg|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130125449/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html |archive-date=January 30, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date = June 15, 2009 |date = January 30, 2009 }}</ref> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health care program for children |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story |access-date=June 15, 2009 |first=Noam N. |last=Levey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430194400/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05%2C0%2C30310.story |archive-date=April 30, 2009 |url-status=dead |date=February 5, 2009 }}</ref> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of [[embryonic stem cell]] research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html |title = Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells |publisher = CNN |date = March 9, 2009 |access-date = April 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330183125/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html |archive-date = March 30, 2010 }}</ref>

[[File:Barack Obama addresses joint session of Congress 2009-02-24.jpg|thumb|left|Obama delivers a [[February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress|speech at a joint session of Congress]] with Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] on February 24, 2009|alt=Photo of Obama giving a speech to Congress, with Pelosi and Biden clapping behind him]]

Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominated [[Sonia Sotomayor]] on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|associate justice]] [[David Souter]]. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<ref>{{cite news |title=Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/06/sonia.sotomayor/ |first1=Lisa |last1=Desjardins |first2=Kristi |last2=Keck |first3=Bill |last3=Mears |date=August 6, 2009 |publisher=CNN |access-date=August 6, 2009 |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925110216/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/06/sonia.sotomayor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of [[Hispanic]] descent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/26/supreme.court/index.html |first1=Peter |last1=Hamby |first2=Ed |last2=Henry |first3=Suzanne |last3=Malveaux |first4=Bill |last4=Mears |title=Obama nominates Sonia Sotomayor to Supreme Court |date=May 26, 2009 |website=CNN |access-date=September 13, 2014 |archive-date=September 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915214022/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/26/supreme.court/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Obama nominated [[Elena Kagan]] on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theledger.com/article/LK/20101004/News/608110519/LL/ |title = New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman |last = Sherman |first = Mark |date = October 4, 2010 |agency = Associated Press |website=The Ledger |access-date = November 13, 2010 |archive-date = October 10, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074850/http://www.theledger.com/article/LK/20101004/News/608110519/LL/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>

On March 11, 2009, Obama created the [[White House Council on Women and Girls]], which formed part of the [[Office of Intergovernmental Affairs]], having been established by {{Executive Order|13506}} with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired by [[Senior Advisor to the President]] [[Valerie Jarrett]]. Obama also established the [[White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault]] through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and [[Office of the Vice President of the United States]], and prior to that the 1994 [[Violence Against Women Act]] first drafted by Biden.

In July 2009, Obama launched the [[Priority Enforcement Program]], an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and the [[Secure Communities]] fingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2015 |title=Obama Administration Implements Priority Enforcement Program, Limits Interior Enforcement |url=https://www.numbersusa.com/news/obama-administration-implements-priority-enforcement-program-limits-interior-enforcement |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=NumbersUSA |language=en |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525035043/https://www.numbersusa.com/news/obama-administration-implements-priority-enforcement-program-limits-interior-enforcement |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a [[Space policy of the Obama administration|major space policy speech]] in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at [[NASA]], the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of [[human spaceflight]] to the moon and development of the [[Ares I]] rocket, [[Ares V]] rocket and [[Constellation program]], in favor of funding [[earth science]] projects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Robert |last1=Block |first2=Mark K. |last2=Matthews |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jan-27-la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27-story.html |title=White House won't fund NASA moon program |quote=President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket |date=January 27, 2010 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=January 30, 2011 |archive-date=October 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026070433/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jan-27-la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Barack Obama visiting victims of 2012 Aurora shooting.jpg|thumb|Obama visits an [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting|Aurora shooting]] victim at [[University of Colorado Hospital]], 2012|alt=Photo of Obama smiling at a hospital patient while hugging her friend]]

On January 16, 2013, one month after the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21049942 |publisher = BBC News |title = US gun debate: Obama unveils gun control proposals |first = Mark |last = Mardell |date = January 16, 2013 |access-date = January 16, 2013 |archive-date = January 16, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181612/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21049942 |url-status = live }}</ref> He urged Congress to reintroduce an [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban|expired ban]] on military-style [[assault weapons]], such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] for the first time since 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title = What's in Obama's Gun Control Proposal |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/16/us/obama-gun-control-proposal.html |work = The New York Times |date = January 16, 2013 |access-date = February 12, 2013 |archive-date = February 21, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221133649/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/16/us/obama-gun-control-proposal.html |url-status = live }}</ref> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/05/politics/obama-gun-control-executive-action/ |title=Obama announces gun control executive action (full transcript) |work=CNN |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=January 7, 2016 |archive-date=February 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221221129/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/05/politics/obama-gun-control-executive-action/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2016 editorial in ''The New York Times'', Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to [[women's suffrage]] and other [[civil rights movements]] in American history.

In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/43180202/ns/us_news-security/t/obama-europe-signs-patriot-act-extension/ |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Obama, in Europe, signs Patriot Act extension |date=May 27, 2011 |access-date=August 8, 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810204645/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43180202/ns/us_news-security/t/obama-europe-signs-patriot-act-extension/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the [[2013 global surveillance disclosures]] by [[whistleblower]] [[Edward Snowden]], Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,<ref name="CNN-Snowden">{{cite news | work=CNN | url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/12/politics/obama-snowden-whistleblower | title=Fact-checking Obama's claims about Snowden | date=August 13, 2013 | access-date=August 8, 2019 | last=Wolf | first=Z. Byron | archive-date=August 8, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808215548/https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/12/politics/obama-snowden-whistleblower | url-status=live }}</ref> but called for increased restrictions on the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) to address violations of privacy.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-security-obama-idUSL1N0MS1QW20140403?type=companyNews | title=Obama's NSA overhaul may require phone carriers to store more data | date=April 3, 2014 | work=Reuters | access-date=August 8, 2019 | last=Hosenball | first=Mark | archive-date=June 2, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602160321/https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-security-obama-idUSL1N0MS1QW20140403?type=companyNews | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=January 17, 2014 |title=Obama to overhaul NSA's bulk storage of Americans' telephone data |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/17/obama-end-nsa-bulk-storage-telephone-metadata |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812214452/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/17/obama-end-nsa-bulk-storage-telephone-metadata |url-status=live }}</ref> Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.<ref name="Roth2017">{{cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=January 9, 2017 |title=Barack Obama's Shaky Legacy on Human Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202082511/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights |url-status=live }}</ref> He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] (FISC).<ref name="Roth2017" />

====Racial issues====
{{see also|Race and ethnicity in the United States}}

In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dyson |first1=Michael Eric |title=The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-544-38766-9 |page=275|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gillion |first=Daniel Q. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-with-words/5D4F713A016401E3FC3922C66D371FF2 |title=Governing with Words |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-316-41229-9 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316412299 |access-date=June 5, 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810185603/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-with-words/5D4F713A016401E3FC3922C66D371FF2 |url-status=live }}</ref> but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Bennett |last2=Mendelberg |first2=Tali |last3=Haines |first3=Pavielle E. |date=2019 |title="I'm Not the President of Black America": Rhetorical versus Policy Representation |journal=Perspectives on Politics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1038–1058 |doi=10.1017/S1537592719000963 |issn=1537-5927 |doi-access=free| publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a "[[post-racial America]]".<ref name="wrodgers">{{cite news |last1=Rodgers |first1=Walter |date=January 5, 2010 |title=A year into Obama's presidency, is America postracial? |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Walter-Rodgers/2010/0105/A-year-into-Obama-s-presidency-is-America-postracial |access-date=November 15, 2015 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117065412/http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Walter-Rodgers/2010/0105/A-year-into-Obama-s-presidency-is-America-postracial |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="shearalcindor1">{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael |last2=Alcindor |first2=Yamiche |date=January 14, 2017 |title=Jolted by Deaths, Obama Found His Voice on Race |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/us/politics/obama-presidency-race.html |access-date=January 17, 2017 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116205805/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/us/politics/obama-presidency-race.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,<ref name="wrodgers" /><ref name="ccil2">{{cite news |last1=Cillizza |first1=Chris |date=August 14, 2014 |title=President Obama's vision of post-racial America faces another stress test with Ferguson |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/08/14/president-obamas-desire-to-reshape-race-relations-runs-into-stark-realities/ |access-date=November 15, 2015 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033531/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/08/14/president-obamas-desire-to-reshape-race-relations-runs-into-stark-realities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.<ref name="jblake">{{Cite web |last=Blake |first=John |date=July 1, 2016 |title=What black America won't miss about Obama |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/30/politics/why-black-america-may-be-relieved-to-see-obama-go/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003024730/https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/30/politics/why-black-america-may-be-relieved-to-see-obama-go/ |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The [[Trial of George Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] following the [[killing of Trayvon Martin]] sparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he said that "Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago."<ref name="ccilliza">{{cite news |last1=Cillizza |first1=Chris |date=July 19, 2013 |title=President Obama's remarkably personal speech on Trayvon Martin and race in America |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2013/07/19/president-obamas-remarkably-personal-speech-on-trayvon-martin-and-race-in-america/ |access-date=November 15, 2015 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022902/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2013/07/19/president-obamas-remarkably-personal-speech-on-trayvon-martin-and-race-in-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The shooting of [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] in [[Ferguson, Missouri]], [[Ferguson unrest|sparked a wave of protests]].<ref name="capeheart2">{{cite news |last1=Capeheart |first1=Jonathan |date=February 27, 2015 |title=From Trayvon Martin to 'black lives matter' |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2015/02/27/from-trayvon-martin-to-black-lives-matter/ |access-date=November 15, 2015 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117013956/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2015/02/27/from-trayvon-martin-to-black-lives-matter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These and other events led to the birth of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, which campaigns against violence and [[systemic racism]] toward [[black people]].<ref name="capeheart2" /> Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups.<ref name="pbacon">{{cite news |last1=Bacon |first1=Perry Jr. |date=January 3, 2015 |title=In Wake of Police Shootings, Obama Speaks More Bluntly About Race |publisher=NBC |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/barack-obama/wake-police-shootings-obama-speaks-more-bluntly-about-race-n278616 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |archive-date=November 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111003526/http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/barack-obama/wake-police-shootings-obama-speaks-more-bluntly-about-race-n278616 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.<ref name="bridgethedivide">{{cite news |last1=Hirschfield Davis |first1=Julie |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Obama Urges Civil Rights Activists and Police to Bridge Divide |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/14/us/politics/tensions-between-police-and-blacks-are-likely-to-worsen-obama-says.html |access-date=July 23, 2016 |archive-date=July 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718174834/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/14/us/politics/tensions-between-police-and-blacks-are-likely-to-worsen-obama-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried "a great deal" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 11, 2016 |title=U.S. Worries About Race Relations Reach a New High |publisher=Gallup |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/190574/worries-race-relations-reach-new-high.aspx?g_source=race%20obama&g_medium=search&g_campaign=tiles|access-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220044735/http://www.gallup.com/poll/190574/worries-race-relations-reach-new-high.aspx?g_source=race%20obama&g_medium=search&g_campaign=tiles|url-status=live |author-last1=Norman|author-first1=Jim}}</ref>

====LGBT rights====
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], a measure that expanded the [[Hate crime laws in the United States#Federal|1969 United States federal hate-crime law]] to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/28/hate.crimes/ |title=Obama signs hate crimes bill into law |work=CNN |date=October 28, 2009 |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112004850/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/28/hate.crimes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated by [[Immigration Equality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Preston |first=Julia |date=October 30, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/us/politics/31travel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407213122/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/us/politics/31travel.html |archive-date=April 7, 2010 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Obama Lifts a Ban on Entry Into U.S. by H.I.V.-Positive People |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 8, 2017 }}</ref> On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]], which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell |title = 'Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = December 22, 2010 |access-date = June 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223060037/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell |archive-date = December 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Sheryl Gay|last=Stolberg|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/us/politics/23military.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512170430/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/us/politics/23military.html |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Obama Signs Away 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'|date=December 23, 2010|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> to end the [[don't ask, don't tell]] policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the [[United States Armed Forces]]. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barred [[Transgender personnel in the United States military|transgender people from serving openly in the military]].<ref name=TransBan1>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/30/us-military-ends-ban-transgender-service-members |first1=Molly |last1=Redden |first2=Amanda |last2=Holpuch |title=US military ends ban on transgender service members |work=The Guardian |date=June 30, 2016 |access-date=February 19, 2017 |archive-date=February 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219181650/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/30/us-military-ends-ban-transgender-service-members |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== Same-sex marriage =====
As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizing [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="WCT0114">{{cite news |last = Baim |first = Tracy |title = Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back |url = http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Windy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back/20524.html |access-date = May 10, 2012 |newspaper = [[Windy City Times]] |date = January 14, 2009 |archive-date = November 14, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114030720/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Windy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back/20524.html |url-status = live }}</ref> During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.<ref name="WCT0204">{{cite news |last = Baim |first = Tracy |title = Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat |url = http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=3931 |access-date = May 10, 2012 |newspaper = [[Windy City Times]] |date = February 4, 2004 |archive-date = May 14, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514034445/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=3931 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2012/may/11/barack-obama/president-barack-obamas-shift-gay-marriage/|title=President Barack Obama's shifting stance on gay marriage|author-first1=Becky|author-last1=Bowers|date=May 11, 2012|work=PolitiFact|access-date=November 28, 2018|archive-date=November 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126060141/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2012/may/11/barack-obama/president-barack-obamas-shift-gay-marriage/|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/ |first=Corbett |last=Daly |title=Obama backs same-sex marriage |work=[[CBS News]] |date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=May 9, 2012 |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219204646/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html |title = Obama Backs Gay Marriage |last = Stein |first = Sam |date = May 9, 2012 |work = The Huffington Post |access-date = July 5, 2015 |archive-date = June 29, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629071547/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html |url-status = live }}</ref> During his second [[Second inauguration of Barack Obama|inaugural address]] on January 21, 2013,<ref name="NYT20130121" /> Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mention [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]] or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<ref>{{cite news |last = Robillard |first = Kevin |title = First inaugural use of the word 'gay' |url = https://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/first-inaugural-use-of-the-word-gay-086499 |access-date = January 21, 2013 |work = Politico |date = January 21, 2013 |archive-date = July 23, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150723110125/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/first-inaugural-use-of-the-word-gay-86499.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Inauguration Speech Makes History With Mention of Gay Rights Struggle, Stonewall Uprising |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/21/obama-inauguration-speech-stonewall-gays_n_2520962.html |work = The Huffington Post |access-date = January 21, 2013 |first = Noah |last = Michelson |date = January 21, 2013 |archive-date = September 19, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180919184320/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/21/obama-inauguration-speech-stonewall-gays_n_2520962.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' (regarding same-sex marriage)<ref name="huffpo-amicus">{{cite news |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/28/obama-gay-marriage_n_2783912.html |title = Obama Administration: Gay Marriage Ban Unconstitutional In Prop. 8 Supreme Court Case |last = Reilly |first = Ryan J. |date = February 28, 2013 |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |access-date = April 21, 2013 |archive-date = April 11, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130411220023/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/28/obama-gay-marriage_n_2783912.html |url-status = live }}</ref> and ''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' (regarding the [[Defense of Marriage Act]]).<ref name="cnn-amicus">{{cite news |url = https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/22/politics/supreme-court-marriage |title = Obama administration weighs in on defense of marriage law |last = Mears |first = Bill |date = February 27, 2013 |publisher = CNN |access-date = April 21, 2013 |archive-date = September 1, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130901110517/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/22/politics/supreme-court-marriage |url-status = live }}</ref>

====Economic policy====
{{Main|Economic policy of the Obama administration}}

On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], a $787{{spaces}}billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|787|2009}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}) [[economic stimulus]] package aimed at helping the economy recover from the [[Great Recession|deepening worldwide recession]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html |title = Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk |access-date = March 29, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330094958/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html |archive-date = March 30, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and [[tax incentive|incentives]], and direct assistance to individuals.<ref name="direct assistance" /> In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary, [[Timothy Geithner]], took further steps to manage the [[2008 financial crisis]], including introducing the [[Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets]], which contains provisions for buying up to $2{{spaces}}trillion in depreciated real estate assets.<ref name="markets opened" />

[[File:U.S. Total Deficits vs. National Debt Increases 2001-2010.png|thumb|[[United States federal budget|Deficit]] and [[National debt of the United States|debt]] increases, 2001–2016|alt=Graph showing large deficit increases in 2008 and 2009, followed by a decline]]

Obama intervened in the [[automotive industry crisis of 2008–10|troubled automotive industry]]<ref>{{cite news|title=White House questions viability of GM, Chrysler |date=March 30, 2009 |first=David|last= Espo |work=The Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407010806/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html |archive-date=April 7, 2009 }}</ref> in March 2009, renewing loans for [[General Motors]] (GM) and [[Chrysler]] to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the [[Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization|sale of Chrysler]] to Italian automaker [[Fiat]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/business/27chrysler.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428062100/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/business/27chrysler.html |archive-date=April 28, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |work = The New York Times |first1 = Nick |last1 = Bunkley |first2 = Bill |last2 = Vlasic |date = April 27, 2009 |access-date = April 12, 2010 }}</ref> and a [[General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization|reorganization of GM]] giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate |first1=John |last1=Hughes |first2=Caroline |last2=Salas |first3=Jeff |last3=Green |first4=Bob |last4=Van Voris |url=http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aw4F_L7E4xYg |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=June 1, 2009 |access-date=July 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087 |archive-date=June 13, 2010 }}</ref> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<ref name="Christopher Conkey and Louise Radnofsky">{{cite news |title = Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending |date = June 9, 2009 |work = The Wall Street Journal |publisher = News Corp |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124445867883193821 |first1 = Christopher |last1 = Conkey |first2 = Louise |last2 = Radnofsky |access-date = July 5, 2015 |archive-date = July 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726203047/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124445867883193821.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> He signed into law the [[Car Allowance Rebate System]], known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/20/AR2009082002699.html |title = U.S. Says 'Cash for Clunkers' Program Will End on Monday |last = Hedgpeth |first = Dana |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = August 21, 2009 |access-date = March 26, 2010 |archive-date = May 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516094603/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/20/AR2009082002699.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918692,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828040214/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918692,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= August 28, 2009 |title = Was Cash for Clunkers a Success? |last = Szczesny |first = Joseph R. |magazine = Time |date = August 26, 2009 |access-date = March 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mian |first1 = Atif R. |first2 = Amir |last2 = Sufi |s2cid = 219352572 |title = The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 'Cash for Clunkers' Program |date = September 1, 2010 |ssrn = 1670759 |doi = 10.2139/ssrn.1670759 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1107–1142}}</ref>

The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the [[Federal Reserve]] and the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]]. These guarantees totaled about $11.5{{spaces}}trillion, but only $3{{spaces}}trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title = CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker |work = CNNMoney |page = 20 |volume = 06 |url = https://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/ |access-date = March 26, 2010 |last = Goldman |first = David |date = April 6, 2009 |archive-date = April 7, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190407090433/https://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/ |url-status = live }}</ref> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan [[Budget Control Act of 2011]]. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5{{spaces}}trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2{{spaces}}trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.<ref>{{cite web |last = Stein |first = Sylvie |url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114001916/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation |archive-date = January 14, 2012 |title = First Read—A breakdown of the debt-limit legislation |publisher = MSNBC |access-date = August 3, 2011 }}</ref> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a [[U.S. government]] [[Default (finance)|default]] on its obligations.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/43967924 |title = House passes debt ceiling bill |work = NBC News |date = March 8, 2011 |access-date = August 3, 2011 |archive-date = July 21, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721161500/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43967924 |url-status = live }}</ref>

The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<ref name="Theodossiou">{{cite journal |last1 = Theodossiou |first1 = Eleni |last2 = Hipple |first2 = Steven F. |year = 2011 |title = Unemployment Remains High in 2010 |journal = Monthly Labor Review |volume = 134 |issue = 3 |pages = 3–22 |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508050328/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf |archive-date = May 8, 2011 }}</ref> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<ref name="Eddlemon">{{cite journal |last1 = Eddlemon |first1 = John P. |year = 2011 |title = Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010 |journal = Monthly Labor Review |volume = 134 |issue = 3 |pages = 23–32 |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506195757/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf |archive-date = May 6, 2011 }}</ref> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |access-date = December 11, 2012 |archive-date = October 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013235422/https://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet |url-status = live }}</ref> decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.<ref name="LNS14000000">{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |access-date = January 10, 2014 |archive-date = April 28, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090214/https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |url-status = live }}</ref> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.<ref name="LNS14000000"/> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.<ref name="BEA1">{{cite web |url=http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |title = Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Quarterly) |website = National Income and Product Accounts Table |publisher = [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014536/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |archive-date = May 12, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<ref name="BEA1" /> In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman [[Ben Bernanke]] said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".<ref>{{cite news |last = Harding |first = Robin |title = Beige Book survey reports signs of slowdown |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a |work = [[Financial Times]] |access-date = July 29, 2010 |date = July 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729184009/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html|archive-date=July 29, 2010 }}</ref> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |title = Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual) |website = National Income and Product Accounts Table |publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis |access-date = April 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014513/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |archive-date = May 12, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 700
| align = center
| image1 = US Employment Statistics.svg
| caption1 = U.S. [[unemployment rate]] and monthly changes in net employment during Obama's tenure as president<ref name="LNS14000000"/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth |title = 1-month net change in employment |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |access-date = September 12, 2018 |archive-date = April 28, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428085608/https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth |url-status = live }}</ref>
| alt1 = Graph showing increased unemployment in Obama's first year, followed by consistent jobs growth
| image2 = Job Growth by U.S. President - v1.png
| caption2 = Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to other presidents, as measured as a cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term
| alt2 = Graph showing lower jobs growth under Obama was lower than previous presidents, except George W. Bush
}}

The [[Congressional Budget Office]] (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<ref name="estimated" /><ref name="newc" /> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1{{spaces}}million,<ref name="newc">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html |title = New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step |work = The New York Times |date = November 20, 2009 |access-date = December 21, 2010 |first1 = Jackie |last1 = Calmes |first2 = Michael |last2 = Cooper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230904/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html|archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/62343-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-2-1-million-jobs/ |title = CBO: Stimulus created as many as 2.1 million jobs|first= Jordan |last=Fabian |website=The Hill|date = February 23, 2010 |access-date = April 25, 2010 |archive-date = March 3, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100303115604/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/83253-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-21-million-jobs |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Isidore |first = Chris |url = https://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm |title = Best economic growth in six years |publisher = CNN |date = January 29, 2010 |access-date = April 18, 2010 |archive-date = April 20, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100420161722/http://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> while conceding that "it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<ref name="estimated">{{cite web |url = http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715 |title = Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output |date = November 22, 2011 |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |access-date = February 21, 2012 |archive-date = February 29, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229112907/http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715 |url-status = live }}</ref> Although an April 2010, survey of members of the [[National Association for Business Economics]] showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html |title=New NABE Survey Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead |access-date=April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502053859/http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html |archive-date=May 2, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original [[NATO]] members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |work=Politics that Work |url=http://politicsthatwork.com/graphs/gdp-growth-vs-nato-president |title=U.S. GDP Growth Relative to Original NATO Members |date=March 9, 2015 |access-date=April 14, 2015 |archive-date=April 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423174827/http://politicsthatwork.com/graphs/gdp-growth-vs-nato-president |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union.<ref>{{cite news |first=Irene |last=Chapple |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/29/business/oecd-u-s-europe-economic-recovery/ |title=OECD: U.S. will recover faster, Europe faces unemployment crisis |work=CNN |date=May 29, 2013 |access-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-date=December 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220015240/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/29/business/oecd-u-s-europe-economic-recovery/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Within a month of the [[2010 midterm elections]], Obama announced a compromise deal with the congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the [[Bush tax cuts|2001 and 2003 income tax rates]], a one-year [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|payroll tax]] reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for [[Estate tax in the United States|estate taxes]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209044154/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html |archive-date=December 9, 2010 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title = Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan |last1 = Herszenhorn |first1 = David M. |last2 = Stolberg |first2 = Sheryl Gay |newspaper = The New York Times |date = December 7, 2010 }}</ref> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858{{spaces}}billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|.858|2010|r=1}} trillion in {{Inflation/year|US}}) [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/17/tax.deal/index.html |title = Obama signs tax deal into law |publisher = CNN |date = December 17, 2010 |access-date = December 17, 2010 |archive-date = December 18, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101218125507/http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/17/tax.deal/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

In December 2013, Obama declared that growing [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality]] is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the [[Fast food worker strikes|nationwide strikes of fast-food workers]] and [[Pope Francis]]' criticism of inequality and [[trickle-down economics]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://finance.yahoo.com/news/obama-income-inequality-defining-challenge-164430631.html |title = Obama: Income Inequality a Defining Challenge |first = Jim |last = Kuhnhenn |agency = Associated Press |date = December 4, 2013 |access-date = January 9, 2014 |archive-date = December 7, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131207035721/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/obama-income-inequality-defining-challenge-164430631.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-obama-makes-trade-deal-a-top-priority-in-remaining-months/ |title=President Obama uses his final months to bring congressional approval of a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership |date=September 5, 2016 |work=CBS News |access-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-date=September 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906160240/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-obama-makes-trade-deal-a-top-priority-in-remaining-months/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Environmental policy====
{{See also|Climate change policy of the United States|Energy policy of the Obama administration}}
[[File:Obama-venice-la.jpg|thumb|Obama at a 2010 briefing on the [[BP oil spill]] at the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] Station Venice in [[Venice, Louisiana]]|alt=Photo of Obama listening to a briefing, surrounded by senior staffers]]

On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore [[drilling rig]] at the [[Macondo Prospect]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], causing a [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|major sustained oil leak]]. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Ken Salazar]] and concurrent congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new [[deepwater drilling]] permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions |publisher = NPR |date = May 27, 2010 |url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127205462&ps=rs |access-date = April 5, 2018 |archive-date = September 19, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180919115513/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127205462&ps=rs |url-status = live }}</ref> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |first = Patrik |last = Jonsson |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test |title = Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date = May 29, 2010 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601094118/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test |archive-date = June 1, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the [[East Coast of the United States]] and along the coast of [[northern Alaska]] in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Neuman|first=Scott|date=March 31, 2010|title=Obama Ends Ban On East Coast Offshore Drilling|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125378223|access-date=October 30, 2021|archive-date=November 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103203751/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125378223|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the [[Keystone XL pipeline]] if it increased carbon pollution [or] greenhouse emissions."<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldenberg |first=Suzanne |date=July 28, 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/28/obama-reservations-keystone-pipeline-project |title=Barack Obama expresses reservations about Keystone XL pipeline project |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229153228/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/28/obama-reservations-keystone-pipeline-project |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stein |first=Sam |date=June 25, 2013 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-keystone_n_3497292 |title=Obama: Keystone XL Should Not Be Approved If It Will Increase Greenhouse Gas Emissions |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-date=March 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301134515/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-keystone_n_3497292 |url-status=live }}</ref> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay |title=Obama Vetoes Keystone XL Pipeline Bill |date=February 24, 2015 |access-date=February 24, 2015 |publisher=NPR |first=Krishnadev |last=Calamur |archive-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609085930/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/234615-senate-fails-to-override-obama-keystone-veto/ |title = Keystone veto override fails |date = March 4, 2015 |first = Laura |last = Barron-Lopez |website = [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher = Capitol Hill Publishing |access-date = July 2, 2015 |archive-date = July 15, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150715070123/http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/234615-senate-fails-to-override-obama-keystone-veto |url-status = live }}</ref>

In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in the [[Atlantic]] and Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 21, 2016|title=Obama bans oil drilling 'permanently' in millions of acres of ocean|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38387525|access-date=October 30, 2021|archive-date=October 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030021148/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38387525|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=December 20, 2016|title=This article is more than 4 years old Barack Obama bans oil and gas drilling in most of Arctic and Atlantic oceans|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/20/barack-obama-bans-oil-gas-drilling-arctic-atlantic|access-date=October 30, 2021|archive-date=October 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030022650/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/20/barack-obama-bans-oil-gas-drilling-arctic-atlantic|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Volcovici|first1=Valerie|last2=Gardner|first2=Timothy|date=December 20, 2016|title=Obama bans new oil, gas drilling off Alaska, part of Atlantic coast|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obama-drilling-idUSKBN1492KU|access-date=October 30, 2021|archive-date=October 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030021142/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obama-drilling-idUSKBN1492KU|url-status=live}}</ref>

Obama emphasized the [[Conservation movement|conservation]] of [[federal lands]] during his term in office. He used his power under the [[Antiquities Act]] to create 25 new [[National monument (United States)|national monuments]] during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of {{convert|553000000|acre|ha}} of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<ref name="Monuments">{{cite news |first1=Juliet |last1=Eilperin |first2=Brady |last2=Dennis |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/with-new-monuments-in-nevada-utah-obama-adds-to-his-environmental-legacy/2016/12/28/e9833f62-c471-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html |title=With new monuments in Nevada, Utah, Obama adds to his environmental legacy |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 28, 2016 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190102/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/with-new-monuments-in-nevada-utah-obama-adds-to-his-environmental-legacy/2016/12/28/e9833f62-c471-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/29/507436648/obama-s-newly-designated-national-monuments-upset-some-lawmakers-and-constituent |title=Obama's Newly Designated National Monuments Upset Some Lawmakers |publisher=NPR |work=[[All Things Considered]] |date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=April 5, 2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075711/http://www.npr.org/2016/12/29/507436648/obama-s-newly-designated-national-monuments-upset-some-lawmakers-and-constituent |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Amy R. |last=Connolly |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/02/13/Obama-expands-public-lands-more-than-any-US-president/1161455298784/ |title=Obama expands public lands more than any U.S. president |work=[[United Press International]] |date=February 13, 2016 |access-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519003556/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/02/13/Obama-expands-public-lands-more-than-any-US-president/1161455298784/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Health care reform====
{{Main|Healthcare reform in the United States}}

Obama called for [[United States Congress|Congress]] to pass legislation reforming [[health care in the United States]], a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<ref name="health reform" /> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900{{spaces}}billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the [[public option]], to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for [[pre-existing condition]]s, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912093912/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html |archive-date=September 12, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title = Obama, Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary |last1 = Stolberg |first1 = Sheryl Gay |last2 = Zeleny |first2 = Jeff |date = September 9, 2009 |newspaper = The New York Times |access-date = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Mike |last = Allen |url = https://www.politico.com/story/2009/09/obama-will-hedge-on-public-option-026907 |title = Barack Obama will hedge on public option |work = [[Politico]] |access-date = July 5, 2015 |date = September 9, 2009 |archive-date = July 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726215752/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/26907.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|class=skin-invert-image|Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and [[federal poverty level]], under [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], starting in 2014 (source: [[Congressional Research Service|CRS]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41137.pdf |title = Health Insurance Premium Credits in the PPACA |publisher = Congressional Research Service |access-date = May 17, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121014002318/https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41137.pdf |archive-date = October 14, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>|alt=Graph of maximum out-of-pocket premiums by poverty level, showing single-digit premiums for everyone under 400% of the federal poverty level.]]

On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<ref name="health reform">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html |title=Obama July 22, 2009 press conference. Transcript |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=July 22, 2009 |access-date=July 5, 2015 |first=Lynn |last=Sweet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416063154/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html |archive-date=April 16, 2015 }}</ref> After public debate during the congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009|a speech to a joint session of Congress]] on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html |title = Obama calls for Congress to face health care challenge |date = September 9, 2009 |access-date = September 9, 2009 |publisher = CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910083332/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html |archive-date = September 10, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/10/obama-stem-cell-research |title = Stem cell |first = Daniel |last = Nasaw |newspaper = The Guardian |access-date = September 13, 2014 |date = March 10, 2009 |archive-date = July 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726203242/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/10/obama-stem-cell-research |url-status = live }}</ref>

On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html |title = Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House |last1 = Hulse |first1 = Carl |first2 = Robert |last2 = Pear |date = November 7, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = November 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331033230/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html|archive-date=March 31, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html |title = Abortion Was at Heart of Wrangling |last1 = Herszenhorn |first1 = David M. |first2 = Jackie |last2 = Calmes |date = December 7, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = December 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331073732/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html|archive-date=March 31, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289 |title = Senate Says Yes To Landmark Health Bill |author = Hensley, Scott |date = December 24, 2009 |access-date = December 24, 2009 |publisher = [[NPR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121191700/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289 |archive-date = January 21, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 21, 2010, the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (ACA, colloquially "Obamacare") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html |title = Obama Signs Landmark Health Care Bill |date = March 23, 2010 |access-date = March 23, 2010 |newspaper = The New York Times |author = Stolberg, Sheryl Gay|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325033529/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html |archive-date = March 25, 2010 }}</ref>

The ACA includes [[Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|health-related provisions]], most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding [[Medicaid]] eligibility for people making up to 133 percent{{spaces}}of the [[federal poverty level]] (FPL) starting in 2014,<ref name="cnn_ref1">{{cite news |last = Rice |first = Sabriya |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/25/health.care.law.basics/index.html |title = 5 key things to remember about health care reform |publisher = CNN |date = March 25, 2010 |access-date = January 6, 2013 |archive-date = January 2, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130102173326/http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/25/health.care.law.basics/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent{{spaces}}of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,<ref>{{cite news |last = Grier |first = Peter |url = https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0320/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance |date = March 20, 2010 |title = Health Care Reform Bill 101 |newspaper = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date = July 5, 2015 |archive-date = July 6, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706014515/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0320/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance |url-status = live }}</ref> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing [[health insurance exchange]]s, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<ref name="cbo_est">{{cite web |last = Elmendorf |first = Douglas W. |url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10781/11-30-premiums.pdf |title = An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |date = November 30, 2009 |access-date = April 9, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120227142305/http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10781/11-30-premiums.pdf |archive-date = February 27, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:Percentage of Individuals in the United States Without Health Insurance, 1963-2015.png|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (source: [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]])<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Obama|first1=Barack|title=United States Health Care Reform|journal=JAMA|date=August 2, 2016|volume=316|issue=5|pages=525–532|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9797|pmid=27400401|issn=0098-7484|pmc=5069435}}</ref>|alt=Graph showing significant decreases in uninsured rates after the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, and after the creation of Obamacare]]

The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income [[tax bracket|brackets]], taxes on [[indoor tanning]], cuts to the [[Medicare Advantage]] program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Grier |first = Peter |date = March 21, 2010 |url = https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0321/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-will-pay-for-reform |title = Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform? |journal = Christian Science Monitor |access-date = July 5, 2015 |archive-date = July 6, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706012138/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0321/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-will-pay-for-reform |url-status = live }}</ref> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance |title = Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance? |last = Grier |first = Peter |date = March 19, 2010 |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date = April 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405075157/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance |archive-date = April 5, 2010 }}</ref> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143{{spaces}}billion over the first decade.<ref>{{cite web |last = Elmendorf |first = Douglas W. |title = H.R. 4872, Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Final Health Care Legislation) |date = March 20, 2010 |url = http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21351 |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |access-date = January 6, 2013 |archive-date = January 2, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130102193615/http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21351 |url-status = live }}</ref>

The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]'' that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<ref name="WP-uphold">{{cite news |first = Robert |last = Barnes |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-to-rule-thursday-on-health-care-law/2012/06/28/gJQAarRm8V_story.html |title = Supreme Court upholds Obama health care overhaul by 5–4 vote, approving insurance requirement |date = June 28, 2012 |newspaper = The Washington Post |agency = Associated Press |access-date = June 29, 2012 |archive-date = June 28, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120628232111/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-to-rule-thursday-on-health-care-law/2012/06/28/gJQAarRm8V_story.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In ''[[Burwell v. Hobby Lobby]]'' the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the [[Religious Freedom Restoration Act]] from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in ''[[King v. Burwell]]'' that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell |title=Supreme Court Upholds Obamacare Subsidies |first=Kimberly |last=Leonard |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=November 25, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116072123/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell |archive-date=January 16, 2016 }}</ref>

===Foreign policy===
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Obama administration}}

[[File:P06409PS-0571 (3594694537).jpg|June 4, 2009 − after his speech ''[[A New Beginning (speech)|A New Beginning]]'' at [[Cairo University]], U.S. president Obama participates in a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others [[Jamal Khashoggi]], [[Bambang Harymurti]] and [[Nahum Barnea]]|thumb|alt=refer to caption]]

In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] Hillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "[[Russian reset|reset]]" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<ref name="preceding administration" /> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, [[Al Arabiya]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV |work = NBC News |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/28869185 |access-date = June 15, 2009 |date = January 27, 2009 |archive-date = September 27, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927152322/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28869185/ |url-status = live }}</ref> On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/barack-obama-usa |title = Barack Obama's address to Iran: Full text of Barack Obama's videotaped message to the people and leaders of Iran as they celebrate their New Year's holiday, Nowruz |date = March 20, 2013 |access-date = July 14, 2013 |work = [[The Guardian]] |location = London |archive-date = September 6, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130906074500/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/barack-obama-usa |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Karen |last = DeYoung |title = Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program |date = April 9, 2009 |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/AR2009040802254.html |access-date = June 15, 2009 |archive-date = October 4, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181004081141/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/AR2009040802254.html |url-status = live }}</ref> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at [[Cairo University]] in Egypt calling for "[[A New Beginning (speech)|A New Beginning]]" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<ref name="middleeast" /> On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following [[2009 Iranian presidential election|Iran's 2009 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/26/obama-dismisses-ahmadinejad-apology-request/ |title = Obama dismisses Ahmadinejad apology request |work = The Washington Times |date = June 26, 2009 |access-date = July 2, 2015 |first1 = Joseph |last1 = Weber |first2 = Stephen |last2 = Dinan |archive-date = April 10, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190410020414/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/26/obama-dismisses-ahmadinejad-apology-request/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killed [[Anwar al-Awlaki]], an American imam suspected of being a leading [[Al-Qaeda]] organizer. al-Awlaki became the first [[U.S. citizen]] to be targeted and killed by a [[Drone strike|U.S. drone strike]]. The&nbsp;Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,<ref name="Lauter2014">{{cite news|last=Lauter|first=David|date=June 23, 2014|title=Memo justifying drone killing of American Al Qaeda leader is released|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-drone-memo-awlaki-20140623-story.html|access-date=December 7, 2021|archive-date=April 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033031/https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-drone-memo-awlaki-20140623-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right to [[due process]]. The killing led to significant controversy.<ref>{{cite news | title=Long-sought memo on lethal drone strike is released | newspaper=Washington Post | date=June 23, 2014 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/legal-memo-backing-drone-strike-is-released/2014/06/23/1f48dd16-faec-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html | access-date=August 15, 2022 | archive-date=August 24, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824084156/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/legal-memo-backing-drone-strike-is-released/2014/06/23/1f48dd16-faec-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> His [[Abdulrahman al-Awlaki|teenage son]] and [[Death of Nawar al-Awlaki|young daughter]], also Americans, were later killed in separate [[Raid on Yakla|U.S. military actions]], although they were not targeted specifically.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|date=August 27, 2015|title=The Lessons of Anwar al-Awlaki|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/magazine/the-lessons-of-anwar-al-awlaki.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827141921/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/magazine/the-lessons-of-anwar-al-awlaki.html |archive-date=August 27, 2015 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=December 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Lauter2014" />
[[File:Barack Obama's trip to Saudi Arabia April 2016 (9).jpg|thumb|Obama, King [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]], Saudi crown prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] and other leaders at the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] summit in Saudi Arabia, April 2016]]

In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|military intervention in Yemen]], establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/report-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance/2015/03/25/e0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html|title=Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen|first=Ali |last=al-Mujahed|author2=Karen DeYoung|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 25, 2015|access-date=August 21, 2017|archive-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011041452/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/report-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance/2015/03/25/e0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen conflict: US 'could be implicated in war crimes' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37607248 |publisher=BBC News |date=October 10, 2016 |access-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827111918/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37607248 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of [[Saudi Arabia–United States relations|arms deals with Saudi Arabia]] worth $115{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Bayoumy | first=Yara | title=Obama administration arms sales offers to Saudi top $115 billion: ... | work=Reuters | date=September 7, 2016 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-security/obama-administration-arms-sales-offers-to-saudi-top-115-billion-report-idUSKCN11D2JQ | access-date=August 27, 2018 | archive-date=May 8, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508012617/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-security/obama-administration-arms-sales-offers-to-saudi-top-115-billion-report-idUSKCN11D2JQ | url-status=live }}</ref> Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology to [[Saudi Arabia]] after Saudi warplanes [[2016 Sana'a funeral airstrike|targeted a funeral]] in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-saudi-arabia-yemen-war-support-military-houthis-bombing-campaign-crisis-a7472546.html |title=America 'agrees to stop selling some arms' to Saudi Arabia |work=The Independent |date=December 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180257/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-saudi-arabia-yemen-war-support-military-houthis-bombing-campaign-crisis-a7472546.html|archive-date=April 1, 2019 |first1=Phil |last1=Stewart |first2=Warren |last2=Strobel }}</ref>

In September 2016 Obama was snubbed by [[Xi Jinping]] and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] as he descended from [[Air Force One]] to the tarmac of [[Hangzhou International Airport]] for the [[2016 G20 Hangzhou summit]] without the usual red carpet welcome.<ref name="tgu1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/04/barack-obama-deliberately-snubbed-by-chinese-in-chaotic-arrival-at-g20 |title=Barack Obama 'deliberately snubbed' by Chinese in chaotic arrival at G20 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 4, 2016 |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom }}</ref>

====War in Iraq====
{{Main|Iraq War|US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)}}

On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.<ref>{{cite news |agency = [[Associated Press]] |first = Ben |last = Feller |url = http://gazette.com/obama-sets-firm-withdrawal-timetable-for-iraq/article/49026 |title = Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq |work = [[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|The Gazette]] |date = February 27, 2009 |access-date = March 3, 2009 |archive-date = February 7, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113330/http://gazette.com/obama-sets-firm-withdrawal-timetable-for-iraq/article/49026 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to [[counter-terrorism]] and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<ref>{{cite news |last = Jones |first = Athena |date = February 27, 2009 |url = http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/02/27/4428005-obama-announces-iraq-plan |title = Obama announces Iraq plan |publisher = MSNBC |access-date = July 2, 2015 |archive-date = November 16, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141116013112/http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/02/27/4428005-obama-announces-iraq-plan |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Sykes, Hugh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11020270 |title = Last US combat brigade exits Iraq |publisher = BBC News |date = August 19, 2010 |access-date = December 25, 2012 }}</ref> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war |place = London |work = The Guardian |title = Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page' |first = Ewen |last = MacAskill |date = September 1, 2010 }}</ref> On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/44990594 |title = All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year |work = NBC News |date = October 21, 2011 |access-date = December 25, 2012 }}</ref>

In June 2014, following the [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)#Fall of Mosul and push into Kirkuk|capture of Mosul]] by [[ISIL]], Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant#Human rights abuse and war crime findings|widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-is-sending-275-us-troops-to-iraq-2014-6 |title = Obama Is Sending 275 US Troops To Iraq |work = Business Insider |access-date = June 19, 2014 |first=Hunter |last=Walker |date=June 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-rights-idUSKBN0H30KB20140908 |title = New U.N. rights boss warns of 'house of blood' in Iraq, Syria |access-date = July 11, 2015 |last = Nebehay |first = Stephanie |work = Reuters |date = September 8, 2014 }}</ref> In August 2014, during the [[Sinjar massacre]], Obama ordered a [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)#Airstrikes|campaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL]].<ref name="def31-10-14">{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123542 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101011135/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123542 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 1, 2014 |title = DoD Authorizes War on Terror Award for Inherent Resolve Ops |date = October 31, 2014 |publisher = United States Department of Defense |access-date = November 22, 2014 }}</ref> By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30388718 |title = Islamic State: Coalition 'pledges more troops' for Iraq |publisher = BBC News |access-date = August 23, 2015 |date = December 8, 2014 }}</ref> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/01/19/a10-strikes-isis-11-percent/21875911/ |title = A-10 Performing 11 Percent of Anti-ISIS Sorties |last = Mehta |first = Aaron |date = January 19, 2015 |work = [[Defense News]] |access-date = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the [[82nd Airborne Division]] the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/us/1-000-soldiers-from-the-82nd-airborne-headed-to-iraq-1.320194 |title = 1,000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne headed to Iraq |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |access-date = August 23, 2015 |date=December 19, 2014 |first=Jon |last=Harper }}</ref> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive |title=Stealthy Jet Ensures Other War-Fighting Aircraft Survive |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=August 23, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813053355/http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive |archive-date=August 13, 2015 |first=Lolita C. |last=Baldor |date=July 21, 2015 }}</ref>

====Afghanistan and Pakistan====
{{Main|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|AfPak}}

[[File:P050609PS-0531 (3508804772).jpg|thumb|Obama after a trilateral meeting with Afghan president [[Hamid Karzai]] (left) and Pakistani president [[Asif Ali Zardari]] (right), May 2009|alt=Photo of Obama and other heads of state walking along the Colonnade outside the White House]]
In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a "dangerous distraction" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/15/obama.iraq/index.html |title=Obama calls Iraq war a 'dangerous distraction' |work=[[CNN]] |date=July 15, 2008 |access-date=August 15, 2022 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814231036/https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/15/obama.iraq/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/16/us/politics/15cnd-obama.html | title=Obama and McCain Duel over Iraq | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 16, 2008 | last1=Broder | first1=John M. }}</ref> Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires."<ref>{{cite news |first = Amanda |last = Hodge |title = Obama launches Afghanistan Surge |date = February 19, 2009 |work = The Australian |location = Sydney |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/obama-launches-afghanistan-surge/story-e6frg6t6-1111118893671 }}</ref> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General [[David D. McKiernan]], with former [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Special Forces]] commander Lt. Gen. [[Stanley A. McChrystal]] in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics" /> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=December 1, 2009 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/34218604 |title=Obama details Afghan war plan, troop increases |work=NBC News }}</ref> this took place in July 2011. [[David Petraeus]] replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/06/24/mcchrystal.gates.support/ |title = Gates says he agrees with Obama decision on McChrystal |publisher = CNN |date = June 24, 2010 |access-date = September 18, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last = Chandrasekaran |first = Rajiv |title = Obama wants to cut troop level in Afghanistan in half over next year |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/official-obama-to-cut-troop-level-in-afghanistan-in-half-by-next-year/2013/02/12/63a044c8-7536-11e2-8f84-3e4b513b1a13_story.html |access-date = February 14, 2013 |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = February 12, 2013 }}</ref> In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34536833 |title = US troops in Afghanistan: Taliban resurgence sees rethink |publisher = BBC News |date = October 15, 2015 |access-date = October 15, 2015 |last = Marcus |first = Jonathan }}</ref>

Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the "greatest threat" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he "cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary." In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. "cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/us/politics/15text-obama.html | title=Obama's Remarks on Iraq and Afghanistan | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 15, 2008 }}</ref>

=====Death of Osama bin Laden=====
{{Main|Killing of Osama bin Laden}}

[[File:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg|left|thumb|Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on [[Operation Neptune's Spear]] in the [[White House Situation Room]], May 1, 2011. See also: [[Situation Room (photograph)|''Situation Room'']].|alt=Photo of Obama, Biden, and national security staffers in the Situation Room, somberly listening to updates on the bin Laden raid]]

Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of [[Osama bin Laden]]. He was living in seclusion in [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|a large compound]] in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, a suburban area {{convert|35|mi|km}} from [[Islamabad]].<ref name="NYT-clues">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |title = Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden |last1 = Mazzetti |first1 = Mark |first2 = Helene |last2 = Cooper |first3 = Peter |last3 = Baker |date = May 3, 2011 |work = The New York Times |access-date = May 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html |archive-date = May 3, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> CIA head [[Leon Panetta]] reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<ref name="NYT-clues" /> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by [[United States Navy SEALs]].<ref name="NYT-clues" /> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<ref name="WP-binLaden">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/osama-bin-laden-is-killed-by-us-forces-in-pakistan/2011/05/01/AFXMZyVF_story.html |title = Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = September 13, 2014 |date = May 2, 2011 |first1 = Philip |last1 = Rucker |first2 = Scott |last2 = Wilson |first3 = Anne E. |last3 = Kornblut }}</ref><ref name="ND-binLaden">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/breaking/official-offers-details-of-bin-laden-raid-1.2853079 |title = Official offers details of bin Laden raid |website = Newsday |access-date = September 13, 2014 |date = May 2, 2011 }}</ref> DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<ref name="ABC-binLaden">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703 |title = Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan |last1 = Schabner |first1 = Dean |first2 = Karen |last2 = Travers |date = May 1, 2011 |work = ABC News |access-date = May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504021523/http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703 |archive-date = May 4, 2011 }}</ref> which was buried at sea several hours later.<ref name="NYT-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |title=Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Mark |last3=Mazzetti |date=May 2, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505195308/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]] and [[Times Square]].<ref name="WP-binLaden" /><ref name="Guard-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite news |last1 = Walsh |first1 = Declan |first2 = Richard |last2 = Adams |first3 = Ewen |last3 = MacAskill |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama |title = Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces |date = May 2, 2011 |work = The Guardian |place = London |access-date = May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503154000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama |archive-date = May 3, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden|Reaction to the announcement]] was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<ref name="Bloom-binLaden">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html |title = Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy |last = Dorning |first = Mike |date = May 2, 2011 |agency = [[Bloomberg News]] |access-date = May 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503203539/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html |archive-date = May 3, 2011 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

====Relations with Cuba====
{{Main|Cuban thaw}}

[[File:Handshake between the President and Cuban President Raúl Castro.jpg|thumb|Obama meeting with Cuban president [[Raúl Castro]] in Panama, April 2015|alt=Photo of Obama shaking hands with the Cuban president]]

Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Warren |first1 = Strobel |title = Secret talks in Canada, Vatican City led to Cuba breakthrough |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-usa-reconstruction-idUSKBN0JV2DM20141217 |work = Reuters |access-date = December 21, 2014 }}</ref> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba to [[exchange prisoners]] as a gesture of goodwill.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Morello |first1 = Carol |last2 = DeYoung |first2 = Karen |title = Secret U.S.-Cuba diplomacy ended in landmark deal on prisoners, future ties |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/secret-diplomacy-with-cuba-ended-in-breakthrough-deal/2014/12/17/c51b3ed8-8614-11e4-a702-fa31ff4ae98e_story.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 21, 2014 }}</ref> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]], in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the [[Death of Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela memorial service]] in [[Johannesburg]].<ref>{{Cite news | last1=Roberts | first1=Dan | last2=Luscombe | first2=Richard | title=Obama shakes hands with Raúl Castro for first time at Mandela memorial | newspaper=The Guardian | date=December 10, 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/obama-shakes-hands-raul-castro-mandela-memorial | access-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref>

In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<ref>{{cite news |first = Barbie Latza |last = Nadeau |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/17/the-pope-s-diplomatic-miracle-ending-the-u-s-cuba-cold-war.html |title = The Pope's Diplomatic Miracle: Ending the U.S.–Cuba Cold War |work = The Daily Beast |date = December 17, 2014 |access-date = December 18, 2014 }}</ref> Popularly dubbed the [[Cuban Thaw]], ''[[The New Republic]]'' deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<ref>{{cite news |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/121522/cuba-obamas-biggest-foreign-policy-success |title=The Cuban Thaw Is Obama's Finest Foreign Policy Achievement to Date |first=Joel |last=Gillin |date=April 13, 2015 }}</ref> On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and [[Havana]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama announces re-establishment of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic ties |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/01/politics/obama-note-to-castro-reestablish-ties/ |publisher = CNN |access-date = July 1, 2015 }}</ref> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article27862504.html |title = United States and Cuba reestablish diplomatic relations |first = Mimi |last = Whitefield |work = The Miami Herald |date = July 20, 2015 |access-date = July 19, 2015 }}</ref> Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive since [[Calvin Coolidge]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis |first2=Damien |last2=Cave |date = March 21, 2016 |title = Obama Arrives in Cuba, Heralding New Era After Decades of Hostility |work = The New York Times |page = A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/obama-arrives-in-cuba.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320203029/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/obama-arrives-in-cuba.html |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |url-access=limited |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Israel====
{{See also|Israel–United States relations#Obama administration (2009–2017)}}
[[File:Barack Obama welcomes Shimon Peres in the Oval Office.jpg|thumb|left|Obama meeting with Israeli president [[Shimon Peres]] in the [[Oval Office]], May 2009|alt=Photo of Obama shaking hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, with Biden overlooking]]

