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Vegetarianism in Hinduism

2026-05-08T14:11:27Z

DianaX6283:

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[[File:Maharashtrian Thali.jpg|thumb|right|A lacto-vegetarian [[thali]] from Indian state of Maharashtra]]
{{hinduism}}
'''Vegetarianism in Hinduism''' is a widely accepted custom which developed developed along with [[Roots of Hinduism|Hinduism]] itself. The [[Vedic people]], whose religion formed the nominal and ideological backbone of the [[Hindu synthesis]], followed a varied diet and were accustomed to meat eating. Following the influence of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], an important factor in the genesis of the Hindu syntbesis, high castes embraced vegetarianism and non-violence.<ref name="t923">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Arvind Kumar | title=Animals in Early Buddhism | publisher=Eastern Book Linkers | date=2006 | isbn=978-81-7854-094-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWIwAAAAYAAJ | quote=influences from Jainism directly influenced Hindu texts and teachings as they developed. In the Rigveda, Brahmans and others eat meat but by the time of classical period, vegetarianism becomes a hallmark of high caste status. | page=138}}</ref> Later, Hindu scriptures promoted a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] dietary ideal based on the concept of ''[[ahimsa]]''—non-violence and compassion towards all beings.{{sfn|Sen|2019|p=1527}} According to a [[Pew Research Center]] survey, 44% of [[Hindu]]s say they are vegetarian.{{sfn|Corichi|2021}}

==History==

[[Marvin Harris]] notes the Vedic literature to be contradictory, with some stanzas suggesting ritual slaughter and meat consumption, while others suggesting a taboo on meat eating; however, Hindu literature relating to cow veneration became extremely common in the first millennium CE, and by about 1000 CE, vegetarianism had become a well accepted Hindu tenet.<ref name="harris201">Marvin Harris (1990), [http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf India's sacred cow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329091317/http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India's%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf|date=29 March 2017}}, Anthropology: contemporary perspectives, 6th edition, Editors: Phillip Whitten & David Hunter, Scott Foresman, {{ISBN|0-673-52074-9}}, pages 201–204</ref> Scholars such as [[D. N. Jha]], [[Romila Thapar]], Juli Gittinger et al. assert that cows were neither inviolable nor revered in the ancient times; the contemporary sacredness was a result of multiple factors including the development of ''[[Ahimsa]]'' philosophy during the [[Upanishads|Upanishad spans]], opposition to animal killing by Buddhism ans Jainism, and increasing influence of Brahminism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gittinger|first=Juli L.|title=The Rhetoric of Violence, Religion, and Purity in India's Cow Protection Movement |date=2017|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:27846/CONTENT/gittinger-rhetoric-of-violence-cow-protection-1.pdf/|journal=Journal of Religion and Violence|volume=5|issue=2|pages=131–150|doi=10.5840/jrv201751540|jstor=26671533|issn=2159-6808|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Thapar | first=Romila | title=Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2000 | isbn=978-0-19-564050-2 | url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=dyFuAAAAMAAJ | page=836}}</ref>

As a result of influence of Jainism and Buddhism, the nascent Hindu-traditions embraced the ideals of non-violence and vegetarianism.<ref name="x007">{{cite book | last=Ghosh | first=O.K. | title=The Changing Indian Civilization: A Perspective on India | publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications) | series=The Changing Indian Civilization: A Perspective on India | issue=v. 2 | year=1976 | isbn=978-0-88386-836-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_UtAAAAMAAJ | quote=They only slowly became vegetarians, under Buddhist and Jain influence. | page=314}}</ref><ref name="z315">{{cite book | last=Bowen | first=Paul | title=Themes and Issues in Hinduism | publisher=Cassell | date=1998 | isbn=978-0-304-33850-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pk4qAAAAYAAJ | quote=vegetarianism and non - violence ( ahimsā ) developed under the influence of Buddhism and Jainism | page=102}}</ref><ref name="d496">{{cite book | last=Mahajan | first=Vidya Dhar | title=Ancient India | publisher=S. Chand | date=1965 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k74KAQAAIAAJ | authorlink=Vidya Dhar Mahajan | page=158|quote=The Hindus originally were meat - eaters, but as a result of Buddhist influence they became vegetarians.}}</ref><ref name="o993">{{cite book | last=Norlén | first=Gunnar | title=Living Religions of the World | publisher=Research Institute of Makumira University College | date=2000 | isbn=978-9987-657-00-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlogAQAAIAAJ | quote=It was actually the Jain and Buddhist stress on Ahimsa that finally caused Hinduism to become vegetarian, (Salvadori 1989, p. 167). | page=72}}</ref> By about 200 CE, food and feasting on animal slaughter were widely considered as a form of violence against life forms, and became a religious and social taboo.<ref name="Kemmerer2011p59">{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fidwAgAAQBAJ|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-979076-0|pages=59–68 (Hinduism), pp. 100–110 (Buddhism)}}</ref><ref>Marvin Harris (1990), [http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf India's sacred cow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329091317/http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf |date=2017-03-29}}, Anthropology: contemporary perspectives, 6th edition, Editors: Phillip Whitten & David Hunter, Scott Foresman, {{ISBN|0-673-52074-9}}, pages 201–204</ref>

==Vegetarianism in Hindu scriptures and texts==

===The Vedas===
Evidence from the [[Vedas]] suggests the diet of the Vedic people consisted of cereals, initially barley but later dominated by rice, pulses such as ''māsha'' ([[urad (bean)|urad]]), ''mudga'' ([[moong]]), and masūra ([[masoor]]), vegetables such as lotus roots, lotus stem, bottle gourd and milk products, mainly of cows, but also of buffaloes and goats.{{sfn|Achaya|1994|p=31–35}} The Vedas describe animals including bulls, horses, rams and goats being sacrificed and eaten.{{sfn|Achaya|1994|p=53–55}} Although cows held an elevated position in the Vedas,{{sfn|Staples|2020|p=38–40}} barren cows were also sacrificed. Even then, the word ''aghnyā'' ('not to be eaten', 'inviolable') is used for cows multiple times, with some Rigvedic composers considering the whole bovine species, both cows and bulls, inviolable.{{sfn|Achaya|1994|p=53–55}}

[[Steven J. Rosen]] suggests that flesh might have been eaten only as part of ritual sacrifices and not otherwise.{{sfn|Rosen|2020|pp=409–410}} Acts of animal sacrifice were not fully accepted since there were signs of unease and tension owing to the 'gory brutality of sacrificial butchery' dating back to as early as the older Vedas.{{sfn|Bryant|2006|pp=195–196}} The earliest reference to the idea of [[ahimsa]] or [[non-violence]] to animals (''pashu-ahimsa'') in any literature, apparently in a moral sense, is found in the Kapisthala Katha Samhita of the [[Yajurveda]] (KapS 31.11), written about the 8th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book | last = Tähtinen | first = Unto | title = Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition | date = 1976 | location = London | pages = 2–3 (English translation: Schmidt p. 631) | isbn = 0-09-123340-2 }}</ref> The [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] contains one of the earliest statements against eating flesh, and the [[Chāndogya Upaniṣad]], has an injunction against killing 'all living entities'. Injunctions against flesh-eating also appear in the [[Dharmaśāstra#The Dharmasutras|Dharmasutras]].{{sfn|Bryant|2006|p=196–197}}

{{Quote box
|quote = '''Vegetarianism in ancient India''' In that country they do not keep pigs and fowls, and do not sell live cattle; in the markets there are no butchers' shops and no dealers in intoxicating drink.
|source = — [[Faxian]], Chinese pilgrim to India (4th/5th century CE){{sfn|Sen|2019|p=1524}}
|align = right
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|width = 30%
}}

===Dharmaśāstras===
According to [[Pandurang Vaman Kane|P. V. Kane]], one who is about to eat food should greet the food when it is served to him, should honour it, never speak ill, and never find fault in it.<ref name=olivelle20>{{cite book |author=Patrick Olivelle |year=1991 |chapter=From feast to fast: food and the Indian Ascetic |title=Medical Literature from India, Sri Lanka, and Tibet |editor1=Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld |editor2=Julia Leslie |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004095229 |pages=17–36}}</ref><ref>Kane, ''History of the Dharmaśāstras'' Vol. 2, p. 762</ref>

The Dharmasastra literature, states [[Patrick Olivelle]], admonishes "people not to cook for themselves alone", offer it to the gods, to forefathers, to fellow human beings as hospitality and as alms to the monks and needy.<ref name=olivelle20/> Olivelle claims all living beings are interdependent in matters of food and thus food must be respected, worshipped and taken with care.<ref name=olivelle20/> Olivelle states that the Shastras recommend that when a person sees food, he should fold his hands, bow to it, and say a prayer of thanks.<ref name=olivelle20/>

The reverence for food reaches a state of extreme in the renouncer or monk traditions in Hinduism.<ref name=olivelle20/> The Hindu tradition views procurement and preparation of food as necessarily a violent process, where other life forms and nature are disturbed, in part destroyed, changed and reformulated into something edible and palatable. The mendicants ([[sannyasa|sannyasin]], ascetics) avoid being the initiator of this process, and therefore depend entirely on begging for food that is left over of householders.<ref name=olivelle20/> In pursuit of their spiritual beliefs, states Olivelle, the "mendicants eat other people's left overs".<ref name=olivelle20/> If they cannot find left overs, they seek fallen fruit or seeds left in field after harvest.<ref name=olivelle20/>

The forest [[hermit]]s of Hinduism, on the other hand, do not beg for left overs.<ref name=olivelle20/> Their food is wild and uncultivated. Their diet would consist mainly of fruits, roots, leaves, and anything that grows naturally in the forest.<ref name=olivelle20/> They avoided stepping on plowed land, lest they hurt a seedling. They attempted to live a life that minimizes, preferably eliminates, the possibility of harm to any life form.<ref name=olivelle20/>

==== ''Manusmriti'' ====

The [[Manusmriti]]'s discussion on flesh-eating contains 25 verses condemning the consumption of flesh, bracketed by 3 verses defending the practice in the context of Vedic sacrifices.{{sfn|Sen|2019|pp=1523–1524}} Commentators starting with [[Medhātithi]] interpret the verses to mean that flesh-eating is prohibited generally, and only permitted in the presence of mitigating circumstances, such as danger to life.{{sfn|Framarin|2014|p=203}}{{Blockquote|
One can never obtain meat without causing injury to living beings... he should, therefore, abstain from meat. Reflecting on how meat is obtained and on how embodied creatures are tied up and killed, he should quit eating any kind of meat... The man who authorises, the man who butchers, the man who slaughters, the man who buys or sells, the man who cooks, the man who serves, and the man who eats – these are all killers. There is no greater sinner than a man who, outside of an offering to gods or ancestors, wants to make his own flesh thrive at the expense of someone else's.
|''Manusmriti''|5.48-5.52, translated by [[Patrick Olivelle]]<ref name="olivelle139">{{Cite book |last1=Manu |title=Manu's code of law: a critical edition and translation of the Mānava-Dharmásāstra |last2=Olivelle |first2=Suman |last3=Manu |last4=Manu |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-517146-4 |editor-last=Olivelle |editor-first=Patrick |series=South Asia research |location=Oxford |pages=139–141}}</ref>}}

=== ''Mahabharata'' ===
The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' contains numerous stories glorifying non-violence towards animals and has some of the strongest statements against slaughter of animals—three chapters of the epic are dedicated to the evils of flesh-eating. [[Bhisma|Bhishma]] declares compassion to be the highest religious principle, and compares eating of animal flesh to eating the flesh of one's son. Nominally acknowledging Manu's authorisation of flesh-eating in sacrificial context, Bhisma explains to [[Yudhiṣṭhira|Yudhishthira]] that "one who abstains from doing so acquires the same merit as that accrued from the performance of even a horse sacrifice" and that "those desirous of heaven perform sacrifice with seeds instead of animals". It is stated in Mahabharata that animal sacrifices were introduced only when people began to resort to violence in the ''[[treta yuga]]'', a less pure and compassionate age, and were not present in the ''[[Sat Yuga|satya yuga]]'', 'the golden age'.{{sfn|Bryant|2006|p=198–199}}

===''Tirukkuṛaḷ''===
The ''[[Tirukkuṛaḷ]]'', a Tamil text of Hindu or Jain origin from ca. 500 CE, emphasizes ahimsa and insists on [[moral vegetarianism]] or [[veganism]].<ref>{{cite journal| last =Dharani| first =D.| title = Medicine in Thirukkural, The Universal Veda of Tamil Literature | journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | volume = 79 | issue = 2018–19 | pages = 101–108| year =2018 | jstor =26906235}}</ref>{{Rp|101}} Originally written in the South Indian language of [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the text states moderate diet as a virtuous lifestyle and criticizes "non-vegetarianism" in its ''Pulaan Maruthal'' (abstinence from flesh or meat) chapter, through verses 251 through 260.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03591-5|pages=156–157}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Krishna | first = Nanditha | title = Hinduism and Nature | publisher = Penguin Random House | series = | volume = | edition = | date = 2017 | location = New Delhi | pages = 264 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gp1IDwAAQBAJ&dq=ahimsa+and+Tirukkural&pg=PT131 | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-93-8732-654-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/tamil.html | title = Vegetarianism in Tamil Literature | last = Meenakshi Sundaram | first = T. P. | date = 1957 | website = 15th World Vegetarian Congress 1957 | publisher = International Vegetarian Union (IVU) | access-date = 17 April 2022}}</ref> Verse 251, for instance, questions "how can one be possessed of kindness, who, to increase his own flesh, eats the flesh of other creatures." It also says that "the wise, who are devoid of mental delusions, do not eat the severed body of other creatures" (verse 258), suggesting that "flesh is nothing but the despicable wound of a mangled body" (verse 257). It continues to say that not eating flesh is a practice more sacred than the most sacred religious practices ever known (verse 259) and that only those who refrain from killing and eating the kill are worthy of veneration (verse 260). This text, written before 400 CE, and sometimes called the Tamil [[Veda]], discusses eating habits and its role in a healthy life (Mitahara), dedicating Chapter 95 of [[Porul (Kural book)|Book II]] to it. The ''Tirukkuṛaḷ'' states in verses 943 through 945, "eat in moderation, when you feel hungry, foods that are agreeable to your body, refraining from foods that your body finds disagreeable". [[Valluvar]] also emphasizes overeating has ill effects on health, in verse 946, as "the pleasures of health abide in the man who eats moderately. The pains of disease dwell with him who eats excessively."<ref name="Sundaram_Kural">{{cite book | last = Sundaram | first = P. S. | title = Tiruvalluvar Kural| publisher = Penguin | date = 1990 | location = Gurgaon | pages = 115 | isbn = 978-0-14-400009-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://integralyogamagazine.org/russell-simmons-on-his-vegan-diet-obama-and-yoga/ | title = Russell Simmons on his vegan diet, Obama and Yoga | last = | first = | date = n.d. | website = Integral Yoga Magazine | access-date = 23 August 2021 }}</ref>

=== Puranas ===
The [[Puranas|Puranic texts]] fiercely oppose violence against animals in many places "despite following the pattern of being constrained by the Vedic imperative to nominally accept it in sacrificial contexts". The most important Puranic text, the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' goes farthest in repudiating animal sacrifice—refraining from harming all living beings is considered the highest ''[[dharma]]''. The text states that the sin of harming animals cannot be washed away by performing "sham sacrifices", just as "mud cannot be washed away by mud". It graphically presents the horrific karmic reactions accrued from the performance of animal sacrifices—those who mercilessly cook animals and birds go to ''kumbhipaka'' and are fried in boiling oil and those who perform sham sacrifices are themselves cut to pieces in ''viśasana'' hell. The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' states that the sages were dismayed by animal sacrifice and considered it against ''dharma'', claiming that sacrifice is supposed to be performed with grains and milk. It narrates that animal sacrifice was only permitted to feed the population during a famine, yet the sages did not slaughter animals even as they died of starvation. The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' contains a dialogue between sages who disapprove of violence against animals, preferring rites involving oblations of fruits and vegetables. The text states that the negative karma accrued from violence against animals far outweighs any benefits.{{sfn|Bryant|2006|p=199–202}}

==Vegetarianism and caste ==
Among Hindus, the norms with regards to what a person may consume and with whom should they gather for a meal depends on their caste.<ref name="t291">{{cite book | last=Roy | first=Indrani Basu | title=Anthropology | publisher=S. Chand Publishing | date=2010 | isbn=978-81-219-2259-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0omOeStSSQC&pg=PA560 | page=560}}</ref> A distinction traditionally exists between vegetarian and non-vegetarian castes. Most [[Brahmin]] and merchant castes were usually vegetarian, and a vegetarian diet was considered ritually purer.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLTfAAAAMAAJ|title=Eat Not this Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present|author=Frederick J. Simoons|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1994|page=284|isbn=9780299142506|quote=There are even reports of certain Brahmin (Bengali Brahmins, Oriya Brahmins, Brahmins of certain parts of Bihar, Saraswat Brahmins of northern India, and Kashmiri Pandits) eating fish.}}</ref> Dominant castes that held a monopoly on power, such as [[Rajput]]s, tended to be non-vegetarian, and a non-vegetarian diet was seen as necessary for the exercise of power through force.{{sfn|Tambs-Lyche|2018}}

[[M. N. Srinivas]] and other subsequent authors developed the idea of [[Sanskritisation]], arguing that marginalised individuals and communities adopt vegetarianism in order to gain prestige or improve their status in the caste hierarchy.{{sfn|Desai|2008|p=96}} Amit Desai criticised the thesis as a "misreading of the significance of vegetarianism", arguing that vegetarianism among the subaltern groups is "not necessarily derivative of an elite worldview" but rather rooted in subaltern experience itself and that it addresses problems meaningful within their own lived worlds.{{sfn|Desai|2008|p=97–98}}

Viktor Pál and ‎Iris Borowy write, "Some Dalit groups worldwide take consumption of beef as a marker of Dalit cultural identity and organise beef-festivals to preserve it, inviting the wrath of most upper-caste Hindus globally. Food-based perceptions and caste are thus inextricably interlinked concepts establishing hierarchies in food, denigrating and dehumanising the 'others.'"<ref name="d262">{{cite book | last1=Pál | first1=Viktor | last2=Borowy | first2=Iris | title=Waste and Discards in the Asia Pacific Region: Social and Cultural Perspectives | publisher=Taylor & Francis | date=2023-06-29 | isbn=978-1-000-89838-5 | url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=hCCNEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1987 | page=1987}}</ref>

==Modern Hindu vegetarianism==
According to a 2021 [[Pew Research Center]] survey, 44% of Hindus say they are vegetarian, and another 39% restrict their consumption of flesh in some way.{{sfn|Corichi|2021}} Data from the National Family Health Survey in 2019-20 showed that in over half of the 30 States/ UTs analysed, more than 90% of the population (with Hindus ranging around 80%) consumed fish, chicken, or meat daily, weekly or occasionally. In 25 of them, the figure was more than 50%.<ref>Vignesh Radhakrishnan, Jasmin Nihalani, Rebecca Rose Varghese, [https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-how-many-indians-eat-meat/article65299234.ece Data | How many Indians eat meat?], The Hindu, 15 April 2022.</ref>

Steven J. Rosen cautions that "it is nearly impossible to reach an accurate conclusion" on the prevalence of flesh consumption, given that competing social pressures—aspirational associations with Western modernity on one hand, and caste-based prestige on the other—produce distortions in self-reporting.{{sfn|Rosen|2020|page=409}}

===Lacto-vegetarian diet===
{{Main|Lacto vegetarianism}}
[[File:India - Colours of India - 006 - Wedding Meal.jpg|thumb|A Hindu, lacto-vegetarian meal served on a banana leaf]]
Vegetarianism is a dietary ideal among many Hindus, based on the concept of ''[[ahimsa]]''—non-violence and compassion towards all beings.{{sfn|Sen|2019|p=1527}} It is also considered ''[[sattva|sattvic]]'', associated with qualities such as goodness, balance, and serenity that are conducive to spiritual progress.<ref name=nlepes/><ref name="ISBN 1843032953">{{Citation | author=Michael Keene | title=Religion in Life and Society | publisher=Folens Limited | year=2002 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4AVbUIIygQC&pg=PA122 | isbn=978-1-84303-295-3 | page=122 |access-date=May 18, 2009}}</ref>

Lacto-[[vegetarianism]] is favoured by many Hindus; the diet includes milk-based foods and all non-animal derived foods, but excludes meat and eggs.<ref>Paul Insel (2013), Discovering Nutrition, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, {{ISBN|978-1284021165}}, page 231</ref> Reasons for adopting such a diet include the principle of nonviolence ([[ahimsa]]) applied to animals,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tähtinen |first=Unto |title=Ahiṃsā: non-violence in Indian tradition |date=1976 |publisher=Rider |isbn=978-0-09-123340-2 |location=London |pages=107–109}}</ref> the intention to offer only vegetarian food to a Hindu's preferred deity and then to receive it back as [[prasāda]], and the conviction that non-vegetarian food is detrimental for the mind and for spiritual development.<ref name="nlepes">{{Cite book |last=Lepes |first=Naina |title=The Bhagavad Gita and inner transformation |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn=978-81-208-3186-5 |edition=1 |location=Delhi |pages=352–353}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b092.htm Mahabharata 12.257] (note that Mahabharata 12.257 is 12.265 according to another count); Bhagavad Gita 9.26; Bhagavata Purana 7.15.7.</ref>

A typical modern urban Hindu lacto-vegetarian meal is based on a combination of grains such as [[rice]] and [[wheat]], [[legumes]], green vegetables, and [[dairy]] products.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanford |first=A. Whitney |date=2013-04-03 |title=Gandhi's Agrarian Legacy: Practicing Food, Justice, and Sustainability in India |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/JSRNC/article/view/4648 |journal=Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=65–87 |doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v7i1.65 |issn=1749-4915|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Depending on the geographical region, the staples may also include [[millet]]-based flatbreads. Fat derived from slaughtered animals is avoided.<ref name="nesbitt25">{{Cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor M. |title=Intercultural education: ethnographic and religious approaches |date=2004 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-84519-033-0 |series=The Sussex library of religious beliefs & practices |location=Brighton; Portland |pages=25–27}}</ref>

A number of Hindus, particularly those following the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition, refrain from eating [[onion]]s and [[garlic]], either totally or during the [[Chaturmasya]] period (roughly July to November of the [[Gregorian calendar]]).<ref name="Melton2011">{{cite book |author=J. Gordon Melton |title=Religious Celebrations: L-Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PP2 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |pages=172–173}}</ref> In [[Maharashtra]], some Hindu families do not eat any [[eggplant]] preparations during this period either.<ref name="Bhanu2004">{{cite book|author=B. V. Bhanu|title=People of India: Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1029|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|page=851}}</ref> Followers of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) abstain from meat, fish, and fowl. Members of the related ''[[Pushtimarg]]i'' sect also avoid certain vegetables such as onion, mushrooms, and garlic out of the belief that these are [[tamas (philosophy)|tamasic]] (producing dullness, lethargy, and inertia).<ref name=nesbitt25/><ref name=Vasudha>Narayanan, Vasudha. “The Hindu Tradition”. In A Concise Introduction to World Religions, ed. Willard G. Oxtoby and Alan F. Segal. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007</ref> The mainly Gujarati [[Swaminarayan]] movement staunchly adheres to a diet devoid of meat, eggs, seafood, onions, and garlic.<ref>Williams, Raymond. An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. 1st. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 159</ref>

===Non-vegetarian diet===

{{further|Jhatka}}
[[File:Boyal Macher Jhol.jpg|thumb|[[Machher Jhol]] is a spicy fish stew, notably in [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]] and [[Odia cuisine|Odia]] cuisines in the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]

A significant portion of Hindus are non-vegetarians,{{sfn|Staples|2020|p=26}} although even those who identify as non-vegetarian eat very little meat. India has significantly lower meat consumption than other regions of the world.{{sfn|Jain|2011|pp=120–121}} Non-vegetarian Indians mostly prefer [[poultry]], fish, other [[seafood]], goat, and sheep as their sources of meat.<ref>Ridgwell and Ridgway (1987), Food Around the World, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198327288}}, page 67 [https://books.google.com/books?id=tHL_m9zwtS0C&dq=Ridgwell+and+Ridgway+(1987),+Food+Around+the+World,+Oxford+University+Press&pg=PA4]</ref> In Eastern and coastal south-western regions of India, fish and seafood are the staple of most of the local communities.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Puskar-Pasewicz|editor-first=Margaret |title=Cultural encyclopedia of vegetarianism|date=2010|publisher=Greenwood|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn= 978-0313375569|page= 40[coastal south-western ] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-braqoek0AC |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Speedy |first=Andrew W. |date=November 2003 |title=Global Production and Consumption of Animal Source Foods |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022316623025750 |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |language=en |volume=133 |issue=11 |pages=4048S–4053S |doi=10.1093/jn/133.11.4048S|pmid=14672310 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> As cows [[cows in Hinduism|are considered sacred]], many Hindus avoid eating the flesh of cows, and view this restriction as essential; in the Pew Research Center survey, 72% of Hindus said that those who do not follow this restriction cannot be Hindu.{{sfn|Corichi|2021}}

=== Diet for religious observations and festivals ===
[[File:Ekadashi Lunch.jpg|right|thumb|Hindu fasting day lunch menu]]
The Hindu calendar has many festivals and religious observances, and dishes specific to that festival are prepared.<ref>Ferro-Luzzi, G. Eichinger. “Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data.” Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie 103, no. 1 (1978): 86–108. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25841633.</ref><ref>Babb, L. A. (1975). The divine hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in central India. Columbia University Press.pages=137-139 [https://books.google.com/books?id=KsJKNbszQ7MC&q=goat+prasad&pg=PR9]</ref>

====Prasāda and Naivedya====
[[File:Lakshmi Puja prasad 03.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Prasada offered during [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] ceremony at a home in West Bengal, India]]
A material offering to a deity is called {{langx|sa-latn|naivedya|lit=offering of food|label=none}}, it is tasted by the deity and becomes {{langx|sa-latn|bhoga|lit=tasted|label=none}}, and the food is then returned as a gift and distributed among the devotees as ''[[prasāda]]''; these terms are often used interchangeably.{{sfn|Pinkney|2018|loc=Material ''Prasāda'' in Hindu Ritual}} Vaiṣṇava and [[Śaiva]] offerings are typically vegetarian, whereas some [[Śākta]] practices include non-vegetarian offerings, [[animal sacrifice in Hinduism|involving animal sacrifices]].{{sfn|Pinkney|2018|loc=''Prasāda'' in Śākta Contexts}}

====Festival dishes====
Hindus prepare special dishes for different festivals. Kheer and Halwa are two desserts popular for Diwali. [[Puran poli]] and [[Gujia]] are prepared for [[Holi]] in different parts of India.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Engfer
|first=L
|author-link=
|date=2004
|title=Desserts around the world
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8bLtgjnRysC&pg=PA7
|location=
|publisher= Lerner Publications
|page= 12
|isbn=9780822541653

}}</ref><ref name="Taylor Sen 2014 p. 105">Taylor Sen, Colleen (2014). Feasts and Fasts A History of Indian Food. London: Reaktion Books. p. 105. {{ISBN|978-1-78023-352-9}}. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</ref>

==== Diet on fasting days ====

Hindu people fast on certain days such as [[Ekadashi]], in honour of [[Vishnu]] or his [[avatar]]s: [[Chaturthi]] in honour of [[Ganesh]]a, [[Pradosha]] in honour of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], [[Monday]] in honour of Shiva, [[Saturday]] in honour of [[Hanuman]] or [[Shani]], [[Tuesday]] in honour of Hanuman, as well as [[Kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Kartikeya]], and [[Ganesha]], [[Sunday]] in honour of [[Surya]], [[Thursday]] in honour of Vishnu or his [[avatar]]s, [[Dattatreya]], and [[Brihaspati]], [[Wednesday]] in honour of [[Krishna]], [[Vithoba]], Ganesha and [[Budha]] and [[Friday]] in honour of [[Mahadevi]], [[Durga]], [[Kali]], [[Mariamman]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Sita]], [[Radha]], [[Rukmini]], [[Saraswati]], and [[Santoshi Mata]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=6}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pujayagna.com/blogs/hindu-fasting-days/fasting-in-hinduism | title=Hindu Fasting }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.learnreligions.com/hindu-deities-rituals-for-week-1770073 | title=Weekly Rituals in the Practice of Hinduism }}</ref> Only certain kinds of food are allowed to be eaten during the fasting period. These include milk and other dairy products such as [[Dahi (curd)|curd]], fruit and starchy Western food items such as ''[[sago]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Arnott|first1=Margaret L.|title=Gastronomy : the anthropology of food and food habitys|date=1975|publisher=Mouton|location=The Hague|isbn=978-9027977397|page=319|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8mT_aCfrE0UC|page=315}}|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> [[potato]]es,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Walker|editor-first1=Harlan|title=Food on the move : proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1996, [held in September 1996 at Saint Antony's College, Oxford]|date=1997|publisher=Prospect Books|location=Devon, England|isbn=978-0-907325-79-6|page=291|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uYqTiD7SbcQC}}|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> purple-red [[sweet potato]]es, [[amaranth]] seeds,<ref>{{cite book|title=Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1984|publisher=National Academies|page=6|isbn = 9780309324458|id=NAP:14295}}</ref> [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] and [[shama millet]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=7}} Popular fasting dishes include Farari chevdo, ''[[Sabudana Khichadi]]'' or [[peanut soup]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=63}}

==Hindu nationalism==

Modern meat eating among Hindus has been complicated by [[Hindu nationalist]]s. It has created tensions among upper caste Hindus and lower caste Dalits, and also with Muslims and Christians.<ref name="blooms">{{cite book | last1=Greenberg | first1=Yudit Kornberg | last2=Zeller | first2=Benjamin E. | title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Food | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | date=2026-02-05 | isbn=978-1-350-53076-8 | url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=EuGcEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 | page=271}}</ref> Hindu nationalists tend to present Hindu society as purely vegetarian while presenting Muslims as non-vegetarian in order to marginalize them.<ref name="sage">{{cite journal | last=Jagani | first=Aishwarya | title=India's meaty issue | journal=Index on Censorship | volume=51 | issue=2 | date=2022 | issn=0306-4220 | doi=10.1177/03064220221110710 | pages=17–19 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03064220221110710 | access-date=2026-04-03| url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="dw">{{cite web | last=Bhat | first=Adil | title=India's 'vegetarian nationalism' targets meat eaters | website=dw.com | date=2023-04-06 | url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-vegetarian-nationalist-hindu-fundamentalists-wage-campaign-against-butchers/a-65249032}}</ref>

Since past decade, the Hindu nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] government in centre has pushed vegetarianism.<ref name="diplomat">{{cite web | last=Bhattacharya | first=Snigdhendu | title=Hindutva's Food Allergy: Vegetarian Notion of Their 'Hindu Nation' | website=The Diplomat – Asia-Pacific Current Affairs Magazine | date=2025-04-15 | url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/04/hindutvas-food-allergy-vegetarian-notion-of-their-hindu-nation/ | access-date=2026-04-03}}</ref>

Hindu nationalist [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), upholds pure vegetarianism and views vegetarianism as integral religious purity of the Hindus. Similarly, the BJP does not allow meat in their events.<ref name="diplomat"/>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* [[Buddhist cuisine]]
* [[Buddhist vegetarianism]]
* [[Christian dietary laws]]
* [[Diet in Sikhism]]
* [[Customs and etiquette in Indian dining]]
* [[Indian vegetarian cuisine]]
* [[Islamic dietary laws]]
* [[Kashrut]] (Jewish Dietary Laws)
* [[List of diets]]
* [[Vegetarian cuisine]]
* [[Vegetarian Diet Pyramid]]
* [[Vegetarianism and religion]]
}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Achaya |first=K. T. |title=Indian Food: A Historical Companion |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-19-562845-4 |oclc=31901247}}
* {{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |title=A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-231-50997-8 |editor-last=Waldau |editor-first=Paul |chapter=Strategies of Vedic Subversion: The Emergence of Vegetarianism in Post-Vedic India |oclc=144569913 |editor-last2=Patton |editor-first2=Kimberly Christine}}
* {{cite web|title=Eight-in-ten Indians limit meat in their diets, and four-in-ten consider themselves vegetarian|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/08/eight-in-ten-indians-limit-meat-in-their-diets-and-four-in-ten-consider-themselves-vegetarian/|last=Corichi|first=Manolo|date=8 July 2021|website=Pew Research Center}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Tarla |title=Faraal Foods for fasting days |year=2010 |publisher=Sanjay and Co |location=Mumbai |isbn=9789380392028 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-C1ZO3BopZUC |page=8}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Desai |first=Amit |date=April 2008 |title=Subaltern Vegetarianism: Witchcraft, Embodiment and Sociality in Central India |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=96–117 |doi=10.1080/00856400701874734}}
* {{cite journal|last=Framarin |first=Christopher G. |title=The Moral Standing of Animals and Plants in the ''Manusmṛti'' |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=64 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=192–217 |doi=10.1353/pew.2014.0006}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Pankaj |title=Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] |year=2011 |author-link=Pankaj Jain |isbn=978-1-4094-0592-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Pinkney |first=Andrea Marion |entry=Prasāda |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |year=2018 |publisher=Brill |chapter-url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ENHI/COM-000342.xml |chapter-url-access=subscription |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_000342}}
* {{cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven J. |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Materiality |publisher=Wiley |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-118-68832-8 |editor-last=Narayanan |editor-first=Vasudha |edition=First|chapter=Vaishnav Vegetarianism: Scriptural and Theological Perspectives on the Diet of Devotion |oclc=1158591615}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Colleen Taylor |title=Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics |publisher=Springer |year=2019 |orig-year=2014 |edition=2 |isbn=978-94-024-1179-9 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Paul B. |chapter=Hinduism and Food |editor-last2=Kaplan |editor-first2=David M.}}
* {{cite book |last=Staples |first=James |title=Sacred Cows and Chicken Manchurian |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-295-74789-7 |oclc=1145911567}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |entry=Caste |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |year=2018 |publisher=Brill |chapter-url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ENHI/COM-9000000005.xml |chapter-url-access=subscription |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_9000000005}}
{{refend}}

{{Diets}}
{{cuisines}}
{{Vegetarianism}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Hindu traditions]]
[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian law]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Food law]]
[[Category:Vegetarianism and religion]]
[[Category:Hindu cuisine]]

Karur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T00:00:12Z

DianaX6283:

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{coord|10.95|N|78.08|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karur
| type = SLA
| map_image = Constitution-Karur.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Karur district|Karur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
| constituency_no = 135
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 229,995
}}

'''Karur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Karur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 135. It comes under [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, India. In the 2026 TN Assembly Elections, Karur recorded the highest number of Candidates in Tamilnadu and also the highest voter turnout in the state. The 2026 TN Assembly Elections happened just months after the Karur Stampede that killed more than 40 people, which became of turning point in the political landscape of <nowiki>[[TVK]]</nowiki> and <nowiki>[[Vijay]]</nowiki>

==Demographics==
[[Kongu Vellalar]] [[Gounder]], [[Senguntha Mudaliar]] and Vettuva Gounder communities are numerically high in this constituency.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/elections/tamil-nadu/constituencies/2021/mar/03/tn-assembly-election-2021-karur-constituency-3573766.html |author=Dhinamani |title= Who will wins Karur constituency
|year=2021}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|----
|-
|[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| M. Manickasundaram
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan=3 | [[T. M. Nallaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress | rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| S. Nallasamy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[K. Vadivel]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[M. Chinnasamy]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| K. Vadivel
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| K. V. Ramasamy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| M. Chinnasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Vasuki Murugesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[T. N. Sivasubramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan=2 | [[V. Senthil Balaji|V. Senthilbalaji]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| V. Senthilbalaji
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| M. R. Vijayabhaskar
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|20.72}}
}}
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Thyagarajan|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. R. Karuppiah |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Mathiyazhagan |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226584|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Senthil Balaji]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=101,757 |percentage=49.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,309 |percentage=43.28 |change=-0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karuppaiya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,316 |percentage=3.55 |change=1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mohanraj |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=4,154 |percentage=2.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=961 |percentage=0.47 |change=-1.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Thangaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=953 |percentage=0.46 |change=-3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=0.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbazhagan |party=Independent politician |votes=334 |percentage=0.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Aadhikrishnan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=210 |percentage=0.10 |change=-0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.08 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajeshkannan |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=0.07 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,448 |percentage=6.03 |change=5.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=206,349 |percentage=84.13 |change= 3.63 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=471 |percentage=0.23 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,285 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,936 |percentage=43.86 |change=-17.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bank K. Subramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=81,495 |percentage=43.62 |change=9.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ravi |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,491 |percentage=3.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivasaami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,995 |percentage=2.14 |change=0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,595 |percentage=1.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selva. Nanmaaran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,968 |percentage=1.59 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugam |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,552 |percentage=0.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Murugesan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,376 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Imthiyaz Rizvi |party=Gandhiya Makkal Iyakkam |votes=421 |percentage=0.23 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Boopathi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=413 |percentage=0.22 |change=-0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=360 |percentage=0.19 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=441 |percentage=0.24 |change=-26.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=186,813 |percentage=80.50 |change= -3.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,072 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Senthil Balaji]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,738 |percentage=61.18 |change=14.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jothimani|S. Jothimani]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=55,593|percentage=34.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivamani|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,417|percentage=1.48|change=0.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ashokkumar|party=Peace Party of India|votes=681|percentage=0.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Aadhikrishnan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=620|percentage=0.38|change=-0.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Loganathan|party=Independent politician|votes=610|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Senthil Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=522|percentage=0.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Veeramani|party=Independent politician|votes=480|percentage=0.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Venugopal|party=Independent politician|votes=433|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Premkumar|party=Independent politician|votes=393|percentage=0.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Periyasamy|party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|votes=371|percentage=0.23|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,145 |percentage=27.08 |change=23.92 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=194,257|percentage=83.93|change=6.83}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,031 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Senthil Balaji]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,214 |percentage=47.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vasuki Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,830 |percentage=43.84 |change=5.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ravi |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,734 |percentage=5.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Mohan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,789 |percentage=1.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkataraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,396 |percentage=0.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Jeganathan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=763 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan Rama |party=Independent politician |votes=511 |percentage=0.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kanagaraj |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=354 |percentage=0.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=349 |percentage=0.20 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Baskaran |party=Independent politician |votes=248 |percentage=0.15 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Balusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.07 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,384 |percentage=3.15 |change=-12.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=170,676 |percentage=77.09 |change= 12.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,389 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Sivasubramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=82,012 |percentage=53.36 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vasuki Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,574 |percentage=38.11 |change=-15.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarajan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,769 |percentage=4.40 |change=-5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kamaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,735 |percentage=1.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Yakup |party=Independent politician |votes=1,695 |percentage=1.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Natarajan |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=738 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Suresh |party=Independent politician |votes=544 |percentage=0.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=366 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subramani |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,438 |percentage=15.25 |change=-6.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=153,697 |percentage=64.17 |change= -5.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,674 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vasuki Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,302 |percentage=53.87 |change=21.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,294 |percentage=32.13 |change=-32.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanisamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,869 |percentage=10.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. John Pandian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,346 |percentage=0.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dhavanathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=944 |percentage=0.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chandra Mohan @ Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=604 |percentage=0.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=274 |percentage=0.19 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. N. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=188 |percentage=0.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=180 |percentage=0.12 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mohammed Hasib Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=0.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mayyazhagan |party=Independent politician |votes=147 |percentage=0.10 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,008 |percentage=21.74 |change=-10.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=147,217 |percentage=69.92 |change= 4.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,072 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,351 |percentage=64.69 |change=29.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vasuki Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,259 |percentage=32.77 |change=-5.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Gopalakrishnan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,674 |percentage=1.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mathialagan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=258 |percentage=0.19 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Narasimhan |party=Independent politician |votes=245 |percentage=0.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Singaravel |party=Independent politician |votes=215 |percentage=0.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=146 |percentage=0.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Subbrathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=0.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Rajagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=116 |percentage=0.08 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=115 |percentage=0.08 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,092 |percentage=31.92 |change=28.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=138,114 |percentage=65.46 |change= -10.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,246 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 26.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,163 |percentage=38.34 |change=-5.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,661 |percentage=35.16 |change=-19.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugaiyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,309 |percentage=17.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vadivel |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,489 |percentage=6.72 |change=-47.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gopalan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,048 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=782 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sivasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=520 |percentage=0.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=308 |percentage=0.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murugaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=0.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.08 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Appovoo |party=Independent politician |votes=77 |percentage=0.05 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,502 |percentage=3.19 |change=-6.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=141,253 |percentage=76.38 |change= -3.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,737 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Vadivel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,363 |percentage=54.35 |change=3.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,160 |percentage=44.20 |change=1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nallasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natesan |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=0.19 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karthikeyan |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=0.15 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Santhanam |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=0.13 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,203 |percentage=10.15 |change=2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=120,258 |percentage=79.57 |change= 8.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,620 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,331 |percentage=50.79 |change=15.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nallasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,025 |percentage=43.02 |change=19.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=5,465 |percentage=5.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Natesan |party=Independent politician |votes=828 |percentage=0.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Appavoo |party=Independent politician |votes=332 |percentage=0.31 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,306 |percentage=7.76 |change=-4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,981 |percentage=71.20 |change= 4.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,461 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Vadivel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,856 |percentage=35.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nallasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,264 |percentage=23.09 |change=-33.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Ramasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,252 |percentage=21.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Balan |party=Janata Party |votes=18,499 |percentage=19.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Poonnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=0.97 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vembarayan |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=0.40 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Santhanam |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,592 |percentage=12.02 |change=-1.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,428 |percentage=66.82 |change= -11.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,681 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nallasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,977 |percentage=56.55 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Nallaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,320 |percentage=43.45 |change=-1.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,657 |percentage=13.11 |change=6.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,297 |percentage=78.26 |change= -3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,789 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Nallaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,552 |percentage=44.95 |change=-6.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nallaswamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=28,677 |percentage=38.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Ramasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,846 |percentage=15.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Velsamy |party=Independent politician |votes=573 |percentage=0.77 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,875 |percentage=6.53 |change=-15.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,648 |percentage=81.97 |change= 0.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,273 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Nallasamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,969 |percentage=51.02 |change=-8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Ramasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,160 |percentage=28.59 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. N. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,373 |percentage=20.39 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,809 |percentage=22.42 |change=-17.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,502 |percentage=81.35 |change= 18.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,018 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Nallaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,611 |percentage=59.87 |change=40.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Ramasami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,576 |percentage=20.03 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kulandaivel |party=Independent politician |votes=8,915 |percentage=16.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,701 |percentage=3.22 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,035 |percentage=39.84 |change=38.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,803 |percentage=63.22 |change= -26.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,526 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 39.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Manickasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=29,429 |percentage=20.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthuswamy Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,840 |percentage=19.61 |change=19.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivel Moopan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,015 |percentage=10.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Kumaraswami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=7,265 |percentage=5.12 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annathurai Iyengar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,019 |percentage=4.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,661 |percentage=4.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,585 |percentage=3.93 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Krishnaswami |party=Independent politician |votes=5,504 |percentage=3.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Swaminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,203 |percentage=3.66 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,589 |percentage=1.12 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,004 |percentage=89.30 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,025 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Karur district]]
[[Category:Karur]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Bikaner–Guwahati Express derailment

2026-04-25T15:32:07Z

DianaX6283:

{{Short description|Train derailment in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = Bikaner–Guwahati Express derailment
| image = [[File:Derailed coaches of the Bikaner-Guwahati Express.jpg|center|frameless]]
| image_size = 220px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image_map =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| alternative_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe =
| qid =
| mapframe_zoom =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|34|15|N|88|47|45|E|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| date = 13 January 2022
| time = 16:55 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safety Information Management System |url=https://safety.indianrail.gov.in/sims/viewPublicInformation.action?id=20220105001 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=safety.indianrail.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507135018/https://safety.indianrail.gov.in/sims/viewPublicInformation.action?id=20220105001 |archive-date=2022-05-07|via=Safety Information Management System (SIMS)}}</ref>
| location = Domohani, [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_dir =
| location_city = 26.5784°N 88.8228°E
| location_dist_km =
| location_dist_mi =
| country = [[India]]
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| service =
| type = [[Derailment]]
| cause = Technical malfunction in [[locomotive]] due to irregular maintenance<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |last2=Nag |first2=Jayatri |title=Bikaner-Guwahati Express accident: Initial probe reveals tech glitch |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bikaner-guwahati-express-accident-initial-probe-reveals-tech-glitch/articleshow/88905215.cms |access-date=2022-05-06}}</ref>
| bus =
| trains = 1 ([[Bikaner-Guwahati Express]])
| vehicles = [[WAP-4]] locomotive
| passengers = 1,037
| crew =
| pedestrians =
| deaths = 9
| injuries = 50
| damage =
| property =

| route_map =
| route_map_state =
| route_map_name =
| footnotes =
}}
On 13 January 2022, the [[Bikaner–Guwahati Express]] train [[derailment|derailed]] near [[New Domohani railway station|Domohani]], [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] district, [[West Bengal]] (the train was led by [[WAP-4]] electrified locomotive).<ref name=":0" /> Nine people were killed and 50 people were injured.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2022 |title=Death toll rises to 5 in Bikaner-Guwahati train accident |publisher=Times of India |agency= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bikaner-guwahati-express-derailed/liveblog/88866497.cms |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="India Today">{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Anupam |last2=Rajaram |first2=Prema |date=13 January 2022 |title=Five dead as Guwahati-bound Bikaner Express derails in WB's Jalpaiguri; rescue ops on |publisher=India Today |agency= |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/guwahati-patna-bikaner-express-derails-jalpaiguri-1899696-2022-01-13 |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Poulomi |date=13 January 2022 |title=Bikaner-Guwahati Express derails: 5 dead, NDRF teams rushed to spot |publisher=Hindustan Times |agency= |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bikanerguwahati-express-gets-derailed-in-bengal-casualty-feared-101642076460572.html |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref> This was the first major train derailment in 2022, and the first in India since the [[Seemanchal Express derailment]] in [[Bihar]] in February 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author1=Sweety Kumari |author2=Atri Mitra |author3=Tora Agarwala |date=14 January 2022 |title=7 killed, over 40 injured as train to Guwahati derails in north Bengal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/guwahati-bikaner-express-derails-domohani-7721542/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher= |location=Guwahati, Assam; Kolkata, West Bengal}}</ref>

==Accident==
On 13 January 2022, at 16:55 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], 12<ref name="India Today"/><ref>{{cite news |title=লাইনেই কি ফাটল! ময়নাগুড়িতে উল্টে গেল বিকানের এক্সপ্রেস, বহু হতাহতের আশঙ্কা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/guhahati-express-derailed-at-maynaguri-dgtld/cid/1323379 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=www.anandabazar.com |date=13 January 2022}}</ref> of the 18 coaches<ref>{{cite web |title=15631/Barmer - Guwahati Express (PT) |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/584 |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref> of the Bikaner–Guwahati Express derailed near [[Maynaguri]] in the [[Jalpaiguri district]] of [[West Bengal]], India. The train was traveling from [[Bikaner]] in [[Rajasthan]] to [[Guwahati]] in [[Assam]].<ref name="India Today"/>

An accident relief train with paramedic staff was sent to the site, according to a [[North East Frontier Railway]] spokesperson.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |editor-last=Garg |editor-first=Arjit |title=Bikaner-Guwahati Express derails near Jalpaiguri in West Bengal, three dead |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/breaking-passenger-train-derails-near-jalpaiguri-moynaguri-2427662.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

After the derailment, the villagers came forward to help the trapped passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Train Accident in Bengal: 8 Killed, Several Injured as Coaches of Bikaner Express Derail |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/train-accident-in-bengal-3-killed-several-injured-as-coaches-of-bikaner-express-derail-here-are-key-updates-4654274.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Emergency services arrived at the scene within a few minutes and the trapped passengers were rescued and were rushed to Jalpaiguri district hospital and Maynaguri rural hospital. Passengers in critical condition were sent to [[North Bengal Medical College and Hospital]] in [[Siliguri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Killed, 45 Injured As Express Train Derails In West Bengal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/guwahati-bikaner-express-derails-near-domohani-in-west-bengal-2706406 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=NDTV.com | first1=Ratnadip | last1=Choudhury | first2=Akhil | last2=Kumar | date=14 January 2022 }}</ref>

According to [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway minister]], [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], initial probe of the incident pointed towards a technical glitch in the locomotive of the train.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Milan |last=Sharma |date=14 January 2022 |title=Glitch in locomotive led to Bikaner-Guwahati train mishap, finds initial probe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/glitch-locomotive-equipment-bikaner-guwahati-train-mishap-initial-probe-railway-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw-bengal-1899973-2022-01-14 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

A part of the New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section line was closed due to extensive damage to the tracks. The line was opened for operations on 15 January following necessary repairs.<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web |title=State Forensic Science Laboratory experts visit train mishap site |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/state-forensic-science-laboratory-experts-visit-train-mishap-site/cid/1848044 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The [[Commission of Railway Safety]] (CRS) initiated a 'high-level' probe into the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Medha |date=20 January 2022 |title=Behind the Guwahati Express Tragedy: Rail Accidents Kill 32 People Every Day |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/21365/Behind-the-Guwahati-Express-Tragedy:-Rail-Accidents-Kill-32-People-Every-Day |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=The Citizen |language=en-US}}</ref>

Five days later, a team of inspectors from the State Forensic Science Laboratory (SFSL) of West Bengal were deployed at the scene. The inspectors reviewed the scene by examining the engine's [[traction motor]]s and the derailed coaches. The team along with Soma Das Mitra, the deputy inspector general (railways) of the state police also interviewed the [[train driver]].<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/>

===Initial safety report===
The initial safety report issued by the [[Alipurduar railway division]] under [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] concluded that the incident occurred due to irregular maintenance.