During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the [[Joint Political Military Group|U.S.–Israeli Joint Political Military Group]] and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<ref>{{cite news |last=Levinson |first=Charles |date=August 14, 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703321004575427272550050504 |title=U.S., Israel Build Military Cooperation |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |location=New York |access-date=March 1, 2011 }}</ref> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the [[Iron Dome]] program in response to the waves of [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |date=October 26, 2012 |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/for_obama_campaign_trying_to_put_to_rest_persistent_questions_about_kishkes |title=For Obama campaign, trying to put to rest persistent questions about 'kishkes' |newspaper=Jewish Journal}}</ref> In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of [[East Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/netanyahus-office-no-change-on-east-jerusalem-plans-89258402/114705.html |title = Israel Refuses to Halt Construction in East Jerusalem |publisher = [[Voice of America]] |date = March 25, 2010 |access-date = July 2, 2015 |first = Robert |last = Berger }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html |title = Israel Confirms New Building in East Jerusalem |work = The New York Times |date = March 24, 2010 |first = Isabel |last = Kershner |access-date = April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329231159/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html |archive-date = March 29, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning [[Israeli settlement]]s, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37572&Cr=palestin&Cr1 |title = United States vetoes Security Council resolution on Israeli settlements |date = February 18, 2011 |website = UN News Service Section |access-date = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama supports the [[two-state solution]] to the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Elior |date=May 22, 2011 |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4072210,00.html |title=PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines |work=Ynetnews |access-date=May 22, 2011 }}</ref>

In 2013, [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |last = Goldberg |first = Jeffrey |title = Obama: 'Israel Doesn't Know What Its Best Interests Are' |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-14/what-obama-thinks-israelis-don-t-understand-.html |access-date = January 23, 2013 |work = Bloomberg |date = January 14, 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, Obama likened the [[Zionist movement]] to the [[civil rights movement]] in the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/obama-netanyahu-and-the-future-of-israel/405082/ |title=After the Iran Deal: Obama, Netanyahu, and the Future of the Jewish State |work=The Atlantic |date=September 13, 2015 |access-date=September 13, 2015 }}</ref> Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama reaffirms Israel's right to defend itself |first=Herb|last=Keinon|url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Netanyahu-speaks-with-UN-chief-over-phone-363479 |date = July 19, 2014 | work= [[The Times of Israel]] }}</ref> In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the [[Iran Nuclear Deal]]; Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad."<ref>{{Cite news | title=Netanyahu: Iran nuclear deal makes world much more dangerous, Israel not bound by it |first=Barak |last=Ravid| newspaper=[[Haaretz]] | date=July 14, 2015 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.665821 | access-date=January 3, 2018}}</ref>

On December 23, 2016, under the Obama administration, the United States abstained from [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334]], which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupied [[Palestinian territories]] as a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Collinson | first1=Stephen | last2=Wright | first2=David | last3=Labott | first3=Elise | title=US Abstains as UN Demands End to Israeli Settlements |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/23/politics/israel-official-rips-obama-un-settlements/ | date=December 24, 2016 | work=CNN | access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref> Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,<ref>{{Cite news | last1=Barak | first1=Ravid | title=Netanyahu on UN Settlement Vote: Israel Will Not Turn the Other Cheek |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.761470 | date=December 26, 2016 | newspaper=[[Haaretz]] | access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Israel-Palestinians: Netanyahu Condemns John Kerry Speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38455753 | date=December 29, 2016 | publisher=BBC News | access-date=January 7, 2017 }}</ref> and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6{{spaces}}million, on January 6, 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title=Israel Halts $6{{spaces}}million to UN to Protest UN Settlements Vote |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/israel-halts-6-million-to-un-to-protest-un-settlements-vote | date=January 6, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] (from the [[Associated Press]]) | access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref> On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<ref>{{cite news | title=House Overwhelmingly Votes to Condemn UN Resolution on Israel Settlements |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/house-overwhelmingly-votes-to-condemn-un-resolution-on-israel-settlements | date=January 5, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] | access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last1=Cortellessa | first1=Eric | title=US House Passes Motion Repudiating UN Resolution on Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-house-passes-repudiation-of-un-security-council-resolution-on-israel/ | date=January 6, 2017 | work=[[The Times of Israel]] | access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref>

====Libya====
{{Main|2011 military intervention in Libya|2012 Benghazi attack}}

In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as part of the [[Arab Spring]]. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the [[Arab League]], and a resolution<ref>{{cite web |url = http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.FloorStatements&ContentRecord_id=b63b7b6f-a466-ba23-dea8-7bc024f54655 |title = Floor Statement by Senator McCain Introducing the Senate Resolution Calling for a No-Fly Zone in Libya |publisher = Senate.gov |date = March 14, 2011 |access-date = March 28, 2011 |archive-date = September 27, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927155925/http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.FloorStatements&ContentRecord_id=b63b7b6f-a466-ba23-dea8-7bc024f54655 |url-status = dead }}</ref> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1 |title = Senate Passes Resolution Calling for No-Fly Zone Over Libya |work = [[National Journal]] |date = March 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121418/http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1 |archive-date = May 11, 2011 }}</ref> In response to the passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]] on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya declares ceasefire but fighting goes on |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/3/18/libya-declares-ceasefire-but-fighting-goes-on |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

On March 19, a multinational coalition led by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. |last2=Erlanger |first2=Steven |last3=Bumiller |first3=Elisabeth |date=March 19, 2011 |title=Allies Open Air Assault on Qaddafi's Forces in Libya |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/world/africa/20libya.html |access-date=May 9, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> including the use of [[Tomahawk missiles]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirits]], and fighter jets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/ |title=Obama says US efforts in Libya have saved lives, control of operation can be turned over soon |work=[[Ventura County Star]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=March 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828104819/http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/ |archive-date=August 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Pannell, Ian |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757 |title = Gaddafi 'not targeted' by allied strikes |publisher = BBC News |date = March 21, 2011 |access-date = July 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623012338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757 |archive-date = June 23, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya |title = F-15 fighter jet crashes in Libya |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = March 22, 2011 |access-date = March 23, 2011 |first = Sam |last = Jones |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322190309/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya |archive-date = March 22, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed [[Operation Unified Protector]].<ref name="NATOPressRelease">{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf |title = NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR |publisher = NATO |date = March 25, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515150551/http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf |archive-date = May 15, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Some members of Congress<ref name="LibyaOffensive">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-obamas-libya-offensive-constitutional/ |title = Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional? |work = CBS News |date = March 22, 2011 |access-date = March 22, 2011 |first = Brian |last = Montopoli }}</ref> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows of Congressional Critics |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html |work = The Huffington Post |access-date = March 26, 2011 |date = March 21, 2011 |first = Sam |last = Stein |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323083100/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html |archive-date = March 23, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama juggles Libya promises, realities |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/25/obama.libya/index.html |publisher = CNN |access-date = March 26, 2011 |date = March 25, 2011 }}</ref> In 2016 Obama said "Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind" and that it was "a mess".<ref>{{cite news|first1=Allie|last1=Malloy|first2=Catherine|last2=Treyz|date=April 10, 2016|title=Obama admits worst mistake of his presidency&nbsp;— CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/10/politics/obama-libya-biggest-mistake/index.html|access-date=April 24, 2021|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the "worst mistake" of his presidency.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 11, 2016|title=President Obama: Libya aftermath 'worst mistake' of presidency|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36013703|access-date=April 24, 2021}}</ref>

====Syrian civil war====
{{See also|Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war#United States|US intervention in the Syrian civil war}}

On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the [[Syrian civil war]], Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for [[Bashar al-Assad|President Assad]] to step aside."<ref name="mustgo">{{cite news|title=Assad must go, Obama says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/assad-must-go-obama-says/2011/08/18/gIQAelheOJ_story.html |first=Scott|last=Wilson|author2=Joby Warrick |access-date=November 23, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 18, 2011}}</ref> This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-says-syrian-leader-bashar-al-assad-must-go-1447925671|title=Obama Says Syrian Leader Bashar al-Assad Must Go|last=Nelson|first=Colleen}}</ref> In 2012, Obama authorized multiple [[Timber Sycamore|programs run by the CIA]] and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-syria-obama-order-idUSBRE8701OK20120802|last=Hosenball|first=Mark|title=Obama authorizes secret support for Syrian rebels|access-date=February 19, 2016|work=Reuters|date=August 2, 2012}}</ref> The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/world/middleeast/pentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009144157/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/world/middleeast/pentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Obama Administration Ends Effort to Train Syrians to Combat ISIS|first1=Michael D. |last1=Shear |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Eric |last3=Schmitt |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 9, 2015 |access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKCN0S31BR20151009|title=U.S. pulls plug on Syria rebel training effort; will focus on weapons supply|first1=Phil |last1=Stewart |first2=Kate|last2=Holton|access-date=February 20, 2016|work=Reuters|date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>

In the wake of a [[Ghouta chemical attack|chemical weapons attack]] in Syria, [[U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013|formally blamed]] by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged<ref name="redline">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/17/obama-red-line-erased-as-assad-chemical-weapons-us/?page=all|title=Obama 'red line' erased as Bashar Assad's chemical weapons use goes unchecked by U.S. military|first=Ben|last=Wolfgang|work=The Washington Times |date=May 17, 2015 |access-date=November 23, 2015}}</ref> and, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad [[Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons|giving up chemical weapons]]; however attacks with [[chlorine gas]] continued.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914154144/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html |archive-date=September 14, 2013 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms|last=Gordon|first=Michael|newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 14, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/syria-got-rid-of-its-chemical-weapons-but-reports-of-attacks-continue/|title=Syria Got Rid of Its Chemical Weapons—But Reports of Attacks Continue|last=Boghani |first=Priyanka|date=May 26, 2015|access-date=February 19, 2016}}</ref> In 2014, Obama authorized an [[Military intervention against ISIL|air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/obama-strike-wherever-it-exists-2014910223935601193.html|title=Obama outlines plan to target IS fighters|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=September 11, 2014|access-date=September 24, 2014}}</ref>

====Iran nuclear talks====
{{See also|Iran–United States relations during the Obama administration|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action}}
[[File:Barack Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu (8637772147).jpg|thumb|Obama talks with Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in [[Jerusalem]], March 2013|alt=refer to caption]]

On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The "Complex Modernization" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration opened [[Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|negotiations]] with Iran to prevent it from acquiring [[nuclear weapon]]s, which included an [[Joint Plan of Action|interim agreement]]. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Iran deal reached, Obama hails step toward 'more hopeful world' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-idUSKCN0PM0CE20150714 |date = July 14, 2015 |access-date = July 14, 2015 |work = Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title = Iran, World Powers Prepare to Sign Nuclear Accord |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/embargo-on-arms-clouds-iran-nuclear-deal-1436831280 |date = July 14, 2015 |access-date = July 14, 2015 |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |last1 = Solomon |first1 = Jay |last2 = Norman |first2 = Laurence |last3 = Lee |first3 = Carol E. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Landmark deal reached on Iran nuclear program |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/14/politics/iran-nuclear-deal/ |date = July 14, 2015 |access-date = July 14, 2015 |publisher = CNN }}</ref> In addition, the transfer of $1.7{{spaces}}billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-iran-payment-cash-20160907-snap-story.html|title=$1.7-billion payment to Iran was all in cash due to effectiveness of sanctions, White House says|date=September 7, 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref> In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shielded [[Hezbollah]] from the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]]'s [[Project Cassandra]] investigation regarding drug smuggling and from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/1.829686 |title=Obama Administration Reportedly Shielded Hezbollah From DEA and CIA to Save Iran Nuclear Deal |work=Haaretz |date=December 18, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/interactives/2017/obama-hezbollah-drug-trafficking-investigation/ |title=A Global Threat Emerges |work=Politico |date=December 18, 2017 |first=Josh |last=Meyer }}</ref>
On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348{{spaces}}billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2015/12/15/obama-backs-biggest-nuclear-arms-buildup-since-cold-war/|title=Obama Backs Biggest Nuclear Arms Buildup Since Cold War|first=Loren|last=Thompson|website=Forbes}}</ref>

====Russia====
{{See also|Russia–United States relations#Obama administration (2009–2017)}}
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 01.jpg|thumb|Obama meets Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in September 2015|alt=Photo of Obama shaking hands with Vladimir Putin in front of Russian and American flags]]

In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] to replace the [[START I|1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]] with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=March 26, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/world/europe/27start.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328142730/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/world/europe/27start.html |archive-date=March 28, 2010 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia |work=The New York Times }}</ref> Obama and Medvedev signed the [[New START]] treaty in April 2010, and the [[U.S. Senate]] ratified it in December 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223044444/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |work = The New York Times |first = Peter |last = Baker |title = Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71–26 |date = December 22, 2010 }}</ref> In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider [[LGBT rights]] when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<ref>{{cite news |last = McVeigh |first = Karen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/07/gay-rights-us-aid-criteria |title = Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |location = London |date = December 6, 2011 |access-date = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against homosexual people,<ref name="LAT80713">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-xpm-2013-aug-07-la-na-pn-obama-leno-russia-snowden-20130807-story.html |title = Obama criticizes Russia's new anti-gay law in Leno interview |last = Parsons |first = Christi |date = August 7, 2013 |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date = August 27, 2014 }}</ref> but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], Russia.<ref name="Huffpo80913">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/09/obama-olympic-boycott_n_3733275.html |title = Obama Opposes Olympic Boycott, Criticizes Russian Anti-Gay Law |last = Johnson |first = Luke |date = August 9, 2013 |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |access-date = August 27, 2014 }}</ref>

After [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russia's invasion of Crimea]] in 2014, [[Russian military intervention in Syria|military intervention in Syria]] in 2015, and [[2016 United States election interference by Russia|the interference]] in the [[2016 U.S. presidential election]],<ref name="ftelect">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c596c0a8-a278-11e6-82c3-4351ce86813f | newspaper=[[Financial Times]] | title=US election: The Russia factor: Officials say Moscow's interference is unprecedented. Has the Kremlin achieved its goal? | date=November 4, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]], a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<ref name="obexit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107030307/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html |archive-date=November 7, 2016 |url-access=limited |url-status=live | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret |first=Steven |last=Erlanger| date=November 6, 2016}}</ref>

==Post-presidency (2017–present)==
[[File:Obama Macri October 2017.jpg|thumb|Obama playing golf with Argentinian president [[Mauricio Macri]], October 2017|alt=refer to caption]]

Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon [[First inauguration of Donald Trump|the inauguration]] of his successor, [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=How Obama felt after Trump's inauguration|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-us-canada-42491779|access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Panetta|first=Grace|title=Michelle Obama said attending Trump's inauguration as one of few people of color was 'a lot emotionally'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/michelle-obama-trump-inauguration-a-lot-emotionally-2019-7|access-date=March 6, 2021|website=Business Insider}}</ref> The family moved to a house they rented in [[Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District|Kalorama, Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/25/politics/obama-kalorama-washington-dc-leases-house/ |title=Peek inside Obama's post-presidential pad|last1=Kosinski|first1=Michelle |first2=Daniella |last2=Diaz |date=May 27, 2016|work=CNN|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> On March 2, the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] awarded the [[Profile in Courage Award]] to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<ref>{{cite web|title=Former President Barack H. Obama Announced as Recipient of 2017 John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/2017-Profile-in-Courage-Award.aspx|website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum|access-date=April 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408015950/https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/2017-Profile-in-Courage-Award.aspx|archive-date=April 8, 2017|date=March 2, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at the [[University of Chicago]] on April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/us/politics/obama-chicago.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424225327/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/us/politics/obama-chicago.html |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Obama Steps Back into Public Life, Trying to Avoid One Word: Trump|date=April 24, 2017|work=The New York Times|first=Michael D.|last=Shear}}</ref> On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work with [[One America Appeal]] to help the victims of [[Hurricane Harvey]] and [[Hurricane Irma]] in the [[Gulf Coast]] and [[Texas]] communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/349993-former-presidents-add-irma-recovery-to-fundraising-appeal/ |title=Former presidents fundraise for Irma disaster relief|last=Shelbourne|first=Mallory|date=September 10, 2017|work=The Hill|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref> From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the [[Obama Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hope|first=Leah|date=September 14, 2017|title=Obama Foundation holds public meeting about presidential library project|url=https://abc7chicago.com/2411976/|access-date=November 17, 2020|publisher=[[WLS-TV]]}}</ref> which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office.<ref>{{cite news |first=Edward-Isaac |last=Dovere |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/31/barack-obama-foundation-summit-244393|title=Obama, opening his foundation's first summit, calls for fixing civic culture|work=Politico|date=October 31, 2017}}</ref>

Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for [[Netflix]] under the Obamas' newly formed production company, [[Higher Ground Productions]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Obamas Sign Deal With Netflix, Form 'Higher Ground Productions' |first=Scott |last=Neuman |date=May 22, 2018 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/22/613246456/obamas-sign-content-deal-with-netlfix-form-higher-ground-productions |publisher=NPR |access-date=September 17, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Hunter |title=The Obamas Will Produce Movies and Shows for Netflix |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-obamas-will-produce-movies-and-shows-for-netflix.html |website=Vulture |access-date=September 17, 2018 |date=May 21, 2018 }}</ref> Higher Ground's first film, ''[[American Factory]]'', won the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/13/entertainment/barack-and-michelle-obama-oscars/index.html|title=Barack and Michelle Obama's production company scores first Oscar nomination|last=Gonzalez|first=Sandra|date=January 13, 2020|work=CNN|access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had been [[October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts|mailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials]].<ref name="Pitofsky2018">{{cite news|last=Pitofsky|first=Marina|title=Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|newspaper=USA Today|date=October 24, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024161609/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on [[Martha's Vineyard]] from [[Wyc Grousbeck]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lukpat |first=Alyssa |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Obamas reportedly buy Martha's Vineyard waterfront estate for $11.75 million |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/12/05/obamas-reportedly-buy-martha-vineyard-waterfront-estate-for-million/LeCI83nodDf735zneVfYKM/story.html |work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> On October 29, Obama criticized "[[woke]]ness" and [[call-out culture]] at the Obama Foundation's annual summit.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 30, 2019|title=Barack Obama challenges 'woke' culture|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50239261|access-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rueb|first1=Emily S.|last2=Taylor|first2=Derrick Bryson|date=October 31, 2019|title=Obama on Call-Out Culture: 'That's Not Activism'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/obama-woke-cancel-culture.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031174003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/obama-woke-cancel-culture.html |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=October 4, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the [[2020 Democratic presidential primaries]] because he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=John Fritze and David |title='Voters themselves must pick': Why Barack Obama isn't endorsing Joe Biden or anyone else for president |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/02/27/why-obama-wont-endorse-biden-south-carolina-super-tuesday-nears/4890693002/ |website=USA Today |access-date=March 18, 2022}}</ref> On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed his former vice president, [[Joe Biden]], the presumptive nominee, for president in [[2020 United States presidential election|the presidential election]], stating that he has "all the qualities we need in a president right now."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Astor |first1=Maggie |last2=Glueck |first2=Katie |title=Barack Obama Endorses Joe Biden for President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/politics/obama-endorses-biden.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414145003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/politics/obama-endorses-biden.html |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |date=April 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Obama endorses Joe Biden for president|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-us-canada-52287456|access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref> In May, Obama criticized President Trump for [[Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic|his handling]] of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]], calling his response to the crisis "an absolute chaotic disaster", and stating that the consequences of the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump presidency]] have been "our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before."<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 20, 2020|title=DNC 2020: Obama blasts Trump's 'reality show' presidency|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53844037|access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref> On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir, ''[[A Promised Land]]'', was released.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Elizabeth A. |title=Obama's Memoir 'A Promised Land' Coming in November |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 17, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/books/obama-memoir-a-promised-land.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917101005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/books/obama-memoir-a-promised-land.html |archive-date=September 17, 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Adichie|first=Chimamanda Ngozi|date=November 12, 2020|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on Barack Obama's 'A Promised Land'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/books/review/barack-obama-a-promised-land.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112144007/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/books/review/barack-obama-a-promised-land.html |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=November 17, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Carras|first=Christi|date=September 17, 2020|title=Barack Obama's new memoir will arrive right after the presidential election|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2020-09-17/barack-obama-book-memoir-a-promised-land|access-date=November 17, 2020|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Obama and his wife attended the [[inauguration of Joe Biden]] in January 2021.

In February 2021, Obama and musician [[Bruce Springsteen]] started a podcast called ''[[Renegades: Born in the USA]]'' where the two talk about "their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gabbatt |first1=Adam |title=Barack Obama and Bruce Springsteen team up for new podcast |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/22/barack-obama-bruce-springsteen-podcast-renegades-born-usa |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=March 24, 2021 |date=February 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sisario |first1=Ben |title=Barack Obama and Bruce Springsteen: The Latest Podcast Duo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/arts/obama-springsteen-podcast-spotify.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/arts/obama-springsteen-podcast-spotify.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=March 24, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=February 22, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal with [[Netflix]], in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects.<ref>{{cite web|last=Otterson|first=Joe|date=December 8, 2021|title='Upshaws' Co-Creator Regina Hicks Sets Netflix Overall Deal, to Develop Comedy Series With Obamas' Higher Ground|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/upshaws-regina-hicks-netflix-overall-deal-obamas-higher-ground-1235129305/|access-date=December 9, 2021|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:P20220405AS-1082 (52067439422).jpg|thumb|Obama with President Joe Biden and Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] in the White House, April 5, 2022|alt=Photo of Obama standing behind a lectern, giving a speech at the White House, with Biden and Harris smiling in the background]]

On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoir ''A Promised Land''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Perez|first=Lexy|title=Barack Obama, Lin-Manuel Miranda Among 2022 Audie Awards Winners|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/audie-awards-2022-winners-lin-manuel-miranda-1235040071/|date=March 5, 2022|access-date=March 6, 2022|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Remarks by President Biden, Vice President Harris, and Former President Obama on the Affordable Care Act |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/04/05/remarks-by-president-biden-vice-president-harris-and-former-president-obama-on-the-affordable-care-act/ |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Benson |first=Samuel |title=Obama returns to White House for first time since leaving office |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/obama-returns-white-house-00023148 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=POLITICO |date=April 5, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Obama's back—for a day—in White House health bill push |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-health-business-donald-trump-john-mccain-2cbb6353329fcb541b4c8399a5981cf5 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal with [[Audible (service)|Audible]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Barack and Michelle Obama sign with Amazon after Spotify declines to renew audio deal |url=https://fortune.com/2022/06/21/barack-michelle-obama-amazon-audible-audio-deal-spotify/ |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chan |first1=J. Clara |date=June 21, 2022 |title=The Obamas' Higher Ground Leaves Spotify for Audible Multiyear Deal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/obama-higher-ground-audible-1235169084/ |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet the artists who painted the Obama White House portraits |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/09/08/obama-portraits-artists/ |access-date=November 6, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Around the same time, he won a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montgomery |first=Daniel |date=September 3, 2022 |title=2022 Creative Arts Emmy winners list in all categories [UPDATING LIVE] |url=https://www.goldderby.com/feature/2022-creative-arts-emmy-winners-list-1205063473/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |website=GoldDerby |language=en-US}}</ref> for his narration in the Netflix documentary series ''[[Our Great National Parks]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 lessons from Obama's national parks show on Netflix |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2022/04/13/obama-national-parks-show-netflix/ |access-date=May 26, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices.<ref>{{cite magazine
| magazine=[[The Nation]]
| url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/obama-wrong-on-supreme-court-expansion/ | title=Barack Obama is Wrong to Oppose Expanding the Supreme Court | date=October 21, 2022 | last1=Jones | first1=Mondaire }}</ref>

In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian prime minister [[Anthony Albanese]] and visited [[Melbourne]] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Here's why former US president Barack Obama is in Australia|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/heres-why-former-us-president-barack-obama-is-in-australia/kz2efsja8|date=March 27, 2023|access-date=March 29, 2023}}</ref> Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Staszewska |first1=Ewa |title=Barack Obama set to reel in $1 million during Aussie speaking tour as he visits Sydney Opera House with wife Michelle|url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/barack-obama-set-to-reel-in-1-million-during-aussie-speaking-tour-as-he-visits-sydney-opera-house-with-wife-michelle/news-story/dddfb0902c77f8e7af0faec3fd8eb098|date=March 28, 2023|access-date=March 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Vidler |first1=Adam |last2=Theocharous |first2=Mikala |title=Former US President Barack Obama could net $1 million for Australian speaking gigs|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/barack-obama-michelle-obama-sydney-speaking-tour-begins/5ad10ab0-74e8-4c7f-8874-719da99fd386|date=March 28, 2023|access-date=March 29, 2023}}</ref>

In October 2023, during the [[Gaza war]], Obama declared that [[Israel]] must dismantle [[Hamas]] in the wake of the [[October 7 attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Julia |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Obama condemns 'brazen' attacks against Israel |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4246382-obama-condemns-brazen-attacks-against-israel/ |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> Weeks later, Obama warned Israel that its actions could "harden Palestinian attitudes for generations" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs "could ultimately backfire."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kanishka |date=October 23, 2023 |title=Obama warns some of Israel's actions in Gaza may backfire |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/obama-warns-some-israels-actions-gaza-may-backfire-2023-10-23/ }}</ref>

[[File:20260306 Chicago, Estados Unidos- Exequias del reverendo Jesse Louis- Juan Cano17.jpg|thumb|200px|Obama giving a eulogy at [[Jesse Jackson]]'s funeral in March 2026]]
In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability after his critically maligned [[Joe Biden–Donald Trump 2024 presidential debate|debate performance]] against former president Trump.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 18, 2024 |title=Obama tells allies Biden's path to winning reelection has greatly diminished |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/18/obama-says-biden-must-consider-viability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718203833/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/18/obama-says-biden-must-consider-viability/ |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On July 21, Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|withdrew his candidacy]] and swiftly endorsed Vice President Harris right after to run as the Democratic nominee. Obama reluctantly endorsed Harris alongside his wife Michelle five days later and delivered a speech at the [[2024 Democratic National Convention]] formally endorsing her.<ref>{{cite news | url=
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g32y8j772o | title =Obamas endorse Kamala Harris for president | publisher =BBC | date =July 26, 2024}}</ref> He joined Harris on the campaign trail in October, traveling to various swing states and emphasizing her record as a prosecutor, senator, and vice president and advocating for increased voter turnout, and his criticisms of Donald Trump and the Republican Party were widely reported by various media outlets.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/13/politics/obama-campaign-trail-harris-biden/index.html | title =Obama's reemergence on the campaign trail for Harris comes as he recognizes his own legacy is at stake | publisher =CNN |first=Edward-Isaac |last=Dovere| date =October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://apnews.com/article/obama-harris-trump-2024-election-d9874edf5ae646bf632dc463bcee3625| title =Obama urges Black men to show up for Harris as he campaigns in critical Pennsylvania | publisher =Associated Press | date =October 11, 2024}}</ref> After Trump was declared the winner of the election on November 6, Obama and Michelle congratulated him and Vice President–elect [[JD Vance]] while praising the Harris campaign and calling on liberal voters to continue supporting democracy and human rights.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/obamas-congratulate-trump-keep-fighting-democracy-1235155595/| title = Obamas Call on Americans to 'Keep Building' a Country That's 'More Equal and More Free'| publisher = Rolling Stone | date =November 6, 2024}}</ref>

Obama attended the [[second inauguration of Donald Trump]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCreesh |first=Shawn |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Packed In for Trump's Indoor Inauguration, Awkwardness Abounds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/20/us/politics/trumps-indoor-inauguration.html |access-date=June 22, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In February 2026, after [[Social media use by Donald Trump#Truth Social|Trump posted a racist meme of him and his wife]], he decried the post, criticized the lack of decorum and the conduct of the [[United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marquez |first=Alexandra |date=15 February 2026 |title=Obama derides social media 'clown show' in first comments since Trump's racist video post |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/barack-obama-social-media-clown-show-trump-racist-video-rcna259144 |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

==Cultural and political image==
{{Main|Public image of Barack Obama}}

{{See also|International media reaction to the 2008 United States presidential election}}
{{New Democrats|people}}

Obama's family history, upbringing, and [[Ivy League]] education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who rose to prominence in the 1960s through their involvement in the civil rights movement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wallace-Wells |first=Benjamin |title=The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama? |date=November 2004 |work=Washington Monthly |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153556/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html |archive-date=May 13, 2008 |url-status=dead }} See also: {{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line |date=December 28, 2007 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php |archive-date=January 17, 2008 }}</ref> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the [[National Association of Black Journalists]] that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<ref>{{cite news |first = Les |last = Payne |title = In One Country, a Dual Audience |format = paid archive |date = August 19, 2007 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |work = Newsday |place = New York |access-date = April 7, 2008 |archive-date = September 15, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080915033412/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead }}</ref> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, remarking: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<ref>{{cite news |first = Mike |last = Dorning |title = Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK |format = paid archive |date = October 4, 2007 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning |work = Chicago Tribune |access-date = April 7, 2008 |archive-date = June 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150439/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning |url-status = dead }} See also: {{cite news |first = Toby |last = Harnden |title = Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide |date = October 15, 2007 |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir-says-Kennedy-aide.html |url-access = subscription |work = The Daily Telegraph |place = London |access-date = April 7, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515071852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html |archive-date = May 15, 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref> Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.<ref name="exceptional orator" /> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly video addresses on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov |title = ChangeDotGov's Channel |via = YouTube |access-date = April 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220004338/http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov|archive-date=February 20, 2010 }}</ref> Obama was known to avoid rigid political labels, but he described himself as a [[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrat]] and began to shift the New Democrat ideological faction from its more firmly centrist and [[Fiscal conservatism|fiscally conservative]] [[Clintonism]] toward increased openness to [[Modern liberalism in the United States|social liberal]] policy influences.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Packer |first1=George |title=The New Liberalism |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |quote=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt’s]] answer to his interviewer reflected a belief that the Presidency has both a political role and a philosophical role. Obama, using the language of the modern age, has reflected Roosevelt’s belief: there is the “post-partisan” Obama and the “progressive” Obama. Some tension exists between these two approaches...|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/11/17/the-new-liberalism |access-date=December 14, 2025 |date=November 8, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Jonathan |last2=Lee |first2=Carol |title=Obama: 'I am a New Democrat' |website=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/obama-i-am-a-new-democrat-019862 |access-date=December 14, 2025 |date=March 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Drum |first1=Kevin |title=Obama Is the Most Liberal President Since LBJ—But That Doesn't Really Mean Much |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |url=https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2015/01/obama-most-liberal-president-since-lbj |access-date=December 14, 2025 |date=January 7, 2015}}</ref>

=== Job approval ===
[[File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Barack Obama.svg|thumb|275px|Graph of Obama's approval ratings per Gallup|alt=refer to adjacent text]]

According to the [[Gallup Organization]], Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent [[approval rating]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx |title = Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval |publisher = Gallup |first1= Lydia |last1=Saad |date = January 24, 2009 |access-date = June 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616021142/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/Obama-Starts-Job-Approval.aspx |archive-date = June 16, 2011 }}</ref> the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M. |date=January 22, 2009 |title=What History Foretells for Obama's First Job Approval Rating |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/113923/History-Foretells-Obama-First-Job-Approval-Rating.aspx |access-date=March 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref> His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M. |date=November 20, 2009 |title=Obama Job Approval Down to 49% |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/122627/Obama-Job-Approval-Down-49.aspx |access-date=March 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref> and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1 |first1=David |last1=Jackson |title = Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll—41% |work = USA Today |date = April 15, 2011 |access-date = June 19, 2011 }}</ref> a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.<ref>{{cite web |first = Jon |last = Terbush |url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php |title = Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents |publisher = TPMDC |date = December 9, 2010 |access-date = June 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704203654/http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php |archive-date= July 4, 2011 }}</ref> Following the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] on May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s.<ref name="Obamapolling">{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/113980/Gallup-Daily-Obama-Job-Approval.aspx |title = Gallup Daily: Obama Job Approval |date = January 22, 2015 |access-date = March 23, 2015 |website = Gallup Polling }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Oliphant |first = James |date = May 11, 2011 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-may-11-la-pn-obama-bounce-20110511-story.html |title = Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date = June 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1 = Balz |first1 = Dan |last2 = Cohen |first2 = John |date = June 6, 2011 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders/2011/06/06/AGT5wiKH_story.html |url-access=subscription |title = Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders |newspaper = The Washington Post |publisher = Nash Holdings LLC |access-date = June 7, 2011 }}</ref>

His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Jones |first1 = Jeffrey M. |date = October 21, 2011 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/150230/obama-job-approval-average-slides-new-low-11th-quarter.aspx |title = Obama Job Approval Average Slides to New Low in 11th Quarter |work = Gallup Inc. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115131117/https://news.gallup.com/poll/150230/Obama-Job-Approval-Average-Slides-New-Low-11th-Quarter.aspx |archive-date= January 15, 2024 }}</ref> before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saad |first=Lydia |date=September 27, 2012 |title=Obama Approval, Vote Support Both Reach 50% or Better |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/157709/obama-approval-vote-support-reach-better.aspx |access-date=March 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref> After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percent<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/124922/Presidential-Job-Approval-Center.aspx |title = Presidential Job Approval Center |publisher = Gallup |access-date = June 23, 2015 |archive-date = July 2, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150702081744/http://www.gallup.com/poll/124922/presidential-job-approval-center.aspx |url-status = dead }}</ref> before declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.<ref name="Obamapolling"/> In polling conducted before the [[2014 midterm elections]], Obama's approval ratings were at their lowest<ref>{{Cite web |last=Topaz |first=Jonathan |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Poll: Obama hits lowest approval |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/poll-obama-approval-rating-111902 |access-date=March 18, 2025 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Scott |date=November 3, 2014 |title=Obama's Low Approval Rating Casts Shadow Over Democratic Races |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2014/11/03/361060049/obamas-low-approval-rating-casts-shadow-over-democratic-races |access-date=March 18, 2025 |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref> with his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.<ref name="Obamapolling"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/poll-obama-lowest-approval-rating-nbc-wsj-107978 |title = NBC/WSJ poll: Obama low point |date = June 18, 2014 |access-date = July 25, 2023 |last1=Topaz |first1=Jonathan |website = Politico }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/27/politics/cnn-poll-angry-voters/index.html |title = Voters are angry |date = October 28, 2014 |access-date = July 25, 2023 |last1=Preston |first1=Mark |website = CNN }}</ref> His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.<ref name="Obamapolling"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/181490/obama-approval-ratings-historically-polarized.aspx |title = Obama Approval Ratings Still Historically Polarized |date = February 6, 2015 |access-date = July 31, 2023 |last1=Jones |first1=Jeffrey M. |website = Gallup Inc. }}</ref> According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.<ref name="Obamapolling"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/189872/obama-job-approval-highest-level-may-2013.aspx?g_source=Obama%20Job%20Approval&g_medium=search&g_campaign=tiles |title = Obama's Job Approval at Highest Level Since May 2013 |date = March 10, 2016 |access-date = July 25, 2023 |last1=Dugan |first1=Andrew |last2=Newport |first2=Frank |website = Gallup Polling }}</ref> In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par with [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s.<ref>{{cite news |date = October 28, 2022 |url=https://www.pilotonline.com/2022/10/28/barack-obama-gets-a-midterm-do-over-to-help-boost-democrats/ |title = Barack Obama gets a midterm do-over to help boost Democrats |agency = Associated Press |publisher = [[The Virginia Pilot]] |access-date = July 24, 2023 }}</ref>

Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.<ref>{{cite news |date =June 19, 2017 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/212633/george-bush-barack-obama-popular-retirement.aspx |title = George W. Bush and Barack Obama Both Popular in Retirement |work = [[Gallup Inc.]] |last = Saad |first = Lydia |access-date = July 31, 2023 }}</ref> In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II.<ref name="Jones2018">{{cite news |date =February 15, 2018 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx |title = Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63% |work = [[Gallup Inc.]] |last = Jones |first = Jeffrey M.| access-date = July 31, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date =July 17, 2023 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/508625/retrospective-approval-jfk-rises-trump.aspx |title = Retrospective Approval of JFK Rises to 90%; Trump at 46% |work = [[Gallup Inc.]] |last = Jones |first = Jeffrey M.| access-date = July 31, 2023 }}</ref>

===Foreign perceptions===
Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912225144/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 12, 2008 |title = World wants Obama as president: poll |agency = Reuters |date = September 9, 2008 |work = [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wike|first1=Richard|last2=Poushter|first2=Jacob|last3=Zainulbhai|first3=Hani|title=As Obama Years Draw to Close, President and U.S. Seen Favorably in Europe and Asia|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/06/29/as-obama-years-draw-to-close-president-and-u-s-seen-favorably-in-europe-and-asia/|website=Global Attitudes & Trends|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=February 23, 2017|date=June 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wan|first1=William|last2=Clement|first2=Scott|date=November 18, 2016|title=Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html|access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref> In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by [[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris Interactive]] for [[France 24]] and the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927104642/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title = Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected |last = Freed |first = John C. |date = February 6, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = January 22, 2012 }}</ref> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601104537/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html |archive-date=June 1, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title = Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds |date = May 29, 2009 |work = The New York Times |access-date = January 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama remains a popular symbol of hope |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders |date = June 2, 2009 |publisher = [[France 24]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders |archive-date = May 13, 2011 |access-date = January 22, 2012 }}</ref>

On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] announced that Obama had won the [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize]] "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples",<ref name="nobel peace prize2">{{cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010170600/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009 |access-date=October 9, 2009 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philp |first=Catherine |date=October 10, 2009 |title=Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/barack-obamas-peace-prize-starts-a-fight-nltk0qdq65d |access-date=December 15, 2021 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Otterman |first=Sharon |date=October 9, 2009 |title=World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor |access-date=October 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 9, 2009 |title=Obama Peace Prize win has Americans asking why? |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true |access-date=October 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 9, 2009 |title=Obama: Nobel Peace Prize 'a call to action'—Politics—White House |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/33237202 |access-date=September 13, 2014}}</ref> He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 9, 2009 |title=Obama's win unique among presidents |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/09/us.nobel.presidents/}}</ref> He himself called it a "call to action" and remarked: "I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0950532/|title=Obama says Nobel Peace Prize is 'call to action'|publisher=Reuters|date=October 10, 2009|author1=Matt Spetalnick|author2=Wojciech Moskwa
}}</ref>

==Legacy and recognition==
Obama has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.<ref name="Stirland2008">{{cite magazine |last1=Stirland |first1=Sarah Lai |date=November 30, 2008|title=The Obama Campaign: A Great Campaign, or the Greatest? |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/11/the-obama-campa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211041825/https://www.wired.com/2008/11/the-obama-campa/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |magazine=Wired}}</ref><ref name="Gallo2012">{{cite web |title=Barack Obama: A Master Class in Public Speaking &#91;Video&#93; |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2012/11/20/barack-obama-a-master-class-in-public-speaking/?sh=442e86c7727f |website=[[Forbes]]|first=Carmine |last=Gallo }}</ref><ref name="Entrepenuer2016">{{cite web |last1=Raza |first1=Ahmad |date=September 13, 2016 |title=3 Moments Where President Obama Earned the Title of Great Communicator |work=Entrepreneur |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/growing-a-business/3-moments-where-president-obama-earned-the-title-of-great/280400}}</ref> Historian [[Julian Zelizer]] credits Obama with "a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals." Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended the [[Great Recession in the United States|Great Recession]] and the [[Dodd-Frank]] financial and consumer protection reforms, as well as the [[Affordable Care Act]]. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama "turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder." Zeitzer calls this the "defining paradox of Obama's presidency".<ref name="ZelizerObamaBookChap1">{{cite book |chapter=Policy Revolution without a Political Transformation |last=Zelizer |first=Julian E. |title=The Presidency of Barack Obama: a First Historical Assessment |editor-last=Zelizer |editor-first=Julian |pages=1–10 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-691-16028-3 |author-link=Julian E. Zelizer}}</ref>

The [[Brookings Institution]] noted that Obama passed "only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions."<ref>{{cite web |last=Kamarck |first=Elaine |date=April 6, 2018 |title=The fragile legacy of Barack Obama |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/04/06/the-fragile-legacy-of-barack-obama/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406205333/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/04/06/the-fragile-legacy-of-barack-obama/ |archive-date=April 6, 2018 |access-date=October 30, 2021 |website=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings]] |language=en-US}}</ref> David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short "in areas many Progressives hold dear", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of "a disappointingly conventional president".<ref>{{Cite web |last=W. Wise |first=David |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Obama's legacy is as a disappointingly conventional president |work=USAPP |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2019/04/30/obamas-legacy-is-as-a-disappointingly-conventional-president/ |access-date=November 4, 2022}}</ref>

Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a "skinny repeal", have thus far failed.<ref name="legacy">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/obama-legacy-recovery-recession-affordable-care-act-44927003 |title=Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act|date=January 20, 2017|work=ABC News|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.<ref name="Eibner2018">{{Cite report |title=The Effect of Eliminating the Individual Mandate Penalty and the Role of Behavioral Factors|year=2018|work=[[Commonwealth Fund]]|doi=10.26099/SWQZ-5G92 |doi-access=free |last1=Eibner|first1=Christine|last2=Nowak|first2=Sarah}}</ref> Together with the [[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act]] amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and Medicaid in 1965.<ref name="Oberlander2010">{{cite journal|last1=Oberlander|first1=Jonathan|title=Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed|journal=Health Affairs|date=June 1, 2010|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1112–1116|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447|pmid=20530339|issn=0278-2715|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Blumenthal2015">{{cite journal |last1=Blumenthal|first1=David|last2=Abrams|first2=Melinda|last3=Nuzum|first3=Rachel|s2cid=28486139|title=The Affordable Care Act at 5 Years |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=June 18, 2015 | volume=372 |issue=25 |pages=2451–2458|doi=10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614|pmid=25946142| issn=0028-4793|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="CohenEtAl">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Alan B.|last2=Colby|first2=David C.|last3=Wailoo|first3=Keith A.|last4=Zelizer|first4=Julian E. | title=Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care|date=June 1, 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-023156-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9DGBwAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref name="NYTsigning">{{cite news|last1=Stolberg|first1=Sheryl Gay|last2=Pear|first2=Robert | title=Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul into Law|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html| work=The New York Times|date=March 23, 2010}}</ref>

Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened [[Depression (economics)|depression]] and pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.<ref name="legacy" /> According to the [[U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics]], the [[Obama administration]] created 11.3&nbsp;million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=Heather|title=Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/ |work=CNN|date=January 6, 2017}}</ref> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to the [[2008 financial crisis]], it brought the most significant changes to [[financial regulation]] in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the [[Great Depression]] under Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Learish |first=Jessica |date=January 6, 2017 |title=Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barack-obama-legacy/12/ |access-date=March 15, 2017 |work=CBS News}}</ref>

In 2009, Obama signed into law the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010]], which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expanded [[Hate crime laws in the United States|existing federal hate crime laws in the United States]], and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bowman |first=Quinn |date=October 28, 2009 |title=Obama Signs Measure to Widen Hate Crimes Law |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/politics-july-dec09-hatecrime_10-28 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref>

As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<ref>{{cite news |last=Crary |first=David |date=January 4, 2017 |url=https://apnews.com/b94c8697ab2148199ca3d1b6137a9c20/lgbt-activists-view-obama-staunch-champion-their-cause |title=LGBT activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause |work=Associated Press }}</ref> In 2010, he signed the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act]], which brought an end to "don't ask, don't tell" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from [[LGBT]] people; the law went into effect the following year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bumiller |first=Elisabeth |date=July 22, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723235727/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Policy |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban on [[transgender]] people serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pentagon Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484192442/pentagon-says-transgender-troops-can-now-serve-openly|date=June 30, 2016|last=Kennedy|first=Kennedy|work=The Two-Way|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref name=TransBan1 /> A [[Gallup poll]], taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Smith |first2=Frank |last2=Newport |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/201683/americans-assess-progress-obama.aspx |title=Americans Assess Progress Under Obama |publisher=The Gallup Organization |date=January 9, 2017 }}</ref>

Obama substantially escalated the use of [[drone strikes]] against suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and the [[Taliban]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Zenko|first=Micah |date=January 12, 2016 |title= Obama's Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/12/reflecting-on-obamas-presidency/obamas-embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-a-lasting-legacy|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date= March 2, 2019}}</ref> In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grandin|first=Greg |date=January 15, 2017 |title= Why Did the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year?|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/why-did-the-us-dropped-26171-bombs-on-the-world-last-year/tnamp/|work=[[The Nation]] |author-link=Greg Grandin|access-date= January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Agerholm|first=Harriet |date=January 19, 2017 |title=Map shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-president-barack-obama-bomb-map-drone-wars-strikes-20000-pakistan-middle-east-afghanistan-a7534851.html|work=The Independent |access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref> Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops in [[Afghanistan]], 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parsons|first1=Christi|last2=Hennigan|first2=W. J.|title=President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war|url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/ |work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>

According to [[Pew Research Center]] and [[United States Bureau of Justice Statistics]], from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody of any president since [[Jimmy Carter]]. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gramlich|first1=John|title=Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/ |publisher=Pew Research Center|date=January 5, 2017}}</ref>

[[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) called Obama's human rights record "mixed", adding that "he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed."<ref name="Roth2017" />

Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/ |first=Allen |last=Cone |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Obama leaving office at 60 percent approval rating|work=United Press International|access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/obama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll/index.html|title=Obama approval hits 60 percent as end of term approaches|last=Agiesta |date=January 18, 2017 |first=Jennifer |access-date=February 26, 2017|work=CNN}}</ref> He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2015/02/13/measuring-obama-against-the-great-presidents/|title=Measuring Obama against the great presidents|last1= Rottinghaus|first1=Brandon|last2=Vaughn|first2=Justin S.|date=February 13, 2015|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref> In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating.<ref name="Jones2018" />

===Presidential library===
{{Main|Barack Obama Presidential Center}}

The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned [[Presidential library system|presidential library]]. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located in [[Jackson Park (Chicago)|Jackson Park]] on the South Side of Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.obama.org/the-center/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824184224/https://www.obama.org/the-center/ |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |title=The Obama Presidential Center |publisher=Barack Obama Foundation |access-date=October 10, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Awards and honors ===
{{Main|List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama}}

Obama received the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]'s [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2009, [[USC Shoah Foundation|The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Award]] in 2014, the [[John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award]] in 2017, and the [[Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights|Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Award]] in 2018. He was named [[Time (magazine)|''TIME'' Magazine]]'s [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' Person of the Year]] in 2008 and 2012. He also received two [[Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording|Grammy Awards for Best Spoken Word Album]] for ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'' (2006), and ''[[The Audacity of Hope]]'' (2008) as well as three [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator|Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Narrator]] for ''[[Our Great National Parks]]'' (2022), ''[[Working: What We Do All Day]]'' (2023), and ''[[Our Oceans]]'' (2025). He also won two [[Children's and Family Emmy Awards]]. In 2024 he became the first and so far only President from the [[Democratic Party of the United States|Democratic Party]] to win the [[Sylvanus Thayer Award]].

===Eponymy===
{{Main|List of things named after Barack Obama}}

==Bibliography==
{{Main|Bibliography of Barack Obama}}

{{refbegin}}

===Books===
* {{Cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |year=1995 |title=[[Dreams from My Father]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Times Books]] |isbn=978-0-8129-2343-8 |ref=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |author-mask=7 |year=2006 |title=[[The Audacity of Hope]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-307-23769-9 |ref=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |author-mask=7 |year=2010 |title=[[Of Thee I Sing (book)|Of Thee I Sing]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |isbn=978-0-375-83527-8 |ref=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |author-mask=7 |year=2020 |title=[[A Promised Land]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-1-5247-6316-9 |ref=no}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Former President Barack Obama's third book starts shipping today|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/shopping/books/barack-obama-book-promised-land-n1246845|first=Sydney|last= Williams|date=November 17, 2020|access-date=September 22, 2021|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref>

===Audiobooks===
* 2006: ''The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream'' (read by the author), [[Random House Audio]], {{ISBN|978-0-7393-6641-7}}
* 2020: ''A Promised Land'' (read by the author)

===Articles===
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|date=1988|title=Why organize? Problems in the inner city|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1988/ii880840.html|journal=Illinois Issues|volume=XIV|issue=8 & 9|pages=40–42|issn=0738-9663|ref=no|archive-date=April 21, 2021|access-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421193737/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1988/ii880840.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=1990|title=Tort Law. Prenatal Injuries. Supreme Court of Illinois Refuses to Recognize Cause of Action Brought by Fetus Against Its Mother for Unintentional Infliction of Prenatal Injuries. ''Stallman v. Youngquist'', 125 Ill. 2d 267, 531 N. E.2d 355 (1988)|journal=[[Harvard Law Review]]|volume=103|issue=3|pages=823–828|jstor=1341352|doi=10.2307/1341352|ref=no}} Uncredited case comment.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ressner|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Smith|first2=Ben|date=August 22, 2008|title=Exclusive: Obama's Lost Law Review Article |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/08/exclusive-obamas-lost-law-review-article-012705|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208150320/https://www.politico.com/story/2008/08/exclusive-obamas-lost-law-review-article-012705|archive-date=February 8, 2021|access-date=February 20, 2021|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref>
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2005|title=Bound to the Word|url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/bound-to-the-word/|journal=[[American Libraries]]|volume=36|issue=7|pages=48–52|jstor=25649652|ref=no}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Obama|first1=Barack|author-mask=7|date=May 25, 2006|title=Making Patient Safety the Centerpiece of Medical Liability Reform|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=354|issue=21|pages=2205–2208|doi=10.1056/NEJMp068100|last2=Clinton|first2=Hillary|pmid=16723612|author-link2=Hillary Clinton|ref=no}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2007|title=Renewing American Leadership|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-07-01/renewing-american-leadership|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=86|pages=2–16|jstor=20032411|issue=4|ref=no}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2008|title=A More Perfect Union|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431|journal=[[The Black Scholar]]|volume=38|pages=17–23|doi=10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431|jstor=41069296|issue=1|s2cid=219318643|ref=no|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2009|title=What Science Can Do|url=https://issues.org/obama/|journal=[[Issues in Science and Technology]]|volume=25|pages=23–30|jstor=43314908|issue=4|ref=no}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=2009|title=A New Beginning|journal=Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften |volume=7|pages=173–186|jstor=26165626|issue=2|doi=10.5771/1610-7780-2009-2-173|doi-access=free|ref=no}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=August 2, 2016|title=United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|volume=130|issue=5|pages=811–866|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9797 |doi-access=free |pmid=27400401|pmc=5069435|ref=no}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=January 5, 2017|title=The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform|url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/811-866-Online-Rev-vf.pdf|journal=[[Harvard Law Review]]|volume=130|issue=3|pages=811–866|jstor=44865604|ref=no}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=January 13, 2017|title=The Irreversible Momentum of Clean Energy|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=355|issue=6321|pages=126–129|doi=10.1126/science.aam6284|pmid=28069665|bibcode=2017Sci...355..126O|s2cid=30991274|doi-access=free|ref=no}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-mask=7|date=May 2017|title=Repealing the ACA Without a Replacement—the Risks to American Health Care|journal=[[Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey]]|volume=72|issue=5|pages=263–264|doi=10.1097/OGX.0000000000000447|s2cid=80088566|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493&context=publichealthresources|ref=no|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|United States|Hawaii|Chicago|Illinois|Law|Politics|2000s|2010s}}

===Politics===
* {{anl|DREAM Act}}
* {{anl|Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009}}
* {{anl|Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986}}
* {{anl|IRS targeting controversy}}
* [[Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012]]
* {{anl|National Broadband Plan (United States)}}
* {{anl|Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy}}
* [[Social policy of the Barack Obama administration]]
* {{anl|SPEECH Act}}
* [[Stay with It]]
* {{anl|White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy}}

===Other===
* [[African-American presidents of the United States in popular culture]]
* [[Barack Obama "Hope" poster]]
* [[Barack Obama "Joker" poster]]
* {{anl|Roberts Court}}
* [[Speeches of Barack Obama]]
* [[Timeline of African-American firsts]]

===Lists===
* [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]]
* [[African heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[African-American candidates for President of the United States]]
* [[List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates]]
* [[List of African-American United States senators]]
* [[List of African-American United States Senate candidates]]
* [[List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements]]
* [[List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements]]
* [[Political scandals during the Obama administration|List of federal political scandals, 2009–17]]
* [[List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama]]
* [[List of presidents of the United States]]
* [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience]]
* [[List of things named after Barack Obama]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="birth-certificate">{{cite web |date = April 27, 2011 |title = Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |access-date = March 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |via = [[NARA|National Archives]] |work = [[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date = March 3, 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="Christian">{{cite web |year=2009 |title=American President: Barack Obama |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |access-date=January 23, 2009 |quote=Religion: Christian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=The Truth about Barack's Faith |publisher=Obama for America |url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf |access-date=July 1, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf }}
* {{cite news |last=Miller |first=Lisa |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Finding his faith |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |access-date=February 4, 2010 |quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |archive-date=February 6, 2010 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Barakat |first=Matthew |agency=Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757 |access-date=January 20, 2009 |quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. }}
* {{cite web |date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |access-date=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |archive-date=January 25, 2009 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Amy |date=June 29, 2009 |title=The Obama's find a church home—away from home |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |access-date=February 5, 2010 |quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David. |archive-date=April 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404153523/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Kornblut |first=Anne E. |date=February 4, 2010 |title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A6 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html |access-date=February 5, 2010 |quote=Obama prays privately{{spaces}}... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there. }}</ref>
<ref name="Occidental">{{cite news|last=Gordon |first=Larry |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B1 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-29-me-oxy29-story.html |access-date=May 12, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |archive-date=May 24, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last=Possley |first=Maurice |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Activism blossomed in college |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=20 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story |access-date=May 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story |archive-date=October 9, 2010 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|last=Kovaleski |first=Serge F. |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211095352/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archive-date=February 11, 2008 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last=Rohter |first=Larry |date=April 10, 2008 |title=Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411041927/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html |archive-date=April 11, 2008 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last1= Goldman |first1= Adam |first2=Robert |last2=Tanner |agency=Associated Press |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last=Helman |first=Scott |date=August 25, 2008 |title=Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive) |newspaper=The Boston Globe |page=1A |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news|last=Jackson |first=Brooks |date=June 5, 2009 |title=More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip |publisher=FactCheck.org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip |access-date=May 12, 2010 }}
* {{harvnb|Remnick|2010|pp=98–112}}
* {{harvnb|Obama|2004|pp=92–112}}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=55–62}}</ref>
<ref name="Juris Doctor">{{cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/ |title=Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees |date=November 6, 2008 |website=news.harvard.edu |access-date=October 23, 2017}} {{cite news |last = Adams |first = Richard |date = May 9, 2007 |title = Barack Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |place = London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |access-date = October 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |archive-date = October 13, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Fellow">{{cite magazine |last = Merriner |first = James L. |date = June 2008 |title = The friends of O |magazine = Chicago |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |pages = 74–79, 97–99 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1 |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |author1-link= Jason Zengerle |last = Zengerle |first = Jason |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama |magazine = The New Republic |volume = 239 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–8 |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&p=1 |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last = Kantor |first = Jodi |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last = Gray |first = Steven |date = September 10, 2008 |title = Taking professor Obama's class |magazine = Time |url = http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html |access-date = January 30, 2010 |archive-date = May 12, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090512195322/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite news |last = Starr |first = Alexandra |date = September 21, 2008 |title = Case study |magazine = The New York Times Magazine |page = 76 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html |access-date = January 30, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last = Hundley |first = Tom |date = March 22, 2009 |title = Ivory tower of power |magazine = Chicago Tribune Magazine |page = 6 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law |access-date = January 30, 2010 |archive-date = April 13, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100413214507/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law |url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Forty">{{cite book |editor = White, Jesse |year = 2000 |title = Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed |page = 83 |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Illinois Secretary of State |url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html |archive-date = April 16, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf |oclc = 43923973 |access-date = June 6, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = Jarrett |first = Vernon |date = August 11, 1992 |title = 'Project Vote' brings power to the people |work = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 23 |format = paid archive |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = June 6, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = Reynolds |first = Gretchen |date = January 1993 |title = Vote of confidence |work = Chicago Magazine |volume = 42 |issue = 1 |pages = 53–54 |issn = 0362-4595 |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |access-date = June 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |archive-date = May 14, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last = Anderson |first = Veronica |date = October 3, 1993 |title = 40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote |newspaper = Crain's Chicago Business |volume = 16 |issue = 39 |page = 43 |issn = 0149-6956 }}</ref>
<ref name="DavisMiner">{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Mike |agency=Associated Press |date=February 20, 2007 |title=Obama got start in civil rights practice |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice |access-date=June 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Pallasch |first=Abdon M. |date=December 17, 2007 |title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=4 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite news |last=Morain |first=Dan |date=April 6, 2008 |title=Obama's law days effective but brief |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A14 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-06-na-obamalegal6-story.html |access-date=February 14, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |date=June 27, 1993 |title=Document |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=9 (Business) |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date=June 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190346/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/283584889.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=&author=&pub=&edition=&startpage=&desc= |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite news |date=July 5, 1993 |title=Business appointments |newspaper=Chicago-Sun-Times |page=40 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite news |last=Ripley |first=Amanda |date=November 3, 2004 |title=Obama's ascent |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html |access-date=February 13, 2010 |archive-date=August 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811203732/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |year=2008 |title=About us |url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |publisher=Miner, Barnhill & Galland—Chicago, Illinois |access-date=June 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |archive-date=July 20, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Reardon |first=Patrick T. |date=June 25, 2008 |title=Obama's Chicago |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Tempo) |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory |access-date=February 13, 2010 }}
* {{harvnb|Obama|2004|pp=438–439}}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=104–106}}</ref>
<ref name="Democratic primary">{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |title=Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results—Illinois |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |access-date=April 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |archive-date=March 28, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |title=Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid |last=Gonyea |first=Dan |date=September 19, 2007 |publisher=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |archive-date=February 18, 2011 }}
* {{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama |date=September 9, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|first=Edward |last=McClelland |title=How Obama Learned to Be a Natural |date=February 12, 2007 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |work=Salon |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |archive-date=March 8, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|first1=Richard |last1=Wolffe |last2=Briscoe |first2=Daren |title=Across the Divide |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |access-date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |archive-date=April 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb |date=October 12, 2007 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=April 20, 2008 }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm |title=Obama learned from failed Congress run |work=USA Today |last=Wills |first=Christopher |date=October 24, 2007 |access-date=November 15, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rose Garden">{{cite web |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = October 2, 2002 |title = President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution |url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html |via = [[NARA|National Archives]] |work = [[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date = February 18, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = Tackett |first = Michael |date = October 3, 2002 |title = Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date = February 3, 2008 |archive-date = July 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130726235124/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="Federal Plaza">{{cite news |last = Glauber |first = Bill |date = October 3, 2003 |title = War protesters gentler, but passion still burns |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |access-date = February 3, 2008 |archive-date = June 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150444/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead }}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite news |last = Strausberg |first = Chinta |date = October 3, 2002 |title = War with Iraq undermines U.N |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html |quote = Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday. |access-date = October 28, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091014211715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html |archive-date = October 14, 2009 |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web |last = Katz |first = Marilyn |date = October 2, 2007 |title = Five years since our first action |publisher = Chicagoans Against War & Injustice |url = http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |access-date = February 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |archive-date = July 21, 2011 }}
* {{cite news |last1 = Bryant |first1 = Greg |last2 = Vaughn |first2 = Jane B. |date = October 3, 2002 |title = 300 attend rally against Iraq war |newspaper = Daily Herald |page = 8 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=172–177}}</ref>
<ref name="spoke out">{{cite web |last = Obama |first = Barack |date = October 2, 2002 |title = Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq |url = http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archive-date = January 30, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama |access-date = February 3, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last = McCormick |first = John |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in an effort to distinguish him from his rivals |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 7 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |quote = The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion. |access-date = October 28, 2008 |archive-date = December 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218011609/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status = dead }}{{Subscription required}}
* {{cite news |last = Pallasch |first = Abdon M. |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 26 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="stop the war">{{cite news |last = Ritter |first = Jim |date = March 17, 2003 |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 3 |title = Anti-war rally here draws thousands |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |access-date = February 3, 2008 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite press release |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = March 16, 2003 |title = President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html |via = [[NARA|National Archives]] |work = [[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date = February 18, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="future">{{cite news |last = Mendell |first = David |date = March 17, 2004 |title = Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites |access-date = March 1, 2009 |archive-date = September 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100906201017/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite news |last = Davey |first = Monica |date = March 18, 2004 |title = As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090506195833/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html |archive-date = May 6, 2009 |url-access = limited |url-status = live |access-date = March 1, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Howlett |first = Debbie |date = March 19, 2004 |title = Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate |newspaper = USA Today |page = A04 |url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm |access-date = March 1, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Scheiber |first = Noam |date = May 31, 2004 |title = Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign |magazine = The New Republic |volume = 230 |issue = 20 |pages = 21–22, 24–26 (cover story) |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0 |access-date = March 24, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Finnegan |first = William |date = May 31, 2004 |title = The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go? |magazine = [[The New Yorker]] |volume = 20 |issue = 14 |pages = 32–38 |url = https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all |access-date = March 24, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Dionne |first = E.J. Jr. |date = June 25, 2004 |title = In Illinois, a star prepares |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A29 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html |access-date = March 24, 2009 }}
* {{cite news |last = Scott |first = Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html |access-date = January 9, 2010 }}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=235–259}}</ref>
<ref name="status">{{cite news |date=August 2, 2004 |title=Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights |work=Newsweek |pages=48–51 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |access-date=November 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Terence |date=August 2, 2004 |title=A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats |work=U.S. News & World Report |page=25 |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |access-date=November 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |date=September 2004 |title=Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry? |work=The Atlantic Monthly |pages=30, 33 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza |access-date=November 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Davey |first=Monica |date=July 26, 2004 |title=A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507095649/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |access-date=November 25, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |last=Leibovich |first=Mark |date=July 27, 2004 |title=The other man of the hour |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=C1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html |access-date=November 15, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last=Milligan |first=Susan |date=July 27, 2004 |title=In Obama, Democrats see their future |work=The Boston Globe |page=B8 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |access-date=November 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archive-date=June 24, 2006}}
* {{cite news |last=Broder |first=David S. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html |access-date=November 15, 2008}}
* {{cite news |last1=Bing |first1=Jonathan |last2=McClintock |first2=Pamela |date=July 29, 2004 |title=Auds resist charms of Dem stars |work=Variety |page=1 |url=https://variety.com/2004/biz/markets-festivals/auds-resist-charms-of-dem-stars-1117908388/ |access-date=November 15, 2008}}
* {{harvnb|Mendell|2007|pp=272–285}}</ref>
<ref name="margin">{{cite news |year = 2005 |title = America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois |publisher = CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |access-date = April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |archive-date = April 16, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last = Slevin |first = Peter |date = November 13, 2007 |title = For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html |access-date = April 13, 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last1 = Chase |first1 = John |last2 = Mendell |first2 = David |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama scores a record landslide |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url=http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |access-date = April 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513095857/http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |archive-date = May 13, 2011 }}
* {{cite news |last = Fornek |first = Scott |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 6 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html |access-date = April 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510061848/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html |archive-date = May 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{cite news |first = Tom |last = Curry |title = What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal |date = February 21, 2008 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/23276453 |work = NBC News |access-date = June 25, 2008 }}
* {{cite news|url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ |title=Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007 |work=National Journal |date=January 31, 2008 |access-date=June 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627040734/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ |archive-date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
<ref name="transition period">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116 |title = Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois |access-date = March 10, 2009 |date = November 16, 2008 |work = [[Reuters]] |last = Mason |first = Jeff }}</ref>
* {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html |title=Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday |access-date=November 22, 2008 |date=November 13, 2008 |magazine=Time |last=Sidoti |first=Liz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122143031/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0%2C8599%2C1859020%2C00.html |archive-date=November 22, 2008 |url-status=dead}}
<ref name="nuclear terrorism">{{cite press release |title = Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved |date = December 20, 2007 |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |archive-date = December 18, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kenyan">{{cite news |first=Christina |last=Larson |title=Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |work=Washington Monthly |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |first=Chuck |last=Goudie |title=Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=3806933 |publisher=[[WLS-TV]] |location=Chicago |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103231711/http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=3806933 |archive-date=November 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |title=Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008 |publisher=News24 |location=Cape Town |access-date=April 27, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |first=Chris |last=Wamalwa |title=Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archive-date=October 10, 2007 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |access-date=April 27, 2008}}
* {{cite news |first1=Vincent |last1=Moracha |first2=Mangoa |last2=Mosota |title=Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims |date=September 4, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archive-date=October 7, 2007 |work=The Standard |location=Nairobi }}</ref>
<ref name="allocation">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html |title=The Five Mistakes Clinton Made |last=Tumulty |first = Karen |author-link=Karen Tumulty |magazine=Time |date=May 8, 2008 |access-date=November 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |title=The Long Road to a Clinton Exit |first1=Peter |last1=Baker |first2=Jim |last2=Rutenberg |work=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2008 |access-date=November 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |archive-date=December 9, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="acceptance">{{cite news |title = Obama accepts Democrat nomination |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |publisher= BBC News |date = August 29, 2008 |access-date = August 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |archive-date = August 28, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |title = Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics |work = The Christian Science Monitor |last = Marks |first = Alexandra |date = August 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |archive-date = March 14, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="small donations">{{cite news|first=Jim |last=Malone |title=Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination |date=July 2, 2007 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archive-date=September 14, 2007 |publisher=Voice of America }}
* {{cite news|first=Jeanne |last=Cummings |title=Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook |date=September 26, 2007 |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |work=Politico |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201140941/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |archive-date=February 1, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news|first=Emily |last=Cadei |title=Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising |date=February 21, 2008 |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |publisher=CQ Politics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |archive-date=June 13, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="presidential debates">{{cite press release |url=http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archive-date = July 6, 2008 |title = Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election |publisher = [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] |date = November 19, 2007 }}
* {{cite news |access-date = July 6, 2008 |url=http://www.courant.com/topic/ |title = Gun Ruling Reverberates |work = [[Hartford Courant]] |date = June 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705225819/http://www.courant.com/topic/ |archive-date = July 5, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="electoral votes">{{cite news |work = NBC News |access-date = February 20, 2009 |date = November 4, 2008 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/27531033 |title = Barack Obama elected 44th president |last = Johnson |first = Alex }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |title = CNN Electoral Map Calculator—Election Center 2008 |publisher = CNN |year = 2008 |access-date = December 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014309/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |archive-date = December 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="direct assistance">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |title = Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan |access-date = February 17, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220074825/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |archive-date = February 20, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="markets opened">{{cite news |title = U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets |date = March 23, 2009 |work = The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325043723/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |first1 = Edmund L. |last1 = Andrews |first2 = Eric |last2 = Dash |access-date = April 12, 2010 }}
* {{cite news |title = Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut |date = March 23, 2009 |work = Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE52H2FA20090323 }}</ref>
<ref name="preceding administration">{{cite news|title=Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy |url=http://www.canada.com/news/unveils+changes+foreign+policy/1265065/story.html |access-date=January 31, 2013 |first1=Ross |last1=Colvin |first2=Noah |last2=Barkin |publisher=Canada.com |location=Toronto |date=February 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106164443/http://www.canada.com/news/unveils%2Bchanges%2Bforeign%2Bpolicy/1265065/story.html |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news|first=Kim |last=Ghattas |title=Clinton's gaffes and gains on tour |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm |access-date=June 15, 2009 |work=BBC News |date=March 8, 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="middleeast">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/04/egypt.obama.speech |title = Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world |date = June 4, 2009 |publisher = CNN |access-date = January 30, 2011 }}</ref>
* {{cite news |first1 = Jeff |last1 = Zeleny |first2 = Alan |last2 = Cowell |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html |title = Addressing Muslims, Obama Pushes Mideast Peace |work = The New York Times |date = June 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331161401/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html|archive-date=March 31, 2011 }}
<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/11/AR2009051101864.html |title = Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired |date = May 12, 2009 |newspaper = The Washington Post }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-u-s-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-to-afghanistan |title = New U.S. Commander Brings Counterinsurgency Experience to Afghanistan |date = May 13, 2009 |publisher = Fox News |access-date = May 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216024227/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/ |archive-date = February 16, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="exceptional orator">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |title = Obama: Oratory and originality |last = Holmes |first = Stephanie |date = November 30, 2008 |access-date = December 11, 2008 |work = The Age |location = Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154747/http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |archive-date = December 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |title = How to Inspire People Like Obama Does |last = Gallo |first = Carmine |date = March 3, 2008 |access-date = February 21, 2009 |work = Bloomberg BusinessWeek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226003326/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |archive-date = February 26, 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |title = New emotion dubbed 'elevation' |date = December 11, 2008 |work = Toronto Star |access-date = December 11, 2008 |first = Diana |last = Zlomislic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193736/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |archive-date = December 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title = Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html |date = January 25, 2011 |first = Richard |last = Greene |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |access-date = July 2, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="in Jakarta">{{cite web |title = Obama's Indonesian Redux |url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |last = Zimmer |first = Benjamin |year = 2009 |access-date = March 12, 2009 |publisher = Language Log |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |archive-date = March 3, 2009 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |title = Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan |work = [[Kompas]] |date = November 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |archive-date = December 3, 2008 |language = id }}</ref>
<ref name="corruption charges">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html |title = Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = December 17, 2006 |access-date = June 10, 2008 |last = Slevin |first = Peter }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/24973282 |title = Rezko found guilty in corruption case |access-date = June 24, 2008 |date = June 4, 2008 |agency = Associated Press |publisher = NBC News |last = Robinson |first = Mike }}</ref>
<ref name="social change">{{harvnb|Obama|2006a|pp=202–208}} Portions excerpted in: {{cite news|first=Barack |last=Obama |title=My Spiritual Journey |date=October 16, 2006 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |title='Call to Renewal' Keynote Address |access-date=June 16, 2008 |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=June 28, 2006 |publisher=Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |archive-date=January 4, 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Trinity">{{cite news |last1 = Garrett |first1 = Major |last2 = Obama |first2 = Barack |date = March 14, 2008 |title = Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes' |publisher = RealClearPolitics |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html |access-date = November 10, 2012 |quote = Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs{{spaces}}... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then. }}
* {{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = April 29, 2008 |title = Obama strongly denounces former pastor |publisher = NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/24371827 |access-date = November 10, 2012 |quote = I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago. }}
* {{cite news |last = Miller |first = Lisa |date = July 11, 2008 |title = Finding his faith |work = Newsweek |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |access-date = November 10, 2012 |quote = He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |archive-date = July 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
* {{harvnb|Remnick|2010|p=177}}: "In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School."
* {{harvnb|Maraniss|2012|p=557}}: "It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987{{spaces}}... Jerry Kellman: 'He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah.'"
* {{Cite book |first=Baker |last=Peter |author-link=Peter Baker (author) |year=2017 |title=Obama: The Call of History |location=New York |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]/Callaway |isbn=978-0-935112-90-0 |oclc=1002264033}}</ref>
}}

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* {{cite book |last=Obama |first=Barack |year=2006a |title=The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream |title-link=The Audacity of Hope |location=New York |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-307-23769-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Remnick |first=David |year=2010 |title=The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama |place=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-1-4000-4360-6 |title-link=The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama}}
* {{cite book |last=Scott |first=Janny |year=2011 |title=A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother |title-link=A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother |location=New York |publisher=[[Riverhead Books]] |isbn=978-1-59448-797-2}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite news |last=De Zutter |first=Hank |date=December 8, 1995 |title=What Makes Obama Run? |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221 |newspaper=Chicago Reader |access-date=April 25, 2015 |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104012216/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Graff |first=Garrett M. |date=November 1, 2006 |title=The Legend of Barack Obama |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html |magazine=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] |access-date=January 14, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html |archive-date=February 14, 2008}}
* {{cite book |last=Koltun |first=Dave |editor-last1=Ahuja |editor-first1=Sunil |editor-last2=Dewhirst |editor-first2=Robert |year=2005 |title=The Road to Congress 2004 |chapter=The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political 'Star' |location=Hauppauge, New York |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-59454-360-9}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |date=September 2007 |title=Above the Fray |url=https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president |magazine=GQ |access-date=October 27, 2010 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514072641/http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite magazine |first=Larissa |last=MacFarquhar |date=May 7, 2007 |title=The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=January 14, 2008 |author-link=Larissa MacFarquhar}}
* {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Roy L. |title=[[Racial Justice in the Age of Obama]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |location=United States |pages=234 |isbn=978-0-691-14198-5 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last=McClelland |first=Edward |year=2010 |title=Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-60819-060-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl}}
* Parmar, Inderjeet, and Mark Ledwidge. [https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/12563/1/ "...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the US establishment, and foreign policy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627230342/https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/12563/1/ |date=June 27, 2023 }}. ''International Politics'' 54.3 (2017): 373–388.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=52010985}}
{{Sister project links|commons = y|n = y|q = y|s = y|d = y|wikt=no|v=no|b=no}}


===Official===
* {{Official website|https://www.obama.org/}} of The Obama Foundation
* {{Official website|https://www.obamalibrary.gov/}} of the Barack Obama Presidential Library
* {{Official website|https://www.ofa.us/}} of [[Organizing for Action]]
* [https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/president-obama White House biography]


===Other===
* [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama Column archive] at ''[[The Huffington Post]]''
* {{Twitter}}{{CongBio|O000167}}
* {{C-SPAN|55625}}
* {{NYT topic|people/o/barack_obama}}
* {{ChicagoTribuneKeyword}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=32943| name=Barack Obama}}
* {{Internet Archive author | name=Barack Obama}}
* {{Librivox author |id=11252}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [https://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/ Barack Obama] at [[Politifact]]

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Barack Obama

2026-03-19T02:04:02Z

DiannaGariepy5: Updated formatting and sections

Sonia Agarwal

2026-03-19T00:55:19Z

DiannaGariepy5: added references

{{Short description|Indian actress and model (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sonia Agarwal
| image = File:Sonia Agarwal.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|3|28}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| caption = Sonia Agarwal at audio launch
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|Model}}
| years_active = 2002{{endash}}2009 2011{{endash}}present
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Selvaraghavan]]|2006|2010|end=divorced}}
}}

'''Sonia Agarwal''' is an Indian actress known for her works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]] and a few [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. She is best known for her performances in films ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003), ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004) and ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006).<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/05/19/stories/2005051914340200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 May 2005 |title=Life Chennai : Success for Sonia Agarwal}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com1">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-nxg/sonia-agarwal-actor/article1566252.ece |title=Sonia Agarwal, actor |work=The Hindu |date=24 March 2011 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026083736/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-nxg/Sonia-Agarwal-actor/article14958805.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Born in [[Chandigarh]], Sonia's mother tongue is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. Sonia married [[Selvaraghavan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/photostory/34322092.cms |title=Heroines who fell for their directors |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=5 August 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106213011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/photostory/34322092.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> a director in [[Tamil cinema]], in December 2006. She gave up acting after her marriage and resumed her career after their divorce in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sonia-agarwal-gets-ready-to-work-with-her-ex-husband-selvaraghavan-for-pudhupettai-2/articleshow/107659815.cms#:~:text=Sonia%20Agarwal%20and%20Selvaraghavan%20then,husband%20for%20the%20first%20time.|title =Sonia Agarwal gets ready to work with her ex-husband Selvaraghavan for 'Pudhupettai 2'|work =The Times of India|date =13 February 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
During her school days, Sonia got an offer to act in a serial on [[Zee TV]]. She then made her film debut with a small role in the 2002 [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu film]], ''[[Nee Premakai]]'', after which she acted in a [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film]] ''[[Chandu (2002 film)|Chandu]]'' opposite [[Sudeep]].<ref name="Deccan Chronicle" /><ref name="Deccan Chronicle1" />
[[File:Madhu Shalini, Sonia Agarwal and Varalakshmi Sarathkumar at CCL3.jpg|thumb|Agarwal with Madhu Shalini and Varalakshmi Sarathkumar at CCL3.|239x239px]]

Agarwal's first Tamil film, ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' with [[Dhanush]], became a huge success and appreciation for her performance in the film brought her into the limelight and fetched her the [[ITFA Best New Actress Award]] at [[International Tamil Film Awards]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/bollywood_news.php?newsstory=31139767--0-latest-Suryah__Jothika_say_no_to_ITFA_awards_bollywood_news.html |title=Suryah jothika say no to itfa awards – Bollywood News |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102213400/http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/bollywood_news.php?newsstory=31139767--0-latest-Suryah__Jothika_say_no_to_ITFA_awards_bollywood_news.html |archive-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She acted alongside [[Silambarasan]] and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the films ''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]'' and ''[[Madhurey]]'', respectively. After appearing in the films ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' and ''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' in 2005, both of which failed to perform at the box office, she got roles in the films ''[[Thiruttu Payale]]'' and ''[[Pudhupettai]]''. The former, directed by [[Susi Ganesan]], became a highly successful film, whilst the latter, another Selvaraghavan film, received universal critical acclaim.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150613/entertainment-kollywood/article/it%E2%80%99s-tough-stop-laughing-when-vivekh-around-sonia-agarwal |title=It's tough to stop laughing when Vivekh is around: Sonia Agarwal |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224211152/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150613/entertainment-kollywood/article/it%E2%80%99s-tough-stop-laughing-when-vivekh-around-sonia-agarwal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Deccan Chronicle1">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150624/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-took-dr-kalam%E2%80%99s-advice-and-returned-part-time-cinema-vivekh |title=I took Dr Kalam's advice and returned part-time to cinema: Vivekh |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220003555/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150624/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-took-dr-kalam%E2%80%99s-advice-and-returned-part-time-cinema-vivekh |url-status=live }}</ref>

After her divorce, she resumed acting in films, playing a supporting role in the multi-starrer ''[[Vaanam]]'', following which she signed up for four projects, three in Tamil and one in Malayalam, in quick succession.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sonia-aggarwal-signs-another-film-news-tamil-lhlkiQhaedd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714050657/http://www.sify.com/movies/sonia-aggarwal-signs-another-film-news-tamil-lhlkiQhaedd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2011 |title=Sonia Aggarwal signs another film! |website=[[Sify]] |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref>

Her next releases were ''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]'', opposite [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] once again, in 2011 and ''[[Oru Nadigaiyin Vaakkumoolam]]'' in early 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/220416/gayathri-replaces-meenakshi-in-villangam.html |title=Gayathri replaces Meenakshi in Villangam |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 April 2016 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505205506/http://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/220416/gayathri-replaces-meenakshi-in-villangam.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Deccan Chronicle" /><ref name="Deccan Chronicle1" />

Sonia Agarwal debuts in Malayalam with [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] titled ''[[Grihanathan]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/news/sonia-agarwal-debuts-malayalam-125215181.html|title = Sonia Agarwal debuts in Malayalam | date=3 June 2011 }}</ref> She plays the lead character in the Tamil mega serial ''[[Malli (2013 TV series)|Malli]]'' (2013-2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sonia-agarwal-as-malli-on-puthu-yugam/articleshow/46572943.cms|title = Sonia Agarwal as Malli on Puthu Yugam | work=The Times of India | date=15 March 2015 }}</ref> She starred with [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] in the comedy drama ''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' (2015).

In 2019, she was sees her play the mother of a younger [[Arun Vijay]] in ''[[Thadam]]''. She starred in ''[[Dasharatha (film)|Dasharatha]]'' in Kannada with [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] and had back-to-back releases in Tamil films ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' and ''[[Thanimai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/May/13/directors-want-me-to-play-the-mother-of-a-35-year-old-hero-sonia-agarwal-11561.html|title = Directors want me to play the mother of a 35-year-old hero: Sonia Agarwal | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=13 May 2019 }}</ref>

Later, she was cast in lead roles such as ''Miya'' (2020), ''[[Grandma (2022 film)|Grandma]]'' (2022), ''[[Unnaal Ennaal]]'' (2023), ''[[7/G]]'' (2024), ''[[Will (2025 film)|Will]]'' (2025) and ''Paruthi'' (2025).

In 2024, she was a contestant in the comedy-cooking show ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku (season 1)|Top Cooku Dupe Cooku]]'' and got eliminated in episode 5.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-chaitra-reddy-winning-the-advantage-to-sonia-agarwals-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111053815.cms|title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: From Chaitra Reddy winning the advantage to Sonia Agarwal's elimination - A look at major events|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=18 June 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002 || ''[[Nee Premakai]]'' || Raaji || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|
|-
| ''[[Chandu (2002 film)|Chandu]]'' || Vidya || [[Kannada]] ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003 || ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' || Divya || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||{{won}}, [[ITFA Best New Actress Award]]
|
|-
|''[[Ooh La La (film)|Ooh La La]]'' || ||Kannada ||
|
|-
|''[[Dham (film)|Dham]]'' || Pooja || Telugu ||
|
|-
|''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || Swetha ||rowspan=4| Tamil ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2004 || ''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]'' || Fathima Begum / Angel Devi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Madhurey]]'' || Susheela ||
|
|-
| ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' || rowspan="2" | Anitha|| {{nom}}, [[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress]]
|
|-||
| ''[[7G Brindhavan Colony]]'' ||Telugu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' || Jothi ||rowspan=7| Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' || Maya Devi ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Thiruttu Payale]]'' || Rosy / Saranya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' || Selvi || {{nom}}, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Vaanam]]'' || Zara ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' || Sandhya || Delayed release, Filmed in 2003-06
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Oru Nadigaiyin Vaakkumoolam]]'' || Anjali ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gruhanathan]]'' || Anitha || [[Malayalam]] ||
|
|-
| 2014 || ''Amma Nanna Oorelithe'' || Dancer ||rowspan=2| Telugu || Special appearance in song
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015 ||''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' || Doctor ||
|
|-
|''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jamna Pyari]]'' || Dancer|| Malayalam || Cameo appearance in "Murugappa"
|
|-
|''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' || Dancer ||Kannada ||Special appearance in "What Do What Not To Do"
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 ||''Saaya'' || Police inspector || Tamil ||
|
|-
|''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]'' || Mahendra Reddy's wife || Telugu ||
|
|-
|''Yevanavan'' || Inspector Rose || Tamil ||
|
|-
|2018||''Theetta Rappai'' || Kochuthresia ||Malayalam ||
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2019 ||''[[Thadam]]''|| Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|
|-
|''[[Dasharatha (film)|Dasharatha]]'' || Kousalya || Kannada ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dasharatha (2019) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dasharatha-44973/cast-crew |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Cinestaan |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420075627/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dasharatha-44973/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' || Doctor || rowspan=3| Tamil ||
|
|-
|''[[Thanimai]]''|| Yazhini ||
|
|-
|2020 ||''Miya''|| Advocate Sonia ||
|
|-
|2021 ||''[[Red (2020 film)|Red]]''|| Bharathi ||Telugu ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red (2021) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/red-43009/cast-crew |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Cinestaan |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420075628/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/red-43009/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=4|2022
| '' Kaypakka'' || || Malayalam ||
|
|-
|''[[Grandma (2022 film)|Grandma]]'' || Trisha || rowspan=2|Tamil ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/23/first-look-of-sonia-aggarwal-starrergrandma-out-28002.html |title=First look of Sonia Aggarwal-starrer Grandma out |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 November 2021 |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108044839/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/23/first-look-of-sonia-aggarwal-starrergrandma-out-28002.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ward 126]]'' || Jyothisri||
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sonia-aggarwal-and-chandinis-next-titled-ward-126/articleshow/79798860.cms |title=Sonia Aggarwal and Chandini's next titled Ward 126 |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216085011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sonia-aggarwal-and-chandinis-next-titled-ward-126/articleshow/79798860.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Sasanasabha'' || Shyamala Bharath || Telugu ||
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|2023 ||''[[Unnaal Ennaal]]'' || Parameshwari || rowspan="6"|Tamil || ||
|-
|''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]''|| Priyam || Deleted scenes
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/19/teaser-of-prabhudheva-starrer-bagheera-is-here-22923.html |title=Teaser of Prabhudheva-starrer Bagheera is here |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 February 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219120854/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/19/teaser-of-prabhudheva-starrer-bagheera-is-here-22923.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Moondram Manithan'' || Ramya ||
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2024 || ''[[Dandupalya 4|Dandupalyam]]'' || || Tamil version ||
|-
| ''[[7/G]]''|| Manjula || ||<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2024|title=Sonia Agarwal's 7/G To Release On July 5!|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/sonia-agarwals-new-film-to-release-on-july-5-article-111191135|language=en|newspaper=[[Times Now]]|url-status=live|archive-date=23 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623002944/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/sonia-agarwals-new-film-to-release-on-july-5-article-111191135|access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Seeran''|| Church Sister || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025 ||''Behindd'' || Liya || Malayalam
|
|-
|''Gift'' || Inspector S. Arudhra || rowspan="3"|Tamil||
|
|-
|''[[Will (2025 film)|Will]]'' || Judge Thanu Randha ||
|
|-
|''Paruthi'' || Kanni Amma ||
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2008–2009|| ''[[Naanal (TV series)|Naanal]]'' || Radhika || [[Kalaignar TV]] ||
|-
| 2013–2014|| ''[[Malli (2013 TV series)|Malli]]'' || Vinothini || [[Puthuyugam TV]] ||
|-
| 2016|| ''[[Achcham Thavir]]'' || Contestant || [[STAR Vijay]] ||
|-
|2019
||''[[Queen (TV series)|Queen]]''|| Renganayagi || [[MX Player]] || Web Series
|-
|2021
|''[[Pandavar Illam]]''
|Herself (Special Appearance)
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
|2021
|''Ninaithale Inikkum''
|Guest role
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Fall (web series)|Fall]]''
|Malar
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html |title=First look of Siddharth Ramaswamy's upcoming web series 'Fall' released |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 September 2022 |access-date= |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125527/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku (season 1)]]''
|Contestant
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Eliminated Episode 5
|-
|''[[Sshhh]]''|| Professor Kalyani || [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]] || Season 1<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-anthology-sshhh-wraps-up-shooting/articleshow/80875149.cms |title=Tamil anthology 'SSHHH…' wraps up shooting |website=The Times of India |date=12 February 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215083343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-anthology-sshhh-wraps-up-shooting/articleshow/80875149.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/18/a-new-tamil-anthology-titled-sshhh-22299.html |title=A new Tamil anthology titled SSHHH |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918125307/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/18/a-new-tamil-anthology-titled-sshhh-22299.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]''
|Herself (Special Appearance)
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Sonia}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestants]]

Foxtel

2026-03-18T15:41:22Z

DiannaGariepy5: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Australian pay television company}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NXE Australia Pty Ltd
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2020
| trade_name = Foxtel Group
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| predecessor = [[Austar]]
| industry = [[Pay TV]], [[broadband]] and [[telephone]]
| area_served = Australia (including [[Norfolk Island]])
| products = [[Satellite television|Satellite]], [[Internet Protocol television|IPTV]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1995|10|22|df=yes}}
| location = [[Gore Hill]], [[New South Wales]]
| key_people = Patrick Delany ([[CEO]])
| owner = [[DAZN]]
| website = {{URL|www.foxtel.com.au}}
| subsid = {{ubl|[[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]]|[[Hubbl]]}}
| members = 4.776 million
| members_year = 2024
| revenue = $506 million
| revenue_year = 2024
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite press release |access-date=23 December 2024 |title=Foxtel Group Fiscal 2024 Fourth Quarter and Full Year Earnings |date=9 August 2024 |url=https://foxtelgroup.com.au/newsroom/foxtel-group-fiscal-2024-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-earnings |archive-date=23 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223005631/https://foxtelgroup.com.au/newsroom/foxtel-group-fiscal-2024-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-earnings |publisher=Foxtel Group |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''NXE Australia Pty Ltd''', trading as the '''Foxtel Group''', is an Australian [[pay television]] company that operates direct broadcast satellite television, and [[IPTV]] streaming services. It was formed in April 2018,<ref name="News Corp Annual Report 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Annual Report 2019 |url=https://newscorpcom.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/news-corp-2019-annual-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705095734/https://newscorpcom.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/news-corp-2019-annual-report.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=News Corp }}</ref> superseding an earlier company from 1995. The service was established as a 50/50 joint venture between [[News Corp Australia]] (which held a controlling 65% stake) and [[Telstra]] (which held the remaining 35%).

Since 2025, the company is owned by [[DAZN]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DAZN Group Completes Acquisition of Foxtel, Strengthening Global Sports Streaming Leadership |url=https://dazngroup.com/press-room/dazn-group-completes-acquisition-of-foxtel-strengthening-global-sports-streaming-leadership/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=DAZN |language=en-US}}</ref> It shares many features with the [[Sky UK|Sky]] service in the UK and Ireland – including the iQ box, the [[electronic program guide|electronic programme guide]], a similar remote control, and Red Button Active.

==History==
[[File:Foxtel Melbourne headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|Foxtel offices in [[Southbank, Victoria]]]]
Foxtel was established via a joint venture between [[News Corporation]] and [[Telstra]] in October 1995. It officially launched on 23 October 1995 with 20 channels, including an exclusive 100 hour commission from [[Artist Services]] for its [[Fox (international)|Fox channel]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Potter |first=Ben |date=23 October 1995 |title=No fanfare as Foxtel hits the airwaves |url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news951023_0211_9795 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919034544/http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news951023_0211_9795 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |access-date=20 February 2010 |work=[[The Age]] |publisher=[[Fairfax Media]] |page=6}}</ref>

In May 1998, [[Australis Media]], the owner of [[Galaxy (Australian television)|Galaxy]], was declared insolvent. Foxtel was consequently able to significantly boost its customer base by acquiring Galaxy subscribers from Australis' liquidator and immediately commenced supplying programming to former Galaxy subscribers on an interim basis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Anne |date=3 June 1998 |title=Foxtel pulls off coup in battle for pay TV |url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980603_0686_6609 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813131343/http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980603_0686_6609 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=Fairfax Media |page=31}}</ref> In February 1999, Foxtel began offering its own satellite service to new customers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasey |first=Daniel |date=28 February 1999 |title=Pay TV audience doubles |url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news990303_0617_4282 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321004447/http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news990303_0617_4282 |archive-date=21 March 2012 |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=[[The Sun-Herald]] |publisher=Fairfax Media |page=33}}</ref>

[[Kerry Packer]] purchased a 25% stake in Foxtel for $150 million in October 1998. [[Publishing & Broadcasting Limited]] also bought half of News Corp's stake in Foxtel, which left Telstra with 50% of the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sexton |first=Elisabeth |date=30 October 1998 |title=Packer Makes A$150m Splash into Pay Television |url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news981030_0390_6178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919050758/http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news981030_0390_6178 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |access-date=29 August 2010 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |publisher=Fairfax Media |page=1}}</ref>

In 2002, a content sharing agreement between Foxtel and [[Optus Television]] was approved by the [[Australian Competition & Consumer Commission]] (ACCC).<ref name="astrahistory">{{Cite web |title=History of Subscription TV – A Brief History |url=http://astra.org.au/article.asp?section=2&option=1&content=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312040820/http://www.astra.org.au/article.asp?section=2&option=1&content=2 |archive-date=12 March 2008 |access-date=12 March 2008 |publisher=[[Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association]] (ASTRA)}}</ref>

On 11 July 2011, Austar announced that it would be acquired by Foxtel through a transaction agreement with [[Liberty Global]].<ref name="Foxtel Takeover">{{Cite web |title=About the Foxtel Proposal – Foxtel Proposal – Austar United |url=http://www.austarunited.com.au/foxtel/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217140302/http://www.austarunited.com.au/foxtel/about |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=23 April 2012 |website=Austar United}}</ref> This takeover received a minority shareholder approval on 30 March 2012,<ref name="Minority Shareholder Approval">{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=30 March 2012 |title=Austar shareholders approve Foxtel takeover |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/03/austar-shareholders-approve-foxtel-takeover.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414131400/http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/03/austar-shareholders-approve-foxtel-takeover.html |archive-date=14 April 2012 |access-date=23 April 2012 |website=TV Tonight}}</ref> ACCC approval on 10 April 2012,<ref name="ACCC Approval">{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=10 April 2012 |title=ACCC approves Foxtel / Austar merger |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/04/accc-approves-foxtel-austar-merger.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413012309/http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/04/accc-approves-foxtel-austar-merger.html |archive-date=13 April 2012 |access-date=23 April 2012 |website=TV Tonight}}</ref> and approval from a Second Court Hearing .<ref name="Second Court Hearing Approval">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2012 |title=AUSTAR WELCOMES COURT APPROVAL FOR FOXTEL TRANSACTION |url=http://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20120413/pdf/425lrnzwssmkh4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611165544/http://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20120413/pdf/425lrnzwssmkh4.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2013 |access-date=23 April 2012 |website=Austar United}}</ref> Austar shares were suspended from the ASX on 16 April 2012<ref name="ASX Shares Suspended">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2012 |title=MARKET RELEASE - AUSTAR UNITED COMMUNICATIONS LIMITED |url=http://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20120416/pdf/425mqdll2rg1ng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611224808/http://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20120416/pdf/425mqdll2rg1ng.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2013 |access-date=23 April 2012 |website=ASX}}</ref> and delisted on 27 April 2012.<ref name="Foxtel Takeover" /> The takeover was completed on 24 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/breaking-news/foxtel-completes-2-billion-austar-takeover/news-story/0d982d85e6f985fd5bec8c34d833b1c5|title=Foxtel completes $2 billion Austar takeover|website=News.com.au|date=May 24, 2012|access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref>

News Corporation acquired [[Consolidated Media Holdings]] in November 2012, bringing its stake in Foxtel to 50%, up from 25%.<ref name="CMHacq">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2012 |title=News Limited seals pay TV deal after Federal Court approves CMH takeover |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/news-limited-seals-pay-tv-deal-after-federal-court-approved-cmh-acqusition/story-e6frg6n6-1226509333236 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230191519/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/news-limited-seals-pay-tv-deal-after-federal-court-approved-cmh-acqusition/story-e6frg6n6-1226509333236 |archive-date=30 December 2012 |access-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Australian]]}}</ref>

[[BBC]] and Foxtel announced a partnership in 2013 to launch a premium BBC channel on Foxtel. The channel launched as part of the Foxtel Drama & Lifestyle package in 2014. The deal also included Foxtel broadcasting privileges of four existing BBC channels – [[UKTV]], [[BBC Knowledge]], [[CBeebies]] and [[BBC World News]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/worldwide/170413foxtel|title=BBC Worldwide and Foxtel forge new partnership to build the BBC brand in Australia|website=BBC|date=April 17, 2013|access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/apr/17/bbc-worldwide-bbc|title=BBC signs drama and comedy deal with Australia's Foxtel|website=Guardian|date=April 17, 2013|author=Alison Rourke|access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/worldwide/2014/bbc-first-foxtel|title=BBC First to launch on Foxtel on 3rd August|website=BBC|date=May 26, 2014|access-date=June 15, 2025}}</ref>

In June 2015, Foxtel officially agreed to buyout 15% shares in [[Paramount Australia & New Zealand|Ten Network Holdings]], thereby ending "nine months of failed takeover bids" from [[Discovery Channel]] and [[Time Warner]](These 2 companies would later merge to form [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jun/15/foxtel-invests-77m-in-ten-network-for-15-stake|title=Foxtel invests $77m in Ten Network for 15% stake|website=Guardian|date=June 14, 2015|author=Amanda Meade|access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref>

In June 2017, Foxtel announced that it would be undergoing its first major "Foxtel is for everyone" rebrand. The former logo, described as "quite aggressive, quite arrogant, quite elitist", would be replaced with an all lowercase logo; its Foxtel Play service also rebranded to [[Foxtel Now]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Vivienne |date=6 June 2017 |title=Foxtel rebrands and officially launches Foxtel Now after conceding brand was seen as 'aggressive' |url=https://mumbrella.com.au/foxtel-rebrands-officially-launches-foxtel-now-conceding-brand-seen-aggressive-449541 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706193637/https://mumbrella.com.au/foxtel-rebrands-officially-launches-foxtel-now-conceding-brand-seen-aggressive-449541 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=6 June 2017 |website=[[Mumbrella]]}}</ref>

On 6 March 2018, [[News Corp Australia]] announced a merger of [[Fox Sports Australia]] with Foxtel. As part of the deal, News Corp would own a 65% stake in the combined entity, with Telstra owning 35% of ownership. The combining of the two businesses placed emphasis on live-streaming sports and entertainment.<ref name="Foxtel and Fox Sports merger">{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Stuart |date=5 March 2018 |title=News Corp and Telstra give the green light to Foxtel and Fox Sports merger |url=https://finance.nine.com.au/2018/03/06/10/34/news-corp-and-telstra-green-light-foxtel-and-fox-sports-merger |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427073743/https://finance.nine.com.au/2018/03/06/10/34/news-corp-and-telstra-green-light-foxtel-and-fox-sports-merger |archive-date=27 April 2018 |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=9Finance |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]]}}</ref>

On 4 May 2020, it was announced that Foxtel would be closing down its owned & operated music video networks and replacing them with a new suite of [[MTV Australia|MTV]], [[Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)|Nickelodeon]] and [[Country Music Television|CMT]]-branded channels ([[MTV Hits (Australia and New Zealand)|MTV Hits]], [[NickMusic EMEA|NickMusic]], [[Club MTV (Australia)|Club MTV]], [[MTV 80s]] and [[CMT (Australian TV channel)|CMT]]), as part of a wider deal with [[ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia|Paramount]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=4 May 2020 |title=Foxtel overhauls music channels |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2020/05/foxtel-overhauls-music-channels.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018095238/https://tvtonight.com.au/2020/05/foxtel-overhauls-music-channels.html/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=[[TV Tonight]]}}</ref>

On 26 February 2022, Foxtel suspended broadcast distribution of the Russian television network [[RT (TV network)|RT]] in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=2022-02-26 |title=Foxtel pulls Russia Today channel off air |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2022/02/foxtel-pulls-russia-today-channel-off-air.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406081024/https://tvtonight.com.au/2022/02/foxtel-pulls-russia-today-channel-off-air.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=TV Tonight}}</ref> In September 2022, Foxtel extended their partnership with [[WWE]] to become Australia's exclusive home of WWE. Foxtel is to relocate [[WWE Network]] into Foxtel's [[Binge (streaming service)|Binge]] streaming service in January 2023, following the launch of its dedicated linear TV channel in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szalai |first=Georg |date=September 27, 2022 |title=WWE Expands Exclusive Deal With Foxtel in Australia |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/wwe-australia-foxtel-deal-exclusive-1235227445/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205222128/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/wwe-australia-foxtel-deal-exclusive-1235227445/ |archive-date=5 December 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sim |first=Josh |date=September 28, 2022 |title=WWE Network lands on exclusively Foxtel's Binge streaming service in Australia |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/wwe-network-streaming-binge-foxtel-tv-rights-australia-kayo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103220827/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/wwe-network-streaming-binge-foxtel-tv-rights-australia-kayo/ |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=[[SportsPro]]}}</ref>

In August 2024, it was reported that News Corp Australia was pursuing a sale of Foxtel, citing third-party interest in the division during a strategic review of its assets. The sale also came amid trends towards [[cord-cutting]] and [[free ad-supported streaming television]] (FAST) services, and major cuts to News Corp Australia's publishing businesses amid declining advertising revenue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stein |first=Lisa |last2=Ainsworth |first2=Kate |date=2024-08-09 |title=News Corp is looking to sell off Foxtel, chief executive tells shareholders |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/news-corp-is-looking-to-sell-off-foxtel/104203940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223110301/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-09/news-corp-is-looking-to-sell-off-foxtel/104203940 |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU}}</ref> An initial suitor was American private equity firm [[Platinum Equity]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaspan |first=Calum |date=2024-11-15 |title=News Corp wants to get rid of Foxtel. There's just one problem |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/the-murdochs-want-to-get-rid-of-foxtel-there-s-just-one-problem-20241113-p5kqe7.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241115010322/https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/the-murdochs-want-to-get-rid-of-foxtel-there-s-just-one-problem-20241113-p5kqe7.html |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> but it was later reported that British sports streaming company [[DAZN]] was in active negotiations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buckingham-Jones |first=Sam |date=2024-11-22 |title=Billionaire-backed British streamer emerges as Foxtel suitor |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/billionaire-backed-british-sports-streamer-turns-foxtel-suitor-20241121-p5ksf3 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=[[Australian Financial Review]] |language=en}}</ref> On 23 December 2024, DAZN announced that it would acquire Foxtel, in a transaction valuing the company at $3.4 billion. As part of the sale, News Corp Australia and Telstra will take 6% and 3% minority stakes in DAZN.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samios |first=Zoe |date=2024-12-23 |title=News Corp sells Foxtel to British sports streaming giant in $3.4b deal |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/news-corp-sells-foxtel-to-british-sports-streaming-giant-in-3-4b-deal-20241216-p5kypb |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-23 |title=Murdoch's News Corp to sell Foxtel to Britain's DAZN for $2.1 billion |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/23/murdochs-news-corp-to-sell-foxtel-to-britains-dazn-for-2point1-billion.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223105759/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/23/murdochs-news-corp-to-sell-foxtel-to-britains-dazn-for-2point1-billion.html |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaspan |first=Calum |date=2024-12-23 |title=Billionaire-backed sports streamer buys Foxtel |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/billionaire-backed-sports-streamer-buys-foxtel-20241216-p5kyqd.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241223055153/https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/billionaire-backed-sports-streamer-buys-foxtel-20241216-p5kyqd.html |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The acquisition was completed on 2 April 2025 following the approval of the [[Australian Competition & Consumer Commission]] and [[Foreign Investment Review Board]]; DAZN stated that it would maintain "Foxtel" and its related brands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-04-02 |title=Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp Completes Foxtel Group Sale to DAZN |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/rupert-murdoch-news-corp-foxtel-group-sale-dazn-1236354681/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=Foxtel to remain standalone business after DAZN takeover |url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2025/04/02/foxtel-to-remain-standalone-business-after-dazn-takeover/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Broadband TV News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Following the merger, Foxtel laid off approximately 100 employees, reported to be mostly from the Hubbl subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Redundancies at Foxtel just weeks after DAZN takes ownership |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/mass-redundancies-at-foxtel-just-weeks-after-dazn-takes-ownership/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=www.mediaweek.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaspan |first=Calum |date=2025-04-30 |title=Job cuts hit Foxtel, four weeks into new ownership |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/job-cuts-hit-foxtel-four-weeks-into-new-ownership-20250430-p5lvia.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Ratings==
Foxtel grew rapidly in 2007, with most of Foxtel's highest-ever rating events being broadcast that year, including the [[2007 AFC Asian Cup]] quarter-final between [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]] and [[Japan national football team|Japan]], which drew an average of 419,000 viewers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.fourfourtwo.com/news/56973,japan-game-a-tv-record.aspx |title=Japan Game a TV Record |work=[[FourFourTwo (Australia)|FourFourTwo Australia]] |publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Group]] |date=23 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021200/http://au.fourfourtwo.com/news/56973,japan-game-a-tv-record.aspx |archive-date=28 September 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> an Australian pay television record at that time. This ratings record has since been eclipsed by the 2011 Rugby World Cup on Fox Sports 1 averaging around 500,000 viewers, which was smashed by the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] Coverage, broadcast on 8 dedicated channels in both HD and SD formats, which saw an average of 946,432 viewers tuning in on the opening weekend, with around 600,000 to 700,000 viewers nightly thereafter.

As of 2012, [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]] channels, particularly [[Fox Footy]], average between 90,000 and 300,000 + viewers for NRL/AFL matches throughout the week.
The highest-rated light entertainment shows are ''[[The Simpsons]]'' most weeknights on FOX8 with around 110,000 viewers, as well as [[Family Guy]] with around 70,000 viewers. A&E has also recorded healthy audience numbers for its [[TruTV]] and [[A&E (TV channel)|A&E US]] syndicated shows from the US – [[Pawn Stars]] (85,000), [[Hardcore Pawn]] (85,000), and [[Storage Wars]] (90,000). [[BBC UKTV]] also consistently rates well with British soaps [[EastEnders]] (80,000) and [[Coronation Street]] (65,000). The LifeStyle channel has experienced audiences in excess of 100,000 people for its Premiere shows [[Location Location Location Australia]], [[Grand Designs Australia]], [[Selling Houses Australia]], [[Disney Channel (Australia)]] and [[The Real Housewives of Melbourne]] brings strong ratings.

==Availability==
Foxtel transmitted its cable service via [[Telstra]] [[hybrid fibre-coaxial]] (HFC) cable into the [[Brisbane]], Sydney, [[Melbourne]], [[Adelaide]] and [[Perth]] metropolitan areas, along with the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]. Foxtel now also transmits its satellite service into these cities as well as all over Australia, including regional areas since the takeover of Austar. Previous Austar customers are now 100% Foxtel customers with the conversion from Austar to Foxtel in regional Australia now complete. Foxtel on Mobile launched on Telstra's Next G Network in late 2006 and is now available within Telstra Next G (HSDPA/850 MHz) coverage areas, which covers 99% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why the Next G® network? |url=http://www.telstra.com.au/mobile/nextg/?red=/mobile/nextg/coverage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901221608/http://www.telstra.com.au/mobile/nextg/?red=/mobile/nextg/coverage.html |archive-date=1 September 2011 |access-date=23 September 2023 |publisher=[[Telstra]]}}</ref>

With the transfer in ownership of Telstra's HFC network to [[NBN Co]] for the provision of broadband services, Foxtel announced in 2022 that it would be abandoning HFC in favour of satellite and IPTV services. The transition was completed in 2023, after which no Foxtel services have been provided via HFC,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Support|url=https://help.foxtel.com.au/s/article/a7V2P000000021jUAA/the-cable-network-in-australia-is-closing|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029042359/https://help.foxtel.com.au/s/article/a7V2P000000021jUAA/the-cable-network-in-australia-is-closing|archive-date=2023-10-29|access-date=2023-10-14|website=Foxtel}}</ref> thus making NBN's HFC network all-IP, solely carrying [[DOCSIS]] services.