The report points out that the last scheduled maintenance date of the locomotive on 9 January 2022 was skipped and the locomotive hadn't been inspected since its last inspection on 11 November 2021. It also stated that one of the traction motors fell off the locomotive, prompting the drivers to apply emergency brakes to the speeding train causing the last two assemblies of the locomotive to derail.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sougata |date=2022-01-19 |title=Bengal Train Accident: Lax in Engine Maintenance, Routine Inspection Skipped, Says Railway Report |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bengal-train-accident-lax-in-engine-maintenance-routine-inspection-skipped-says-railway-report-4675985.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Final safety report===
The final safety report issued by the [[Commission of Railway Safety]] (CRS) revealed that the locomotive bearing number 22375 had skipped numerous inspections. According to the report, the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4 locomotive]] must be inspected after every 4,500 km but the ill-fated locomotive was running continuously for 16,000 km without any maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=ইঞ্জিনের ত্রুটিতেই ময়নাগুড়ির ট্রেন দুর্ঘটনা, সিআরএস রিপোর্টে চাঞ্চল্যকর তথ্য |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/maynaguri-train-accident-crs-report-admits-engine-was-running-without-inspection-dmg-738878.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref>

The report added that the locomotive was a <nowiki>'</nowiki>''missing link loco''<nowiki>'</nowiki>. All locomotives have their mother divisions where they undergo maintenance and repairs. This locomotive was running in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) far away from its division. This led to irregular maintenance. It also stated that these 'missing link loco' undergo maintenance at locations without proper infrastructure and these 'ghost inspections' were a matter of concern for the Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Kamalika |date=2022-02-11 |title=Bikaner-Guwahati Train Mishap: Commission of Railway Safety’s Report Shows Lapses in Maintenance |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bikaner-guwahati-train-mishap-commission-of-railway-safetys-report-shows-lapses-in-maintenance-4760984.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Response==
India's Railway minister [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] announced an [[Ex gratia|ex-gratia]] payment of [[Indian rupee|₹5]] [[lakh]] each to the next of kin of those who lost their lives and ₹1 lakh each for seriously injured passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title=Bikaner Express derailment: PM takes stock of situation, Railways announces Rs 5 lakh ex gratia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bikaner-express-derailment-railways-ex-gratia-several-dead-injured-pm-takes-stock-guwahati-west-bengal-1899752-2022-01-13 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He further announced ₹25,000 for passengers with minor injuries. Chief Minister of West Bengal, [[Mamata Banerjee]] and Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] also assisted the injured people by providing cash amounts to them.{{cn|date=May 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220425190955/http://203.176.113.79/acc_chart.html Contingency chart for Bikaner–Guwahati Express derailment] (archived)

{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2022}}

[[Category:2022 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Derailments in India]]
[[Category:January 2022 in India]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2022]]
[[Category:Jalpaiguri]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bikaner-Guwahati Express derailment}}

Nee Jathaleka

2026-04-23T23:01:19Z

DianaX6283: New Data

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nee Jathaleka
| image = Nee Jathaleka.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Lawerence Dasari
| producer = G.V.Chowdary Nagaraj Goud Chirra
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Naga Shaurya]]
*Parul Gulati
*Sarayu
}}
| music = Swaraj Jedidiah
| cinematography = Bujji K.
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| studio = Sri Satya Vidhura Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|10|1}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| runtime =
}}

'''''Nee Jathaleka''''' ({{Translation|Without you by my side}}) is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language romantic [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Lawerence Dasari and starring [[Naga Shaurya]], [[Parul Gulati]] and Sarayu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhrabhoomi.net/content/chitra-1427|title=నీ జతలేక... గీతాలాపన | Andhrabhoomi - Telugu News Paper Portal | Daily Newspaper in Telugu | Telugu News Headlines | Andhrabhoomi|website=www.andhrabhoomi.net}}</ref> This was the first film Naga Shourya shot for and had a delayed release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070318/young-actors-abandon-films.html|title=Young actors abandon films|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=7 March 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Naga Shaurya]] as Akhil
*[[Parul Gulati]] as Shirley
*Sarayu as Swapna

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Swaraj Jedidiah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://andhrabhoomi.net/content/chitra-1679|title=ప్లాటినమ్ డిస్క్‌లో నీ జతలేక | Andhrabhoomi - Telugu News Paper Portal | Daily Newspaper in Telugu | Telugu News Headlines | Andhrabhoomi|website=andhrabhoomi.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-neejathaleka.html|title=Nee Jathaleka Music Launch - idlebrain.com news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The songs were shot in Bangkok and Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/interview-nagashourya-neejathaleka.html|title=Naga Shourya interview about Nee Jathaleka - idlebrain.com news|website=idlebrain.com}}</ref> The title song was released in August on [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City 91.1 FM]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/songlaunch-neejathaleka.html|title=Nee Jathaleka title song launch at Radio City 91.1 FM - idlebrain.com news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was scheduled to release on 13 August 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/neejathaleka-13august.html|title=Nee Jathaleka Release on 13th August - idlebrain.com news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> but the release was pushed to 1 October.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/neejathaleka-release-1october.html|title=Nee Jathaleka release on 1 October - idlebrain.com news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

== Reception==
A critic from ''Nowrunning'' wrote that "Finally, Nee Jathaleka has ended up as a forgettable film for Naga Shourya due to the outdated story line, bad performances, and boring narration".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/19790/telugu/nee-jathaleka/5589/review/|title=Nee Jathaleka Review | Nee Jathaleka Telugu Movie Review by NR|date=1 October 2016|website=NOWRUNNING|access-date=26 April 2022|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131451/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/19790/telugu/nee-jathaleka/5589/review/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]]'' wrote that "The outdated story line, bad performances, and boring narration kill this film completely".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/nee-jathaleka-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Nee Jathaleka telugu movie review|work=123Telugu|date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Solapur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T11:25:48Z

DianaX6283:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Solapur
| type = LS
| constituency_no = 42
| map_image = 42 Solapur - सोलापूर.png
| map_caption = Solapur Lok Sabha Constituency map
| established = 1952
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| mp = [[Praniti Shinde]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| district = [[Solapur]]
| assembly_cons = [[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]] [[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]] [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]] [[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]] [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]] [[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]
}}

'''[[Solapur]] Lok Sabha constituency (42)''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].

== Overview ==
Solapur Lok Sabha constituency covers the district of [[Solapur]]. It is known for its significant political and cultural heritage in Maharashtra.

== Assembly segments ==
Solapur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following legislative assembly segments:
* [[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]]
* [[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]
* [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]]
* [[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]
* [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]
* [[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]

== Vidhan Sabha segments ==
Presently, after [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]], Solapur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/erollsum.php|title=List of ACs and PCs|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215120931/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/erollsum.php|archive-date=15 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
| 247
| [[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]] (SC)
| rowspan=6| [[Solapur District|Solapur]]
| [[Khare Raju Dnyanu|Raju Khare]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 248
| [[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]
| [[Vijay Deshmukh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 249
|[[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]]
|[[Devendra Rajesh Kothe|Devendra Kothe]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 250
| [[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]
| [[Sachin Kalyanshetti]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 251
| [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]
| [[Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh|Subhash Deshmukh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 252
| [[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]
| [[Samadhan Autade]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1951 Indian general election|1951]]
| [[Shankarrao More|Shankar More]]
|{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[P. N. Rajbhoj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| Jayawant More
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti}}
|-
| [[T. H. Sonawane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| Madeppa Kadadi
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Surajratan Fatehchand Damani|Surajratan Damani]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Gangadhar Kuchan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | Dharmanna Sadul
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[Lingaraj Valyal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| 2003^
|[[Pratapsinh Mohite-Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Subhash Deshmukh]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Sharad Bansode]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Jaisidhesvar Swami]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Praniti Shinde]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Solapur]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Solapur">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Solapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1342.htm |access-date=14 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114151423/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1342.htm |archive-date=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Praniti Shinde|Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|votes = 620225
|percentage = 51.49
|change = {{increase}}17.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Satpute]]
|votes = 5,46,028
|percentage = 45.35
|change = {{decrease}}2.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate =Aatish Mohan Bansode
|votes =10,507
|percentage = 0.87
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bablu Sidram Gaikwad
|votes =5,268
|percentage = 0.44
|change =''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,725
|percentage = 0.23
|change = {{decrease}}0.34
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 74,197
|percentage = 6.16
|change = {{decrease}}8.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,05,023
|percentage =59.30
|change = {{up}}0.73
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Solapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jaisidhesvar Swami]]
|votes = 5,24,985
|percentage = 48.33
|change = -6.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|votes = 3,66,377
|percentage = 33.78
|change = -4.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = [[Prakash Ambedkar]]
|votes = 1,70,007
|percentage = 15.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,191
|percentage = 0.57
|change = -0.88
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = BMP
|candidate = Prof. Dr. Arjun Gena Ohal
|votes = 3,880
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,58,608
|percentage = 14.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,84,514
|percentage = 58.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Solapur]]<ref name=elections2014>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/2014-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=2014 India General Elections Results|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sharad Bansode]]
|votes = 5,17,879
|percentage = 54.43
|change = +15.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|votes = 368,205
|percentage = 38.70
|change = -13.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Adv Sanjeev Sidram Sadafule
|votes = 19,041
|percentage = 2.00
|change = -2.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 13,778
|percentage = 1.45
|change = +1.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Lalit Babar
|votes = 9,261
|percentage = 0.97
|change = +0.97
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,49,674
|percentage = 15.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,51,510
|percentage = 55.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Solapur]]<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf 2009 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|votes = 387,591
|percentage = 52.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sharad Bansode]]
|votes = 287,959
|percentage = 38.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gaikwad Pramod Ramchandra
|votes = 30,457
|percentage = 4.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Bansode Uttam Bhimsha
|votes = 8,134
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Vijaykumar Bhagwanrao Ughade
|votes = 7,416
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 99,632
|percentage = 13.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,43,222
|percentage = 46.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Solapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Deshmukh Subhash Sureshchandra]]
|votes = 316,188
|percentage = 48.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ujwalatai Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|votes = 3,10,390
|percentage = 47.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,798
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,57,089
|percentage = 55.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Pandharpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Solapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/solapur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Solapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|17.66|75.92|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Solapur district]]

Chillum

2026-04-17T04:58:45Z

DianaX6283: added new article

{{Short description|Conical pipe used to smoke marijuana}}
{{other uses}}

[[Image:Manu chillum italian chillum chapora goa.jpg|thumb|right|An Italian-made chillum]]
[[File:Chillam.JPG|thumb|Traditional earthen chillum displayed for sale at Chawk Bazaar [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]]]]

A '''chillum''', or '''chilam''', or '''sulpa''' is a straight conical [[smoking pipe]] traditionally made of either clay or a soft stone (such as [[Soapstone|steatite]] or [[catlinite]]). It is used popularly in [[Nepal]] and [[India]] to smoke [[marijuana]].<ref>[http://www.trocadero.com/paha/items/495809/item495809store.html A bidri chillum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055757/http://www.trocadero.com/paha/items/495809/item495809store.html |date=2016-03-05 }},</ref><ref>Dolf Hartsuiker. John van Zijl of Plumstead, South Africa was the first person to smoke from a marble chillum. [http://www.adolphus.nl/sadhus/stories/holysmoke.html Holy Smoke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011184141/http://adolphus.nl/sadhus/stories/holysmoke.html |date=2007-10-11 }} ince last 5000 years by ''Sadhus, Nagas and Yogis of India''</ref> A small stone is often used as a stopper in the stem. The style of pipe spread to Africa, and has been known in the Americas since the 1960s. A chillum pipe is used in [[Rastafari]] rituals.

==History==
According to [[Alfred Dunhill]], Africans have long employed chillum-style pipes for smoking [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and later tobacco. Gourds and various horns were often employed while conical bowls were common in [[Uganda]]. One of the more famous pipes is an ivory cone pipe once belonging to [[Buganda]] monarch [[Muteesa I of Buganda|King Mtesa]].<ref name="dunhill">{{cite book|last1=Dunhill|first1=Alfred|title=The Pipe Book|date=1924|publisher=A. & C. Black|location=London}}</ref>

More recently, it has also seen use in sacraments by [[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]].<ref>[http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20020224/arts/arts1.html Spotlight on Rastafarian sects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214125910/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20020224/arts/arts1.html |date=2008-02-14 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20030427/ent/ent3.html 'Rasta in Transition' launched at Livity Restaurant ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114102815/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20030427/ent/ent3.html |date=2009-01-14 }}</ref>

==Rastafari ceremony==
In [[Rastafarian]] meetings called "reasoning sessions" and during [[Grounation Day]] celebrations, a chillum is used. It is made of a cow's horn or conical wood piece, fitted with a long drawtube giving the smoke time to cool before inhalation. A [[bong]]-like chillum equipped with a water filtration chamber is sometimes referred to as a [[Chalice (pipe)|chalice]]. Rastafaris offer thanks and praises to God (referred to as [[Jah]] in Rastafari) before [[cannabis smoking|smoking]] the chillum.<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_spirit1.shtml The Rastafarians by Leonard E. Barrett 1988]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Spiritual use of cannabis]]
* [[Smoking pipe (non-tobacco)]]
* [[Hookah]]
* [[Bong]]
* [[One-hitter (smoking)]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Wiktionary|चिलम}}

{{Cannabis resources}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chillum (Pipe)}}
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Cannabis smoking]]
[[Category:Cannabis in India]]
[[Category:Cannabis and religion]]
[[Category:Drug paraphernalia]]
[[Category:Pipe smoking]]
[[Category:Tobacco in India]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]

Mangu Ram

2026-04-16T03:53:22Z

DianaX6283: New Post

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mangu Ram
| image = Photograph of Mangu Ram Mugowalia in the Philippines, 1920.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Mangu Ram Mugowalia in the Philippines, 1920
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| prime_minister =
| alongside =
| term_start = 21 March 1946
| term_end = 4 July 1947
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|1|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Muggowal]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (now [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1980|4|22|1886|1|14|df=y}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)]] (1946–1947)
| other_party = [[Ghadar Party]] (Before 1946)
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| honorific_suffix = Mugowalia
}}

'''Mangu Ram''' (14 January 1886 – 22 April 1980), known popularly as '''Babu Mangu Ram Chaudhry''', was an Indian [[Indian Independence Movement|freedom fighter]], a politician from [[Punjab]] and one of the founder members of the [[Ghadar Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mulnivasiorganiser.bamcef.org/?p=331|title=Remembering Babu Mangu Ram Mugowalia}}</ref>

In 1909, he immigrated to the [[United States]] and there became associated with the Ghadar Party. Upon his return to India in 1925, he became a leader of the low-[[Caste in India|caste]] people, organising them in opposition to the system of [[untouchability]] that oppressed them.<ref name="ram">{{cite journal |title=Untouchability in India with a Difference: Ad Dharm, Dalit Assertion, and Caste Conflicts in Punjab |first=Ronki |last=Ram |journal=Asian Survey |volume=44 |issue=6 |date=2004 |pages=895–912 |doi=10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895 |jstor=10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. | website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly | date=26 July 2013 | url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence | accessdate=7 October 2015}}</ref> He was instrumental in the foundation of the [[Ad-Dharmi|Ad-Dharmi Movement]], an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for [[Dalit|Untouchables]]. He was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in 1946 and in 1972 received recognition in the form of a pension and an award from [[Indira Gandhi]] for his work towards [[Independence of India|Indian independence]].<ref name="ram"/>

== Family background ==
Mangu Ram was born into a [[Chamar]] family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jodhka |first=Surinder S. |date=12 July 2003 |title=Caste Tensions in Punjab: Talhan and Beyond |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262123518_Caste_Tensions_in_Punjab_Talhan_and_Beyond |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=28 |pages=2923–2926 |doi=10.2307/4413770 |quote= |via=Research Gate}}</ref> His father found work supplying leather for military boots for the Jalandhar cantonment.<ref name=":0" />

==Education==
Initially Mangu Ram was taught by a village saint (Sadhu) till the age of seven. He attended schools in Mugowal area and [[Dehradun]]. In most of the schools Mangu Ram was the only Dalit student. He was forced to sit in the back of the classroom, or even in a separate room, and had to listen through the open door.
When he attended high school in Bajwara, he was forced to stay outside the building and had to listen to the classes through the windows.
Once when he came inside during a heavy hailstorm, the Brahman teacher beat him and put all the classroom furniture, which he had "polluted" by his presence, outside in the rain to be literally and ritually washed clean. Nonetheless, Mangu Ram was a good student, he came third in his class in primary school. While the other students were encouraged to become patwaris (village record-keeper) or to seek higher education, Mangu Ram was encouraged to leave school and help his father at a more proper "Chamar task".<ref name="Education">{{cite web|title=14th January in Dalit History – B'day of Babu Mangu Ram Mugowalia – Founder of Ad-Dharmi Movement|url=https://drambedkarbooks.com/2015/01/14/14th-january-in-dalit-history-bday-of-babu-mangu-ram-mugowalia-founder-of-ad-dharmi-movement/|website=Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's Caravan|accessdate=20 May 2017|date=14 January 2015}}</ref>

Mangu Ram's father, having enough funds from his occupation supplying leather material for boots for the Jalandhar cantonment, sent his son Mangu Ram to California for better prospects.<ref name=":0" /> However, Mangu Ram decided to return from America and started a movement against caste discrimination and untouchability.<ref name=":0" />

==Ad-Dharmi movement==

Initially, Mangu Ram tried working with the Arya Samaj but lost hope and decided to launch a separate identity apart from Hinduism and Sikhism, known as ''Ad-Dhama''.<ref name=":0" /> In 1925, after returning from the US, Babu Mangoo Ram started teaching in a primary school in his home village of Mugowal, a school which he named Ad Dharm School.<ref name="Ad Dharm Movement">{{cite web |title=Welcome to ambedkartimes.com |url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/the_ad_dharam.htm |accessdate=20 May 2017 |website=www.ambedkartimes.com}}</ref> It was the same school where Babu Mangu Ram first convened the meeting that formally launched the Ad Dharam Movement. The establishment of movement was the voice against the brahminical society which put Dalits at bottom of the social structure. It was the glorious step by Dalits to attain the equality in caste laden society.
Through the Ad dharm Movement, babu Mangu Ram pioneered [[Dalit Movement]] in North India.

He succeeded remarkably well in creating awareness and awakening among the people. His path was beset with difficulties, and he had to work against the odds and trying circumstances. The message brought by Babu Mangu Ram was new and inspiring. It was aimed at awakening the untouchables. The message called upon them to know and realize themselves as they had forgotten their true selves due to hostile influences in which they had been living for thousands of years. It caught imagination and hearts of downtrodden people, soon Babu Mangu Ram became household name.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pawar|first1=Ishwar Das|title=My Struggle in Life|date=2015|publisher=Page Publishing Inc|location=New York|isbn=9781682131565|pages=250|edition=3rd}}</ref> In 1931, the British colonial administration recognized the Ad-Dharmis as a separate religious community apart from Hinduism and Sikhism.<ref name=":0" /> However, after Indian independence in 1947, they were clubbed under the Hindu scheduled-castes.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
Mangu Ram died on 22 April 1980.<ref name="ram"/>

==See also==
*[[Giani Ditt Singh]] (Sant Ditta Ram)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Madhopuri |first=Balbir |title=Ādi dharama dē bānī ġadarī bābā magū rāma |publisher=Ajanta |year=2010 |language=pa |script-title=pa:ਆਦਿ ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਬਾਨੀ ਗ਼ਦਰੀ ਬਾਬਾ ਮੰਗੂ ਰਾਮ |trans-title=Ghadri Baba Mangu Ram, the founder of Adi Dharma}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mugowalia, Mangu Ram}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Dalit leaders]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]

Karnataka Women's League

2026-04-13T10:22:12Z

DianaX6283:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox football league
| logo =
| pixels =
| country = India
| organiser = [[Karnataka State Football Association|KSFA]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2019|1|df=y}}
| teams = 9
| promotion = [[Indian Women's League 2]]
| relegation =
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Women's|3–5]]
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = [[Kickstart FC (Women)|Kickstart]] (7th title)
| most_successful_club = [[Kickstart FC (Women)|Kickstart]] (7 titles)
| season = 2025–26
| tv = SportsCast India Sports Paddock ([[YouTube]])
| website =
| current =
}}
The '''Karnataka Women's League''', also referred to as the '''Karnataka Women's Super Division League''', is the top division of women's [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="kwl" >{{cite web|title=Karnataka Women's League |url=https://theawayend.co/karnataka-womens-football-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=23 August 2022 }}</ref> The League is organised by the [[Karnataka State Football Association]] (KSFA), the official football governing body of the state.<ref name="history">{{cite web |last1=Madigan |first1=Grace |title=How Karnataka's first women's football league is picking new talent |url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bengaluru-karnataka-first-women-football-league-super-division-iwl-aiff-36620 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |publisher=bengaluru.citizenmatters.in |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913211558/http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bengaluru-karnataka-first-women-football-league-super-division-iwl-aiff-36620 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Women's League Season 2 |url=https://www.ksfa.in/copy-of-a-division-1 |website=Karnataka State Football Association |publisher=ksfa.in |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226070727/https://www.ksfa.in/copy-of-a-division-1 |archive-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>

==League structure==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" |Karnataka Women's League
|-
!Tier
!Division
|-
!I (3 on Indian Women's Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])
|Karnataka Women's Super Division League ''↑promote (to [[Indian Women's League 2]]) ↓relegate''
|-
!II (4 on Indian Women's Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])
|Karnataka Women's A Division League ''↑promote ↓relegate''
|-
!II (5 on Indian Women's Football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])
|Karnataka Women's B Division League ''↑promote''
|}

==Clubs==
===2025–26 Super Division===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl No.
!Team Name
|-
|1.
|[[Bengaluru FC (women)|Bengaluru]]
|-
|2.
|[[Kemp FC|Kemp]]
|-
|3.
|[[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|-
|4.
|[[Legends de Sporting FC|Legends de Sporting]]
|-
|5.
|[[Maatru Pratishtana FC|Maatru Pratishtana]]
|-
|6.
|[[Misaka United FC|Misaka United]]
|-
|7.
|[[Pass FC|Pass]]
|-
|8.
|[[Pink Panthers FC|Pink Panthers]]
|-
|9.
|[[Roots FC|Roots]]
|-
|10.
|[[United FC Kodagu|Kodagu]]
|}

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Edition !! Season !! Champion !! Runners-up !! Ref.
|-
| 1st || 2019 || Bangalore United FC || Indian Football Factory || <ref>{{cite web |title=KSFA Women’s Football League 2019 |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2019/01/ksfa-womens-football-league-2019.html |website=Gcsstars |date=27 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2nd || 2019–20 || [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] || Bangalore United FC || <ref>{{cite web |title=Kickstart FC Win Karnataka Women's League to Qualify for Indian Women's League |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/kickstart-fc-win-karnataka-womens-league-to-qualify-for-indian-womens-league-2432747.html |website=News18 |date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227063855/https://www.news18.com/news/football/kickstart-fc-win-karnataka-womens-league-to-qualify-for-indian-womens-league-2432747.html |archive-date=27 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 3rd || 2020–21 || [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] || Maatru Pratishtana FC || <ref>{{cite web |title=Kickstart lift Karnataka Women’s League for second time |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2021/03/kickstart-lift-karnataka-womens-league.html |website=Gcsstars |date=18 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 4th || 2021–22 || [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] || Misaka United FC ||
|-
| 5th || 2022–23 || [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] || Misaka United FC ||
|-
| 6th || 2023–24 || [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] || Parikrma FC ||
|-
| 7th || 2024–25 || [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] || [[Kemp FC|Kemp]] || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-08 |title=Kemp FC make waves in KWL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/kemp-fc-make-waves-in-kwl/articleshow/113169170.cms |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 8th || 2025–26 || [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] || Misaka United FC ||
|}

==See also==
* [[Football in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in Karnataka}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Regional women's football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Karnataka]]

Mhathung Yanthan

2026-04-11T00:21:41Z

DianaX6283: New Entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mhathung Yanthan
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sanis Assembly constituency|Sanis]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_place = [[Wokha district]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]]
| party = [[Naga People's Front]]
| occupation = Technocrat, Politician, Advisor of agriculture to the Chief Minister
}}

'''Mhathung Yanthan''' (born 1 May 1960) is an Indian politician from the state of [[Nagaland]], representing the [[Sanis Assembly constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mhathung Yanthan(NDPP):Constituency- SANIS (ST)(WOKHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6916 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a two-time member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] since 2018.<ref name="News18">{{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election Results 2023: NDPP's Mhathung Yanthan wins from Sanis |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/mhathung-yanthan-sanis-candidate-s17a039c005/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yanthan is from the [[Lotha Naga]] community in the Wokha district of Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2023 |title=Lotha Naga community and their role in Nagaland's politics |url=https://www.thenortheasttoday.com/current-affairs/politics/the-lotha-naga-community-and-their-role-in-nagalands-politics/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The NorthEast Today}}</ref> Before entering politics, he served as an Agriculture Officer in various capacities and retired as Director, Land Resources Department, Government of Nagaland. He was also a team leader/mission director with Nagaland Honey Bee mission, Bamboo Mission and is considered as the chief architect / driving force in introducing Rubber plantation in the state of Nagaland, which is a success story today.<ref name="News18" /> He is the son of late Ashemo Yanthan. He completed his B. SC agriculture from Hisar Agriculture University ( HAU) Haryana, M.Sc. in agriculture in 1985 at [[Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneshwar]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Yanthan began his political career as a member of the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] and won the [[Sanis Assembly constituency|Sanis]] constituency seat in the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=Nagaland election 2023: NDPP retains power with Mhathung Yanthan's victory in Sanis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> He polled 10,548 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ramongo Lotha of Janata Dal (United), by a margin of 2,992 votes. He was named the chief minister's advisor on horticulture and borders affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yanthan inaugurates JJM project at Lakhuti |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2022/07/22/yanthan-inaugurates-jjm-project-at-lakhuti/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=nagalandpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mhathung Yanthan in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/mhathung-yanthan-sanis-candidate-s17a039c005/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Election: Sanis Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno39-acno39.html |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], he retained his seat in Sanis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election Results 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/mhathung-yanthan-sanis-candidate-s17a039c005/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18}}</ref> He polled 15,076 votes and defeated Senkathung Jami of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], by a margin of 9,513 votes. He was named the chief minister's advisor on agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisors to Chief Minister {{!}} Nagaland State Portal |url=https://nagaland.gov.in/advisors |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=nagaland.gov.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Naga People's Front]]
* [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yanthan, Mhathung}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Wokha district]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]

Ravi Zacharias

2026-04-10T10:48:57Z

DianaX6283: starting initial article more to come.

{{short description|Canadian-American Christian apologist (1946–2020)}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Ravi Zacharias
| image = Ravi Zacharias Preaching.jpg
| caption = Zacharias in 2015
| spouse = {{marriage|Margaret Reynolds|1972}}
| birth_name = Frederick Antony Ravi Kumar Zacharias
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|5|19|1946|3|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|3|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Madras, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| citizenship = {{hlist|Canada|United States}}
| occupation = [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]], founder and chairman of the board of Ravi Zacharias International Ministries
| website = {{URL |https://www.rzim.org}} {{URL |https://www.rzimindia.in}}
| education = [[Tyndale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Trinity International University]] ([[Master of Divinity|MDiv]])
| era = [[21st-century philosophy]]
| school_tradition = [[Christian philosophy]]
| main_interests = [[Philosophy of religion]], [[Christian apologetics]], [[worldview]]
| notable_ideas = Four criteria for a coherent worldview
| influences = [[Norman Geisler]], [[G. K. Chesterton]], [[C. S. Lewis]], [[Malcolm Muggeridge]], [[John Polkinghorne]], [[Billy Graham]]
| influenced = [[Nabeel Qureshi (author)|Nabeel Qureshi]], [[Lee Strobel]], [[Frank Turek]], [[Tim Tebow]], [[Alisa Childers]]
|children=3}}

'''Frederick Antony Ravi Kumar Zacharias''' (26 March 1946{{spnd}}19 May 2020) was an Indian-born Canadian and American [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] [[Pastor|minister]] and [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]] who founded Ravi Zacharias International Ministries (RZIM). He was involved in Christian apologetics for over 40 years, authoring more than 30 books.<ref>Silliman, Daniel (19 May 2020), [https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2020/may/ravi-zacharias-death-cancer-rzim-apologist.html "Ravi Zacharias Dies of Cancer"], ''Christianity Today''. Retrieved 19 May 2020</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Christian Bestsellers List |publisher= [[CBA (Christian trade association)|Christian Booksellers Association]] and the Evangelical Christian Publisher's Association |date=October 2007 |url= http://www.ecpa.org/bestseller/bestseller1007.php |access-date=5 July 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080519120528/http://www.ecpa.org/bestseller/bestseller1007.php |archive-date=19 May 2008 |url-status= dead}}</ref> He also hosted the radio programs ''Let My People Think'' and ''Just Thinking''.<ref name= "rzim">{{cite web |title= Ravi Zacharias |publisher= RZIM |url= http://rzim.org/about/ravi-zacharias/ |work= About |access-date= 22 August 2017 |archive-date= 25 August 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120825095753/http://rzim.org/about/ravi-zacharias/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="WP1" /> Zacharias belonged to the [[Alliance World Fellowship|Christian and Missionary Alliance]] (C&MA), the [[Keswickian]] Christian denomination in which he was [[Holy orders|ordained]] as a minister.<ref name= "Burgo2020">{{cite web |last1=Burgo |first1=Peter |title=Ravi Zacharias, 1946–2020 |url=https://www.cmalliance.org/news/2020/05/19/ravi-zacharias-1946-2020/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |date=19 May 2020 |publisher=[[Alliance World Fellowship|Christian and Missionary Alliance]] |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026222329/https://www.cmalliance.org/news/2020/05/19/ravi-zacharias-1946-2020/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Public allegations of sexual misconduct by Zacharias first emerged in 2017.<ref name="2-CT-20210211">{{cite news |last1=Shellnutt |first1=Kate |last2=Silliman |first2=Daniel |title=Ravi Zacharias Hid Hundreds of Pictures of Women, Abuse During Massages, and a Rape Allegation |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/02/ravi-zacharias-rzim-investigation-sexual-abuse-sexting-rape/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=Christianity Today |date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715132408/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/02/ravi-zacharias-rzim-investigation-sexual-abuse-sexting-rape/ |archive-date=15 July 2025}}</ref> In the months following his death, multiple other alleged victims came forward,<ref name="3-CT-20200929">{{cite news |last1=Silliman |first1=Daniel |title=Ravi Zacharias's Ministry Investigates Claims of Sexual Misconduct at Spas |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2020/09/ravi-zacharias-sexual-harassment-rzim-spa-massage-investiga/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=Christianity Today |date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715132413/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2020/09/ravi-zacharias-sexual-harassment-rzim-spa-massage-investiga/ |archive-date=15 July 2025}}</ref> and RZIM hired the law firm [[Miller_%26_Martin|Miller & Martin]] to investigate. Their report substantiated several of the allegations and showed how Zacharias had tried to conceal his behavior from RZIM employees and the public.<ref name="1-MMreport-20210209">{{cite web |author1=Lynsey M. Barron, Esq. |author2=William P. Eiselstein, Esq. |title=Report of Independent Investigation into Sexual Misconduct of Ravi Zacharias |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/zacharias-report.pdf |access-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724055535/https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/zacharias-report.pdf |archive-date=24 Jul 2025 |date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="4-AP-210212">{{cite news |last1=Crary |first1=David |title=Law firm details sexual misconduct by global ministry leader |url=https://apnews.com/article/ravi-zacharias-sexual-misconduct-4b285e38282c4de13d651a1706853668 |work=AP News |agency=Associated Press |date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702155953/https://apnews.com/article/ravi-zacharias-sexual-misconduct-4b285e38282c4de13d651a1706853668 |archive-date=2 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The report's authors described their investigation of Zacharias's behavior as "not exhaustive," particularly in regards to his activities when traveling overseas, because they had already uncovered enough evidence to conclude that Zacharias had engaged in sexual misconduct.<ref name="1-MMreport-20210209" /> The revelations led to a civil action against RZIM,<ref name="5-J-20230303">{{cite web |title=Carrier et al v. Ravi Zacharias International Ministries, Inc. et al |url=https://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gandce/1:2021cv03161/293093 |website=Justia Dockets & Filings |access-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308125658/https://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gandce/1:2021cv03161/293093 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite court |litigants=Derek Carrier, et al. v. Ravi Zacharias International Ministries, Inc., et al. |date=13 May 2022 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-gand-1_21-cv-03161/pdf/USCOURTS-gand-1_21-cv-03161-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625044634/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-gand-1_21-cv-03161/pdf/USCOURTS-gand-1_21-cv-03161-1.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="6-CT-20210805">{{cite news |last1=Silliman |first1=Daniel |title=Football Player Sues RZIM Claiming Misuse of Funds |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/08/rzim-ravi-zacharias-derek-dora-carrier-lawsuit/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=Christianity Today |date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130122038/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/08/rzim-ravi-zacharias-derek-dora-carrier-lawsuit/ |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref> and to ongoing scrutiny of its management and culture.<ref name="8-AP-210104">{{cite news |last1=Crary |first1=David |title=Ministry roiled by late founder's sexual misconduct scandal |url=https://apnews.com/article/ravi-zacharias-sexual-misconduct-scandal-a1bf686e41ff61e44c62f5d12a5bc3de |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=AP News |date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125022535/https://apnews.com/article/ravi-zacharias-sexual-misconduct-scandal-a1bf686e41ff61e44c62f5d12a5bc3de |archive-date=25 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="7-AP-210310">{{cite news |last1=Crary |first1=David |title=Layoffs, upheaval at Zacharias ministry roiled by scandal |url=https://apnews.com/article/sexual-misconduct-layoffs-michael-pence-7e2b5d1e331db29f6d9e81bc6035871a |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=AP News |date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106153511/https://apnews.com/article/sexual-misconduct-layoffs-michael-pence-7e2b5d1e331db29f6d9e81bc6035871a |archive-date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="9-CT-220223">{{cite news |last1=Silliman |first1=Daniel |title=RZIM Spent Nearly $1M Suing Ravi Zacharias Abuse Victim |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2022/02/rzim-board-donor-money-guidepost-report-ravi/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=Christianity Today |date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706041108/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2022/02/rzim-board-donor-money-guidepost-report-ravi/ |archive-date=6 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="10-RN-20210813">{{cite news |last1=Smietana |first1=Bob |title=She wanted to help Ravi Zacharias save the world but ended up defending an abuser |url=https://religionnews.com/2021/08/13/ruth-malhorta-wanted-to-help-save-the-world-instead-she-ended-up-defending-an-abuser-raavi-zacharias-alori-anne-thompson/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=Religion News Service |date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208002453/https://religionnews.com/2021/08/13/ruth-malhorta-wanted-to-help-save-the-world-instead-she-ended-up-defending-an-abuser-raavi-zacharias-alori-anne-thompson/ |archive-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ravi Zacharias was born on 26 March 1946 in [[Chennai|Madras]], India into a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family, and grew up in [[Delhi]].<ref name= "WP1"/>

Zacharias' family was [[Anglican]],{{sfn|Zacharias | Sawyer |2006|p=45}} but he was a "skeptic" until the age of 17 when he attempted [[suicide]] by swallowing poison.<ref name="WP1"/><ref name="SCMP1"/> While he was in the hospital, a local Christian worker brought him a [[Bible]] and told his mother to read to him from [[John 14]], which contains Jesus' words to [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref name= "WP1"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6aDoOzYN-U | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423004824/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6aDoOzYN-U&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2013-04-23 | url-status=dead|title=Ravi at Princeton University – Why I'm Not an Atheist |via= You tube}}</ref> Zacharias said it was John 14:19 that touched him as the defining paradigm, "Because I live, you also will live", and that he thought, "This may be my only hope: A new way of living. Life as defined by the Author of Life." Zacharias committed his life to [[Jesus|Christ]], praying that "Jesus if you are the one who gives life as it is meant to be, I want it. Please get me out of this hospital bed well, and I promise I will leave no stone unturned in my pursuit of truth."{{sfn|Zacharias | Sawyer |2006|pp=101–105}}

In 1966, Zacharias emigrated with his family to Canada,<ref name="WP1"/> earning his undergraduate degree from the Ontario Bible College in 1972 (now [[Tyndale University]]) and his [[Masters of Divinity|M.Div.]] from [[Trinity International University]] in 1976.<ref name="WP1"/> In 1990 he participated in guided study at [[Ridley Hall, Cambridge|Ridley Hall]], a [[Church of England]] [[theological school]] in [[Cambridge]], Cambridgeshire, England.<ref name="WP1">{{cite news |last1= Pulliam Bailey |first1=Sarah |title=Ravi Zacharias, popular evangelical defender of the Christian faith, dies at 74 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ravi-zacharias-popular-evangelical-defender-of-the-christian-faith-dies-at-74/2020/05/19/e1e094c6-96a0-11ea-9f5e-56d8239bf9ad_story.html |access-date=21 May 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Ministry ===
[[File:Ravi Zacharias at Christ Community Chapel.jpg|thumb|right|Zacharias talks to pastor Joe Coffey at Christ Community Chapel about answering objections to Christianity]]
Zacharias spent the summer of 1971 in [[South Vietnam]], where he evangelized U.S. soldiers as well as imprisoned [[Viet Cong]] members.<ref name="SCMP1">{{cite news |title= Indian-born preacher Ravi Zacharias, who toured the world defending Christianity, dies at age 74 |url= https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3085127/indian-born-preacher-ravi-zacharias-who-toured-world-defending |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=South China Morning Post |date=19 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Ravi Zacharias, India-born Christian apologist, dies of cancer |url= https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/05/19/ravi-zacharias-india-born-christian-apologist-dies-of-cancer.html |access-date=21 May 2020 |work= The Week |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> After graduating from Ontario Bible College, he began an [[Itinerant minister|itinerant]] ministry with the [[Alliance World Fellowship|Christian and Missionary Alliance]] (C&MA) in Canada.{{sfn|Zacharias | Sawyer |2006|p=163}} In 1974 the C&MA sent him to Cambodia, where he preached only a short time before its fall to the [[Khmer Rouge]].<ref name="SCMP1"/> He was later ordained by the C&MA in 1980, and between 1980 and 1984 he taught at the C&MA-affiliated [[Alliance Theological Seminary]], where he was a professor of evangelism.<ref name="WP1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravi Zacharias dies of cancer|url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2020/may/ravi-zacharias-death-cancer-rzim-apologist.html |last= Silliman|first= Daniel |date= 19 May 2020|website=Christianity Today}}</ref>