Telstra's network and Foxtel were created to combat the threat posed to Telstra's local call business by the combination of [[Optus Television]] content bundling with [[Optus]]' local telephony services; Foxtel was the content arm of Telstra's defence strategy, while Telstra's multimedia broadband network was originally the sole delivery system.

In 2002, Foxtel and Optus Television agreed to a content-sharing arrangement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-12|title=Foxtel closes in on content-sharing deal with Optus|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/foxtel-closes-in-on-content-sharing-deal-with-optus-20101013-iuohk|access-date=2020-11-03|website=[[Australian Financial Review]]|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815122551/https://www.afr.com/companies/foxtel-closes-in-on-content-sharing-deal-with-optus-20101013-iuohk|url-status=live}}</ref> Programming competition between the two companies has now dissipated. Prior to its acquisition by Foxtel in 2011, [[Austar]], a regional [[pay television]] operator, also carried most Foxtel programming.

[[File:Foxtel-subscriber-numbers--1995-2007.svg|thumb|261px|Foxtel subscriber growth from 1995 to 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/gtp/wptvsubsxops.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929201249/http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/gtp/wptvsubsxops.html |archive-date=29 September 2009 |title=Get the Picture – Pay TV – Subscriber numbers – By operator | publisher=[[Screen Australia]] | access-date=29 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title = Foxtel delivers subscriber, profit and TV viewing share growth | publisher = Foxtel | date = 20 February 2008|url =http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/communications/foxtel-delivers-subscriber-profit-and-tv-viewing-share-growt-1913.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230085503/http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/communications/foxtel-delivers-subscriber-profit-and-tv-viewing-share-growt-1913.htm | archive-date=30 December 2012 | access-date = 22 February 2008 }}</ref>]]
{{As of|2011}}, Foxtel is Australia's largest pay television operator, with programming available to over 70% of Australian homes, and delivered to over 1.65 million,<ref name="Foxtel.com.au">{{cite web |date=11 August 2011 |title=FOXTEL Announces Solid Growth Despite Difficult Consumer Environment |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/communications/foxtel-announces-solid-growth-despite-difficult-consumer-env-140568.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913122425/http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/communications/foxtel-announces-solid-growth-despite-difficult-consumer-env-140568.htm |archive-date=13 September 2011 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref> either directly or by Foxtel's wholesale customers. In April 2008, Foxtel's penetration into Australian homes passed 30%.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |title=Foxtel closer to launching high-definition set-top box |first=Nick |last=Tabakoff |department=Finance |page=35 |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=29 August 2010 |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23619723-7582,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610032718/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23619723-7582,00.html |archive-date=10 June 2008 |quote="The company has also revealed its national subscriber penetration has passed 30 per cent for the first time."}}</ref> This penetration rate is significantly lower compared with market penetration rates in the US (over 85%)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hindman|first1=DB|title=The big three's prime-time decline: A technological and social context|date=March 2008|pages=119–135}}</ref> and in Western Europe (over 55%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zenithoptimedia.com/gff/pdf/Television%20in%20Western%20Europe%20to%202014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114061926/http://www.zenithoptimedia.com/gff/pdf/Television%20in%20Western%20Europe%20to%202014.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2008 |title=Television in Western Europe to 2014 | work = ZenithOptimedia | publisher=[[Publicis|Publicis Groupe]] | access-date=14 November 2008 }}</ref> This is due to the fact that Australian pay-TV fees are significantly more expensive and pay-TV began delivering its service much later in Australia than in the US.{{Original research inline|date=March 2013}}

Foxtel announced its maiden annual profit in 2006, more than 10 years after it commenced services. The installation and maintenance of Foxtel services is Telstra's responsibility. In many markets Telstra has outsourced installation and maintenance to large communications contractors, including [[ABB|ABB Communications]] and [[Siemens]]-[[Thiess (company)|Thiess Communications]] joint venture.

In 2007, [[Network 10]] formed an agreement with Foxtel to allow them to carry a digital version of Ten's programming. Included in the deal is [[electronic program guide]] data, which allows Foxtel iQ users to schedule recordings on Ten. Before the agreement, Ten was carried in an analogue format on cable only. In 2008, [[Seven Network]] entered an agreement to allow Foxtel to carry its SD signal. In 2008, the first Pay TV package comparison site YouCompare was launched to allow Foxtel packages and pricing to be compared to [[SelecTV (Australian television)|SelecTV]], however this service was ceased along with the ceasing of [[SelecTV (Australian television)|SelecTV]]'s service in late 2010.

On 24 November 2009, Foxtel added [[7two]] to the East Coast (satellite) and 7two and [[9Go!|GO!]] to cable subscribers. [[ABC3]] was recently introduced on 4 December 2009 to all Foxtel and [[Austar]] subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=27 October 2009 |title=Foxtel dates: GO! 7TWO & ABC3 |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2009/10/foxtel-dates-go-7two-abc3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408110149/https://tvtonight.com.au/2009/10/foxtel-dates-go-7two-abc3.html |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=[[TV Tonight]] |language=en-AU}}</ref>

On 20 May 2010, Foxtel and [[Microsoft]] announced a new way of receiving Foxtel through Xbox 360's online service [[Xbox]] LIVE.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-05-19|title=Foxtel and Microsoft sign ground-breaking Xbox Agreement|url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-au/2010/05/19/foxtelandmicrosoftsi/|access-date=2020-11-03|website=Microsoft News Centre Australia|language=en-AU|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203005950/https://news.microsoft.com/en-au/2010/05/19/foxtelandmicrosoftsi/|url-status=live}}</ref> The service launched November 2010 with 30+ channels and an additional 12 Video-on-demand channels. It also provided Foxtel's movie service, known as Foxtel On Demand, to non-subscribers for the first time on a pay-per-view basis. Further linear channels were added in April 2011 with the addition of 7 Telstra BigPond channels.

In June 2011, Foxtel launched an over-the-top service on Telstra's IPTV set top box called Foxtel on T-Box carrying the same services as the Foxtel on Xbox service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LeMay |first=Renai |date=11 June 2011 |title=Foxtel comes to the T-Box on 27 June |url=https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/foxtel-comes-to-the-t-box-on-27-june/ |access-date=2020-11-03 |website=[[ZDNet]] |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616192627/https://www.zdnet.com/article/foxtel-comes-to-the-t-box-on-27-june/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Also as of June 2011, Foxtel's subscribers numbered just over 1.65 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dick|first=Tim|date=2011-08-11|title=Foxtel gets more out of existing customers to click up $551m|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/foxtel-gets-more-out-of-existing-customers-to-click-up-551m-20110811-1ioo0.html|access-date=2020-11-03|website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127051528/https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/foxtel-gets-more-out-of-existing-customers-to-click-up-551m-20110811-1ioo0.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2014, Foxtel added 2 new SD channels, 9 new HD channels and rebranded 2 sports channels to satellite and cable subscribers.

== Channels ==
Foxtel defines a [[virtual channel]] order that groups channels by their content.

General entertainment channels are from 100 to 151 which includes localised advertising on free to air channels such as [[Nine Network|Channel Nine]], [[ABC TV (Australian TV channel)|ABC TV]], [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]], [[Seven Network|Channel Seven]] and [[Network 10|Channel 10]], with general entertainment and informational channels including [[Crime (TV channel)|Crime]], [[Arena (TV channel)|Arena]], [[Lifestyle (Australian TV channel)|LifeStyle]], [[Fox8]], [[BBC UKTV]], [[Showcase (Australian TV channel)|Showcase]], [[Foxtel One]], [[Comedy (Australian TV channel)|Comedy]], [[British (Australian TV channel)|British]], [[Comcast]]'s [[Universal TV (Australian TV channel)|Universal TV]], Real Life, [[LifeStyle Food]], [[LifeStyle Home]], [[Discovery (Australia and New Zealand)|Discovery]], DocPlay, [[Real History (Australian TV channel)|Real History]], [[Real Crime (Australian TV channel)|Real Crime]], [[Outdoor Channel]], [[Trace Sport Stars]], NatureTime, Haunt TV, Love Pets, [[Animal Planet (Australia and New Zealand)|Animal Planet]], [[Discovery Turbo]], [[Investigation Discovery]], [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]], [[BoxSets (TV channel)|BoxSets]] and [[FashionTV]].

[[Free-to-air|Free to air]] channels including for [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]]/[[ABC Family (Australian TV channel)|ABC Family]], [[ABC Entertains]], [[7mate]], [[7flix]], [[7Bravo]], [[9Go!]], [[9Life]], [[9Gem]], [[10 Drama]], [[10 Comedy]], [[Nickelodeon (Australian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]], [[SBS Viceland]], [[SBS Food]] and [[National Indigenous Television|NITV]] are from 152 to 172.

Special interest channels are from 173 to 179 which includes [[Aurora Community Channel|Aurora]], [[TVSN]] and [[Expo Channel]].

Religious channels are from 180 to 189 which includes GOOD., [[Daystar Television Network]] and SBN.

[[High-definition television|High definition]] and [[Ultra-high-definition television|Ultra High definition]] channels are from 200 to 299 which includes localised advertising versions of [[ABC TV (Australian TV channel)|ABC HD]], [[Seven Network|7HD]], [[7two]], [[7mate|7mate HD]], [[Nine Network|9HD]], [[9Gem|9Gem HD]], [[Network 10|10 HD]], [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS HD]], [[SBS Viceland|SBS Viceland HD]] and [[National Indigenous Television|NITV HD]], and timeshifted versions of general entertainment and informational channels for a two-hour delay of [[Fox8]], [[Crime (TV channel)|Crime]], [[Foxtel One]], [[Comedy (Australian TV channel)|Comedy]], [[Arena (TV channel)|Arena]], [[The LifeStyle Channel|LifeStyle]], [[LifeStyle Food]], [[BBC UKTV]], [[Showcase (Australian TV channel)|Showcase]], [[British (Australian TV channel)|British]], Real Life, [[Discovery (Australia and New Zealand)|Discovery]] and [[Discovery Turbo]].

Movie packaged channels are from 400 to 499 which includes Foxtel Movies Hits (themed movies and pop-up events),<ref name="mcn-2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcn.com.au/news/foxtel-movies-more-launches-today|title=Foxtel Movies More Launches Today!|date=30 June 2016|website=MCN|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325031059/http://www.mcn.com.au/news/foxtel-movies-more-launches-today|archive-date=25 March 2017|access-date=1 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Foxtel Movies|Ultra HD]], [[Foxtel Movies|Premiere]], [[Foxtel Movies|Family]], [[Foxtel Movies|Action]], [[Foxtel Movies|Comedy]], [[Foxtel Movies|Romance]], [[Foxtel Movies|Drama]], [[Foxtel Movies|Greats]], British Cinema, Aussie Classics, PULP and [[SBS World Movies]].

UHD and HD sports channels are from 500 to 599 which includes [[Fox Sports News (Australia)|Fox Sports News]], [[Fox Cricket|Fox Cricket]], [[Fox League|Fox League]], [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports 503]], [[Fox Footy|Fox Footy]], [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports 505]], [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports 506]], [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports 507]], [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s [[ESPN Australia|ESPN]] and [[ESPN2 Australia|ESPN 2]], [[Main Event (TV channel)|Main Event]] (pay-per-view), [[Main Event (TV channel)|Main Event 2]] (pay-per-view), Main Event UFC, [[Sky Racing|Sky Racing 1]], [[Sky Racing|Sky Racing 2]], [[Sky Racing|Sky Thoroughbred Central]] and [[Racing.com]].

News channels are from 600 to 699 which includes [[Sky News Australia]], [[Sky News Weather Channel]], [[Sky News Extra]], [[Sky News|Sky News UK]], [[Fox News]] (US sister channel of Sky News Australia), [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]'s [[CNN International]], [[NBCUniversal]]'s [[MS NOW]], [[NBC News Now]], [[CNBC Asia|CNBC]], [[Bloomberg Television]], [[ABC News (Australian TV channel)|ABC News]], [[SBS WorldWatch]], [[Al Jazeera English]], [[CGTN (TV channel)|CGTN]], [[CGTN Documentary]], [[NHK World-Japan]] and [[GB News]].

Pre-Teenage entertainment channels are from 700 to 799 which includes [[DreamWorks Channel]].

Music video channels are from 800 to 829 which includes Foxtel Networks‘s Trending, Kids, Club, Retro, [[Country Music Channel]], [[Max (Australian TV channel)|Max]] and Australian Played and [[Vevo]]’s VEVO Pop, VEVO 2K, VEVO 90s, VEVO 70s, VEVO Rock and VEVO Country.

Audio only channels are from 830 to 899 which includes LiSTNR, [[SBS Radio]], [[SBS Radio|SBS Radio 2]] and SBS Chill.

Foreign language channels are from 900 to 989 which includes Greek radio [[ANT1 Pacific|Ant1 Radio]] and [[ANT1 Pacific]] and Italian radio [[Rai Radio 1]] and [[Rai Italia]].

Also available on iQ3, iQ4 and iQ5 set top boxes are [[ABC iview]], [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]], [[SBS On Demand]], [[7plus]], [[9Now]], [[10 (VoD service)|10]], [[Netflix]], [[Disney+]], [[Paramount+]], [[HBO Max]], F1 TV, BeIN Sports Connect, [[YouTube]], [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Apple TV+]], [[BritBox]], [[Stan (streaming service)|Stan]] and DocPlay apps.

===Defunct channels===
Channels that were re-branded include: 13th Street (rebranded as Fox Sleuth), Syfy (rebranded as Fox Sci-Fi), 111 Funny (split and rebranded into Fox Hits and Fox Funny), W (renamed [[SoHo (Australian TV channel)|SoHo]]), BBC HD (replaced by BBC UKTV HD), Fox Kids Australia (shared with Fox Classics), Weather 21 (replaced by The Weather Channel), The Weather Channel (replaced by Sky News Weather), Encore (renamed to Showtime Greats) (replaced by Showtime Action, Showtime Comedy and Showtime Drama, both swallowed with Foxtel Movies), VH1 Australia (Replaced by MTV Classic), MTV Live HD, Air Active (which was replaced by Foxtel Music), [[KidsCo]] (Replaced by Discovery Kids), [[Fuel TV (international)|Fuel TV]], [[Speed (TV network)|Speed]] (both replaced by Fox Sports 505 & 506 respectively), SoHo (Replaced by Binge), [[Channel V Australia|Channel [V]]] (Replaced by [V] Hits, later renamed [V]), MTV Music and MTV Dance (relaunched as MTV Hits and Club MTV respectively) and [[MTV Classic Australia|MTV Classic]] (replaced by [[MTV 80s]]).

HD multichannels that were replaced by other HD channels include [[10 Drama]] (replaced by [[10 HD]], 10 Drama was reduced to SD) and [[9Gem]] (replaced by [[9HD]], rebranded today as 9Gem and was reduced to SD). 9Gem later relaunched an HD simulcast.

Channels completely discontinued include BBC First, BBC Earth, BBC News, CBeebies, [[beIN Sports (Australian TV channel)|beIN Sports]], [[MTV Australia|MTV]], [[Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)|Nickelodeon]], [[Nick Jr. (Australia)|Nick Jr.]], PBS Kids, Disney XD, Disney Channel, Disney Junior,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney Channel, Disney Junior to exit Foxtel|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2020/02/disney-channel-disney-junior-to-exit-foxtel.html|publisher=[[TV Tonight]]|first=David|last=Knox|date=5 February 2020|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818005840/https://tvtonight.com.au/2020/02/disney-channel-disney-junior-to-exit-foxtel.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Binge, Discovery Science, Discovery Kids, Foxtel Movies Disney, Eurosport, Your Money, The Soundtrack Channel, Movie Network (replaced by Foxtel Movies), Showtime Network (replaced by Foxtel Movies), TechTV, Ovation, KidsCo, History+2, Starpics (replaced by Foxtel Movies), Gamesworld Interactive Games and the Interactive Sports Selector. Also discontinued in July 2020 were music channels [V] (replaced by NickMusic) and Foxtel Smooth (closed down).

TV1 and SF ceased transmission at 11:59 pm, on 31 December 2013 after Foxtel chose not to renew their contracts as they wanted to bring as many channels in house as they did with their movie offerings.

STUDIO ceased transmission at 11:59 pm, on 27 March 2015 after choosing not to renew the contract with [[SBS Television]]. This was replaced by [[Foxtel Arts]] in both SD and HD on Channel 132.

[[Turner Classic Movies (Asia)|Turner Classic Movies]] (TCM) was discontinued on 13 December 2016.<ref name="tvt-2016">{{cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=17 November 2016 |title=Foxtel to close TCM channel |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2016/11/foxtel-to-close-tcm-channel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025741/http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2016/11/foxtel-to-close-tcm-channel.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |website=TV Tonight}}</ref>

Disney XD ceased transmission on 6 January 2019.

[[The Comedy Channel]] ceased transmission on 1 September 2020.

[[Disney Channel (Australian TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[Disney Junior (Australian TV channel)|Disney Junior]] ceased transmission on 13 February 2020.

[[BeIN Sports (Australian TV channel)|beIN Sports]] and [[PBS Kids]] ceased transmission on 1 July 2023.

[[Paramount Networks UK & Australia|Paramount]] channels MTV, Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. ceased transmission on 1 August 2023. The channels continue to operate on other providers in Australia and New Zealand, and Foxtel continues to carry Paramount's music video networks. By September 2023, all MTV music channels (except CMT) were switched from localised feeds to the global feed.

[[BBC Studios]] channels [[BBC First (Australian TV channel)|BBC First]], [[BBC Earth (international TV channel)|BBC Earth]], [[BBC News (international TV channel)|BBC News]] and [[CBeebies]] ceased transmission on 31 July 2024.

Audio only channels includes [[ABC NewsRadio]], [[Radio National]], [[ABC Local Radio]] stations, [[ABC Classic]], [[Triple J]], [[Double J (radio station)|Double J]] and [[ABC Jazz]].

On 3 June, Foxtel announced that it would discontinue its Paramount-branded music channels on 30 June.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kyle Laidlaw |date=June 3, 2025 |title=Paramount branded music channels set to depart FOXTEL this month |url=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2025/06/03/paramount-branded-music-channels-set-to-depart-foxtel-this-month/ |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=TV Blackbox}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Neil Griffiths |date=June 3, 2025 |title=Major Music Channels to be Cut by Foxtel This Month |url=https://au.variety.com/2025/tv/news/foxtel-music-channels-cut-23318/ |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref>

==Current services==
Although originally launching in 1995 with just a cable service, Foxtel has branched out into many new services since its inception including broadband and phone services in 2014.

=== Foxtel Go ===
Foxtel subscribers are able to access live and on-demand content within packages they are subscribed to through the internet via Foxtel Go.

Foxtel launched the Foxtel Go service on 7 November 2012.<ref name="Foxtel Go Launch">{{cite web |date=7 November 2012 |title=Watch Foxtel Go on your iPad – included in your subscription |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/whats-on/foxtel-insider/watch-foxtel-go-on-your-ipad-204175.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813135749/http://www.foxtel.com.au/whats-on/foxtel-insider/watch-foxtel-go-on-your-ipad-204175.htm |archive-date=13 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=Foxtel |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Originally, it was only available on [[iPad]], but from 20 February 2013 it was also available on [[iPhone]], and later on [[macOS|Mac]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows PC]] and selected [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices. Foxtel Go was launched after the success of its London 2012 app, which simulcast 8 live [[High-definition television|high definition]] channels that were also offered on the standard Foxtel service.<ref name="Foxtel London 2012 App">{{cite web |date=14 August 2012 |title=Take The Olympic Games With You Foxtel London 2012 App for tablet |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/communications/take-the-olympic-games-with-you-foxtel-london-2012-app-for-t-194906.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825003329/http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/communications/take-the-olympic-games-with-you-foxtel-london-2012-app-for-t-194906.htm |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=Foxtel}}</ref>

Access to the Foxtel Go app is free for residential customers with a set-top box and a Foxtel or Foxtel Now subscription, allowing access to any channel that they are subscribed to. Only five devices can be linked to an account during any given month with only two being able to view content at the same time.

Unlike Mobile Foxtel (provided by [[Telstra]]) – which only provides a loop of selected shows – Foxtel Go offers a live simulcast of a subset of channels available through the traditional cable and satellite services. The service also has no time limits; Mobile Foxtel offers only 15 minutes of programming per session, or a maximum 200 minutes per month.<ref name="MobileFoxtel v Go">{{cite web |title=Telstra – Entertainment on the move – Mobile Foxtel – Foxtel Go |url=http://www.telstra.com.au/entertainment/entertainment-on-the-move/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716042244/http://www.telstra.com.au/entertainment/entertainment-on-the-move/ |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=Telstra}}</ref>

The channels currently available to subscribers are:<ref name="Foxtel Go Channels">{{cite web |title=Foxtel app channels |url=https://www.foxtel.com.au/support/tv/apps-extras/foxtel-go-channels.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219053833/https://www.foxtel.com.au/support/tv/apps-extras/foxtel-go-channels.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=Foxtel}}</ref>

'''Essentials'''{{snd}}Showcase; Comedy; Fox8; BoxSets; Arena; Lifestyle; Real Life; Club MTV; NickMusic; MTV 80s; Sky News; Sky News Weather; Sky News Extra; Sky News UK; Fox Sports News; CNN; Fox News; BBC News; CNBC; Bloomberg; NHK World-Japan; Fox Comedy; TLC; E!; Lifestyle Food; Lifestyle Home; Foxtel Arts.

'''Drama Plus'''{{snd}}UKTV; Fox Crime; BBC First; Universal TV; Fox One; Fox Sci-Fi; Fox Sleuth.

'''Kids'''{{snd}}CBeebies; School Holidays Pop-Up Channel

'''Sport'''{{snd}}Fox Sports, Fox Cricket; Fox League; Fox Footy; ESPN; ESPN 2

'''Movies'''{{snd}}Premiere; Kids; Action; Comedy; Romance; Family; Drama; Hits; Thriller; Greats; LMN; SBS World Movies.

'''Docos'''{{snd}}A&E; History; Discovery Channel; Discovery Turbo; Animal Planet; Investigation Discovery; Crime + Investigation; BBC Earth.

The Foxtel Go also offers an on demand service for most channels listed above including sports channels.

===Foxtel Now===
{{main|Foxtel Now}}
Foxtel Now (formerly Foxtel Play) is an [[internet television]] alternative to the traditional Foxtel subscription, offering customers a no lock in contract subscription starting at $10. The service offers over 50 live channels and hundreds of hours of video on-demand content across six subscription packages.

The service is available across a range of devices such as computers, TVs and video game consoles. In addition, subscribers have access to Foxtel's Foxtel Go app expanding access to smartphones and tablets.

On 4 October 2016, Foxtel announced that a new look Foxtel Play streaming service will roll out from December 2016 and that Foxtel Play will be a simpler, cheaper and more flexible IP-delivered product.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-04 |title=Foxtel revamps its streaming video service |url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Announcements/Foxtel-revamps-its-streaming-video-service/m-p/154606#M5366 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105940/http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Announcements/Foxtel-revamps-its-streaming-video-service/m-p/154606 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=2016-10-04 |website=Foxtel}}</ref>

As part of a company wide rebrand in June 2017, Foxtel announced that from 7 June, Foxtel Play would be renamed Foxtel Now and would gain [[High-definition television|HD]] streaming and [[Chromecast]] support with a lower starting price of $10 per month (later increased to $25 per month).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2017/06/foxtel-now-lands-with-10-entry-hd-chromecast.html|title=Foxtel Now lands with $10 entry, HD & Chromecast|last=Knox|first=David|date=6 June 2017|website=[[TV Tonight]]|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606114020/http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2017/06/foxtel-now-lands-with-10-entry-hd-chromecast.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Foxtel magazine {{anchor|Foxtel Magazine}}===
Foxtel has a magazine with a monthly reach of about 700,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=Roy Morgan Readership estimates for Australia for the 12 months to December 2011 |url=http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2012/1572/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223135750/http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2012/1572/ |archive-date=23 February 2012 |website=Roy Morgan |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is published for Foxtel by [[Medium Rare Content Agency]], and distributed to Foxtel subscribers (who choose to pay for this service) via post.<ref>{{Cite web| title = News' Medium Rare Content Snares Foxtel Mag From Bauer| work = B&T| access-date = 2017-10-23| date = 2015-06-15| url = http://www.bandt.com.au/media/news-medium-rare-content-snares-foxtel-mag-from-bauer| archive-date = 23 October 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171023231151/http://www.bandt.com.au/media/news-medium-rare-content-snares-foxtel-mag-from-bauer| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Hubbl==
{{main|Hubbl}}

'''Hubbl''', formerly '''Streamotion Pty Ltd''', is a wholly owned subsidiary of Foxtel that develops and operates over-the-top subscription streaming services. Currently, the group operates [[Kayo Sports|Kayo]], [[Binge (streaming service)|Binge]] and [[Flash (streaming service)|Flash]], as well as [[WatchNRL]] and [[WatchAFL]] internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's Hubbl and how does it affect my subscription? |url=https://help.kayosports.com.au/s/article/What-s-Hubbl-and-how-does-it-affect-my-subscription |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=[[Kayo Sports]] |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006040908/https://help.kayosports.com.au/s/article/What-is-Streamotion |url-status=deviated }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Long |first=Trevor |date=22 May 2020 |title=Foxtel's new streaming service Binge launches from $10 a month – quality content ad-free |url=https://eftm.com/2020/05/foxtels-new-streaming-service-binge-launches-from-10-a-month-quality-content-ad-free-76315 |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=eftm.com |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731225227/https://eftm.com/2020/05/foxtels-new-streaming-service-binge-launches-from-10-a-month-quality-content-ad-free-76315 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Past services ==
*Foxtel Digital
*Foxtel On-Demand

===Foxtel HD===
[[File:FOXTEL HD.png|right|200px|thumb|Foxtel HD+ logo]]
Foxtel announced their [[high-definition television|high definition]] service, originally called Foxtel HD+, on 30 January 2008.<ref name="HD Launch" /> It became officially available on 19 May 2008 at a nominal price of $10 AUD despite similar "HD" resolution broadcast channels already available on free-to-air television. HD+ launched with four channels; [[BBC HD (international)|BBC HD]], ESPN HD, Fox Sports HD and a timeshared documentary channel for Discovery HD World and National Geographic HD programming. Foxtel Box Office also began simulcasting in high definition.<ref name="HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2008/01/foxtel-announces-hd-and-iq2.html |title= Foxtel announces HD+ and iQ2 |last= Knox |first= David |date= 30 January 2008 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183210/https://tvtonight.com.au/2008/01/foxtel-announces-hd-and-iq2.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

On 15 November 2009, another ten high definition channels were launched; Fox Sports 2 HD, Fox Sports 3 HD, Fox8 HD, Movie One HD, Showcase HD, Showtime Action HD, Showtime Premiere HD, Starpics 1 HD, Starpics 2 HD and W HD. BBC HD was relaunched as UKTV HD and the timeshared documentary channel was split into full-time versions of Discovery HD World and National Geographic HD. The pricing and packaging of the HD+ channels was also revised.<ref name="2nd HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2009/09/foxtel-watch-what-you-want-when-where-you-want.html |title= Foxtel: "Watch what you want, when & where you want" |last= Knox |first= David |date= 29 September 2009 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183210/https://tvtonight.com.au/2009/09/foxtel-watch-what-you-want-when-where-you-want.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

BBC Knowledge HD, MTVN Live HD, Nat Geo Wild HD and Speed HD launched almost a year later on 1 November 2010.<ref name="3rd HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2010/09/more-hd-and-3d-for-foxtel.html |title= More HD and 3D for Foxtel |last= Knox |first= David |date= 20 September 2010 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416184143/https://tvtonight.com.au/2010/09/more-hd-and-3d-for-foxtel.html |url-status= live }}</ref> ESPN 2 HD and Lifestyle HD launched on 1 March 2011.<ref name="4th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2011/02/espn2-launches-march-1st.html |title= ESPN2 launches March 1st |last= Knox |first= David |date= 8 February 2011 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183904/https://tvtonight.com.au/2011/02/espn2-launches-march-1st.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="5th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2011/02/lifestyle-hd-from-march-1st.html |title= Lifestyle HD from March 1st |last= Knox |first= David |date= 2 February 2011 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183442/https://tvtonight.com.au/2011/02/lifestyle-hd-from-march-1st.html |url-status= live }}</ref> A&E HD, Fox Footy HD and FX HD launched in late February 2012.<ref name="6th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2012/01/ae-channel-to-launch-in-february.html |title= A&E channel to launch in February |last= Knox |first= David |date= 5 January 2012 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183808/https://tvtonight.com.au/2012/01/ae-channel-to-launch-in-february.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="7th HD Launch">[http://www.foxtel.com.au/whats-on/foxtel-insider/foxtel-to-deliver-every-afl-game-live-via-dedicated-fox-spor-124760.htm FOXTEL to Deliver Most Comprehensive Live AFL Coverage Ever] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103051536/http://www.foxtel.com.au/whats-on/foxtel-insider/foxtel-to-deliver-every-afl-game-live-via-dedicated-fox-spor-124760.htm |date=3 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="8th HD Launch">{{cite web |last=Meade |first=Amanda |date=27 February 2012 |title=Foxtel launches FX Channel |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/foxtel-launches-fx-channel/news-story/a76c02b318410c0dfa457231aeb5f385 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 April 2019 |publisher=The Australian |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081903/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/foxtel-launches-fx-channel/news-story/a76c02b318410c0dfa457231aeb5f385 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight new high definition channels for the London Olympics began broadcasting on 25 July 2012.<ref name="9th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2012/06/foxtel-launches-olympics-tv-guide.html |title= Foxtel launches Olympics TV guide |last= Knox |first= David |date= 25 June 2012 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183634/https://tvtonight.com.au/2012/06/foxtel-launches-olympics-tv-guide.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Foxtel launched eight new high definition movie channels on 1 January 2013, replacing the five existing high definition movie channels from Showtime and The Movie Network. The new channels included Action/Adventure HD, Comedy HD, Drama/Romance HD, Family HD, Masterpiece HD, Premiere HD and Thriller/Crime HD.<ref name="10th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2012/12/new-movie-channels-for-foxtel.html |title= New movie channels for Foxtel |last= Knox |first= David |date= 9 December 2012 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183519/https://tvtonight.com.au/2012/12/new-movie-channels-for-foxtel.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Main Event HD began broadcasting on 3 September 2013.<ref name="11th HD Launch">{{cite web |title=Launch of Main Event HD channel - Troubleshooting & tech help - Support - Foxtel |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/support/troubleshooting-tech-help/launch-of-main-event-hd-channel-218358.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826171638/http://www.foxtel.com.au/support/troubleshooting-tech-help/launch-of-main-event-hd-channel-218358.htm |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref>

Syfy HD launched on 1 January 2014.<ref name="12th HD Launch">{{cite web |author= |date=28 November 2013 |title=Syfy comes to Australia in HD |url=https://www.foxtel.com.au/about/media-centre/press-releases/2013/syfy-comes-to-australia-in-hd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183217/https://www.foxtel.com.au/about/media-centre/press-releases/2013/syfy-comes-to-australia-in-hd.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref> Foxtel added Disney Movies HD on 10 April 2014.<ref name="13th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2014/02/disney-movies-disney-xd-join-foxtel.html |title= Disney Movies, Disney XD join Foxtel |last= Knox |first= David |date= 24 February 2014 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183336/https://tvtonight.com.au/2014/02/disney-movies-disney-xd-join-foxtel.html |url-status= live }}</ref> UKTV HD was replaced with BBC First HD on 3 August 2014.<ref name="14th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2014/07/foxtel-channel-changes.html |title= Foxtel channel changes |last= Knox |first= David |date= 2 July 2014 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183346/https://tvtonight.com.au/2014/07/foxtel-channel-changes.html |url-status= live }}</ref> On 3 November 2014, nine new high definition channels were launched; 13th Street HD, Arena HD, BoxSets HD, Eurosport HD, Fox Sports 4 HD, Fox Sports News HD, History HD, Universal HD and World Movies HD.<ref name="15th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2014/11/boxsets-discovery-kids-launch-on-foxtel.html |title= BoxSets, Discovery Kids launch on Foxtel |last= Knox |first= David |date= 3 November 2014 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183747/https://tvtonight.com.au/2014/11/boxsets-discovery-kids-launch-on-foxtel.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Speed HD was also relaunched as Fox Sports 5 HD at the same time.<ref name="16th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2014/09/fox-sports-adding-two-more-channels.html |title= Fox Sports adding two more channels |last= Knox |first= David |date= 3 September 2014 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183341/https://tvtonight.com.au/2014/09/fox-sports-adding-two-more-channels.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Binge HD launched on 5 October 2015.<ref name="17th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2016/09/binge-channel-launching-october-5.html |title= Binge channel launching October 5 |last= Knox |first= David |date= 15 September 2016 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183211/https://tvtonight.com.au/2016/09/binge-channel-launching-october-5.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Sky News National HD began broadcasting on 1 December 2015, with Sky News Business HD beginning on 19 January 2016.<ref name="18th HD Launch">{{cite web |author= |date=14 January 2016 |title=Sky News Business switches on HD - January 19 2016 |url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Announcements/Sky-News-Business-switches-on-HD-January-19-2016/td-p/109637 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121211428/http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Announcements/Sky-News-Business-switches-on-HD-January-19-2016/td-p/109637 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |access-date=15 January 2016 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref> Foxtel Arts HD began broadcasting in March 2016.<ref name="19th HD Launch">{{cite web |author= |date=27 October 2015 |title=Foxtel launching own Foxtel Arts HD channel |url=https://themusicnetwork.com/foxtel-launching-own-foxtel-arts-hd-channel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183212/https://themusicnetwork.com/foxtel-launching-own-foxtel-arts-hd-channel/ |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |publisher=The Music Network}}</ref> On 1 April 2016, Sky Thoroughbred Central HD launched.<ref name="20th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://www.racenet.com.au/news/the-championships-in-high-definition-on-sky-2016040 |title= The Championships in high definition on Sky |last= Sherer|first= Darryl |date= 1 April 2016 |publisher= Racenet |access-date= 16 April 2019}}{{dead link |fix-attempted=yes|date=February 2024}}</ref> Sky News Election Channel HD launched on 1 May 2016. Foxtel added another high definition movie channel with More Movies HD launching on 1 July 2016.<ref name="21st HD Launch">{{cite web |date=30 June 2016 |title=Foxtel Movies More Launches Today! |url=http://www.mcn.com.au/news/foxtel-movies-more-launches-today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710064007/http://www.mcn.com.au/news/foxtel-movies-more-launches-today |archive-date=10 July 2016 |access-date=1 July 2016 |publisher=Multi Channel Network}}</ref>

In response to Optus Sports winning the rights to the English Premier League, Foxtel launched six new high definition sports channels on 15 May 2016. These included beIN Sports 1 HD, beIN Sports 2 HD, beIN Sports 3 HD, Chelsea TV HD, LFCTV HD and MUTV HD.<ref name="22nd HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://mediaweek.com.au/foxtel-bein-channels/ |title= Foxtel launching 3 new beIN sports channels for subscribers |last= Sherer |first= Darryl |date= 31 March 2016 |publisher= Mediaweek |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183212/https://mediaweek.com.au/foxtel-bein-channels/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Sky News Election Channel HD was replaced with A-PAC HD in January 2017.<ref name="23rd HD Launch">{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Paige |date=18 January 2017 |title=Key Customer Updates from 2017 |url=https://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Announcements/Foxtel-Customer-Updates/td-p/175039 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183217/https://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Announcements/Foxtel-Customer-Updates/td-p/175039 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref> Movie Greats HD was added on 23 March 2018.<ref name="24th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/03/foxtel-embraces-hollywood-classics.html |title= Foxtel embraces Hollywood classics |last= Knox |first= David |date= 5 March 2018 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 30 March 2018 |archive-date= 30 March 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180330080109/https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/03/foxtel-embraces-hollywood-classics.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Sky News UK HD launched as a standalone channel on 27 May 2018 with A-PAC HD also rebranding to Sky News Extra HD.<ref name="25th HD Launch">{{cite web |url= https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/04/sky-news-revamp-sky-news-uk-a-pac-rebrands-multiview-moves-online.html |title= Sky News revamp: Sky News UK, A-PAC rebrands, Multiview moves online |last= Knox |first= David |date= 30 April 2018 |publisher= TV Tonight |access-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-date= 16 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190416183409/https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/04/sky-news-revamp-sky-news-uk-a-pac-rebrands-multiview-moves-online.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Fox News Channel HD launched in November 2018.<ref name="26th HD Launch">{{cite web |author= |date=21 November 2018 |title=Fox News HD |url=https://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Programming-Technical-Support/Fox-News-HD/td-p/259747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121202237/https://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Programming-Technical-Support/Fox-News-HD/td-p/259747 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=16 April 2019 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref>

A retransmission of the free-to-air networks' high definition channels is also available to high definition cable subscribers and satellite subscribers with an iQ3 set-top box or later. These channels include [[ABC HD (Australian TV channel)|ABC HD]], [[SBS HD]], [[SBS Viceland|SBS Viceland HD]], [[SBS World Movies|SBS World Movies HD]], [[7HD]], [[7mate|7mateHD]], [[9HD]], [[9Gem|9Gem HD]] and [[10 HD]].<ref name="Retransmission">[http://hd.foxtel.com.au/blog/2008/02/retransmission-on-foxtel.html Retransmission on Foxtel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430131118/http://hd.foxtel.com.au/blog/2008/02/retransmission-on-foxtel.html |date=30 April 2008 }}</ref>

Foxtel's high definition channels are broadcast in [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264]] in both [[720p]] and [[1080i]] resolutions. As of 2011, almost a third of Foxtel's customers were receiving the HD service.<ref name="Foxtel.com.au" />

===Foxtel Download===
On 1 October 2009, Foxtel launched an online download service which allows all cable and satellite customers to access Foxtel content via their computer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Field |first=Katherine |date=29 September 2009 |title=Foxtel to launch download service, 12 new channels |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,28383,26142218-10229,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002075758/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,28383,26142218-10229,00.html |archive-date=2 October 2009 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[News.com.au]] |publisher=News Limited}}</ref> The service were free for customers, who can download programmes from channels within their subscription package. There were one live streaming channel, ESPN3, while the remainder of the service provides episodes of programs from 38 channels. Then CEO, [[Kim Williams (media executive)|Kim Williams]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Mindthegp.files.wordpress.com |url=http://mindthegp.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/foxtel1.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718095016/http://mindthegp.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/foxtel1.jpg |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> highlighted that Foxtel planned to expand its live streaming channel range later in the year to coincide with the [[2010 Winter Olympics|2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics]] and the launch of thirty new channels for Foxtel Digital and HD.<ref>{{cite web |last=Major |first=Rose |date=23 September 2009 |title=Foxtel Download on track for October |url=http://www.rapidtvnews.com/index.php/200909234783/foxtel-download-on-track-for-october.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927084608/http://www.rapidtvnews.com/index.php/200909234783/foxtel-download-on-track-for-october.html |archive-date=27 September 2009 |access-date=18 November 2023 |publisher=Rapid TV News}}</ref> This service has been the source of great controversy as there was no support for Linux, Mac or any 64-bit Windows operating systems, leaving many users unable to install the client.
Foxtel Download was discontinued in September 2012, with the service no longer being available to subscribers.

===Mobile Foxtel===
Launched in late 2006 to coincide with [[Telstra]]'s NextG 3G mobile phone network, Mobile Foxtel (previously Foxtel By Mobile) offers 33 standard channels of programming for a small subscription fee, optimised for mobile devices. the channels on the service were:<ref name="foxtelonmobile">{{cite web|title=What We Do |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/what-we-do/default.htm |publisher=Foxtel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822070301/http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/what-we-do/default.htm |archive-date=22 August 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Sky News|Sky News National]], [[Your Money (TV channel)|Your Money]], [[CNN]], [[Fox Sports News (Australia)|Fox Sports News]], [[Fox8]], [[The Comedy Channel]], [[MTV]], [[E! Entertainment]], [[Fashion TV]], [[Discovery Channel|Discovery Mobile]], [[Disney Channel (Australia and New Zealand)|Disney Channel]], [[Eurosport]], Union Extreme Sports, [[Cartoon Network (Australia and New Zealand)|Cartoon Network]], [[TV1 (Australia)|TV1]], [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]], [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS One]] and [[Eurosport]]news.

With the exception of CNN, Fashion TV, Eurosportsnews, Eurosport, Fox News, BBC World News and Fox Sports News, which were direct simulcasts of the actual channel and Sky News channels which are taken from the Sky News Active service, all channels are pre-produced loops that do not directly correlate to the full scale satellite/cable channel. There were a limit of 200 minutes per month, with 15 minutes per session, may apply to the service, although this has not been strictly enforced.<ref name="foxtelonmobile" />

The service was discontinued on 27 July 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2016 |title=Mobile Foxtel Exit - Telstra Crowdsupport |url=https://crowdsupport.telstra.com.au/t5/Telstra-Product-Exits/Mobile-Foxtel-Exit/ba-p/571685 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104104947/https://crowdsupport.telstra.com.au/t5/Telstra-Product-Exits/Mobile-Foxtel-Exit/ba-p/571685 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>

===Foxtel on Xbox 360 and Internet TV===
Foxtel launched in November 2010 for the [[Xbox 360]] games console, offering 38 channels, catch-up television and on-demand movie streaming. It requires both an [[Xbox Live Gold]] subscription and a Foxtel subscription.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foxtel on Xbox 360 |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/xbox/default.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108160916/http://www.foxtel.com.au/xbox/default.htm |archive-date=8 November 2010 |access-date=18 November 2023 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref> [[Smart TV|Samsung Smart TVs]] received the same service at no additional cost in July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whistleout.com.au/Broadband/News/samsung-tvs-see-boxless-foxtel|title=Samsung TVs See Boxless Foxtel|publisher=Whistleout|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135841/https://www.whistleout.com.au/Broadband/News/samsung-tvs-see-boxless-foxtel|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This has been replaced with Foxtel Now.

===Presto===
{{Main|Presto (streaming company)}}
In 2014, Foxtel launched a movie streaming operation ''Presto'', which was initially priced at $19.99, but was halved a few months later. Presto was spin-off a television streaming service with [[Seven West Media]] in early 2015.<ref name="Presto">{{cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Foxtel and Seven West combine to fight Netflix and Stan with Presto Entertainment |url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/home-entertainment/foxtel-and-seven-west-combine-to-fight-netflix-and-stan-with-presto-entertainment/story-fn8tnfhb-1227148300038 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213002957/http://www.news.com.au/technology/home-entertainment/foxtel-and-seven-west-combine-to-fight-netflix-and-stan-with-presto-entertainment/story-fn8tnfhb-1227148300038 |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[News.com.au]]}}</ref>

Foxtel announced the Presto service will be closed in January 2017, and customers moved to a Foxtel Now service.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2016 |title=Foxtel customers the winner as streaming service Presto closes in January 2017 |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/foxtel-customers-the-winner-as-streaming-service-presto-closes-in-january-2017/news-story/085497337ae3ed5b130e23a0e126c8a1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004083418/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/foxtel-customers-the-winner-as-streaming-service-presto-closes-in-january-2017/news-story/085497337ae3ed5b130e23a0e126c8a1 |archive-date=4 October 2016 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=[[News.com.au]]}}</ref>

===Fox Movies===
In August 2018, Foxtel launched a streaming VOD (video on demand) movie service called FoxFlicks. This service is available to subscribers who have either the movie pack or platinum pack with the new iQ4 [[set-top-box]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaweek.com.au/foxtel-launches-foxflicks-streaming-demand-movie-service/|title=Foxtel launches FoxFlicks streaming on demand movie service|website=mediaweek.com.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150320/https://mediaweek.com.au/foxtel-launches-foxflicks-streaming-demand-movie-service/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has since been rebranded as '''Foxtel Movies'''.

===Live2Air===
In December 2006, airline [[Virgin Australia]] (then known as Virgin Blue) announced a partnership with Foxtel and Austar to introduce a "Live2Air" service on most flights by mid-2007, providing live satellite TV to passengers via the in-flight entertainment system. The Live2Air system offered 24 Foxtel channels and was only available on selected [[Boeing 737]] aircraft, and was phased out beginning in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Blue – Live 2 Air |url=https://www.virginaustralia.com/au/en/about-us/media/2004/VB_JOINS_FOXTEL_LIVE_TO_AIR/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906022542/https://www.virginaustralia.com/au/en/about-us/media/2004/VB_JOINS_FOXTEL_LIVE_TO_AIR/ |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=3 April 2013 |publisher=Virginaustralia.com}}</ref>

==Devices==
Foxtel devices are manufactured by [[Pace plc]] on behalf of Foxtel – they have manufactured a variety of devices including:

===Foxtel Standard===
There is a variety of Foxtel standard units. These lack the recording features of the iQ models, but can be connected to a [[Videocassette recorder|VCR]] or [[Digital video recorder|DVR]]. Foxtel has phased out the standard boxes for all new installations and provides the iQ3, iQ4 or iQ5 instead. The additional features of the iQ models (such as recording) can be deactivated if the customer does not wish to pay for them, in effect making them operate as if they were a legacy model.

===Foxtel iQ===
Foxtel launched Foxtel iQ in early 2005. It is a [[timeshifting]] [[Personal video recorder|personal digital recorder]] in which subscribers are able to record programmes onto a 160 GB [[hard drive]] inside the [[set-top unit]] for later viewing. Foxtel iQ includes a feature called Series Link, which lets the viewer choose to record all future episodes in a given television series (availability is limited to certain programmes). Foxtel iQ also allows viewers to use live rewind and pause features during television programmes. Two new services, On Demand and Remote Record, launched in 2007. Remote Record was launched on 1 January 2007 and allows users to log into the interactive TV guide on the Foxtel website and then command their iQ at home to record shows, while On-Demand was launched on 8 February 2007. This service is based on [[Sky+]], which was launched on News Corporation's UK television platform [[Sky (UK and Ireland)|Sky]] in 2001.
There are currently two models of Foxtel iQ, with identical functionality to the user but different audio-visual output abilities. Both models have two tuners, allowing users to record two programmes (or record one and watch one) simultaneously.
Pace plc are the set top box provider for iQ, of which they claim that the cable version of iQ is the first [[Digital Video Broadcasting|DVB]]-based cable [[digital video recorder]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2005 |title=Pace to Launch World's First DVB Cable PDR for payTV |url=http://www.pace.com/universal/news-events/press-releases/2005/pace-to-launch-worlds-first-dvb-cable-pdr-for-paytv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315203725/http://www.pace.com/universal/news-events/press-releases/2005/pace-to-launch-worlds-first-dvb-cable-pdr-for-paytv/ |archive-date=15 March 2013 |access-date=18 November 2023 |publisher=[[Pace plc]]}}</ref>

The updated version of the original iQ unit is physically smaller, however allows for better quality recordings and HDMI up-scaling as well as an Ethernet Port to allow Box Office downloads. It can also order On-Demand titles without the need of the phone line connected to the model. These boxes are referred to as the iQ1.5, to differentiate them from the original iQ boxes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iQ1 and iQ1.5 – F362 |url=https://www.foxtel.com.au/support/technical-support/error-code-troubleshooting/iq/f362.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127023949/https://www.foxtel.com.au/support/technical-support/error-code-troubleshooting/iq/f362.html |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Foxtel}}</ref> As of 1 March 2017, these boxes are no longer available to new customers.

===Foxtel iQ2===
The second-generation iQ2 box was launched alongside the Foxtel HD+ service in mid-2008. Equipped with a 320GB HDD, iQ2 is capable of recording 30 hours of HD and 90 hours of SD content and offers, double that of the original iQ. The unit also offers [[HDMI]] connectivity.<ref name="foxteliqhd">{{cite web |title=FOXTEL HDTV – Watch Foxtel in high definition HD TV |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/discover/products-features/hd/default.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121174141/http://www.foxtel.com.au/discover/products-features/hd/default.htm |archive-date=21 January 2010 |access-date=18 November 2023 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref>

The iQ2 is equipped with four tuners, of which one is reserved for on demand content. This allows users to record two programs at once while watching a third live.

As of 2011, 75 per cent of Foxtel subscribers are using an iQ series unit, 40 per cent are using Multi-Room, and 40 per cent are using iQ2 (and therefore, HD).<ref>{{cite web |last=Sweeney |first=Nila |title=Do You Need Pay TV? |url=http://www.yourmortgage.com.au/article/do-you-need-pay-tv-122624.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716051223/http://www.yourmortgage.com.au/article/do-you-need-pay-tv-122624.aspx |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=2014-11-08 |website=Your Mortgage |publisher=Audited Media}}</ref>

On 2 November 2011, Foxtel started notifying subscribers of the option to upgrade (at an additional one-off $200 upgrade fee) to a 1TB model with 4 times the recording capacity. As of 17 August 2020, these boxes are no longer available to new customers.

===Foxtel iQ3===
Foxtel's third-generation model, iQ3, was first referenced by CEO Richard Freudenstein in March 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astra.org.au/ArticleDocuments/229/ASTRA2012Conference_FOXTELRF_22_03_2012_11.50AM.pdf.aspx |title=ASTRA 2012 conference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322225850/http://www.astra.org.au/ArticleDocuments/229/ASTRA2012Conference_FOXTELRF_22_03_2012_11.50AM.pdf.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref> and was released to customers on 23 March 2015. The iQ3 contains increased internet connectivity with the inclusion of Wi-Fi and the ability to re-watch certain broadcast programmes to the start using on-demand technology. The iQ3 includes a 1TB HDD (3x the capacity of the previous iQHD) and a bluetooth remote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foxtel's new set-top box to redefine how TV lovers enjoy entertainment |url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Announcements/The-ingenious-Foxtel-iQ3-launches-today/m-p/53890#U53890 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328041517/http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Announcements/The-ingenious-Foxtel-iQ3-launches-today/m-p/53890#U53890 |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=18 November 2023 |publisher=Foxtel}}</ref> After the release, many customers had complaints due to the unstable nature of the iQ3 graphical user interface and additionally accused Foxtel of releasing an 'unfinished product'. Foxtel denied such claims along with rumours that up to 2,000 iQ3 boxes were quickly launched in response to market rival [[Netflix]] launching in Australia in April 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://mumbrella.com.au/foxtel-denies-rushing-out-iq3-becuase-of-netflix-despite-admitting-200000-boxes-need-upgrades-285097|title = Foxtel denies rushing out iQ3 because of Netflix despite 2,000 shipped boxes need upgrades|last = Christensen|first = Nic|date = 1 April 2015|work = mumbrella.com.au|access-date = 1 October 2015|archive-date = 1 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001172832/http://mumbrella.com.au/foxtel-denies-rushing-out-iq3-becuase-of-netflix-despite-admitting-200000-boxes-need-upgrades-285097|url-status = live}}</ref> As of November 2015, instability issues are yet to be resolved.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/foxtel-iq3-backlash-continues-with-claims-150-product-is-a-work-in-progress-20150806-git6eb.html|title = Foxtel iQ3 backlash continues with claims $150 product is a 'work in progress'|last = Francis|first = Hannah|date = 7 August 2015|work = smh.com.au|access-date = 1 October 2015|archive-date = 9 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151009203821/http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/foxtel-iq3-backlash-continues-with-claims-150-product-is-a-work-in-progress-20150806-git6eb.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/major-software-bugs-plague-foxtels-netflix-rival-iq3-causing-customer-outrage-20150331-1mccy9.html|title = Major software bugs plague Foxtel's Netflix rival iQ3, causing customer outrage|last = Grubb|first = Ben|date = 2 April 2015|work = smh.com.au|access-date = 1 October 2015|archive-date = 19 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151019132003/http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/major-software-bugs-plague-foxtels-netflix-rival-iq3-causing-customer-outrage-20150331-1mccy9.html|url-status = live}}</ref> However, an iQ3 software update in late 2019 allows integration with Netflix titles when connected to a television unit with an application for the service.