In 1983, Zacharias spoke in [[Amsterdam]] at the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]]'s first International Conference for Itinerant Evangelists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Evangelist Who Built Global Ministry Dies in Atlanta at 74 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/05/19/us/ap-us-obit-ravi-zacharias.html |access-date= 21 May 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> After Amsterdam, he spent the summer evangelizing in India, where he continued to see the need for apologetic ministry, both to lead people to Christ and to train Christian leaders. In August 1984, Ravi Zacharias International Ministries (RZIM) was founded in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada, to pursue his calling as a "classical evangelist in the arena of the intellectually resistant."<ref name= "Evangelicals">{{cite web|title=Meet Ravi Zacharias|url=http://www.e-n.org.uk/369-Meet-Ravi-Zacharias.htm|author=Edward Plowman|date=March 1998|work=National and International Religion Report|publisher=Evangelicals Now|access-date=4 March 2008|archive-date=1 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901164103/http://www.e-n.org.uk/369-Meet-Ravi-Zacharias.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later its headquarters were located in the suburbs of [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States.<ref name="WP1"/>

In 1989, shortly after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], Zacharias spoke in [[Moscow]] with students at the [[Lenin Military-Political Academy]] as well as political leaders at the Center for Geopolitical Strategy.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Frederick |first1=Prince |title= Mind matters |url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/mind-matters/article2084686.ece |access-date= 21 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date= 7 June 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Zacharias | Sawyer |2006|pp= 197–99}} This was the first of many evangelism events in the political sphere. Future events included one in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, in 1993, where he spoke to members of the judiciary on the importance of having a solid moral foundation.{{sfn|Zacharias|Sawyer | 2006|pp= 200–1}}

The following year, Zacharias wrote his first book, ''A Shattered Visage: The Real Face of [[Atheism]].''<ref>{{cite news |title='Ahora esta con Jesús': el apologista cristiano Ravi Zacharias muere a los 74 años |url=https://spanish.christianpost.com/article/ahora-esta-con-jess-el-apologista-cristiano-ravi-zacharias-muere-a-los-74-aos.html |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Christian Post Español |date=19 May 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1992, Zacharias spoke at his first [[Veritas Forum]] at [[Harvard University]],<ref name="SCMP1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=News from the North American Scene |url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1993/january-11/north-american-scene.html |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Christianity Today |date=11 January 1993}}</ref> and later that year was one of the keynote speakers at [[Urbana (convention)|Urbana]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.urbana.org/_articles.cfm?RecordId=591 |title=Jesus Christ Among Other Gods: Urbana 1993 Address | last =Zacharias | first = Ravi| access-date=5 July 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716153244/http://www.urbana.org/_articles.cfm?RecordId=591 |archive-date=16 July 2007}}</ref> He continued to be a frequent guest at these forums,<ref>{{cite journal |date=January 1996 |title=NEWS: Truth Makes a Comeback in University Settings |journal= Christianity Today |volume= 40 |issue= 1 |url= http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1996/january8/6t1061.html |access-date= 18 February 2008 |quote=While certain speakers such as Zacharias, sociologist Os Guinness, law professor Phillip Johnson, and philosopher Eleanor Stump have made repeat appearances, the actual presentation differs from school to school.}}</ref> both giving lectures and answering students in question-and-answer sessions at academic institutions including the [[University of Georgia]],<ref>{{cite news |first= Pearman |last=Parker |title= Celebrated evangelist attracts thousands |url= https://www.redandblack.com/news/celebrated-evangelist-attracts-thousands/article_426acce6-2d47-56b0-99fa-91df6483c94f.html |publisher=The Red and Black Publishing Co |date=28 September 2007 |access-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> the [[University of Michigan]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Karen |last= Schwartz |title= U. Michigan speaker discusses American culture's ties to religion |url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22303345_ITM |work=The America's Intelligence Wire |publisher= Financial Times |date=4 February 2003 |access-date=18 February 2008 }}</ref> and [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Kristin |last=Colella |title=Author shares insight on faith |url= http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archives/article_acee25f6-8f13-5145-9fe2-0cf3b0a59e0e.html |work=Daily Collegian online |publisher= PSU |date=17 February 2005 |access-date= 21 November 2013}}</ref>

In 2004, [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) opened its signature pulpit at the [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]] to Zacharias for a series of messages. He delivered a sermon on "Who Is the Truth? Defending Jesus Christ as The Way, The Truth and The Life" to some 7,000 lay-persons and scholars from both LDS and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] camps in an initiatory move towards open dialogue between the groups.<ref>{{cite news |first=Carrie A. |last=Moore |title= Evangelical preaches at Salt Lake Tabernacle |url= http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595105580,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041116112149/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595105580,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 November 2004 |work=Deseret Morning News |date=15 November 2004 |access-date=15 February 2008}}</ref> Some evangelicals criticized Zacharias' decision not to use this opportunity to directly address the "deep and foundational" differences between the traditional Christian faith and the teachings of the LDS Church. He responded by asserting that Christians should not immediately condemn the LDS Church's theological differences but "graciously build one step at a time in communicating our faith with clarity and conviction", stating that this would be just as effective as showing someone the faults of their faith.<ref>{{cite news |first= Pauline J. |last=Chang |title=Evangelical Defends Decision to Speak at Mormon Tabernacle |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/evangelical-defends-decision-to-speak-at-mormon-tabernacle-7363/ |work=The Christian Post |date=24 December 2004 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20251227173745/https://www.christianpost.com/article/20041228/7363_Evangelical_Defends_Decision_to_Speak_at_Mormon_Tabernacle.htm |archive-date= 2025-12-27|access-date=20 March 2008 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> The speaking engagement was nearly sabotaged by an allegation by event organizer Greg Johnson, president of Standing Together, that Zacharias had nothing to do with editing the book ''[[The Kingdom of the Cults]]'' and had only loaned his name to the latest edition; Johnson later apologized for his comment.<ref>{{cite news |first=James A. |last=Beverley |title= Evangelist in Brigham Young's Court |url= http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2005/january/2.20.html |work= Christianity Today |date= January 2005|access-date= 20 March 2008}}</ref>

Zacharias was a frequent keynote lecturer within the evangelical community at events including the Future of Truth conference in 2004,<ref>{{cite news |title= Future of Truth Conference Explores Biblical Realities, Exposes Theological Heresies to Present a More Convincing Picture of Truth in Today's Society; Conference Will Feature Trusted Theologians Ravi Zacharias, William Lane Craig, Phillip Johnson, Erwin Lutzer, Emir Caner and Frank Peretti at The Moody Church in Chicago |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-21985798_ITM |publisher=PR Newswire |date=15 July 2004 |access-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> the [[National Religious Broadcasters]]' Convention and Exposition in 2005,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.christianpost.com/news/thousands-flock-to-anaheim-for-largest-christian-communications-convention-13287/ |title= Thousands Flock to Anaheim for Largest Christian Communications Convention |last= Chang |first=Pauline J. |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120630111451/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20050213/13287_Thousands_Flock_to_Anaheim_for_Largest_Christian_Communications_Convention.htm |archive-date=30 June 2012 |work=The Christian Post |date=13 February 2005 |access-date=18 February 2008 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> and the National Conference on Christian Apologetics in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.christianpost.com/news/missionfest-opens-asking-what-does-it-mean-to-be-human-26103/ |title=MissionFest Opens Asking 'What Does it Mean to be Human?' |first=Michelle |last=Vu |work=The Christian Post |date= 2 March 2007 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130102070535/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070302/26103_MissionFest_Opens_Asking_'What_Does_it_Mean_to_be_Human%3F'.htm |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=18 February 2008 |url-status= unfit}}</ref> On successive nights in October 2007, he addressed first the students and faculty of [[Virginia Tech]], then the community of [[Blacksburg, Virginia|Blacksburg]], [[Virginia]], on the topic of evil and suffering in the wake of the [[Virginia Tech massacre]].<ref>{{cite news|first= Lindsay |last=Key |title=Virginia Tech audience hears Christian speaker |url= http://www.roanoke.com/news/nrv/wb/135261 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20120222065412/http://www.roanoke.com/news/nrv/wb/135261 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2012-02-22|work= The Roanoke Times |date=10 October 2007 |access-date=15 February 2008}}</ref> Zacharias represented the evangelical community at occasions such as the [[National Day of Prayer]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], the Annual Prayer Breakfast at the [[United Nations]], the [[African Union]] Prayer Breakfast in [[Maputo, Mozambique|Maputo]], Mozambique, and was named honorary chairman of the 2008 National Day of Prayer task force.<ref name= "NDOP">{{cite web | title = Dr. Ravi Zacharias Bio | publisher = National Day of Prayer official website | url = http://www.ndptf.org/press_room/index_2269.cfm | access-date = 5 July 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080530033425/http://www.ndptf.org/press_room/index_2269.cfm |archive-date = 30 May 2008}}</ref> He also participated in the ecumenical Together 2016 meetings, which [[Pope Francis]] addressed, describing the event as a valiant effort.<ref name= "CT">{{cite web |url= http://www.christiantoday.com/article/together.2016.july.16.d.c.event.to.see.evangelicals.catholics.forging.historic.unity.to.pray.for.a.reset.for.our.nation/88116.htm | title = 'Together 2016': July 16 D.C. event to see Evangelicals, Catholics forging 'historic unity' to 'pray for a reset for our nation' | work= Christianity Today | date= 11 June 2016 | access-date=12 June 2016 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20160612134249/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/together.2016.july.16.d.c.event.to.see.evangelicals.catholics.forging.historic.unity.to.pray.for.a.reset.for.our.nation/88116.htm | archive-date= 12 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://reset2016.com/confirmed/ | title = 'Together 2016' Confirmed Speakers | work= Official website | access-date=12 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160612144925/https://reset2016.com/confirmed/ | archive-date= 12 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://rzim.org/global-blog/together-2016-update-from-washington-d-c/ | title = Together 2016: Update from Washington, DC | publisher = RZIM | first = Ravi | last = Zacharias | type = personal account | date = 21 July 2016 | access-date = 12 August 2016 | archive-date = 27 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160727115530/http://rzim.org/global-blog/together-2016-update-from-washington-d-c/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2006, Ravi Zacharias along with [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford|Wycliffe Hall]] established the Oxford Centre for Christian Apologetics (OCCA) in Oxfordshire, England though it is now entirely separate from Wycliffe.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.theocca.org/about/ |website=OCCA |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cherry |first1=Libby |title=Oxford colleges hosting group with "homophobic, misogynistic and Islamophobic views" |url=https://cherwell.org/2019/11/01/oxford-colleges-hosting-group-with-homophobic-misogynistic-and-islamophobic-views/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Cherwell |date=1 November 2019}}</ref>

In November 2009, Zacharias signed the ecumenical ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience|Manhattan Declaration]]'' which affirms the sanctity of human life, the dignity of marriage as a union of husband and wife, and freedom of religion as foundational principles of justice and the common good.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers |title=Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience | work =Demoss news |access-date=29 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901171332/http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers |archive-date=1 September 2013 }}</ref> In 2016, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Marco Rubio]] appointed Zacharias to his [[anti-abortion]] "Dignity of Life" advisory panel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gryboski |first=Michael |title=Rubio Forms 'Dignity of Life' Board Featuring Al Mohler, Ravi Zacharias |url= https://www.christianpost.com/news/rubio-dignity-of-life-board-albert-mohler-ravi-zacharias-155561/ |access-date=11 March 2018 |work=The Christian Post |date=21 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, according to RZIM's public [[Form 990]] tax return, Zacharias and his wife earned a combined total of $523,926 from the ministry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ravi Zacharias International Ministries, Full Filing | work = Nonprofit Explorer | date = 9 May 2013 |url= https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133200719/201632809349301353/full |publisher=ProPublica}}</ref>

===Worldview===
Zacharias argued that a [[Consistency|coherent]] [[worldview]] must be able to satisfactorily answer four questions: that of [[Abiogenesis|origin]], [[meaning of life]], [[morality]], and [[destiny]]. He said that while every major [[religion]] makes exclusive claims about [[truth]], the Christian faith is unique in its ability to answer all four of these questions.<ref>{{cite book |title= Deliver Us From Evil |url= https://archive.org/details/deliverusfromevi0000zach |url-access= registration |last=Zacharias |first=Ravi |year= 1997 |publisher=Word |location= Nashville |isbn=0-8499-3950-X |pages= [https://archive.org/details/deliverusfromevi0000zach/page/219 219–20]}}</ref> He routinely spoke on the [[Logic|coherence]] of the [[Christian worldview]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Julia |last= Duin |title=Christian worldview; Theologian-author Zacharias decries media double-standard |url= http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-3078820_ITM |work=The Washington Times |date=4 July 2003 |access-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> saying that Christianity is capable of withstanding the toughest philosophical attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ravi Zacharias: Defender of the faith; Alpharetta minister takes the Gospel to intellectuals |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADA2FFC6CF5BD0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |work= The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution |date= 1 March 1997 |access-date= 18 February 2008 |archive-date= 7 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180707124545/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADA2FFC6CF5BD0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |url-status= dead }}</ref> Zacharias believed that the [[Christian apologetics|apologist]] must argue from three levels: from logic to make it tenable; from feelings to make it liveable; and from whether one has the right to use it to make moral judgments.<ref>{{cite book |title=Is Your Church Ready? |last1=Zacharias |first1=Ravi |first2 =Norman L. | last2 = Geisler |year= 2003 |publisher=Zondervan |location=Grand Rapids |isbn=0-8499-3950-X | pages= [https://archive.org/details/deliverusfromevi0000zach/page/33 33]–34|url= https://archive.org/details/deliverusfromevi0000zach |access-date=17 March 2008 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Zacharias' style of apologetics focused predominantly on Christianity's answers to life's great [[Existential crisis|existential questions]] with [[Apologetics|defense of God]].<ref name="WP1"/> He argued that the dominance of the visual in modern communication systems has impacted people's capacity for abstract reasoning, altering their way of perceiving things; however, the integration of abstract reasoning into one's worldview is important to have its base grounded in absolutes rather than on relative feelings and fads.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Marbaniang |first1=Domenic |title= 21st Century Christian Contribution to Philosophy |journal= Basileia |date=October 2008 |volume= I |issue=1 |pages=13–15 |url= https://www.academia.edu/38211060| access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

==Academic credential controversies==
In an earlier edition of his biography and in other literature, Zacharias claimed to have studied at the [[University of Cambridge]] and was a visiting professor at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{cite speech |title=Living the Faith We Defend with Ravi Zacharias |first= Ravi |last=Zacharias |event=C.S. Lewis Institute |location= Falls Church, [[Virginia|VA]] |date=2 May 2003 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmTPxgGuA7Q | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220193603/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmTPxgGuA7Q| archive-date=2013-12-20 | url-status=dead|access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Ravi Zacharias |url=http://www.rzim.org/ravi/ |publisher=RZIM |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011014248/http://www.rzim.org/ravi/ |archive-date=11 October 2007 |date=9 March 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> In multiple speaking engagements he said that he had taken a class in quantum mechanics under [[John Polkinghorne]] and while a visiting scholar at Cambridge had heard [[Stephen Hawking]] lecture, seeing him [[Stephen Hawking#Religion and atheism|struggle between agnosticism and theism]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurutz |first1=Steven |title=Ravi Zacharias, Preacher Who Used Reason to Defend Faith, Dies at 74 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/us/ravi-zacharias-dead.html |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213032220/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/us/ravi-zacharias-dead.html |archive-date=13 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn |Zacharias | Sawyer | 2006}} Zacharias often claimed in books and sermons that he was invited to be a visiting scholar at Cambridge, where he focused his studies on [[Romantic literature|Romantic writers]] and moralist philosophers.{{Sfn |Zacharias | Sawyer | 2006}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zacharias |first1=Ravi |title=Walking from East to West : God in the shadows |date=2006 |publisher=Zondervan |location=Grand Rapids, Mich. |isbn=0-310-25915-0 |pages=204–206 |edition=1st}}</ref>

The veracity of Zacharias's purported academic positions at the universities of [[Oxbridge|Oxford and Cambridge]] was questioned by psychologist [[Warren Throckmorton]].<ref name= "CT-dec2017">{{cite news|url= http://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2017/december/ravi-zacharias-sexting-extortion-lawsuit-doctorate-bio-rzim.html|title=Ravi Zacharias Responds to Sexting Allegations, Credentials Critique |last1= Shellnutt |first1= Kate|date=3 December 2017 |access-date=24 February 2018 | work = Christianity Today|last2= Zylstra|first2= Sarah Eekhoff}}</ref> Throckmorton claimed that Zacharias "wasn't being truthful", pointing out that he had been a visiting scholar at [[Ridley Hall, Cambridge|Ridley Hall]], though Ridley Hall does maintain ties with the [[Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Ridley2025">{{cite web |title=Study For Ordination |url=https://www.ridley.cam.ac.uk/study/study-for-ordination |publisher=[[Ridley Hall, Cambridge|Ridley Hall]] |access-date=3 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Throckmorton |first1=Warren |title=Was Ravi Zacharias a Visiting Scholar at Cambridge University? |url=https://www.wthrockmorton.com/2017/11/28/ravi-zacharias-visiting-scholar-cambridge-university/ |website=Warren Throckmorton's blog |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119202518/https://www.wthrockmorton.com/2017/11/28/ravi-zacharias-visiting-scholar-cambridge-university/ |archive-date=19 January 2021 |date=28 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Atheist commentator Steve Baughman also ran a website that claimed that Zacharias exaggerated his qualifications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Marcus |title=Meet the 'atheist with an agenda' who helped reveal Ravi Zacharias scandal |url=https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/meet-the-atheist-with-an-agenda-who-helped-reveal-ravi-zacharias-scandal |access-date=25 March 2021 |work=Premier Christian News |date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217161157/https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/meet-the-atheist-with-an-agenda-who-helped-reveal-ravi-zacharias-scandal |archive-date=17 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Boorstein |first1=Michelle |title=Evangelist Ravi Zacharias taught followers to ask tough questions but not about his sexual conduct |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2021/02/09/ravi-zacharias-apologist-rzim-sexual-misconduct-lori-anne-thompson-spa/ |access-date=25 March 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2017, ''[[Christianity Today]]'' reported accusations that Zacharias had exaggerated his academic credentials; for instance that he had referred to himself in multiple articles and videos with the [[Doctor (title)|title "Doctor" or "Dr."]] though he did not have a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] qualification. In response, Zacharias said he had been conferred ten [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorates]] and RZIM further argued that "in Ravi's homeland of India… honorific titles are customary and are used frequently out of respect for elders, including by the RZIM India team when addressing Ravi."<ref name="RZIM-DR">{{cite web|url= http://rzim.org/global-blog/rzim-statement-on-ravi-zacharias-biography|title= Statement on Ravi Zacharias' Biography|publisher= RZIM|access-date= 24 February 2018|archive-date= 4 December 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171204051938/http://rzim.org/global-blog/rzim-statement-on-ravi-zacharias-biography|url-status= dead}}</ref> In a statement, RZIM indicated that "[in] earlier years, 'Dr.' did appear before Ravi's name in some of our materials, including on our website, which is an appropriate and acceptable practice with honorary doctorates. However, because this practice can be contentious in certain circles, we no longer use it." ''Christianity Today'' reported that Zacharias' online biography was edited following the accusations regarding his credentials.<ref name="RZIM-DR"/>

==Sexual abuse==
Both before and after his death in May 2020, multiple women alleged that Zacharias had engaged in habitual [[sexual misconduct]] and/or [[sexual abuse|abuse]]. Ruth Malhotra, a former member of RZIM, claims that suspicions regarding Zacharias' behavior had existed during his lifetime but that RZIM employees were not allowed to investigate.<ref>[https://religionnews.com/2021/08/13/ruth-malhorta-wanted-to-help-save-the-world-instead-she-ended-up-defending-an-abuser-raavi-zacharias-alori-anne-thompson/ She wanted to help Ravi Zacharias save the world but ended up defending an abuser]</ref>

===Lori Anne Thompson's lawsuit===
In April 2017, RZIM claimed that Canadians Lori Anne and Brad Thompson sent a [[demand letter]] to Zacharias requiring him to pay $5 million in exchange for them refraining from filing a [[lawsuit]] that would have accused him of impropriety. Their evidence included [[text message|text exchange]]s, which included nude photos sent by Lori Anne Thompson to Zacharias. In response, Zacharias filed a lawsuit accusing the couple of [[extortion]].<ref name= "CT2017">{{cite news |last1= Shellnutt |first1= Kate |last2=Eekhoff Zylstra |first2= Sarah |title=Ravi Zacharias Responds to Sexting Allegations, Credentials Critique |url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2017/december/ravi-zacharias-sexting-extortion-lawsuit-doctorate-bio-rzim.html |access-date= 21 May 2020 |work=Christianity Today |date=3 December 2017}}</ref> The case was settled in November 2017 with a [[non-disclosure agreement]].<ref name= "CT2017"/> In a statement issued on 3 December 2017,<ref name= "RZIM1">{{cite web |last1=Zacharias |first1=Ravi |title=Ravi Zacharias: Statement on My Federal Lawsuit |url=https://www.rzim.org/read/rzim-global/ravi-zacharias-statement-on-my-federal-lawsuit |publisher=RZIM |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531223106/https://www.rzim.org/read/rzim-global/ravi-zacharias-statement-on-my-federal-lawsuit |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zacharias said, "Let me state categorically that I never met [Thompson] alone, publicly or privately. The question is not whether I solicited or sent any illicit photos or messages to [her]—I did not, and there is no evidence to the contrary—but rather, whether I should have been a willing participant in any extended communication with a woman, not my wife. The answer, I can unequivocally say, is no, and I fully accept responsibility." He added that he had been "absolutely faithful" to his wife throughout their marriage, but acknowledged that he "failed to exercise wise caution and to protect [himself] from even the appearance of impropriety".<ref name="CT2017" /><ref name= "RZIM1"/>

===2020 abuse allegations and preliminary report===
Four months after Zacharias died in 2020, three women who worked at two [[day spa]]s he had co-owned in the Atlanta area came forward alleging that he had [[sexual harassment|sexually harassed]] multiple massage therapists over the course of five years. According to ''[[Christianity Today]]'', Zacharias [[masturbation|masturbated]] in front of one of the women more than fifty times, requested explicit photos of her, and asked for sex on at least two occasions. Other women claimed that Zacharias had inappropriately groped or fondled them. A former business partner, Anurag Sharma, expressed regret at not stopping Zacharias and issued an apology to one of the alleged victims in the ''Christianity Today'' article.<ref name="Ravi Zacharias's Ministry Investigates Claims of Sexual Misconduct at Spas">{{cite news |last=Silliman |first= Daniel |title=Ravi Zacharias's Ministry Investigates Claims of Sexual Misconduct at Spas |url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2020/september/ravi-zacharias-sexual-harassment-rzim-spa-massage-investiga.html|access-date=29 September 2020 |work=Christianity Today |date=29 September 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210217100744/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2020/september/ravi-zacharias-sexual-harassment-rzim-spa-massage-investiga.html |archive-date=17 February 2021|url-status= live}}</ref>

RZIM initially denied the claims, but subsequently hired the law firm [[Miller & Martin]] to conduct an investigation. Miller & Martin engaged the services of a [[private investigation]] firm consisting of former federal law enforcement officers. The investigators interviewed more than fifty people, including more than a dozen massage therapists, and accessed data from four [[mobile device]]s used by Zacharias.<ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm details sexual misconduct by global ministry leader Ravi Zacharias |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/law-firm-details-sexual-misconduct-global-ministry-leader-ravi-zacharias-n1257629 |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=[[NBC News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215224424if_/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/law-firm-details-sexual-misconduct-global-ministry-leader-ravi-zacharias-n1257629 |archive-date=15 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 December 2020, RZIM confirmed that the allegations were true and released a preliminary report from the investigation, which concluded:

{{Blockquote |text= "The interim investigation update indicates this assessment of Ravi's behavior to be true—that he did indeed engage in sexual misconduct.<ref>{{cite web |title= Update from RZIM Board: Allegations Against Ravi Zacharias – Intermediate statement regarding external investigation|url= https://rzimmedia.rzim.org/assets/downloads/2020-12-22+LMB+Ltr+to+Special+Cmte.pdf |publisher=RZIM |date=23 December 2020|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210216153610/https://www.rzim.org/page/update-from-rzim-board-allegations-against-ravi-zacharias |archive-date=16 February 2021|url-status= live}}</ref> This misconduct is deeply troubling and wholly inconsistent with the man Ravi Zacharias presented both publicly and privately to so many over more than four decades of public ministry. We are heartbroken at learning this but feel it necessary to be transparent and to inform our staff, donors, and supporters at this time, even while the investigation continues."<ref>{{cite web |title=Update from RZIM Board: Allegations Against Ravi Zacharias |url= https://www.rzim.org/page/update-from-rzim-board-allegations-against-ravi-zacharias |publisher=RZIM |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216153610/https://www.rzim.org/page/update-from-rzim-board-allegations-against-ravi-zacharias |archive-date= 16 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Full report and subsequent allegations===
On 11 February 2021, RZIM released the full results of its investigation, concluding that there was credible evidence that Zacharias had engaged in sexual misconduct.<ref name= "nytimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1= Ruth |title=Ravi Zacharias, Influential Evangelist, Is Accused of Sexual Abuse in Scathing Report |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/us/ravi-zacharias-sexual-abuse.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date= 11 February 2021}}</ref> Accordingly, it was found that Zacharias solicited and received sexually explicit photos from more than 200 women who were in their early twenties until a few months before he died in 2020.<ref name="CT 17 Feb 2021">{{cite news |last1=Silliman |first1=Daniel |last2=Shellnut |first2=Kate |title=Ravi Zacharias Hid Hundreds of Pictures of Women, Abuse During Massages, and a Rape Allegation |url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/february/ravi-zacharias-rzim-investigation-sexual-abuse-sexting-rape.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work= [[Christianity Today]] |date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217122338/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/february/ravi-zacharias-rzim-investigation-sexual-abuse-sexting-rape.html |archive-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> According to investigators, Zacharias also used thousands of dollars of ministry funds which had been dedicated to a "humanitarian effort" to pay for massage therapists, providing them housing, schooling, and monthly support for extended periods of time.<ref name="CT 17 Feb 2021" />

In an article on the report, ''[[The Gospel Coalition]]'' noted that,
{{Blockquote|text=Some therapists describe Zacharias as setting the women at ease by asking probing questions about their background, including "financial struggles or emotionally broken backgrounds." For example, one therapist reported that Zacharias spent the first half of their first massage session asking about her spiritual journey and prior abuse. This set her at ease and made her feel that he cared for her as a person before he later asked her to massage his genitals.

Another woman reported that he would talk about her career plans and efforts to improve her financial situation while he was massaging her breasts. She never came forward because she thought, "Who would believe me?" against a famous Christian leader. Some therapists also reported that Zacharias paid well or would leave large tips and gave gifts that were at times lavish, such as a Persian rug or a Louis Vuitton wallet with $500 inside.<ref name="thegospelcoalition.org">{{cite web |author=Joe Carter |title=Report: Ravi Zacharias Engaged in Sexual Abuse |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/report-ravi-zacharias-sexual-abuse/ |publisher=[[The Gospel Coalition]] |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218030018/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/report-ravi-zacharias-sexual-abuse/ |archive-date=18 February 2021 |date=12 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Regarding Zacharias' financial irregularities, ''The Gospel Coalition'' further noted from the report that RZIM would pay rent for Zacharias to stay in his own apartment while in Bangkok. They wrote, {{Blockquote
|text=Zacharias often traveled alone to Bangkok and other parts of Southeast Asia for substantial time. He owned two apartments in Bangkok. Between 2010 and 2014 he spent a total of 256 days in one of these apartments and sought rent reimbursement from RZIM for those stays. The other apartment, in the same building but on a different floor, housed one of his massage therapists.<ref name="thegospelcoalition.org"/>}}

''Christianity Today'' while reporting on the findings, wrote that,
{{Blockquote|text=One woman told the investigators that "after he arranged for the ministry to provide her with financial support, he required sex from her." She called it rape. She said Zacharias "made her pray with him to thank God for the 'opportunity' they both received" and, as with other victims, "called her his 'reward' for living a life of service to God," the report says. Zacharias warned the woman—a fellow believer—if she ever spoke out against him, she would be responsible for millions of souls lost when his reputation was damaged.<ref name="CT 17 Feb 2021" />}}

Vicki Blue maintains that Zacharias threatened to make her and her daughter, Becca (who was also abused), miserable if she disclosed abuse. She stated, "Ravi kept talking about an anonymous donor that he could get limitless money from," Blue said. "He said, 'I can keep it going and make your life miserable until you die.'" Blue said that initially, Zacharias helped her a great deal with her spiritual confusion, and she thought he was "the closest person to God other than Jesus." Later, Zacharias maintained that his marriage was unsatisfactory and that Blue was "his soulmate," and he "couldn't survive without (her)." Blue maintains Zacharias put his hand into her groin and continued sexual advances after she said, "no". Zacharias exposed himself and masturbated in front of her 50 to 100 times, he twice asked her to have sex but she refused. At the time, Blue believed Zacharias was in love with her. She claims she was confused and vulnerable, stating, "It's hard to explain. When someone gives you spiritual advice and you know everything he says about God is true, yet he's also doing these things to you—it took years of therapy to realize I didn't do anything wrong." Blue was persuaded to open a spa with Zacharias as a co-owner, and it failed financially. Blue maintains her daughter, Becca, said Zacharias molested her, and six other spa therapists also complained he had done something perverted or molested them. "I realized then how much I had been used and manipulated," Blue stated.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://julieroys.com/victim-of-ravi-zacharias-speaks-he-threatened-to-ruin-me/ | title=Spa Co-Owner & Victim of Ravi Zacharias Speaks: He Threatened to "Ruin" Me | publisher=The Roys Report | date=13 April 2021 | first=Julie | last=Roys | accessdate=18 October 2025 }}</ref>

In an interview, Shirley Steward, a retired Ontario Provincial Police Officer, recounts that Ravi Zacharias, who was already a Christian minister at the time, pressured her to have an abortion after she became pregnant as a teenager by his brother Ramesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravi Zacharias Pressured Me to Get an Abortion|url=https://julieroys.com/podcast/ravi-zacharias-pressured-me-to-get-an-abortion/|access-date=20 February 2021|website=[[The Roys Report]]|date=11 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Repercussions===
In their release of the full report, the board of RZIM stated that it was "shocked and grieved by Ravi's actions" and apologized to his victims: "Words cannot come close to expressing the sorrow that we feel for what you have been through or the gratitude we feel for the bravery with which you have responded."<ref name="The Week 12 Feb 2021">{{cite news |title=Prominent evangelical leader Ravi Zacharias engaged in sexual misconduct, his ministry reports |url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/966519/prominent-evangelical-leader-ravi-zacharias-engaged-sexual-misconduct-ministry-reports |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=[[The Week]] |date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217052705/https://theweek.com/speedreads/966519/prominent-evangelical-leader-ravi-zacharias-engaged-sexual-misconduct-ministry-reports |archive-date=17 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Carson Weitnauer, a former RZIM employee, referred to Zacharias as "one of [his generation's] greatest frauds," a "[[sexual predator]]", and a "uniquely charismatic manipulator."<ref name="Fraud">{{cite web |last1= Weitnauer |first1=Carson |title=A Catastrophic Betrayal |url= https://reasonsforgod.org/a-catastrophic-betrayal/ |website=Reasons for God |access-date= 19 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201221154648/https://reasonsforgod.org/a-catastrophic-betrayal/ |archive-date=21 December 2020 |date=21 December 2020 |url-status= live}}</ref>

On 12 February 2021, Zacharias Trust, the UK branch of RZIM, decided to change its name and cut ties to the parent ministry, criticizing their response to the scandal as inadequate.<ref name= Briggs>{{Cite web|last=Briggs|first=Megan|date=12 February 2021|title=RZIM UK Cutting Ties After US Board Response to Abuse Report Found to Be Inadequate|url= https://churchleaders.com/news/390108-rzim-uk-cutting-ties-after-us-board-response-to-abuse-report-found-to-be-inadequate.html|access-date=24 February 2021|website=ChurchLeaders|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Zacharias Ministries admits it was wrong about its founder's abuse|url= https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2021/19-february/news/world/zacharias-ministries-admits-it-was-wrong-about-its-founder-s-abuse|date=15 February 2021|access-date=24 February 2021|website= Church times}}</ref> By 24 February, RZIM Africa had suspended its operations while RZIM itself scaled back its website.<ref>{{cite news |title=US Head of Ravi Zacharias Ministries apologises and global operations wind down |url= https://www.eternitynews.com.au/world/us-head-of-ravi-zacharias-ministries-apologises-and-global-operations-wind-down/ |access-date= 24 February 2021 |work=Eternity News |date=24 February 2021}}</ref> On 8 March, RZIM stated it would alter its name and remove all material related to Zacharias.<ref name="RZIM name change">{{cite web |last1=Bentley |first1=Cara |title=RZIM announces plan to change name and remove all content referring to Ravi Zacharias |url=https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/rzim-announces-plan-to-change-name-and-remove-all-content-referring-to-ravi-zacharias |publisher=Premier Christian News |access-date=8 March 2021 |date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308234503/https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/rzim-announces-plan-to-change-name-and-remove-all-content-referring-to-ravi-zacharias|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CT name change">{{cite news |last1=Sillman |first1=Daniel |title=Ravi Zacharias's Ministry Plans Name Change, Calls for More Victims to Come Forward |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/march/ravi-zacharias-rzim-name-change-abuse-victims-call.html |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=[[Christianity Today]] |date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308214152/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/march/ravi-zacharias-rzim-name-change-abuse-victims-call.html |archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> As a result of falling donations, RZIM decided to make 60% of its workforce worldwide redundant and changed from running evangelists and apologists to making grants to other organizations, supporting evangelism and "the prevention of and caring for victims of sexual abuse."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smietana |first1=Bob |title=Ravi Zacharias ministry to change focus to supporting evangelism and abuse victims |url=https://religionnews.com/2021/03/10/ravi-zacharias-ministry-to-lay-off-60-of-staff-change-focus-to-supporting-evangelism-and-abuse-victims/ |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=[[Religion News Service]] |date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316000712/https://religionnews.com/2021/03/10/ravi-zacharias-ministry-to-lay-off-60-of-staff-change-focus-to-supporting-evangelism-and-abuse-victims/ |archive-date=16 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Crary |first1=David |title=Layoffs, upheaval at Zacharias ministry roiled by scandal |url=https://apnews.com/article/sexual-misconduct-layoffs-michael-pence-7e2b5d1e331db29f6d9e81bc6035871a |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=11 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321202705/https://apnews.com/article/sexual-misconduct-layoffs-michael-pence-7e2b5d1e331db29f6d9e81bc6035871a |archive-date=21 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, RZIM Canada began winding down operations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Jennifer |title=End of the road for RZIM Canada after devastating Ravi Zacharias report |url= https://christiantoday.com/article/end.of.the.road.for.rzim.canada.after.devastating.ravi.zacharias.report/136402.htm |access-date=23 February 2021 |work=[[Christian Today]] |date=19 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210221170315/https://www.christiantoday.com/article/end.of.the.road.for.rzim.canada.after.devastating.ravi.zacharias.report/136402.htm |archive-date= 21 February 2021|url-status= live}}</ref>

On 12 February 2021, the IWU Society of World Changers Committee unanimously voted to remove Ravi Zacharias from the Society of World Changers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Society of World Changers Update |url=https://www.indwes.edu/news/2021/02/ravi-zacharias-statement-world-changers |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.indwes.edu |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 February 2021, the Alliance World Fellowship revoked Zacharias' ordination after its own investigation confirmed a "pattern of predatory behaviour."<ref name="Ordination revoked">{{cite news |last1=Silliman |first1=Daniel |title=Ravi Zacharias's Denomination Revokes Ordination |url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/february/ravi-zacharias-cma-investigation-revoke-ordination.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=[[Christianity Today]] |date=19 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210219073018/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/february/ravi-zacharias-cma-investigation-revoke-ordination.html |archive-date=19 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Christian Publishing]], which includes [[Zondervan]] and [[Thomas Nelson (publisher)|Thomas Nelson]], confirmed that it would no longer sell books by Zacharias and that it was working with Christian author [[Lee Strobel]] to remove Zacharias from other works.<ref name="HarperCollins response">{{cite news |last1=Shellnutt |first1=Kate |title=Ravi Zacharias's Books Pulled by HarperCollins After RZIM Investigative Report |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/february/ravi-zacharias-books-harper-collins-lee-strobel-rzim-report.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=[[Christianity Today]] |date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223203/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/february/ravi-zacharias-books-harper-collins-lee-strobel-rzim-report.html |archive-date=15 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early August 2021, the Brad Sohn Law Firm filed a lawsuit on behalf of several former RZIM donors, including [[NFL]] player [[Derek Carrier]] and his wife Dora, seeking the return of donations they had given to RZIM between 2004 and 9 February 2021. The plaintiffs asserted that they donated to RZIM, believing it was to finance spreading the Christian message, when in fact the money financed Zacharias' predatory behavior.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silliman |first1=Daniel |title=Football Player Sues RZIM Claiming Misuse of Funds |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/august/rzim-ravi-zacharias-derek-dora-carrier-lawsuit.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=[[Christianity Today]] |date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806051533/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/august/rzim-ravi-zacharias-derek-dora-carrier-lawsuit.html |archive-date=6 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Zacharias Ministry, RZIM, Sued by NFL's Derek Carrier for Allegedly Misusing Funds, Deceiving Christians |url=https://faithfullymagazine.com/ravi-zacharias-ministry-sued/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=Faithfully Magazine |date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805180627/https://faithfullymagazine.com/ravi-zacharias-ministry-sued/ |archive-date=5 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anugrah |title=Class-action lawsuit claims RZIM donations misused, funneled to pay off sex abuse survivors |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/lawsuit-claims-rzim-donations-funneled-to-pay-abuse-survivors.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=[[Christian Post]] |date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807170452/https://www.christianpost.com/news/lawsuit-claims-rzim-donations-funneled-to-pay-abuse-survivors.html |archive-date=7 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The case was settled and dismissed in April 2023, after the district court granted RZIM's motion to strike the class in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=PacerPro docket for Carrier v. Ravi Zacharias International Ministries, Inc. (Case No. 1:21-cv-3161-TWT) |url=https://app.pacerpro.com/cases/18353726}}</ref>

As of 2024, RZIM continues to operate. However, no financial information or grant application is posted on its website.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Roberts |title=RZIM’s Continuing Operations Lack Transparency |url=https://ministrywatch.com/rzims-continuing-operations-lack-transparency/ |website=Ministry Watch |access-date=28 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705234437/https://ministrywatch.com/rzims-continuing-operations-lack-transparency/ |archive-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 7 May 1972, Zacharias married Margaret "Margie" Reynolds, whom he had met at his church's youth group.{{sfn|Zacharias|2006}} They had three children.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Foust|first=Michael|date=19 May 2020|title=Ravi Zacharias dead at 74|work=Christian Headlines|url=https://chvnradio.com/christian-news/ravi-zacharias-dead-at-74|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525200553/https://chvnradio.com/christian-news/ravi-zacharias-dead-at-74|url-status=dead}}</ref> He lived in [[Atlanta]], Georgia.<ref name= "WP1"/>

In March 2020, Zacharias announced that he had been diagnosed with [[sarcoma]] of the [[sacrum]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Foust|first= Michael |url= https://www.christianheadlines.com/contributors/michael-foust/ravi-zacharias-reveals-he-has-malignant-tumor-we-are-trusting-the-lord.html |title=Ravi Zacharias Reveals He Has Malignant Tumor: 'We Are Trusting The Lord'|date=13 March 2020|work=Christian Headlines|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref> and on 19 May 2020, he died of that cancer at his home in Atlanta at the age of 74.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ravi Zacharias dies of cancer at 74|url=https://disrn.com/news/ravi-zacharias-has-died-at-74|website=Disrn|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530135436/https://disrn.com/news/ravi-zacharias-has-died-at-74|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following his death, many high-profile Christians posted messages online detailing Zacharias's influence upon them.<ref>{{cite web|title= Ravi Zacharias cancer update: Beautiful tributes for apologist after grim prognosis|url= https://www.christiantoday.com/article/ravi-zacharias-cancer-update-tributes-apologist-after-grim-prognosis/134851.htm |date= 17 May 2020 |website= Christian today |access-date= 18 May 2020}}</ref>

Then-White House press secretary [[Kayleigh McEnany]] and then-U.S. Vice President [[Mike Pence]] were among many who expressed their sympathies for Zacharias following his death.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parke|first=Caleb|title=Ravi Zacharias tributes pour in from Pence, Christian leaders|url= https://www.foxnews.com/faith-values/ravi-zacharias-passed-away-christian-tribute |website= Fox news |access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref>

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*''The End of Reason: A Response to the New Atheists'' (2008) {{ISBN|0-310-28251-9}}
*''Is There Not a Cause'' (2008; National Day of Prayer Feature Book) {{ISBN|978-1-93010721-2}}; Audio CD {{ISBN|978-1-61256016-8}}.
*''New Birth or Rebirth: Jesus Talks with Krishna'' (2008) {{ISBN|1-59052-725-9}}
*''There is a Plan'' (2009) (excerpts from ''The Grand Weaver'') {{ISBN|0-310-31849-1}}
*''Has Christianity Failed You?'' (2010) {{ISBN |0-310-26955-5}}
*''The Lotus and the Cross: Jesus Talks with Buddha'' (2010) {{ISBN|1-60142-318-7}}
*''Why Jesus? Rediscovering His Truth in an Age of Mass Marketed Spirituality'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-0-89296-319-5}}
*''The Lamb and the Führer'' (graphic novel, 2014) {{ISBN|978-161328-137-6}}
*''Why Suffering? Finding Meaning and Comfort When Life Doesn't Make Sense'' (2014) {{ISBN |978-1-45554-970-2}}
* with Vince Vitale, ''Jesus Among Secular Gods: The Countercultural Claims of Christ'' (2017) {{ISBN|978-1-45556915-1}}
*''The Logic of God: 52 Christian Essentials for the Heart and Mind'' (2019) {{ISBN|978-0-310-45405-2}}
* with Abdu Murray, ''Seeing Jesus from The East: A Fresh Look at History's Most Influential Figure'' (2020) {{ISBN|978-0-310-53129-6}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}

* [https://www.rzim.org Official RZIM website]
* [https://defendingravi.com/ Defending Ravi]

{{Philosophy of religion}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zacharias, Ravi}}
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Harshat Mata Temple

2026-04-09T16:02:30Z

DianaX6283: added a place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox temple
| image = Abhaneri (2022-07-15) Harshat Mata ki Mandir -- img 02.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Front facade of the temple ruin
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|00|27|N|76|36|19|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| name = Harshat Mata ki Mandir
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| location = [[Abhaneri]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Lakshmi]]
| tradition = [[Shaktism]]
|architecture_style=[[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara]]}}
The '''Harshat Mata Temple''' ([[IAST]]: ''Harṣat Mātā kā Mandir'') is a [[Hindu temple]] in the [[Abhaneri]] (or "Abaneri") village of [[Rajasthan]], in north-western [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to a goddess named Harshat Mata, although some art historians theorize it was initially a [[Vaishnavite]] shrine.

The original temple appears to have been built in the ''[[panchayatana (temple)|panchayatana]]'' style, which features a main shrine surrounded by four subsidiary shrines. Only parts of the main shrine now survive, and they have been ruined and modified over several centuries, with the tall ''[[shikhara]]'' tower replaced by a roof-dome. Much of the platform survives, with fragments of carved stones from the original structure, but most of the sculptures have been removed to the museums in [[Amber, Rajasthan|Amber]] and [[Central Museum, Jaipur|Jaipur]].

No [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] evidence survives regarding the temple's construction. The analysis of its architectural and sculptural style suggests it was built in the early 9th century, shortly after the adjoining [[Chand Baori]] stepwell was constructed. The temple's original builder is unknown, but historians theorize that it may have been built by a [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara]] king, possibly in association with a local [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] vassal. The temple is now protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], but remains in religious use.

== History ==
=== Date ===
The original Harshat Mata temple has been ruined and modified over several centuries.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=202}} No epigraphic evidence regarding the temple's construction or the [[Chand Baori]] [[stepwell]] connected with it has been found.<ref name="Chandramani_2002"/> Based on similarities in style and carvings with the terraced temples of Paranagar and [[Mandore]], the Chand Baori can be dated to the 8th-9th century.<ref name="Chandramani_2002">{{cite book |editor=Chandramani Singh |title=Protected Monuments of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-jVAAAAMAAJ&q=Harshat|year=2002 |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra |isbn=978-81-86782-60-6 |pages=176–177}}</ref> The Chand Baori was likely constructed before the temple,{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1997|p=64}} which can be dated to the 9th century based on stylistic grounds.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=201}} [[Art historian]] Michael W Meister of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] dates the temple complex to c. 800–825 CE based on architectural details.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|p=645}}

=== Dedication ===
[[File:Abhaneri (2022-07-15) Harshat Mata ki Mandir -- img 33.jpg|thumb|left|The entrance to the temple's active [[garbhagriha]]]]
Based on analysis of sculptures at the temple, art historians such as Meister and R. C. Agrawala (1991) theorize that the temple was originally a [[Vaishnava]] shrine.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|p=652}} Art historian Cynthia Packert Atherton (1995) theorizes that the temple's iconography represents the [[Pancharatra]] movement of Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=207}} However, Falk Reitz (1993) of the [[University of Bonn]] believes the temple was always a [[Shaktism|Shakta]] temple dedicated to a goddess ([[Devi]]). Reitz associates several sculptural fragments from Abhaneri (now kept in various museums) with the Harshat Mata temple, and concludes that these fragments show strong Shakta and Shaiva influence. According to Reitz, this is not surprising, since Durga and Parvati (Shiva's wife) are considered different aspects of the same goddess.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|p=649}} Reitz states that the Vaishnava sculptures at the temple have a "subordinate position" and cannot be used to make any conclusions about the temple's sectarian affiliation. According to him, ''[[panchayatana (temple)|panchayatana]]'' temples tend to be [[religious syncretism|syncretic]], and it is not surprising to find Vaishnava or Shaiva sculptures at a Shakta temple.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|p=652}}

According to Reitz, the two fragments of a [[Durga]] sculpture discovered in the Chand Baori compound may have belonged to the main idol of the original temple. This sculpture appears to have been a {{convert|1.5|m|adj=on}} high statue of Durga in her ''Mahishasura-mardini'' (killer of the [[Mahishasura|buffalo demon]]) form. The bigger fragment shows the lower part of Durga's torso with her left leg, her lion [[vahana]], a male attendant, and a beheaded buffalo. The smaller fragment shows six right arms of the multi-armed Durga, with one of the arms pulling an arrow from the quiver; it also features the remains of a [[halo (religious iconography)|halo]] in the form of a lotus leaf, and two [[gandharva]]s (heavenly beings).{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|p=645}} Reitz points out that the intact sculpture would have been similar to the idol in the Pipala-devi Temple at [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]], which, like the Harshat Mata temple, has been dated to 800–825 CE by Meister.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|pp=645-646}}

=== Builder ===

The builder of the original temple is unknown.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hamendar Bhisham Pal |title=The Temples of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybPqAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Prakash |page=83 |quote=The construction of ancient temple of Harshatmata situated at a small village of Abaneri or Abhanagari, four miles from Bandikui Railway Station in Jaipur district has been ascribed to the 9th century. The builder of this temple is unknown...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Rajani Mishra |title=Brahmā-worship, tradition and iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WnXAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Kanishka |page=43 |isbn=9788185475219 |quote=In the 9th century A.D. the Harshamata temple was constructed at Abaneri and the builder of that temple is unknown. }}</ref> According to Agrawala, the sculptures are representative of the early [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara]] art.<ref>{{cite journal |author=R. C. Agrawala |title=A Pratihāra Lintel in the National Museum, New Delhi |journal=East and West |volume=20 |issue=1/2 |pages=117–119 |year=1970 |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) |jstor=29755504 }}</ref> Reitz theorizes that the temple may have been constructed under the patronage of a local [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] prince (possibly [[Guvaka I]]) with the support of his Gurjara-Pratihara overlord (possibly [[Nagabhata II]]). He notes that [[Shakambhari]] – the [[tutelary deity]] of the Chahamanas – has been identified as a form of Durga, and the Bhagavati Barah [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]] states that Bhagavati (another form of the goddess) was one of the tutelary deities of Nagabhata II.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|pp=652-653}} Atherton notes that the lack of adequate historical information prevents attribution of the temple to a particular ruler with certainty,{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=202}} but it is more likely that the Gurjara-Pratiharas – not the Chahamanas – were the patrons of the temple, with Nagabhata II being the best candidate.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|pp=235–236}}

=== Modern history ===

In the 20th century, the sanctum had a Durga idol, which was stolen. It was replaced with an idol of goddess [[Lakshmi]], who is now worshipped as Harshat-Mata.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rajendra Yadav |title=Sculptural art of Abaneri: a paradigm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SejVAAAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra / Literary Circle |page=5 |isbn=9788181820297 |quote=The ancient ruined temple is popularly known as Harshatmata-ka-Mandir, after the enshrined deity Durga. It was worshiped as Harshatmata which was stolen few decades ago but later in spite of Durga, an image of Lakshmi was installed in the sanctum which is under worship and now it is called as Harshatmata. }}</ref>

The temple remains in religious use, inscribed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] under the Act No. LXXI of 1951, dated 28 November 1951.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Harsat%20mata%20ka%20mandir.html |title=Harsat Mata ka Mandir |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India Jaipur Circle |access-date=29 September 2019 }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[file:Abhaneri (2022-07-15) Harshat Mata ki Mandir -- img 13.jpg|thumb|A stone sculpture in the ruins depicting the possible [[shikhara]] appearance, the temple was once crowned]]
The original temple appears to have been built in the [[panchayatana (temple)|panchayatana]] style, which features a main shrine surrounded by four subsidiary shrines.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|p=645}} Though ruined and modified over several centuries, parts of the main shrine and the bottom of an open [[mandapa]] with columns seem intact. Much of the platform survives, and carved stones from the original structure lie around it, but most of the sculptures have been removed to the museums in [[Amber, Rajasthan]], and the [[Central Museum, Jaipur]].{{sfn|George Michell|1990|p=273}}

The entrance to the temple faces east, towards the rising sun. The temple complex is built on two broad stepped terraces (''jagati''), which originally included a [[parikrama|circumambulatory]] path, but is now partially ruined. The boundary of the lower terrace has a relatively plain set of foundation and [[base molding]]s (''vedibandha''), which have decorative patterns at the top. The ruins of two small shrines flank the entrance stairway. The upper terrace is far more decorated, but is largely destroyed; the only image that remains intact is of [[Narasimha]] flanked by warriors.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=202}}

The four subsidiary shrines may have been located on the upper terrace.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|p=645}} Frank Reitz, who believes that the main idol of the temple was always that of Durga, theorizes that the four subsidiary shrines were located to Surya (north-west corner), Ganesha (north-east corner), Karttikeya (south-east corner), and Lakshmi-Narayana or [[Uma–Maheshvara|Uma-Maheshvara]] (south-west). Reitz's theory is based on an analysis of other contemporary and near-contemporary temples, as well as a study of various fragments found at the Chand Baori compound or housed at various museums.{{sfn|Falk Reitz|1993|p=648}}

<gallery class="center">
Harṣat Mata ka Mandir 2019 (13).jpg | Entrance stairs
Abhaneri-Harshat Mata-Tempel-16-2018-gje.jpg | Main dome around the ''[[garbhagriha]]''
आभानेरी 04.JPG | Harshat Mata's image in the sanctum
Harṣat Mata ka Mandir 2019 (11).jpg | Stone carvings on the upper terrace
</gallery>

The main shrine is erected on a platform (''mancha'') located at the top of the two terraces. The platform is bounded by a circumambulatory path (''sandhara''), connected to a pillared porch (''gudhamandapa''). The original path and the porch have been destroyed and rebuilt haphazardly.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=202}} The platform features figures engaged in amorous activities,{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=203}} which seem to be depictions of encounters between a royal figure and his consorts.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=201}} According to art historian Cynthia Packert Atherton (1995), these are an idealized portrayal of the temple's royal patron, and are symbolic of Vishnu's reign on earth, thus reinforcing the idea of [[divine kingship]].{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=212}}

Several sculptural fragments were found at the compound of the adjoining [[Chand Baori]] stepwell; the format and dimensions of these fragments suggest that they were once attached to the base moldings on the circumambulatory path. The majority of these fragments feature [[Shaivite]] images, including those of [[Shiva]] in various forms such as [[Ardhanarishvara]], his wife [[Parvati]], their son [[Karttikeya]], and Shiva's bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]].{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=203}} There is no evidence of any Shaivite shrine having existed in the temple complex.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=211}} The Harshat Mata temple is now a [[Shaktism|Devi]] shrine, and is theorized to have originally been a [[Vaishnavite]] shrine; therefore, these fragments' iconographic significance is unclear.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=203}}

<gallery caption="Sculptures and decorative motifs" class="center">
A preserved crafts-work of an Indian Goddess.JPG | Goddess
Harṣat Mata ka Mandir 2019 (10).jpg | Deity
आभानेरी 08.JPG | Man with bow and arrow
File:Harṣat Mata ka Mandir 2019 (9).jpg | Seated deity
A stone carved in the shape of a flower at Abhaneri Harshat Mata Temple.JPG|Carved flower sculpture
A very well crafted mound at Ahaneri.JPG | Crated mound
Harshat Mata Temple 2.JPG | Sculpted slabs
Harṣat Mata ka Mandir 2019 (12).jpg|Pillar
An exquisitely carved peacock in the Abhaneri temple of Harshat mata.JPG|Carved peacock sculpture
Apiece of Art depicting love in the Harshat Mata Temple.JPG | Amorous activities 
</gallery>

The original main shrine was much taller and had a superstructure (''[[shikhara]]'') tower. However, the superstructure has been destroyed and later rebuilt with a simple dome.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=202}} The sculptures on the temple walls have largely been lost: the surviving sculptures include those of [[Vishnu]], his [[vahana]] - the [[Garuda]], [[Balarama]], [[apsara]]s (celestial woman), a [[vyala]] (leogryph), [[Agni]], a four-armed Shiva-like seated male, a male seated on a [[makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]] (mythical sea creature), a kneeling male having his foot massaged by four female attendants, dancers, and a musician, among others.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=206}}

According to art historian Cynthia Packert Atherton, these images can be explained with reference to the [[Vishnu]] worship as described in the [[Pancharatra]] texts. These texts characterize various manifestations of the Vishnu successively emanating from his highest form, Vasudeva; his brother [[Samkarshana]] (Balarama) emanates from Vasudeva; his son [[Pradyumna]] emanates from Balarama; and his grandson [[Aniruddha]] emanates from Pradyumna.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=207}}

The temple's inner structure has a ''[[pancharatha]]'' sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]''): it has an idol of Harshat Mata that was not present in the original temple.{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1995|p=202}}

== See also ==
* [[Harshnath Temple]], constructed during the reign of Chahamana king [[Vigraharaja II]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Cynthia Packert Atherton |title=The Harṣat-Mātā Temple at Ābānerī: Levels of Meaning |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=55 |issue=3/4 |year=1995 |pages=201–236 |doi=10.2307/3249750 |jstor=3249750 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Packert Atherton |title=The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C&pg=PA64 |year=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10789-4 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Falk Reitz |title=The Harṣatmātā Temple at Abaneri: Originally a Devī-pañcāyatana Complex |journal=South Asian Archaeology |volume=II |year=1993 |editor=Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_htAAAAMAAJ |pages=645–656 |isbn=9789514107290 }}
* {{cite book |editor=George Michell |title=The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BVDAQAAIAAJ |year=1990 |orig-year=1989 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0140081445 }}
{{ref end}}

== Further reading ==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Deva |title=Temples of North India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWer4XezUM8C |year=2008 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-1970-2}}
* {{cite book |author1=Michael W. Meister |author2=Madhusudan A. Dhaky |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture |volume=North India. Period of Early Maturity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iIpxgEACAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies |isbn=978-0-691-04094-3}}
* {{cite journal |author=Pupul Jayakar |title=Medieval Sculpture: Abaneri |journal=Marg |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=1959 |pages=28–30}}
* {{cite book |author=C. Margabandhu |chapter=Some Notable Sculptures from Abaneri, Rajasthan |editor=Vijai Shankar Srivastava |title=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&pg=RA1-PA197 |year=1981 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-391-02358-1 |pages=197–199}}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Harṣat Mātā ka Mandir}}

[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dausa district]]

Motilal Roy

2026-04-08T13:31:59Z

DianaX6283: New New Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{For|the 19th century Bengali actor, director, writer and Jatra artist|Motilal Ray}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Motilal Roy
| image = শ্রী মতিলাল রায়.jpg
| birth_date = 5 January 1883
| birth_place = Borai Chanditala, [[Chandernagore]], [[French India]] (now in [[West Bengal]], India)
| occupation = Revolutionary leader, journalist, social reformer
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1959|4|10|1883|1|5}}
}}

'''Motilal Roy''' (5 January 1883 — 10 April 1959) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] revolutionary and journalist who founded the [[Prabartak Sangha]], a nationalist organisation for social works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgaAAAAMAAJ|title=Message and Mission of Prabartak Samgha|access-date=3 December 2017|last1=Sangha|first1=Prabartak|year=1970}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Prabartak Sangha buildings 07.jpg|thumb|Statue of Roy in Prabartak Sangha]]
Motilal Roy was born at Borai Chanditala, [[Chandannagar|Chandannagore]] in [[French India]]. His father was Biharilal Singha Roy. Their family was from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. After his only daughter died, Roy was attracted to [[Vaishnavism]] and in 1920 he organised a group to serve poor people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) (in Bengali)|last=Volume 1|first=Subhodh Chandra Sengupta & Anjali Basu|publisher=Sahitya Samsad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=390–391}}</ref>

== Activities ==
Motilal joined in the movement against [[Partition of Bengal (1905)]] in 1905.{{fact|date=July 2025}} Later he was attached with armed revolutionaries of Bengal. He collected that revolver and supplied to [[Kanailal Dutta]] by [[Shrish Chandra Ghosh]] for the assassination of Naren Goswami in 1908. Roy established the Prabartak Sangha under the inspiration of [[Sri Aurobindo]]. Roy's home as well as the Sangha were the important safe house of Indian freedom fighters. Hundreds of [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence activists]] took shelter in Roy's house. Being a senior member of the revolutionary group he provided money and arms to the revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050206/asp/calcutta/story_4342475.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420043337/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050206/asp/calcutta/story_4342475.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2005|title=Next weekend you can be at Chandernagore|date=6 February 2005|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> On 21 February 1910 Aurobindo reached at Chandannagar and stayed in Roy's house for 42 days safely before going [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. Roy assumed the title of ''Sangha Guru'' or the chief spiritual leader of the organization.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlasAgAAQBAJ&q=motilal+roy+prabartak+sangha&pg=PA333|title=The Lives of Sri Aurobindo|last=Peter Heehs|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231140980|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qOaDAAAQBAJ&q=motilal+roy&pg=PA71|title=The Life and Times of Sri Aurobindo Ghosh|last=Kaushal Kishore|date=January 2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9788184303681|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> He also established school, library, students hostel publication house and [[Khadi]] business for people.<ref name=":0" /> A fortnightly journal of his organisation named ''Prabartak'' was edited by another senior revolutionary [[Manindra Nath Nayak]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjAweaCPLD0C&q=Manindra+Nath+Nayak+Prabartak&pg=PA349|title=Chandernagore: From Boundage to Freedom, 1900-1955|last=Sailendra Nath Sen|year=2012|publisher=Primus Books |isbn=9789380607238|access-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Motilal}}
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Swadeshi activists]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:People from Chandannagar]]

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

2026-03-29T18:06:04Z

DianaX6283: rework layout per standard format and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Satellite navigation system}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox navigation satellite system
| name = Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)
| image = File:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System logo.png
| image_size = 200
| image_caption = Logo of NavIC
| country = India
| status = Operational
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| coverage = Regional (up to {{cvt|1500|km|disp=or}} from borders)
| type = Military, Commercial
| precision = {{cvt|3|m|disp=or}} (public) {{cvt|2|m|disp=or}} (encrypted)
| satellites_nominal = 7
| satellites_current = {{collapsible list|bullets=yes
| 1 = '''IRNSS'''-[[IRNSS-1B|1B]]/[[IRNSS-1I|1I]] ''(Operational)''
[[IRNSS-1A|1A]]/[[IRNSS-1C|1C]]/[[IRNSS-1D|1D]]/[[IRNSS-1E|1E]]/[[IRNSS-1F|1F]]/[[IRNSS-1G|1G]]/[[IRNSS-1H|1H]] ''(Clock failure, short-message services only, launch failure)''
| 2 = '''NVS'''-[[NVS-01|01]]/[[NVS-02|02]] ''(Operational)''}}
| first_launch = {{start date and age|1 July 2013}}
| last_launch = 29 January 2025
| launch_total = 11
| regime = [[geostationary orbit]] (GEO), [[inclined geosynchronous orbit]] (IGSO)
| orbit_height = {{convert|35786|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| cost = {{INRConvert|2246|c|0|lk=on}} as of March 2017<ref name=cag/>
| Website = [https://www.isro.gov.in/SatelliteNavigationServices.html Official Website]
[https://www.isro.gov.in/IRNSS_Programme.html IRNSS Programme]
}}
{{Geodesy|[[File:NavIC coverage polygon.jpg|thumb|NavIC coverage]]}}
'''Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System''' ('''IRNSS'''), with an operational name of '''NavIC''' (acronym for '''Navigation with Indian Constellation'''; also, {{transliteration|hi|ISO|nāvik}} 'sailor' or 'navigator' in Indian languages),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/latest-headlines/irnss-1g-exemplifies-make-in-india--says-pm/139068.html | title=IRNSS-1G exemplifies 'Make in India', says PM | work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=28 April 2016 | access-date=28 April 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923005239/http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/latest-headlines/irnss-1g-exemplifies-make-in-india--says-pm/139068.html | archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> is an autonomous regional [[satellite navigation]] system that provides accurate real-time positioning, velocity and timing (PVT) services.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellites-are-in-the-sky-but-long-way-to-go-before-average-indians-get-desi-gps/articleshow/64506628.cms|title=Satellites are in the sky, but long way to go before average Indians get Desi GPS | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 June 2018 }}</ref> It covers India and a region extending {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} around it, with plans for further extension up to {{convert|3000|km|abbr=on}} with {{convert|10-20|m|abbr=on}} position accuracy and 40ns time accuracy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=Isro working to expand navigation system NaVIC coverage to 3,000 km from 1,500 km beyond India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-working-to-expand-navigation-system-navic-coverage-to-3000-km-from-1500-km-beyond-india/articleshow/103970279.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> An extended service area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the [[30th parallel south]] to the [[50th parallel north]] and the [[30th meridian east]] to the [[130th meridian east]], {{cvt|1500|-|6000|km}} beyond borders where some of the NavIC satellites are visible but the position is not always computable with assured accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme|title=IRNSS Programme - ISRO|website=isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-07-14|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302041206/https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme|url-status=dead}}</ref>

NavIC offers two levels of service, standard positioning service (SPS), which will be open for civilian use and is interoperable with [[GNSS]], and a restricted service (RS), an [[Encryption|encrypted]] channel for authorized users including the military, in L1 (1575.42 MHz, in use since the second generation), L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S Band (2498.028 MHz).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satellite Navigation Services |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SatelliteNavigationServices.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> Originally designed as a seven satellite system with three atomic clocks each, which was achieved with the first generation of IRNSS satellite launches spanning 2013-2018, failure of on-board atomic clocks prompted ISRO to adopt indegenous atomic clocks, developed by [[Space Applications Centre|Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad]], for its second generation of NVS satellites.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=India’s NavIC satellite navigation system is in distress with only three functional satellites |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/indias-navic-satellite-navigation-system-is-in-distress-with-only-three-functional-satellites-3935465 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Due to failure of on-board atomic clocks of the first generation satellites and launch delay of the second generation satellites, in March 2026, only three satellites of the constellation were providing navigation data, below a minimum number of four satellites required for an accurate position.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2026-03-17 |title=India’s NavIC is not fully functional even after 27 years—military loses the most |url=https://theprint.in/science/indias-navic-not-functional-military/2881746/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2026-03-14 |title=Failure of atomic clock cripples ISRO’s NavIC system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-navic-system-atomic-clock-failure/article70743233.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

NavIC-based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehicles in India,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6762&lsno=17|title=Government of India, Ministry of Space, Lok Sabha - Unstarred Question number: 483 on Progress of IRNSS|date=20 November 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217073952/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6762&lsno=17|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=643&lsno=17|title=Government of India, Ministry of Space, Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question No: 675 on Indigenous GPS|date=26 June 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217074637/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=643&lsno=17|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> and some consumer [[mobile phone]]s with support for it have been available since the first half of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-03|title=NavIC: List of Supported Phones and Difference between NavIC and GPS|url=https://www.getdroidtips.com/navic-list-of-supported-phones-and-difference-between-navic-and-gps/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Get Droid Tips|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sha|first=Arjun|date=2020-03-04|title=List of Smartphones with NavIC Support (Regularly Updated)|url=https://beebom.com/list-of-smartphones-with-navic-support/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Beebom|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
The system was developed partly because access to foreign government-controlled [[global navigation satellite system]]s is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied an Indian request for [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) data for the [[Kargil War|Kargil region]], which would have provided vital information.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms|title = How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS|last = Srivastava|first = Ishan|date = 5 April 2014|access-date = 9 December 2014|work = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The [[Government of India|Indian government]] approved the project in May 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raj |first=N. Gopal |date=2013-06-26 |title=India prepares to establish navigation satellite system |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology//article60043969.ece |access-date=2022-06-13 |issn=0971-751X |quote=The project to establish the IRNSS at a cost of Rs. 1,420 crores was approved by the Union Government in June 2006.}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=Introducing NavIC 2.0: Leveraging India's strategic space advantage |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/introducing-navic-2-0-leveraging-india-s-strategic-space-advantage |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=orfonline.org}}</ref>

The first generation (IRNSS series) of the satellite network was designed for 7 satellites, with [[IRNSS-1A]], [[IRNSS-1B]], [[IRNSS-1C]], [[IRNSS-1D]], [[IRNSS-1E]], [[IRNSS-1F]] and [[IRNSS-1G]] serving as initial set of satellites, and replacement satellites, [[IRNSS-1H]] failing to reach orbit,<ref>{{Cite news |last=D.S |first=Madhumathi |date=2017-01-29 |title=Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Atomic-clocks-on-indigenous-navigation-satellite-develop-snag/article17114134.ece |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> followed by successful launch of [[IRNSS-1I]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C41/IRNSS-1I - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c41-irnss-1i |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230840/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c41-irnss-1i |archive-date=2018-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> After continued failure of on-board atomic clocks of the first generation satellites, the second generation, utilizing mix of imported and indigenously developed atomic clocks and of increased operational lifetime from 10 to 12 years, are expected to support the network with 5 additional satellites, [[NVS-01]], [[NVS-02]], NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05. However, failure of atomic clocks of IRNSS satellites, failure of NVS-02 to reach orbit and launch delay of NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 have contributed to only three of the satellites providing navigation data in March 2026, below the four minimum number of satellites required to provide reliable position.<ref name=":26" />

== Developments ==

=== First Generation (IRNSS series) ===
As part of the project, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) opened a new satellite navigation centre within the campus of ISRO [[Indian Deep Space Network|Deep Space Network]] (DSN) at [[Byalalu]], [[Karnataka]] on 28 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/isro-opens-navigation-centre-for-satellite-system_851487.html|title=ISRO opens navigation centre for satellite system|publisher=Zeenews.com|date=2013-05-28| access-date=30 June 2013}}</ref> A network of 21 ranging stations located across the country will provide data for the [[orbit determination|orbital determination]] of the satellites and monitoring of the navigation signal.

A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, [[ground segment]] and user receivers all being built in India. Its location in low [[latitude]]s facilitates coverage with low-[[orbital inclination|inclination]] satellites. Three satellites will be in [[geostationary orbit]] over the [[Indian Ocean]]. Missile targeting could be an important military application for the constellation.<ref name=DN239>{{cite news|title=India Making Strides in Satellite Technology |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239 |access-date=26 July 2012 |newspaper=Defence News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606194638/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239 |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

The total cost of the project was expected to be {{INRConvert|14.2|b|0|lk=r}}, with the cost of the ground segment being {{INRConvert|3|b|0|nolink=yes}}, each satellite costing {{INRConvert|1.5|b|0|nolink=yes}} and the PSLV-XL version rocket costing around {{INRConvert|1.3|b|0|nolink=yes}}. The planned seven rockets would have involved an outlay of around {{INRConvert|9.1|b|0|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="twostand">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/isro-starts-countdown-to-launch-fifth-navigation-satellite-irnss-1e/story-qSv6U8T8dT4pRThRHc3VIO.html|title=Isro to launch 5th navigation satellite on Jan 20, first in 2016|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="dnai2j13">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/1855830/report-india-s-first-ever-dedicated-navigation-satellite-launched|title=India's first ever dedicated navigation satellite launched|date=2 July 2013|access-date=24 July 2013|newspaper=DNA India}}</ref><ref name="ndtv2j13">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-s-first-dedicated-navigation-satellite-placed-in-orbit-386649|title=India's first dedicated navigation satellite placed in orbit|date=2 July 2013|access-date=24 July 2013|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

The necessity for two replacement satellites, and PSLV-XL launches, has altered the original budget, with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India reporting costs (as of March 2017) of {{INRConvert|22.46|b|0}}.<ref name=cag>{{cite web|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/cag-pulls-up-isro-on-NavIC-delays-cost-overruns/|title=CAG pulls up ISRO on NavIC delays, cost overruns|website=Geospatial World|date=14 March 2018|last1=Datta|first1=Anusuya}}</ref>

India's [[Department of Space]] in their 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) (2012–17) stated increasing the number of satellites in the constellation from 7 to 11 to extend coverage.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=October 2011 |title=Five Year Plan |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/14-wg_dos2905-report.pdf |journal=Department of Space |volume=12th FYP |pages=96}}</ref> These additional four satellites will be made during 12th FYP and will be launched in the beginning of 13th FYP (2018–23) in [[geosynchronous orbit]] of 42° inclination.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Interoperable Global Navigation Satellite Systems Space Service Volume |url=https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2018/stspace/stspace75_0_html/st_space_75E.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126094757/http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2018/stspace/stspace75_0_html/st_space_75E.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |access-date=13 November 2019 |pages=62, 95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12th Five Year Plan report, Department of Space, DST |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/14-wg_dos2905-report.pdf#page=52 |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=dst.gov.in}}</ref> Also, the development of space-qualified Indian made atomic clocks was initiated,<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=ISRO to test space robustness of indigenous atomic clocks this December |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-to-test-space-robustness-of-indigenous-atomic-clocks-this-december/ |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref> along with a study and development initiative for an all [[Optical clock|optical atomic clock]] (ultra stable for IRNSS and [[Indian Deep Space Network|deep space communication]]).<ref name="dst.gov.in">{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=Report of Working Group (WG-14) |url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/14-wg_dos2905-report.pdf |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=Department of Space, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The NavIC Signal in Space ICD was released for evaluation in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gpsworld.com/irnss-signal-in-space-icd-released/|title=IRNSS Signal in Space ICD Released|date=25 September 2014|website=GPS World|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref>

From 1 April 2019, use of [[Automotive Industry Standard 140|AIS 140]] compliant NavIC-based vehicle tracking systems were made compulsory for all [[commercial vehicle]]s in India.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

In December 2019, the [[United States Congress]] consented to designate NaVIC as one of their allied navigational satellite systems along with [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] (Europe) and [[Quasi-Zenith Satellite System|QZSS]] (Japan). The approval was as a part of [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020|National Defense Authorization Act 2020]]. The proposal was put forward by [[United States Secretary of Defense]] in consultation with [[Director of National Intelligence]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-11 |title=US Congress consents to designate India's NavIC as allied system |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/us-congress-consents-to-designate-indias-NavIC-as-allied-system/articleshow/72468353.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Congress Nod To Designate India's Navigation Satellite As Allied System |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-congress-nod-to-designate-indias-navigation-satellite-as-allied-system-2147385 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Clock failure ===
In September 2008, it was reported that [[SpectraTime]] received a contract worth {{Euro|4 million}} to supply Rubidium Space Clocks to ISRO for the IRNSS programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-16 |title=Spectratime Awarded Contract To Supply Rubidium Space Clocks To IRNSS |url=https://spacedaily.com/spectratime-awarded-contract-to-supply-rubidium-space-clocks-to-irnss-999/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, it was announced that all three SpectraTime supplied [[rubidium]] [[atomic clock]]s on board [[IRNSS-1A]] had failed, mirroring similar failures in the European Union's Galileo constellation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SpectraTime to Supply Atomic Clocks to IRNSS {{!}} Inside GNSS |url=http://www.insidegnss.com/node/789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626094324/http://www.insidegnss.com/node/789 |archive-date=26 June 2017 |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=www.insidegnss.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spectratime Awarded Contract To Supply Rubidium Space Clocks To IRNSS |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Spectratime_Awarded_Contract_To_Supply_Rubidium_Space_Clocks_To_IRNSS_999.html |access-date=2017-06-21 |website=spacedaily.com}}</ref> The first failure occurred in July 2016, followed soon after by the two other clocks on IRNSS-1A. This rendered the satellite non-functional and required replacement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=D.S. |first=Madhumathi |title=Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Atomic-clocks-on-indigenous-navigation-satellite-develop-snag/article17114134.ece |access-date=2017-01-31 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> ISRO reported it had replaced the atomic clocks in the two standby satellites, IRNSS-1H and IRNSS-1I in June 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/navigation-satellite-clocks-ticking-system-to-be-expanded-isro/articleshow/59082657.cms|title=Navigation satellite clocks ticking; system to be expanded: ISRO|date=2017-06-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> The subsequent launch of IRNSS-1H, as a replacement for IRNSS-1A, was unsuccessful when PSLV-C39 mission failed on 31 August 2017.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Degraded">{{cite web |author1=Vasudevan Mukund |date=2 September 2017 |title=India's 'GPS' Remains Unfinished |url=https://thewire.in/173088/irnss-isro-pslv-c39-spectratime-atomic-clocks-space-debris/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126214443/https://thewire.in/173088/irnss-isro-pslv-c39-spectratime-atomic-clocks-space-debris/ |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |website=The Wire |location=Wayback Machine}}</ref> The second standby satellite, IRNSS-1I, was successfully placed into orbit on 12 April 2018.<ref name=":6" />

In July 2017, it was reported that two more clocks in the navigational system had also started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five,<ref name=":0" /> in May 2018 a failure of a further 4 clocks was reported, taking the count to 9 of the 24 in orbit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=D.S. |first=Madhumathi |date=2018-05-05 |title=ISRO's clock to prop up India's own GPS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isros-clock-to-prop-up-indias-own-gps/article23787959.ece |access-date=2019-12-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining satellites.<ref name=":0" />

{{As of|2023|May}} only four first generation satellites were capable of providing [[Satellite navigation|navigation]] services<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=New NavIC satellite launching today: why a regional navigation system matters to India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-navic-satellite-launching-today-why-a-regional-navigation-system-matters-to-india-8633947/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529024145/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-navic-satellite-launching-today-why-a-regional-navigation-system-matters-to-india-8633947/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=2023-06-01 |work=The Indian Express |quote=Currently, only four IRNSS satellites are able to provide location services, according to ISRO officials. The other satellites can only be used for messaging services such as providing disaster warnings or potential fishing zone messages for fishermen.}}</ref> which is the minimum number required for service to remain operational.<ref name="NavIC_FAQ">{{Cite web |title=FAQ Navigation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/FAQ_Navigation.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.isro.gov.in |quote=For determining position and time, a minimum of four satellites are required.}}</ref>

{{As of|2024|September}} only four satellites IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1F, IRNSS-1I and NVS-01 were capable of providing [[Satellite navigation|navigation]] services.<ref name="NavIC_Status_20241031">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Fy63bgQNGE&t=2840s |title=Sardar Patel Memorial Lecture 2024 'Indian Space Odyssey In Search of New Frontiers' by S. Somanath |date=2024-10-31 |minutes= |time=47 min 20 sec. |quote=Four satellites providing PNT service (IRNSS-1B, 1F, 1I, and NVS-01).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navic System |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/182/AU2548_Zpuaoq.pdf?source=pqals |page=2 |quote=Currently, there are four functional satellites providing PNT service.}}</ref>

In July 2025, while responding to a query through [[Right to Information Act]], the ISRO revealed that five IRNSS satellites are completely defunct, with all of their three clocks having failed. Additionally, one satellite has only one functional clock and only two satellites are fully functional.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2025-08-23 |title=Indigenous clocks delay ISRO’s plans to replace defunct Navic satellites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indigenous-clocks-delay-isros-plans-to-replace-defunct-navic-satellites/article69969206.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013173734/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indigenous-clocks-delay-isros-plans-to-replace-defunct-navic-satellites/article69969206.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2026, with IRNSS-1F clock failure marking completion of its 10 year mission life reduced the satellite network to only three operational satellites. According to a press release by ISRO on 13 May 2026, the satellite's imported atomic clock stopped functioning. The satellite will be used to provide one way broadcast messaging services from thereon.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=IRNSS-1F successfully completed its mission life of 10 years|date=2026-03-13|publisher=ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/IRNSS-F_successfully.html|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> The satellite stopped its primary function on 10 March.<ref name=":30">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-03-25 |title=With NavIC setback, India unable to use satellite system for security purposes: experts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/another-satellite-in-navic-satellite-system-unable-to-function-limiting-its-security-capabilities-amid-concerns-of-reliance-on-foreign-navigation-systems/article70783744.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This brought the overall operational satellites to three, below the requirement of four satellites to keep the navigational operational.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":29" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Radifah |date=2026-03-15 |title=India's GPS is dying: Isro's NavIC satellite network is down to three satellites |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/navic-india-gps-satellite-failure-atomic-clock-isro-2026-2882274-2026-03-15 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Indian Atomic clock===
In order to reduce the dependency on imported frequency standards ISRO's [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC), Ahmedabad had been working on domestically designed and developed [[Rubidium standard|Rubidium based atomic clocks]].<ref name=":17" /><ref name="dst.gov.in" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":4" /> To overcome the clock failures on first generation navigation satellites and its subsequent impact on NavIC's [[position, navigation, and timing]] services, these new clocks would supplement the imported atomic clocks in next generation of navigation satellites.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bandi |first1=Thejesh N. |title=2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC) |last2=Kaintura |first2=Jaydeep |last3=Saiyed |first3=Azhar R. |last4=Ghosal |first4=Bikash |last5=Jain |first5=Pratik |last6=Sharma |first6=Richa |last7=Priya |first7=Priyanka |last8=Shukla |first8=Keya |last9=Mandal |first9=Sarathi |date=March 2019 |isbn=978-908-25987-5-9 |pages=1 |chapter=Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) Development for Satellite Navigation |doi=10.23919/URSIAP-RASC.2019.8738208 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8738208 |last10=Reddy |first10=Niranjan |last11=Soni |first11=Ashish |last12=Somani |first12=Sandip |last13=Patel |first13=Arvind |last14=Attri |first14=Deepak |last15=Mishra |first15=Deepak |s2cid=195225382}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-20 |title=India developing atomic clocks for use on satellites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/india-developing-atomic-clocks-for-use-on-satellites/article7229191.ece |access-date=2022-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A desi atomic clock |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180521-isro-space-applications-centre-builds-atomic-clock-aerospace-technology-1231716-2018-05-10 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=India Today |date=10 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Five new advanced navigation satellites for strategic needs – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2022/Nov/27/five-new-advanced-navigation-satellitesfor-strategic-needs-2522483.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.newindianexpress.com |date=27 November 2022 }}</ref>

On 5 July 2017, ISRO and [[Israel Space Agency]] (ISA) signed an [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to collaborate on space qualifying a [[Rubidium standard|Rubidium Standard]] based on AccuBeat model AR133A and to test it on an ISRO satellite.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=NavIC: How is India's very own navigation service different from US-owned GPS? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/navic-how-is-indias-very-own-navigation-service-different-from-us-owned-gps-11342771.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Firstpost|date=27 September 2022 }}</ref>

The clocks are utilised by the NVS series of satellites.<ref name=":21" /> As part of the '''Times Dissemination Project''', which is overseen by the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution]], NavIC will take the position of GPS as the reference time provider at the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]] from 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dash |first=Dipak K |date=2025-01-28 |title=Now, India will move to 'one nation, one time', thanks to desi satellites network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/now-india-will-move-to-one-nation-one-time-thanks-to-desi-satellites-network/articleshow/117615893.cms |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Microprocessor ===
The [[SPARC V8|SPARC V8 ISA]] compatible AJIT microprocessor for robotics and industrial applications was created in 2018 by [[IIT Bombay]]. The [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], IIT Bombay, and Powai Labs, a private firm from Mumbai, provided funding for the project. Initially produced by [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]] utilizing 180nm process, commercial production using 65nm and 45nm are planned. AJIT operates at clock speeds between 70 and 120 MHz and can execute one instruction every clock cycle.

It includes a memory management unit that stores and retrieves data from memory, as well as an arithmetic logic unit that performs simple arithmetic and logical operations. Additionally, there is a floating point unit that can effectively manage computations involving non-integer quantities. A hardware debugger unit is used to monitor and control the microprocessor in order to program it. The [[Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research]] will incorporate AJIT in the receivers being developed for NavIC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shubha |date=2019-05-08 |title=IIT-B researchers develop ‘Made in India’ microprocessor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/iit-b-researchers-develop-made-in-india-microprocessor/article27073816.ece |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Ambika |date=2019-04-30 |title=India Makes The Most Cost-Efficient Chip Ajit That Can Power Robotic & Automation Systems |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/india-makes-the-most-cost-efficient-chip-ajit-that-can-power-robotic-automation-systems/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=DHRUV64: India’s First 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core Microprocessor |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?id=156505&NoteId=156505&ModuleId=3&reg=6&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

=== NavIC chip ===
In accordance with the range requirements for NavIC for both military and commercial applications, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], through the Technology Development Fund scheme, has commissioned Accord Software and Systems, to build a tailored and flexible IRNSS Network Timing system domestically. Using NavIC data, the receiver chip will obtain and distribute Indian time for navigation. India currently depends on the US for this service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Bosky |date=2024-07-12 |title=DRDO partners with Bengaluru firm for Indigenous NavIC chip development |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jul/12/drdo-partners-with-bengaluru-firm-for-indigenous-navic-chip-development |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, [[Qualcomm]] launched four Snapdragon [[4G]] chipsets and one [[5G]] chipset with support for NavIC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sarkar |first1=Debashis |date=21 January 2020 |title=Qualcomm launches three chipsets with Isro's Navic GPS for Android smartphones |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/qualcomm-launches-three-chipsets-with-isros-NavIC-gps-for-android-smartphones/articleshow/73475177.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch of mobile chipset compatible to NavIC - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/21-jan-2020/launch-of-mobile-chipset-compatible-to-NavIC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804152245/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/21-jan-2020/launch-of-mobile-chipset-compatible-to-navic |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=Department of Space, Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref> NavIC is planned to be available for civilian use in mobile devices, after Qualcomm and ISRO signed an agreement.<ref name="operational">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-isro-qualcomm-pact-NavIC-compatible-mobiles-navigation-devices-to-hit-market-next-year/articleshow/71606495.cms|title=After Isro-Qualcomm pact, NavIC-compatible mobiles, navigation devices to hit market next year|date=16 October 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2019 |title=NavIC support in upcoming Mobile, Automotive and IoT Platforms is poised to deliver superior Location-Based services to India's Industries and Technology Ecosystem Through Qualcomm |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-oct-2019/NavIC-support-upcoming-mobile-automotive-and-iot-platforms-poised-to-deliver |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016193800/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-oct-2019/navic-support-upcoming-mobile-automotive-and-iot-platforms-poised-to-deliver |archive-date=16 October 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]}}</ref> To increase compatibility with existing hardware, ISRO will add L1 band support. For strategic application, Long Code support is also coming.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2022-10-26 |title=ISRO to boost NavIC, widen user base of location system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-to-upgrade-indian-gps-navic-to-widen-user-base/article66056505.ece |access-date=2022-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordoloi |first=Pritam |date=2022-10-03 |title=India's Indigenous Navigation System Can Make Your Phones Expensive |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/indias-indigenous-navigation-system-can-make-your-phones-expensive/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

On December 7, 2023, Qualcomm revealed that select chipset platforms will enable NavIC L1 signals. The Qualcomm location suite, supports up to seven satellite constellations simultaneously and allows for faster [[Time to first fix|Time to First Fix]] (TTFF) position acquisition for enhanced [[location-based service]]s. It also makes use of all of NavIC's L1 and L5 signals for precise positioning. In the second half of 2024, Qualcomm chipset platforms will add further support for the NavIC L1 signals, and in the first half of 2025, commercial products that support the NavIC L1 signals should be available for sale.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-07 |title=Qualcomm announces NavIC support in select chipset starting H2 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/qualcomm-announces-navic-support-in-select-chipset-starting-h2-2024/article67613660.ece |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualcomm Announces Support for India's NavIC Satellite Navigation System L1 signals in Commercial Chipset Platforms |url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2023/12/qualcomm-announces-support-for-india-s-navic-satellite-navigatio |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.qualcomm.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
In April 2010, it was reported that India plans to start launching satellites by the end of 2011, at a rate of one satellite every six months. This would have made NavIC functional by 2015. But the program was delayed,<ref>{{cite news|author=S. Anandan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/article393892.ece |title=Launch of first satellite for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite system next year |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2010 |access-date=2010-12-30}}</ref> and India also launched 3 new satellites to supplement this.<ref>{{cite web |author=H. Pathak |url=http://informationmadness.com/technology/tech-tips/3684-3-satellites-to-be-launched-by-isro-on-20th-april.html |title=3 Satellites To Be Launched By ISRO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417015013/http://informationmadness.com/technology/tech-tips/3684-3-satellites-to-be-launched-by-isro-on-20th-april.html |archive-date=17 April 2011}}</ref>

Seven satellites with the prefix "IRNSS-1" will constitute the space segment of the IRNSS. [[IRNSS-1A]], the first of the seven satellites, was launched on 1 July 2013.<ref name="isro">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx#Satellite|title=ISRO's Future programme|publisher=[[ISRO]]|access-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="businessline1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/countdown-begins-for-pslvc22-launch/article4863108.ece|title=Countdown begins for PSLV-C22 launch|work=Business Line|date=29 June 2013 |access-date=2013-06-29}}</ref> [[IRNSS-1B]] was launched on 4 April 2014 on-board PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in [[geosynchronous orbit]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isro-successfully-launches-navigation-satellite-IRNSS-1B/articleshow/33240651.cms | title=Isro successfully launches navigation satellite IRNSS-1B | work=The Times of India| date=4 April 2014 | access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> [[IRNSS-1C]] was launched on 16 October 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=ISRO puts India's Navigation satellite IRNSS 1B into orbit|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/isro-puts-second-irnss-navigation-satellite-into-orbit/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> [[IRNSS-1D]] on 28 March 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-successfully-launches-IRNSS-1D-fourth-of-seven-navigation-satellites/articleshow/46727095.cms|title=India successfully launches IRNSS-1D, fourth of seven navigation satellites|work=The Times of India|date=28 March 2015 |access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> [[IRNSS-1E]] on 20 January 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|title = India launches 5th navigation satellite IRNSS-1E powered by PSLV rocket|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-launches-5th-navigation-satellite-irnss-1e-powered-by-psl-rocket/story-iQcSrv7tV5sL3nfU49kLII.html|website = Hindustan Times|date = 20 January 2016|access-date = 2016-01-20}}</ref> [[IRNSS-1F]] on 10 March 2016 and [[IRNSS-1G]] was launched on 28 April 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-gets-its-own-gps-with-successful-launch-of-7th-navigation-satellite-116042800308_1.html|title=India gets its own GPS with successful launch of 7th navigation satellite|first=T. E.|last=Narasimhan|date=29 April 2016|work=Business Standard|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref>

The eighth satellite, [[IRNSS-1H]], which was meant to replace IRNSS-1A, failed to deploy on 31 August 2017 as the [[Payload fairing|heat shields]] failed to separate from the 4th stage of the rocket.<ref name=":5" /> [[IRNSS-1I]] was launched on 12 April 2018 to replace it.<ref name = "IRNSS-1I">{{Cite web|title = IRNSS-1I|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/irnss-1i|access-date = 19 October 2019|website = isro.gov.in|publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|archive-date = 11 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180411050506/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/irnss-1i|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name = "irnss-1i">{{Cite news|title = PSLV-C41/IRNSS-1I|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c41-irnss-1i|date = 12 April 2018|access-date = 19 October 2019|website = isro.gov.in|publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|archive-date = 6 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230840/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c41-irnss-1i|url-status = dead}}</ref> NVS-01, first of the second generation satellites, was successfully launched on 29 May 2023 and was placed into orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NVS-01 placed into orbit |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uncategorized/nvs-01-placed-into-orbit-512442/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> NVS-02, launched on 29 January 2025, failed to reach orbit.<ref name=":27" /> NVS-03 was expected to launch in 2025 and NVS-04 and NVS-05 was expected to launch in 2026, however none of these have had launch schedules fixed.<ref name=":26" />

== System description ==
The IRNSS system comprises a space segment and a support [[ground segment]].