===Foxtel iQ4===
Foxtel's fourth-generation model, iQ4 was launched in August 2018 and is 4K compatible. Foxtel launched '''Foxtel 4K''' – a dedicated 4K channel on 7 October 2018, with the broadcast of the Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/business/companies/foxtel-launched-4k-channel-in-preparation-for-cricket-20180814-p4zxgg.html|title=Foxtel to launch 4K channel in preparation for cricket|last=Duke|first=Jennifer|date=14 August 2018|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=26 September 2018|publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131009/https://www.theage.com.au/business/companies/foxtel-launched-4k-channel-in-preparation-for-cricket-20180814-p4zxgg.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Foxtel iQ5===
The iQ5 is Foxtel's latest set top box which came out in September 2021 and can operate in two different modes depending on what service is available at customer's premises. It can be connected to an existing Satellite service, where a dish is already installed and working, or connected to the internet to stream Foxtel content in internet-only mode.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molk |first=Steve |date=7 September 2021 |title=FOXTEL release their all-new next-level iQ5 set top box |url=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2021/09/07/foxtel-release-their-all-new-next-level-iq5-set-top-box/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=TV Blackbox}}</ref>

==Advertising on Foxtel==
When Foxtel was launched in 1995, advertising during programmes was banned under Australian Government legislation for the first two years. Foxtel has since significantly increased advertising across its platform, although still today legislation prevents Foxtel and other pay TV businesses from earning more than 50 per cent of their revenue from advertising. Sometimes, viewers are exposed to up to 5 minutes worth of adverts for every 8 minutes of programming.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giving the new media puzzle a sporting chance|url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/ceo-speeches/giving-the-new-media-puzzle-a-sporting-chance-45801.htm|publisher=Foxtel|date=12 September 2006|access-date=12 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621113048/http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/ceo-speeches/giving-the-new-media-puzzle-a-sporting-chance-45801.htm|archive-date=21 June 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Certain programming on select channels are ad-free such as films or live games on Fox Sports, as well as select premium networks such as Fox Showcase.

==Legislation affecting Foxtel==

===Anti-siphoning===
The Australian [[Anti-siphoning laws in Australia|anti-siphoning laws]] also prevent Foxtel and other pay TV suppliers from acquiring exclusive rights to specific sporting events such as cricket, golf, tennis and the football codes. Under the legislation pay TV licensees are prevented from bidding for major sporting events until a right is acquired by the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]], [[Seven Network|Seven]], [[Nine Network|Nine]] and [[Network 10|Ten]] networks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-siphoning and anti-hoarding|url=http://www.dbcde.gov.au/television/antisiphoning_and_antihoarding|publisher=[[Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy]] (DBCDE)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227014537/http://www.dbcde.gov.au/television/antisiphoning_and_antihoarding|archive-date=27 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2009, the Minister for Communications announced a review of the legislation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sport on Television – Review of the anti-siphoning scheme|url=http://www.dbcde.gov.au/television/antisiphoning_and_antihoarding/sport_on_television_review_of_the_antisiphoning_scheme|publisher=Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (DBCDE)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220180406/http://www.dbcde.gov.au/television/antisiphoning_and_antihoarding/sport_on_television_review_of_the_antisiphoning_scheme|archive-date=20 December 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In an Olympics year, the Australian anti-siphoning list runs to over 1300 events and is one of the longest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foxtel submission on discussion paper|url=http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/121320/Foxtel_main_submission.pdf|publisher=Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy|date=16 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228041513/http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/121320/Foxtel_main_submission.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Third party access==
Foxtel prevents users from using their subscription card in a third-party decoder, and requires all users to watch the service on a supplied set-top box, included with the subscription, however some users have reported being able to watch certain channels on a computer with a DVB-C card and using sasc-ng to decrypt the video content using card readers to read the decoding keys stored on the card used in Foxtel's iQ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Pay TV to Work With MythTV|url=http://omcentre.com.au/Getting-Pay-TV-to-Work-With-MythTV.102.0.html|publisher=Open Media Centre|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916144818/http://www.omcentre.com.au/Getting-Pay-TV-to-Work-With-MythTV.102.0.html|archive-date=16 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Foxtel Networks==
On 24 May 2012, Foxtel merged with [[Austar]], resulting in Foxtel gaining Austar's shares in [[XYZnetworks]] (which Foxtel closed and created Foxtel Networks), as well as their shares in Main Event.<ref name="Foxtel-Austar Merger Complete">{{cite web |author=Knox |first=David |date=24 May 2012 |title=Foxtel completes Austar merger |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/05/foxtel-completes-austar-merger.html/ |access-date=24 May 2012 |work=TV Tonight |archive-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525155638/http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/05/foxtel-completes-austar-merger.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="XYZ Merge With Foxtel">
{{cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=24 May 2012 |title=Foxtel, Austar spells end for XYZ |url=http://www.c21media.net/archives/82303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526130717/http://www.c21media.net/archives/82303 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |access-date=25 May 2012 |work=C21Media}}</ref>
The channels owned by Foxtel include:
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Fox Sports (Australia)#Corporate history|Fox Sports Pty Ltd]]
** [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]]
** [[Fox Sports News (Australia)|Fox Sports News]]
** [[Fox Cricket]]
** [[Fox League]]
** [[Fox Footy]]
* [[Lifestyle (Australian TV channel)|Lifestyle]]
** [[Lifestyle Food]]
** [[Lifestyle Home]]
* [[Arena (TV channel)|Arena]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foxtel takes Arena|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2007/09/foxtel-takes-arena.html.|access-date=December 27, 2024|website=TV Tonight}}</ref>
*Real
** Real Life <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Vivienne |date=2023-02-08 |title=Foxtel to Launch 'Real Life' Channel in March |url=https://au.variety.com/2023/tv/news/foxtel-real-life-8651/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Variety Australia |language=en-AU |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303213950/https://au.variety.com/2023/tv/news/foxtel-real-life-8651/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Real History]]
** [[Real Crime (Australian TV channel)|Real Crime]]
* [[Fox8]]
* [[Classics (TV channel)|Classics]]
* [[Crime (Australian TV channel)|Crime]]
* [[Foxtel One]]
* [[Showcase (Australian TV channel)|Showcase]]
* [[Comedy (Australian TV channel)|Comedy]]
* [[British (Australian TV channel)|British]]
* [[BoxSets (TV channel)|BoxSets]]
* [[Foxtel Movies]]
** UltraHD
** Premiere
** Family
** Action
** Comedy
** Romance
** Drama
** Hits
** Greats
* [[Main Event (TV channel)|Main Event]] (66.6%; joint venture with [[Optus Television]])
}}

===Former channels===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[A&E (Australian TV channel)|A&E]] (closed on 31 July 2024)
* [[TVHits]] (replaced by [[Crime (TV channel)|Fox Crime]])
* [[Binge (TV channel)|Binge]] (replaced by [[Foxtel One|Fox One]])
* [[111 (Australian TV channel)|111]] (replaced by [[Fox Funny]])
* [[The Comedy Channel]] (merged with [[Comedy (TV channel)|Fox Comedy]])
* [[Bio (Australian TV channel)|Bio]] (closed on 1 November 2015)
* [[Fox Kids]] (closed in 2004)
* [[Foxtel 3D]] (closed 27 August 2013)<ref>{{cite web |title=Foxtel to close 3D channel |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2013/07/foxtel-to-close-3d-channel.html |publisher=TV Tonight |last=Knox |first=David |date=29 July 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |archive-date=23 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823161511/http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2013/07/foxtel-to-close-3d-channel.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Closure of 3D Channel – Announcements – Support – Foxtel|url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/support/announcements/closure-of-3d-channel/default.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130729081143/http://www.foxtel.com.au/support/announcements/closure-of-3d-channel/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2013|publisher=Foxtel|date=29 July 2013|access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
* [[SoHo (Australian TV channel)|SoHo]] (replaced by [[Binge (TV channel)|Binge]])
* [[Sci-Fi (Australian TV channel)|SciFi]] (closed on 29 February 2024)
* [[Lifestyle You]] (closed on 11 October 2017)
* [[Channel V Australia]] (replaced by [[(V)|V Hits + 2]])
* [[V (Australian TV channel)|[V]]] (formerly [[(V)|V Hits]])
* [[Famous (TV channel)|Famous]] (closed on 26 August 2025)
* [[Foxtel Arts]] (replaced by [[Famous (TV channel)|Famous]])
* [[Foxtel Movies]]
** [[Foxtel Movies|Foxtel Movies Kids]] (closed in 2023)
** [[Foxtel Movies|Foxtel Movies Thriller]] (closed on 29 February 2024)
* [[Foxtel Smooth]] (replaced by [[Foxtel Arts]])
* [[Fox Funny]] (closed on 1 March 2023)
}}

==Logo history==
<gallery>
File:Foxtel logo 1995 - 2002.svg|alt=Foxtel logo 1995 to 2002|1995–2002
File:Foxtel logo 2002 - 2005.svg|alt=Foxtel logo 2002 to 2005|2002–2005
File:Foxtel logo 2005 - 2012.svg|alt=Foxtel logo 2005 to 2012|2005–2012
File:FOXTEL logo 2012.png|alt=Foxtel logo 2012 to 2017|2012–2017
File:FoxTel logo.svg|alt=Foxtel logo 2017 to 2018|2017–2018
File:Foxtel logo 2018.svg|alt=Foxtel logo 2018 to 2020|2018–2020
File:Foxtel logo 2020.svg|alt=Foxtel logo 2020 to present|2020–present
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Television|Australia}}
*[[Fox Broadcasting Company]]
*[[Subscription television in Australia]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.foxtel.com.au}}

{{Foxtel}}
{{Subscription television channels in Australia}}
{{News Corp Australia}}
{{Pay TV providers in MAAO region}}

[[Category:Foxtel| ]]
[[Category:Direct broadcast satellite services]]
[[Category:Australian companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Australian subscription television services]]
[[Category:Australian brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Sydney]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Former joint ventures]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of Australia]]
[[Category:News Corp Australia]]
[[Category:Telstra]]
[[Category:2025 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Australian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]

Rupinder Rupi

2026-03-15T23:21:58Z

DiannaGariepy5: Done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rupinder Rupi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rupinder Rupi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Theatre artist}}
| net_worth =
| spouse =
| children =
| mother =
| father =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Rupinder Rupi''' or '''Roopi Rupinder''' is an Indian actress, who is known for her work in the [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi film]] industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune India |date=3 February 2023 |title=Almost Pyaar with DJ Mohabbat |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/almost-pyaar-with-dj-mohabbat-476208 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref> She is famous for appearing in mother's role in most of the films. Her most well-known works are the films [[Mera Pind]], [[Bailaras]], Laavaan Phere, Nadhoo Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madaan |first=Shivam |date=2023-02-03 |title=Once Again Neeru Bajwa Proves Why She is The 'Queen Of Pollywood', {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Perfo|rmace}} in 'Kali Jotta' gives Goosebumps! |url=https://www.hindustanmetro.com/kali-jota-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.hindustanmetro.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title='Kali Jotta': Neeru Bajwa, Satinder Sartaaj pay obeisance at Golden Temple Amritsar |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/kali-jotta-neeru-bajwa-satinder-sartaaj-pay-obeisance-at-golden-temple-amritsar |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Rupi was born in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. She started her acting career as a theater artist.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

== Filmography ==
{{Colbegin}}
* ''[[Mannat (film)|Mannat]]'' (2006) as Rupinder Kaur
* ''Mehndi Wale Hath'' (2006) as Gugni's mother
* ''Majaajan'' (2008)
* ''[[Mera Pind]]'' (2008) as Ruldu's mother
* ''Peele Patteyaan Di Dastaan'' (2008)
* ''[[Munde U.K. De]]'' (2009)
* ''Chak Jawana'' (2010)
* ''Anhoye (TV series)'' (2012)
* ''[[Rahe Chardi Kala Punjab Di]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Yaar Pardesi]]'' (2012) as Rupinder Barnala
* ''[[Jatts in Golmaal]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Haani]]'' (2013) as Gejo Bhua
* ''Nazara Singh Dheeth Jawaai'' (2015) as Gyan Kaur
* ''[[Mitti Na Pharol Jogiya]]'' (2015) as Bebe
* ''Burf'' (2015)
* ''[[Gaddar: The Traitor|Gadaar: The Traitor]]'' (2015) as Rupinder Roopi
* ''[[Once Upon a Time in Amritsar]]'' (2016) as Gurtej's mother
* ''Gelo'' (2016) as Gelo Jagtar's Mother
* ''[[25 Kille]]'' (2016)
* ''Darra'' (2016) as Balkar's Mother
* ''Desi Munde'' (2016) as Jaswant Kaur
* ''Yaar Annmulle 2'' (2017)
* ''Arjan'' (2017) as Arjan's Mother
* ''Saab Bahadar'' (2017) as Deepi's Maami
* ''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]'' (2017) as Gurmeet Kaur
* ''Rupinder Gandhi 2: The Robin Hood'' (2017)
* ''[[Bailaras]]'' (2017)
* ''Jatt Vs Rabb'' (2017) as Tayi
* ''Punjab Singh'' (2018) as Tayi
* ''Laavan Phere'' (2018) as Gurmel Kaur
* ''Tabbar'' (2018)
* ''[[Daana Paani (2018 film)|Daana Paani]]'' (2018) as Basant's Aunt
* ''Asees'' (2018) as Singh Kaur
* ''[[Vadhayiyaan Ji Vadhayiyaan]]'' (2018)
* ''Dhol Ratti'' (2018) as Bebe
* ''[[Parahuna]]'' (2018)
* ''Marriage Palace'' (2018) as Gurnam Kaur
* ''[[Do Dooni Panj]]'' (2019) as Anju Devi
* ''Baby Dolls'' (2019) as Maami Mukho
* ''Band Vaaje'' (2019) as Billo's mother
* ''Munda Faridkotia'' (2019) as Kulwant Kaur Brar
* ''Nadhoo Khan'' (2019) as Paasho
* ''[[Shadaa]]'' (2019) as Boli vali lady<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Gurjit |date=2019-06-21 |title=Shadaa (Diljit Dosanjh & Neeru Bajwa) Movie Review: Story Cast & More Details |url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/shadaa-diljit-dosanjh-neeru-bajwa-movie-review-story-cast-more-details/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Chandigarh Metro |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Mindo Taseeldarni'' (2019) as Gobindi
* ''[[Munda Hi Chahida]]'' (2019) as BUA
* ''Jugni Yaaran Di'' (2019) as Tea shop owner
* ''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]'' (2019) as Dilsher's mother
* ''[[Naukar Vahuti Da]]'' (2019) as Goldy's mother
* ''[[Surkhi Bindi]]'' (2019) as Satya Bhua
* ''[[Doorbeen]]'' (2019) as Shindo Sarpanchni
* ''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]'' (2019) as Babbu's mother
* ''Amaanat'' (2019)
* ''[[Sufna]]'' (2020) as Complaining lady #2
* ''Balli Te Bandook'' (2021) as Jeeto's Mother
* ''Viaah Ch Gaah'' (2021)
* ''Waleed'' (2021) as Pritam Kaur
* ''Shivjot: Pro Jatts'' (2021) as Mother Role
* ''Dukhan Da Darya'' (2021)
* ''Mitti'' (2021)
* ''[[Qismat 2]]'' (2021) as Kaabil's mother
* ''[[Paani Ch Madhaani]]'' (2021)
* ''Jal Wayu Enclave'' (2022) as Yaad's mother
* ''Mera Vyah Kara Do'' (2022)
* ''Main Viyah Nahi Karona Tere Naal'' (2022) as Nimmo
* ''Galwakdi'' (2022) as Jagteshwar's Mother<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=Punjabi film Galwakdi, starring Tarsem Jassar and Wamiqa Gabbi, promises a joyride with loads of fun and banter |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/punjabi-film-galwakdi-starring-tarsem-jassar-and-wamiqa-gabbi-promises-a-joyride-with-loads-of-fun-and-banter-383182 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>
* ''Maa'' (2022)
* ''Sass Meri Ne Munda Jamya'' (2022)
* ''True Life - Monty Marzara'' (2022) as Mother
* ''Lover'' (2022) as Heer's mother<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lover: Trailer Of Guri & Ronak Joshi’s Upcoming Intense Romantic Drama Will Touch Your Heart |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/375790-Lover-Trailer-Of-Guri-Ronak-Joshis-Upcoming-Intense-Romantic-Drama-Will-Touch-Your-Heart |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>
* ''Bajre Da Sitta'' (2022) as Ratan's mother<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aakanksha Sareen talks about her ‘Bajre Da Sitta’ costar Ammy Virk; says he is very humble and professional |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/aakanksha-sareen-talks-about-her-bajre-da-sitta-costar-ammy-virk-says-he-is-very-humble-and-professional/articleshow/89765396.cms |access-date=2023-02-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''[[Beautiful Billo]]'' (2022)
* ''Jitt De Nishan'' (2022)
* ''Valaiti Yantar'' (2022) as Banto
* ''[[Oye Bhole Oye]]'' (2024)
{{Colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rupi, Rupinder}}
[[Category:Actresses from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gulabi (2014 film)

2026-03-04T09:46:45Z

DiannaGariepy5: creating new entry!

{{Short description|2014 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gulabi
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Guddu Dhanoa]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Santosh Dhanoa
* Aniket Karnik
* Renuka Karnik
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sachin Khedekar]]
* [[Pakhi Hegde]]
* [[Vineet Sharma]]
}}
| cinematography = Raju Key Gee
| editing = Umesh Rane
| music = Dilip Sen
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|09|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gulabi''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by [[Guddu Dhanoa]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=Watch: The trailer of Guddu Dhanoa's 'Gulabi'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/gulabi-guddu-dhanoa-pakhi-hegde-sachin-khedekar-dilip-sen-vinay-apte-santosh-dhanoa-sat-na-gat-pan-singh-tomar-i-am-kalam-aflatoon/articleshow/36434134.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124051836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/gulabi-guddu-dhanoa-pakhi-hegde-sachin-khedekar-dilip-sen-vinay-apte-santosh-dhanoa-sat-na-gat-pan-singh-tomar-i-am-kalam-aflatoon/articleshow/36434134.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> and produced by Santosh Dhanoa, Aniket Karnik and Renuka Karnik. The film stars [[Sachin Khedekar]] , [[Pakkhi Hegde]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=Pakhi to play a bar dancer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pakhi-hegde-sat-na-gat-guddu-dhanoa-gulabi-bichhoo-big-brother-aflatoon-sanjay-chauhan-pan-singh-tomar-i-am-kalaam-sachin-khedekar-vinay-apte/articleshow/35199082.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124053642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pakhi-hegde-sat-na-gat-guddu-dhanoa-gulabi-bichhoo-big-brother-aflatoon-sanjay-chauhan-pan-singh-tomar-i-am-kalaam-sachin-khedekar-vinay-apte/articleshow/35199082.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> and Vineet Sharma. The film was released on 12 September 2014.

== Synopsis ==
ACP Arjun is authorized to arrest Gulabi, a dance bar girl. Their story takes a turn when the girl's charm makes Arjun forget about his duty. Gulabi is revealed to be the direct victim of the dance bar and the system which governs its employees.

== Cast ==
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Arjun
* [[Pakkhi Hegde]] as Gulabi
* Vineet Sharma as Ravi Kale
* Kaajal Vashisht as Mallika
* Vinay Apte as Sarpotdar
* Jaspal Sandhu

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gulabi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Dilip Sen
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 2:01
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2013
| year = 2015
| next_title =
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|Tz0QA8P7Ixs| Gulabi March – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 2:01
| title1 = Gulabi Mazha Naav ahe
| extra1 = Maya Govind
| length1 = 2:01
}}

== Critical response ==
Gulabi received negative reviews from critics. Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India]] rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Guddu Dhanoa has tried his best to make a unique love story but sadly, it doesn't quite strike a chord with the viewers. Watch this one only if you have to".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2016 |title=GULABI MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/gulabi/movie-review/42395912.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124055702/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/gulabi/movie-review/42395912.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of [[Pune Mirror]] wrote "The only saving grace to an extent is Sachin Khedekar's presence and the dignity it brings to the scenes. Beyond that, the lesser said about the film the better".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2014 |title=The pink angel|url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/the-pink-angel/cid5011329.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124061658/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/the-pink-angel/cid5011329.htm |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> A reviewer from [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] wrote "Being a dance bar theme, the layout is a bit gaudy. It is not a subject that can be watched with the family. But the dire reality of Barbal's sufferings and the current social situation comes out in 'Gulabi'".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Movie Review: गुलाबी|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-gulaabi-4743491-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124064456/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-gulaabi-4743491-NOR.html |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of [[Maharashtra Times]] rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Story, screenplay, dialogues, acting, logic except for exception, this movie is deceived in all respects... making one say that the theme of the cage is 'a mockery today'."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2014 |title=सिनेरिव्ह्यू : 'गुलाबी' थट्टा|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/gulabi/moviereview/42392306.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124065510/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/gulabi/moviereview/42392306.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3971238}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Pyarge Aagbittaite (film)

2026-03-04T04:41:06Z

DiannaGariepy5: Article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyarge Aagbittaite
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Kevin Bala
| writer = Keshavaditya (dialogues)
| screenplay = Kevin Bala
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]''|Parag Kulkarni and [[Satish Rajwade]]}}
| producer = Shoba Prakash
| starring = [[Komal (actor)|Komal Kumar]] Prathana Prabhu
| narrator =
| cinematography = Balabharani
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = Dharma Teja
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|9|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pyarge Aagbittaite''''' is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Kevin Bala and starring [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] and Prathana Prabhu. The film's title is based on the song [[Pyarge Aagbittaite|of the same name]] and it is a remake of ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'' (2010). The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-and-jaggesh-to-work-together-again/articleshow/22598589.cms|title=Komal and Jaggesh to work together|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Sharanya|last=CR|date=16 September 2013|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019035526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-and-jaggesh-to-work-together-again/articleshow/22598589.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
A girl from Bangalore meets a boy from Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-appoints-himself-ambassador-to-mysore/articleshow/20911745.cms|title=Komal appoints himself ambassador to Mysore|first=Anjali|last=Muthanna|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2013|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019035526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-appoints-himself-ambassador-to-mysore/articleshow/20911745.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
*Prathana Prabhu
*[[Akul Balaji]]
*[[Tennis Krishna]]

== Production ==
The film was initially had a different title but reverted to the current title after the original title had been registered under someone else's name.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/komal-govindaya-namaha-pyarge-aagbittaite/articleshow/22295822.cms?|title=All over in 100 days|date=4 September 2013|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019035534/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/casting/articleshowajax/22263507.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=22256792&photocount=6&photoexclude=3|url-status=live}}</ref> Mangalore-based dancer Prathana Prabhu made her debut with this film after the director saw one of her dances. She initially rejected the film but accepted after watching ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'' (2010).<ref name="P">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-had-fever-on-the-first-day-of-the-shoot-prarthana-prabhu/articleshow/22066063.cms|title=I had fever on the first day of the shoot: Prarthana Prabhu|date=27 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=CR|first=Sharanya|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003133612/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/I-had-fever-on-the-first-day-of-the-shoot-Prarthana-Prabhu/articleshow/22066063.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[muhurat shot]] of the film took place in May 2013.<ref name="B"/> The director, who worked as an assistant director for ''[[Singam]]'' (2010) only knew Tamil and had to have a Kannada translator.<ref name="P"/> [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] wrote some of his dialogues for the film.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-officially-turns-dialogue-writer/articleshow/20889903.cms|title=Komal officially turns dialogue writer|first=Anjali|last=Muthanna|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=|access-date=2023-10-18|archive-date=2023-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019035527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-officially-turns-dialogue-writer/articleshow/20889903.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in a single schedule in [[Bangalore]], [[Kasargod]], [[Mysore]], and [[Sakleshpur]].<ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/poster-of-pyarge-aagbittaite-released/articleshow/21893346.cms|title=Poster of Pyarge Aagbittaite released|first=Anjali|last=Muthanna|date=18 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019035528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/poster-of-pyarge-aagbittaite-released/articleshow/21893346.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was reportedly in the top ten of a [[microblogging]] website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pyarge-aagbittaite-on-a-social-media-drive/articleshow/22139577.cms|title=Pyarge Aagbittaite on a social media drive|date=30 August 2013|first=Sharanya|last=CR|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703124829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pyarge-aagbittaite-on-a-social-media-drive/articleshow/22139577.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film finished production and was ready for release a hundred days after it entered production.<ref name="B"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by Dharma Teja. An audio launch was held in Bangalore with [[Ambareesh]] in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/will-pyarge-aagbittaite-get-back-komals-glory/articleshow/21334886.cms|title=Will Pyarge Aagbittaite get back Komal's glory?|date=25 July 2013|first=Taniya|last=Talukdar|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019035527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/will-pyarge-aagbittaite-get-back-komals-glory/articleshow/21334886.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Komal has proved that he can shine in serious roles too with a neat performance. Prarthana is good. Akul Balaji is a waste. Music by Dharmateja and camera by Balabharani are average".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/pyaarge-aagbuttaithe/movie-review/22398253.cms|title=PYAARGE AAGBUTTAITHE MOVIE REVIEW|date=14 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Pyaarge-Aagbuttaithe/movie-review/22398253.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14020062}}

[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Marathi films]]

Varushamellam Vasantham

2026-03-03T04:39:35Z

DiannaGariepy5: adding first info with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Varushamellam Vasantham.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = R. Ravi Shankar
| writer = R. Ravi Shankar
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]] [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] [[Anita Hassanandani]]
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = M. N. Raja
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|05|03|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Varushamellam Vasantham''''' ({{Translation|[[Spring (season)|Spring]] All Year}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by R. Ravi Shankar in his debut, and produced by [[R. B. Choudary]] of [[Super Good Films]]. The film featured [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]], [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] and [[Anita Hassanandani]] (her Tamil debut) in the lead roles, while [[M. N. Nambiar]] and [[Sukumari]] play supporting roles. The film, which had music composed by [[Sirpy]], opened on 3 May 2002. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Manchivaadu''.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== Plot ==
Raja is an unemployed, carefree, lazy young man who lives in [[Thenkasi]] with an extended family consisting of his grandfather Paramasivam, grandmother, parents, uncle, aunt and paternal cousins. Raja also has a brother Ramesh. Ramesh is a year younger than Raja and works as a successful software engineer in Delhi. Paramasivam is a rich and well-respected retired IAS officer who favours Ramesh since he is well-educated and obedient. He often speaks ill of Raja and degrades him constantly, going so far as to leave him out of his daily prayers.

Paramasivam's niece, husband, and daughter Latha move from [[Kolkata]] to Raja's home to stay for a short while.Raja is instantly captivated by Latha and, drawn by a deep curiosity and admiration, begins seeking ways to gently enter her world and earn her friendship. He soon finds out that Ramesh is also attracted to Latha and is determined to win her over. Raja realises that he needs to impress Latha so that she will choose him over Ramesh and tries to change his lifestyle. Taking the advice of a friend, he tries to get a job as a collector, but he is turned away due to his lack of education. He then tries to learn English, but he is so hopeless that his teacher eventually gives up.

Meanwhile, Ramesh tries to sabotage his brother's efforts. He convinces Raja that Latha is very fond of [[Manilkara zapota|sapota]], a fruit which she actually hates and is allergic to. Raja delivers baskets of sapota to Latha, but she has an allergic reaction, and this causes a rift in their friendship. Raja is disheartened after his many failures and the attitude of his brother and grandfather. His hope is renewed one day after a conversation with Latha, where she mentions that wealth and education should not affect the love two people have for each other. She says that a single flower bought by a person who works hard is worth more than gifts worth thousands.

Raja eventually finds a job at a metal factory, where he works long hours doing dangerous work. Paramasivam witnesses Raja working, overhears some of the labourers talking about what a hard worker he is, and sees a change in his grandson and softens his approach towards him.

Latha (later known as "Anarkali") celebrates her 23rd birthday with a grand party, and Ramesh presents her with a costly laptop computer. Ashamed, Raja tries to hide his gift (some cheap clothing wrapped in plain paper), but Latha insists on trying on the outfit immediately. Paramasivam realises that the change in Raja was brought about by Latha and proposes a marriage between the two. To everyone's surprise, Raja declines, despite the fact that he loves Latha. Paramasivam is embarrassed and enraged, telling Raja that he will never find a girl who is educated and well-respected like Latha. He also says that Raja will forever be useless and lazy and threatens to cut off his grandson's inheritance. Raja decides to move out and continue working at the metal factory.

Ramesh, who was aware of Raja's feelings towards Latha, confronts his brother about his rejection of the marriage proposal. Raja reveals that Latha had confided in him that she is actually in love with Ramesh. Shocked, Ramesh asks his brother why he did not just stay silent and accept the marriage. Raja says that love should come from both sides and cannot be forced. Ramesh is astonished by this and is grateful for Raja's kind character. He asks for forgiveness and the brothers reconcile. Paramasivam overhears this conversation and is overcome with guilt. After an emotional exchange, he welcomes Raja back home and now treats his him with affection and love and speaks of him with pride.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Manoj Bharathiraja]] as Raja, Paramasivan's grandson
*[[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] as Ramesh, Raja's younger brother and Paramasivan's grandson
*[[Anita Hassanandani]] as Latha
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Paramasivam
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Velayudham, Tea Shop Owner
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Latha's father
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Subramaniam, Raja and Ramesh's father
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Raja and Ramesh's paternal uncle
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Saroja, Latha's mother
*[[Sukumari]] as Meenakshi, Raja and Ramesh's grandmother
*[[Subhashini]] as Raja's mother
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Rose Mary, English tutor
*Malini
*Sembuli Jagan as Raja's friend
*[[Neelu]] as a district collector
*[[Kottachi]] as Raja's friend
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]] as Venkataraman "Venkat"
*Kulir Kumaresan as Venkat's son-in-law
*[[Raghava Lawrence]] in a special appearance in "Naan Ready Neenga Readya"
*[[Sanghavi]] in a cameo appearance
*[[Anandaraj]] in a cameo appearance as an Inspector
}}

== Production ==
After working as an assistant director and lyric writer in the 1990s, Ra. Ravishankar debuted as a film director through ''Varushamellam Vasantham''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2002 |title=Interview: Director Ravishankar Speaks Out |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2002/june/01-06-02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419173235/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2002/june/01-06-02.html |archive-date=19 April 2006 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> [[Raghava Lawrence]] was initially signed to act in a leading role in the film, alongside [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]], but was later replaced by [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] though Lawrence made a cameo appearance for a song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2001 |title=Interview: So Says Lawrence.... (Part-2) |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2001/dec/31-12-01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040516045918/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2001/dec/31-12-01.html |archive-date=16 May 2004 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sirpy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varushamellam Vasantham (2002) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Varushamellam-Vasantham-songs-T0000947 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219035505/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/varushamellam-vasantham-songs-T0000947 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Adi Anarkali" was initially meant to be sung by [[Sujatha Mohan]], but after she heard a rough version of the song sung by [[Ganga Sitharasu]], she requested Sirpy to retain Ganga's vocals for the final version.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P.K. Ajith |date=22 December 2006 |title=With great expectations |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/with-great-expectations/article3231759.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140216185624/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/with-great-expectations/article3231759.ece |archive-date=16 February 2014 |access-date=8 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Adi Anarkali" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Ganga Sitharasu]] || rowspan=5|R.Ravishankar
|-
| "Enge Andha Vennila" (F) || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
| "Enge Andha Vennila" (M) || [[Unni Menon]]
|-
| "Hello Darling" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
| "Mudhal Mudhalai" || P. Unnikrishnan, Sujatha
|-
| "Naan Ready" || Krishnaraj, [[K. S. Chithra]] || Manavai Ponmanikkam
|}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that it was "a neat family drama that is not completely crisp".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 May 2002 |title=Varushamellam Vasantham |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/10/stories/2002051000780201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627185514/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/10/stories/2002051000780201.htm |archive-date=27 June 2003 |access-date=8 March 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ayyappa Prasad of ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' wrote, "With good performance from the artistes and melodious music by Sirpy and Rajarajan’s cinematography capturing the scenic beauty of the countryside, the film is a good family entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=17 May 2002 |title=Varsham Ellam Vasantham |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/413C86FF738CE71DE5256BC900274243?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206004719/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/413C86FF738CE71DE5256BC900274243?OpenDocument |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Screen}}</ref> Tulika of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called the film a "clean family drama" and wrote that "Sirpy's music complements the typical story. Cinematography, editing and other departments blend well, but fail to deliver a sensational film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tulika |date=24 July 2002 |title=Friends forever |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/24engey.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512074606/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/24engey.htm |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "It is the director's first work and he shows promise. Setting his ambience well, moving his narration fairly engagingly, handling effectively the scenes of one-upmanship between siblings who fall in love with the same girl. But the narration tends to drag at times, and it is the comedy track that keeps it going then".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=12 May 2002 |title=Varushamellam Vasantham |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov187.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311105828/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov187.asp |archive-date=11 March 2005 |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "It's pretty obvious that the director only had a good story and some good scenes and that the unit had rushed to the shooting spots with only these.vIf only they had paid some more attention to the screenplay, then this would have been a stunning good film."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varushamellam Vasantham |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/varushamellamvasandham.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001230438/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/varushamellamvasandham.shtml |archive-date=1 October 2002 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The film won two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (Ravishankar) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Unni Menon).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2004 |title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |archive-date=24 October 2004 |access-date=8 March 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2008 |title=State Government awards for 2000–2002 |url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/tamil/824/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222085109/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/tamil/824/ |archive-date=22 December 2008 |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Kangalal Kaidhu Sei

2026-03-03T04:31:16Z

DiannaGariepy5: fixed formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kangalal Kaidhu Sei.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Bharathiraja]]
| producer = K. Muralitharan V. Swaminathan
| writer = [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] '''(Dialogues)'''
| story = S. Premnath
| starring = Vaseegaran [[Priyamani]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[B. Kannan]]
| editing = K. Pazhanivel
| studio = [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|02|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kangalal Kaidhu Sei''''' ({{translation|Arrest Me with Your Eyes}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film co-written by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] and directed by [[Bharathiraja]]. It stars Vaseegaran and marks [[Priyamani]]'s debut in [[Tamil cinema]]. It also marks the only Tamil film appearance of the Sri Lankan actor [[Sanath Gunathilake]]. The film revolves around a young, wealthy [[kleptomania]]c's quest to find the love of his dreams in a young woman who is tasked to retrieve a stolen diamond from him.

The cinematography was done by [[B. Kannan]], while editing was done by K. Pazhanivel. The music was scored by [[A. R. Rahman]], marking his fifth and final collaboration with Bharathiraja. ''Kangalal Kaidhu Sei'' was released on 19 February 2004 to mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
John Vaseegaran is a young man who ranks as the 5th richest man in India and 30th in the world. In business, his major rival is Pratap, who was earlier a rival to Vasee's parents. The plot opens in a graveyard where Vasee's parents' funeral takes place. However, Vasee is not disturbed by their demise as he had not been showered with any affection by them and they instead spent their attention only on developing their business and making money. A lady attending the funeral expresses her condolence to Vasee and leaves. While getting into her car, she finds that her diamond ring is missing and starts shouting. Pratap, who is also present there, hears her. Vasee quietly takes out the ring from his pocket and puts it back there.

Soon, Vasee, at the age of 21, inherits his parents' property and becomes the chairman of 42 companies. However he is unhappy in his life and yearns for motherly affection. He is also a [[kleptomaniac]]. He consults his family doctor for a solution. The doctor instructs him to find love, which makes him dream of a loving, maternal figure named "Cinderella" based on [[Cinderella|the fairytale character of the same name]].

Vidhya, a young woman working in a shopping mall run by Pratap, sees Vasee stealing a crystal from the shopping mall. Later, a diamond exhibition is organized, and Pratap is exhibiting his special diamond with 16 reflecting faces, which is worth ₹10 crore. This diamond is under Vidhya's responsibility. She notices Vasee at the exhibition and becomes alert. Shortly afterwards, Vasee steals the diamond in spite of tight security and leaves. Vidhya is questioned by police and charged with theft. Under interrogation, Vidhya remembers Vasee's presence and relates the old incident of crystal theft. She immediately understands that Vasee is the thief and tells the police, but they do not believe her as he is a wealthy man. However, Pratap believes her as he remembers the graveyard ring theft. In fact, Pratap himself once lost a golden wristlet while shaking Vasee's hand.

As per Pratap's plan, Vidhya enters Vasee's home as his personal secretary. Vasee asks her to dress in modern attire, and she does so. He sees his dream girl Cinderella in Vidhya and starts developing love for her, but she is not interested in him. Meanwhile, Vidhya searches for the diamond and spots it in a big fish tank. Soon, she is asked to accompany Vasee to the airport from which he is to take a plane for attending a meeting. Vidhya suddenly disappears when she notices Vasee's doctor. Soon, Vasee too rushes home when informed by the doctor that Vidhya and a police officer named Premkumar met him for an inquiry about Vasee. At home, he sees the broken fish tank and understands that Vidhya took the diamond. Vidhya is happy as she is relieved from the first charge but is soon charged again for theft.

It turned out that the diamond taken from Vasee by Vidhya is not the original one, but a fake made from crystal. Pratap demands Vidhya to have an illicit relation with him in return for her discharge from the case. Vidhya rushes to Vasee and pleads him to give back the diamond as it destroys her future and life. She expresses that she cannot be in love with him or marry him. Then Premkumar arrives, reveals to Vasee that he is Vidhya's fiancé, and threatens to get him caught and jailed. However, Vidhya undergoes torture under police custody for her second charge, and Premkumar is rendered powerless in proving Vidhya's innocence. Then Vasee bails Vidhya from police custody and demands her to be his Cinderella for five days in [[Switzerland]] as punishment for attacking him psychologically with love as a weapon. He assures no physical contact but only love. Vidhya initially refuses, but due to the pressure from Premkumar to save his position, she agrees to go with Vasee.

At the Swiss airport, Vidhya bumps into an [[Interpol]] officer who introduces himself as Kailash. Vasee takes her to his Swiss residence and introduces her to all of his friends, teachers, etc. Then, he and Vidhya pose for photographs. That night, Vidhya has a nightmare of Vasee misbehaving with her. The next day, she breaks one of the photographs out of frustration. Later that day, Vasee sees Vidhya talking to Kailash from a distance. When he enters, he sees the broken pieces of the photograph. Vasee confronts Vidhya and screams at her that it is his family photo and that she has no right to break it. The next day, Kailash finds Vasee alone at a church talking to himself. Later, he is similarly spotted alone on a hilltop. Likewise on the fourth day, he is seen talking to himself on a boat on [[Lake Thun]].

Kailash quickly informs the officers in India and Switzerland. They immediately rush to Vasee's home to rescue Vidhya, but they find only the dead bodies of Vasee and Vidhya dressed in groom and bride costumes. They also find Pratap's diamond placed on Vidhya's coffin. Vasee actually slapped Vidhya on the day when she broke the photograph. Unexpectedly, she died by dashing into a heavy stone, after which Vasee dressed her body in a bridal gown and preserved her in a coffin. As soon as the cops arrive during the fifth day, Vasee, dressed in a groom's suit, shoots himself with his golden gun. The cops also see a note on the top of Vidhya's coffin, in which Vasee instructs the authorities to spend his property in the name of Cinderella Trust to help the poor and needy.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Vaseegaran as John Vaseegaran
* [[Priyamani]] as Vidhya/Cinderella
* [[Sanath Gunathilake]] as Pratap
* Akash as Premkumar
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Barber
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Subramaniam
* S. Premnath as James
* Theni Murugan as Vanadurai
* V. Swaminathan as Kailash
* [[B. Kannan]] as John Vaseegaran's family friend
* G. K. as Director general of police
* Laxmi Rattan as Dominic Louis Mariadas
*[[Ilavarasu]] as John Vaseegaran's servant (uncredited role)<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kangalal Kaidhu Sei |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] |year=2004 |time=37:22}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
[[Bharathiraja]] had initially selected [[Rathi Arumugam]] to play the lead role, but she was later dropped from the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=23 July 2002 |title=Nothing is certain |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jul235.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030102020007/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jul235.asp |archive-date=2 January 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> [[Priyamani]], who worked as a model for various advertisements, was subsequently selected for the role after a series of screen tests and the film marked her debut in Tamil cinema.<ref name="g">{{Cite news |last=Rozario |first=Rayan |date=22 December 2003 |title=Graceful debut |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/22/stories/2003122202210300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040119095610/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/22/stories/2003122202210300.htm |archive-date=19 January 2004 |access-date=1 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vaseegaran from [[Palladam]], whose birth name is Fazal Ahmed, also worked as a model before being selected for his role through screen tests. He was given the screen name Vaseegaran when he made his debut in this film.<ref name="c">{{Cite news |last=Allirajan |first=M. |date=22 March 2004 |title=CHARMING hero |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/22/stories/2004032201450200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124221330/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/22/stories/2004032201450200.htm |archive-date=24 January 2005 |access-date=1 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Both Vaseegaran and Priyamani were positively reviewed for their respective performances in the film.<ref name="g" /><ref name="c" />

The climax scene was shot in Switzerland and so were a couple of songs. One of the songs was picturised at the airport, where Vaseegaran and Priyamani took part. Earlier, a 36 days' shooting schedule was held at Sri Lanka. After this the unit shifted to locations in Chennai and Ooty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 December 2003 |title=Kangalal Kaidhu Sei |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kangalalkaidhusei.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031224084150/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kangalalkaidhusei.asp |archive-date=24 December 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and includes an introductory speech by Bharathiraja. The audio was launched at Sathyam Cinemas on 2 December 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/031202/125/2a0u2.html|title=Kangalal Kaidhu Sei audio launched
|date=2 December 2003|access-date=1 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204172416/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/031202/125/2a0u2.html|archive-date=4 December 2003|website=Yahoo Movies}}</ref> The soundtrack got critical acclaim and immediate praise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.P. |date=15 January 2004 |title=Chords & Notes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28188405.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130021017/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28188405.ece |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Lyrics!! Duration
|-
|"Azhagiya Cinderella"
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|4:58
|-
|"Anarkali"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chitra Iyer|Chitra Sivaraman]], Qadir Khan, Murtuza Khan
|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|6:47
|-
|"Aaha Thamizamma"
|[[A. R. Reihana]], [[Mathangi Jagdish]], [[Blaaze]]
|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|5:21
|-
|"Theekuruvi"
|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
|Thenmozhi
|4:32
|-
|"Ennuyir Thozhiyae"
|[[Unni Menon]], [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|5:55
|}

==Release==
''Kangalal Kaidhu Sei'' was initially scheduled to release on 14 February 2004, during [[Valentine's Day]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2004 |title=Valentine Day Specials! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13385348 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301223125/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13385348 |archive-date=1 March 2004 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> but was postponed to 19 February due to Bharathiraja needing more time to reshoot scenes where inconsistencies were identified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2004 |title=V Day releases postponed |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13387083 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301170514/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13387083 |archive-date=1 March 2004 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote that "If a little more of the thought and energy spent on making the frills attractive, had been spent on the structuring of the script, perhaps ''K K S'' would have turned out to be an engaging thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 March 2004 |title=Kangalal Kaidhu Sei |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov333.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204194124/http://chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov333.asp |archive-date=4 December 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "What happens when veteran directors in search of box-office gold moves away from their traditional mooring to a new genre? It will only spell disaster, as in the case of Bharathiraaja and his new thriller ''Kangalal Kaithu Sei''".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangalal Kaithu Sei |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kangalal-kaithu-sei-review-tamil-13398446.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529090216/http://www.sify.com/movies/kangalal-kaithu-sei-review-tamil-13398446.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Kangalal ... '' has many Bharatiraaja touches. But does it have the skilled master's magic of the past?"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 February 2004 |title=Kangalal Kaidhu Sei |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kangalal-kaidhu-sei/article28575717.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040501041211/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/02/27/stories/2004022701560300.htm |archive-date=1 May 2004 |access-date=30 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Bharathiraja uses a different cinematic technique--frequent mix of imagination and reality in several scenes . But inconsistencies in the screenplay mar the speed of the film. Rahman is brilliant , especially with the songs like "Theekuruvi". The camera work by Kannan needs special mention and he captures the beauty of Switzerland imaginatively".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G |date=14 March 2004 |title=Kangalal Kaidhu Sei - Tamil (Urvashi, Naga, Pushpanjali) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar142004/mr3.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220175609/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar142004/mr3.asp |archive-date=20 December 2004 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Bharathiraja}}
{{Sujatha}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000s heist films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

List of rulers of Moirang

2026-02-26T22:03:15Z

DiannaGariepy5: new

{{Short description|None}}
The genealogical order of the rulers of [[Ancient Moirang]] till the modern day [[Moirang]], were recorded in many manuscripts including the {{Ill|Moirang Ningthourol Lambuba|simple}} and other historical documents associated with the [[Moirang Kangleirol]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Moirang Ningthourol Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 6 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Moirang_Ningthourol_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_6 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXNjAAAAMAAJ&q=moirang+ningthourol |title=Indian Literature |date=1984 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sljAAAAMAAJ&q=moirang+ningthourol |title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref>

== Mythological rulers ==
Due to the lack of exact historical datings, the first recorded seven rulers, just before the rulers with dated reigns, were considered to be mythological rather than being historical.<ref name=":0" />
*Ngangningshing
*Hamsha Thaba
*Phang Liklai
*Yoiba
*Narong
*Mayamba
*Sunucha

== Historical rulers ==
The recorded historical dates of the reigns of the rulers started from 52 BC when Emperor Phang Phang ascended the throne of [[Ancient Moirang]] kingdom.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of the rulers
!Reign
!Periods
|-
|Phang Phang Ponglen Hanba
|80
|52 BC- 28 AD
|-
|Telheiba
|50
|28 - 78
|-
|Lai Phacheng
|52
|78-130
|-
|Ura Ngangoiba (Ura Khundaba)
|55
|130-185
|-
|Sana Lakhwa
|51
|185-236
|-
|Laiyu Punshiba
|61
|236-297
|-
|Tusemba
|40
|297-337
|-
|Koting Ahanpa
|50
|337-387
|-
|[[Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba]]
|60
|387-447
|-
|Nungnang Tomba
|49
|447-496
|-
|Khokhei Lanthaba
|37
|496-533
|-
|Ura Khongyamba
|41
|533-574
|-
|Theeyang Meechaoba
|60
|574-614
|-
|Khokwa Nunghui Rang
|48
|614-662
|-
|Iwang Charanba
|6
|662-693
|-
|Thangga Ephen Lanthaba
|41
|693-739
|-
|Sangthong Khuba
|45
|739-784
|-
|Chingkhu Ura Telheiba
|41
|784-825
|-
|Mashemba
|42
|825-867
|-
|Koirenba
|50
|867-917
|-
|Kaba Purang
|65
|917-982
|-
|Ethai Kairemba
|41
|982-1023
|-
|Sangton Leinaota
|31
|1023-1054
|-
|Atellakki Loicha Ngamba
|29
|1054-1083
|-
|[[Chingkhu Telheiba]]
|55
|1083-1138
|-
|Laijing Punshiba
|72
|1138-1210
|-
|Khongjomba
|53
|1210-1263
|-
|Yoiremba
|49
|1263-1312
|-
|Punshi Khurenchanba
|69
|1312-1381
|-
|Sana Hongba
|51
|1381-1432
|}

== Bibliography ==

* https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465405

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Keke Moirang]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs]]

Battle of Chausa

2026-02-23T00:18:23Z

DiannaGariepy5: Content updated and refined

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{short description|Military engagement between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image =
| caption =
| date = 26 June 1539
| place = [[Chausa]] (in present-day [[Buxar]], [[Bihar]], [[India]])
| coordinates =
| result = Suri victory
| combatant1 = [[Sur Empire]] [[Ujjainiya|Ujjainiya dynasty]]
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Sher Shah Suri]] [[Gajpati Ujjainia]]
| commander2 = [[Humayun]] [[Bairam Khan]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 200,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=chausa+sher+mughal&pg=RA2-PA40 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 7,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |date=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en|page=217}}</ref>
| conflict =
}}
The '''Battle of Chausa''' was a notable military engagement between the Mughal Emperor, [[Humayun]], and the [[Pashtun|Afghan]] ruler, [[Sher Shah Suri]]. It was fought on 26 June 1539 at [[Chausa]], 10 miles southwest of [[Buxar]] in modern-day [[Bihar]], [[India]]. Sher Shah Suri was assisted by his allies, the [[Ujjainiya|Ujjainiya Rajputs]] of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]], as well as the [[Lohtamia]] and [[Gautam Rajputs|Gautam Rajput]]s who were led by the commander, [[Gajpati Ujjainia]].<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book |title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |pages=80 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''|first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> [[Humayun]] escaped from the battlefield to save his life. [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah]] was victorious and crowned himself ''Farīd al-Dīn Shēr Shāh.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Sher Shah of Sur: Indian emperor|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sher-Shah-of-Sur|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India - The Mughal Empire, 1526-1761|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Mughal-Empire-1526-1761|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref> Babur's cousin, Mirza Haidar asserted that the armies might have numbered over 200,000 troops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=chausa+sher+mughal&pg=RA2-PA40 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref>

Humayun divided the province of Bengal into Jagirs among his officers and indulged in luxuries. Meanwhile, Sher Khan established his control over various regions and cut off Humayun's contacts with Agra. To put pressure on Sher Khan, Humayun marched towards Agra through the Grand Trunk Road, but Sher Khan provoked Humayun to recross the Ganga river to its southern bank at Chausa. Both armies remained encamped for three months, during which Sher Khan cleverly indulged Humayun in negotiations for peace. With the beginning of the rains, Sher Khan attacked the Mughal forces and caused a lot of confusion among them. The Mughal camp was filled with water, and a great number of soldiers were killed by the Afghans, and about 8000 of them drowned in the flooded Ganga. Sher Khan captured the Mughal camp along with their artillery and harem. Sher Khan treated the ladies of the harem kindly and made arrangements for their safe return to Humayun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=historyforexam |title=The Battle Chausa |url=https://www.historyforexam.com/2018/09/the-battle-chausa.html |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310060422/https://www.historyforexam.com/2018/09/the-battle-chausa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |title=Handbook_on_Rajputs |last=Bingley |first=A.H. |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc2HyXP5dygC&pg=PA27 |page=26 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788121234689}}
* {{cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC |title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |page=107 |isbn=978-0-52001-807-5}}

[[Category:Afghan–Mughal Wars]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1539|Chausa]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Chausa]]
[[Category:1539 in India]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]

Kanhargaon Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T23:51:22Z

DiannaGariepy5: created first stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kanhargaon Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category =
| image =
| image_caption = Dry deciduous forest landscape of the sanctuary
| map = India Maharashtra#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| map_alt = Location of Kanhargaon Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharashtra, India
| location = Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India
| nearest_city = Gondpipri
| coordinates = {{coord|19.68|79.68|display=inline,title|region:IN-MH|name=Kanhargaon Wildlife Sanctuary}}
| area_km2 = 269
| established = 2021
| governing_body = Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra
| designation = Wildlife sanctuary
| website =
}}

'''Kanhargaon Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Chandrapur district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. The sanctuary was officially notified in 2021 and covers an area of approximately 269 square kilometres, making it the 50th wildlife sanctuary declared in the state. It forms part of the [[Central Indian Forests|central Indian forest landscape]] and is considered important for wildlife conservation in eastern Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kanhargaon becomes Maharashtra’s 50th wildlife sanctuary|work=The Times of India|date=5 December 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/kanhargaon-is-states-50th-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/79570948.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Notification declaring Kanhargaon Wildlife Sanctuary|publisher=Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://mytadoba.mahaforest.gov.in/}}</ref>

==History==

Kanhargaon Wildlife Sanctuary was notified under the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, through a state government gazette issued in 2021.
* The declaration formed part of Maharashtra's initiative to expand its protected area network and strengthen conservation of forest habitats outside existing tiger reserves.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra adds new wildlife sanctuary in Chandrapur|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Protected areas notification database|publisher=Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://forest.maharashtra.gov.in/}}</ref>

==Flora & Fauna==
The vegetation of the sanctuary is predominantly dry deciduous forest, typical of the central Indian region. Dominant plant species include [[teak]] (''Tectona grandis''), bamboo, tendu (''[[Diospyros melanoxylon]]''), and mixed deciduous tree species.<ref>{{cite book|author=Champion, H.G.; Seth, S.K.|title=Forest Types of India|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1968}}</ref>

The sanctuary lies within an important tiger landscape of eastern Maharashtra. Other animals include leopard (''[[Leopard|Panthera pardus]]''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[Sambar deer|sambar]] (''Rusa unicolor''), [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), wild boar, and a variety of bird and reptile species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Area Update – Maharashtra|publisher=Kalpavriksh|url=https://kalpavriksh.org/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Central Indian Tiger Corridors|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|url=https://wii.gov.in/}}</ref>

The sanctuary acts as habitat connectivity between major protected areas such as [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve|Tadoba–Andhari Tiger Reserve]] and adjoining forest blocks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eco-Sensitive Zone and EAC documents referencing Kanhargaon WLS|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|url=https://parivesh.nic.in/}}</ref>

==Management==
The sanctuary is managed by the Forest Department of the Government of Maharashtra. Following notification, boundary demarcation and preparation of a management plan were initiated under state and central conservation programmes.<ref>{{cite web|title=CAMPA monitoring and management reports – Maharashtra|publisher=National CAMPA|url=https://nationalcampa.nic.in/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Panna National Park]]
* [[Bir Aishvan Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2021]]
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Maharashtra]]

Holy Angels' Convent Trivandrum

2026-02-22T16:46:50Z

DiannaGariepy5: created the entry and citations

{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.4981|76.9431|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| motto = Love all; Serve all
| established = 1880
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| closed =
| type =
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender = Female
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| chairman_label = Manager
| chairman = Rev. Sr. Angel Thomas
| principal = Sr. Sebin Fernandez
| founder = Venerable Mother Mary Theresa Veronica of the Passion
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment = 3000
| grades_label =
| grades =
| address =
| city =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = India
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| houses = Red, Blue, Green, Yellow
| student_union =
| nickname = HAC
| mascot =
| free_label =
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| website = {{URL|http://www.holyangelstvm.org/}}
}}

The '''Holy Angels' Convent Higher Secondary School''' is one of the oldest educational institutions in the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of the [[Kerala]] state in India.

==History==
This school for girls was opened on 10 November 1880 by Mother Elias from [[Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.holyangelstvm.org/history.aspx |website=www.holyangelstvm.org |accessdate=25 October 2020}} {{dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> She was the foundress of the Congregation of the Carmelite Religious (C.C.R).

In 1888, the school was the first girls' school in [[South India]] to present students for the Matriculation Examination of [[Madras University]]. In 1896, the school was upgraded to a second-grade college. But this college section was closed in 1906.

==Present day==
The school boasts of a strength of over 6000 students, mostly girls. Admission to the boys is restricted up to the IV standard. [[English language|English]] is used as primary medium of communication and use of Malayalam for the same is limited. Senior students speak only English within the campus. The school has a library of over 20,000 books, fully equipped and upgraded computer labs, laboratory facilities, huge sprawling buildings and beautiful gardens. Boarding facilities are also available here.

The school follows the house system consisting of four houses : Blue, Green, Yellow and Red. The housing system increases the efficiency of students in curricular as well as extracurricular activities.

==Notable former pupils==
{{alumni|date=February 2026}}
* [[Vidhu Prathap]]
* [[Suchitra Murali]]
* [[Divya S. Iyer]]
* [[Asha Sinha]]
* [[Pearle Maaney]]
* [[Nyla Usha]]
* [[Ahaana Krishna]]
* [[Mary Poonen Lukose]]
* [[Annie (actress)]]
* [[Arya (actress)]]
* [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Girls' schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Private schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1880]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in British India]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Sitakant Mahapatra

2026-02-12T02:45:54Z

DiannaGariepy5: added section also and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|Indian poet and literary critic (born 1937)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sitakant Mahapatra
| image = Sitakant Mahapatra.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mahapatra in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1937|09|17}}
| birth_place = Korua, [[Cuttack]] (now in [[Kendrapara]])
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Poet, literary critic
| known_for =
| awards = {{unbulletedlist
| [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1974)
| [[Jnanpith Award]] (1993)
| [[Padma Bhushan]] (2002)
| [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2011)
| [[SAARC Literary Award]] (2015)
}}
| notable works = ''Sabdara Akasha'' (The Sky of Words) (1971) ''Samudra'' (1977)
}}
'''Sitakant Mahapatra''' (born 17 September 1937) is an Indian [[poet]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi : Who's Who of Indian Writers|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/writerinfo.jsp?wrids=4092|website=Sahitya Akademi|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> and [[literary critic]] in [[Odia language|Odia]] as well as English.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2002/12/01/stories/2002120100210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030225200106/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2002/12/01/stories/2002120100210200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 February 2003|title=Deceptive simplicity |date=1 December 2002|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202162|title=The Mahapatra Muse: Two deeply vivid volumes of poems from the oriya masters |author=Keki N. Daruwalla|date=25 September 1996|publisher=The Outlook}}</ref> He served in the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) from 1961 until he retired in 1995, and has since held ''ex officio'' posts such as Banking Ombudsman of Odisha and Chairman of [[National Book Trust]], [[New Delhi]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|title= Jnanapitha award winners - Sitakanta Mahapatra |url= https://www.socialvillage.in/resources/25832-gopinath-mohanty-and-sitakanta-mohapatra|website=Social Village India|access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

He has published over 15 poetry collection, 5 essay collections, a travelogue, over 30 contemplative works, apart from numerous translations. His poetry collection has been published in several Indian languages. His notable works are, ''Sabdar Akash'' (1971) (The Sky of Words), ''Samudra'' (1977) and ''Anek Sharat'' (1981).<ref name=ja/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://expressbuzz.com/news/ayyappa-paniker-commemoration-today/104873.html|title=Ayyappa Paniker commemoration today|date=20 September 2009|publisher=Ebuzz – Indian Express News Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528223506/http://expressbuzz.com/news/ayyappa-paniker-commemoration-today/104873.html|archive-date=28 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=ip/>

He was awarded the 1974 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[Odia language|Odia]] for his poetry collection, ''Sabdara Akasha'' (The Sky of Words).<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10315.htm#oriya Sahitya Akademi Award winners in Oriya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223034947/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10315.htm |date=23 February 2010 }} ''[[Sahitya Akademi]]''</ref> He was awarded the [[Jnanpith Award]] in 1993 "for outstanding contribution to Indian literature" and in its citation the [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] noted, "Deeply steeped in western literature his pen has the rare rapturous fragrance of native soil"; he was also awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2002 and [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2011<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> for literature apart from winning the Soviet Land Nehru Award, Kabeer Samman and several other prestigious awards.<ref name=ja>[[#Ja|Jnanpith, p. 18]]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in 1937 in village Korua, [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]] (now [[Kendrapara]]), situated on the banks of Chitrotpala, a tributary of the great [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]],<ref name=jp>[[#Ja|Jnanpith, p. 19]]</ref> Sitakant Mahapatra grew up reciting a chapter of [[Odia language|Odia]] version of [[Bhagwad Gita]] in a traditional household. After his schooling from Korua government high school, he chose to join [[Ravenshaw College]], [[Cuttack]] (then affiliated with [[Utkal University]]), where he did his B.A. in History Honours in 1957. He went on to complete a master's degree in Political Science from [[Allahabad University]] in 1959. During that time, he was the editor of the university journal. It was here that he started writing both in English and Odia, though later he decided to write poetry solely in his native language. His scholastic works, however, are in English.<ref name=ip>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/unveiling-of-a-poet/39127/0|title=Unveiling of a poet|date=3 March 2002 |publisher=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name=u/>

In 1969, he completed a diploma course in Overseas Development Studies at [[Cambridge University]], under the Colombo Plan Fellowship.<ref name=ip/><ref>[http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/~hbfc/cv/DR_SITAKANT_MAHAPATRA.html Dr. Sitakant Mahapatra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220225910/http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/~hbfc/cv/DR_SITAKANT_MAHAPATRA.html |date=20 February 2010 }} Mumbai MTNL</ref>

Subsequently, in 1988 he spent a year at [[Harvard University]] as a participant in the [[Ford Foundation]] fellowship program.

==Career==
He took to teaching for two years at Post-Graduate Department of [[Utkal University]], before taking the [[Indian Administrative Service]]s (IAS) examination.

He joined the IAS in 1961 as the first Odia to stand first in India in the UPSC examination, and went on to hold several key posts, including Home Secretary, Government of Orissa, Secretary, Ministry of Culture, Government of India, and President, [[UNESCO]]'s World Decade for Cultural Development (1994–1996).
He has held many other ''ex officio'' positions including those of Senior Fellow of Harvard University; Honorary Fellow of International Academy of Poets, Cambridge University, and Chairman of the National Book Trust, New Delhi.<ref name=u>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610115057/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Universal appeal |date=1 January 2006}}</ref> He was also the first ever [[Banking Ombudsman Scheme (India)|Banking Ombudsman]] for Odisha. He is the recipient of many awards including the Orissa Sahitya Academy Award, 1971 and 1984; Sahitya Akademi Award, 1974; Sarala Award, 1985; culminating in India's highest literary honour the Jnanpith Award in 1993.

His first collection of poetry in [[Odia language|Odia]], ''Dipti O Dyuti'' was published in 1963, his second anthology, ''Ashtapadi'' came out in 1967, and won him the Odisha Sahitya Academy award, while his third and most celebrated anthology, ''Sara Akash'' (1971), got him the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], given by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref name=jp/> Since then he has published over 350 poems in Odia and about 30 publications in English on [[literary criticism]] and culture. He spent two years studying tribals of Eastern India on a [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] Fellowship (1975–1977).<ref>[[#Ja|Jnanpith, p. 20]]</ref> He has also two books on [[social anthropology]] published by the Oxford University Press, these books deal with the ambivalent relationship between the old ritual based society and state-sponsored development, and explores the reason behind developmental programs failing in tribal areas despite state efforts. Close ties with the tribals, and his fluency with the [[Santal]] tribal culture and the [[Santali language]] has led to the publication of nine [[anthology|anthologies]] of [[oral poetry]] of the tribals, which he not only collected, but also translated.<ref name=ip/>

Among notable works are: ''Ashtapad''i, 1963, ''Shabdara akasha'', 1971, Ara drushya, 1981, ''Shrestha kavita'', 1994, (all poetry); ''Sabda'', ''Svapna O nirvikata'', 1990 (essays), ''Aneka sarata'', 1981 (travelogue); ''Ushavilasa'', 1996 (palm leaf manuscript); In English: ''The ruined Temple and other poems'', 1996 (poetry, translation); and ''Unending Rhythms'' (Oral poetry of Indian Tribals in translation).

In 1974, lyricist and writer [[Prafulla Kar]] described the works of Mahapatra as part of the "new poetry" in [[Odisha]] expressing a "contemporary consciousness" of Odia culture amidst an increasingly "urbanized and technological environment." According to Kar, Mahapatra addresses philosophical problems of human existence with an "awakening of a new kind of spiritual identification with the past" in search of "new values" with which to make sense of a "chaotic existence."<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Prafulla Kar |date=January–June 1974 |title=The Poetry of Sitakant Mahapatra |jstor= 23329846 |journal=Indian Literature|volume=17 |issue=1/2 |pages=43–51 |last1=Kar |first1=Parfulla C. |last2=Kar |first2=Prafulla C. }}</ref>

He had contributed his efforts and endeavors for the nation & state through his literary mission. [[Kalinga Literary Festival]] was inaugurated by him on 24 February 2014 and he was the chief guest and key speaker of the festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mystic Kalinga Festival to focus on Bhakti poetry- The New Indian Express|url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/dec/29/mystic-kalinga-festival-to-focus-on-bhakti-poetry-1918058.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128175156/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/dec/29/mystic-kalinga-festival-to-focus-on-bhakti-poetry-1918058.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2020|access-date=2020-11-07|website=cms.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> This besides he has been key speaker to the Kerala Literary Festival as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitakant Mahapatra- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2020{{!}} Keralaliteraturefestival.com|url=http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MzQ5#:~:text=KLF%20-SPEAKER-2020-%20Sitakant%20Mahapatra&text=Educated%20in%20Utkal,%20Allahabad%20and,and%20Padma%20Vibhushan%20in%202010.&text=He%20has%20been%20a%20Fellow,University,%20Tokyo%20has%20conferred%20Hon.|access-date=2020-11-07|website=keralaliteraturefestival.com|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231131317/http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MzQ5#:~:text=KLF%20-SPEAKER-2020-%20Sitakant%20Mahapatra&text=Educated%20in%20Utkal,%20Allahabad%20and,and%20Padma%20Vibhushan%20in%202010.&text=He%20has%20been%20a%20Fellow,University,%20Tokyo%20has%20conferred%20Hon.|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
# Orissa Sahitya Academy Award - 1971 and 1984
# [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] - 1974
# Sarala Award - 1985
# [[Jnanpith Award]], India's highest literary honour - 1993
# [[Padma Bhushan]] (the third highest civilian award of India)- 2003
# [[Padma Vibhushan]] (the second highest civilian award of India) - 2010
# Sahitya Akademi Fellow - 2013
# [[SAARC Literary Award]] - 2015
# Tagore Peace Award - 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://incredibleorissa.com/sitakant-mahapatra-tagore-peace-award/ |title=Odia poet Sitakant Maapatra wins Tagore Peace Award |author= |date=April 26, 2017 |website=Incredible Orissa |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826012604/https://incredibleorissa.com/sitakant-mahapatra-tagore-peace-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Div col}}
* ''Quiet violence''. [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Kolkata]] 1970. {{ISBN|0-89253-605-5}}.
* ''The Empty distance carries ...: Oraon & Mundari tribal songs transcreated'', with an introduction by Edward Tuite Dalton. [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Kolkata]] 1972.
* ''The other silence'', [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Kolkata]] 1973.
* ''The Wooden Sword'', Utkala Sahitya Bikash, 1973.
* ''Old man in Summer and other poems'', United Writers, 1975.
* ''Staying is nowhere: an anthology of Kondh and Paraja poetry'', Ind-U. S. Incorporated, 1976.
* ''The Curve of meaning: studies in Oriya literature'', Image Publications, 1978.
* ''Barefoot into reality'', United Writers, 1978.
* ''Forgive the words: the poetry in the life of the Kondhs in Orissa'', United Writers, 1978.
* ''Bākhen: Ritual invocation songs of a primitive community'', Prachi Prakashan, 1979.
* ''The Jester and other poems'', [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Kolkata]] 1979.
* ''Gestures of intimacy''. United Writers, 1979.
* ''The song of Kubja and other poems'', Samkaleen Prakashan, 1980.
* ''Men, patterns of dust'', Bookland International, 1981.
* ''Bhima Bhoi'' (Makers of Indian literature), Sahitya Akademi, 1983.
* ''Primitive Poetry as Love and Prayer'', Prasārānga, University of Mysore, 1983.
* ''The Awakened Wind: the Oral Poetry of the Indian Tribes'', Vikas, 1983. {{ISBN|0-7069-2153-4}}.
* ''An Anthology of Modern Oriya poetry'', Vikas Publishing House, 1984. {{ISBN|978-0-7069-2583-8}}.
* ''Selected poems'', Prachi Prakashan, 1986.
* ''Modernization and Ritual: Identity and Change in Santal society'', Oxford University Press, 1986.
* ''Tradition and the Modern Artist'', Sterling Publishers, 1987.
* ''Jagannatha Das'' (Makers of Indian literature), Sahitya Akademi, 1989.
* ''Tribal Wall Paintings of Orissa'', Orissa Lalit Kala Akademi, 1991.
* ''Death of Krishna and other poems'', Rupa & Co., 1992. {{ISBN|8171670741}}.
* ''Reaching the Other Shore: the world of Gopinath Mohanty's fiction'', B.R. Pub. Corp., 1992. {{ISBN|81-7018-746-X}}.
* ''Unending rhythms: Oral Poetry of the Indian Tribes'', Inter-India Publications, 1992. {{ISBN|812100277X}}.
* ''The Realm of the Sacred: Verbal Symbolism and Ritual Structures'', Oxford University Press, 1992.
* ''The Tangled Web: Tribal Life and Culture of Orissa'', Orissa Sahitya Academy, 1993.
* ''Discovering the Inscape: Essays in Literature'', B.R. Pub. Corp., 1993. {{ISBN|81-7018-768-0}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GpweSxFyXSQC&q=Sitakant+Mahapatra Beyond the word: the multiple gestures of tradition]''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993. {{ISBN|81-208-1108-9}}.
* ''The Ruined Temple and other poems''. Harper Collins Publishers India, 1996. {{ISBN|81-7223-222-5}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NOZBewlBJLYC&q=Sitakant+Mahapatra The Sky of words and other poems]''. Sahitya Akademi, 1996. {{ISBN|81-7201-816-9}}.
* ''The Role of Tradition in Literature'', Vikas Pub. House, 1997. {{ISBN|8125902465}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fCAaLtMpavIC&q=Sitakant+Mahapatra A child even in arms of stone]''. Sahitya Akademi, 2000. {{ISBN|81-260-0769-9}}.
* ''Beyond Narcissism and other essays'', UBS Publishers', 2001. {{ISBN|8174763643}}.
* ''Let Your Journey be Long'', Rupa and Co., 2001. {{ISBN|81-7167-520-4}}.
* ''They sing Life: Anthology of Oral Poetry of the Primitive Tribes of India'', UNESCO. Inter-India Publications, 2002. {{ISBN|81-210-0407-1}}.
* ''The Alphabet of Birds: Hymns for the Lord of the Blue Mountain'', National Book Trust, 2003. {{ISBN|81-237-4098-0}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8VDa2_H9Re8C Anek sharat: (travelogue)]''. [[Bhartiya Jnanpith]], 2003. {{ISBN|8126309431}}.
* ''A Screen from Sadness'', Current Books, 2004. {{ISBN|812401390X}}.
* ''The Rainbow of Rhythms: Folk Art Tradition of Orissa'', Prafulla, 2005. {{ISBN|81-901589-8-8}}.
* ''Ethnicity and the State: Raghunath Murmu and emergence of Jharkhand'', UBS Publishers', 2008. {{ISBN|8174766138}}.
* ''Memories Of Time : Selected Poems''. Pratiksha Publishers', 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-557-66656-0}}.
* ''Till My Time Come: Twenty Poems from SAMUDRA (Odia)''. Translated by [[Prabhat Nalini Das]]. Lekhalekhi Publishers, Bhubaneswar, 2018. {{ISBN|978-81-931588-9-0}}
{{Div col end}}

==Further reading==
* ''Texts And Their Worlds'', by Anna Kurian. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VsAPXz5ByLYC&dq=Sitakant+Mahapatra&pg=PA142 7. ''Election'' – poem by Srikant Mahapatra] Foundation Books, 2006. {{ISBN|81-7596-300-X}}. ''p. 142''
* ''Sitakant Mahapatra: The Mythographer of Time'', edited by Sura Prasad Rath. New Delhi: Inter-India Publication, 2001.

==See also==
* [http://www.nuaodisha.com/list-of-odia-story-writers-poets-and-critics.aspx Famous Odia Writers & Poets]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Odia]]
* [[Jnanpith Award]]
* [[Odia literature#Poetry|Odia poetry]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/sitakantmahapatra.html Sitakant Mahapatra Biography and works] at [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://www.museindia.com/showcurrent8.asp?id=945 Sitakanta Mahapatra: In Conversation with Manu Dash]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100220225910/http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/%7Ehbfc/cv/DR_SITAKANT_MAHAPATRA.html Dr. Sitakant Mahapatra] Mumbai MTNL
* Rath, Arnapurna. [http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/article/view/626/512 Review of Sitakant Mahapatra's Rotations of Unending Time] Trans. Sura P. Rath and Mark Halperin at [http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/issue/current/showToc Journal of Ecocriticism]
* {{cite book|last=Jnanpith|first=Bhartiya |title=The text and the context: an encounter with Jnanpith laureates |publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|year=1994|isbn=9788170191827 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfzZvNc6hPkC&q=Sitakant+Mahapatra&pg=PA17|ref=Ja}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}
{{SAARC Literary Award}}
{{Gangadhar National Award For Poetry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahapatra, Sitakant}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gangadhar National Award]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Utkal Ratna Samman]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha Fellows]]

L.N. Tallur

2026-02-08T09:20:34Z

DiannaGariepy5: created initial info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian conceptual artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = L.N. Tallur
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1971}}
| birth_place = Udupi, Karnataka, India
| education = [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts]], [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]], [[Leeds Metropolitan University]]
| website = [http://www.tallur.com/ tallur.com]
| known_for = [[Conceptual art]]
| awards = [[The Skoda Prize]]
}}

'''Laxmi Narayan Tallur''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|l|ʊər}} {{respell|TUH|LOOR}}, {{IPA|kn|ತಲ್ಲೂರು|lang|}}; born 1971), professionally known as L.N. Tallur, is an Indian [[conceptual art]]ist best known for sculptural, site-specific art installations and interactive media.<ref name=":09"/><ref name="huffpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tallur-ln-straddles-the-g_b_4859876 |title=Straddling the Globe with a Balancing Act |date=26 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.groundsforsculpture.org/artists/ln-tallur/ | title=LN Tallur - Grounds for Sculpture | date=9 August 2019 }}</ref> He is represented by [[Chemould Prescott Road]] in Mumbai, Nature Morte in New Delhi and Arario Gallery in Seoul.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maanav |date=2020-05-15 |title=In Focus: L.N. Tallur |url=https://indiaartfair.in/in-focus-l-n-tallur |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Tallur was born in [[Koteshwara]], a coastal town located in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of Karnataka's [[Udupi]] district. His father worked with the [[Income Tax Department|Sales Tax Department]] and traveled often.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tallur.com/text/index.php?/chirag-e-ai/ |title=Text - Dr Rahamath Tarikere }}</ref><ref name=":09"/>

After completing a BFA in [[painting]] from [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts]], [[University of Mysore|Mysuru]] in 1996, he received the Karnataka [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] Scholarship to pursue an MFA in [[museology]] from the from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]], Baroda. During this time, he was also awarded the National Scholarship by Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), [[Government of India]]. In 2001-02, Tallur received the [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Scholarship]] to study Contemporary Fine Art Practice at [[Leeds Metropolitan University]], United Kingdom.<ref name=":09"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://tallur.com/about | title=About - C.V. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/artists/48-tallur-ln/ | title=Tallur LN }}</ref>

==Career==
Tallur's early work, such as ''Unicode'' (2011), ''Obituary'' (2013) and ''Milled History'' (2014), is characterised by a recurring theme of value—monetary or otherwise—as a historical gauge of intersocietal and interpersonal relationships. ''Unicode'' features a Chola-era bronze of [[Nataraja]] obscured by a concrete lump embedded with coins. The sculpture, named after the universal coding protocol used across all computing devices, is a commentary on "the homogenising potential of [[Globalization|globalisation]] and the elevation of money to the status of God."<ref name=":09" />

In ''Obituary'', we see a palanquin bearing a wooden log, into which a number of coins have been hammered. The viewers can add more coins to increase the value of the sculpture. However, with incense smoke engulfing the [[palanquin]], the sculpture is reminiscent of both an [[altar]] and a [[Pyre|funeral pyre]], gently reminding us of the transient nature of wealth. To create ''Milled History'', Tallur digitally scanned a wooden copy of a termite-ravaged temple figurine and then milled a replica from teakwood sandstone. The sculpture embodies conventional markers of age, making pointed references to the value we usually attribute to such signs of wear and tear.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vali |first=Murtaza |date=2019-11-01 |title=Tallur L. N. |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/tallur-l-n-2-245882/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":09" />

== Exhibitions==
===Selected solo exhibitions ===

* ''Neti-Neti;Glitch in the Code'' Nature Morte, New Delhi, India (2024)<ref name=":08" />
* ''Data Mining'' [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], Mumbai, India (2024)
* ''Vidi Vini Vici'' [[Linden Museum]], Stuttgart, Germany (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lindenmuseum.de/veni-vidi-vici/ |title=Veni, Vidi, Vici |date=26 March 2024 }}</ref>
* ''V+Mana'' [[Kempegowda International Airport]], Bengaluru, India (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bengaluruairport.com/terminal2/art-and-culture/v+mana}}</ref>
* ''Chirag-e-AI'' [[Museum of Art & Photography|Museum of Art & Photography (MAP)]], Bengaluru, India (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://map-india.org/exhibition/chirag-e-ai/ |title=LN Tallur: Chirag-e-AI }}</ref>
* ''Interference Fringe'' [[Grounds For Sculpture]], New Jersey, United States of America (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.groundsforsculpture.org/exhibitions/interference-fringe-tallur-l-n/ |title=Interference Fringe | TALLUR L.N. - Grounds for Sculpture |date=23 July 2019 }}</ref>
* ''Coinage'' UPM Circle, Manipal, India (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/artists/48-tallur-ln/works/3023-tallur-ln-coinage-2018/ |title=Tallur LN, Coinage, 2018 }}</ref>
* ''Smoke Out'' [[Chemould Prescott Road]], Mumbai, India (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/smoke-and-megaliths/articleshow/62077134.cms |title=Smoke and Megaliths }}</ref>
* ''The Threshold'' Arario Gallery, Seoul, South Korea (2015)<ref name="arariogallery">{{cite web|url=https://www.arariogallery.com/artists/149-tallur-l.n./ |title=Tallur L.N. }}</ref>
* ''UKAI'' (Cormorant Fish Hunting) Nature Morte, New Delhi (2014)<ref name=":08" />
* ''Balancing Act'' [[SCAD Museum of Art]], Georgia, United States of America (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scadmoa.org/exhibitions/2013/balancing-act |title=Balancing Act | SCAD Museum of Art }}</ref>
* ''New Yorked'' [[Jack Shainman Gallery]], New York, United States of America (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jackshainman.com/exhibitions/new_yorked |title=New Yorked « Exhibitions « Jack Shainman Gallery }}</ref>
* ''Montessori: Lessons in Economics'' Nature Morte, Berlin, Germany (2012)<ref name=":08">{{cite web|url=https://www.naturemorte.com/artists/lntallur/}}</ref>
* ''Password'' Nature Morte, New Delhi, India (2012)<ref name=":08"/>
* ''Quintessential'' [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum]], Mumbai, India (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bdlmuseum.org/exhibitions/2011/quentesential.php}}</ref>
* ''Chromatophobia—The Fear of Money (Part 2)'' Nature Morte, New Delhi (2011)<ref name=":08"/>
* ''Chromatophobia—The Fear of Money (Part 1)'' Arario Gallery, South Korea (2011)<ref name=":08"/>
* ''Chromatophobia—The Fear of Money (Part 1)'' Arario Gallery, Beijing, China (2011)<ref name=":08" />
* ''PLACEBO'' [[Chemould Prescott Road]], Mumbai, India (2009)<ref>{{cite web|title=That placebo effect |date=6 March 2009 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/that-placebo-effect/story-4TtCt2aGlLG2wQuY06nn2K.html}}</ref>
* ''Antimatter'' Arario New York, New York, United States of America (2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sharmistharay.com/uncategorized/l-n-tallurs-solo-exhibition-placebo-at-chemould-prescott-road-mumbai-in-artasiapacific-issue-65-septoct-2009/ |title=L.N. Tallur's solo exhibition "Placebo" at Chemould Prescott Road, Mumbai, in artasiapacific, Issue 65, Sept/Oct 2009 |date=20 October 2009 }}</ref>
*''Bon Appetite'' Arario Seoul, Korea (2007)<ref name=":08" />
*''Past Modern, Interactive Art Objects'' Bose Pacia Modern, New York, United States of America (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bosepacia.com/exhibitions/1999-04-24_ln-tallur/press-release/ |title=Bose Pacia - LN Tallur, - Press Release }}</ref>
*''Past Modern Interactive Art Objects'' [[Chemould Prescott Road|Gallery Chemould]], Mumbai, India (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/category/features/archival-show-set-to-celebrate-60-years-of-chemould-mumbais-iconic-art-gallery-95279 |title=Archival show set to celebrate 60 years of Chemould, Mumbai's iconic art gallery |date=31 August 2023 }}</ref>

===Selected group exhibitions ===
====2024====
*''Move Sound Image'' Ground Seoul, South Korea<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stephaniekimgallery.com/exhibitions/move-sound-image-ground-seoul |title=Move Sound Image - Ground Seoul |date=22 August 2024 }}</ref>
*''Money Talks: Art, Society & Power'' [[Ashmolean Museum]], Oxford, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/money-show-ashmolean-museum-2523130 |title=A New Show Explores How Artists Have Left Their Mark on Money |date=20 August 2024 }}</ref>
*''My World'' [[Singer Laren|Singer Laren Museum]], Laren, Netherlands

====2023====
* ''Find X'' Frida Art House, Pune, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/fridaarthouse/reel/C50wKiesd4Z/ |title=Instagram }}</ref>
* ''Things are Vanishing before us'' Gallery Dotwalk, [[Bikaner House]], Delhi, India
*''Part 2 - Futuring | CheMoulding: Framing Future Archives'' [[Chemould Prescott Road]], Mumbai, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/132-part-2-futuring-chemoulding-framing-future-curated-by-shaleen-wadhwana-60-years-of/ |title=Part 2 - Futuring | CheMoulding: Framing Future Archives | 15 November - 23 December 2023 }}</ref>
* ''Multiple Realities - Voices in Contemporary Indian Ceramics'' [[Gimhae National Museum|Clayarch Gimhae Museum]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ceramicsnow.org/exhibitions/multiple-realities-voices-in-contemporary-indian-ceramics-at-the-clayarch-gimhae-museum-gimhae/ |title=Multiple Realities: Voices in Contemporary Indian Ceramics at the ClayArch Gimhae Museum, Gimhae |date=15 January 2024 }}</ref>
*''A Demonstration of Ornamentation'' Nature Morte, New Delhi, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naturemorte.com/exhibitions/ademonstrationofornamentation/}}</ref>
* ''Pop South Asia: Artistic Explorations in the Popular'' [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]], Delhi, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knma.in/pop-south-asia-artistic-explorations-popular |title=Pop South Asia: Artistic Explorations in the Popular |date=10 November 2022 }}</ref>

====2022====
* ''Kiaf Seoul'' Arario Gallery, Seoul, South Korea
* ''Frieze-Seoul'' Arario Gallery, Seoul, South Korea and Nature Morte, New Delhi, India
* ''Pop South Asia: Artistic Explorations in the Popular'' [[Sharjah Art Foundation]], Sharjah, United Arab Emirates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.v1.sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/exhibitions/pop-south-asia-artistic-explorations-in-the-popular |title=Exhibitions - Sharjah Art Foundation }}</ref>
* ''Earth Chronicles'' 1X1 Art Gallery, Dubai, United Arab Emirates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/show/1x1-art-gallery-earth-chronicles |title=Earth Chronicles }}</ref>
* ''Modus Operandi III: Together Alone'' [[Chemould Prescott Road]] Mumbai, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/117-modus-operandi-iii-together-alone-group-show/ |title=Modus Operandi III: Together Alone | 11 August - 10 September 2022 }}</ref>
* ''Manicured Techniques'' Nature Morte, New Delhi, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naturemorte.com/exhibitions/manicuredtechniques/}}</ref>

====2021====
* ''Reimagining the Object'' [[Chemould Prescott Road|Chemold Prescott Road]], Mumbai, India
*''On | Site'' [[Bikaner House]], New Delhi with [[Chemould Prescott Road]], Mumbai, India and Nature Morte, New Delhi, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/bikaner-house-delhi-4-leading-galleries-from-the-country-come-together-for-special-show/ |title=Bikaner House, Delhi: 4 leading galleries from the country come together for a special show |date=3 March 2021 }}</ref>
*''Markers of Time & Space'' Nature Morte, New Delhi, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naturemorte.com/exhibitions/markersoftimespace/}}</ref>

====2020====
* ''The Idea of the Acrobat'' [[Bikaner House]], New Delhi, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naturemorte.com/exhibitions/theideaoftheacrobatandterranumnuncius/}}</ref>
* ''Erasure'' Birla Academy of Art & Culture, Kolkata, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/naturemorte_india/p/B7WFI6Hls7-/ |title=Instagram }}</ref>
* ''Game of Chance'' Center for Arts, Goa, India
* ''Out-site / Insight'' [[Chemould Prescott Road]], Mumbai, India<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/17-out-site-insight-group-show-in-touch-edition-i/ | title=Out-site / Insight | 24 April - 23 July 2020 }}</ref>

====2018====
* ''Modus Operandi'' [[Chemould Prescott Road|Chemould Prescott road]], Mumbai, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/28-modus-operandi-group-show/ |title=Modus Operandi | 13 July - 18 August 2018 }}</ref>

====2017====
* ''India and the World: History in Nine Stories'', [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], Mumbai and [[National Museum of India|National Museum]], New Delhi, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/ugVRTfMuEgnNJA |title=India and the World: A History in Nine Stories }}</ref>
* ''Contemporary Art Acquisitions'' [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum]], Mumbai, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bdlmuseum.org/exhibitions/2017/exhibition-of-contemporary-art-acquisitions.php?php%20echo%20BASE_URL;%20?%3Ecollections/galleries.php}}</ref>
* ''Sub-Plots: Laughing in the Vernacular'' [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai|National Gallery of Modern Art]], Mumbai, India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://artguide.artforum.com/uploads/guide.004/id18122/press_release.pdf}}</ref>
* ''Art in Counting House'' [[21c Museum Hotels|21C Durham Museum Hotel]], United States of America<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.21cmuseumhotels.com/museum/exhibit/foundcounting-house/ |title=Art in Counting House }}</ref>
* ''Persevering Traditions'' Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai, India and Art DistrictXIII, New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persevering Traditions: The weft and the warp – Sakshi Gallery |url=https://sakshigallery.com/exhibition/persevering-traditions-the-weft-and-the-warp-2/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====2016====
* ''The Dream Must Turn Speculative'' Nature Morte, Mumbai, India

====2015====
* ''Constructs / Constructions'' [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]], New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTRUCTS CONSTRUCTIONS |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/incognito/story/constructs-constructions-kiran-nadar-museum-of-art/8AVxyWAh7IGlIA?hl=en |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>
* ''After Midnight: Indian Moderns and Contemporary Indian Art'' [[Queens Museum]], New York, United States of America<ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Queens |title=Queens Museum {{!}} After Midnight: Indian Moderns and Contemporary Indian Art |url=https://queensmuseum.org/exhibition/after-midnight/#:~:text=After%20Midnight:%20Indian%20Modernism%20to,from%201997%20to%20the%20present. |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Queens Museum {{!}} After Midnight: Indian Moderns and Contemporary Indian Art |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Encounters'' [[Art Basel]], Hong Kong, China<ref>{{Cite web |last=Article |first=Sarah Cascone ShareShare This |date=2015-01-31 |title=Art Basel in Hong Kong Encounters 2015 Exhibits |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/art-basel-in-hong-kong-2015-encounters-artists-announced-238925 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref>

====2014====

* ''Mise En Scène'', The School, Kinderhook, New York, United States of America<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mise En Scène « Exhibitions « Jack Shainman Gallery |url=https://jackshainman.com/exhibitions/mise_en_scne |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=jackshainman.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Beyond the Classical: Imagining the Ideal Across Time'' [[National Academy of Design|The National Academy Museum]], New York, United States of America<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAD |url=https://nationalacademy.org/calendar/beyondtheclassical |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=nationalacademy.org}}</ref>
* ''By Destiny'' Arario Museum, [[Jeju Island|Jeju island]], South Korea
* ''Universal Studios, Seoul: An Exhibition of Works by Foreign Artists'' Seoul Art Museum, South Korea<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-16 |title=Universal Studios, Seoul: An Exhibition of Works by Foreign Artists - |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/universal-studios-seoul-exhibition-works-foreign-artists/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Official Website of the |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=Universal Studios Seoul |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/library/universal-studios-seoul |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>
* The Armory Show, representing [[Jack Shainman Gallery]], New York, United States of America<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-07 |title=Top 5 sculpture recommendations from The Armory Show 2014 |url=https://galleryintell.com/5-sculptures-armory-show/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=galleryIntell |language=en-US}}</ref>
* India Art Fair, representing Nature Morte Gallery New Delhi, India

== Awards==
* [[D. Devaraj Urs|D Devaraj Urs]] Award, Chitrakala Samman Awards, [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|Chitrakala Parishat]], Bengaluru, India (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/four-artists-honoured-at-chitrakala-samman-awards-2838483 |title=Four artists honoured at Chitrakala Samman Awards }}</ref>
* ''[[The Skoda Prize|The SKODA Prize]]'' Delhi, India (2012)<ref name=":09">{{cite web|url=https://mapacademy.io/article/tallur-ln/ |title=Tallur LN }}</ref>
* Sanskriti Award, [[Sanskriti Museums|Sanskriti Foundation]], Delhi, India (2003) <ref name=":09"/>
* Emerging Artist Award, Bose Pacia Modern, New York, United States of America (1999) <ref name=":09"/>
* Inlaks Fine Art Award, Inlaks Foundation, Delhi, India (1997)

==Personal life==
Tallur splits his time between his family home in Karnataka, India and [[Daegu]], South Korea, where his wife is from.<ref name="huffpost.com"/><ref name=":09"/>

== See also ==
* [[Tallur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tallur.com/ L.N. Tallur website]
* [http://www.saatchigallery.com/artists/ln_tallur.htm?section_name=new_india Saatchi gallery website]
* [https://www.gallerychemould.com/artists/48-tallur-ln/ Chemould gallery]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tallur, L.N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Expulsion of non-resident Tamils from Colombo

2026-02-03T15:43:00Z

DiannaGariepy5: created a bio from scratch - done

{{Short description|2007 deportation of Tamils from Colombo, Sri Lanka}}
The '''expulsion of non-resident Tamils from Colombo''' was an incident which took place on June 7, 2007, when 376<ref name='TOI'>{{cite news | title=Lanka defends expulsion of Tamils | date=2007-06-10 | url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Lanka-defends-expulsion-of-Tamils/articleshow/2112442.cms | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121016232407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-10/rest-of-world/27995050_1_tamils-defence-ministry-hundreds-of-ethnic-minority | url-status =live | archive-date =2012-10-16 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2007-06-10 }}</ref> ethnic [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamils]] living in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] were deported from the city by the [[Sri Lanka Police|Sri Lankan Police]].<ref name=AFP>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070607/wl_sthasia_afp/srilankapoliticsunrestrights_070607124831| title= Sri Lanka police evict ethnic Tamils from capital | date= 2007-06-07 | publisher = [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] | first = Jayasinghe | last = Amal | access-date = 2007-06-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=ACHR>{{cite news|url=http://www.achrweb.org/press/2007/SLK0307.htm|title=Deportation of Tamils from Colombo is reminiscent of The Holocaust|date=2007-06-08|access-date=2007-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610124824/http://www.achrweb.org/press/2007/SLK0307.htm|archive-date=2007-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=AP>{{cite news|url=http://news.aol.com/topnews/articles/_a/sri-lanka-accused-of-ethnic-cleansing-as/n20070607092309990001|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110813063158/http://news.aol.com/topnews/articles/_a/sri-lanka-accused-of-ethnic-cleansing-as/n20070607092309990001|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-08-13| title= Sri Lanka accused of ethnic cleansing as over 400 Tamils evicted from capital| date= 2007-06-07 | publisher = [[Associated Press|AP]] | first = Francis| last = Krishan | access-date = 2007-06-07 }}</ref> The evicted were sent back to [[Jaffna]], [[Vavuniya]], [[Trincomalee]] and [[Batticaloa]], where they were originally from, in several buses with a police escort.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Lanka-SC-steps-in-halts-eviction-of-Tamils-from-Colombo/articleshow/2108797.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016232353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-08/rest-of-world/27979168_1_eviction-crackdown-on-ltte-rebels-tamils | url-status=live | archive-date=2012-10-16 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Lanka SC steps in, halts eviction of Tamils from Colombo | date=2007-06-08}}</ref> However, the buses only went as far as the town of [[Vavuniya]] and the evicted Tamils were forced to stay in a detention camp.<ref name=ex11>{{cite web |title=Tamils return to Sri Lanka capital |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/EA3925AE-9EC5-4D7B-8140-DC7D87F0CAC6.htm |access-date=2007-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615023529/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/EA3925AE-9EC5-4D7B-8140-DC7D87F0CAC6.htm |archive-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref> The President asked those who were evicted to come back to Colombo<ref name="ex11"/> and ordered an investigation into the incident

== Background to the Expulsion ==
The Tamil militant [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] organization (LTTE) had carried out numerous bombings in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, over the course of the [[Sri Lankan civil war]].<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/publication/9242/#5 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Sri Lanka, separatists) - Council on Foreign Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526145855/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9242/ |date=2010-05-26 }}</ref> It was compulsory for ethnic Tamils traveling from the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]] to register with the Police and mandatorily carry a police certificate as per the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)|Prevention of Terrorism Act]] and emergency regulations and if found not living in the residence in the certificate, they could be arrested.<ref name="Pieris2018">{{cite book|author=Anoma Pieris|title=Sovereignty, Space and Civil War in Sri Lanka: Porous Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfl0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93|accessdate=9 July 2021|date=25 October 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-24632-3|pages=93–}}</ref><ref name="Thiranagama2011">{{cite book|author=Sharika Thiranagama|title=In My Mother's House: Civil War in Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1b053j2-PYC&pg=PA250|accessdate=9 July 2021|date=16 August 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0511-4|pages=250–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=39075 | title=SL State reinforces stringent police registration of residents in Colombo | publisher=Tamilnet | date=22 May 2018 | accessdate=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/03/06/LKA102016.E.pdf | title=RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) | publisher=Justice Government | date=11 December 2006 | accessdate=9 July 2021 | archive-date=9 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709213139/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/03/06/LKA102016.E.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Affairs2013">{{cite book|author=Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and House Committee on Foreign Affairs|title=Country reports on human rights practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j39VnkS4VwYC&pg=PA2613|accessdate=9 July 2021|date=20 February 2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|pages=2613–|id=GGKEY:NN89UP1JS4T}}</ref>

The breakdown of the [[Norway|Norwegian]]-backed peace process saw an increase in [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] explosions and [[Suicide attack|suicide bombings]], attributed by the Sri Lanka Police to the LTTE in Colombo. In May 2007, at least three such explosions took place in the city, including an attack on a military vehicle that killed seven civilians and one police officer.<ref>[http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Roadside_bomb_kills_seven_near_Sri__05282007.html Roadside bomb kills seven near Sri Lanka military base] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001538/http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Roadside_bomb_kills_seven_near_Sri__05282007.html |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> Police investigations identified that those responsible for a number of these bombings had temporarily lived in and planned their attacks from low budget lodges in the city.<ref>[http://www.rnhit.com/mcns/fullnews.php?id=6136 OCCUPATION OF LODGINGS] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928112004/http://www.rnhit.com/mcns/fullnews.php?id=6136 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> The Sri Lanka Police said that, for instance, there were occasions where some individuals had lived in these lodges for over six months on the pretext that they had come to obtain their passports,<ref name=BBC>{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6729555.stm| title = Police evict Tamils from Colombo | date= 2007-06-07 | publisher = BBC | access-date = 2007-06-07 }}</ref> which could be obtained in as little as one day.<ref>''Department of Immigration and Emigration,'' [http://www.immigration.gov.lk/html/passports/fees.html Passport fees] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614104952/http://www.immigration.gov.lk/html/passports/fees.html |date=June 14, 2007 }}</ref>

Therefore, the Sri Lanka Police said:

<blockquote>
"Temporary occupants who cannot provide valid reasons for their stay in the Colombo area will be sent back to their homes"
</blockquote>
[[Keheliya Rambukwella]], government minister and spokesperson for the Ministry of Defence acknowledged:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4f38972.html | title=Sri Lanka: Treatment of Tamils in Colombo by members of the Sri Lankan security forces and police; registration requirements in Colombo for Tamil citizens | publisher=RefWorld | date=9 February 2012 | accessdate=9 July 2021}}</ref>
<blockquote>
"Tamils were singled out for scrutiny in Colombo, but only because rebel attackers -- who have killed members of all ethnic groups -- routinely hid among the capital's large Tamil community" </blockquote>

== Expulsion ==
On the morning of June 7, heavily armed [[Sri Lanka Police]] officers<ref name=ex11/> entered low-budget hostels in the Wellawatte, Dehiwala, Kotahena, Pettah and Wattala areas of Colombo and asked 376 persons, comprising 291 males and 85 females, who did not have valid reasons for being in Colombo to leave. They were then put into buses and were sent away from Colombo to destinations in the east and north of Sri Lanka.<ref name=BBC/> People were taken to the town of [[Vavuniya]] and made to stay in a detention camp.<ref name="ex11"/> On the next day they were handed over to Government officials of [[Vavuniya]].

== Concern ==
The move to expel these people drew wide criticism of the government. The [[United States]] Embassy in Sri Lanka condemned the act, asking the government of Sri Lanka to ensure the constitutional rights of all the citizens of the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=The United States condemns the forced removal of Tamils |date=2007-06-08 |publisher=U.S. Department of State. |url=http://srilanka.usembassy.gov/pr-08june2007.html |work=press release June 2007 |access-date=2007-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105131731/http://srilanka.usembassy.gov/pr-08june2007.html |archive-date=November 5, 2009 }}</ref> [[Norway]] also condemned the act, describing it as a clear violation of international human rights law. Their press release urged government of Sri Lanka to desist from any further enforced removals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Norway condemns enforced removal of Tamils from Colombo |date=2007-06-08 |publisher=Norway - the official site in Sri Lanka. |url=http://www.norway.lk/press/press+releases/press+releases.htm |work=press release June 2007 |access-date=2007-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318202614/http://www.norway.lk/press/press+releases/press+releases.htm |archive-date=2007-03-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Canada]] has also condemned the action.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada condemns 'dislodging' of Tamils |date=2007-06-08 |publisher=Dailymirrir |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/2007/06/11/news/7.asp |access-date=2007-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225250/http://www.dailymirror.lk/2007/06/11/news/7.asp |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The expulsion was also condemned in the Sri Lankan media.<ref name=AP2>{{cite news|url=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/070609/world/srilanka_politics_unrest_rights |title=Sri Lanka media slam Tamil eviction |date=2007-06-09 |publisher=[[Associated Press|AP]] |access-date=2007-06-10 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Eight human rights groups wrote a joint letter to the President claiming that act was "a flagrant violation of (freedom of movement) and a disgrace to humanity".<ref name=INAS>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/srilanka/20070607/55214.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185037/http://www.indiaenews.com/srilanka/20070607/55214.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 27, 2007| title= Mass expulsion of Tamils from Colombo denounced| date= 2007-06-07 | publisher = INAS | access-date = 2007-06-07 }}</ref>
;Allegation of Ethnic cleansing
Human rights groups, Local think tank and other observers have termed this act as "[[ethnic cleansing]]".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6729555.stm | work=BBC News | title=Police evict Tamils from Colombo | date=2007-06-07 | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1631473,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615003452/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1631473,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 15, 2007 | magazine=Time | date=2007-06-11 | access-date=2010-05-02 | title="Ethnic Cleansing" in Sri Lanka?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/08lanka.htm | title=Apex court halts eviction of Tamils from Colombo | publisher=Rediff | date=8 June 2007 | accessdate=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2097984,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Ethnic cleansing claim after police move Tamils at gunpoint | first=Randeep | last=Ramesh | date=2007-06-08 | access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/06/08/sri-lanka-end-expulsion-tamils-colombo | title=Sri Lanka: End Expulsion of Tamils from Colombo | publisher=Human Rights Watch | date=8 June 2007 | accessdate=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSCOL6048 | title=Sri Lanka court blocks state deportation of Tamils | date=2007-06-08 | work=Reuters | first=Simon | last=Gardner}}</ref> The media group said that this type of act reminds people of what "[[Hitler]] did to the Jews",<ref name=AFP/><ref>{{cite news |title=Lanka says sorry to Tamils over expulsion |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/lanka-says-sorry-to-tamils-over-expulsion/479965 |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=10 June 2007}}</ref> and the Asian Center of Human Rights urged India to intervene.<ref name=ACHR/>

== Eyewitness Accounts ==

One of the men who was forced to leave Colombo managed to call a local radio station, Sirisa FM from a mobile phone. He said;

{{blockquote|text="The police came and took us and put everyone on the bus... We don't know where we are being taken".<ref name=BBC/>}}

A 64-year-old woman from Jaffna, who was among those evicted said that;

{{blockquote|text="We were asked to go back to our villages, but the government dropped us off at a detention camp in Vavuniya"<ref name="ex11"/>}}

Another 54-year-old woman was quoted as saying;

{{blockquote|text="Police didn't listen to us, they tried to beat us, they were scolding and they put us in to the vehicles, they didn't even allow us to drink tea. When we saw people being caged in white van and taken away, we got scared and were hiding, even there they found us. "<ref name=ex12>{{cite web
| title = Is Sri Lanka "our country?"
| url = https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2007/06/070608_evicted_tamils
| access-date = 2007-06-09 }}.
</ref>
}}

== Aftermath ==
The Sri Lankan [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka|Supreme Court]] on June 8, 2007, issued an [[injunction]] on the [[Sri Lanka Police]] to stop the evacuation of residents of Colombo lodges after hearing a fundamental rights petition filed by a [[non governmental organization]], the Center for Policy Alternatives, Sri Lanka (CPA).<ref>{{cite news|first=BHARATHA |last=MALLAWARACHI |title=Court: End Tamil Expulsions in Colombo |date=2007-06-08 |publisher=AP |url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6693892,00.html |work=Guardian Unlimited |access-date=2007-06-08 |location=London }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Sri Lanka Supreme Court orders to stop evacuation of ethnic Tamils from Colombo lodges | date=2007-06-08 | url =http://www.colombopage.com/archive_07/June8102839SL.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070610125156/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_07/June8102839SL.html | url-status =usurped | archive-date =June 10, 2007 | work =ColomboPage | access-date = 2007-06-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=SC issues Interim Order against forcible transportation of Tamil lodgers |date=2007-06-08 |publisher=Free Media Movement |url=http://lankaenews.com/English/news.php?id=4239 |work=LankaeNews |access-date=2007-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928084721/http://lankaenews.com/English/news.php?id=4239 |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> As a result of the ruling, police boarded 185 out of the 270 people who were sent to [[Vavuniya]] onto five buses and took them back to Colombo.<ref name='FMM1'>{{cite news|title=Those chased from Colombo yesterday brought back to Colombo today |date=2007-06-08 |publisher=Free Media Movement |url=http://lankaenews.com/English/news.php?id=4240 |work=LankaeNews |access-date=2007-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083916/http://lankaenews.com/English/news.php?id=4240 |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Those chased from Colombo yesterday brought back to Colombo today |date=2007-06-08 |publisher=Free Media Movement |url=http://lankaenews.com/Sinhala/news.php?id=2496 |work=LankaeNews |access-date=2007-06-08 |language=si |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711001310/http://www.lankaenews.com/Sinhala/news.php?id=2496 |archive-date=2007-07-11 }}</ref>

President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] reprimanded his police chief for the deportations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/33088.html |title=IndianExpress.com :: Lanka SC halts Tamil eviction |access-date=2007-07-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727084053/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/33088.html |archive-date=2007-07-27 }}</ref> and ordered the Inspector General of the Police to present a report on the manner of transportation of the Tamils and on the alleged exceeding of authority by the officials involved. He has also invited the people who were sent to [[Vavuniya]] to return to Colombo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vacation of lodgings: President asks IGP for immediate report |date=2007-06-09 |publisher=The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/06/09/news02.asp |work=Daily News |access-date=2007-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714175556/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/06/09/news02.asp |archive-date=2007-07-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=President orders probe |date=2007-06-09 |publisher=Wijeya Newspapers Ltd. |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/2007/06/09/front/7.asp |work=Daily Mirror |access-date=2007-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611140342/http://www.dailymirror.lk/2007/06/09/front/7.asp |archive-date=2007-06-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Government reaction ==
On June 10, 2007, Sri Lankan [[Prime Minister]] [[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]] told reporters that the government regretted the eviction of 376 Tamils from Colombo and that he accepted responsibility of the incident. He promised that this kind of incident would not recur.<ref>{{cite news | title=Sri Lanka PM expresses regret | date=2007-06-11 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/11/stories/2007061115040100.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070613075530/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/11/stories/2007061115040100.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =2007-06-13 | access-date = 2007-06-11 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Two days later Defence Secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa defended the move, saying
{{blockquote|text="Everyone knows the LTTE is infiltrating (Colombo). We can't arrest 300 people and detain them. What is the best option? You can tell them: "You don't have any legal business in Colombo and there is a security problem in Colombo. We don't want to detain you. You go back to your homes"}}
{{blockquote|text="We have to defend ourselves. You can't risk the country. It's not against a community. I'm talking about terrorists. Anything is fair. When America is [[September 11 attacks|attacked]] every country calls it [[War on Terrorism|war against terrorism]], but why are the terrorists being treated in a different way in Sri Lanka?"
<ref>{{cite news | title=Sri Lanka bullied by West, says defence official | date=2007-06-12 | publisher= Reuters | url =http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/COL58218.htm | agency =Reuters | access-date = 2007-06-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Sri Lanka accuses 'bullying' West | date=2007-06-12 | work= BBC News | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6745553.stm | access-date = 2007-06-13 | first=Roland | last=Buerk}}</ref>}}

== See also ==
* [[Expulsion of Muslims from Jaffna]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Expulsion Of Non-Resident Tamils From Colombo}}
[[Category:2007 crimes in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:2007 in politics]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:2000s in Colombo]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:June 2007 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:June 2007 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Violence against Sri Lankan Tamils]]

List of international cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma

2026-01-31T02:14:16Z

DiannaGariepy5: enhance structure additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Rohit Gurunath Sharma.jpg|thumb|Rohit Sharma has scored 50 centuries in international cricket.]]
[[Rohit Sharma]] is an Indian [[cricket|cricketer]] who has represented the [[India national cricket team|national team]] since 2007.<ref name=profile>{{cite web|title=Rohit Sharma|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34102.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318090629/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34102.html|archive-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> He has made 50 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in international cricket{{emdash}}33 in [[One Day International]]s (ODI), 12 in [[Test cricket|Tests]] and 5 in [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20Is){{emdash}} as of October 2025.