=== Space segment ===
The constellation consists of 7 satellites. Three of the seven satellites are located in [[geostationary orbit]] (GEO) at [[longitude]]s 32.5° E, 83° E, and 131.5° E, approximately {{convert|36000|km|abbr=on}} above Earth's surface. The remaining four satellites are in inclined [[geosynchronous orbit]] (GSO). Two of them cross the [[equator]] at 55° E and two at 111.75° E.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.isac.gov.in/navigation/irnss.jsp|title=IRNSS|website=isac.gov.in|access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref><ref name="ASM">{{cite web|url=http://www.asmmag.com/news/first-irnss-satellite-by-december-|title=First IRNSS satellite by December|date=5 May 2009|work=Magazine article|publisher=Asian Surveying and Mapping
|access-date=2009-05-05}} {{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms | title=How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 April 2014 | access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Ground segment ===
The ground segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. The ground segment comprises:<ref name=":2" />
* IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facility (IRSCF)
* ISRO Navigation Centre (INC)
* IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (IRIMS)
* IRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT)
* IRNSS CDMA Ranging Stations (IRCDR)
* Laser Ranging Stations
* IRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN)

[[File:IRNSS Series 1.jpg|thumb|Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite]]
The IRSCF is operational at Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan and Bhopal. The MCF uplinks navigation data and is used for tracking, telemetry and command functions.<ref name="ar-2021" /> Seven {{convert|7.2|m|adj=on}} FCA and two {{convert|11|m|adj=on}} FMA of IRSCF are currently operational for [[Launch and Early Orbit phase|LEOP]] and on-orbit phases of IRNSS satellites.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|author=K. Radhakrishnan|date=29 December 2013|title=Mars and more, final frontier|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131229/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/mars-and-more-final-frontier|access-date=28 April 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

The INC established at [[Byalalu]] performs remote operations and data collection with all the ground stations. The ISRO Navigation Centers (INC) are operational at Byalalu, [[Bengaluru]] and [[Lucknow]]. INC1 (Byalalu) and INC2 (Lucknow) together provide operations with [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]].<ref name=":11" />

16 IRIMS are currently operational and are supporting IRNSS operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=75 Major Activities of ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav/75-major-events-of-isro-coffee-table-book/coffee_table_book_-_05-02-22_-_fv.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218074246/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav/75-major-events-of-isro-coffee-table-book/coffee_table_book_-_05-02-22_-_fv.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2022 |quote=ISTRAC has established a network of stations to support IRNSS satellites consisting of four IRCDR stations (Hassan, Bhopal, Jodhpur and Shillong), 16 IRIMS stations (Bengaluru, Hassan, Bhopal, Jodhpur, Shillong, Dehradun, Port Blair, Mahendragiri, Lucknow, Kolkata, Udaipur, Shadnagar, Pune and Mauritius). ISTRAC has also established ISRO Navigation Centre-1, including an IRNWT facility at Bengaluru and ISRO Navigation Centre-2, including an IRNWT facility at Lucknow.}}</ref> A few more are planned in Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France and Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunhikrishnan |first=P |date=20 June 2019 |title=Update on ISRO's International Cooperation |url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf |page=5 |quote=Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France, Japan (IRIMS)}}</ref> [[Code-division multiple access|CDMA]] ranging is being carried out by the four IRCDR stations on a regular basis for all the IRNSS satellites. The IRNWT has been established and is providing IRNSS system time with an accuracy of {{convert|2|ns|s|lk=on|abbr=on}} (2 sigma) with respect to [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. Laser ranging is being carried out with the support of [[Satellite laser ranging|ILRS]] stations around the world. Navigation software is operational at INC since 1 Aug 2013. All the navigation parameters, such as satellite [[ephemeris]], clock corrections, integrity parameters, and secondary parameters, such as iono-delay corrections, time offsets with respect to UTC and other [[GNSS]]es, [[GPS Almanac|almanac]], text message, and earth orientation parameters, are generated and uploaded to the spacecraft automatically. The IRDCN has established terrestrial and [[Very-small-aperture terminal|VSAT]] links between the ground stations. As of March 2021, ISRO and [[JAXA]] are performing calibration and validation experiments for NavIC ground reference station in Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 March 2021|title=Quad push: ISRO taking space ties with US, Japan and Australia to a higher orbit|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/quad-push-isro-taking-space-ties-with-us-japan-and-australia-to-a-higher-orbit/articleshow/81530295.cms|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref> ISRO is also under discussion with [[CNES]] for a NavIC ground reference station in France.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2021|title=India, France Working On 3rd Joint Space Mission, Says ISRO Chairman|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-france-working-on-3rd-joint-space-mission-says-isro-chairman-k-sivan-2395047|access-date=2021-03-21|website=NDTV}}</ref> ISRO is planning a NavIC ground station at [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] and is in talks with the [[Australian Space Agency]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-26|title=Gaganyaan, India's human space mission, will use 'green propulsion': ISRO|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-india-s-human-space-mission-will-use-green-propulsion-isro-101616776504769.html|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Signal ===
NavIC signals will consist of a Standard Positioning Service and a Restricted Service. Both will be carried on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.028 MHz).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/NAVIC|title=Navigation Indian Constellation (NAVIC)|access-date=December 1, 2022|publisher=ESA}}</ref> The SPS signal will be modulated by a 1 MHz [[QPSK|BPSK]] signal. The Restricted Service will use [[Binary offset carrier|BOC(5,2)]]. The navigation signals themselves would be transmitted in the L5 (1176.45 MHz) & S band (2492.028 MHz) frequencies and broadcast through a phased array antenna to maintain required coverage and signal strength. The satellites would weigh approximately {{cvt|1330|kg}} and their solar panels generate 1,400 W.

A messaging interface is embedded in the NavIC system. This feature allows the command center to send warnings to a specific geographic area. For example, fishermen using the system can be warned about a cyclone.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indian-gps-for-public-use-by-year-end/articleshow/57470942.cms|title=Indian 'GPS' for public use by year-end|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref>

=== Accuracy ===
The Standard Positioning Service system is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of about 5 to 10 metres throughout the [[geography of India|Indian landmass]] and an accuracy of about {{convert|20|m}} in the Indian Ocean as well as a region extending approximately {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} around India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Indian 'GPS' for public use by year-end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indian-gps-for-public-use-by-year-end/articleshow/57470942.cms |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>A. Bhaskaranarayana Director SCP/FMO & Scientific Secretary Indian Space Research Organisation – [http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/icg/2008/expert/2-3.pdf Indian IRNSS and GAGAN] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205044458/http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/icg/2008/expert/2-3.pdf |date=5 December 2010 }}</ref> GPS, for comparison, has a position accuracy of 5 m under ideal conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS.gov: GPS Accuracy |url=https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.gps.gov}}</ref> However, unlike GPS, which is dependent only on L-band, NavIC has dual frequencies (S and L bands). When a low-frequency signal travels through atmosphere, its velocity changes due to atmospheric disturbances. GPS depends on an atmospheric model to assess frequency error, and it has to update this model from time to time to assess the exact error. In NavIC, the actual delay is assessed by measuring the difference in delay of the two frequencies (S and L bands). Therefore, NavIC is not dependent on any model to find the frequency error and can be more accurate than GPS.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/get-ready-indias-own-gps-set-to-hit-the-market-early-next-year/articleshow/58876680.cms | title=Get ready! India's own GPS set to hit the market early next year - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=28 May 2017}}</ref>

==Future developments==

=== Second Generation (NVS series) ===
ISRO will be launching five next generation satellite featuring new payloads and extended lifespan of 12 years. Five new satellites viz. NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 will supplement and augment the current constellation of satellites. The new satellites will feature the L5 and S band and introduces a new interoperable civil signal in the [[GPS signals#L1C|L1 band]] in the navigation payload and will use Indian [[Rubidium standard|Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard]] (iRAFS.)<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2019|title=Indigenous Atomic Clock and Monitoring Unit for NavIC|url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2019/icg14/WGD/icg14_wgd_09.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bandi|first1=Thejesh N.|last2=Kaintura|first2=Jaydeep|last3=Saiyed|first3=Azhar R.|last4=Ghosal|first4=Bikash|last5=Jain|first5=Pratik|last6=Sharma|first6=Richa|last7=Priya|first7=Priyanka|last8=Shukla|first8=Keya|last9=Mandal|first9=Sarathi|last10=Reddy|first10=Niranjan|last11=Soni|first11=Ashish|title=2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC) |chapter=Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) Development for Satellite Navigation |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8738208|year=2019 |pages=1|doi=10.23919/URSIAP-RASC.2019.8738208|isbn=978-908-25987-5-9 |s2cid=195225382 }}</ref> This introduction of the new L1 band will help facilitate NavIC proliferation in [[Wearable technology|wearable smart]] and [[Internet of things|IoT]] devices featuring a low power navigation system. [[NVS-01]] is a replacement for [[IRNSS-1G]] satellite and was launched on [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] in 2023.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/annualreport2018-19.pdf|title=Annual Report of Department of Space 2018-19|date=28 May 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527183016/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/annualreport2018-19.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2019|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ar-2021">{{cite web |title=ANNUAL REPORT 2020-2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425173704/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |publisher=ISRO |page=47 |quote="IRNSS-1A and IRNSS-1G are currently being used for short messaging services."}}</ref><ref name="TR-290523">{{cite news |date=2023-05-29 |title=NVS-01 placed into orbit |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/nvs-01-placed-into-orbit-512442 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

ISRO has plans for a total of 7 NVS series satellites (including already launched NVS-1) for civilian navigation requirements. The IRNSS network is, as of November 2024, confined to strategic use by the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. They will be equipped with L1 band along with the L5 and S band. The system will provide an accuracy of {{Convert|10|m|abbr=on}} within India, {{Convert|20|m|abbr=on}} for the area surrounding India by {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=India to have its own navigation system for citizens, Isro to launch 7 NaVIC satellites |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-navigation-system-for-citizens-isro-to-launch-7-navic-satellites-13833642.html#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17311356723830&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-navigation-system-for-citizens-isro-to-launch-7-navic-satellites-13833642.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=How ISRO Planning To Make Regional Navigation System NaVIC Accessible To Civilians - INSPACe Chairperson Explains |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/how-isro-planning-to-make-regional-navigation-system-navic-accessible-to-civilians-inspace-chairperson-explains-article-115121996 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Approved project cost of first five NVS satellites (NVS-01 to NVS-05) is {{INRConvert|964.68|c|year=2022}} excluding the launch costs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Unstarred Question No. 5681 on 'ISRO space missions' |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/178/AU5681.pdf?source=pqals}}</ref>

As reported in August 2025, ISRO plans to launch at least three satellites by the end of 2026. However, the development of indigenous atomic clocks is an "element impeding the launch". The development is also being delayed since multiple components are needed to be imported which leads to procurement challenges. Following the multiple instances of atomic clock failures, five atomic clocks per satellite has been proposed for future units.<ref name=":24" />

=== Global Indian Navigation System ===
Study and analysis for the Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) was initiated as part of the technology and policy initiatives in the 12th FYP (2012–17).<ref name="dst.gov.in"/> The system is supposed to have a constellation of 24 satellites, positioned {{Convert|24000|km|4=0|abbr=on}} above Earth. {{As of|2013}}, the [[Statutory|statutory filing]] for [[frequency spectrum]] of GINS satellite orbits in international space, has been completed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/global-indian-navigation-system-on-cards/article991761.ece|title=Global Indian Navigation system on cards|date=2010-05-14|work=Business Line|access-date=2017-06-22|language=en}}</ref> As per new 2021 draft policy,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Satellite Navigation Policy-2021 (SATNAV Policy-2021)|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/satnav_policy-29.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730141223/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/satnav_policy-29.pdf|archive-date=30 July 2021|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> ISRO and [[Department of Space]] (DoS) is working on expanding the coverage of NavIC from regional to global that will be independent of other such system currently operational namely [[GPS]], [[GLONASS]], [[BeiDou]] and [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] while remaining interoperable and free for global public use.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutt|first=Anonna|date=2021-08-03|title=ISRO to expand reach of navigation system globally: New draft policy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-to-expand-reach-of-navigation-system-globally-new-draft-policy-101627930648368.html|access-date=2021-08-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ISRO has proposed to Government of India to expand the constellation for global coverage by initially placing twelve satellites in [[Medium Earth orbit|Medium Earth Orbit]] (MEO).<ref name=":15" />

==List of satellites==
The constellation consists of 7 active satellites. Three of the seven satellites in constellation are located in [[geostationary orbit]] (GEO) and four are in inclined [[geosynchronous orbit]] (IGSO). All satellites launched or proposed for the system are as follows:

===IRNSS series satellites===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+IRNSS-1 series satellites<ref name=":2" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mgex.igs.org/mgex/constellations/#navic|title=IGS MGEX NavIC|website=mgex.igs.org|language=en|access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref>
!Satellite
!SVN
!PRN
!Int. Sat. ID
!NORAD ID
!Launch Date
!Launch Vehicle
!Orbit
!Status
!Remarks
|-
|[[IRNSS-1A]]
|I001
|I01
|2013-034A
|39199
|1 July 2013
|PSLV-XL-C22
|Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}}
|[[Atomic clock]]s failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/index.html#50|title=Annual Report 2019-20|publisher=Department of Space|access-date=5 March 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406131804/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/index.html#50|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/103934/atomic-clock-rubidium-irnss/|title=3 Atomic Clocks Fail Onboard India's 'Regional GPS' Constellation|last=Mukunth|first=Vasudevan|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Atomic-clocks-on-indigenous-navigation-satellite-develop-snag/article17114134.ece|title=Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag|last=D.S.|first=Madhumathi|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-08|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IRNSS-1B]]
|I002
|I02
|2014-017A
|39635
|4 April 2014
|PSLV-XL-C24
|Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{Success|Operational|align=center}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T E |date=8 April 2014 |title=Isro conducts 4th orbit raising operation of IRNSS-1B successfully |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-conducts-4th-orbit-raising-operation-of-irnss-1b-successfully-114040800952_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424043359/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-conducts-4th-orbit-raising-operation-of-irnss-1b-successfully-114040800952_1.html |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IRNSS-1C]]
|I003
|I03
|2014-061A
|40269
|16 October 2014
|PSLV-XL-C26
|Geostationary (GEO) / 83°E, 5° inclined orbit
|{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}}
|<ref name="NavIC_Status_20241031" />
|-
|[[IRNSS-1D]]
|I004
|I04
|2015-018A
|40547
|28 March 2015
|PSLV-XL-C27
|Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 31° inclined orbit
|{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-05 |title=Launch of IRNSS-1D Delayed Due to Technical Problem |url=https://insidegnss.com/launch-of-irnss-1d-delayed-due-to-technical-problem/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Inside GNSS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraman |first=K. S. |date=2015-03-30 |title=India Launches Fourth Navigation Satellite |url=https://spacenews.com/india-launches-fourth-navigation-satellite/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=DoS Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2023_24_English.pdf |page=58 |quote=With the inclusion of NVS-01, the NavIC base layer now consists of five satellites (IRNSS-1B, 1C, 1F, 1I and NVS-01) for operational service.}}</ref>
|-
|[[IRNSS-1E]]
|I005
|I05
|2016-003A
|41241
|20 January 2016
|PSLV-XL-C31
|Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}}
|The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref name = "ICG16">{{cite web |title=NavIC and GAGAN System Updates |url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2022/ICG16/05.pdf |access-date=1 June 2023 |quote=NavIC is offering short messaging service for users in Indian region through IRNSS-1A and 1E satellites.}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=NavIC (IRNSS) Standard Positioning Service Performance Report Oct-Dec 2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/pe_report_q4_2021.pdf |page=5 |quote=IRNSS 1G is not available for performance evaluation since October 05, 2019. IRNSS 1E is not available for performance evaluation since August 04, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":22" />
|-
|[[IRNSS-1F]]
|I006
|I06
|2016-015A
|41384
|10 March 2016
|PSLV-XL-C32
|Geostationary (GEO) / 32.5°E, 5° inclined orbit
|{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}}
|[[Atomic clock]]s failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref>{{Cite news |last=T.K. |first=Rohit |date=2016-03-10 |title=India's sixth navigation satellite, IRNSS-1F, placed in orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/PSLV-C32-lifts-off-with-navigation-satellite-IRNSS-1F/article60513379.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":30" />
|-
|[[IRNSS-1G]]
|I007
|I07
|2016-027A
|41469
|28 April 2016
|PSLV-XL-C33
|Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit
|{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}}
|Replaced by NVS-01. Currently being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<ref name="ar-2021" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":22" />
|-
|[[IRNSS-1H]]
|I008
|I08
|
|
|31 August 2017
|PSLV-XL-C39
|Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{failure|Launch Failed|align=center}}
|The [[payload fairing]] failed to separate and satellite could not reach the desired orbit.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-irnss-1h-launch-a-big-leap-for-private-sector-in-space/articleshow/60309043.cms|title=ISRO says launch of navigation satellite IRNSS-1H unsuccessful|date=2017-08-31|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/irnss-1h-launch-unsuccessful-says-isro-4822677/|title=IRNSS-1H launch unsuccessful, says ISRO|date=2017-08-31|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref> It was meant to replace defunct IRNSS-1A.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[IRNSS-1I]]
|I009
|I09
|2018-035A
|43286
|12 April 2018
|PSLV-XL-C41
|Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{Success|Operational|align=center}}
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-completes-NavIC-constellation-with-7th-satellite/articleshow/63721895.cms|title=India completes NavIC constellation with 7th satellite - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref>
|}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width = 200
| header = Animation of IRNSS
| image1 = Animation of IRNSS orbit around Earth.gif
| caption1 = Around the Earth
| image2 = Animation of IRNSS orbit around Earth - Polar view.gif
| caption2 = Around the Earth - Polar view
| image3 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - front view.gif
| caption3 = [[ECEF|Earth fixed frame]] - Equatorial view, front
| image4 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - side view.gif
| caption4 = [[ECEF|Earth fixed frame]] - Equatorial view, side
| image5 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - polar view.gif
| caption5 = [[ECEF|Earth fixed frame]] - Polar view
| footer = {{legend2| RoyalBlue | Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2| magenta |IRNSS-1B }}{{·}}{{legend2| lime |IRNSS-1C }}{{·}}{{legend2| Cyan |IRNSS-1E }}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|IRNSS-1F }}{{·}}{{legend2| OrangeRed|IRNSS-1G }}{{·}}{{legend2| Red|IRNSS-1I}}
}}
{{clear}}

===NVS series satellite===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+NVS series satellites<ref name=":2" /><ref name="auto"/>
!Satellite
!SVN
!PRN
!Int. Sat. ID
!NORAD ID
!Launch Date
!Launch Vehicle
!Orbit
!Status
!Remarks
|-
|[[NVS-01]] (IRNSS-1J)
|I010
|I10
|2023-076A
|56759
|29 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Isro to launch navigation satellite NVS-01 on May 29 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-to-launch-navic-satellite-nvs-01-on-gslv-mk-ii-in-may-to-replace-irnss-1g-offer-better-accuracy-and-coverage-101684006373706.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-16 |title=Isro to launch new navigation satellite on May 29 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-launch-new-navigation-satellite-on-may-29/articleshow/100261330.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[GSLV Mk II]] - [[GSLV-F12|F12]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Monthly Summary of Department of Space for February 2023 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummar_February2023.pdf}}</ref>
|Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit
|{{Success|Operational|align=center}}
|Replaced [[IRNSS-1G]]. Features extended lifespan, indigenous clock and new civilian band L1 for low power devices.<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-aims-for-7-more-launches-from-india-in-2021/articleshow/81455856.cms|title=Isro aims for 7 more launches from India in 2021|publisher=Times of India|date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd-gen ISRO navigation satellite launches today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/may/29/2nd-gen-isro-navigation-satellite-launches-today-2579600.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529103549/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/may/29/2nd-gen-isro-navigation-satellite-launches-today-2579600.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[NVS-02]] (IRNSS-1K)
|
|
|
|
| 29 January 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2024 |title=ISRO set to launch NVS-02 satellite in Jan 2025, with more missions planned for upcoming year: ISRO Chief |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-set-to-launch-nvs-02-satellite-in-jan-2025-with-more-missions-planned-for-upcoming-year-isro-chief20241231043355/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=ANI }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|[[GSLV Mk II]] - [[GSLV-F15|F15]]
|
|{{partial failure|Partial Failure|align=center}}
|Intended replacement of malfunctioning [[IRNSS-1E]] satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV-F15 NVS-02 Mission Brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/GSLVF15/GSLV-F15_NVS-02_EngBrochure240125.pdf |page=5 |quote=It will be placed at 111.75ºE replacing IRNSS-1E}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=29 September 2021|title=Overview of New NavIC L1 SPS Signal Structure & SBOC Modulation and Modified-CEMIC Multiplexing Scheme|url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2021/ICG15/WGS/icg15_wgs_01.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=28 September 2021|title=NavIC and GAGAN System Update|url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2021/ICG15/04.pdf}}</ref> However, NVS-02 suffered from a propulsion system failure and the ISRO is looking for alternative uses for the satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's Latest Mission Hits A Hurdle, Satellite Faces Technical Glitch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-100th-mission-hits-a-hurdle-satellite-faces-technical-glitch-7618493 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-02 |title=ISRO's orbit raising operations for NVS-02 satellite disrupted by valve malfunction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-orbit-raising-operations-for-nvs-02-satellite-disrupted-by-valve-malfunction/article69173305.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[NVS-03]] (IRNSS-1L)
|
|
|
|
|TBD 2026
|[[GSLV Mk II]]-F18
|Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{Planned|align=center}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outcome Budget 2025-2026 Ministry of Finance |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/OutcomeBudgetE2025_2026.pdf |page=260 |access-date=4 February 2025 |archive-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201092918/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/OutcomeBudgetE2025_2026.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TNIE |first=Team |date=2025-08-17 |title=‘Our mission: space station by 2035, man on moon by 2040’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Aug/17/our-mission-space-station-by-2035-man-on-moon-by-2040 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[NVS-04]] (IRNSS-IM)
|
|
|
|
|TBD
|[[GSLV Mk II]]
|Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{Planned|align=center}}
|<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />
|-
|[[NVS-05]] (IRNSS-1N)
|
|
|
|
|TBD
|[[GSLV Mk II]]
|Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{Planned|align=center}}
|<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />
|-
|[[NVS-06]]
|
|
|
|
|TBD
|[[GSLV Mk II]]
|Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit
|{{Planned|align=center}}
|<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />
|-
|[[NVS-07]]
|
|
|
|
|TBD
|[[GSLV Mk II]]
|Geosynchronous (IGSO),
|{{Planned|align=center}}
|<ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bhuvan]]
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation]] (GAGAN)
* [[List of Indian satellites]]
* [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme]] (IRSP)
* [[Indian National Satellite System]] (INSAT)
* [[GSAT]]

=== Other systems ===
{{Main|Satellite navigation}}

* [[BeiDou]] – global navigation satellite system operated by [[China]].
* [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] – global navigation satellite system operated by the [[European Union]].
* [[GLONASS]] – global navigation satellite system operated by [[Russia]].
* [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] – global navigation satellite system operated by the [[United States]].
* [[Quasi-Zenith Satellite System|QZSS]] – regional navigation satellite system operated by [[Japan]], receivable in the [[Asia-Pacific|Asia-Oceania]] region.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Footnotes===
# {{note|article}} SATNAV Industry Meet 2006. ISRO Space India Newsletter. April – September 2006 Issue.

== External links ==
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme IRNNS programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302041206/https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme |date=2 March 2022 }}
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/SatelliteNavigationServices.html Official Website]
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/IRNSS_Programme.html IRNSS Programme] at ISRO

{{IRNSS satellites}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Satellite navigation systems}}
{{Satellite constellations}}
{{Time signal stations}}
{{Portal bar|Spaceflight|Geography|India}}

[[Category:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System| ]]
[[Category:ISRO programmes]]
[[Category:Navigation satellite constellations]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]

Pahalgam

2026-03-27T05:02:10Z

DianaX6283:

{{Short description|City in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pahalgam
| native_name = Pahalgom
| native_name_lang = ks
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|perrow = 2/2/2
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image1 = LiddarRiverJhelum.jpeg
|caption1 = [[Lidder River]]
|image2 = Pahalgam views 33.JPG
|caption2 = [[Baisaran Valley]]
|image3 = Lavender Park 4.jpg
|caption3 = Lavender Park
|image4 = Pahalgham(the valley of shepherds).jpg
|caption4 = View of the town
|image5 = Pine trees in the snow in Pahalgam.jpg
|caption5 = Trees above the valley in winter
|image6 = A view of Pahalgam valley.jpg
|caption6 = View of the valley
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.01|N|75.19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Pahalgam Municipal Committee
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Data">{{cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/india/jammukashmir/anantnag/0140601000__pahalgam/|title=Pahalgam|work=citypopulation.de|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215182046/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/jammukashmir/anantnag/0140601000__pahalgam/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 18.02
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2200
| population_total = 9264
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Pop">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx|title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011|work=Census Commission of India|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf|title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020|work=Rising Kashmir| date=23 September 2020|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020|url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<ref name="Code">{{cite web|url=https://anantnag.nic.in/std-pin-code/|title=Pincodes and STD codes|work=[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521004200/https://anantnag.nic.in/std-pin-code/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| postal_code = 192126<ref name="Code"/>
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-01936]]
| area_code_type = STD Code
| registration_plate = JK-03
| website = {{url|https://anantnag.nic.in/tourist-place/pahalgam/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pahalgam''' ({{IPA|ur|pɛɦɛlɡɑːm}}) or '''Pahalgom''' ({{IPA|ks|pəhəlʲɡoːm}}) is a [[city]] in [[Anantnag district]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is located on the banks of [[Lidder River]] at an altitude of {{cvt|2200|m}} in the [[Vale of Kashmir]]. Pahalgam is the headquarters of the Pahalgam tehsil, one of the eleven [[taluk|tehsils]] in Anantnag district.

Located about {{cvt|45|km}} from [[Anantnag]], the city is a popular tourist destination and [[hill station]]. The city is the starting point of the annual pilgrimage to the [[Amarnath Temple]], which takes place in July–August.

==Etymology==
Pahalgam literally means "village of the shepherds" in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], with "Pạhạlʸ" meaning shepherds and "Gōm" meaning village.{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|p=6}}{{sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2014|p=234}} In [[Hindu literature]], the region is mentioned as "Bailgaon", meaning "village of the bull", to indicate where the Hindu god [[Shiva]] left his [[Nandi (Hinduism)|bull]] on the way to [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]].{{sfn|Raina|2014|p=325}}{{sfn|Hazra|2003|p=71}}

==Geography==
Pahalgam is located in [[Anantnag district]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Data"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Pahalgam.html|title=Rain Genomics – Pahalgam|access-date=1 May 2016|work=Galling Rain|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025170809/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Pahalgam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located at an altitude of {{cvt|2200|m}} in the [[Lidder Valley]], which extends east of [[Jhelum River]] in the [[Vale of Kashmir]].{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|p=6}}{{sfn|Kaul|1990|p=31}} The two streams of [[Lidder River]]—East and West Lidder—join near Pahalgam before proceeding through the narrow valley.{{sfn|Kaul|1990|p=25}} At Pahalgam, the valley divides into two, one heading towards Amarnath in the northeast and another leading to [[Aru, Jammu and Kashmir|Aru]] in the northwest.{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|p=6}} The region is made up of [[volcanic rock|volcanic]] and [[limestone]] rocks interspersed with asymmetrical roche rocks.{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|p=137}} The vegetation in the region is dominated by evergreen [[Abies pindrow|fir]] and [[coniferous]] trees such as [[pinus wallichiana|pine]] and [[picea smithiana|spruce]].{{sfn|Kaul|1990|p=35}}

===Climate===
Pahalgam has a [[temperate climate]], with mild summers and cold winters.{{sfn|Kaul|1990|p=29}} The temperature variation across the day in minimal in the winter months of December to February. Cold winds can result in a steep decrease in nighttime temperatures in winter to below zero.{{sfn|Kaul|1990|p=32}} Winter can result in heavy snowfall of up to {{cvt|4|m}} thick.{{sfn|Kaul|1990|p=31}} Summer extends from June to October, when the temperatures are at a maximum. Pahalgam receives most of the precipitation from late winter after November to May before the onset of summer.{{sfn|Kaul|1990|p=32}}

{{Weather box
|collapsed =
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| location = Pahalgam (1991–2020, extremes 1978–2020)
| Jan record high C = 13.8
| Feb record high C = 17.6
| Mar record high C = 23.9
| Apr record high C = 27.4
| May record high C = 30.8
| Jun record high C = 32.0
| Jul record high C = 31.5
| Aug record high C = 32.2
| Sep record high C = 30.0
| Oct record high C = 27.7
| Nov record high C = 23.0
| Dec record high C = 15.6
| year record high C = 32.2
| Jan high C = 4.9
| Feb high C = 7.2
| Mar high C = 12.5
| Apr high C = 17.6
| May high C = 21.3
| Jun high C = 24.2
| Jul high C = 25.5
| Aug high C = 25.4
| Sep high C = 23.7
| Oct high C = 19.9
| Nov high C = 13.1
| Dec high C = 7.9
| year high C = 17.0
| Jan low C = -6.1
| Feb low C = -3.9
| Mar low C = -0.3
| Apr low C = 3.3
| May low C = 5.8
| Jun low C = 8.9
| Jul low C = 12.9
| Aug low C = 13.0
| Sep low C = 8.7
| Oct low C = 2.6
| Nov low C = -1.4
| Dec low C = -4.2
| year low C = 3.5
| Jan record low C = -18.6
| Feb record low C = -17.3
| Mar record low C = -13.0
| Apr record low C = -4.0
| May record low C = -1.0
| Jun record low C = 1.5
| Jul record low C = 2.0
| Aug record low C = 4.0
| Sep record low C = 0.6
| Oct record low C = -5.1
| Nov record low C = -10.8
| Dec record low C = -15.7
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 136.0
| Feb rain mm = 144.5
| Mar rain mm = 171.2
| Apr rain mm = 144.2
| May rain mm = 120.1
| Jun rain mm = 91.2
| Jul rain mm = 107.1
| Aug rain mm = 114.9
| Sep rain mm = 95.1
| Oct rain mm = 38.2
| Nov rain mm = 51.3
| Dec rain mm = 59.7
| year rain mm = 1273.5
| Jan rain days = 8.1
| Feb rain days = 9.3
| Mar rain days = 10.3
| Apr rain days = 10.0
| May rain days = 9.8
| Jun rain days = 8.3
| Jul rain days = 8.8
| Aug rain days = 9.0
| Sep rain days = 7.0
| Oct rain days = 3.3
| Nov rain days = 3.0
| Dec rain days = 3.9
| year rain days = 90.8
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 80
| Feb humidity = 76
| Mar humidity = 66
| Apr humidity = 60
| May humidity = 57
| Jun humidity = 58
| Jul humidity = 64
| Aug humidity = 68
| Sep humidity = 65
| Oct humidity = 59
| Nov humidity = 68
| Dec humidity = 75
|year humidity = 66
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
| archive-date = 10 November 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241110020508/https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Pahalgam Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 605–606
| access-date = 15 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M78
| access-date = 15 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pahalgam (2011)<ref name="Rel">{{cite web|title=Population by religious community, Jammu and Kashmir - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11376|work=Census Commission of India|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=11 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211121246/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11376|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|80.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|17.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|yellow|1.38}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.99}}
}}
{{As of|2011}}, Pahalgam had a population of 9,264 people.<ref name="Pop"/> Males constitute 59.8% of the population and females 40.2%.<ref name="Rel"/> The town had an average literacy rate of 64.9% amongst the population of seven years and above. About 48% of the eligible age group were employed full-time, and 10% had casual employment.<ref name="Data"/> [[Scheduled Castes]] and [[Scheduled Tribes]] made up about two percent of the population.<ref name="Data"/> [[Islam]] was the major religion, with 80% adherents, with [[Hindus]] forming the second largest group (17.6%).<ref name="Rel"/>

==Administration==
Pahalgam is administered by the Pahalgam Municipal Committee.<ref name="MC">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/anantnag/pahalgam/pahalgam-mc-population.html|title=Pahalgam MC|work=Census 2011|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013203149/https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/anantnag/pahalgam/pahalgam-mc-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cooperatives.gov.in/hi/district-dashboard/district-primary-urban-detls/1/248168|title=Cooperatives in Anantnag district|work=[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The municipal committee is responsible for providing basic civic amenities such as water supply, sanitation and waste management, and other government services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jkhudd.gov.in/ulbkjcontent.html#:~:text=J&K%20Urban%20Local%20Bodies%2C%20is%20the%20application,amenities/%20services%20by%20way%20of%20exploration%20and|title=Services and amenities|work=[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610182559/https://jkhudd.gov.in/ulbkjcontent.html#:~:text=J&K%20Urban%20Local%20Bodies%2C%20is%20the%20application,amenities/%20services%20by%20way%20of%20exploration%20and|url-status=live}}</ref> The town is divided into 13 wards which elect their own local body representative to the municipal council.<ref name="MC"/>

==Transportation==
Pahalgam is well-connected with other regions of Jammu and Kashmir by roads.<ref name="Tourism"/> The [[National Highway 501 (India)|NH 501]] connects Pahalgam with Anantnag.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1932_2013_003.pdf|title=New highways notification dated September, 2012|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=4 Aug 2018|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804110139/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1932_2013_003.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> State-run bus services and private buses connect the town with [[Anantnag]], [[Jammu]], and [[Srinagar]].<ref name="Tourism"/> The nearest major rail heads are located at [[Udhampur]] and [[Jammu]], about {{cvt|217|km}} and {{cvt|285|km}} away respectively. The nearest airport is the [[Srinagar International Airport]], about {{cvt|95|km}} from Pahalgam.<ref name="Tourism"/>

==Tourism==
Pahalgam's location in the Lidder valley and its climate has led to the town becoming a popular tourist destination and [[hill station]].<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web|url=https://anantnag.nic.in/tourist-place/pahalgam/|title=Pahalgam|work=[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719152624/https://anantnag.nic.in/tourist-place/pahalgam/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 June 2010|title=Pahalgam: Valley of paradise|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/Pahalgam-Valley-of-paradise/articleshow/21844962.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501062938/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/38/201006242010062418282708e6c70cbb/Pahalgam-Valley-of-paradise.html|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, the town had about 7,020 beds for tourists.<ref name="Waste">{{Cite journal|last1=Bashir|first1=Subzar|last2=Goswami|first2=Subhrangsu|date=January 2016|title=Tourism Induced Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Hill Towns: Case of Pahalgam|journal=Procedia Environmental Sciences|series=Waste Management for Resource Utilisation|language=en|volume=35|pages=77–89|doi=10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.048|issn=1878-0296|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016PrEnS..35...77B }}</ref>

[[File:Betaab_Valley.jpg|thumb|[[Betaab Valley]] near Pahalgam]]

The [[Amarnath Temple]] is a Hindu pilgrimage site situated above the Pahalgam valley. The town forms the base camp for the [[yatra]] to the temple that takes place every year in the months of July–August, and results in a seasonal influx of pilgrims.<ref name="Tourism"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/amarnath-yatra-fresh-batch-of-pilgrims-leaves-under-heightened-security-124071500079_1.html|title=Amarnath Yatra: Fresh batch of pilgrims leaves under heightened security|date=15 July 2024|access-date=1 April 2025|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> As per [[Hindu mythology]], [[Shiva]] is believed to have left his mount [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] in Pahalgam, the moon he carries on his head in Chandanwari, the snakes around his neck at [[Sheshnag Lake]], and the [[Mahābhūta|five natural elements]] at [[Panchtarni]] before entering the Amarnath cave.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sunita Pant Bansal|title=Hindu pilgrimage;a journey through the holy places of Hindus all over India|date=15 November 2012|publisher=V & S Publishers|isbn=978-93-5057-251-1|page=121|oclc=930451370}}</ref> The yatra begins from Chandanwari, situated about {{cvt|16|km}} from Pahalgam, and proceeds towards Amarnath via Sheshnag Lake and Panchtarni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jksasb.nic.in/traditional_route.html|title=Traditional route, Amarnath Yatra|work=Amarnath Yatra board|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723225747/https://www.jksasb.nic.in/traditional_route.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Kolahoi Peak#Kolahoi Glacier|Kolahoi Glacier]] is a hanging glacier situated up the Lidder Valley, just below [[Kolahoi Peak]]. It is accessible via a {{cvt|35|km}} trail from Pahalgam via Aru.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.igsoc.org/journal.old/13/68/igs_journal_vol13_issue068_pg279-283.pdf|title=Glacial History of Kolahoi Glacier, Kashmir, India|author=N. Ahmed and N. H. Hashimi|journal=Journal of Glaciology|volume=13|issue=68|year=1974|page=279 |doi=10.1017/S002214300002308X |bibcode=1974JGlac..13..279A |access-date=16 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211170052/http://www.igsoc.org/journal.old/13/68/igs_journal_vol13_issue068_pg279-283.pdf|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Baisaran Valley|Baisaran]] and [[Betaab Valley|Betaab]] valleys are verdant meadows flanked by mountains and evergreen trees, located close to Pahalgam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood returns to Kashmir, its original home |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bollywood-returns-to-kashmir-its-original-home-461037|work=[[NDTV]]|date=11 July 2011|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/when-baisaran-turned-into-a-valley-of-horror-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-mini-switzerland-9309936.html|title=All About Pahalgam's Baisaran: From India's 'Mini Switzerland' To The Valley Of Horror|work=[[News18]]|date=23 April 2025|access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> Pahalgam Golf Course, also known as Lidder Valley Golf Course, is an 18-hole golf course inaugurated in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pahalgam's Lidder Valley Golf Course struggles with maintenance, 'mismanagement'|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/front-page-2/pahalgams-lidder-valley-golf-course-struggles-with-maintenance-mismanagement/|date=12 November 2024|access-date=19 January 2021|work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

The high influx of seasonal tourists results in the production of large quantities of solid wastes, which overwhelms the waste management system, and leads to dumping of wastes throughout the town. With an estimated 74% of the total municipal wastes coming from tourism, the dumping had increased the probability of waterborne diseases downstream of the Lidder River and other health issues.<ref name="Waste"/>

===2025 Pahalgam attack===
{{Main article|2025 Pahalgam attack}}

On 22 April 2025, terrorists affiliated with [[The Resistance Front]], an outfit of Pakistani LeT, opened fire on a group of tourists at Baisaran valley near Pahalgam, killing 26 people and injuring 20 others.<ref>{{cite news|title=LeT Affiliate "Resistance Front" Claims Pahalgam Attack: All About It |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-let-affiliate-resistance-front-claims-pahalgam-attack-all-about-it-8232840|work=[[NDTV]]|date=23 April 2025|access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Aharbal]]
* [[Gulmarg]]
* [[Kausar Nag]]
* [[Martand Sun Temple]]
* [[Sonamarg]]
* [[Sopore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|title=Jammu and Kashmir State: Kashmir region|last=Ahmad|first=Bashir|year=2003|publisher=State Gazetteers Unit, Government of Jammu and Kashmir}}
* {{cite book|last1=Betts|first1=Vanessa|title=Indian Himalaya Handbook|last2=McCulloch|first2=Victoria|publisher=Footprint|year=2014|isbn=978-1-907-26388-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Hazra|first=Rajendra Chandra|title=Rise of Epic and Purāṇic Rudra-Śiva Or Śiva Maheśvara|date=2003|publisher=Sri Balaram Prakashani}}
* {{cite book|title=Glacial and Fluvial Geomorphology of Western Himalaya Liddar Valley|first=Manmohan Nath|last=Kaul|year=1990|isbn=978-8-170-22244-6|publisher=Concept Publishing}}
* {{cite book|title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective|first=Mohini Qasba|last=Raina|year=2014|isbn=978-1-482-89945-0|publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]]}}

{{Wikivoyage|Pahalgam}}
{{Commons category}}

{{India topics}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Silli Polytechnic

2026-03-22T19:04:37Z

DianaX6283: made a post.