Sharma made his ODI debut against [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] in June 2007.<ref name=profile /> His first century came during the [[tri-nation series in Zimbabwe in 2010|2010 Tri-Nation Tournament in Zimbabwe]] when he made 114 against the hosts. In [[Australian cricket team in India in 2013–14|the 2013 bilateral series against Australia at home]], he made two centuries, including a double-century.{{efn|Sharma became the third player to score an ODI double-century.<ref name=highest>{{cite web |title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting Records / Most Runs in an Innings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/216972.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123150040/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/216972.html |archive-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The next year, he scored 264 against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at the [[Eden Gardens]], Kolkata. The score remains the highest individual total by a batsman in the format.<ref name=highest /><ref>{{cite news|title=Rohit Sharma: India batsman hits 264, the highest ODI score|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/30038630|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601062158/http://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/30038630|archive-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> In January 2016, he made 171 [[not out]] against Australia; it remained the highest score by a visiting batsman against Australia until [[England cricket team|England]]'s [[Jason Roy]] made 180 in 2018.{{efn|{{As of|2020|1}}, this remains the seventh-highest individual score in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics / One-Day Internationals / Batting Records / View: innings by innings list / Host country: Australia / Ordered by: runs scored (descending) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;host=2;orderby=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029142455/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;host=2;orderby=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=29 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics / One-Day Internationals / Batting Records / Innings By Innings List / Opposition Team: Australia / Host Country: Australia/ Ordered By: Runs Scored (Descending) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;host=2;opposition=2;orderby=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029142501/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;host=2;opposition=2;orderby=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=29 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sharma set the record for most centuries scored in a [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] when he scored five centuries in the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Marks |first=Vic |title=India pile tons on Sri Lanka to put Cricket World Cup pressure on Australia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jul/06/sri-lanka-india-cricket-world-cup-2019-match-report |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 July 2019 |access-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708191004/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jul/06/sri-lanka-india-cricket-world-cup-2019-match-report |archive-date=8 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has scored centuries against nine different opponents and has the joint-highest number of centuries (nine) against Australia in the format.{{efn|He shares the position with [[Sachin Tendulkar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics / One-Day Internationals / Batting Records / Most Hundreds Against Australia |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=2;orderby=hundreds;qualmin1=100;qualval1=runs;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>}} {{As of|2020|1}}, Sharma has eight scores in excess of 150, and three double-centuries, both of which are records in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Seervi |first=Bharath |title=Rohit: three double-hundreds; Others: four |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21754742/three-double-hundreds-others-four-double-hundreds |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213210825/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21754742/three-double-hundreds-others-four-double-hundreds |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Runs scored (descending) / Greater than or equal to 150|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;runsmin1=150;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126114020/http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-pakistan-2016-17/engine/match/1000895.html|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He has the second highest number of centuries for an active player in the format.{{efn|Sharma is behind Kohli (51) and Tendulkar (49) in the all-time list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html |title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting Records / Most Hundreds in a Career |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615222241/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Sharma made his Test debut during the [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2013–14|2013–14 home series against the West Indies]]. He scored 177 on his debut and went on to make another century in the next match.{{efn|Sharma was the [[List of centuries scored on Test cricket debut|14th Indian to score a century on Test debut]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sahni|first=Jaspreet|title=Rohit Sharma 14th Indian to hit Test century on debut|url=http://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/rohit-sharma-14th-indian-to-hit-test-century-on-debut-649386.html|publisher=[[News18]]|date=7 November 2013|access-date=14 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214095503/http://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/rohit-sharma-14th-indian-to-hit-test-century-on-debut-649386.html|archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Iyer |first=Aditya |title=The turning point: Rohit Sharma shines in his first Test innings |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-turning-point-rohit-sharma-shines-in-his-first-test-innings/1192275/0 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121033237/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-turning-point-rohit-sharma-shines-in-his-first-test-innings/1192275/0 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He scored three centuries in [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|the home series against South Africa in October 2019]]{{emdash}}including 176 and 127 in the first match,{{efn|He became the sixth Indian [[List of cricketers who have scored centuries in both innings of a Test match|to score centuries in both innings of a Test match]].<ref name=tons>{{cite web|title=Records / Test matches / Batting records / Hundred in each innings of a match|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282951.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206154150/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282951.html|archive-date=6 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>}} and a career-highest score of 212 in the third match.

Sharma made his T20I debut during the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|ICC T20 World Cup 2007 against England]].
In October 2015, he became the second Indian to score a century in the T20I format when he made 106 against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. Sharma jointly held the record for the fastest century in men's T20I (off 35 [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]]) with South Africa's [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] and [[Czech Republic national cricket team|Czech Republic's]] Sudesh Wickramasekara.{{efn|It had come during the course of his 43-ball 118 against Sri Lanka in December 2017;<ref>{{cite web |last=Seervi |first=Bharath |title=Rohit hits the joint-fastest T20I century |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21846396/rohit-sharma-hits-joint-fastest-t20i-century |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=22 December 2017 |access-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708193511/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21846396/rohit-sharma-hits-joint-fastest-t20i-century |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> the record has since been broken multiple times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/namibias-jan-nicol-loftie-eaton-smashes-fastest-t20i-hundred-1422838 |title=Namibia's Loftie-Eaton smashes fastest T20I hundred |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref>}} Sharma jointly holds the record for the most centuries in the format with five.{{efn|He shares the record with [[Glenn Maxwell]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21846396/rohit-sharma-hits-joint-fastest-t20i-century |title=Rohit hits the joint-fastest T20I century |date=22 December 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220709/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21846396/rohit-sharma-hits-joint-fastest-t20i-century |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

{{As of|2025|11}}, Sharma is ranked tenth among players with the [[List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored|most centuries in international cricket]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Combined Test, ODI and T20I Records / Batting Records / Most Hundreds in a career |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284175.html |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152723/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284175.html |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Key==
* * {{en dash}} Remained [[not out]]
* {{dagger}} {{en dash}} [[Man of the match]]
* {{double-dagger}} {{en dash}} [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] of India in that match
* (D/L) {{en dash}} The result of the match was based upon the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]]

==Test cricket centuries==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Test centuries scored by Rohit Sharma<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Test cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/34102.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213204407/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/34102.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Score
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
![[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
!{{abbr|Test|The number of the Test match played in that series}}
!Venue
!{{abbr|H/A|Home or Away}}
!{{abbr|Date|Date the match started}}
!{{abbr|Result|The result of the match from India's perspective}}
!{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1770}} 177 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 6 || 2 || 1/2 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|November|6}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=1st Test, West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 6-8 2013|work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/676525.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207172707/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11897/scorecard/676525/India-vs-West-Indies-1st-Test-west-indies-tour-of-india-2013-14/|archive-date=7 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1110}} 111*
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 6 || 2 || 2/2 || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|November|14}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Test, West Indies tour of India at Mumbai, Nov 14-16 2013 |work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/676527.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530183051/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11897/scorecard/676527/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-west-indies-tour-of-india-2013-14 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1020}} 102*
|| {{cr|SL}} || 6 || 2 || 2/3 || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|November|24}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Test, Sri Lanka tour of India at Nagpur, Nov 24-27 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122724.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209210037/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/scorecard/1122724/India-vs-Sri-Lanka-2nd-Test-sl-in-india-2017-18/|archive-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1760}} 176 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SA}} || 2 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Vishakhapatnam]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|October|2}} || Won || <ref name=IndvsSAF>{{cite web|title=1st Test, ICC World Test Championship at Visakhapatnam, Oct 2-6 2019|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187007.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003061347/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/scorecard/1187007/india-vs-south-africa-1st-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021|archive-date=3 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1271}} 127 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SA}} || 2 || 3 || 1/3 || [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Vishakhapatnam]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|October|2}} || Won || <ref name=IndvsSAF />
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2120}} 212 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SA}} || 2 || 1 || 3/3 || [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|October|19}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |title=3rd Test, ICC World Test Championship at Ranchi, Oct 19-23 2019 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187009.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019154508/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/scorecard/1187009/india-vs-south-africa-3rd-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1610}} 161
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 1 || 1 || 2/4 || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|February|13}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Test, Chennai, Feb 13-17 2021, England tour of India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243385.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1270}} 127 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 1 || 3 || 4/5 || [[The Oval]], [[London]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|September|2}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1239546.html |title=4th Test, The Oval, Sep 2-6 2021, India tour of England|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 120 {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 2 || 1/4 || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|February|9}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1348652.html |title=1st Test, Nagpur, February 9-11, 2023, Australia tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1030}} 103 {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 2 || 2 || 1/2 || [[Windsor Park (Dominica)|Windsor Park]], [[Roseau]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|July|12}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=1st Test, Roseau, July 12-16, 2023, India tour of West Indies|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381212.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1310}} 131 {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 1 || 3/5 || [[Niranjan Shah Stadium]], [[Rajkot]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|February|15}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1389401.html |title=3rd Test, Rajkot, February 15-19, 2024, England tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1030}} 103 {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 2 || 5/5 || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|March|7}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1389403.html |title=5th Test, Dharamsala, March 7-11, 2024, England tour of India|access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref>
|} 

==One Day International cricket centuries==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ODI centuries scored by Rohit Sharma<ref>{{cite web |title=List of One-Day International cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/34102.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214095130/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/34102.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |archive-date=14 December 2017 }}</ref>
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Score
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
![[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
![[Strike rate|{{abbr|S/R|Strike rate during the innings}}]]
!Venue
!{{abbr|H/A/N|Home, Away, or Neutral venue}}
!{{abbr|Date|Date the match was held}}
!{{abbr|Result|The result of the match from India's perspective}}
!{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1140}} 114
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 4 || 1 || 95.79 || [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|May|28}} || Lost ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/452146.html|title=1st Match, Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Bulawayo, May 28 2010|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213203629/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8523/scorecard/452146/zimbabwe-vs-india-1st-match-triangular-tournament-2010/|archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1011}} 101* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SL}} || 4 || 2 || 170.00 || [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|May|30}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/452147.html|title=2nd Match, Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Bulawayo, May 30 2010|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213210248/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8523/scorecard/452147/india-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-match-triangular-tournament-2010/|archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1411}} 141* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 2 || 114.63 || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|October|16}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/647251.html|title=2nd ODI (D/N), Australia tour of India at Jaipur, Oct 16 2013|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214095130/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11913/scorecard/647251/india-vs-australia-2nd-odi-australia-tour-of-india-2013-14/|archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2090}} 209 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 1 || 132.27 || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|November|2}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/647261.html|title=7th ODI (D/N), Australia tour of India at Bengaluru, Nov 2 2013|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213203230/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11913/scorecard/647261/india-vs-australia-7th-odi-australia-tour-of-india-2013-14/|archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2640}} 264 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SL}} || 2 || 1 || 152.60 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|November|13}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/792295.html|title=4th ODI (D/N), Sri Lanka tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 13 2014|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212143751/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11541/scorecard/792295/India-vs-Sri-Lanka-4th-ODI-sri-lanka-tour-of-india-2014-15|archive-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1380}} 138
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 1 || 99.28 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|January|18}} || Lost ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/754749.html|title=2nd Match (D/N), Carlton Mid One-Day International Tri-Series at Melbourne, Jan 18 2015|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214095130/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8676/scorecard/754749/australia-vs-india-2nd-match-carlton-mid-odi-tri-series-2014-15/|archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1370}} 137 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 1 || 108.73 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|March|19}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/656485.html|title=2nd Quarter-Final (D/N), ICC Cricket World Cup at Melbourne, Mar 19 2015|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214095130/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/656485/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-quarter-final-world-cup-2014-15/|archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1500}} 150

|| {{nowrap|{{cr|SA}}}} || 1 || 2 || 112.78 || [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|October|11}} || Lost ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903593.html|title=1st ODI, South Africa tour of India at Kanpur, Oct 11 2015|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214095130/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11287/scorecard/903593/india-vs-south-africa-1st-odi-south-africa-tour-of-india-2015-16/|archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1711}} 171*
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 1 || 104.90 || [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|January|12}} || Lost ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895807.html|title=1st ODI, India tour of Australia at Perth, Jan 12 2016|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125223006/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11188/scorecard/895807/Australia-vs-India-1st-ODI-india-tour-of-australia-2015-16/|archive-date=25 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1240}} 124 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 1 || 97.63 || [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|January|15}} || Lost ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895809.html|title=2nd ODI (D/N), India tour of Australia at Brisbane, Jan 15 2016|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214095130/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11188/scorecard/895809/australia-vs-india-2nd-odi-india-tour-of-australia-2015-16/|archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1231}} 123* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 2 || 95.34 || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|June|15}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022373.html|title=2nd Semi-final, ICC Champions Trophy at Birmingham, Jun 15 2017|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026163304/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8037/scorecard/1022373/Bangladesh-vs-India-2nd-Semi-final-ICC-Champions-Trophy-2017|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1241}} 124*
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 1 || 2 || 85.51 || [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Pallekele]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|August|27}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1109607.html|title=3rd ODI (D/N), India tour of Sri Lanka at Kandy, Aug 27 2017|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213041921/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17891/scorecard/1109607/sri-lanka-vs-india-3rd-odi-sl-v-ind-2017/|archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1041}} 104
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 1 || 1 || 118.18 || [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|August|31}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1109608.html|title=4th ODI (D/N), India tour of Sri Lanka at Colombo, Aug 31 2017|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213041917/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17891/scorecard/1109608/sri-lanka-vs-india-4th-odi-sl-v-ind-2017/|archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 14
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1250}} 125 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 2 || 2 || 114.67 || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|October|1}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1119500.html|title=5th ODI (D/N), Australia tour of India at Nagpur, Oct 1 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212135707/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17974/scorecard/1119500/India-vs-Australia-5th-ODI-aus-in-ind-2017-18/|archive-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1470}} 147 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 1 || 1 || 106.52 || [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|October|29}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1120092.html|title=3rd ODI (D/N), New Zealand tour of India at Kanpur, Oct 29 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212135410/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18029/scorecard/1120092/India-vs-New-Zealand-3rd-ODI-nz-in-ind-2017-18/|archive-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 16
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|2081}} 208* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 1 || 1 || 135.94 || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|December|13}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122727.html|title=2nd ODI (D/N), Sri Lanka tour of India at Chandigarh, Dec 13 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213135404/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/scorecard/1122727/india-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-odi-sl-in-india-2017-18/|archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 17
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1150}} 115 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SA}} || 1 || 1 || 91.26 || [[St George's Park Cricket Ground|St. George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|February|13}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=5th ODI (D/N), India tour of South Africa at Port Elizabeth, Feb 13 2018|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122283.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213191927/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18065/scorecard/1122283/south-africa-vs-india-5th-odi-india-tour-of-south-africa-2018|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 18
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1371}} 137*
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 1 || 2 || 120.17|| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|July|12}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |title=1st ODI, India tour of Ireland and England at Nottingham, Jul 12 2018 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1119546.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818174702/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18018/scorecard/1119546/england-vs-india-1st-odi-ind-in-eng-2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 19
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1111}} 111* {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 1 || 2 || 93.27 || [[Dubai Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|September|23}} || Won || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153251.html |title=3rd Match, Super Four, Asia Cup at Dubai, Sep 23 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235651/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/1153251/india-vs-pakistan-3rd-match-super-four-asia-cup-2018-19 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 20
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1521}} 152*
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 1 || 2 || 129.58 || [[ACA Stadium]], [[Guwahati]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|October|21}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=1st ODI (D/N), West Indies tour of India at Guwahati, Oct 21 2018|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157754.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181022034936/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/scorecard/1157754/india-vs-west-indies-1st-odi-west-indies-in-india-2018-19|archive-date=22 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1620}} 162 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 1 || 1 || 118.25 || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|October|29}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=4th ODI (D/N), West Indies tour of India at Mumbai, Oct 29 2018|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157757.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181029161040/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/scorecard/1157757/india-vs-west-indies-4th-odi-west-indies-in-india-2018-19|archive-date=29 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 22
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1330}} 133
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 2 || 103.10 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|January|12}} || Lost || <ref>{{cite web |title=1st ODI (D/N), India tour of Australia at Sydney, Jan 12 2019 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144997.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150456/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18693/scorecard/1144997/australia-vs-india-1st-odi-india-in-aus-2018-19 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 23
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1221}} 122* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SA}} || 1 || 2 || 85.10 || [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|June|5}} || Won ||<ref>{{cite web |title=8th match, ICC Cricket World Cup at Southampton, Jun 5 2019 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144490.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606004402/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/1144490/india-vs-south-africa-8th-match-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 24
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1400}} 140 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 2 || 1 || 123.89 || [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|June|16}} || Won (D/L) || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144504.html|title=22nd match, ICC Cricket World Cup at Manchester, Jun 16 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http:/|archive-date=7 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 25
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1020}} 102
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 2 || 93.57 || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|June|30}} || Lost || <ref>{{cite web |title=38th match, ICC Cricket World Cup at Birmingham, Jun 30 2019 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144520.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630155348/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/1144520/england-vs-india-38th-match-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 26
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1040}} 104 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 1 || 113.04 || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|July|2}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |title=40th match, ICC Cricket World Cup at Birmingham, Jul 2 2019 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144522.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701130533/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/game/1144522/bangladesh-vs-india-40th-match-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 27
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1030}} 103 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|SL}} || 2 || 2 || 109.57 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground]], [[Leeds]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|July|6}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |title=44th match, ICC Cricket World Cup at Leeds, Jul 6 2019 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144526.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706053725/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/game/1144526/india-vs-sri-lanka-44th-match-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 |archive-date=6 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 28
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1590}} 159 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 1 || 1 || 115.21 || [[ACA-VDCA International Cricket Stadium|ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Vishakhapatnam]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|December|18}} || Won|| <ref>{{cite web |title=2nd ODI, West Indies tour of India at Visakhapatnam, Dec 18 2019 |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187022.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 29
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1190}} 119 {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 2 || 92.96 || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|January|19}} || Won|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187029.html |title=3rd ODI, Australia tour of India at Bengaluru, Jan 19 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 30
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1010}} 101 {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZ}} || 1 || 1 || 118.82 || [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]], [[Indore]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|January|24}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1348648.html |title=3rd ODI (D/N), Indore, January 24, 2023, New Zealand tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 31
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1310}} 131 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 1 || 2 || 155.95 || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|October|11}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384400.html |title=9th Match (D/N), Delhi, October 11, 2023, ICC Cricket World Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 32
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1190}} 119 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 1 || 2 || 132.22 || [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|February|9}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439905.html |title=2nd ODI (D/N), Cuttack, February 09, 2025, England tour of India
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 33
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1210}} 121* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 2 || 96.80 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|October|25}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1478906.html |title=3rd ODI (D/N), Sydney, October 25, 2025, India tour of Australia
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>
|} 

==Twenty20 International cricket centuries ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+T20I centuries scored by Rohit Sharma<ref>{{cite web|title=List of T20I cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/34102.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214095130/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/34102.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Score
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
![[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
![[Strike rate|{{abbr|S/R|Strike rate during the innings}}]]
!Venue
!{{abbr|H/A/N|Home, Away, or Neutral venue}}
!{{abbr|Date|Date the match was held}}
!{{abbr|Result|The result of the match from India's perspective}}
!{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1060}} 106
|| {{cr|SA}} || 1 || 1 || 160.60 || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]], [[Dharamsala]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|October|2}} || Lost || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903587.html|title=1st T20I (N), South Africa tour of India at Dharamsala, Oct 2 2015|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116190506/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11287/scorecard/903587/India-vs-South-Africa-1st-T20I-south-africa-tour-of-india-2015-16/|archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1180}} 118 {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|SL}} || 1 || 1 || 274.41 || [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]], [[Indore]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|December|22}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=2nd T20I (N), Sri Lanka tour of India at Indore, Dec 22 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122730.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222072624/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/scorecard/1122730|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1001}} 100* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 1 || 2 || 178.57 || [[Bristol County Ground]], [[Bristol]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|July|8}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=3rd T20I (N), India tour of England at Bristol, Jul 8 2018|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1119545.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181029142816/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18018/scorecard/1119545/england-vs-india-3rd-t20i-ind-in-eng-2018|archive-date=29 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1111}} 111* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 1 || 1 || 181.96 || [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium|Ekana Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] || Home|| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|November|6}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=2nd T20I (N), West Indies tour of India at Lucknow, Nov 6 2018|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157760.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181107214726/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/scorecard/1157760/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-west-indies-in-india-2018-19|archive-date=7 November 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1211}} 121* {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{cr|AFG}} || 2 || 1 || 175.36 || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || Home|| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|January|17}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=3rd T20I (N), Bengaluru, January 17, 2024|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1389398.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{featured list}}
{{International cricket centuries}}

[[Category:Lists of international cricket centuries by player|Sharma, Rohit]]
[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]

Thanjavur Marathi dialect

2026-01-25T23:15:22Z

DiannaGariepy5:

{{short description|Dialect of Marathi spoken by Thanjavur Maharathis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Thanjavur Marathi
| altname =
| nativename =
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| speakers = 100,000{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| date = no date
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Zone]]
| fam5 = [[Marathi Language|Marathi]]}}

'''Thanjavur Marathi''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: तंजावूर मराठी), also spelled as '''Tanjore Marathi''', is a dialect of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] spoken by [[Thanjavur Marathi people]] who migrated south, along with Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]]'s half brother [[Venkoji]], to the areas surrounding the city of [[Thanjavur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] back in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mar|title=Marathi|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/marathi-identity-with-tamil-flavour-2790955/|title=Marathi identity, with Tamil flavour|date=2016-05-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref>

==History==
The history of [[Maratha]] rulers in South India possibly begins with [[Shahaji]]'s attempt at setting up an independent kingdom in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] and his subsequent defeat in battle by [[Shahjahan]] around 1636. Shahaji made peace with Shahjahan and was posted in the deep south so as not to pose any challenge to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. He finally became one of the top generals in [[Adilshah]]'s army, accepting a [[Jagir]] in his court, being based in [[Bangalur]] (Present day [[Bangalore]] in Karnataka). Shahaji had two sons by [[Jijabai]], [[Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale|Sambhaji]] and [[Shivaji]] and one son [[Venkoji]] (aka Vyankoji or Ekoji) by his second wife, Tukabai. Venkoji later ruled over the independent Maratha kingdom of [[Thanjavur]] which came to be known as the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]. Maharaja [[Serfoji I]] was one of the most famous Marathi kings of Tanjore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/Thanjavur/Maratha_Rulers/body_maratha_rulers.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003724/http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/Thanjavur/Maratha_Rulers/body_maratha_rulers.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

==Scripts==
Historically [[Modi script|Modi]], [[Devanagari]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]] and [[tamil script|Tamil]] scripts have been used to write this dialect as found in old historical documents.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Illustration==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Examples of colloquial speech
! Tanjore Marathi !!Standard Marathi(colloquial)!!Translation
|-
| namaśkāra || namaskār||hello/greetings
|-
| kaśa āyēnta/āhēsa/hāysa? || kase/kasa ahāt/āhēs/āhāt?||How are you?
|-
|mī bēś hāy||mī ṭhīk āhē||I am fine
|-
|lai bēś hāy||khoop chhān āhē||(It) is very nice/beautiful.
|-
|wōy ka nai ka?||hō kā nāhi?||yes or no?
|-
|tumchya gharānt kewda pōri hāyt?||tumchya ghari kiti mulee āhēt?||How many girls are there in your house (at the moment)?
|-
|ghaṇṭā kewda jhālāy/hōlēy?||kitī wājalē?||What is the time?
|-
|yejā/hecha mōl kewda/kaya ?||hyāchaa bhaav kaay?||How much is this for?
|-
|dāwa/ujwa pāṭīs||ḍāwyā/ujwyā bājū lā||toward left/right
|-
|kemma/kevva panā||kadhihī||always, whenever
|-
|rāndhthēghar / sampakkholi||swayampāk ghar||kitchen
|-
|bāsna||bhāndee||vessels
|-
|ruppēcha||chāndīcha||made of silver
|-
|kānkna||bāngdyaa||bangles
|-
|pativuka?||pāthavu?|| should i send?
|-
|Nankaar||NankhBhar||a little bit, small amount, a pinch
|-
|Vijana||Pankha||Handfan
|-
|Dhonda||Dagad||Large Stone
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Languages of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Marathi language]]
[[Category:Languages of Tamil Nadu]]

Karan Kayastha

2026-01-03T15:57:39Z

DiannaGariepy5: improve layout and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Community of Kayasthas in India and Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

'''Karan Kayastha''' is a community of [[Kayastha]]s that inhabit [[Orissa|Odisha]] and the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], a region now divided between India and [[Nepal]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Kayasthas in Making of Modern Bihar |date=2003 |publisher=Impression Publication |pages= |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
According to ''[[Manusmriti|Manu]]'', a Hindu scripture, the Karans are regarded as bratya (degraded) [[Kshatriya]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mandal |first=Mahitosh |date=2022 |title=Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–30 |doi=10.26812/caste.v3i1.367 |jstor=48674170 |s2cid=249027627 |issn=2639-4928|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{clarify|reason=why? if this is important to know at all, so must be the reason for such alleged degraded status for human beings.|date=September 2025}}

== Culture and profession ==
The archaeologist B. P. Sinha says that the duty of Karanas was rajaseva and durgantapuraraksha.<ref name=":02" />{{page needed|date=July 2023}}{{clarify|reason=utter gibberish|date=July 2023}}

Epigraphist [[Dineshchandra Sircar]] mentions that several historial edicts and inscriptions have been found in the relevant geographic locations that show that the terms Karana, Karanin, Karaneeka, Karanakas and Karaneegars are used to represent a bureaucratic range from clerks to ministers. Significant among these are Minor Rock Edict No. II, the Kanas plates of Lokavigraha, the Ghugrahati copperplate of Samacharadeva and the Tipper copperplate of Lokanath etc.<ref name=Indica>{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=Dineshchandra|title=Epigraphia Indica- Volume XXXIV|publisher=Archaeological Survey Of India|year=1960–1961|location=Delhi|language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2023}}

== Karn of Mithila ==
The Karna Kayasthas are viewed as a part of the ancient embodiment of Mithila culture along with Maithil Brahmins. They do not fit in four varna system but still became a dominant caste of this region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Roma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJOUDwAAQBAJ |title=Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance |date=1 December 2014 |publisher=Fordham Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8232-6187-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2024}}

== Karan of Bengal ==
The Karan caste group can also be found in Bengal region from the mediaeval era([[Bengali Kayastha]]). The post of Karan used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA116 |title=Family Planning |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0352-8 |language=en}}</ref> They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, accountants, record keepers and diwans.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mohanty |first1=Ramesh P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl66OPnClpoC&pg=PA40 |title=Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal |last2=Biswal |first2=Durgesh Nandini |date=2007 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-199-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceDuDwAAQBAJ&dq=srikarana&pg=PA375 |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1 January 2017 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4103-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Pramod Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GzaAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana |title=Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803-1947 |date=2007 |publisher=R.N. Bhattacharya |isbn=978-81-87661-52-8 |language=en}}</ref> {{page needed|date=November 2024}} According to Historian [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] the Karan merged themselves into the Kayastha caste who performed the same profession.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MAJUMDAR |first=R. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287 |title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL |date=1971 |publisher=G. BHARADWAJ, CALCUTTA}}</ref>

===Notable people===
*[[Jyoti Basu]]
*[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
* [[Sukanta Majumdar]], Central Union Minister in [[Council of Ministers of India]].

== Karana of Odisha ==
{{Main|Karan (caste)}}

Karanas in [[Odisha]] are referred to as members of writer caste community, they are a prosperous and influential community of Odisha and rank next to [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmins]] in the social hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&dq=karan+rank+next+to+brahmin&pg=PA116 |title=Family Planning |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0352-8 |language=en}}</ref> Karanas received land grants in mediaeval period and held feudatory status in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC1uAAAAMAAJ&q=karanas+received+land+grants |title=New Perspectives on the History and Culture of Orissa |date=2000 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-23-3 |language=en}}</ref> Karanas also held high positions in government during mediaeval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&dq=karana+kayastha&pg=PA122 |title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India |date=1985 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref> As per Sircar the Bhajas inscription, mentions a list of individuals involved in land records and contains a phrase 'Brahmana-Karana-Puroga-Nivasi' which is a good indication of their social status.<ref name="Indica" /> Historian RS Sharma has also mentioned that Loknatha, a Karana, was also referred to as a Brahmin in inscriptions, even in current scenario they hold good political power in Odisha including several Chief Ministers in recent years.<ref name=Singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pradeep|title=Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems|publisher=Elsevier Science|year=2020|language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2024}} Karanas consider themselves as a separate group distinct from Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=West Bengal (India) Cultural Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQhuAAAAMAAJ&q=members+of+karan+caste+strongly+oppose |title=Bulletin of the Cultural Research Institute |date=1980 |publisher=Cultural Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> Karanas had also developed their own unique "[[Karani script|Karani]]" script named after their community to write documents in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeXeEAAAQBAJ&dq=karani+script&pg=PR56 |title=The Two-Headed Deer: Illustrations of the Ramayana in Orissa |date=22 December 2023 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-32182-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmqADwAAQBAJ&dq=karani+script&pg=PA15 |title=Orissa Society of Americas 25th Annual Convention Souvenir: For Annual Convention Held in 1994 at Pamona, New Jersey |publisher=Odisha Society of the Americas |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSduAAAAMAAJ&q=karani+script |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=2004 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref> Additionally Karanas are also mentioned as "Grama Karana" and "Mandala Karana" in [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] and [[Gajapati dynasty|Gajapati]] records having authority over a large number of villages, similarly the "Chamu Karana" and "Deula Karana" of Gajapati period were the private secretary of the king and the chief administrator of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Biswarup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Karana+caste |title=Orissa: Social, Cultural, and Religious Aspects |date=1985 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref> Karanas emerged as a significant social group in [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] as evident from early Ganga records, they occupied various important positions in the Ganga administration, from that of a village headman and accountant to that of a prime minister and army general.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Manas Kumar Das |title=HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1434 A.D.) |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |journal=History of Odisha (From Earliest Times to 1434 A.d.) |pages=125 |via=ddceutkal.ac.in UTKAL UNIVERSITY}}</ref> An important official under Narasimha Deva 4 of Ganga dynasty named “Srikarana Pattanaik Viswanatha Mahasenapati” was the governor and army general of four Dandapatas or regions in Eastern Ganga dynasty, he was known to be the “'''Chaturadikha Danda Parikha”''' of Eastern Ganga Dynasty or “Governor General” of all the four directions north, south, east and west as evident from Ganga inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahtab |first=Harekrushna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSj8395b_WMC&q=srikarana+mahasenapati |title=The History of Orissa |date=1959 |publisher=Prajatantra Prachar Samity |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāḍhī |first=Ekādaśī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EduAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana+mahasenapati |title=The Cultural Heritage of Jajpur: The Ancient Capital of Orissa |date=2004 |publisher=Nijaswa Prakashan |isbn=978-81-902056-0-3 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref> A military general named Srikaran Patnaik of [[Athagada Patna]] Kingdom of [[Ganjam district]] under the ruler Govindchandra is said to have led a successful expedition against the [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja]] ruler and defeated him, the victorious army under his command had captured the Bhanja fort of Kakarsali and built a new fort named Mandaragad, Srikaran Patnaik had placed 300 soldiers to guard the captured fort.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4IoPV2Rr4cC&q=Patnaik |title=The Indian Historical Quarterly |date=1931 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |pages=35–36 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly [[Ramananda Ray]] and his brother Gopinatha Badajena were governors in [[Gajapati Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=Shiri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0luAAAAMAAJ&q=ramananda+raya |title=Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Fighters. Hare Krushna Mahtab |date=1993 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-715-6 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=PANIGRAHI |first=KRISHNA CHANDRA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0mkEAAAQBAJ&dq=ramananda+raya&pg=RA6-PA8 |title=History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD) |date=5 January 2023 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68586-798-0 |language=en}}</ref> Karanas emerged from the community of [[Kshatriya]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Biswarup |date=1980 |title=Kayasthas and Karanas in Orissa—a Study on Inscriptions— |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141924 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=41 |pages=940–944 |jstor=44141924 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Karanas were the major landholders of Odisha, however post [[Orissa famine of 1866]], the percentage of landholdings for some Karana Landlords declined.<ref>https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/addodh36.pdf National Commission for Backward Classes, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA report, page no 239</ref> An official named Trilochan Patnaik of the [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] Community who was in charge of collection of revenue during the Maratha Rule of Odisha had managed to acquire the zamindari of “Kotdesh” from the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] by paying a large amount of nazarana (money) in 1775, Trilochan Patnaik had made himself known in the Maratha administration through his intelligence and skills, he became the founder of one of the largest [[Zamindar]]i estates of Odisha. Trilochan Patnaik was succeeded by his son Narayan Chotrai in 1792, Narayan Chotrai was the Zamindar of Kotdesh during the [[British Raj|British]] conquest of Odisha, “KOTDESH” was one of the 7 great zamindaris of Odisha at the time of British conquest. The zamindari was later auctioned off by the British government in 1896 due to arrears of revenue and debt of the estate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0S9uAAAAMAAJ&q=kotdesh+trilochan+patnaik |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Puri |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThQmAQAAIAAJ&dq=kotdesh+trilochan+patnaik&pg=PA284 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers |date=1908 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot |language=en}}</ref>

===Notable people===
*[[Naveen Patnaik]]
*[[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
*[[Biju Patnaik]]
*[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
*[[Biren Mitra]]
*[[Madhusudan Das]]
*[[Laxmikanta Mohapatra]]
*[[Radhanath Ray]]
*[[Gourishankar Ray]]
*[[Achyutananda Dasa]]
*[[Balarama Dasa]]
*[[Ananta Dasa]]
*[[Bisara Mohanty]]
*[[Ramananda Ray]]
*[[Birakishore Das]]
*[[Nityanand Kanungo]]
*[[Sarala Devi]]
*[[Ramadevi Choudhury]]
*[[Bira Kishore Ray]]
*[[Sukanta Kishore Ray]]
*[[Ananga Kumar Patnaik]]
*[[Braja Sundar Das]]
*[[Jagabandhu Patnaik|Jagu Dewan]]
*[[Banamali Dasa]]
*[[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]]
*[[Kalicharan Pattnaik]]
*[[Gopinath Mohanty]]
*[[Akshaya Mohanty]]
*[[Prana Krushna Parija]]
*[[Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]]
*[[Nikhil Mohan Pattnaik]]
*[[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]
*[[Sarat Pattanayak]]
*[[Bijoy Mohapatra]]
*[[Uttam Mohanty]]

== Karanam or Sistakarnam of Andhra and Telangana ==
{{Main|Karanam}}

'''Karanam''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: కరణం) or '''Karnam''' was an office and title native to the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Traditionally, Karanam was an official who maintained the accounts and records of the villages and collected the taxes.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Community Development and Panchayati Raj Digest, Volumes 3-5 |publisher=National Institute of Community Development |year=1971 |page=334 |quote=Patwari / Karanam shall be the additional secretary to the gram panchayat for keeping the record concerning lands}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiULAQAAIAAJ&q=karanam |title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=185, 186 |language=en}}</ref> Sircar mentions that they mostly dealt with accounting, bureaucracy, teaching etc.<ref name="Indica" />

==Karuneegar of Tamil Nadu and Kerala==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Kayastha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital

2025-12-31T14:48:48Z

DiannaGariepy5:

{{Short description|Medical college in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital
|other_name = Rohini Medical College, Delhi
|image =
|type = [[Medical college]] and hospital
|established = {{start date and age|2016}}
|head_label = Director-Principal
| head = Dr. Suresh Kumar
|address = [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]], [[Delhi]], India
|country = India
|colors =
|affiliations = [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|website = https://bsamch.ac.in/
}}

'''Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital''' is a [[medical school|medical college]] and hospital located in [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]. The college is recognized by [[National Medical Commission]] and is affiliated with the [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test|NEET (UG)]]. This college is associated with the 540-bedded Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==Courses==
Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital undertakes the education and training of students in MBBS courses.<ref>{{cite web|title=CM Kejriwal at inauguration of medical college: 'Our govt fastest, will set up 1,000 mohalla clinics soon|date=13 June 2016 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/arvind-kejriwal-medical-college-inauguration-mohalla-clinics-2849631/|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://bsamch.ac.in/

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Delhi-university-stub}}

List of Rajput clans and dynasties of Uttar Pradesh

2025-12-24T16:47:36Z

DiannaGariepy5: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
This is a '''list of Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh'''. A [[clan]] is a group of [[people]] united by actual or perceived [[kinship]] and [[Ancestry|descent]]. Even if lineage details are unknown, clan members may be organized around a founding member or [[apical ancestor]]. The kinship-based bonds may be symbolic, whereby the clan shares a "stipulated" common ancestor that is a symbol of the clan's unity. When this "ancestor" is non-human, it is referred to as a [[totem]], which is frequently an animal.

==Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh==


*[[Bais (clan)|Bais]]
*[[Bandhalgoti]]
*[[Bargujar]]
*[[Bhati]]
*[[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]
*[[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]
*[[Dor Rajputs|Dor]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA27|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)|last=Chandra|first=Satish|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2004|isbn=978-8-12411-064-5|volume=1|page=27}}</ref>
*[[Gahadavala dynasty|Gaharwar/Gahadval]]
*[[Gaur (clan)|Gaur]]
*[[Gautam (clan)|Gautam]]
*[[Guhila (clan)|Gehlot]]
*[[Jadaun (clan)|Jadaun]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oscmJoix2IAC&pg=PA200|title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response|last=Singh|first=David Emmanuel|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2012|page=200|isbn=9781614511854|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>
*[[Kachhwaha]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bingley |first=A. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/handbookonrajput00ahbi |title=Hand book on Rajputs |date=2006 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-0204-5}}</ref>
*[[Nanwag]]
*[[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]]
*[[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]]
*[[Pundir Rajputs|Pundir]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India |url=https://archive.org/details/peasantrajstudie00stok |url-access=limited |first=Eric |last=Stokes |author-link=Eric Thomas Stokes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-52129-770-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantrajstudie00stok/page/n180 172]}}</ref>
*[[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]
*[[Sengar]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India |url=https://archive.org/details/peasantrajstudie00stok |url-access=limited |first=Eric |last=Stokes |author-link=Eric Thomas Stokes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-52129-770-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantrajstudie00stok/page/n86 78]}}</ref>
*[[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
*[[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]]
*[[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomar]]



==See also==
{{portal|India|Lists}}
* [[Caste]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Rajputs in Bihar]]

==References==
<references>



</references>

{{Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Lists of ethnic groups|Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]

M. D. Taseer

2025-12-21T12:44:39Z

DiannaGariepy5: improved article

{{short description|Urdu poet and literary critic}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}
'''Muhammad Din Taseer''' (28 February 1902 – 1 December 1950), also known as '''Deen Muhammad Taseer'''<ref name=death/> and popularly known as '''M. D. Taseer''', was a Pakistani Urdu poet, writer, and literary critic.<ref name=iqbal/> He is considered one of the pioneers of the progressive movement in Urdu literature.<ref name=iqbal/>

== Early life ==
M. D. Taseer was born in [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]], Amritsar district, [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]],<ref name=personality/> on 28 February 1902<ref name=death/> to a family of [[Kashmiris of Punjab|Kashmiri ancestry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/blog.php?blogstory=6|title=Salmaan Taseer: the future waits|last=Basheer|first=Tariq|publisher=[[The Friday Times]]|language=English|accessdate=23 July 2015|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122134659/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/blog.php?blogstory=6|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Taseer">{{cite web | url=http://www.newsweekpakistan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=131&Itemid=53 | title='To Hell Where They Belong': In conversation with Salmaan Taseer, governor of the Punjab. |publisher=Newsweek Pakistan| date=4 January 2012 | accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref> His father, a tribesman from kashmir named Mian Atta ud Din Taseer, died when he was a small child, and he was brought up by his uncle Mian Nizam ud Din Taseer in Lahore.<ref name=personality/> He was a friend of [[Allama Iqbal]] since his childhood.<ref name=remembering/><ref name=iqbal/>

In 1933 Taseer started a literary journal called Karwan.<ref name=iqbal/> After his M. A., while employed as an assistant professor in the [[University of Punjab]], Lahore, he went to [[University of Cambridge]] for a PhD in English literature, with Iqbal's letter of recommendation.<ref name=iqbal/> He reached London in 1933 and began his M. Litt. at Pembroke College, Cambridge. His research supervisor [[Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch]] asked the University Senate to allow him to work on his PhD without obtaining an M. Litt first.<ref name=52nd/> His PhD thesis was titled "India and the Near East in English literature from the earliest times to 1924".<ref name=52nd/> Taseer is said to be the first person from the [[Indian subcontinent]] to have obtained a PhD in English Literature in England,<ref name=remembering/><ref name=death/> but it is not true because Taseer completed his PhD at Cambridge in 1936,<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250853 | title=India and the Near East in English literature from the earliest times to 1924 | year=1936 | publisher=University of Cambridge | type=Thesis | last1=Taseer | first1=Mohammed Deen }}</ref> whereas Saiyid Abdul Latif, was awarded a doctorate in English literature from the University of London in 1924.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://doi.org/10.25501/SOAS.00034031 | doi=10.25501/SOAS.00034031 | year=1924 | last1=Latif | first1=Saiyid Abdul | title=The Influence of English Literature on Urdu Literature | type=phd }}</ref>

== Career ==
On his return from Cambridge at the end of 1935, Taseer joined the [[Govt. M.A.O College Lahore|Muslim Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College in Amritsar]] as its principal. Along with [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]] he was one of the founders of the [[Progressive Writers' Movement]].<ref name=personality/>

In 1941, Taseer was appointed the principal of [[Sri Pratap College]] in Srinagar. In 1942 he became the founding principal of the new [[Amar Singh College]], which was an offshoot of the Sri Pratap College. In 1943, he was given in the [[British Raj|Government of India]], helping in the war effort. He worked in Simla and Delhi.<ref name=personality/>

After the [[Partition of India]], he moved to Pakistan, worked as the principal of the [[Islamia College (Lahore)|Islamia College]] in Lahore.<ref name=personality/>

== 1947 Kashmir conflict ==
In the first week of October 1947, the Government of Pakistan reportedly sent him, along with [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], to persuade [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the leader of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], to join Pakistan. Abdullah, who had just been released from prison by the Maharaja's government, was unwilling. He wanted to keep his options open. According to Abdullah, Taseer told him that, if Kashmir did not join Pakistan, they would have to think of "other ways". Abdullah's response was that "a decision must be made by the people themselves and they must be allowed to make it."<ref name=personality/>{{sfn|Taseer, The Kashmir of Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah|1986|pp=50–51}}

Abdullah's indecision ended with the [[Pakistani tribal invasion of Kashmir]] on 22 October. He asked the Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to accept Kashmir's accession and send the troops needed for the defence of Kashmir.<ref>{{citation |last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |authorlink=Mehr Chand Mahajan |title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119631/2015.119631.Looking-Back#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |page=152}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |title=The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566486-7 |pages=207–208}}</ref>

== Life ==
In 1937 Taseer fell in love with a British tourist named Christobel George, who had also been a student at Cambridge.<ref name=personality/> They were married in 1938, with Allama Iqbal himself drafting the marriage-deed (nikahnama) for the couple, including the right of divorce for Christobel George, and Christobel converting to Islam and adopting the name of Balqees Taseer (also spelled Bilquis Taseer).<ref name=personality/> Christobel's sister [[Alys Faiz]] married [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]].<ref name=remembering/>

M. D. Taseer was the father of the 26th [[Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]] [[Salmaan Taseer]] and the grandfather of [[Aatish Taseer]].<ref name=remembering/> His daughter Salma Mahmud published a memoir ''The Wings of Time'', recounting his life.<ref name=legacy/>

Taseer died of a heart attack on 30 November<ref name=death/> or 1 December 1950, at age 47.<ref name=iqbal/>

==Works==
* {{cite book|author1=M. D. Taseer|author2=Khurram Khiraam Siddiqui|title=Articles of Dr. M.D. Taseer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1erSQAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Pakistan Academy of Letters|isbn=978-969-472-188-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=M. D. Taseer|author2=Afzal Haq Qarshi|title=Iqbāl kā fikr o fann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxBCnQEACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Bazm-i Iqbāl}}
* {{cite book|author=M. D. Taseer|title=Iqbal: The Universal Poet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkKAQAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Munib Publications}}

Taseer's lyrics were used in the [[Khandan (1942 film)|1942 film Khandan]].

==References==
<references>

<ref name=remembering>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/99271/remembering-the-man-the-lesser-known-side-of-salmaan-taseer-national/|title = Remembering the man: The lesser known side of Salmaan Taseer|date = 4 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=personality>Muhammad Amin Malik, [http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/remembering-a-personality/110096.html Remembering a Personality], Greater Kashmir, 22 December 2011.</ref>
<ref name=iqbal>[http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/02-Dec-2003/mohammad-din-taseer-and-mohammad-iqbal Mohammad Din Taseer and Mohammad Iqbal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118192930/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/02-Dec-2003/mohammad-din-taseer-and-mohammad-iqbal |date=2015-01-18 }}</ref>
<ref name=death>[http://www.lhrtimes.com/2012/11/30/renowned-urdu-poet-dr-deen-muhammad-taseers-death-anniversary-today-113029/ Renowned Urdu poet Dr Deen Muhammad Taseer’s death anniversary today] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118195157/http://www.lhrtimes.com/2012/11/30/renowned-urdu-poet-dr-deen-muhammad-taseers-death-anniversary-today-113029/ |date=2015-01-18 }}</ref>
<ref name=52nd>[http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/01-Dec-2002/52nd-death-anniversary 52nd death anniversary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118203148/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/01-Dec-2002/52nd-death-anniversary |date=2015-01-18 }}</ref>
<ref name=legacy>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/331889/the-legacy-of-an-orphan-genius/ The legacy of an orphan genius]</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Taseer |first=Christobel Bilqees |title=The Kashmir of Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNpHAAAAMAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Ferozsons |ref={{sfnref|Taseer, The Kashmir of Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah|1986}}}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taseer, MD}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Taseer family|MD]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Writers from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Poets from Lahore]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Government Islamia College]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of the Punjab]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Padi railway station

2025-12-20T10:39:06Z

DiannaGariepy5: Stub

{{Short description|Defunct railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Padi
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Padi, Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.103649|80.194893|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Tamil Nadu
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]] line of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] 
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 1
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed = 2007
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| former = South Indian Railway
| passengers =
| pass_yaer =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}

'''Padi railway station''' is one of the two, now defunct, railway stations of the extended southern arm of the [[Chennai Central]]–[[Arakkonam Junction|Arakkonam]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]], the other one being [[Anna Nagar railway station]]. It served the neighbourhoods of [[Padi, Chennai|Padi]], [[Villivakkam]], [[Korattur]] and [[Anna Nagar]]. The station is located at the junction of 100-feet Inner Ring Road—MTH Road, known as the [[Padi Junction]]. The station is being maintained by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF), the premier production unit of the Indian railways.<ref name="Hindu_ToBecomeSocialHub">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = Padi railway station to become social hub soon
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 13 July 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/padi-railway-station-to-become-social-hub-soon/article24412502.ece
| accessdate = 14 July 2018}}</ref>

==History==
In 2003, a 3.09 km-long railway line, initially used by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) at [[Perambur]] for moving newly built coaches from shell to furnishing division of the factory, was strengthened at a cost of {{INR}} 72.9 million for operating passenger services. Two new stations, namely, Padi and Anna Nagar, were built and 13 existing bridges were renovated and the work was completed in five months. The railway station and the EMU services were inaugurated by the then Union Minister of State for Railways, [[A. K. Moorthy]].<ref name="Hindu_AnnaNagarOnRailMap">{{cite news
| last = Vydhianathan
| first = S.
| title = Anna Nagar put on rail map
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 3 October 2003
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/03/stories/2003100310140300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031012005540/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/03/stories/2003100310140300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 12 October 2003
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| accessdate = 24 Dec 2012}}</ref> Between 2003 and 2007, five suburban trains were being run from Anna Nagar to [[Chennai Beach]] via {{stnlnk|Villivakkam}}. In 2007, the service was discontinued due to construction of a rotary at the [[Padi Junction|Padi junction]] replacing the level-crossing. Though the rotary was completed in 2009, services were not restored. However, in 2011, the railways planned to resume services in this section as a feeder service with six-car EMUs.<ref name="TOI_TrainServiceFromAnnaNagarToResume">{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V.
| title = Train service from Anna Nagar to resume
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 18 February 2011
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Train-service-from-Anna-Nagar-to-resume/articleshow/7518360.cms
| accessdate = 24 Dec 2012}}</ref>

The tracks and land on which the station is built were originally owned by the ICF. When the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] intended to operate trains to Padi and Anna Nagar stations, the ICF handed over the land to the Southern Railway. When the train services were withdrawn in 2007, the ICF reclaimed the land from the zonal railway. The tracks and the stations are now used by the ICF for moving spare parts to the manufacturing unit and back.<ref name="DC_ICFTestingTrack">{{cite news
| last = Baraasu
| first = J. M. Rudhran
| title = Anna Nagar-Padi line to turn ICF testing track
| newspaper = The Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 18 November 2017
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/181117/anna-nagar-padi-line-to-turn-icf-testing-track.html
| accessdate = 14 July 2018}}</ref>

==Patronage==
The service during its operational years, however, had a low patronage.<ref name="Hindu_LaunchedWithFanfareButLanguishing">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Launched with fanfare, but languishing today
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 25 September 2006
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092515590400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080502083855/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092515590400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2 May 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| accessdate = 24 Dec 2012}}</ref>

However, unlike the rest of the Chennai Suburban Railway network, there is only one line in this section. In addition, the traffic congestion resulting due to closure of a gate near the Padi railway station limited the operation to five pairs of EMU services between [[Chennai Beach]] and Anna Nagar.<ref name="Hindu_AnnaNagarOnRailMap"/>

==Upgradations==
===Additional lines===
Three separate tracks, each 500 meters long and accommodating 20 coaches, are being built on the northern side of the station. These lines will be used to park new coaches built by the ICF until they are transported to their destinations. A 2-km long high-speed rail line between the station and the ICF will also be laid at the station for conducting trials.<ref name="Hindu_ToBecomeSocialHub"/> The lines will be used to test semi-high speed coaches running up to 160 km per hour.<ref name="DC_ICFTestingTrack"/>

===Conversion to social hub===
In 2018, the ICF began to convert the defunct station into a social meeting point by building a 500-meter walkers’ path at a cost of {{INR}} 1.5 million and providing seating arrangements, lightings, security and other amenities. It also planted about 300 saplings at the station. The meeting hub will cater to people from nearby residential areas such as Villivakkam, Padi, Korattur and Anna Nagar. The residents are allowed in the station premises both in the morning and in the evening. The overall cost of the project was {{INR}} 29 million, funded by the general funds of the ICF.<ref name="Hindu_ToBecomeSocialHub"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2003]]
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Former railway stations in India]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India closed in 2007]]

Sahil Salathia

2025-12-17T11:19:38Z

DiannaGariepy5:

{{short description|Indian Actor (born 1978)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}

{{POV|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox person
| name = Sahil Salathia
| image = Sahil Salathia.jpg
| caption = Sahil Salathia: an interview photo
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|04|13}}
| alma_mater = [[Punjab University, Chandigarh]]
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2015–present
}}
'''Sahil Salathia''' is an Indian actor.