{{short description|Indian engineering institute}}[[File:Silli COLLEGE ENTRY.jpg|thumb|Silli Polytechnic College]]
'''Silli Polytechnic College''' (established by the Government of [[Jharkhand]] and run by [[Techno India]]) is a diploma-level educational institute established in 2013 under a [[public–private partnership]]. It is located in the Vidhan Sabha constituency of Silli, a territory of the Jharkhand Government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=indcareer.com|date=2013-08-05|title=Silli Polytechnic College, Silli|url=https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/ranchi/silli-polytechnic-college-silli|access-date=2020-07-01|website=IndCareer.com|language=en}}</ref> The institute was initially known as Techno India Silli and later as Government Polytechnic College Silli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Students injured in police action|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/students-injured-in-police-action/cid/1337455|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

In 2012, the state government of Jharkhand signed a memorandum with Techno India to establish an engineering institute in the [[Silli block]] of the [[Ranchi district]], along with three other institutes at different places in [[Jharkhand]] via public-private partnerships.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 20, 2012|title=MoU signed for two PPP mode engineering colleges|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/MoU-signed-for-two-PPP-mode-engineering-colleges/articleshow/16884861.cms|access-date=2020-07-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The engineering institute commenced academic activity in 2013 as Techno India Silli and eventually changed its name to Government Polytechnic College Silli. In 2017, it changed its name to Silli Polytechnic College; as their previous name was not registered with the accreditation body, its graduates had difficulty finding employment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Students injured in police action|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/students-injured-in-police-action/cid/1337455|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Location ==
Silli Polytechnic College is located in Silli, a town in [[Silli block|the Silli block]] of the [[Ranchi district]], [[Jharkhand]]. The nearest railway station, Silli Railway Station, is three kilometers away. Munda Airport, the nearest airport, is situated 64 kilometers away from the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Airport near chordera|url=https://www.google.com/maps/search/airport/@22.7998164,76.1568243,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m8!2m7!3m6!1sairport!2sSilli+Polytechnic,+Silli,+Ramdera,+Chordera,+Jharkhand+835102,+India!3s0x39f44d0160f5bfb9:0xa93b2a6ab853e326!4m2!1d85.803978!2d23.368029|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Airport near chordera|language=en}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The institute was affiliated with the [[State Board of Technical Education, Jharkhand]], until 2017. In 2018, the institute became affiliated with the [[Jharkhand University of Technology]] (JUT), [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 14, 2016|title=Construction delay stalls Jharkhand University of Technology opening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Construction-delay-stalls-Jharkhand-University-of-Technology-opening/articleshow/52739459.cms|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-25|title=झारखंड में खुलेगी टेक्निकल यूनिवर्सिटी, 50 हजार रुपए में मिल सकेगी बीटेक और एमटेक की डिग्री|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/technical-university-opens-in-jharkhand-5902407.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> All courses are approved by the [[All India Council of Technical Education]]. The institute currently has five departments of engineering (diploma level):

*[[Computer Science and Engineering]]
*[[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]]
*[[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
*[[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]]
*[[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]]

== References ==
<references />{{coord missing|Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Education in Jharkhand]]

Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University

2026-03-22T05:27:05Z

DianaX6283: improved article

{{Short description|Public University in Ayodhya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University
| native_name =
| image = Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University logo.png
| image_size =
| caption = University seal
| latin_name =
| motto = ज्योतिषां ज्योतिरेकम्
| mottoeng = Dedicated to Truth
| established = {{start date and age|4 March 1975|df=yes}}
| closed =
| type = [[ State University (India)|State university]]
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Bijendra Singh
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| faculty = 250+
| staff =
| students = 2,665
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Faizabad]], [[Ayodhya district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus = Urban
| coordinates = {{coord|26.75369|82.14267|display=title,inline}}
| campus_size = {{Convert|112.24|acre}}
| former_names =
| sports =
| colors =
| colours =
| other_name = Avadh University
| mascot =
| athletics =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] B
| website = {{URL|www.rmlau.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University''', commonly known as '''Avadh University''', is a state university located in [[Faizabad]], [[Ayodhya district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1975 by the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University declares BEd-JEE results|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ram-Manohar-Lohia-Avadh-University-declares-BEd-JEE-results/articleshow/13501779.cms|access-date=5 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2012|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117075239/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ram-Manohar-Lohia-Avadh-University-declares-BEd-JEE-results/articleshow/13501779.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Presently, the university is catering education to about 5 lakhs regular/private student through its nine residential PG departments and on campus Institute of Engineering along-with more than 600 affiliated colleges.

==History==
The government of Uttar Pradesh, established Avadh University, Faizabad, initially as an affiliating university by its notification no. 1192/fifteen-10-46(6)-1975 dated 4 March 1975 and appointed Prof. (Dr.) Surendra Singh as the first [[Vice chancellor]]. In 1993–94, it was renamed as Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University in the memoriam of late [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia]], a socio-economic ideologue and freedom fighter.

The university initially started its office in a rental building at Civil Lines, Faizabad. Land acquisition process for varsity's formal office started in 1976. Ultimately, the then chancellor and governor of the state Shri G.D. Tapase laid foundation of the present administrative building of the varsity on 2 May 1978.

The university assumed the shape of an affiliating cum residential varsity in April 1984. The residential segment became functional with the opening of four PG departments in the campus viz. [[History]], [[Culture]] & [[Archaeology]], [[Economics]] & [[Rural Development]], [[Mathematics]] & [[Statistics]] and [[Physics]] & [[Electronics]]. Four more departments viz. [[M.B.A]], [[Biochemistry|Bio-Chemistry]], [[Microbiology]] and [[Environmental Sciences]] were added to its academic paraphernalia in 1993-94 which in turn brought recognition of the varsity under 12B scheme of [[University Grants Commission (India)|U.G.C.]]

In 2000–01, Institute of Engineering & Technology was established on the campus with [[B.Tech.]] (in [[Mechanical Engineering]], [[Information Technology]], [[Computer Science and Engineering]] and [[Electronics & Communication Engineering]]) and [[Master of Computer Applications|M.C.A.]] courses. In the same year, some other courses like M.C.J., [[Master of Social Work|M.S.W.]], [[Bachelor of Library Science|B.Lib.]] and [[Master of Library Science|M.Lib.]] were also added to widen the academic spectrum of the residential setup. In addition, a number of PG programs like M.Sc-Biotechnology, [[Master of Tourism Management|M.T.A.]], [[Master of Physical Education|M.P.Ed.]], [[Master of Education|M.Ed.]] and UG programs like [[Bachelor of Business Administration|B.B.A.]], [[Bachelor of Computer Application|B.C.A.]] and [[Bachelor of Physical Education|B.P.Ed.]] became functional on the campus from the session 2005–06.

The Sardar Patel Centre for National Integration has been established with the vision and mission of creating awareness towards integrating all cross sections of people, culturally and politically. Centre was established in 2020, where in three post-graduate degree programs are successfully running as mentioned in [[Public policy|Governance and public policy]], [[Strategic studies|Strategic Studies]] and [[International_relations|International Relations]].<ref name="SPCNI">{{citation |url=http://www.rmlau.ac.in/new/SPCNI.aspx |title=Sardar Patel Centre for National Integration |work=Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419045341/http://www.rmlau.ac.in/new/SPCNI.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Campus and infrastructure==
[[File:Avadh university faizabad.jpg|thumb|Front Gate of Awadh University]]
The university is spread over an area of 112.24 acres. It has 23 buildings which include the administration building, Kautilya administration building, examination building, Swami Vivekananda auditorium, health centre, central library, entrance examination cell, physics and electronics building, guest house and IT centre. It has two boys' and two girls' hostels and faculty housing.

==Departments and institutes==
* Sardar Patel Centre For National Integration<ref name="SPCNI"/>
* Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET), established in 2000, imparting [[B.Tech]] and [[M.Tech]] degrees in various engineering areas, as well as [[Master of Computer Applications|MCA]].
* Department of Business Management and Entrepreneurship
* Department Of Mass Communication & Journalism (B.Voc Mass communication and MA Mass communication are ug and pg courses running in department)
* Department of Physics and Electronics
* Department of Mathematics and Statistics
* Department of Biochemistry
* Department of Microbiology
* Department of Environmental Sciences
* Department of Economics and Rural Development
* Department of History Culture & Archaeology
* Department of Adult, Continuing and Extension Education
* Department of Master of Social Work
* Department of Physical Education

==Affiliated colleges==
Avadh University has 134 degree colleges affiliated to it. They fall in the following zones: [[Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Amethi]], [[Ayodhya district]], [[Bahraich]], [[Balrampur]], [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]], [[Farrukhabad]], [[Firozabad]], [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]], [[Lucknow]], [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Raebareli]], [[Shravasti]], [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of affiliated Colleges |url=https://targetstudy.com/university/321/dr-ram-manohar-lohia-avadh-university/affiliated-colleges/ |website=targetstudy.com |access-date=24 November 2019 |date=November 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109215923/https://targetstudy.com/university/321/dr-ram-manohar-lohia-avadh-university/affiliated-colleges/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Siddharth Univ becomes 25th state university |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Siddharth-Univ-becomes-25th-state-university/articleshow/47717377.cms |date=18 June 2015 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127194145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Siddharth-Univ-becomes-25th-state-university/articleshow/47717377.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

*[[Afroz Ahmad]]
*[[Anupam Shyam]]
*[[Indrajeet Patel (runner)|Indrajeet Patel]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-ALAH-vegetable-vendor-in-past-indrajeet-patel-is-international-athlete-now-news-hindi-5569105-PHO.html |title=किसान का बेटा है इंटरनेशनल एथलीट, कभी गलियों में बेचता था सब्जी |trans-title=Farmer's son is today an international athlete, once used to sell vegetables in the streets |date=7 April 2017 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103092846/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-ALAH-vegetable-vendor-in-past-indrajeet-patel-is-international-athlete-now-news-hindi-5569105-PHO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]]
*[[Jitender Singh Tomar]]
*[[Sanjaya Sinh]]
*[[Hari Om Pandey]]
*[[Savitri Bai Phule]]
*[[Lallu Singh]]
*[[R. K. Chaudhary]]
*[[Ram Shiromani Verma]]
*[[Shah Alam (filmmaker)]]
*[[Manish Rawat]]
*[[Jagdambika Pal]]
*[[Ameeta Singh]]
*[[Anupama Jaiswal]]
*[[Krishna Raj]]
*[[Deepak Singh (politician)]]
*[[Vinay Kumar Pandey]]
*[[Daddan Mishra]]
*[[Sanghmitra Maurya]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1365 |title=Sanghmitra Maurya (Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency - Aliganj (Etah) - Affidavit Information of Candidate, Uttar Pradesh 2012 |publisher=[[Association for Democratic Reforms]] |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815111312/http://www.myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1365 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.rmlayuuhh.in/}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1975]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ram Manohar Lohia]]
[[Category:Faizabad]]
[[Category:State universities in India]]

V. Vaithilingam

2026-03-20T03:27:30Z

DianaX6283:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Vaithilingam
| birth_name = Vaithilingam
| image = Vaithilingam.jpg
| caption = V. Vaithilingam at 27th Flower, Vegetable and Fruit Show, [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|10|5}}
| birth_place =[[Cuddalore]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]
| residence =[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| office = President of [[Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start = {{Start date|df=y|2023|06|09}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[A. V. Subramanian]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 =
| majority1 = 136,516 (16.90%)
| predecessor1 = [[R. Radhakrishnan (politician, born 1971)|R. Radhakrishnan]]
| constituency1 = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| office2 = 6th [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]]
| term_start2 = 4 July 1991
| term_end2 = 13 May 1996
| predecessor2 = M. D. R. Ramachandran
| successor2 = [[R. V. Janakiraman]]
|term_start3 = 4 September 2008
| term_end3 = 15 May 2011
| predecessor3 = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| successor3 = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| office4 = [[Speaker of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 12 June 2016
| term_end4 = 21 March 2019
| deputy4 = V.P. Sivakolundu
| constituency4 = [[Kamaraj Nagar (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Kamaraj Nagar]]

| office5 = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency5 = [[Kamaraj Nagar (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Kamaraj Nagar]]
| term_start5 = 13 May 2011
| predecessor5 = ''New constituency''
| term_end5 = 23 May 2019
| successor5 = A. Johnkumar

| constituency6 = [[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nettapakkam]]
| term_start6 = 13 May 1985
| predecessor6 = R. Subbaraya Gounder
| term_end6 = 13 May 2011
| successor6 = L. Periyasamy

| party =[[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Sasikala
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter
|alma_mater=[[Loyola College, Chennai]]
}}
'''V. Vaithilingam''' (born 5 October 1950) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]], who currently represents [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]] in the [[Lok Sabha]]. He held the position as the 11th [[Chief Minister of Pondicherry]] from 1991 to 1996 and the 16th Chief Minister of Puducherry again from 2008 to 2011. He is a senior legislator serving eight consecutive terms.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-09 |title=Lok Sabha MP V Vaithilingam appointed as president of Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/lok-sabha-mp-v-vaithilingam-appointed-as-president-of-puducherry-pradesh-congress-committee/articleshow/100884277.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He headed the Pondicherry Government from 1991 to 1996 and the Congress Legislative party from 1991 to 2000. His priorities as Chief Minister were to minimize the budget deficit, increase private sector participation in public transport, and improve the health care system. He first became Chief Minister at the age of 40, making him the second youngest Chief Minister of Puducherry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-05-18 |title=V Vaithilingam: Will Puducherry give him a chance to be CM again? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/puducherry-elections-2016/news/v-vaithilingam-will-puducherry-give-him-a-chance-to-be-cm-again/articleshow/52327570.cms |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==

He was born in Cuddalore and was raised in his native home Madukarai, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. After completing his schooling, he went to [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] in Chennai and later went to Madukkarai to take care of his family farms. In 1969, Vaithilingam married Miss Sasikala. From an early age, he developed exceptional leadership skills, an example of which was his role as the Chairman of Land Development Bank of Puducherry State.

The Vaithilingam family is known for their work as [[freedom fighter]]s against French rule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-10 |title=Multiple challenges ahead of V. Vaithilingam, new chief of Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/multiple-challenges-ahead-of-v-vaithilingam-new-chief-of-puducherry-pradesh-congress-committee/article66953737.ece |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His paternal grandfather late Vaithilingam Reddiar was the Mayor of [[Nettapakkam]] commune during the French rule in Puducherry. His father [[V. Venkatasubha Reddiar]] was also a [[Chief Minister of Pondicherry]].

== Political career ==

In 1980, at the age of 30, he ran for the Legislative Assembly and lost by a narrow margin of 90 odd votes. In 1985, Vaithilingam was elected become Public Works and Power Minister, which he served until 1990.<ref name=":1" /> From 1991 to 1996 he served as the Chief Minister of Pondicherry. Under his administration, Pondicherry saw a drastic growth in the industrial and education sector. He advocated smaller government and greater participation of the private sector. Vaithilingam also benefited from the management of the economy and the liberalization policies followed by Prime Minister
[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].

In 1996 elections, the [[Indian National Congress]] became the single largest party, but their alliance lost the elections and Vaithilingam was appointed the Leader of Opposition until 1999. In 2001, he won from [[Nettapakkam]] constituency but was not able to serve as Chief Minister due to being falsely charged with an attempt to corrupt a fellow legislator. He was later acquitted on all charges.<ref name=":0" /> During this period, N. Rangaswamy was chosen as Chief Minister and Vaithilingam served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in his cabinet until 2006.

From 2006 to 2008, Vaithilingam served as the Minister of Agriculture and Industries.<ref name=":1" /> He was elected Chief Minister in 2008 and he served until 2011. He became Leader of the Opposition in 2011 election and he became Speaker of the House in 2016, and resigned in 2019 after becoming a member of the [[Parliament of India]] for Puducherry.

In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections V. Vaithilingam was chosen to represent the [[Indian National Congress]] party, and he defeated [[All India N.R. Congress]] candidate Dr. Narayanasamy Kesavan. In 2024 he was re elected defeating [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[A. Namassivayam]].

==Electoral history==
*'''[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Post !! Constituency !! Party !! Opponent !! Opposition Party !! Result
|-
| 1980 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]]|| [[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nettapakkam]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || R. Subaraya Gounder || [[Janata Party|JNP]] || {{Lost}}
|-
| 1985 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]]|| [[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nettapakkam]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || P. Ramamurthy || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || {{Won}}
|-
| 1990 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]]|| [[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nettapakkam]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || N. Devadass || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || {{Won}}
|-
| 1991 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]] || [[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nettapakkam]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| R. Subraya Gounder || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || {{Won}}
|-
| 1996 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]] ||[[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nettapakkam]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| V. Muthunarayanan || Independent || {{Won}}
|-
| 2001 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]] ||[[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nettapakkam]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| K. Dhanraju || [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] || {{Won}}
|-
| 2006 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]] ||[[Nettapakkam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nettapakkam]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| V. Muthunarayanan ||[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]] || {{Won}}
|-
| 2011|| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]] ||[[Kamaraj Nagar (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Kamaraj Nagar]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| Nara Kalainathan || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || {{Won}}
|-
| 2016 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]] ||[[Kamaraj Nagar (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Kamaraj Nagar]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| P. Ganesan || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || {{Won}}
|}

*'''[[Member of Parliament]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Post !! Constituency !! Party !! Opponent !! Opposition Party !! Result
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]|| [[Member of Parliament (India)|M.P]] ||[[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| Dr. Narayanasamy Kesavan || [[All India N.R. Congress]] || {{Won}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]] || [[Member of Parliament (India)|M.P]] ||[[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| [[A. Namassivayam]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || {{Won}}
|}

== Comeback ==
Vaithilingam was falsely charged with an attempt to corrupt a fellow legislator.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203315 "The Defection Bazaar"], (''Outlook India''), 2 April 1997</ref> Although he was found not guilty and acquitted on all charges, Vaithilingam lost his leadership of the Congress Legislative party in 2000. He was for the sixth time elected to the legislature and served as Industries and Power Minister in N.Rangaswamy cabinet in 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173333/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-04/india/27901371_1_office-and-secrecy-vaithilingam-ministers "Vaithilingam sworn in as Puducherry Chief Minister"], IST, PTI (''Times of India''), 4 September 2008.</ref>

==Positions held==
{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{s-bef|before = D. Ramachandran}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Pondicherry]]|years =4 July 1991–13 May 1996}}
{{s-aft|after=[[R.V. Janakiraman]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before = V.M.C. Ganapathy}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Leader of Opposition]] of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]|years = 26 May 1996–21 March 2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[R.V. Janakiraman]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before = [[N. Rangaswamy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]]|years = 4 September 2008–15 May 2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[N. Rangaswamy]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before = A.M.H. Nazeem}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Leader of Opposition]] of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]|years = 2011–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[N. Rangaswamy]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before = V. Sabapathy}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]|years = 10 June 2016–21 Mar. 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=V.P. Sivakolundhu}}
{{S-end}}
{{Chief ministers of Puducherry}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|V. Vaithilingam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaithilingam, V.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Puducherry]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:People from Pondicherry]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Speakers of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1990–1991]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

List of programmes broadcast by Zee TV

2026-03-14T21:03:25Z

DianaX6283: fixed structure to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Programs broadcast by Indian TV channel}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

This is a list consisting of current and former broadcasts by the Indian television channel [[Zee TV]].

==Currently broadcast==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:orange;"|Premiere date
!style="background:orange;"|Show
|-
|16 September 2024
|''[[Vasudha (2024 TV series)|Vasudha]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Engineer to Lead Actor in Vasudha; A look at Abhishek Sharma's journey into the Industry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-engineer-to-lead-actor-in-vasudha-a-look-at-abhishek-sharmas-journey-into-the-industry/articleshow/113401455.cms|access-date=2024-12-03|website=The Times of India|date=16 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|11 November 2024
|''[[Jaane Anjaane Hum Mile (TV series)|Jaane Anjaane Hum Mile]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayushi Khurana and Bharat Ahlawwat get candid about their characters in Jaane Anjaane Hum Mile|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ayushi-khurana-and-bharat-ahlawwat-get-candid-about-their-characters-in-jaane-anjaane-hum-mile/articleshow/114508655.cms|access-date=2024-12-03|website=The Times of India|date=23 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 12 May 2025
| ''[[Saru (2025 TV series)|Saru]]''<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 May 2025|title=Zee TV launches Saru starring Mohak Matkar, Shagun Pandey, Anushka Merchande|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zee-tv-launches-saru-starring-mohak-matkar-shagun-pandey-anushka-merchande/|access-date=21 May 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 7 July 2025
| ''[[Tumm Se Tumm Tak]]''<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=25 June 2025|title=TV Tum Se Tum Tak Gets New Launch Date; All You Need To Know About Sharad Kelkar's TV Comeback Show|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/tum-se-tum-tak-gets-new-launch-date-all-you-need-to-know-about-sharad-kelkar-tv-comeback-show-article-152147426|access-date=27 June 2025|work=[[Times Now]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|22 September 2025
|''[[Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan]]''<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 September 2025|title=Sheizaan Khan opens up about his heroic entry as Siddhu in Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan; says, “What drew me in was his innocence”
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sheizaan-khan-opens-heroic-entry-siddhu-ganga-mai-ki-betiyan-says-drew-innocence/|access-date=18 September 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|10 November 2025
|''[[Jagadhatri (TV series)|Jagadhatri]]''<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2 October 2025|title=Jagadhatri to feature Sonakshi Batra and Farman Haider in lead roles
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jagadhatri-to-feature-sonakshi-batra-and-farman-haider-in-lead-roles/articleshow/124277844.cms|access-date=10 November 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|12 January 2026
|''[[Lakshmi Niwas (2026 TV series)|Lakshmi Niwas]]''

|}

==Formerly broadcast==
===Acquired series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''[[Baarish (web series)|Baarish]]''
|<ref name="Jain">{{Cite news|last=Jain|first=Arushi|date=April 3, 2020|title=From Dekh Bhai Dekh to Baarish, here's everything Indian TV has to offer|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/here-is-what-indian-tv-has-to-offer-ramayan-dekh-bhai-dekh-mahabharat-cid-6344090/|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404182107/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/here-is-what-indian-tv-has-to-offer-ramayan-dekh-bhai-dekh-mahabharat-cid-6344090/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat]]''
|<ref name="Jain"/>
|-
|2020
|''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Dekh Bhai Dekh to Baarish, here's everything Indian TV has to offer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/here-is-what-indian-tv-has-to-offer-ramayan-dekh-bhai-dekh-mahabharat-cid-6344090/|last=Jain|first=Arushi|date=April 3, 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404182107/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/here-is-what-indian-tv-has-to-offer-ramayan-dekh-bhai-dekh-mahabharat-cid-6344090/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Queen (web series)|Queen]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 6, 2020|title=Queen' season 2 to have more action, thrilling content, says Ramya Krishnan|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/queen-season-2-to-have-more-action-thrilling-content-says-ramya-krishnan/articleshow/76232689.cms|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607203843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/queen-season-2-to-have-more-action-thrilling-content-says-ramya-krishnan/articleshow/76232689.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Zindagi Gulzar Hai]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|date=4 June 2021|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/766740/zindagi-gulzar-hai-to-now-air-on-zee-tv/|title='Zindagi Gulzar Hai' to now air on Zee TV|newspaper=Daily Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604070252/https://dailytimes.com.pk/766740/zindagi-gulzar-hai-to-now-air-on-zee-tv/|url-status=live|archive-date=4 June 2021|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Anthology series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Ref.
|-
|1999–2001
|''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
|
|-
|1997–1999
|''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
|
|-
|1993–1995
|''[[Yule Love Story]]''
|
|-
|1999
|''Gubbare''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep05/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404094818/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep05/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Children/teen series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Ref.
|-
|2004–2005
|''Chi and Me''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zee-launches-kiddie-daily-chi-and-me-on-monday-041111|title=Zee launches kiddie daily 'Chi and me' on Monday|date=2004-12-11|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902125821/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zee-launches-kiddie-daily-chi-and-me-on-monday-041111|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1998–2001
|''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]''
|
|-
|1992
|''Junglee Toofan Tyre Puncture''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/revisiting-90s-prime-time-tv|title=Revisiting '90s Prime Time TV|date=7 March 2019|website=Verve Magazine|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230215/https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/revisiting-90s-prime-time-tv|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Comedy series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Ref.
|-
|2001
|''Aasman Say Tapki''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug22.htm|title=Zee introduces 'Break-Free' programming as brand positioning {{as written|excer|cise [sic]}}|date=9 August 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011225130627if_/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug22.htm |archive-date=25 December 2001}}</ref>
|-
|2001
|''Apun To Bas Vaise''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010729/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225511/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010729/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|''Baat Ban Jaaye''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/90s-popular-show-Baat-Ban-Jaaye-cast-Rohit-Roy-and-Niki-Walia-reunite/articleshow/53737698.cms|title=90s popular show 'Baat Ban Jaaye' cast Rohit Roy and Niki Walia Reunite|date=17 August 2016|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008124047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/90s-popular-show-baat-ban-jaaye-cast-rohit-roy-and-niki-walia-reunite/articleshow/53737698.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Bh Se Bhade]]''
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Bin Kuch Kahe]]''
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Dam Dama Dam]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''Devrani Jethani''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010603/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225705/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010603/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Gangs of Haseepur]]''
|
|-
|1997–1998
|''[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|Ghar Jamai]]''
|
|-
|1998–1999
|''[[Gudgudee (TV series)|Gudgudee]]''
|
|-
|1999–2000
|''[[Hello Friends (TV series)|Hello Friends]]''
|
|-
|2000
| ''Hotel Hindustan''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000326/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Successful comedy is no laughing matter|date=26 March 2000|last=Khosla|first=Mukesh|website=Tribune India|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401172702/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000326/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1998–1999
|''Hudd Kar Di''
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shriman Shrimati, Hudd Kar Di: Do You Remember These TV Shows?|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shriman-Shrimati-Hudd-Kar-Di-Do-you-remember-these-TV-shows/photostory/55679496.cms|date=29 November 2016|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623181831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shriman-Shrimati-Hudd-Kar-Di-Do-you-remember-these-TV-shows/photostory/55679496.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1995–2005
|''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]''
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Hum Sab Baraati]]''
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Johny Aala Re]]''
|
|-
|2005–2006
|''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa (TV series)|Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]''
|
|-
|2004–2005
|''[[Kareena Kareena]]''
|
|-
|2002–2003
|''[[Kitne Kool Hai Hum]]''
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Little Mirchi Thoda Pepper]]''
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Mrs. Madhuri Dixit]]''
|
|-
|2014–2016
|''[[Neeli Chatri Waale]]''
|
|-
|1999–2000
|''[[Professor Pyarelal (TV series)|Professor Pyarelal]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan (TV series)|Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan]]''
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Zee Comedy Show]]''
|
|}

===Drama series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Ref.
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]''
|
|-
|1997–1998
|''[[9 Malabar Hill]]''
|
|-
|2002–2003
|''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (TV series)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]''
|
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Aaj Ki Housewife Hai... Sab Jaanti Hai]]''
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''[[Aandhi (TV series)|Aandhi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxB3VTkOFPs|title=Aandhi | आँधी | Hindi TV Serial | Full Ep - 1 | Simone Singh, Faisal Khan | ZeeTV|date=12 August 2019 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230247/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxB3VTkOFPs|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1999–2003
|''Aangan''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct17/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Another bubbly soap|website=Tribune India|language=en-US|access-date=11 November 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225509/https://m.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct17/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2019
|''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''
|<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/aap-ke-aa-jane-se-review-the-unconventional-story-takes-the-conventional-route-lifetv-1146884-2018-01-16|title=Aap Ke Aa Jane Se review: The unconventional story takes the conventional route|website=[[India Today]]|date=16 January 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225642/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/aap-ke-aa-jane-se-review-the-unconventional-story-takes-the-conventional-route-lifetv-1146884-2018-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Aapki Antara]]''
|
|-
|1998–2001
|''[[Aashirwad (TV series)|Aashirwad]]''
|
|-
|1999
|''Aashiqui''
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr25/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612234635/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr25/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2002–2003
|''[[Aati Rahengi Baharein]]''
|
|-
|1996–1999
|''Adhikar''
|<ref name="m.tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://scvl.in/ftagem_portfolio/adhikaar/|title=ADHIKAAR|website=Siddhant Cinevision Pvt Ltd|language=en-US|access-date=11 November 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112133915/http://scvl.in/ftagem_portfolio/adhikaar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Afsar Bitiya]]''
|
|-
|2009–2011
|''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Aggar Tum Na Hote]]''
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi]]''
|
|-
|1997–2002
|''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]''
|<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>
|-
|2016
|''[[Amma (Hindi TV series)|Amma]]''
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]''
|
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Apno Ke Liye Geeta Ka Dharmayudh]]''
|
|-
|2007–2008
|''[[Ardhangini (2007 TV series)|Ardhangini]]''
|
|-
|2002–2006
|''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]''
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''[[Awaz - Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
|
|-
|2000–2001
|''[[Babul Ki Duwayen Leti Jaa]]''
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Badalte Rishton Ki Dastaan]]''
|
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Bandhan (Indian TV series)|Bandhan]]''
|
|-
|1993–1997
|''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]''
|
|-
|2006–2009
|''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
|
|-
|2000–2001
|''[[Basera (Zee TV series)|Basera]]''
|
|-
| 2024–2025
|''[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab]]''
|
|-
|2010–2012
|''[[Bhagonwali-Baante Apni Taqdeer]]''
|
|-
|2021–2025
|''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]''
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Bhutu]]''
|
|-
|2013–2015
|''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori]]''
|
|-
|1996
|''Chandni''
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19960915-former-miss-india-sangeeta-bijlani-makes-her-small-screen-debut-with-chandni-834461-1996-09-15|title=Former Miss India Sangeeta Bijlani makes her small-screen debut with Chandni|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|date=September 15, 1996|magazine=India Today|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819063358/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19960915-former-miss-india-sangeeta-bijlani-makes-her-small-screen-debut-with-chandni-834461-1996-09-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1998–1999
|''[[Chashme Baddoor (TV series)|Chashme Baddoor]]''
|
|-
|1996–1998
|''[[Chattan]]''
|
|-
|1993–1997
|''[[Campus]]''
|
|-
|2008–2012
|''[[Chotti Bahu]]''
|
|-
|1992
|''Commander''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/delnaaz-irani-acting-debut-commander-zee-tv-show-first-of-many-7360491/|title=First of Many: Delnaaz Irani revisits Commander|date=16 June 2021|access-date=21 August 2022|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225124059/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/delnaaz-irani-acting-debut-commander-zee-tv-show-first-of-many-7360491/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1995–1996
|''[[Dastaan (Zee)|Dastaan]]''
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Detective Didi]]''
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Dhoop Mein Thandi Chaav... Maa]]''
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Dil Dhoondta Hai]]''
|
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Dil Se Diya Vachan]]''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Dil Yeh Ziddi Hai]]''
|
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Do Saheliyaan]]''
|
|-
|2013–2015
|''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''
|
|-
|2001–2002
|''[[Dollar Bahu]]''
|
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Ek Mutthi Aasmaan (TV series)|Ek Mutthi Aasmaan]]''
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Ek Raja Ek Rani]]''
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''
|
|-
|2001–2003
|''[[Gharana]]''
|
|-
|2006–2009
|''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Grihalakshmi Ka Jinn]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rip-rita-bhaduri-veteran-actress-will-be-fondly-remembered-for-these-roles-1287798-2018-07-17|title=RIP Rita Bhaduri: Veteran actress will be fondly remembered for these roles|website=India Today|date=17 July 2018 |access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726120341/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rip-rita-bhaduri-veteran-actress-will-be-fondly-remembered-for-these-roles-1287798-2018-07-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2021
|''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Hamari Bahu Silk]]''
|
|-
|2007–2008
|''[[Hamari Betiyoon Ka Vivaah]]''
|
|-
|2024–2025
|''Hamara Parivar''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee TV Launches Hamara Parivar – An Interactive, Consumer-Centric Show; Check Premiere Date And Time Slot|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2024/zee-tv-launches-hamara-parivar-an-interactive-consumer-centric-show-check-premiere-date-and-time-011-421031.html|access-date=2024-12-09|website=Filmi Beat|date=2 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
|''[[Hamari Wali Good News]]''
|
|-
|2007–2008
|''[[Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai]]''
|
|-
|1995–1998
|''[[Hasratein]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Hello Pratibha]]''
|
|-
|2011–2013
|''[[Hitler Didi]]''
|
|-
|2000
|''Hukumat''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000625/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230311/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000625/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2024
|''Ikk Kudi Punjab Di''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/a-gripping-tale-of-resilience-ikk-kudi-punjab-di-to-premiere-on-tuesday-on-zee-tv-563823|title=A gripping tale of resilience, Ikk Kudi Punjab Di to premiere on Tuesday on Zee TV|work=Tribune India|date=19 November 2023|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120161548/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/a-gripping-tale-of-resilience-ikk-kudi-punjab-di-to-premiere-on-tuesday-on-zee-tv-563823|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]''
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''Iss Mod Se Jaate Hain''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iss-mod-se-jaate-hain-to-wrap-up-on-april-20-lead-pair-akshita-mudgal-and-hiten-bharadwaj-express-disappointment/articleshow/90795708.cms|title=Iss mod Se Jaate Hain to wrap up on April 20, lead pair Akshita Mudgal and Hitesh Bharadwaj react|website=The Times of India|date=12 April 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004052323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iss-mod-se-jaate-hain-to-wrap-up-on-april-20-lead-pair-akshita-mudgal-and-hiten-bharadwaj-express-disappointment/articleshow/90795708.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2006–2007
|''[[Jabb Love Hua]]''
|
|-
|2024–2026
|''[[Jagriti: Ek Nayi Subah]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=I am young, so there is no make-up applied on my face, but I love the cute hairstyles that they give me: Asmi Deo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-young-so-there-is-no-make-up-applied-on-my-face-but-i-love-the-cute-hairstyles-that-they-give-me-asmi-deo/articleshow/112653168.cms|access-date=2024-12-03|website=The Times of India|date=20 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Jamai No. 1]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhishek Malik-Simran Kaur Roped In As Leads For Jamai No 1|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/abhishek-malik-simran-kaur-roped-in-as-leads-for-jamai-no-1-article-115938454|access-date=2024-12-09|website=Times Now News|date=3 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014–2017
|''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]''
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey (TV series)|Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey]]''
|
|-
|2009–2011
|''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
|
|-
|2013–2015
|''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Justujoo]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/woman-on-the-prowl/articleshow/384098305.cms|title=Woman on the prowl|work=The Times Of India|date=3 February 2002 |access-date=3 February 2002|archive-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107045211/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad-times/Woman-on-the-prowl/articleshow/384098305.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[Kaala Teeka]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Kabhi To Milenge]]''
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''[[Kabhie Kabhie (2003 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Kaise Kahoon]]''
|
|-
|2023–2025
|''Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravish Desai is all set to enter Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye, promising a lot of drama in Amruta and Virat's lives|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravish-desai-is-all-set-to-enter-kaise-mujhe-tum-mil-gaye-promising-a-lot-of-drama-in-amruta-and-virats-lives/articleshow/115655508.cms|access-date=2024-12-03|website=The Times of India|date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|''Kala Sona''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k2/actor/achintkaur.htm|title=" I hate seeing myself on screen. I feel there's still a lot I have to improve on" : Achint Kaur|date=16 August 2002|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703152230/https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k2/actor/achintkaur.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Kaleerein]]''
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Kashti (TV series)|Kashti]]''
|
|-
|2002–2003
|''[[Kammal]]''
|
|-
|2006–2009
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]''
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Kasshish]]''
|
|-
|2000–2001
|''Kartavya''
|<ref name="Kartvaya-Hindi Serial">{{Cite web|url=http://scvl.in/ftagem_portfolio/kartavya/|title=KARTAVYA|website=scvl.in|access-date=11 November 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230246/http://scvl.in/ftagem_portfolio/kartavya/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Keshav Pandit (TV series)|Keshav Pandit]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''Khamoshiyan Kab Tak''
|<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010610/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230213/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010610/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Khelti Hai Zindagi Aankh Micholi]]''
|
|-
|2002–2004
|''[[Kittie Party]]''
|
|-
|2001–2003
|''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]''
|
|-
|2000–2002
|''[[Koshish (TV series)|Koshish]]''
|
|-
|2014–2025
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|
|-
|2017–2024
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE – Paras Kalnawat on Kundali Bhagya ending: The news was shocking for us|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-paras-kalnawat-on-kundali-bhagya-ending-the-news-was-shocking-for-us-101732248118573-amp.html|access-date=2024-12-03|website=The Hindustan Times|date=22 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti to go off air on November 5|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti-to-go-off-air-on-november-5-329881|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225053250/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti-to-go-off-air-on-november-5-329881|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2024
|''Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manasi-joshi-roy-on-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai-going-off-air-these-are-just-rumours/articleshow/105164598.cms|title=Manasi Joshi Roy on Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai |work=Times of India|date=12 November 2023|access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]''
|
|-
|1998–1999
|''Lakshay''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov01/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225642/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov01/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|''[[Lavanya (TV series)|Lavanya]]''
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Lag Ja Gale]]''
|
|-
|2002–2004
|''[[Lipstick (TV series)|Lipstick]]''
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Love Marriage (TV series)|Love Marriage]]''
|
|-
|2007–2009
|''[[Maayka]]''
|
|-
|2024
|''Main Hoon Saath Tere''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=CONFIRMED! Ulka Gupta's Main Hoon Saath Tere To Go Off-Air For THIS Shocking Reason - Exclusive|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/confirmed-ulka-guptas-main-hoon-saath-tere-to-go-off-air-for-this-reason-exclusive-article-112279106 |access-date=2024-09-14|website=Times Now News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Maitree (TV series)|Maitree]]''
|
|-
|2006–2007
|''[[Mamta (TV series)|Mamta]]''
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''[[Manshaa]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Manzilein Apani Apani]]''
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Margarita (Zee TV)|Margarita]]''
|
|-
|2000–2002
|''[[Mehndi Tere Naam Ki]]''
|
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Main Hoon Aparajita]]''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]''
|
|-
|2021–2023
|''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
|
|-
|2007–2008
|''[[Meri Doli Tere Angana]]''
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Miit (TV series)|Miit]]''
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Mithai (Hindi TV series)|Mithai]]''
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Monica Mogre]]''
|
|-
|2011–2013
|''[[Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein]]''
|
|-
|1998–1999
|''[[Mujhe Chaand Chahiye]]''
|
|-
|2001–2002
|''Mujhe Dor Koi Khinche''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011028/spectrum/tv.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=28 October 2001 |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225818/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011028/spectrum/tv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2003
|''[[Mulk (TV series)|Mulk]]''
|
|-
|2004–2005
|''[[Pancham (TV series)|Pancham]]''
|
|-
|1993–1998
|''[[Parampara]]''
|
|-
|1994–1998
|''[[Parivartan]]''
|
|-
|2009–2014
|''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
|
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subah Hogi]]''
|
|-
|2002–2006
|''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]''
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Piyaa Albela]]''
|
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara]]''
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed]]''
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Pyar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Pehla Adhyaya Shiv Shakti's Arjun Bijlani pens goodbye note as show goes off air: 'Another long journey comes to an end'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/pyaar-ka-pehla-adhyaya-shiv-shaktis-arjun-bijlani-pens-goodbye-note-as-show-goes-off-air-another-long-journey-comes-to-an-end-1340423|access-date=2024-12-03|website=Pinkvilla|date=19 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shabir Ahluwalia's Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan will end on September 1; has the actor already bagged his next project?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shabir-ahluwalias-pyar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan-will-end-on-september-1-has-the-actor-already-bagged-his-next-project/articleshow/112565351.cms|access-date=2024-12-03|website=The Times of India|date=16 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|''[[Pyar Zindagi Hai]]''
|
|-
|2012–2016
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''
|
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Rab Se Sona Ishq]]''
|
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Rabb Se Hai Dua]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The shoot for Rabb Se Hai Dua wraps up; the show is set to end in the first week of December|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-shoot-for-rabb-se-hai-dua-wraps-up-the-show-is-set-to-end-in-the-first-week-of-december/articleshow/115252532.cms|access-date=2024-12-03|website=The Times of India|date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2005–2006
|''Rabba Ishq Na Hove''
|
|-
|2007–2009
|''[[Rakhi (TV series)|Rakhi]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Rajaa Betaa]]''
|
|-
|2008–2009
|''[[Ranbir Rano]]''
|
|-
|2004–2006
|''[[Reth (TV series)|Reth]]''
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Rishton Ka Manjha (TV series)|Rishton Ka Manjha]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Rishton Ka Mela]]''
|
|-
|2002
|''Saanjhi''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020203/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224032020/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020203/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2005–2009
|''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]''
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Saath Saath Banayenge Ek Aashiyaan]]''
|
|-
|1995–1997
|''[[Sailaab (TV series)|Sailaab]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''Samandar''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010225/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065308/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010225/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Sanjog (TV series)|Sanjog]]''
|
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Sanjog Se Bani Sangini]]''
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Sanskaar Laxmi]]''
|
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Sanyukt]]''
|
|-
|2012–2015
|''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
|
|-
|2001–2003
|''[[Sarhadein]]''
|
|-
|2005–2006
|''[[Sarkarr:Rishton Ki Ankahi Kahani]]''
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Sarojini - Ek Nayi Pehal]]''
|
|-
|2014–2016
|''[[Satrangi Sasural]]''
|
|-
|1999
|''Saath Saath''
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2015
|''[[Service Wali Bahu]]''
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Sethji]]''
|
|-
|1998–1999
|''Shapath''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan24/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230002/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan24/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]''
|
|-
|2005–2007
|''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]''
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Tamanna House]]''
|
|-
|1993–1997
|''[[Tara (TV series)|Tara]]''
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
|
|-
|2007–2009
|''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Teri Meri Ikk Jindri]]''
|
|-
|2021–2022
| ''[[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]]''
|
|-
|2000–2001
|''[[Thief of Baghdad (TV series)|Thief of Baghdad]]''
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Time Bomb 9/11]]''
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Tu Kahe Agar]]''
|
|-
|2018–2021
|''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]''
|
|-
|2003–2005
|''[[Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan]]''
|
|-
|2004–2006
|''[[Tumhari Disha]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Tumhi Ho Bandhu, Sakha Tumhi]]''
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Waaris (1999 Zee TV series)|Waaris]]''
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Waaris (2008 Zee TV series)|Waaris]]''
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Woh Apna Sa]]''
|
|-
|2009–2012
|''[[Yahaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''Yeh Dil Kya Kare''
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|2000
|''Yeh To Pyaar Hai''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000806/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509091722/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000806/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]''
|
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Yeh Teri Galiyan]]''
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa]]''
|
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[Zindagi Ki Mehek]]''
|<ref name="Samiksha Jaiswal roped in for Mhek">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/seemaksha-jaiswal-roped-in-for-mahek/articleshow/53685454.cms|title=Saemiksha Jaiswal roped in for Mahek|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 August 2016|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225134753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Samiksha-Jaiswal-roped-in-for-Mahek/articleshow/53685454.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Supernatural series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Show
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Aghori (2019 TV series)|Aghori]]''
|
|-
|2016–2021
|''[[Brahmarakshas]]''
|
|-
|2012–2019
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Haiwaan : The Monster|Haiwaan]]''
|
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Maharakshak: Aryan]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''
|
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]''
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Mano Ya Na Mano (1995 TV series)|Mano Ya Na Mano]]''
|
|-
|2007–2009
|''[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Pradhan Mantri]]''
|
|-
|2004–2005
|''[[Rooh]]''
|
|-
|2008–2009
|''[[Shree (TV series)|Shree]]''
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani]]''
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Woh]]''
|
|-
|1993–2001
|''[[Zee Horror Show]]''
|
|-
|1998–2002
|''[[X Zone]]''
|
|}

===Mythological series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Notes
|-
|1997
|''[[Ek Aur Mahabharat]]''
|
|-
|2006–2008
|''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]''
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Ramayan (2012 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
|
|}