==Early life and education==
Sahil hails from a Dogra Rajput family in [[Jammu]] city. He studied at [[Punjab University, Chandigarh]] and worked as a software engineer.<ref>[https://archive.today/20150211060711/http://timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/Everest-Software-engineer-from-Jammu-bags-key-role/articleshow/44991893.cms "Software engineer from Jammu bags key role"], [[Times of India]]</ref>

==Modeling==
Sahil represented India at [[Mr. Asia Contest|Mr. Asia]] 2012 in [[Hong Kong]] and was a finalist (Top 5) amongst 32 Asian and Euro-Asian countries. Sahil has been the face<ref>[http://www.theamazingmodels.com/model-details/1192/Sahil-Salathia.php The Amazing Models Directory]</ref> for many popular brands and has also done brand campaigns for almost fifty leading brands in India, some of the brands are; Idea Cellular, Tata Indicom, [[Kingfisher]], Big Bazaar and Mercedes Benz, etc. He has also appeared in all the leading magazines such as ''[[Maxim (India)|Maxim]]'', ''[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]'' and ''Hello'' to name a few, as well as on the cover of ''[[India Today]]'' and ''Men's Health India''. He has done around 20 commercials in [[India]] and abroad. His latest television commercials include Tata Tetley Green Tea, Lava Mobile Phones, [[Tata Indica]], Samsung laptops, Loop mobiles and is continuing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Career==
He made his acting debut,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019114217/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Gowarikers-EVEREST-has-Newcomer-in-Lead/2014/10/17/article2482353.ece "Newcomers as leads"], by The New Indian Express</ref> as the male lead in [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s Everest,<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Meet-the-cast-of-Ashutosh-Gowarikers-Everest/articleshow/44939437.cms "The cast of Everest"], [[Times of India]]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rohan-Gandotra-and-Sahil-Salathia-We-survived-mainly-on-instant-noodles-soup-and-mutton/articleshow/45546151.cms "sahil on his Everest shooting journey"], [[Times of India]]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Everest-Software-engineer-from-Jammu-bags-key-role/articleshow/44991893.cms "Jammu boy in a lead role in Everest"], [[Times of India]]</ref> where he played the character<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150219031247/http://www.in.com/videos/watchvideo-sahil-salathia-talks-about-his-character-arjun-sabharwal-in-everest-100456327.html "Sahil talks about his character"] by In.com</ref> of a celebrated mountaineer<ref>[http://www.missmalini.com/2014/11/03/i-didnt-bathe-for-a-month-sahil-salathia-on-conquering-ashutosh-gowarikars-everest/ Interview with MissMalini], by Miss Malini</ref> called ''[[Everest (Indian TV series)|Arjun Sabharwal]]''. He shared about being particularly excited<ref>[http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/entertainment/hip-happening/Everests-New-Mountaineers/articleshow/45050018.cms "SRS: 3 musketeers"], Ahmedabad Mirror</ref> to be represented by the great combo of ace director [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]<ref>[http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ashutosh-gowariker-cast-newcomer-in-everest-17780.html "Ashutosh Gowariker casts"], by India TV News</ref><ref>[http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ashutosh-gowariker-cast-newcomer-in-everest-17780.html, "Scale TRPs"], by Hindustan Times</ref> and [[A. R. Rahman]], the Oscar-winning music director who had done the background score for ''Everest''.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/i-got-my-dream-d%C3%A9but-with-ashutosh-gowariker-sahil-salathia_1502073.html "excited to be part of a great combo"], [[zee news]]</ref>

Sahil was recently{{When|date=February 2025}} awarded the Best Fresh Face by the Lion Gold Awards for his portrayal of Arjun on screen. <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/13-New-faces-rule-prime-time-Telly/articleshow/45230745.cms "New faces rule prime time"], ''[[Times of India]]''</ref> He made his Bollywood film debut on the big screen with [[Ashutosh Gowariker|Ashutosh Gowarikar]]'s [[Panipat (film)|Panipat]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-actor-Sahil-Salathia-gets-film-offers/articleshow/45687385.cms "Sahil looking to make his right film debut"], ''[[Times of India]]''</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]''
| [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)|Shamsher Bahadur]]
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Everest (Indian TV series)|Everest]]''
| Arjun Sabharwal
| '''Protagonist'''
|-
| 2016
| ''[[P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''
| Yusuf Wali Muazzam
| '''Antagonist'''
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Hasmukh]]''
| Rahul Kapoor
|'''Special Appearance'''
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Paurashpur]]''
| Bhanu
|Released on [[ALTBalaji]] and [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]]''
|
|Released on [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]], Special Appearance
|-
|2023
|''[[Adhura]]''
|Suyash Verma
|[[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Honeymoon Photographer]]''
|Adhir
|[[JioCinema]]
|-
|2025
| [[The Traitors India]]
| Contestant
| 20th place
|}

==Social causes==

Apart from acting and modeling, Sahil is also involved in social causes. In the year 2014, he arranged for a fun filled day for the underprivileged kids from a NGO, [[Smile Foundation]] during Christmas.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chef-Vikas-Khanna-Nisha-Gangwal-spreading-joy-all-around-this-festive-season/articleshow/45703138.cms "A fun-filled day with underprivileged kids"], [[Times of India]]</ref>

He also flagged off the "Chal Kar Pahal" walkathon to support gender equality, women empowerment in [[Bhopal]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Chandigarh]]<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/Walk%20with%20them/49217.html "the lead actors of Everest initiate the walkathon for gender equality"], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salathia, Sahil}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Apeejay School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Railways in Kathiawar

2025-12-15T13:24:02Z

DiannaGariepy5: Starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}

[[File:Kathiawar map.jpg|thumb|250px|Kathiawar in 1855 with its four [[prant]] (districts): [[Halar]], [[Jhalavad]], [[Sorath prant|Sorath]] and [[Gohelwad]]. This map, produced by the Government Photographic Department, Poona dated 1878 has been marked up with colour coding to aid identification and provide the time scale of the construction and other proposals of the Railways/Tramways in the Peninsula.]]

[[Kathiawar]] is a peninsula which today forms part of the Indian state of Gujarat. The peninsula covers an area of 23,345 sq. miles (60,720 sq. km) and in 1901 had a population of 2,645,805.<ref name="gaz15_164">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_170.gif "Imperial Gazette of India" Vol.15. p.164]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref><ref name="gaz11_368">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_368.gif "Imperial Gazette of India" Vol.11. p.362-364]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref>

Kathiawar in the late 19th century was governed by 193 small [[Princely States]], ruled by local potentates who acknowledged British control in return for local sovereignty. These states comprised the "[[Kathiawar Agency]]". The rest of the peninsula, chiefly in the east along the Gulf of Cambay, were districts ruled directly by the British as part of British India's [[Bombay Presidency]], which included part of the peninsula.<ref name="gaz15_164"/>

In 1872, the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] (BB&CIR) railway extension from [[Viramgam]] reached [[Wadhwan]].<ref name="Admin.p22">[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n30/mode/1up "Administration Report on Railways 1918" page 22 (pdf30)]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref> This started a period of growth in railways financed and operated by the [[Native states]]. The problem was that there were many small states which were crossed. Only the three larger states could afford to build such constructions which led to problems and many partners leading to appeals for compensation from the local Durbar Governments.<ref name="R/2/746/306">"British Library" IOR R/2/746/306 ‘Document 3 Paragraph 3’ and IOR/1/14784 (1)</ref>

Below were three major railways:
*[[Kathiawar State Railway]]
*[[Bhavnagar State Railway]]
*[[Gondal State Railway]]

which worked together with other minor railways:
*[[Morvi Railway]]
*[[Junagadh State Railway]]
*[[Porbandar State Railway]]
*[[Dhrangadhra Railway]]
*[[Jetalsar–Rajkot Railway]]
*[[Jamnagar & Dwarka Railway]]

These railways merged, with others, in 1948 to form the [[Saurashtra Railway]]. Saurashtra Railway later along with others became part of [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]].

==Customs union of British India==

The [[Government of India Act 1858]] brought India under the direct control of the British Crown. Kathiawar by its nature as a collection of individual autonomous states did not fall into the provision of the act. The Gaikwar of Baroda had already handed their right to the area over to the British India as part of the settlement of 1807 which saw the Government in Bombay dealing with the political development of the peninsular. In 1882 Lord Lytton wrote:

{{quote|The British Government now undertakes the duty to protect all Native States in India prom external enemies and preserving internal order by measures necessary for securing the people in misgovernment and for supporting the lawful Authority of the Ruler.}}

The raising of taxes and tariffs was left to the individual states. Some states such Rajkot, Palitana and Bhavnagar instituted legislative assemblies although these were partly a cosmetic attempted to start a democratisation of the states. The right to levy taxes on the people and interstate was a privilege the princely families was not going to give up easily. The result was higher and higher tariff walls within the province. Some of the larger states like Gondal and Palitana did not charge duties, making the transit of goods via those states preferable. With the maritime states, the tariffs were set to encourage imports and exports from the interior to their respective ports. This only produced what only could be termed economic warfare and the over development of their ports the only thing it actually produced was bad feelings between the various states and an encouragement of imports over local development of the hinterland States.

As these tariffs caused barriers in the development of the peninsular there was a call for a unification and removal of these barriers this idea was turned down by the Durbars at the time as late as the 1820s. The import of British manufactured goods was the cause of the decline in the Indian craft industries. The states had no trading agreements with the [[East India Company]] nor the British Government but the development of the ports took trade away from the British Ports and Bombay, the exception was Bhavnagar which had been accorded the status of a British Port. The railways gave it a fast and vital link into parts of northern and Central India and with the subsidies it gave the import of goods a lucrative trade. In 1917 the ports were admitted into the British customs union and further development of the ports and links took place.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15023 "Kathiawar Economics" by A. B. Trivedi M.A, B.Com., Kalsa College Bombay19, 1943 Pages 237-264]; Retrieved 23 Sept 2017</ref>

==Timeline==
The development of the Network followed a chequered history with many false starts.

*1863: [[Ghogha]] Kathiawad Light Railway Proposal
<blockquote> There is an unconfirmed record that states ''‘During 1863, Maharaja Jaswantsinhji received a proposal to start a Narrow Gauge line like in parts of Gaekwad Railway in Baroda. Maharaja was not inclined, as by that time another company called Ghogha Kathiawad Light Railway Company had been formed... But nothing materialised.’''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110205000410/http://www.bhavnagar.com:80/history3.asp “Bhavnagar, a little Port City of Gujarat – History” Section 4, Para 3]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref> </blockquote>

*1869: Gondal-Ghogha Port Railway Proposal ''shown in PINK on map''.
<blockquote> A railway to connect [[Gondal, India|Gondal]] to the sea at Ghoga, in the Bay of Cambay was considered important to develop the region. The railway from Gogha Port to Gondal was planned by private enterprise, but no surveys were made.<ref name="Bombay8_247">[https://archive.org/stream/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D/1884-gazetteerByBombayPresidency-vol8-kathiawar349-d_djvu.txtArchive.org “Gazetteer – Bombay Presidency” Vol.8; page 247-248 of 756]; Retrieved 1 Oct 2017</ref></blockquote>

*1869: Junagadh-Verval Railway Proposal
<blockquote> The Kathiawar reports from 1869 notes that a survey had been made for a Railway line from Junagadh to Verval was finished but the cost of 40 to 50 Lakhs of Rupees was too high for the Durbar to go ahead. Proposals for a light railway system were being looked at.<ref>British Library ‘India Office Records’ V/10/1384 “Indian States Administration Reports. Kathiawar” 1865-75, No 134 of 1869</ref></blockquote>

*1872: Veraval-Junagadh-Dhoraji Railway Proposal ''Final 1888-89 route shown in GREEN on map - see note''.
<blockquote>'Another line was proposed from [[Veraval]] to [[Junagadh]] and [[Dhoraji]] and was surveyed by Mr A W Forde C E, but the cost was beyond the means of Junagadh Durbar. This proposal came to nothing'.<ref name="Bombay8_247"/></blockquote>

''It seems probable these two accounts of 1869 and 1872 refer to the same proposal, which was not implemented.''
<blockquote>''Note – it was only in 1888-89 that the [[Junagadh State Railway]](JunSR) opened the line from the docks at [[Veraval]] via [[Junagadh]] to [[Jetalsar]]<ref name="Admin.p196">[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n201/mode/1up “Administration Report on Railways 1918” page 196 (pdf201)]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref> - (see 1888-89 below) where it connected to the [[Bhavnagar State Railway]] at [[Dhoraji]]. '' </blockquote>

*1872: [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] (BB&CIR) ''shown in RED on map''.
<blockquote> This 39 mile(63km) broad gauge ([[Rail gauge#Broad Gauge|BG]]) branch line from [[Viramgam]] to [[Wadhwan]] opened on 23 May 1872.<ref name="Admin.p22"/> This being the first railway in the peninsular.
 ''It was subsequently converted to metre gauge([[Rail gauge#Metre Gauge|MG]]) in 1902''.<ref name="Admin.p22"/></blockquote>

*1874: Bhavnagar to Wadhwan Railway Proposal ''Final 1879-80 route shown in BLUE on map - see note''.
<blockquote> ‘In 1874 a third line was considered from [[Bhavnagar]] to [[Wadhwan]], but a difference of opinion as to the proper route and the probable cost prevented action’.<ref name="Bombay8_247"/>
 ''Note – this line finally opened in 1880 - see below '' </blockquote>

*1877: Bhavnagar-Gondal Railway Survey ''Final 1879-80 route shown in BLUE on map''.
<blockquote> ‘It was not until June 1877 that steps were taken to begin the Bhavnagar-Gondal line, a distance of 201 miles using funds supplied by Bhvnagar and Gondal States under British Management. The joint Administrators of Bhavnagar State for the line in their Territory and Gondal employed Mr Forde, C. E., to survey an extension to [[Dhoraji]]. The Government of Bombay commissioned Mr Hargrave C.E. of Baroda Railway, to survey from [[Bhavnagar]] to [[Wadhwan]]. Labouring under restrictions as to the route the proposals were broadly followed, except the Gondal section which was modified’.<ref name="Bombay8_247"/> </blockquote>

*1879-80: [[Bhavnagar State Railway]] ''shown in BLUE on map''.
<blockquote> ‘First sod turned on the 20th March 1879 by the Bhavnagar State engineer and two miles of embankments built. Mainline to Wadhwan opened for traffic on December 16th 1880 by the Governor of Bombay. In the 106 miles between [[Bhavnagar]] and [[Wadhwan]] had 16 stations they were Bhavnagar Wharf, Bhavnagar city, Gadichi, Vartej, Sihor, Songad, Sanosra, Dhola Junction, Ujalvav, Nigala, Botard, Ranpur, Chuda, Limbdi, Kharva, Wadhwan City and the Junction with the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|BB&CIR]] Railway.<ref name="Bombay8_247"/> </blockquote>

*1881: [[Bhavnagar State Railway]] and [[Gondal State Railway]] ''shown in BLUE/YELLOW on map''.
<blockquote> ‘.. and a month later the branch from Dhola Junction to [[Dhoraji]]. At a cost of Rs8,600,000. Apportioned 2/3 Bhavnagar and 1/3 Gondal. The Branch line has 12 stations from Dhola Junction, Mandava, Dhasa, Lathi, Adtala, Chital, Mayapadar, Kunkavav, Khadkhad or (Sultanpur Road), Vavdi, Jetpur, Jetalsar and Dhoraji. At mile 122 from the port the total is 201.6 Miles. Much damage was done to the embankments from too small provision for water ways and several stations and buildings fell before they were used. By the first half of 1882 the Profits were about Rs300,000 (£30,000).<ref name="Bombay8_247"/> </blockquote>

*1884-87: [[Morvi Railway]] ''shown in LIGHT GREEN on map''.
<blockquote> In 1884 the Morvi Durbar started construction of its 2ft 6in/762mm narrow gauge([[Rail gauge#Narrow Gauge|NG]]) tramway from [[Wadhwan]] to [[Rajkot]] via Muli, Dolia and Vankaner. The line was 76 miles passing through various small states.<ref>“British Library” IOR L/PS/13/1694 No 33 File 30 (part 1) ‘The Appeal Memorial Sayla Durbar’</ref> The Wadhwan Durbar was concerned about this and refused it entry into [[Wadhwan]] without an acceptance that they owned the rights of passage over the Bhogava River and paying such duties as required. It was also not supposed to link with the BB&CIR Railway.<ref>“British Library” IOR R/2/735/217 No R/C/217 ‘Morvi Railway Conversion’, Page 5</ref> In 1887 the 2ft 6in/762mm [[Rail gauge#Narrow Gauge|NG]] line from Vankaner to [[Morvi]], opened; 15.7 Miles(25km) of 2’6” gauge tramway.<ref name="Admin194">[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n202/mode/1up "Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; page 194]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref> </blockquote>

*1888-89: [[Junagadh State Railway]] ''shown in DARK GREEN on map''.
<blockquote>The 16 mile(26km) MG line from [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]] via [[Jetalsar]]to [[Junagadh]] opened Sept 1888, operated by Bhavnagar State Railway built by Junagadh State.<ref name="Admin193">[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n201/mode/1up "Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; page 193]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref>
Gondal gave permission for the Jetpur section to be built subject to that if the Jetalsar Gondal Rajkot line was built it would be handed to Gondal at cost.<ref>“British Library” tba.......</ref> The 15 mile(24km) extension from Junagadh to Veraval Docks opened in Feb 1889.<ref name="Admin193"/></blockquote>

*1889-90: [[Porbandar State Railway]] ''shown in DARK RED/BLUE on map''.
<blockquote>The Government of India “persuaded” Gondal to assist with the building of a line to [[Porbandar]] which opened 1889 and extended to reach on to the harbour of [[Porbandar]] in 1890.<ref name="Admin181">[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n189/mode/1up "Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; page 181]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref> Gondal really wanted to spend the money on the Jetalsar-Rajkot Railway.<ref>“British Library” IOR/1/14784 Proposed take over of the management of the Jetalsar—Rajkot Railway by the Junagarh State Railway from Gondal. Page 10 of Gondal’s reply</ref></blockquote>

*1890-91: [[Morvi Railway]] ''shown in LIGHT GREEN on map''.
<blockquote> The ‘[[Wankaner]] to [[Junagadh district|Malia]] Section’ of the Morvi Railway opened in 1890 and was laid as a 2ft 6in/762mm narrow gauge([[Rail gauge#Narrow Gauge|NG]]) road-side tramway by the Morvi Durbar for the convenience of the people and for transportation of Salt and cloth. and the port of Navlakhi. This appears in some records as the ‘Wankaner-Maliya Miyana Section’<ref>[http://www.videoscene.co.uk/last-wisps-of-indian-steam.htm Videoscene “Wisps of Indian Steam” Station’ ]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref> ''and is reported to have been converted to MG in 1924 – see below''
 In 1891 the [[Morvi Railway]] was extended to interchange with the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|BB&CIR]] MG line at [[Wadhwan]]; this was against all agreements. This led to notices being given to the Managers of the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway
|BB&CIR]] and the [[Morvi Railway]]. Terms were finally agreed in 1897. Wadhwan became a partner paying Rs2 lacs for the upgrade of the line between [[Wadhwan]] and [[Dolia, Gujarat|Dolia]].<ref>“British Library “ IOR/ R/2/746/306 Extension of the Dhangadhra / Morvi Railway to Malia part 1</ref></blockquote>

*1893-96: [[Jetalsar–Rajkot Railway|Jetalsar-Rajkot Railway]] ''shown in PURPLE on map''.
<blockquote>The 46 mile(74km) MG line from [[Jetalsar]] Junction to [[Rajkot]] was built by a consortium comprising:- Gondal 6/16; Junagadh 6/16; Jetalsar 2/16; and Rajkot 2/16.<ref>“British Library” IOR/1/14784 (1) Proposed takeover of the management of the Jetalsar-Rajkot Railway by the Junagadh State Railway from Gondal Railway</ref> The line was opened Apr 1896<ref name="Admin181"/> by Lord Harris Governor of Bombay. It was built by a consortium (in proportions):- Gondal 6/16, Junagadh 6/16, Jetalsar 2/16, and Rajkot 2/16;<ref name="Hist252">[https://archive.org/stream/pts_historyofkathiaw_3721-1226#page/290/mode/1up “The History of Kathiwad” by Capt H Wilberforce-Bell; published by William Heinmann, London, 1916; page 252 ]; Retrieved 31 Jul 2017</ref> this agreement had been signed on the 14th November 1891.<ref>”British Library” IOR/L/PS/126; P3748. Public Works Department Notes Paragraph 217</ref></blockquote>

*1893-97: [[Jamnagar State Railway]] ''shown in BLUE on map''.
<blockquote> 1893, Construction of the [[Rajkot]] to [[Jamnagar|Nawanagar]] line commenced.<ref name="Hist252"/> In April 1897 the MG line from Rajkot to Nawanagar and the port at Bedi Bandar opened, 54 miles(87km). The railway was worked by the BGJPR coalition and until 1911 when dissolved, then independently and later as the [[Jamnagar & Dwarka Railway]](J&DR).<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n193/mode/1up "Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; page 184]; Retrieved 31 Jul 2017</ref> </blockquote>

*1897-1900: [[Dhrangadhra Railway|Dhrangadhra State Railway]] ''shown in BLUE on map''.
<blockquote> 1897 Dec 1, Lord Sandhurst cuts the first sod in the construction of the [[Wadhwan]] to [[Dhrangadra]] railway.<ref>to be confirmed</ref> 1898, the MG line from [[Wadhwan]] and [[Dhrangadhra]] opened, operated initially by Bhavngar Railwa and in 1900 Famine earth works from Halvad to Malia were in progress on the Dhrangada State Railway.<ref>”British Library” IOR L/PS/13/1694 No 33 File 30 (part 1) p2</ref></blockquote>

*1900: There was an ‘Area wide Famine’<ref>[https://archive.org/details/pts_historyofkathiaw_3721-1226 "The History of Kathiwad" pages 252-254]; Retrieved 10 Jun 2017</ref>
*1900: Wadhwan-Sayla-Dolia Railway Proposal ''shown in PINK on map''.
<blockquote> Colonel Hunter’s ‘Famine Relief Scheme’. [[Wadhwan]] via [[Sayla]] to [[Dolia, Gujarat|Dolia]], paid for by Wadhwan and Sayla Durbars, not completed due to objections by Morvi Darbar. Earthworks built before Morvi Darbar objected and the scheme abandoned.<ref>“British Library” IOR/R/2/735/217 No R/C/217 Morvi Railway Conversion, Letter 6</ref></blockquote>

*1902: [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] (BB&CIR) ''shown in RED on map''.
<blockquote> This 39 mile(63km) branch line from [[Viramgam]] to [[Wadhwan]] was converted to metre gauge([[Rail gauge#Metre Gauge|MG]]); it was previously broad gauge ([[Rail gauge#Broad Gauge|BG]]) and had opened in 1872.<ref name="Admin.p22"/><ref>“British Library” IOR L/PS/13/1694 No 33 File 30 (part 1) p2</ref></blockquote>

*1904-5: [[Morvi Railway]] ''shown in MUSTARD YELLOW on map''.
<blockquote>The [[Rail gauge#Narrow Gauge|NG]] tramway from [[Wadhwan]] to [[Rajkot]] that had been constructed from 1884 (see above) was converted to metre gauge([[Rail gauge#Metre Gauge|MG]]) and linked to the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|BB&CIR]] [[Rail gauge#Metre Gauge|MG]] at [[Wadhwan]]. The new line was diverted some 4 miles to the north closing the stations at Sayla and Dolia. The railway was now north of the Bhogavo River and travelled through 8 miles of Sayla territory<ref>“British Library” IOR L/PS/13/1694 No 33 File 30 (part 1) p3</ref> and mainly followed the line of the tramway from Than via Vankaner to [[Rajkot]].<ref name="Admin194"/></blockquote>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:History of rail transport in Gujarat|Kathiawar]]
[[Category:Saurashtra (region)]]

Karamnasa railway station

2025-11-04T05:55:23Z

DiannaGariepy5:

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Karamnasa
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Keshopur, [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.2397|N|83.4308|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|73|m|ft}}
| line = [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 4
| tracks =
| entrances =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1906
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1961–63
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KMS
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Karamnasa railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Dhanaiccha|right=Saidraja|type=Mughalsarai–Dhanbad section}}
}}
'''Karamnasa railway station''' is a railway station situated on the [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]] under [[East Central Railway zone]]. It is located at Keshopur in [[Kaimur district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=12941 Parasnath SF |title=Karamnasa Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/karamnasa-kms/1739 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] started connecting Delhi and Howrah from the mid nineteenth century. In 1862, the railway tracks crossed Mughalsarai and reached the western bank of the [[Yamuna]]. The through link to Delhi was established in 1866.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - IR History - Early Days |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Mughalsarai–Howrah sector was electrified in 1961–63.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kaimur district]]
[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]]

National Highway 152 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T18:35:37Z

DiannaGariepy5: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 152 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

UTV Movies

2025-10-07T07:33:14Z

DiannaGariepy5: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Star Gold Network#Star Gold Romance]]
[[Category:Movie channels in India]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2023]]

Jayanan Vincent

2025-10-07T06:28:21Z

DiannaGariepy5: added layout also per standard format

{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayanan Vincent
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| relatives = [[A. Vincent]] (father) [[Ajayan Vincent]] (brother)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{Indian name|Jayanan|Vincent}}'''Jayanan Vincent''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]]. He is the son of cinematographer and director [[A. Vincent]] and elder brother to [[Ajayan Vincent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vincent-who-experimented-with-camera-dies/article6933360.ece|title=Ace cinematographer Vincent dies|author=B. Kolappan|work=The Hindu|date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> He is known for his work in [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Hindi]] films<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Many-stories-one-truth/article15940809.ece|title=Many stories, one truth|date=11 December 2009|first=M.L.|last=Narasimham|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=12558 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012131238/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=12558 |date=12 October 2012 }} Nowrunning.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vizag holds a special place in my heart…Jayanan Vincent - KostaLife|url=http://www.kostalife.com/entertainment/vizag-holds-a-special-place-in-my-heart/|website=KostaLife|access-date=17 December 2017|date=30 April 2015}}</ref> and he is a member of the Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC). He won two [[Nandi Awards]].He received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] in 1984 for [[Adiyozhukkukal|''Adiyozhukkukal'']].

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*1975 – [[Jyothi (1976 film)]] (Telugu)- apprentice, camera department
*1976 – [[Kalpana (1976 film)|Kalpana]] (Telugu) - apprentice, camera department
*1976 – [[Secretary (1976 film)]] (Telugu) - apprentice, camera department
*1976 – [[Prema Lekhalu]] (Telugu) - assistant cameraman
*1977 – [[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)]] (Telugu) - assistant cameraman
*1977 – [[Gadusu Pillodu]] (Telugu) - assistant cameraman
*1977 – [[Agninakshathram (1977 film)]] (Malayalam) - associate cameraman
*1977 – [[Kannappanunni]] (Malayalam) - assistant cameraman
*1977 – [[Naam Pirandha Mann]] (Tamil) - assistant cameraman
*1977 – [[Acharam Ammini Osaram Omana]] (Malayalam) - camera operator
*1977 – [[Mariamman Thiruvizha]] (Tamil)
*1978 – [[K D No 1]] (Telugu) - assistant cameraman
*1978 – [[Kadathanaattu Maakkam]] (Malayalam) - assistant cameraman
*1978 – [[Rajaputhra Rahasyamu]] (Telugu) - associate cameraman
*1978 – [[Radhakrishna]] (Telugu) - assistant cameraman
*1978 – [[Eetta]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1978 – [[Anappachan]] (Malayalam)
*1978 – [[Ente Neelakasham]] (Malayalam)
*1978 – [[Vayanadan Thampan]] (Malayalam) - debut as independent cinematographer<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kamal Haasan as a hundred year old warlock|author=Adam Ayub |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/kamal-haasan-as-a-hundred-year-old-warlock-the-first-film-in-the-genre-of-horror-films-256672|publisher=Media One| date=8 June 2024}}</ref>
*1978 – [[Nakshathrangale Kaaval (film)]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1979 – [[Ilamai Kolam]] (Tamil) - camera operator
*1979 – [[Ezhamkadalinakkare]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1979 – [[Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi]] (Tamil) - second unit camera
*1979 – [[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]] (Malayalam/Tamil) - second unit camera
*1979 – [[Rakthamillatha Manushyan]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1979 – [[Hridhayathinte Nirangal]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1979 – [[Pagalil Oru Iravu]] (Tamil) - second unit camera
*1979 – [[Jimmy (1979 film)]] (Malayalam)
*1979 – [[Aarattu (1979 film)|Aarattu]] (Malayalam)
*1979 – [[Veerabhadran]] (Malayalam)
*1979 – [[Pratheeksha]] (Malayalam)
*1979 – [[Ivar (1980 film)]] (Malayalam)
*1980 – [[Bandish (1980 Indian film)|Bandish (film)]] (Hindi) - camera operator
*1980 – [[Angadi (film)]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1980 – [[Pavizha Mutthu]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1980 – [[Kaanatha Valayam]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1980 – [[Kaali (1980 Tamil film)]] (Tamil/Telugu) - second unit camera
*1980 – [[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]] (Tamil/Telugu)
*1980 – [[Krishnapparunthu]] (Malayalam)
*1980 – [[Ashwaradham]] (Malayalam)
*1980 – [[Karimpana]] (Malayalam)
*1981 – [[Sanchari]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1981 – [[Ashajyothi]] (Telugu) - camera operator
*1981 – [[Thrishna]] (Malayalam)
*1981 – [[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]] (Malayalam)
*1982 – [[Archanai Pookal]] (Tamil)
*1982 – [[Ina (film)]] (Malayalam)
*1982 – [[Aksharangal]] (Malayalam)
*1982 – [[Njan Ekananu]] (Malayalam)
*1982 – [[Theeram Thedunna Thira]] (Malayalam)
*1982 – [[Idiyum Minnalum]] (Malayalam)
*1982 – [[Innalenkil Nale]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1983 – [[Aanandha Kummi]] (Tamil) - second unit camera
*1983 – [[Aaroodam]] (Malayalam)
*1983 – [[Iniyenkilum]] (Malayalam)
*1983 – [[Rathilayam]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Athirathram (film)]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Aksharangal]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Umaanilayam]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Kanamarayathu]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Uyarangalil]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Lakshmana Rekha (film)]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Arante Mulla Kochu Mulla]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Adiyozhukkukal]] (Malayalam)
*1984 – [[Karishma (1984 film)]] (Hindi)
*1984 – [[Alaya Deepam]] (Tamil) - second unit camera
*1985 – [[Anu Bandham]] (Malayalam)
*1985 – [[Manicheppu Thurannappol]] (Malayalam)
*1985 – [[Ee Thanalil Ithiri Nerum]] (Malayalam)
*1985 – [[Nirakkoottu]](Malayalam)
*1985 – [[Iniyum Kadha Thudarum]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1985 – [[Pournami Raavil 3D]] (Malayalam/Tamil) - second unit camera
*1986 – [[Vivahitare Itihile]] (Malayalam)
*1986 – [[Vartha]] (Malayalam)
*1986 – [[Rajavinte Makan]] (Malayalam)
*1986 – [[Adiverukal]] (Malayalam)
*1986 – [[Shyama (film)|Shyama]] (Malayalam)
*1986 – [[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]] (Malayalam)
*1986 – [[Nyayavidhi]] (Malayalam)
*1986 – [[Udayam Padinjaru]] (Malayalam)
*1986 – [[Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu]] (Tamil)
*1987 – [[Vazhiyorakkazhchakal]] (Malayalam)
*1987 – [[January Oru Orma]] (Malayalam)
*1987 – [[Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar]] (Malayalam)
*1987 – [[Poovizhi Vasalile]] (Tamil) - second unit camera
*1987 – [[Thoovanathumbikal]] (Malayalam)
*1987 – [[Ithrayum Kalam]] (Malayalam)
*1987 – [[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]] (Malayalam)
*1988 – [[Sangham (1988 film)]] (Malayalam)
*1988 – [[Manu Uncle]] (Malayalam)
*1988 – [[Antima Teerpu (1988 film)]] (Telugu)
*1988 – [[New Delhi (1988 Kannada film)]] (Kannada)
*1988 – [[Dinarathrangal]] (Malayalam)
*1988 – [[Thanthram]](Malayalam)
*1988 – [[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)]] (Hindi)
*1988 – [[David David Mr. David]] (Malayalam) second unit camera
*1989 – [[Naduvazhikal]] (Malayalam)
*1989 – [[Douthyam]] (Malayalam)
*1989 – [[Mahayanam]] (Malayalam)
*1989 – [[Nair Saab]] (Malayalam)
*1989 – [[Adavilo Abhimanyudu]] (Telugu)
*1990 – [[Randam Varavu]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1990 – [[Marupuram]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1990 – [[Kanoon Ki Zanjeer]] (Hindi) - second unit camera
*1990 – [[No.20 Madras Mail]] (Malayalam)
*1990 – [[Nammude Naadu]] (Malayalam)
*1990 – [[Kuruppinte Kanakku Pustakom]] (Malayalam)
*1990 – [[Kuttettan]] (Malayalam)
*1990 – [[Samrajyam]] (Malayalam)
*1990 – [[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]] (Malayalam)
*1991 – [[Aathma Bandham]] (Telugu) - second unit camera
*1991 – [[Uncle Bun]] (Malayalam)- second unit camera
*1991 – [[Talli Tandrulu]] (Telugu) - second unit camera
*1991 – [[Pookkalam Varavayi]] (Malayalam)
*1992 – [[O' Faby]] (Malayalam)
*1992 – [[Senthamizh Paattu]] (Tamil)
*1992 – [[Kauravar]] (Malayalam)
*1992 – [[Kizhakkan Pathrose]] (Malayalam)
*1992 – [[Soorya Manasam]] (Malayalam)
*1992 – [[Johnnie Walker (film)]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1993 – [[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]] (Tamil)
*1993 – [[Udan Pirappu]] (Tamil)
*1993 – [[Kalaignan]] (Tamil)
*1993 – [[Angarakshakudu]] (Telugu)
*1994 – [[Bobbili Simham]] (Telugu) - second unit camera
*1994 – [[Sainyam]] (Malayalam)
*1995 – [[Ravan Raaj: A True Story]] (Hindi)
*1995 – [[Villadhi Villain]] (Tamil)
*1995 – [[Muthu Kaalai]] (Tamil)
*1996 – [[Poovarasan]] (Tamil)
*1996 – [[Jung (1996 film)]](Hindi)
*1997 – [[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1997 – [[Aaraam Thampuran]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1997 – [[Bhoopathi (1997 film)]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1997 – [[Gangothri (film)]] (Malayalam)
*1997 – [[Kodieswaran]] (Tamil) unreleased
*1998 – [[Udhavikku Varalaamaa]] (Tamil)
*1998 – [[Premante Idera]] (Telugu)
*1999 – [[Ravoyi Chandamama]] (Telugu)
*1999 – [[F. I. R. (1999 film)]] (Malayalam) - second unit camera
*1999 – [[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]] (Hindi) - second unit camera
*1999 – [[Raja Kumarudu]] (Telugu) - second unit camera
*2000 – [[Bulandi (2000 film)]] (Hindi) - second unit camera
*2000 – [[Sradha]] (Malayalam)
*2000 – [[Sandhitha Velai]] (Tamil)
*2001 – [[Bhalevadivi Basu]] (Telugu)
*2001 – [[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]] (Tamil)
*2001 – [[Friends (2001 film)]] (Tamil) - second unit camera
*2002 – [[Takkari Donga]] (Telugu)
*2009 – [[Love 4 Ever]] (Telugu/Hindi)
*2009 – [[Jag Jeondeyan De Mele]] (Punjabi)
*2009 – [[Heer Ranjha: a True Love Story 2009 film]] (Punjabi)
*2010 – [[Om Shanti (film)|Om Shanti]] (Telugu)
*2011 – [[Teen Maar]] (Telugu)
*2012 – [[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]] (Telugu)
*2013 – [[Balupu]] (Telugu)
*2013 – [[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]] (Telugu) - second unit camera
*2014 – [[Double Di Trouble]] (Punjabi) - second unit camera
*2014 – [[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]] (Telugu)
*2015 – [[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]] (Telugu)
*2016 – [[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]] (Telugu) - second unit camera
*2017 – [[The Decision (2017 short film)|The Decision]] (English)
*2019 – [[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]] (Kannada)
{{div col end|3}}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] - [[Premante Idera]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] - [[Takkari Donga]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0898666}}

{{Kerala State Film Award Best Cinematography}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, Jayanan}}
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anita Date-Kelkar

2025-09-30T18:23:14Z

DiannaGariepy5: Started new article!

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anita Date-Kelkar
| image = Anita Date (Cropped).jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 300px
| birth_name = Anita Date Kelkar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| known_for = * ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
* ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
* ''[[Nava Gadi Nava Rajya]]''
| yearsactive = 2008 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|Chinmay Kelkar|2008}}
}}

'''Anita Date-Kelkar''' ([[née]] '''Date''') is an Indian actress. She works predominantly in [[List of Marathi television actors|Marathi]] and [[List of Hindi television actresses|Hindi television]]. She is best known for her role in [[Zee Marathi]] television series ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majhya Navryachi Bayko actress Anita Date-Kelkar gets emotional on the sets of Kanala Khada - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mazhya-navryachi-bayko-actress-anita-date-gets-emotional-on-the-sets-of-kanala-khada/articleshow/67489775.cms |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holi Celebration with Anita Date-Kelkar and other cast of Majhya Navryachi Bayko |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-holi-special-episode-with-majhya-navryachi-baiko-zee-marathi-748764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209083037/https://marathi.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-holi-special-episode-with-majhya-navryachi-baiko-zee-marathi-748764 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is also widely known for her role in the film ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'' for which she won a [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Award Marathi]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]] at the [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi]] and [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress]].

== Early life==
Anita was born on 31 October 1980 in [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=हॅपी बर्थ डे...अनिता दाते-केळकर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/mazya-navryachi-bayko-fame-anita-date-kelkar-birthday/photoshow/71831851.cms |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> She did her schooling from M. R. Sharda Kanya Vidya Mandir, Nashik and she did Master of Arts from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Lalit Kala Kendra, Pune University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अभिनेत्री अनिता दातेचा आज वाढदिवस! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/marathi-actress-anita-date-birthday/photoshow/66444632.cms |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

==Career==
She started her career in 2008 with Marathi film [[Sanai Choughade]]. She also appeared in the various Marathi films like [[Coffee Ani Barach Kahi]], [[Ajoba]], [[Popat (film)|Popat]], Seema, [[Gandha (film)|Gandha]], Myna, [[A Paying Ghost]], [[Jogwa]], Adgula Madgula, etc. In 2012, she played a role in Hindi film [[Aiyyaa]]. In 2019, she did a role in [[Tumbbad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=Anita Date-Kelkar Aka Majhya Navryachi Bayko's Radhika Relates To Sindhu's Struggle In This Video |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/anita-date-aka-mazhya-navryachi-baykos-radhika-relates-to-sindhus-struggle-in-this-video |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=ZEE5 News}}</ref>

She made her television debut with Marathi serial Daar Ughada Na Gade. She did a supporting role in [[Agnihotra (TV series)|Agnihotra]], Manthan, Anamika and [[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]] and in Hindi serial she played role in [[Baal Veer]], [[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]] and [[Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita Date-Kelkar shares why people don't recognise her - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Anita-Date-shares-why-people-dont-recognise-her/articleshow/19395380.cms |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मला काय वाटतं यापेक्षा प्रेक्षकांना काय हवं हे महत्त्वाचं- अनिता दाते-केळकर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/marathi-actress-anita-date-interview-on-professional-career-and-personal-life/articleshow/78164498.cms |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> She played the lead role in [[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]] on [[Zee Marathi]]. Currently, she is playing Rama in [[Nava Gadi Nava Rajya]] on [[Zee Marathi]] since 2022.

== Personal life ==
She got married with Chinmay Kelkar who is also an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भेटा राधिकाच्या खऱ्या आयुष्यातील जोडीदाराला, लग्नाआधीच पार्टनरसोबत राहायची लिव्ह इनमध्ये |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/meet-mazhya-navryachi-bayko-fame-anita-date-real-life-partner-you-will-be-amazed-know-her-real-life/ |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Anita Date-Kelkar was live in relationship with boyfriend before marriage |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/actress-anita-date-was-live-in-relationship-with-boyfriend-before-marriage-mhmj-433861.html |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=[[News18 Lokmat]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Language
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2008
|''[[Sanai Choughade]]''
|Marathi
|Seema
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanai Choughade (2008) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sanai-choughade-21057/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209084536/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sanai-choughade-21057/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''[[Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!]]''
|Hindi
|
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|''[[Jogwa]]''
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|Saku
|
|-
|''[[Gandha (film)|Gandha]]''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Adgula Madgula''
|
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Aiyyaa]]''
|Hindi
|Mynah
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita Date Kelkar's kitty is full - The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Anita-Dates-kitty-is-full/articleshow/17181129.cms |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Popat (film)|Popat]]''
| rowspan="4" |Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita Date Kelkar & others during the first look unveiling of the movie Popat, held in Mumbai. |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/marathi/popat-first-look/articleshow/21270149.cms |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Ajoba]]''
|Mugdha
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Coffee Ani Barach Kahi]]''
|
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|''[[A Paying Ghost]]''
|Vrunda
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=World television premiere of A Paying Ghost - The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/world-television-premiere-of-a-paying-ghost/articleshow/51329162.cms |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|Hindi
|Vaidehi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Tumbbad trailer: Sohum Shah's film is a tale of unabashed greed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tumbbad-trailer-sohum-shah-5371827/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|Vasantrao's Mother
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nipun Dharmadhikari's Mee Vasantrao to be screened at Cannes Film Market - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nipun-dharmadhikaris-mee-vasantrao-to-be-screened-at-cannes-film-market/articleshow/83237072.cms |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Vaalvi]]''
| Avani
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=13 जानेवारीला प्रदर्शित होणार 'वाळवी', टीझर पाहिलात? |trans-title=Vaalvi Teaser: 'Seems Are Not'; 'Walvi' will be released on 13 January, have you seen the teaser? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/vaalvi-teaser-release-film-will-release-on-13-january-1132072 |date=19 December 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=ABP Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Jarann]]''
|Ganguti
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=अमृता सुभाष अन् अनिता दातेच्या 'जारण'ची वाढती लोकप्रियता, १० दिवसातली कमाई किती? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/amurta-subhash-and-anita-date-starrer-jarann-movie-collection-crossed-crore-a-a945/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Language
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 2008
|''Daar Ughada Na Gade''
|Lead role
|rowspan="4" | Marathi
|-
|''[[Agnihotra (TV series)|Agnihotra]]''
|Press reporter (Episode 90-93)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''Manthan''
|
|-
|''Anamika''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
|
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|-
|2012
|''[[Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother]]''
|Member of Patel family
|-
|2013-2014
|''[[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]]''
|Ashwini Ketkar
| Marathi
|-
|2013
|''[[Baal Veer]]''
|Tabahee
| Hindi
|-
|2016-2021
|''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
|Radhika Subhedar
| rowspan="6" | Marathi
|-
|2019
|''[[Kanala Khada]]''
|Guest appearance
|-
|2021
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|-
|2022
|''[[Kitchen Kallakar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhya Navryachi Bayko actress Anita Date Kelkar to feature in Kitchen Kallkar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mazhya-navryachi-bayko-actress-anita-date-kelkar-to-feature-in-kitchen-kallkar/articleshow/89798635.cms |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022-2023
|''[[Nava Gadi Nava Rajya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majhya Navryachi Bayko actress Anita Date Kelkar to make her comeback with new show Nava Gadi Nava Rajya - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/majhya-navryachi-bayko-actress-anita-date-kelkar-to-make-her-comeback-with-new-show-nava-gadi-nava-rajya/articleshow/92799928.cms |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|Rama Karnik
|-
|2024
|''Indrayani'' <ref>{{cite web |title=Indrayani Serial (2024) {{!}} इंद्रायणी {{!}} Colors Marathi Cast, Episode, Promo {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/indrayani-serial/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=23 March 2024 |date=17 February 2024}}</ref>
|Anandibai Dhigraskar
|}

=== Theater ===
* ''Just Halka Fulka''
* ''Mahasagar''
* ''Uney Pure Shahar Ek''
* ''Kon Mhantay Takka Dila''
* ''Tichi 17 Prakarne''
* ''Necropolice''
* ''Bar Bar''
* ''Cigarette''
* ''Govinda Ghya Kuni Gopal Ghya''
* ''A Bhai Doka Nako Khau''
* ''Bai Ga Kamalach Zhali''
* ''Kirkol Navre''
* ''To Rajhans Ek''
* ''Dagad Ani Mati''

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Category
!Award
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|Best Mother
| rowspan="15" | [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
| rowspan="15" |''[[Mazhya Navryachi Bayko]]''
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2016 |title='झी मराठी पुरस्कार २०१६' विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/full-list-of-zee-marathi-award-2016-winners-1319777/ |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Character Female
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|Best Actress
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=Zee Marathi Awards 2017 winners list |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-marathi-awards-2017-winners-lagira-zhala-jee-grabs-10-awards-1567407/ |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|Best Mother
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Character Female
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|Best Actress
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zee Marathi Awards 2018 Winners List: Tula Pahate Re, Majhya Navryachi Bayko Win Big |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-marathi-awards-2018-winners-list-tula-pahate-re-mazhya-navryachi-bayko-win-big |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=[[ZEE5]] News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Character Female
|{{won}}
|-
|Most Strong Character of the Year
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Mother
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|Best Actress
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Marathi Awards: 5 Inspiring Speeches By Anita Date Kelkar, Tejashri Pradhan, Apurva Nemlekar |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-marathi-awards-5-inspiring-speeches-by-anita-date-tejashri-pradhan-apurva-nemlekar |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=[[ZEE5]] News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Character Female
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Mother
|{{nom}}
|-
|Most Influential Character of the Year
|{{Won}}
|-
|2021
|Special Mention
|{{won|Honoured}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=5 April 2021 |title=Zee Marathi Awards {{!}} 'माझा होशील ना' अव्वल, सईचा डबल धमाका, ओम-देवमाणूसचाही सन्मान |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/zee-marathi-awards-2020-21-part-2-full-winners-list-431569.html |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Rowspan="2"|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|[[Maharashtra Times|Maharashtra Times Sanman Awards]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘मटा सन्मान’ चित्रपट पुरस्कार |url=https://matagold.timesgroup.com/web-stories/mata-sanman-film-awards-2023/1678194756527 |access-date= |website=matagold.timesgroup.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Sakal Premier Awards
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Rowspan="4"|2024
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|Rowspan="4"|[[Vaalvi]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actress]]
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm4663387/ Anita Date Kelkar] on [[IMDb]]
* [https://instagram.com/anitadate_kelkar?igshid=nczosr5z1990 Anita Date Kelkar] on [[Instagram]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Date-Kelkar, Anita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]

Madurai Malli

2025-09-21T04:36:32Z

DiannaGariepy5: done

{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Madurai Malli
| image = A bunch of Madurai Malligai - Jasmine flower of Madurai.JPG
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| description = [[Jasmine|Malli]] from Madurai region
| type = Agricultural
| area = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| registered = 2012–13
| material =
| official website =
}}

'''Madurai Malli''' is a type of [[jasmine]] grown in the South central region of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/238|title=Application details|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506005806/https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/238|url-status=live}}</ref> It was declared as a [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical indication]] in 2012-13 and was the first [[flower]] from the state to be accorded the status.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Geographical-indication-tag-for-%E2%80%98Madurai-Malli%E2%80%99/article12308395.ece|title=GI tag for Madurai malli|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 January 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003142448/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Geographical-indication-tag-for-%E2%80%98Madurai-Malli%E2%80%99/article12308395.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Madurai malli is a type of [[jasmine]] cultivated in the districts of [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]], [[Theni district|Theni]], [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]] and [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]. The flowering plants have been cultivated since 300 BCE with references from [[Sangam literature]] and temple art. The flowers are known for its unique smell and fragrance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-the-lesser-known-origin-of-madurai-jasmine/article67344200.ece|title=The lesser known origin of Madurai jasmine|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 September 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010120959/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-the-lesser-known-origin-of-madurai-jasmine/article67344200.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PS">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1860960|title=GI tagged Madurai Malli|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=20 September 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928142157/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1860960|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Agriculture in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]

Sakthi Group

2025-09-16T14:52:15Z

DiannaGariepy5:

{{Short description|Indian industrial conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sakthi Group
| logo =
| location = [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| key_people =
| products = {{hlist
| [[Automobiles]]
| [[Sugar]]
| [[Chemicals|Industrial Alcohol]]
| [[List of auto parts|Auto Components]]
| [[Logistics]]
| [[Textiles]]
| [[Transport]]
| [[Energy]]
| [[Healthcare]]
| [[Finance]]
| [[Coffee]]
| [[Publications]]
| [[Education]]
| [[Hospitality Industry]]
| [[IT Services]]
| [[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG & Soya Products]]
| [[Dairy Products]]
| [[Retailing]]
}}
| market_cap =
| revenue = {{gain}} US$2 billion (2020)
| net_income =
| assets = {{gain}} US$1.2 billion (2020)
| num_employees = 7000 (2020)
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://sakthigroup.com/}}
| intl =
}}
The '''Sakthi Group''' is an Indian [[Multinational Corporation|multinational]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] with operational areas in India, China, Europe, Middle East and United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20120426/FREE/120429926/indias-sakthi-automotive-promises-183-jobs-in-detroit-after-getting | title=India's Sakthi Automotive promises 183 jobs in Detroit after getting $1.5 million MEDC incentive | date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> The group has operations in [[Sugar]], [[Dairy]], [[Chemicals|Industrial Alcohol]], Automobile distribution and components, [[Transportation]], [[Energy]], [[Textiles]], [[IT]], [[Education]] and [[Healthcare]]. [[N. Mahalingam]] is the Founder. The group has automotive dealerships for leading brands of [[Maruti Suzuki]] and [[Tata Motors|Tata]] vehicles in various places in South India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abtfoods.com/ |title=ABT foods |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226105924/http://www.abtfoods.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The group is also involved in Petrol Pump Operations, Indane LPG Distribution and the sale of consumer products and electronics. It also has a footprint in the textiles industries with Sri Sakthi Textiles Ltd.

==Industries==
===Sugars===
In 1961, '''Sakthi Sugars Limited''' was established and commenced its commercial production in 1964. It has sugar plants at Sakthi Nagar, [[Sivaganga]], [[Modakurichi]] and [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]]. With the aggregate capacity of 19,500 tonnes of cane Crush Per Day it is one of the largest producers of sugar in India. It diversified into the manufacturing of industrial alcohol in 1972. In 1970, '''Chamundeswari Sugars Limited''' was incorporated and commercially produced in 1974 with 1250 TCD at K. M. Doddi, Maddur Taluk, [[Mandya District]].<ref name=Sugarinfo>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakthisugars.com/company_aboutus_sugarsfactory.html |title=Sakthi sugars |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216212255/http://www.sakthisugars.com/company_aboutus_sugarsfactory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a byproduct of sugar cane, [[bagasse]] is used to generate electricity and the excess power generated is exported to the power grid.<ref name=Sugarinfo/>

===Logistics/transport===
''The Anamallais Bus Transport Limited'', a passenger transport company was founded on 28 August 1931 in [[Tamil Nadu]] by P Nachimuthu Gounder. ''ABT Parcel Service'' was established in October 1964. After the nationalization of buses in 1972, ABT started to focus on Logistics. It has a fleet size of 600 trucks which carry more than 2.5 lakh tonnes worth Rs.4000 crores every year. Later, in 2006 Nov it reentered into passenger transport business by ABT X Travels and now it has fleet size of 50 buses operating in 108 sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/abt-moving-into-passenger-transport/article1746923.ece |title=ABT moving into passenger transport |publisher=The Hindu Businessline|date= 23 September 2006 |access-date= 30 January 2015}}</ref>

===Automobiles===
It has various automobiles dealership with [[Maruti Suzuki]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Force Motors]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] and BSA Electric Scooters. ABT Maruti is one of the oldest Maruti dealer networks in India, has been operating since 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakthigroup.com/dealer.html |title=Sakthi Dealership |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220041712/http://sakthigroup.com/dealer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Anamalais Engineering (P) Ltd.'' and ''Anamalias Retreading Company'' are engaged in automobiles construction sector.

===Finance===
Sakthi Finance Ltd. is one of the non–banking finance company engaged in Commercial Vehicle financing with over 43 branches in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh. Sakthifinance Financial Services Limited (SFFSL), part of the Sakthi group is engaged in locker and deposit activities with over 25 Branches in Tamilnadu with Excellent customer service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/sakthi-finance-to-raise-200-cr-via-ncds/article5672656.ece |title=Sakthi Finance to raise ₹200 cr via NCDs |publisher=The Hindu Businessline|date= 10 February 2014 |access-date= 30 January 2015}}</ref>

===IT services===
* ABTInfo.Net (Data Center and Cloud Services)
* ABT Info Systems

===Auto components===
''Sakthi Automotive Group'' division was started by Dr. Manickam Mahalingam in 1983 after he returned from his master's degree from United States of America. Sakthi Automotive Component was first Indian Company in India to manufacture and supply brakes components to Indian car manufacturer in 1985.

Sakthi Automotive Group established its operation in United States of America and China in 2010 and within few years Sakthi has manufacturing facilities in India, China, Europe and North America.
* Sakthi Auto Component Limited (SACL)
* Sakthi Portugal
* Sakthi Auto Ancillary Private Limited
* Sakthi Bethel Automotive China

===Food===
* ABT Industries Limited - Dairy Division
* Sakthi Sugars Limited – Soya Division
*Sakthi Coffee Estates Private Limited

===Publications===
* Rukmani Offset Press
* Kisan World
* Om Sakthi Publications

===Education===
Sakthi is well known for the educational institutions mostly in [[Coimbatore]] and [[Pollachi]]. The institutions are [[Kumaraguru College of Technology]] in [[Coimbatore]] and [[Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology]], NGM College Pollachi, and Nachimuthu Polytechnic College in [[Pollachi]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]