===Reality/non-scripted===
{{div col}}
*''Aap Bolein Haan To Haan, Aap Bolein Naa To Naa'' (2001–2002)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011014/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921223519/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011014/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'' (1992)
*''[[Aji Sunte Ho]]'' (2016–2017)
*''[[Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship]]'' (2007)
*''Archana Aaa-Haa'' (2002–2003)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021124/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531223254/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021124/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Baazi Kiski]]'' (2001)
*''[[Bournvita Quiz Contest]]'' (1992)
*''Chhoriyan Chali Gaon''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhoriyan Chali Gaon Highlights: Anita Hassanandani, Krishna Shroff, Sumukhi Suresh and others bring drama and dazzle to rustic challenge |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/chhoriyan-chali-gaon-live-updates-anita-hassanandani-krishna-shroff-sumukhi-suresh-and-others-bring-drama-and-dazzle-to-rustic-challenge-7988844/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> (2025)
*''[[Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka]]'' (2008–2009)
*''[[Cricket Star]]'' (2006–2007)
*''The Chust Drust show'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000521/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=Tribune India|access-date=16 May 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230213/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000521/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Connected Hum Tum'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vx5NMeJezPWXwGT9HCDF8K/Lounge-Review--Connected-Hum-Tum.html|title=Lounge Review | 'Connected Hum Tum'|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|date=25 May 2013|website=mint|access-date=12 April 2023|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417145024/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vx5NMeJezPWXwGT9HCDF8K/Lounge-Review--Connected-Hum-Tum.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''The Countdown Show'' (2002–2003)<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021117/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|access-date=12 April 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225703/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021117/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Dance India Dance]]'' (2009–present)
**''[[Dance India Dance Battle Of The Champions]]'' (2019)
*''Dastak''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000716/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018123902/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000716/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2000)
*''[[Don (TV series)|Don]]'' (2007)
*''[[Dream Destinations]]''
*''[[Ek Se Badhkar Ek – Jalwe Sitaron Ke]]'' (2008)
*''[[Ek Se Badhkar Ek - Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka]]'' (2008–2009)
*''Foot Loose''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000611/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124011533/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000611/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2000)
*''[[Idea Jalsa]]'' (2006)
*''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]'' (2004-2014)
*''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]'' (2015)
*''India's Best Judwaa''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/india-best-judwaah-finale-ajmer-duo-harsha-varsha-are-winners-of-raghu-rajiv-show-4860450/ |title=India's Best Judwaah finale: Ajmer's duo Harsha-Varsha crowned winners of Raghu-Rajiv's show |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=25 September 2017 |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929232021/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/india-best-judwaah-finale-ajmer-duo-harsha-varsha-are-winners-of-raghu-rajiv-show-4860450/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (2017)
*''[[India's Most Wanted (TV series)|India's Most Wanted]]'' (1999–2005)
*''[[Idea Zee Cinestars]]'' (2006-2007)
*''[[Jai Shri Swaminarayan]]'' (2002)
*''[[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]'' (2002-2008)
*''Juzzbaatt - Sangeen Se Namkeen Tak''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/interview-with-actor-rajeev-khandelwal-about-zee-tv%27s-juzzbaatt-sangeen-se-namkeen-tak-23326 |title=Actor Rajeev Khandelwal talks about Zee Tv's JuzzBaatt… Sangeen Se Namkeen Tak |publisher=Mumbailive.com |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225831/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/interview-with-actor-rajeev-khandelwal-about-zee-tv%27s-juzzbaatt-sangeen-se-namkeen-tak-23326 |url-status=live }}</ref> (2019)
*''[[Kaarvan Kismat Ka]]'' (2002)
*''Kahani Har Ghar Ki''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Lubna|date=18 July 2025|title=Juhi Parmar Returns To TV To Host Kahaani Har Ghar Ki: ‘Feels Like Coming Home’|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/juhi-parmar-returns-to-tv-to-host-kahaani-har-ghar-ki-feels-like-coming-home-ws-dkl-9468499.html|access-date=3 September 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> (2025)
*''[[Kam Ya Zyaada]]'' (2005)
*''[[Khana Khazana]]'' (1993–2012)
*''Hasne Aur Hasaane Ka Tonic – Ladies Special'' (2009)
*''[[Philips Top 10]]'' (1994–1999)
*''Nilamghar... Bid Bid Boom''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011118/spectrum/tv.htm|title=It is double-trouble for Baazi kiski|work=The Tribune|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929232714/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011118/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2001)
*''[[Razzmatazz (Indian TV series)|Razzmatazz]]'' (2001)
*''[[Rock-N-Roll Family]]'' (2008)
*''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'' (1995–present)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]'' (2005–2006)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu]]'' (2006)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]'' (2006)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009]]'' (2008–2009)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008]]'' (2008)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007]]'' (2007)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International]]'' (2007–2008)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009]]'' (2009)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge]]'' (2009)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar]]'' (2010)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011]]'' (2011)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017]]'' (2017)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2020]]'' (2020)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021]]'' (2021–2022)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2022]]'' (2022–2023)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023]]'' (2023)
**''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2024]]'' (2024–2025)
*'' Saanp Seedi''<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940331-snakes-and-ladders-754755-1994-03-31|title=SNAKES AND LADDERS|date=March 31, 1994|magazine=India Today|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121203609/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940331-snakes-and-ladders-754755-1994-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref> (1992–1994)
*''[[Sawaal Dus Crore Ka]]'' (2000)
*''[[Shabaash India]]'' (2006–2008)
*''[[Simply Shekhar]]'' (2001)
*''Swarn Swar Bharat''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/music/all-about-zee-tvs-new-music-reality-show-swarn-swar-bharat/cid/1850324|title=All about Zee TV's new Music reality show Swarna Swar Bharat|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230246/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/music/all-about-zee-tvs-new-music-reality-show-swarn-swar-bharat/cid/1850324|url-status=live}}</ref> (2022)
*''The Tech Show''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug30/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225431/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug30/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (1998)
*''[[Titan Antakshari]]'' (1993–2007)
*''Tol Mol Ke Bol''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19930131-zee-tv-desperately-seeking-more-discerning-viewers-810592-1993-01-30|title=Zee TV desperately seeking more discerning viewers|website=India Today|date=31 January 1993 |access-date=2 April 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230246/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19930131-zee-tv-desperately-seeking-more-discerning-viewers-810592-1993-01-30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/revisiting-90s-prime-time-tv|title=Revisiting '90s Prime Time TV | Verve Magazine|date=7 March 2019|website=www.vervemagazine.in|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230215/https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/revisiting-90s-prime-time-tv|url-status=live}}</ref> (1993–1997)
*''Top 10'' (1997–1999)<ref name="auto2"/>
*''Wheel Ghar Ghar Mein'' (2009–2010)
*''[[Yaaron Ki Baraat (TV series)|Yaaron Ki Baraat]]'' (2016)
*''[[Yoga for You]]'' (2016–2017)<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindi TV channel fined £25,000 over cancer cure claims on yoga show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jul/29/hindi-tv-channel-fined-cancer-cure-claims-yoga-show-ofcom |work=the Guardian |date=29 July 2015 |language=en |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517010311/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jul/29/hindi-tv-channel-fined-cancer-cure-claims-yoga-show-ofcom |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Zaike Ka Safar'' (2000–2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000709/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028022006/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000709/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Hindi dubbed shows===
*''[[Figure It Out]]''<ref name=Nick/>
*''[[The Journey of Allen Strange]]''<ref name=Nick/>
*''[[Kenan & Kel]]''<ref name=Nick/>
*''[[Legends of the Hidden Temple]]''<ref name=Nick/>
*''[[Nickelodeon Guts]]''<ref name=Nick/>

====Animated series====
{{div col}}
*''[[Aaahh!!! Real Monsters]]''<ref name=Nick/>
*''[[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]]''
*''[[The Angry Beavers]]''<ref name=Nick/>
*''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Ben 10]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]]''
*''[[Camp Lazlo]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Captain Planet and the Planeteers]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[CatDog]]''<ref name=Nick/>
*''[[Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (TV series)|Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers]]''
*''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Courage the Cowardly Dog]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Donald Duck Presents]]''
*''[[Donald's Quack Attack]]''
*''[[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]]''
*''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[The Flintstones]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Good Morning, Mickey!]]''
*''[[Goof Troop]]''
*''[[Hey Arnold!]]''<ref name=Nick/>
*''[[The Jetsons]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]]''
*''[[The Mask: Animated Series]]''<ref name=Cartoon>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/aug/aug87.htm|title=Cartoon Network block replaces Nick on Zee TV|date=14 August 2002|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902123040/http://www.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/aug/aug87.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Mickey's Mouse Tracks]]''
*''[[Mike, Lu & Og]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]]''
*''[[The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Pinky and the Brain]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[The Road Runner Show]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Robotboy]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Rugrats]]''<ref name=Nick>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/news_analysis/newsletter/111099/zee111099.htm|title=ZEE TV TO LAUNCH NICKELODEON|date=11 October 1999|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323085148/http://www.indiantelevision.com/news_analysis/newsletter/111099/zee111099.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Samurai Jack]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Sheep in the Big City]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
*''[[TaleSpin]]''
*''[[Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)|Timon & Pumbaa]]''
*''[[Tom & Jerry Kids]]''<ref name=Cartoon/>
{{div col end}}

===Television films===
{{div col}}
*''[[Hanste Khelte (1994 film)|Hanste Khelte]]''<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940630-lisa-ray-does-a-guest-appearance-for-hanste-khelte-809348-1994-06-30|title=Lisa Ray does a guest appearance for 'Hanste Khelte'|date=June 30, 1994|magazine=India Today|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124070000/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940630-lisa-ray-does-a-guest-appearance-for-hanste-khelte-809348-1994-06-30|url-status=live}}</ref> (1994)
*''[[Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19930815-phir-teri-kahani-yaad-aayee-starring-pooja-bhatt-rahul-roy-pooja-bedi-812052-1993-08-15|title=Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee, starring Pooja Bhatt, Rahul Roy, Pooja Bedi|website=India Today|date=15 August 1993 |access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806182403/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19930815-phir-teri-kahani-yaad-aayee-starring-pooja-bhatt-rahul-roy-pooja-bedi-812052-1993-08-15|url-status=live}}</ref> (1993)
*''Mr. Shrimati''<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940331-javed-jaffrey-plays-a-woman-in-upcoming-tv-show-mr-shrimati-808923-1994-03-31|title=Javed Jaffrey plays a woman in upcoming TV show 'Mr Shrimati'|date=March 31, 1994|magazine=India Today|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321130824/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940331-javed-jaffrey-plays-a-woman-in-upcoming-tv-show-mr-shrimati-808923-1994-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref> (1994)
*''Mohini''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-rituparna-sengupta/worked-in-a-telefilm-directed-by-hema-malini/photostory/63392530.cms|title=Rituparna Sengupta worked in a telefilm directed by Hema Malini|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420155629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-rituparna-sengupta/worked-in-a-telefilm-directed-by-hema-malini/photostory/63392530.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (1995)
*''Chura Ke Dil Mera''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/dec/dec82.htm|title=Zee to air original movies from year end|date=17 December 2002|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506152730/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/dec/dec82.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by &TV]]
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Zee Zindagi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of television programs by genre}}
{{Programs}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Zee TV]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Zee TV]]

Roohi (1981 film)

2026-03-12T20:23:31Z

DianaX6283: starting new stub w/ infobox.

{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Roohi
| image = Roohi 1981 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = S.U. Syed
| story = Fatima Saiyed
| producer = M.G. Sarna Navin Kapur
| writer =
| screenplay = S.L. Manhar
| starring = [[Zarina Wahab]] [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] [[Asha Sachdev]] [[Sudhir Dalvi]]
| music = [[Manoj–Gyan]]
| released = {{Film date|1981|02|27|df=y}}
| studio = Traditional Films
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Roohi''''' is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language film directed by S.U. Syed, starring [[Zarina Wahab]] and [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Roohi-LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Roohi-Bollywood-Vinyl-Lp-Record-OST-Polydor-Music-By-Manoj-Gyan-l770-/360812743857?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item54021d8cb1|publisher=ebay|accessdate=2013-12-09}}</ref>

==Plot==

Vijay, a wealthy young man who has a wealthy lifestyle as well, lives with his uncle in Delhi. Vijay, a canvas painter, has a vision in his dream of the woman he is going to marry, paints her on his canvas, and takes it along with him to [[Kandaghat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], to visit a close friend, Prakash. Vijay stays at Prakash's palatial home, which he shares with his girlfriend, Shalu. A few days later Vijay meets a village belle, Sajjo, who looks the same as the image he painted, that of his dream-girl and they fall in love with each other. Vijay calls her 'Roohi'. But Vijay doesn't know that Sajjo has two other passionate admirers, Sangha – who dream of marrying Sajjo at any cost and the second is Prakash himself...Will Vijay-Roohi's love succeeds form the climax.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Zarina Wahab]] as Sajjo / Roohi
*[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] as Vijay
*[[Asha Sachdev]] as Shalu
*[[Mukesh Khanna]] as Prakash
*Asif Akbar as Vijay's uncle
*[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Rahim
*Uma Dhawan
*[[Heena Kausar]] as Champa – Sajjo's friend
*[[Mushtaq Merchant]]
* Meena Rai as Devi 'Devi Maa'
* [[Girija Shankar]] as Sangha
*Prithvi Soni
}}

==Songs==
#"Tuhi Tuhi Meri Roohi" – Suresh Wadkar, [[Alka Yagnik]]
#"Sajna Mujhko Roohi Kahke Bulaaye" – [[Asha Bhosle]]/[[Alka Yagnik]]
#"Khoobsurat Tera Chehra" – Suresh Wadkar
#"Jeete The Jiske Dam Se" – Manhar Udhas
#"Badi Der Ki Meherban" – Lata Mangeshkar
#"Badi Der Ki Meherban(II)" – Lata Mangeshkar

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1315590|Roohi}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1981 action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Manoj–Gyan]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Aadi (2005 film)

2026-03-03T21:39:06Z

DianaX6283: corrected lead per standard format and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|2005 Kannada romance film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadi
| image =
| caption =
| director = M. S. Ramesh
| writer = M. S. Ramesh
| producer = [[Jai Jagadish]] [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]]
| starring = [[Auditya]] [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = Dasari Seenu
| editing = S Manohar
| studio = Lakshmi Entertainers Pvt Ltd.
| released = {{film date|df=y|2005|3|4}}
| runtime = 147 min
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}
'''''Aadi''''' is an Indian 2005 Kannada-language romance film written and directed by M. S. Ramesh and starring [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]. The film was produced by Aditya's uncle and aunt, [[Jai Jagadish]] and [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/250904ramya.html?story=1|title=‘ಆದಿ’ ಹಾದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜತೆಯಾದ ರಮ್ಯ|language=kn|date=28 July 2013|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_adi.asp|title='Adi' - second film of Auditya|date=2004|work=Viggy}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Aditya (actor)|Adithya]] as Aadi
*[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Aishwarya
*[[Srinagar Kitty]] as Manoj
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Udayachandar
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Shobaraj]] as Suryakanth
* Vijaynagar Kitti
*[[Sundar Raj]]
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Sathya
* Dharma
}}

==Production==
The film was launched at Kanteerava Studios. Distributor Paul Chandani switched on the camera while Subrahmanya clapped the first shot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309|title=Adithya in Adi|website=Screen|access-date=12 August 2025|date=22 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107110236/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309|archive-date=7 November 2004}}</ref> The film was shot at the Mysore Lamp campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_adi02.asp|title=Adi and sensuous Ramya…|work=Viggy|date=2004}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
All the songs were composed and scored by [[Gurukiran]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "Rangeela Rangeela" || [[Gurukiran]] || [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
|-
| 2 || "Elle Iru Neenu" || Gurukiran, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]] || [[V. Manohar]]
|-
| 3 || "Hele O Gelathi" || [[Udit Narayan]], Nanditha || Kaviraj
|-
| 4 || "Neene Nanna Dreamali" || Vidya || Kaviraj
|-
| 5 || "Enu Majaano" || Gurukiran || Bhangi Ranga
|-
|}

==Critical reception==
Film critic [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "If the director had given some thought to the narration and worked out a tight script, the film could have appealed to the youth".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2136/telugu/aadi/444/review.htm|title=Aadi Kannada Movie Review|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|date=15 March 2005|via=Nowrunning|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> A reviewer of [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Auditya is good and has also shown that he can fight. Colourful cinematography and catchy dialogues are other plus points of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2005 |title=Adi|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar062005/mr5.asp|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412044104/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar062005/mr5.asp |archive-date=12 April 2005 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "There are too many drawbacks in the film directed by M.S.Ramesh. The characterization and presentation is not up to the mark and the film has a wafer thin story laced with poor songs tuned by Guru Kiran."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?cid=2427|title=Aadhi|website=Sify|access-date=29 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321073059/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?cid=2427|archive-date=21 March 2005}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aadi}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:2005 romance films]]
{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{2000s-romance-film-stub}}

Siliconn City

2026-03-03T21:34:33Z

DianaX6283: made a place

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Siliconn City
| image = Siliconn_City.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Murali Gurappa
| story = Ananthakrishnan
| producer = Manjula Somashekar Ravi M
| starring = [[Srinagar Kitty]] Anil Siddhu [[Suraj Gowda]] [[Kavya Shetty]] Ekta Rathod
| music = Chinna. S
| cinematography = Srinivas
| editing = Srikanth
| distributor = Vijay Films
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| released = {{Film date|2017|06|16|df=y}}
}}

'''''Siliconn City''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by Murali Gurappa in his directorial debut. It stars [[Srinagar Kitty]], Anil Siddhu, [[Suraj Gowda]], [[Kavya Shetty]], Ekta Rathod, [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] and [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]].<ref name=KavyaShetty>{{cite news|last=Joy|first=Prathibha|title=Kavya Shetty in Kannada remake of Metro|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kavya-Shetty-in-Kannada-remake-of-Metro/articleshow/54291493.cms|accessdate=13 September 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924070436/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kavya-Shetty-in-Kannada-remake-of-Metro/articleshow/54291493.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SurajGowdaInSiliconCity>{{cite news|title=Suraj Gowda Will Be Seen In "Silicon City" With Srinagara Kitty|newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://www.follo.in/TopStories/Suraj-Gowda-Will-Be-Seen-In-Silicon-City-With-Srinagara-Kitty/14049|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006041423/http://www.follo.in/TopStories/Suraj-Gowda-Will-Be-Seen-In-Silicon-City-With-Srinagara-Kitty/14049|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SurajGowda>{{cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |title=Suraj Gowda teams up with Srinagara Kitty |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Suraj-Gowda-teams-up-with-Srinagara-Kitty/articleshow/54655590.cms |accessdate=4 October 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008011002/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Suraj-Gowda-teams-up-with-Srinagara-Kitty/articleshow/54655590.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is a remake of Tamil film ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' (2016).

''Siliconn City'' was released on 16 June 2017 where it received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Siliconn City Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/siliconn-city/movie-review/59178029.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417032603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/siliconn-city/movie-review/59178029.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-24 |title=Silicon City's seamy side |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/618990/silicon-citys-seamy-side.html |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415004519/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/618990/silicon-citys-seamy-side.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-16 |title=Silicon City: A new spin on a commonplace crime |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/silicon-city-a-new-spin-on-a-commonplace-crime/article19090781.ece |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415003017/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/silicon-city-a-new-spin-on-a-commonplace-crime/article19090781.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sanjay and his friend Ravish lock up and torture an unknown man in front of a camera filming the whole incident.

'''Past''': Sanjay is a writer for a [[News media|press]] and the eldest son of a retired police [[head constable]] and his wife. He has a brother named Karthik, who is a first-year engineering student. Sanjay's middle-class family life is happy with his friend Ravish mingling as one of the family. The problem arises when Karthik, who is pressured by his girlfriend Shobha to purchase a bike, persuades his family to get him a bike. Though hesitant at first, they agree to get him a bike of his choice. However, a delay in getting his bike and seeing his classmate James spending casually makes him curious to know what he does for money. James introduces Mathi to the heinous crime of [[Snatch theft|chain snatching]] and also introduces Mani, who is heading a gang of young college-going chain snatchers. Karthik joins the gang and starts to earn through chain snatching and get all the things he wants.

Karthik decides to do these crimes alone without providing any commission to Mani. Though hesitant at first, the others join him when two of the boys get caught by police and Mani does not come to their aid. Karthik goes back to his house to get a chain recently snatched by him only to find his mother with the chain and all the other gadgets he owns without his parents's knowledge. An argument begins, and Karthik pushes his mother to death. When Sanjay and his father arrive home to realize their mother's death, Sanjay vows to avenge the loss even and Ravish also joins him. During a police investigation, Sanjay and Ravish track down a house breaker and nab him to an unknown location

'''Present''': Sanjay calls the police to hand over the house breaker and runs away with the bag. He takes the bag with 23 kg of stolen [[chain|gold chains]] to a [[black market]] buyer. At that place, he finds his mother's chain, which leads him to the chain snatchers. Sanjay leaves the place, not before killing all the men in there.

Meanwhile, Karthik injects Mani with a drug that makes him insane and loses his senses. Sanjay goes to Mani's place and finds out the next plan of the snatchers. He leaves with Ravish to the place, and a fight ensues where Sanjay and Ravish manage to kill 3-4 men. Unknown that the 2 men are his brother and friend, Karthik removes his helmet and reveals himself. Shocked in despair, Sanjay and Ravish also reveal themselves, which surprises Karthik. When Karthik pleads with Sanjay to spare him, Sanjay ignores and kills him. The next day, Sanjay and Ravish reveal the truth to Sanjay's father and surrenders to the police.

==Cast==
* [[Srinagar Kitty]] as Sanjay
* [[Kavya Shetty]] as Prerana
* [[Suraj Gowda]] as Karthik
* Ekta Rathod as Shobha
* Anil Siddhu as Mani
* [[Chikkanna]] as Ravish
* Giri as James
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Sanjay and Karthik's friend
* [[Thulasi Shivamani]] as Sanjay and Karthik's mother
* Nagendra Shah as Sanjay's boss
* Ramesh Pandit as a [[Inspector|police inspector]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Siliconn City
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|03|}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Anoop Seelin]] has composed the music for the soundtrack of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allsongs4u.com/2017/03/silicon-city-2017-original-motion.html|title=Silicon City (2017) (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Kannada Mp3 Songs|publisher=All songs 4U|date=11 March 2017|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825005350/http://www.allsongs4u.com/2017/03/silicon-city-2017-original-motion.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Performer(s)
|title1 = Bhetiyada Ee Ghalige | lyrics1 = Arasu Anthare | extra1 = Siddharth Belmannu, [[Supriya Lohith]]
|title2 = Mane Eega Mantralaya | lyrics2 = Arasu Anthare | extra2 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|title3 = Hogi Baruveya | lyrics3 = Arasu Anthare | extra3 = Madhu Balakrishnan
|title4 = Bhoomi | lyrics4 = Mamatha Jaganmohan | extra4 = [[Anoop Seelin]]
|title5 = Naanu Yaaru | lyrics5 = Arasu Anthare | extra5 = [[Runa Rizvi]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|tt13175672}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siliconn City}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Seelin]]
[[Category:2017 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2017 crime thriller films]]

Tadka (film)

2026-03-02T04:31:39Z

DianaX6283: cleanup citations per sources and improved wording to improve readability

{{short description|2022 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tadka
| image = Tadka film poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Prakash Raj]]
| producer = Sameer Dixit Jatish Varma Prakash Raj
| writer = Surya Menon Sagar Haveli
| story = [[Syam Pushkaran]] [[Dileesh Nair]]
| based_on = {{based on|[[Salt N' Pepper]]||[[Syam Pushkaran]]|[[Dileesh Nair]]}}
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Ali Fazal]] [[Taapsee Pannu]]
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cinematography = [[Preetha Jayaraman]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Prakash Raj Productions Fortune Pictures
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Tadka''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]]-[[drama film]] directed by actor [[Prakash Raj]], starring [[Nana Patekar]], [[Ali Fazal]],<ref name="sweet2">{{cite news |date=20 April 2016 |title='Tadka' a sweet love story: Shriya Saran |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo Asian News Service|IANS]] |location=Mumbai |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tadka-a-sweet-love-story-shriya-saran-2761586/ |accessdate=5 November 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011071337/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tadka-a-sweet-love-story-shriya-saran-2761586/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Tapsee Pannu]].<ref name="direct"/> The story of the film is based in [[Goa]] and filming began in May 2016. It is a remake of the 2011 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film ''[[Salt N' Pepper]].<ref name="sweet2" />'' The film was released on [[ZEE5]] on 4 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2022 |title=Taapsee Pannu, Ali Fazal's film Tadka releases online, also stars Shriya Saran, Nana Patekar. Watch trailer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-ali-fazal-s-film-tadka-releases-online-see-trailer-101667545537294.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104135154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-ali-fazal-s-film-tadka-releases-online-see-trailer-101667545537294.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Nana Patekar]] as Tukaram Dalvi
*[[Shriya Saran]] as Madhura
*[[Ali Fazal]] as Siddharth
*[[Taapsee Pannu]] as Nicole Anne Mascarenhas
*[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Bavarchi, the cook
*[[Lillete Dubey]] as Samantha Mascarenhas
*[[Naveen Kaushik]] as Danny
*[[Murali Sharma]] as Tebli Singh
*[[Iravati Harshe]] as Urmi

== Production ==
[[Prakash Raj]] also starred in the Kannada, Tamil and Telugu versions of the film opposite Sneha which also features an original soundtrack by [[Ilaiyaraja]].<ref name="three">{{cite news |title=സാള്ട് ആന് പെപ്പറുമായി പ്രകാശ് രാജ് മൂന്നുഭാഷകളിലേക്ക് |trans-title=Prakash Raj to remake Salt N' Pepper in three languages |url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/tamil/243093/ |accessdate=5 November 2016 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=8 January 2012 |language=Malayalam |archive-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095651/http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/tamil/243093/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="direct">{{cite news |last1=Kirubhakar |first1=Purushothaman |title=Tadka: Prakash Raj to join hands with Ilaiyaraaja for his Bollywood directorial |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tadka-prakash-raj-to-join-hands-with-ilaiyaraaja-for-his-bollywood-directorial-316667-2016-04-06 |access-date=5 November 2016 |work=[[India Today]] |date=6 April 2016 |location=New Delhi |archive-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207015440/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tadka-prakash-raj-to-join-hands-with-ilaiyaraaja-for-his-bollywood-directorial/1/636824.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Nana Patekar]], [[Ali Fazal]],<ref name="sweet2"/> [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Tapsee Pannu]].<ref name="direct"/> The film is based in [[Goa]] and it went on floor in May 2016.<ref name="sweet2"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5705876}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/tadka/0-0-1z5246147 ''Tadka''] on [[ZEE5]]

{{Prakash Raj}}

[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films about food and drink]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]

Akharharghat

2026-02-15T05:35:47Z

DianaX6283: new a page!

{{Short description|Village in Bihar}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Akharharghat
| nickname = Jamuni Mela
| seat = Panchayat
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.5682666|N|85.8492068|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila region|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = [[Madhwapur]]
| population_total = 1200
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type2 = Language
| demographics2_title1 = Mother language
| demographics2_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| settlement_type = Village
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| government_type = Mukhiya
| image_flag =
| other_name = Jamuni Sangam Ghat
| leader_title = [[Mukhi]]ya
| leader_name = Ramnaresh Prasad
}}
{{See also-text|[[Basuki Bihari]]|[[Pancheshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]]}}{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shree Shree 108 Trilokinath Mahadev Mandir|deity=[[Shiva]]|tradition=[[Hinduism]]|festival=[[Makar Sankranti]], [[Bhai Dooj]], Jamuni Sangam Mela|district=[[Madhubani district]]|state=[[Bihar]]|location=[[Mithila region]]|country=[[India]]|image=File:Om syllable script.jpg}}

'''Akharharghat''' is a village and a local tourist place located at Sahar North [[Panchayat samiti|panchayat]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Madhubani district]] in [[Bihar]]. The village is situated on the bank of three local rivers [[Dhouns River|Dhauns]], [[Jamuni River|Yamuni]] and Bhiggi. There is a junction of these river streams. The junction of these river streams is a religious place for the local Hindu pilgrimage called as Jamuni Sangam. [[Hindus|Hindu]] pilgrimage took bath in the holy water at the Jamuni Sangam on the festival [[Makar Sankranti|Makarsankranti]] and [[Bhai Dooj|Bhai Duj]]. There is a Hindu temple of Lord [[Shiva]] known as Shree Trilokinath [[Shiva|Mahadev]] Mandir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Shree 108 Triloki Nath Mahadev Mandir · HR9X+7PF, Basuki Bihari North, Bihar 847308, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/HR9X%2B7PF+Shree+Shree+108+Triloki+Nath+Mahadev+Mandir,+Basuki+Bihari+North,+Bihar+847308/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x39ec478aa29df10d:0xbe02fc5d9f406984?entry=gps&g_ep=CAESBzExLjI3LjIYACD___________8BKgBCAklO |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Shree Shree 108 Triloki Nath Mahadev Mandir · HR9X+7PF, Basuki Bihari North, Bihar 847308, India |language=en}}</ref> The temple is known for organising a locally famous fair known as ''Jamuni Mela''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Madhwapur, Madhubani : मधवापुर: अखरहरघाट स्थित यमुनी, बिग्घी और धौंस नदी के संगम में सैंकड़ों श्रद्धालुओं ने लगाई डुबकी, मेले का भी हुआ आयोजन {{!}} Public App |url=https://public.app/video/sp_tptbw2evxza35 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Public |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=मधवापुर में अखरहरघाट से परसा एसएसबी कैंप तक बन रही है 40 करोड़ से सड़क |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/40-crore-road-is-being-built-from-akharharghat-to-parsa-ssb-camp-in-madhwapur-128073036.html}}</ref> Akharharghat is also an [[India–Nepal relations|Indo-Nepal border]] which covers three kilometer border from pillar number 830 to 93 in Brahmapuri village. [[Armed Police Force|Nepali APF]], SSB, Thana Police Force have joint regular patrolling along the [[India–Nepal relations|Indo-Nepal]] border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सीमा पर नेपाल व भारत के सुरक्षा कर्मियों ने की संयुक्त पेट्रोलिग |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-joint-petroling-by-indo-nepal-border-security-forces-in-madhubani-20415585.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The village is on the trial of the [[Border|International border]] line between [[India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=लौकही व मधवापुर में तीन गिरफ्तार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-three-arrested-in-lokahi-and-madhwapur-2551871.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> This village turns into an island in raining seasons. The village is connected to the Indo-Nepal border connecting road [[National highways of India|National Highway]] number 104 by an approach road at the Saharghat village of [[Madhwapur|Madhwapur block]]. The village is only 3 km distance from the headquarter of the Madhwapur block in [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=बरसात में टापू में तब्दील हो जाता यह गांव, बेटे-बेटियों की शादी से कतराते लोग |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-this-village-turns-into-an-island-in-the-rainy-season-people-shying-away-from-marriage-of-sons-and-daughters-20458356.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> There is a destroyed wooden bridge in the village built during the [[British Raj|British rule]] to connect the village with the nearest market village Saharghat. Local BJP leader and MLC Ghanshyam Thakur raised the issue of the destroyed wood bridge in the session of [[Legislative council|Legislative Council]] of Bihar state in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=प्रश्नकाल में पूछे गए सवाल का मंत्री ने दिया जवाब:विधान परिषद में ज्वलंत समस्याओं पर पूछे सवाल |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/benipatti/news/questions-asked-on-burning-problems-in-the-legislative-council-131038991.html}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The population of this village is a little over 1200. This is a completely [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste]] and most [[Adivasi|backward caste]] dominated village. Major people of the village are [[Fisherman|fishermen]] and [[Sailor|boatmen]].<ref name=":0" />

== Legendary folklore ==
According to the Legends, the formal celebration of the festival fair Jamuni Mela at the lord [[Shiva]] temple Shree Trilokinath Mahadev Mandir near the Jamuni Sangam started since 1915 AD. According to the local Legendary mythology, Yamuni was the sister of the lord [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yamraj]]. It is said that once she wished with his brother Yamraj, that one who takes bath at the Jamuni Sangam of the holy river Yamuni on the third day after the [[Diwali]] festival would become free from the fear of the death from the Lord [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yamraj]]. The third day after the Diwali festival is also celebrated as [[Bhai Dooj|Bhai Duj]] in the Mithila region between brothers and sisters mutually for the wishes of long age of each other.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:International borders]]

Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)

2026-02-12T06:16:53Z

DianaX6283: clean up

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{for|the actor born in 1974|Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishal Singh
| image = Vishal Singh in 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Singh in 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|9|7}}
| birth_place = [[Bathinda, Punjab]], India
| education =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2006–present
| known_for = ''[[Saath Nibhana Saathiya]]'' ''[[Kuchh Is Tara]]''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Vishal Singh''' (born 7 September 1985) is an Indian model and actor who works in Hindi television. He is best known for his roles of Ayaan Nanda in ''[[Kuchh Is Tara]]'' and Jigar Chirag Modi in ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-bahus-party-hard-with-avika-gor-divyanka-tripathi-4555855-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115017/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-bahus-party-hard-with-avika-gor-divyanka-tripathi-4555855-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2015|title=Saath Nibhaana Saathiya bahus party hard with Avika Gor, Divyanka Tripathi|date=21 March 2014|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Singh was born in the city of [[Bathinda]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on 7 September 1985.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Here's some drool worthy photos of birthday boy Vishal Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/here-is-some-drool-worthy-photos-of-birthday-boy-vishal-singh-4832365/lite/ |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Vishal Singh; a few lesser known facts about Saath Nibhana Saathiya actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/happy-birthday-vishal-singh-a-few-lesser-known-facts-about-saath-nibhana-saathiya-acto/etphotostory/60406666.cms |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2017}}</ref> He also plays [[Polo]] and was awarded Maharaj Sawai Man Singh Award in 2001. Singh got his first break through [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s production company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Here's some drool worthy photos of birthday boy Vishal Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/here-is-some-drool-worthy-photos-of-birthday-boy-vishal-singh-4832365/ |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Vishal Singh; a few lesser known facts about Saath Nibhana Saathiya actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/happy-birthday-vishal-singh-a-few-lesser-known-facts-about-saath-nibhana-saathiya-acto/photostory/60406666.cms?picid=60406878 |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2007
|''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|Unnamed
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Traffic (2014 film)|Traffic]]''
|Rehan Ali
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Kuchh Is Tara]]''
| Aayan Nanda
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Kasamh Se]]''
| Rishi Tyagi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar]]''
| Contestant
|5th place
|-
| ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]''
| Varun
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Koi Aane Ko Hai]]''
|Bhavesh
|Part- Gulmohar
|-
| 2010–2016
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
| rowspan="2" | Jigar Modi
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 6|Nach Baliye 6]]''
|Guest appearance
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
| Mango Crorepati
|
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''
| Himself
|Guest appearance
|-
| 2016
|''Box Cricket League 2''|| Contestant
|<ref>{{cite news |title=200 Actors, 10 Teams, and 1 Winner... Let The Game Begin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/200-Actors-10-Teams-and-1-Winner-Let-The-Game-Begin/articleshow/50219718.cms |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=18 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Rahul
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi Season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
| Himself
|Guest appearance
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5179724|Vishal Singh}}
* {{Instagram|vishal.singh786}}

{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Supporting Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vishal}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:People from Bathinda]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Tripura State Election Commission

2026-02-11T12:07:07Z

DianaX6283: made post.

{{Infobox government agency
| name = Tripura State Election Commission
| nativename = রাজ্য নির্বাচন আয়োগ
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 26 April 1994
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tripura]]
| headquarters = State Election Commission, Government of Tripura,Pandit Nehru Complex, Gurkhabasti, Agartala, Tripura, PIN: 799006
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Shri Manoj Kumar, IAS(Retd).<ref name="tr ref1">{{cite web |title=State Election Commission,Tripura |url=https://sec.tripura.gov.in/ |website=sec.tripura.gov.in |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
| chief1_position = State Election Commissioner
| chief2_name = Shri Asit Kumar Das,TCS
| chief2_position = Secretary
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| website = {{URL|https://sec.tripura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tripura State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Tripura]] for ensuring that [[Elections in Tripura|elections]] in are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Tripura State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Tripura State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Tripura.

== History and Administration ==

Tripura State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Tripura state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Tripura States Election Commission is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Releasing election schedule.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.<ref name="tr ref3">{{cite news |title=Tripura Civic polls on November 25; counting on November 28 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tripura-civic-polls-on-november-25-counting-on-november-2820211023055915/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=ANI News |date=23 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="tr ref5">{{cite news |title=Tripura Civic Body Elections Highlights: Ruling BJP Sweeps Tripura Civic Polls, Wins 217 Of 222 Seats |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tripura-civic-body-elections-live-updates-counting-of-vote-begins-2627705 |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for Statewide polls.<ref name="tr ref2">{{cite news |title=Tripura civic polls: SC asks Centre to deploy extra forces to secure booths; 43.53% voter turnout till 1 pm |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-civic-polls-voting-7640404/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=25 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Monitoring poll expenditure for Panchayat polls.
* Laying guidelines for issue of opinion polls.
* Decision on conducting elections.
* Ensure proper counting of votes polled in local body polls.<ref name="tr ref6">{{cite news |title=Tripura civic polls: Counting underway; BJP leading in four seats |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/tripura-civic-elections-counting-underway-bjp-leading-in-four-seats-10170461.html |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=28 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Declaring results of local body polls.<ref name="tr ref4">{{cite news |title=CPI-M, not TMC finished second in Tripura civic body elections |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cpi-m-not-tmc-finished-second-in-tripura-civic-poll-121120101202_1.html |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=1 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tr ref7">{{cite news |title=Ruling BJP leads towards massive victory in Tripura civic polls |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/ruling-bjp-leads-towards-massive-victory-in-tripura-civic-polls |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=28 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Municipal and Panchayat constituencies delimitation exercise.
* Countermanding elections in case of mal practices.
* Issuing guidelines for voting in local body elections.
* Organising demonstration of Electronic Voting machine and VVPAT.
* Ensuring security of polling stations.<ref name="tr ref8">{{cite news |title=Tripura civic polls: Deploy extra forces, Supreme Court orders Centre amid reports of violence |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1011358/tripura-voting-begins-for-civic-body-elections-cpi-m-accuses-bjp-of-threatening-its-candidate |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Scroll.in |date=25 November 2021}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Tripura State Election Commission is headed by Chief Election Commissioner and as many members as specified in State Act. State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations.<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=20 December 2021}}</ref>

Shri Saradindu Chaudhari, IAS(Retd.), is the State Election Commissioner of Tripura.<ref name="tr ref1" /> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Tripura State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==

* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sec.tripura.gov.in/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Local elections in Tripura]]

Rajyotsava Awards (2020)

2026-02-10T16:58:31Z

DianaX6283: starting some post from scratch.

{{Short description|Awards given by the government of Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2020 Rajyotsava Awards
| date = 1 November 2020
| location = [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]], [[Bengaluru]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| host =
| website =
| previous = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2019)|2019]]
| main = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]
| next = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2021)|2021]]
}}
The '''2020 Rajyotsava Awards''' ceremony took place at the [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]] on 1 November 2020. Awarded annually by the [[Government of Karnataka]], the ceremony saw 65 individuals being awarded for achievements in various fields.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/article/rajyotsava-awards-2020-65-people-to-be-awarded-on-nov/674037 | title=Rajyotsava Awards 2020: 65 people to be awarded on Nov 1 | access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref>

==List of awardees<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/Oct/28/karnataka-government-announces-list-of-eminent-personalities-for-rajyotsava-awards-2216148.html |title=Karnataka government announces list of eminent personalities for Rajyotsava awards |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref>==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name of the recipient !! District/Location !! Field/Category
|-
| Prof. C. P. Siddhashrama || Dharwad || Literature
|-
| V. Muni Venkatappa || Kolar || Literature
|-
| Ramanna Byati || Gadag || Literature
|-
| Valerian D'Souza || Dakshina Kannada || Literature
|-
| D. N. Akki || Yadgir || Literature
|-
| Hambaiah Nuli || Raichur || Music
|-
| Ananth Terdal || Belagavi || Music
|-
| B. V. Srinivas || Bengaluru City || Music
|-
| Girija Narayan || Bengaluru City || Music
|-
| K. Lingappa Sherigar || Dakshina Kannada || Music
|-
| K. N. Bhat || Bengaluru City || Law and Judiciary
|-
| M. L. Vijayakumar || Udupi || Law and Judiciary
|-
| C. Maheshwaran || Mysuru || Media
|-
| T. Venkatesh || Bengaluru City || Media
|-
| Dr. A. S. Chandrashekar || Mysuru || Yoga
|-
| M. N. Shadakshari || Chikkamagaluru || Education
|-
| Dr. R. Ramakrishna || Chamarajanagar || Education
|-
| Dr. M. G. Eshwarappa || Davangere || Education
|-
| Dr. Puttasiddaiah || Mysuru || Education
|-
| Ashok Shettar || Belagavi || Education
|-
| D. S. Dandin || Gadag || Education
|-
| Kusumodara Deranna Shetty || Dakshina Kannada || Horanadu Kannadiga
|-
| Vidya Simhacharya Mahuli || Mulund, Maharashtra || Horanadu Kannadiga
|-
| H. B. Nanjegowda || Tumakuru || Sports
|-
| Usha Rani || Bengaluru City || Sports
|-
| Dr. Ashok Sonnad || Bagalkot || Medicine
|-
| Dr. B. S. Srinath || Shivamogga || Medicine
|-
| Dr. A. Nagarathna || Ballari || Medicine
|-
| Dr. Venkatappa || Ramanagara || Medicine
|-
| N. S. Hegde || Uttara Kannada || Social Service
|-
| Prema Kodandarama Shreshti || Chikkamagaluru || Social Service
|-
| Manigar Meeran Saheb || Udupi || Social Service
|-
| Mohini Siddegowda || Chikkamagaluru || Social Service
|-
| Surat Singh Kanur Singh Rajput || Bidar || Agriculture
|-
| S. V. Sumangalamma Veerabhadrappa || Chitradurga || Agriculture
|-
| Dr. Siddramappa Basavantharao Patil || Kalaburagi || Agriculture
|-
| Amar Narayan || Chikkaballapur || Environment
|-
| N. D. Patil || Vijayapura || Environment
|-
| Prof. Udupi Srinivas || Udupi || Science and Technology
|-
| Dr. Chindi Vasudevappa || Shivamogga || Science and Technology
|-
| Dr. C. N. Manchegowda || Bengaluru City || Cooperation
|-
| Kempavva Harijana || Belagavi || Bayalata
|-
| Chennabasappa Bendigeri || Haveri || Bayalata
|-
| Bangar Achari || Chamarajanagar || Yakshagana
|-
| M. K. Ramesh Acharya || Shivamogga || Yakshagana
|-
| Anasuyamma || Hassan || Theatre
|-
| H. Shadaksharappa || Davangere || Theatre
|-
| Thippeswamy || Chitradurga || Theatre
|-
| B. S. Basavaraj || Tumakuru || Cinema
|-
| Apadhanda Thimmaiah Raghu || Kodagu || Cinema
|-
| M. J. Vached Mutt || Dharwad || Art
|-
| Gururaj Hosakote || Bagalkot || Folklore
|-
| Dr. Hampanahalli Thimmegowda || Hassan || Folklore
|-
| N. S. Janardhana Murthy || Mysuru || Sculpture
|-
| Jyothi Pattabhiram || Bengaluru City || Dance
|-
| Keshappa Shillekyatara || Koppal || Folklore (Togalu Gombeyata)
|-
| Dr. K. V. Raju || Kolar || Miscellaneous
|-
| N. Venkobha Rao || Hassan || Miscellaneous
|-
| Dr. K. S. Rajanna || Mandya || Miscellaneous
|-
| V. Lakshminarayan || Mandya || Miscellaneous
|-
| Youth For Seva || Bengaluru City || Organization (Service)
|-
| Devadasi Swavalambana Kendra || Ballari || Organization (Social Reform)
|-
| Better India || Bengaluru City || Organization (Media/Service)
|-
| Yuva Brigade || Bengaluru Rural || Organization (Youth/Service)
|-
| Dharmothana Trust || Dakshina Kannada || Organization (Heritage/Conservation)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2020]]

Kalangi Nathar

2026-02-09T06:14:34Z

DianaX6283: fix article after review to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian ascetic}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Kalangi [[Natha]]r''' was an Indian ascetic who belonged to both the [[natha]] tradition of northern India and the [[siddha]] tradition of southern India. He was the [[guru]] of saint [[Bhogar]] and was born in [[Varanasi]] and belonged to the ancient tradition of [[Navnath|nava (nine) nātha]] [[sadhu]]s (holy ascetics), tracing their tradition to [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Oceanic Life Story {{!}} Palani Temple|url=http://palani.org/bhogar_biography.htm|website=Palani.org}}</ref>

There are [[Siddhar|18 Siddhars]] popularly known in [[Tamil literature]]. Kalangi Nathar is the one among the 18 Siddhars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V Prasad |first=Kaushik |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Predicting_Career_Through_Nadi_Astrology/bUWWEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Kalangi%20Nathar%22%20-Bharatpedia&pg=PP11&printsec=frontcover |title=Predicting Career through Nadi Astrology |year=2025 |isbn=9798900077789}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salem District |first=Government of Tamilnadu |title=Temples |url=https://salem.nic.in/tourism/temples/#:~:text=Kalangi%20Siddhar%20is%20one%20among,on%20the%20way%20to%20EIampillai.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kalani Nathar {{!}} ADHIPARASAKTHI Temple |url=https://pallikaranaisakthi.org/18-siddhas/18-tamil-siddhas/kalanginathar/ |website=pallikaranaisakthi.org}}</ref> Kalangi stayed in [[Sathuragiri Hills]] and in [[Pothigai]] hills and is believed to have controlled wild animals with [[mantra]]s. Kalangi is known for his tall physique and was an expert in the art of breath control (vaasi [[yoga]]m).<ref name=":0" />

Kalangi nathar is a disiple of siddhar [[Tirumular|Thirumular]] and he is considered to be one of his seven pupils.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V.R.R |first=Dikshitar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45436553?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents |title=THE SIDDHARS OF SOUTH INDIA |year=1944 |pages=162-67 |jstor=}}</ref> He is associated with the [[Kanjamalai]] hill in southern India and is often referred to us "Kanjamalai [[Siddhar]]".{{efn|The word "kanjam" stands for the following — gold, copper and iron and "malai" means hill. It is said that [[Parantaka I|Parantaka Chola]] who built [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Sri Nataraja temple]] with the golden roof, took gold from this hill. The water falls seen on this hill are called "Ponni Nadhi".}} He attained [[moksha|mukti]] on this hill, near [[Kanchipuram]], where his [[samadhi]], now known as the Sidhhar Kovil temple, is still located. The hill is found in Sivathapuram a small village, 12 km away from [[Salem, India]], enroute to [[Elampillai]]. The temple is also associated with [[Kali]] and [[Murugan]].

==Biography==
Kalangi Nathar was born in Kasi (benares).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Prasuram |first=Vijayabharatham |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Pride_of_Tamilnadu_Spiritual_Gurus/r4o2EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Pride of Tamilnadu Spiritual Gurus |year=2024}}</ref> According to Bhogar's poems Kalangi was his father, which would mean that he was from the Porkollar (goldsmith) or the [[Vishwakarma]] caste.<ref>{{Cite book |last=B.K |first=Pandey |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Indian_Philosophers/zsROAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Kalangi+Nathar%22+-Bharatpedia&dq=%22Kalangi+Nathar%22+-Bharatpedia&printsec=frontcover |title=Encyclopaedia of indian Philosophers by B.K.Pandey |year=2008}}</ref> Boghar glorifies Kalangi in many of his verses. Kalangi and Bhogar were considered to possess an ideal master and student relationship. It is said that they had a mutual spiritual progresses. Kalangi especially took care of the spiritual advancement of his disciple Bhogar and was behind Bhogar's development and innovations.

He was the disciple of the great [[siddhar]] [[Tirumular]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Proceedings/bx7jAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Kalangi+Nathar%22+-Bharatpedia&dq=%22Kalangi+Nathar%22+-Bharatpedia&printsec=frontcover |title=Proceedings |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=1944}}</ref> He is one among the seven disciples whom Tirumular bestowed his knowledge, the other six being Indran, Soman, Rudhran, Kanduru, Brahman, and Kanjamalaiyan.

== Legacy ==
Kalangi Nathar is an [[Immortality|immortal]] Siddha and a world-renowned teacher of [[alchemy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mark amaru |first=Pinkham |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Return_of_the_Serpents_of_Wisdom/IspS46HFPv0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Kalangi+Nathar%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PT194&printsec=frontcover |title=The return of the serpents of wisdom |publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press |year=2011 |isbn=9781935487371}}</ref> He was well-versed in the [[Siddhi|ashtama siddhi]] (eight great siddhis), which include the ability to transfer one's soul into another body.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |year=2026 |title=Deepam |url=https://kalkionline.com/magazines/deepam/kalangi-nathar-siddhar-temple-kanjamalai-salem-guide}}</ref> He established and guided seven monasteries. He met many Siddhas. It is said that he possessed the power to fly like the wind.<ref name=":2" /> In China, Kalanginathar instructed Siddhar Bogar in all aspects of the Siddha sciences.<ref name=":3" /> These included the preparation and use of the [[kayakalpa]] herbal formulae to promote longevity. He is talented in the medicinal field and uses herbs to cure the diseases of his devotees.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Linker |first=Ione |title=Kaya kalpa and the alchemical tradition in ayurveda and siddha medicine |url=https://www.ayurvedacollege.com |publisher=California College of Ayurveda (2009)}}</ref> Bhogar Jnana Sagarama (Bhogar’s Oceanic Life Story, consisting of 557 verses, verse number 2, lines number 3 and 4), Bogar states that the great Siddha Kalangi Nathar initiated him in [[Jñāna yoga|Jnana Yoga]] (''Kriya Dhyana yogam'') - supreme self-knowledge.<ref name=":4" /> Bogar received initiation from the illustrious Natha Yogi, Kalangi. Contemplative insight allegedly guided Bogar to construct a primitive form of [[aircraft]] that he used in a journey to China.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Siddha Boganathar, An Oceanic Life Story |url=https://www.energyenhancement.org/BHOGAR-The-Tamil-Siddar-Kundalini-Yoga-Spiritual-Alchemy-THE-KUNDALINI-KEY-SUFI-DOME-MINARET-CHAKRAS-JHANAS-STUPA-BUDDHISM-ATLAS-GREEK-MYTH.htm |website=energyenhancement.org}}</ref>

== Works ==
Kalanginathar Vagara Thiraviyam

Kalanginathar Vaithiya Kaaviyam

Kalanginathar Gnanasaraamsam

Kalanginathar Gnana poojavithi

Kalanginathar Indirajaala Gnanam

Kalanginathar Gnana Soothiram

Kalanginathar Upadesa Gnanam

Kalanginathar Thandagam

== Last part of life ==
Kalangi nathar decided to enter into samadhi in seclusion for 3000 years. He summoned bhoganathar telepathically from tamilnadu to china to take over his mission. Bhoganathar traveled by sea, following the trade route. After Kalagi Nathar entered into trance, Bhoganathar assumed his teaching mission to the chinese. Kalanginathar attained the immortal state at the ago of 315.<ref name=":1" />

==Identification with other saints==
===Kamalamuni===
Kalangi Nathar is often believed to be the same as the saint Kamalamuni. In the 63rd song of ''Kamalamuni Suthiram 76'', a line states "Kamalamuni alias Kalangi".

The following information is available about Sri Kamalamuni in the book ''Bogar 7000'' written by Bhogar.
*Song 5729: Kamalamuni was born in the Tamil month of [[Vaikasi]] (May — June), his birth star being the second part of [[Poosam]].
*Song 5725: The [[siddhar]] named Kamalamuni belongs to Kuravar caste. He lived for six-eight generations.
*Song 5841: Kamalamuni is 4000 years and some 300 odd (days) old. He lived in China for a long time.

However, [[Karuvurar]] in his book ''Vadha Kaviyam'' (song 584) says that "Maamuni" belonged to the "Kannar" caste. He does not explicitly say "Kamalamuni", but only mentions the name of "Maamuni". It is not clearly known whether Karuvurar refers to Kamalamuni or not.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

In ''Bhogar Janana Sasthra'', it is mentioned that Kamalamuni attained samadhi at [[Madurai]]. It is believed that siddhar Kamalamuni attained samadhi at [[Thiruvarur]].

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://palani.org/bhogar-biography.htm Bhogar]. ''Palani.org''.

[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in China]]
[[Category:Confucius]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Gurus]]
[[Category:Indian Shaivite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Navnath]]
[[Category:Indian yogis]]
[[Category:Rishis]]

Amulya Reddy

2026-02-08T22:56:46Z

DianaX6283: new stub!

{{Short description|Indian scientist and professor (1930–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amulya Reddy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|10|21}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2006|5|7|1930|10|30}}
| death_place = Bangalore
| occupation = Scientist, professor
}}
'''Amulya Kumar N. Reddy''' (21 October 1930 – 7 May 2006) was a scientist and professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc). Born in [[Bangalore]], India, he received his doctorate from [[Imperial College London]] and joined the IISc in 1967. He established a center for Application of Science and Technology in Rural Areas, and worked on rural technology. During his career, he authored over 250 academic papers and won the [[Volvo Environment Prize]]. Reddy died in 2006.

== Early life ==
Amulya Kumar N. Reddy was born on 21 October 1930, in [[Bangalore]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://www.amulya-reddy.org.in/Timeline.htm |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=amulya-reddy.org.in}}</ref> His father, Narayana Reddy, was a supporter of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and participated in the [[Indian independence movement]]. His uncle, Sir [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]], was an author and the first vice chancellor of [[Andhra University]].<ref name = "ET" >{{Cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=B. S. |last2=Balachandra |first2=P. |date=13 May 2006 |title=A Scientist Truly Amulya |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-scientist-truly-amulya/articleshow/1527986.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 August 2022 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Reddy received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[electrochemistry]] from [[Imperial College London]]<ref name="Sengupta">{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=D. P. |date=2006 |title=Amulya Kumar N. Reddy |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=34 |issue=7/8 |pages=91–93 |issn=0970-0293 |jstor=27644157}}</ref>{{Rp|p=91}} under the supervision of [[John Bockris]].<ref name="ET" /> Together with Bockris, Reddy authored two volumes of ''Modern Electrochemistry''. From 1961 to 1966, he was a post-doctoral fellow at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Sengupta" />{{Rp|p=91}} He joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), Bangalore, in 1967,<ref name="ET" /> and worked in the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry.<ref name="Sengupta" />{{Rp|p=91}} An extension of IISc was set up in a village, Ungra, intended to study the problems related to rural energy. Reddy set up a [[biogas]] plant at Ungra and researched to improve efficiency of [[stove]].<ref name="Sengupta" />{{Rp|p=92}} In 1974, Reddy established a center for Application of Science and Technology in Rural Areas (ASTRA) at IISc, with the intention to work on rural technology.<ref name="ET" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=David |first=Stephen |date=15 January 1996 |title=Amulya K. N. Reddy: Helping the Rural Poor in Solving Power Problem |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960115-amulya-k.n.-reddy-helping-the-rural-poor-in-solving-power-problem-834804-1996-01-15 |access-date=17 August 2022 |issn=0254-8399}}</ref>

Reddy worked together with Thomas Johansson, [[José Goldemberg]], and [[Robert H. Williams (physicist)|Robert H. Williams]] in 1987. They jointly published a study titled "Energy for a Sustainable World". The work later earned them the [[Volvo Environment Prize]].<ref name="Sengupta" />{{Rp|p=92}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=José Goldemberg, Amulya K N Reddy, Robert H. Williams, Thomas B Johansson|url=https://www.environment-prize.com/laureates/jose-goldemberg-amulya-k-n-reddy-robert-h-williams-thomas-b-johansson/|access-date=2021-01-16|website=Volvo Environment Prize|language=en}}</ref> During his career, Reddy authored over 250 academic papers.<ref name="ET" />

== Later life and death ==
After the [[Pokhran-II]] test in 1998, Reddy was one of the few scientists to speak against the nuclear test,<ref name="DownToEarth">{{Cite magazine |last=Raina |first=Dhruv |date=30 June 2006 |title=Amulya K. N. Reddy: A Socially Responsible Maverick |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/amulya-k-n-reddy-a-socially-responsible-maverick-8010 |magazine=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]] |issn=0971-2879 |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> saying: "Scientists must be involved in new coalition of people against the militaristic turn in the affairs of the nation."<ref name="Sengupta" />{{Rp|p=93}} Reddy died on 7 May 2006, due to [[Chronic kidney disease|chronic kidney failure]].<ref name="DownToEarth" />

== Selected works ==
'''Articles'''
* {{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Amulya |date=1978 |title=Energy Options for the Third World |journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=28–33 |doi=10.1080/00963402.1978.11458506 |issn=0096-3402 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Amulya |date=1981 |title=A Strategy for Resolving India's Oil Crisis |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=50–53 |issn=0011-3891 |jstor=24086283 |author-mask=7 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Amulya |date=1990 |title=Funding Fundamental Research |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=59 |issue=3 |page=133 |issn=0011-3891 |jstor=24092949 |author-mask=7 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Amulya |date=1992 |title=In Defence of DEFENDUS |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=121–128 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=41625364 |author-mask=7 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Reddy|first1=Amulya|last2=D'Sa|first2=Antonette|last3=Sumithra|first3=Gladys D.|last4=Balachandra|first4=P.|date=1995|title=Integrated energy planning: Part II. Examples of DEFENDUS scenarios|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/34367/1/34367.pdf|journal=[[Energy for Sustainable Development]] | language=en |volume=2| issue=4| pages=12–26| doi=10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60147-7|issn=0973-0826|ref=none}}

'''Books'''
* {{Cite book |last=Reddy |first=Amulya |url=https://archive.org/details/ruraltechnology00unse |title=Rural Technology |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |year=1980 |author-mask= |ref=none }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goldemberg |first1=José |url=http://pdf.wri.org/energyforsustainableworld_bw.pdf |title=Energy for a Sustainable World |last2=Johansson |first2=Thomas |last3=Reddy |first3=Amulya |last4=Williams |first4=Robert H. |publisher=[[World Resources Institute]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-915825-21-9 |ref=none }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Amulya Kumar N}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Kalraj Mishra

2026-02-08T16:33:23Z

DianaX6283: quick update

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1941)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Shri Kalraj Mishra, 44th Governer of Rajasthan.png
| image_size =
| caption = Mishra in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1941|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazipur district|Malikpur]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| office = 44th [[Governor of Rajasthan]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Ashok Gehlot]] [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Jai Ram Thakur]] | termstart = 9 September 2019
| termend = 30 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Kalyan Singh]]
| successor = [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| office1 = [[List of Governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| successor1 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| term_start1 = 22 July 2019
| term_end1 = 8 September 2019
| office2 = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Union Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
| predecessor2 = [[K. H. Muniyappa]]
| successor2 = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| term_start2 = 26 May 2014
| term_end2 = 3 September 2017
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2014
| term_end3 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor3 = [[Gorakh Prasad Jaiswal]]
| successor3 = [[Ramapati Ram Tripathi]]
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Lucknow East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow East]]
| term_start4 = 2012
| term_end4 = 2014
| predecessor4 = [[Vidya Sagar Gupta]]
| successor4 = [[Ashutosh Tandon]]
| office5 = [[Kalyan Singh ministry|Minister of Public Works Department]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 21 March 1997
| term_end5 = 17 August 2000
| 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata5 = [[Mayawati]] [[Kalyan Singh]] [[Ram Prakash Gupta]]
| successor5 = [[Om Prakash Singh]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start7 = 3 April 1978
| term_end7 = 2 April 1984
| constituency7 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start6 = 7 June 2001
| term_end6 = 21 March 2012
| predecessor6 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| constituency6 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| office8 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start8 = 7 July 1986
| term_end8 = 7 June 2001
| constituency8 = ''elected by members of [[Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]]''
| office9 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start9 = 17 August 2000
| term_end9 = 24 June 2002
| predecessor9 = [[Om Prakash Singh]]
| successor9 = [[Vinay Katiyar]]
| term_start10 = 1991
| term_end10 = 1997
| predecessor10 = [[Kalyan Singh]]
| successor10 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Satyawati Mishra|1963}}
| children = 3
| website = {{website defunct|kalrajmishra.com}}
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20220515143222/https://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4721&lastls=16
| residence =
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Kalraj Mishra''' (born 1 July 1941) is an Indian politician who served as the [[governor of Rajasthan]] from 2019 to 2024. He is the former [[governor of Himachal Pradesh]] and [[cabinet minister]] [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] in the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] government of [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]. Being affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ([[BJP]]), he was a member of [[Parliament]] from [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] from 2014 to 2019.

He was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Lucknow East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow East assembly constituency]]. He was also President of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state unit of the BJP.

He was appointed the [[Union Minister]] for [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)]].

==Personal life ==
Mishra was born on 1 July 1941 as the fourth son in a middle-class family in Malikpur, [[Ghazipur District|Ghazipur]]. His father, Ramagya Mishra, was a teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kalrajmishra.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719090014/http://kalrajmishra.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2008|title=Kalraj Mishra|website=Kalraj Mishra}}</ref> He obtained his M.A. degree from [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]], [[Varanasi]]. He married Satyawati Mishra on 7 May 1963, with whom he has two sons and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4721&lastls=16 |title= Members Bioprofile - Mishra, Shri Kalraj |website=Lok Sabha |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515143222/https://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4721&lastls=16 |archive-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1955, Mishra became a ''swayamsevak'' of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] and in 1963 became RSS ''purnkalik pracharak''. In 1977, he was vice–president of Janata Yuva Morcha (Youth organisation of [[Janata Party]]), with [[Subramanian Swamy]] as its president.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=15 September 1978 |title=Janata MP Subramaniam Swamy believed to have decided to quit Janata Yuva Morcha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19780915-janata-mp-subramaniam-swamy-believed-to-have-decided-to-quit-janata-yuva-morcha-823019-2014-04-02 |access-date=11 March 2022 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In 1979, he was elected as President of Janata Yuva Morcha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor, Rajasthan |url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/GovernorPre.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105005108/https://www.rajassembly.nic.in/GovernorPre.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly}}</ref> He was the first elected National President of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]].

He was a three term member of [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1978, 2001 and 2006. He entered politics and held many party positions at state and national level. He was a Cabinet Minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] holding the portfolios of Public Works, Medical Education and Tourism during March 1997 – August 2000 period.

Mishra started a campaign wherein all state highways would be made crater free. He played a role in the formation of [[Uttarakhand]].

First time ever Mishra contested Vidhan Sabha election in 2012 as a BJP candidate from [[Lucknow East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow East assembly constituency]] and won the seat for BJP. He initiated many developmental projects.
In 2014 Mishra became MP from [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria constituency]] & later appointed Cabinet Minister in the [[Modi government]]. He was the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] from 26 May 2014 to 2 September 2017. On 15 July 2019 he was appointed [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]] replacing [[Acharya Devvrat]] who was transferred to [[Gujarat]] as Governor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Akhilesh |title=Cabinet rejig: Uma, Rudy skip swearing-in ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cabinet-rejig-uma-rudy-skip-swearing-in-ceremony/articleshow/60354534.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 September 2017 }}</ref>

== Governorship ==
In July 2019, he was appointed the [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]] replacing [[Acharya Devvrat]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Kalraj Mishra appointed Himachal Pradesh Governor, Acharya Devvrat shifted to Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kalraj-mishra-appointed-himachal-pradesh-governor-acharya-devvrat-shifted-to-gujarat/article28435953.ece |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kalraj-mishra-appointed-himachal-pradesh-governor-acharya-devvrat-shifted-to-gujarat-2231441.html|title=Kalraj Mishra Appointed Himachal Pradesh Governor, Acharya Devvrat Shifted to Gujarat|website=[[News18 India]]|date=16 July 2019|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref> In September 2019, he was appointed the [[Governors of Rajasthan|Governor of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Kalraj Mishra is new governor of Rajasthan, Arif Mohd Khan gets Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kalraj-mishra-is-new-governor-of-rajasthan-arif-mohd-khan-gets-kerala/articleshow/70932116.cms |access-date=1 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 September 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gorakh Prasad Jaiswal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]] |years=16 May 2014 – 22 May 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ramapati Ram Tripathi]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[K.H. Muniyappa]] Ministers of State (Independent charge)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]|years=26 May 2014 – 31 August 2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Giriraj Singh]] Ministers of State (Independent charge)}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Acharya Devvrat]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]|years=22 July 2019 – 10 September 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Kalyan Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Rajasthan|Governor of Rajasthan]]|years=9 September 2019 – 30 July 2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Haribhau Bagade]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi|state=expanded}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Current Indian governors}}
{{Governors of Rajasthan}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Kalraj}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur district]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]

Pavithra (TV series)

2026-02-03T00:56:30Z

DianaX6283: starting basic pg nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Family]]
* [[Melodrama]]
}}
| screenplay = Tamil Thasan
| writer = Tamil Thasan Pandiyan Guevara {{small|(dialogues)}}
| director = N. Priyan
| starring = [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] [[Snehan]] Anitha Sampath [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 232 
| list_episodes =
| composer = Jaikishan
| opentheme =
| editor = MD Pirabakaran
| runtime = 22-25 mins per epi
| cinematography = K. Arun Pirasath S. Rajeeva Alvin
| producer =
| executive_producer =
| company = Virtuous Loop Entertainment and Media
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Kalaignar TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|11|4}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|08|02}}
| related =
}}

'''Pavithra''' was a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language television series which aired from 4 November 2024 to 2 August 2025 on [[Kalaignar TV]] streams on [[Kalaignar TV]] YouTube channel. It stars [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Snehan]], Anitha Sampath and [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=சீரியலில் கதாநாயகனாகும் சினேகன்.. அவருக்கு ஜோடி விஜய் டிவி பிரபலம்.. இந்த சேனலில் தான்!|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/lyricist-snekan-and-actress-anitha-sampath-to-debut-in-pavithra-serial-645499.html|access-date=10 October 2024 |work=tamil.oneindia.com|language=ta }}</ref> It is directed by N. Priyan and produced by Virtuous Loop Entertainment and Media.<ref>{{Cite news |title=புது சீரியலில் ஜோடியாகக் களமிறங்கும் சினேகன் - அனிதா சம்பத்; இவர்தான் வில்லி... எந்த டிவியில் தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/lyricist-snekan-and-anitha-sambath-hero-and-heroine-pavithra-new-serial-kalaignar-tv-7306419|access-date=11 October 2024 |work=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta }}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main cast ===
* Diya as Pavithra (2025)
** Srimadhu as Pavithra
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Ramadevi (Pavithra, Arjun, DD, Nandu and Archana's grandmother, Bhavani, Krishna and Jyothi's mother)
* Naveen as Arjun (2025)
** Thejas as Arjun

=== Supporting ===
* [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]] (2024-2025) / Roja Sholapur (2025) as Gayathri (Ramadevi's co-sister)
* Ashwin as Venu (dead) (Saridha's younger brother, Arjun and Archana's maternal uncle, Pavithra's adoptive father, Bhavani's ex-fiance)
* Vijay Anantha as Krishana (Arjun and Archana's father, Pavithra, DD and Nandu's maternal uncle, Ramadevi's son, Bhavani and Jyothi's elder brother)
* Ameen Fakkir as Murali (DD and Nandu's father)
* Raziya as Jyothi (DD and Nandu's mother, Ramadevi's younger daughter, Bhavani and Krishna's younger sister)
* Winmeen Meenakshi as Saridha Krishna (Arjun and Archana's mother, Venu's elder sister)
* -- as Manju
* Ranjana Sudharsan as Archana (Arjun's sister, Krishna and Saridha's daughter, Pavithra's cousin)
** Jaseena as Archana
* Shivanya as DD (Jyothi and Murali's daughter, Pavithra's cousin)
** SG Aishwarya as DD
* Pugazhh as Nandu (Jyothi and Murali's son, Pavithra's cousin)
** Prasanna as Nandu
* Roshan Sankar as Mano (Pavithra and Arjun's friend)
** Sai Sanjan as Mano

=== Cameo Appearances ===
* [[Snehan]] as Bharathi (Episode 1-4) (Pavithra's biological father, Bhavani's husband)
* Anitha Sampath as Bhavani (Episode 1-3) (Pavithra's biological mother, Bharathi's wife, Ramadevi's elder daughter, Krishna's younger sister, Jyothi's elder sister, Venu's ex-fiancee)
* [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]] (Episode 5)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
lyricist and actor [[Snehan]] was Special appearances cast as Bharathi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=சீரியலில் களமிறங்கி இருக்கும் பாடலாசிரியர் சினேகன், எந்த சேனல் தெரியுமா? – வெளியானது அதிகாரபூர்வ தகவல்|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/lyricist-snehan-comitted-in-new-serial-kalaignar-tv/|access-date=30 July 2024 |work=tamil.behindtalkies.com|language=ta }}</ref> This series the mark comeback Snehan after two years hiatus on Television, marking his return after ''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate season 1]]''. ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 4|Bigg Boss season 4]]'' fame Anitha Sampath was cast as Bhavani.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Anitha Sampath set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Pavithra'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-anitha-sampath-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-pavithra/articleshow/112129975.cms|access-date=30 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> she plays the female lead alongside [[Snehan]]. This making [[Snehan]] and Anitha Sampath first lead role in Tamil television.<ref>{{Cite news |title=பவித்ரா தொடரில் நடிக்கும் சினேகன் |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/kalaignar-tv-new-serial-pavithra-starring-anitha-sampath-snehan-geetha-pavithra-serial-cast-and-telecast-time-article-114075834|access-date=9 October 2024 |work=tamil.timesnownews.com |language=ta }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=சின்னத்திரையில் நாயகனாக நடிக்கும் சினேகன்!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2024/Oct/16/snegan-playing-the-hero-on-the-small-screen|access-date=11 October 2024 |work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta }}</ref>

Veteran actress [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] was cast as Ramadevi, marking her return to Tamil Television series after ''[[Rajakumari (TV series)|Rajakumari]]''. Actress [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]] play the negative role as Gayathri.<ref>{{Cite news |title=கவிஞர் சினேகன் உடன் இணையும் அனிதா சம்பத்! இந்த டீவியிலா! சொல்லவே இல்ல!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2024/Oct/16/snegan-playing-the-hero-on-the-small-screen|access-date=8 October 2024 |work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta }}</ref>

In end of February 2025, introduced a 20-year leapwas introduced with which several new grown-up characters entered in the show and became main characters. Diya and Naveen were introduced as leads who play Pavithra and Arjun.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nenjathai Killadhe actress Diya set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Pavithra'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nenjathai-killadhe-actress-diya-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-pavithra/articleshow/118528402.cms|access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35232590}}

{{Kalaignar TV shows}}

[[Category:Kalaignar TV television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]

Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur

2026-01-29T02:06:12Z

DianaX6283: brief fix information also and cleaned formatting

{{About|the census town in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Itahar|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Itahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Itahar
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India# India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4587|N|88.1722|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,022
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]]/ Telephone code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Itahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Itahar]]
| website = {{URL|uttardinajpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Itahar''' is a [[census town]] in [[Itahar]] CD block in [[Raiganj subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|25|55|33|N|88|11|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Uttar Dinajpur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|37|25|N|88|7|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Raiganj | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Raiganj]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|14|11|N|88|11|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Islampur| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|25|37|48|N|88|19|12|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Kaliaganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Kaliaganj]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|53|33|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Dalkhola| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Dalkhola]] (M)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|22|23|N|88|18|27|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Chopra | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|8|57|N|88|2|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Hanskunda | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Hanskunda]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|6|30|N|88|8|33|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Goalpokhar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Goalpokhar]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|1|16|N|87|57|9|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Chakulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Chakulia, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|50|3|N|87|55|6|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Karandighi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Karandighi, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|39|56|N|88|13|14|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Hemtabad| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|35|56|N|88|6|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Nachhratpur|labela11= Katabari | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nachhratpur Katabari]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|34|8|N|88|6|43|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Kasba | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kasba, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|27|31|N|88|10|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Itahar | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur (CT)|shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|38|38|N|88|26|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Radhikapur|labela14=checkpoint| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Radhikapur]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|39|13|N|88|6|15|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15=Raiganj|labela15=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered15=T|shape-color15=green| mark-title15= [[Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25.9613|88.0524}}| label16=India| label-color16 = black| label-angle16=-70| label-pos16=bottom| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|25.9513|88.1224}}| label17=Bangladesh| label-color17 = black| label-angle17=-70| label-pos17=bottom| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|25.7273|87.9392}}| label18=Bihar| label-color18 = black| label-angle18=40| label-pos18=bottom| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|25.7773|88.0162}}| label19=West | labela19= Bengal| label-color19 = black| label-angle19=40| label-pos19=bottom| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26.2554|88.0234}}| label20=Mahananda River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-40| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
}}

===Location===
Itahar is located at {{coord|25.4587|N|88.1722|E|}}

In the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.

===Police station===
Itahar police station under West Bengal police has jurisdiction over [[Itahar]] CD block. It is 30 km from the district headquarters and covers an area of 364.17 km2.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur |work = Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 January 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://uttardinajpurpolice.co.in/itahar-police-station/ | title = Uttar Dinajpur District Police | work = Itahar Police Station | publisher = District Police | accessdate = 5 January 2019 | archive-date = 10 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910080928/http://uttardinajpurpolice.co.in/itahar-police-station/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Itahar CD block is at Itahar town.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Uttar Dinajpur district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 5 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | title = BDO Offices under Uttar Dinajpur District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 5 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190119063429/http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | archive-date = 19 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Itahar had a total population of 6,022, of which 3,024 (50%) were males and 2,998 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 624. The total number of literates in Itahar was 4,196 (77.73% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 5 January 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
New broad gauge lines – [[Gazole Town|Gazole]]-Itahar (27.20 km), Itahar-[[Raiganj]] (22.16 km) and Itahar-[[Buniadpur]] (27.095 km) – as a material modification of the Eklakhi-Balurghat project (commissioned in 2004) was included in the budget 1983-84. Initial work for the lines has been taken up by Northeast Frontier Railway. 431.973 ha of land is to be acquired. Land acquisition has commenced in the Gazole-Itahar sector with initial fund sanctions. As of August 2018, further sanctions are awaited.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://nfrlyconstruction.org/Uploads/File/project-details/ProjectDetails_August.pdf | title = Brief of all projects (as of 31st August 2018) | work = Page 14: New BG Line: Gazole-Itahar (27.20 Km), Itahar-Raiganj (22.16 Km) & Iatahar-Buniadpur (27.095 Km) as a Material Modification of Eklakhi to Balurghat (86.76Km) New Line project: (Total=163.215Km) | publisher = Northeast Frontier Railway (Construction) | accessdate = 2 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202616/https://nfrlyconstruction.org/Uploads/File/project-details/ProjectDetails_August.pdf | archive-date = 2 December 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nfrlyconstruction.org/test/generalinfo_eng.asp | title = Projects commissioned up to 30.11.2007 | accessdate = 2008-02-02 | work = Construction | publisher = North-Eastern Frontier Railway | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214182519/http://www.nfrlyconstruction.org/test/generalinfo_eng.asp | archivedate = 2007-12-14 }}</ref> The [[Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line]] was taken up in 1983-84.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rapr2003/10042003/r100420033.html
| title = Balurghat-Eklakhi Railway Line| accessdate = 2008-02-05 | last = | first = | work = Press Release, 10 April 2003| publisher = Press Information Bureau }}</ref>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through Itahar.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
[[Dr. Meghnad Saha College]] was established in 2000 at Village: Ranipur, PO Tilna, PS Itahar. Affiliated to the [[University of Gour Banga]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, sociology, history, political science, geography and mathematics and general courses in arts and science.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.drmscollege.ac.in/ |title = Dr. Meghnad Saha College |publisher= DMSC | accessdate = 10 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Dr.MeghnadSahaCollege/Dr.MeghnadSahaCollege.shtml |title = Dr. Meghnad Saha College |publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 12 January 2019 }}</ref>

Moulana Abul Kalam Azad B.Ed. College was established in 2005 at Village: Bagbari, PO Itahar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/colleges/moulana-abul-kalam-azad-b-ed-college/32896/2 |title = Moulana Abul Kalam Azad B.Ed. College |publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 12 January 2019 }}</ref>

[[Itahar High School]] is a Bengali-medium coeducational higher secondary school in Itahar. Founded in 1935, it has arrangements for teaching from class VI to XII. It has 25 computers, a library and a play ground.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/itahar-high-school/19040906706 |title = Itahar High School |publisher= ICBSE | accessdate = 12 January 2019 }}</ref>

Itahar Girls High School is a Bengali-medium girls only higher secondary school. Founded in 1973, it has arrangements for teaching from class V to XII, It has 14 computers and a library.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/itahar-girls-high-school/19040906701 |title = Itahar Girls High School |publisher= ICBSE | accessdate = 12 January 2019 }}</ref>

[[Kapasia A.M High School]] is a Bengali-medium coeducational higher secondary school. Vill & P.O-Kapasia, P.S-Itahar, Dist-Uttar Dinajpur. Founded in 1947, it has arrangements for teaching from class V to XII. It has a computer lab, a library and a big play ground.

[[CHURAMAN P.C HIGH SCHOOL]] is a Bengali-medium coeducational higher secondary school. Vill & P.O-Churaman, P.S-Itahar, Dist-Uttar Dinajpur. Founded in 1864. This is the oldest school in the district, it has arrangements for teaching from class V to XII. It has a computer lab, a library and a big play ground.

==Healthcare==
Itahar rural hospital at Itahar (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Itahar CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 12 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Dinajpur District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Uttar Dinajpur district]]

Aashay Mishra

2026-01-19T15:20:03Z

DianaX6283: new page

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aashay Mishra
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Aashay Mishra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|07|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], Madhya Pradesh (present-day [[Chhattisgarh]]), India
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]], [[Mumbai]], India
| years active = 2017–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Model}}
| spouse =
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]''|''[[Shubh Laabh – Aapkey Ghar Mein]]''}}
| height =
}}

'''Aashay Mishra''' is an Indian television actor who is best known as Satvik Bhosale in ''[[Agnisakshi...Ek Samjhauta]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Aashay Mishra to be seen in 'Agnisakshi... Ek Samjhauta' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aashey-mishra-shivika-pathak-to-be-seen-in-agnisakshi-ek-samjhauta/articleshow/95756291.cms |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aashay Mishra back to work after a long break |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/aashay-mishra-back-to-work-after-break-101675328724052.html |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> and as Dr. Anurag Singh Rathore in ''[[Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aashay Mishra to play lead opposite Pranali Rathod in colors' next! |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-aashay-mishra-roped-in-as-lead-opposite-pranali-rathod-in-colors-next/2024/07/12 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mishra started his career in a theatre company of [[Nadira Babbar]]. While he was working as the lead in the play ''Jhumru Aur Jhumri'', he had to leave the play in-between to act in an advertisement for [[Paytm]].

Mishra made his debut in television series in 2017 with ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''. In 2019, he got his first lead role of Omkar Gupta in ''[[Pyaar Ke Papad]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/are-omkar-and-shivika-dating-in-real-life-21336157|title=Are Omkar and Shivika dating in real life?|website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, he played the role of Sarangdhar "Sarang" Pandey in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/aashay-mishra-who-is-seen-in-story-9-months-ki-talks-about-his-experience-187877|title=Aashay Mishra, who is seen in Story 9 Months Ki, talks about his experience|website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/story-9-months-ki-this-show-will-inspire-women-says-aashay-mishra-3183236.html|title=Story 9 Months Ki: This Show will Inspire Women, Says Aashay Mishra|website=[[News18]]}}</ref> From 2021 to 2022, he was seen as Vaibhav Toshniwal opposite Tanisha Mehta in [[Sony SAB]]'s serial ''[[Shubh Laabh – Aapkey Ghar Mein]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/upcoming-twist-in-shubh-laabh-aapkey-ghar-mein-niranjan-suffers-a-heart-attack-vaibhav-blames-himself-and-gives-up-on-his-dreams/articleshow/88430978.cms|title=Upcoming twist in Shubh Laabh – Aapkey Ghar Mein: Niranjan suffers a heart attack; Vaibhav blames himself and gives up on his dreams|website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>

In 2023, he played the lead role of Satvik Bhosle opposite Shivika Pathak in [[Colors TV]]'s serial ''[[Agnisakshi...Ek Samjhauta]]''. From 2024 to 2025, he portrayed Dr. Anurag Singh Rathore in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani]]'' opposite [[Pranali Rathod]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 August 2024|title=Pranali Rathod Returns To Television With 'Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani'; To Romance Aashay Mishra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pranali-rathod-returns-to-television-with-durga-atoot-prem-kahani-to-romance-aashay-mishra/articleshow/112874595.cms|access-date=3 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''
| Vishnu Ramana / Suprada Ghost
| Episode 53–55
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Pyaar Ke Papad]]''
| Omkar Gupta
|
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]''
| Sarangdhar "Sarang" Pandey / Azaad Roy
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/sukirti-kandpal-and-aashay-mishra-in-story-9-months-ki-new-show-on-nov-23-1733682-2020-10-21|title=Sukirti Kandpal and Aashay Mishra in Story 9 Months Ki, new show on Nov 23|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Shubh Laabh – Aapkey Ghar Mein]]''
| Vaibhav Toshniwal
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Agnisakshi...Ek Samjhauta]]''
| Satvik Bhosle
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aashay-mishra-shivika-pathak-to-play-married-couple-in-agnisakshi-ek-samjhauta/articleshow/97175316.cms|title=Aashay Mishra, Shivika Pathak to play married couple in 'Agnisakshi...Ek Samjhauta'|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/agnisakshi-ek-samjhauta-aashey-mishra-and-shivika-pathak-shed-light-on-their-roles-on-the-colors-upcoming-show-4501768.html|title=Agnisakshi...Ek Samjhauta: Aashay Mishra and Shivika Pathak Shed Light on Their Roles For the Colors Upcoming Show|website=[[IANS]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Durga – Atoot Prem Kahani]]''
| Dr. Anurag Singh Rathore
|
|
|-
| 2025–2026
| ''[[Binddii]]''
| Mahi Pathak
|
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''Pari & Pinocchio''
| Amit
| Short film
|<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-04-15 |title=PARI & PINOCCHIO |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL4fR36_1lw |publisher=LargeShortFilms |medium=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian actors]]
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=10514476}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Aashay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actors from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Eutropis ashwamedhi

2025-12-16T04:00:32Z

DianaX6283: added pg

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>[[species:Chelmala Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu C]], [[species:Bhargavi Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu B]] (2021). "''Eutropis ashwamedhi'' ". The [[IUCN]] Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T174131A123301982. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T174131A123301982.en. Accessed on 29 May 2022.</ref>
| genus = Eutropis
| species = ashwamedhi
| authority = ([[species:Ramesh Chandra Sharma|Sharma]], 1969)
| synonyms = *''Riopa ashwamedhi'' {{small|Sharma, 1969}}
*''Lygosoma ashwamedhi'' {{small|— [[species:Indraneil Das|Das]], 1996}}
*''Eutropis ashwamedhi'' {{small|— [[species:Chelmala Srinivasulu|C. Srinivasulu]] et al., 2016}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB>{{EMBL species|genus=Eutropis|species=ashwamedhi}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}

'''''Eutropis ashwamedhi''''', also known [[Common name|commonly]] as the '''Ashwamedh supple skink''' or '''Ashwamedha writhing skink''', is a [[species]] of [[lizard]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Scincidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].

==Geographic range==
''E. ashwamedhi'' is found in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name=RDB/>

==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]] of ''E. ashwamedhi'' is [[shrubland]], at altitudes of {{convert|230|–|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=iucn/>

==Reproduction==
The [[Modes of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] of ''E. ashwamedhi'' is unknown.<ref name=RDB/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[species:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (1996). ''Biogeography of the Reptiles of South Asia''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company.
*[[species:Ramesh Chandra Sharma|Sharma RC]] (1969). "Two new lizards of the genera ''Mabuya'' [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]] and ''Riopa'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]] (Scincidae) from India". ''Bulletin of Systematic Zoology, Calcutta'' '''1''' (2): 71–75. (''Riopa ashwamedhi'', new species).

{{Taxonbar|from=Q967389}}

[[Category:Eutropis]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1969]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ramesh Chandra Sharma]]

{{skink-stub}}

SS Ganges (1906)

2025-12-11T17:45:19Z

DianaX6283: added references

{{Short description|3,475-ton steamship}}
{{other ships|Ganges (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox ship 
|infobox_caption=SS ''Ganges''
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|name=*''Ganges'' (1906–1930)
*''Seapro'' (1930–)
|owner=*[[Nourse Line]]
*F. B. Saunders (1928–1929)
*Sea Products of London (1929–)
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|builder=Charles Connell & Company
|original_cost=
|yard_number=303
|way_number=
|laid_down=
|launched=9 March 1906
|completed=May 1906
|christened=
|acquired=
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|identification=
|fate=Scrapped 1934
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class=
|type=Steam ship
|tonnage={{GRT|3475}}, {{NRT|2151}}, {{DWT|5200}}
|displacement=
|length=
|beam=
|height=
|draught=
|draft=
|depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|sail_plan=
|power=Triple expansion steam, {{convert|426|hp|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=Single screw
|speed={{convert|11.5|kn}}
|capacity=
|crew=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''SS ''Ganges''''' was a 3,475-ton [[steamship]], built for the [[Nourse Line]] by [[Charles Connell and Company]] of Glasgow and launched on 9 March 1906. She made seven trips carrying Indian indentured labourers from [[Calcutta]] and [[Madras]] to [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]], ten trips to [[History of Trinidad and Tobago#British period|Trinidad and Tobago]] and also trips to [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Surinam]] and [[British Guiana]].

==Namesakes==
SS ''Ganges'' was the third [[Nourse Line]] ship to be named ''Ganges''. The first ''[[Ganges (1861)|Ganges]]'' was built in 1861 and wrecked in 1881. The second ''[[Ganges (1882)|Ganges]]'' was built in 1885 and sold to [[Norway]] in 1904.

==Voyages==
{| class="wikitable"
|-----
! Destination
! Date of Arrival
! Number of Passengers
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 25 October 1906 || 479
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 10 October 1907 || 344
|----- align ="center"
| Suriname || 17 February 1908 || n/a
|----- align ="center"
| Suriname || 10 July 1908 || n/a
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 20 July 1908 || 642
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 16 June 1909 || 819
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 24 November 1910 || 842
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 25 March 1911 || 776
|----- align ="center"
| Fiji || 22 July 1911 || 860
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 9 December 1911 || 428
|----- align ="center"
| Suriname || 7 April 1912 || n/a
|----- align ="center"
| Fiji || 18 July 1912 || 843
|----- align ="center"
| Fiji || 8 November 1912 || 846
|----- align ="center"
| Fiji || 21 February 1913 || 771
|----- align ="center"
| Fiji || 29 May 1913 || 848
|----- align ="center"
| Fiji || 9 September 1913 || 784
|----- align ="center"
| Fiji || 21 June 1915 || 846
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 11 November 1915 || 325
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 18 April 1916 || 200
|----- align ="center"
| British Guiana || 18 April 1917 || 421
|----- align ="center"
| Trinidad || 22 April 1917 || 421
|}

Having been in operation during the last years of the Indian indenture system, ''Ganges'' was the last ship to carry Indian indentured labourers to Trinidad and to [[British Guiana]], docking in [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] on 18 April 1917.

==First World War==
Between 7 and 31 August 1914 ''Ganges'' was requisitioned for use as a [[Royal Navy]] [[Collier (ship type)|collier]]; and from September of the same year to the following January became an [[Indian Expeditionary Force]] transport. For periods of 1916 and 1917 she was requisitioned to transport various bulk cargoes including [[coal]], [[sugar]] and [[wheat]]. From 6 January 1918 until 19 April 1919 she came under the [[Liner Requisition Scheme]].

==Later history==
''Ganges'' was sold out of the fleet in 1928 to F. B. Saunders of [[London]] who sold her on the following year to Sea Products of London. She became ''Seapro'' in 1930 and served for a further four years before being sold for breaking to [[Thos. W. Ward]] in 1934.

== Notable passengers ==
The parents of Fiji's first Chief Justice Sir Moti Tikaram (KBE), Thakur Tikaram (born 1877) and his wife Singaribai Tikaram (born 1894) arrived in Fiji on July 10, 1912 on the SS Ganges (Emigration Pass No. 50079).

[[Indians in Fiji|Fiji Indian]] businessman Sir [[Sathi Narain]], Devara Suramma (Emigration Pass No. 52043) and Gompa Appalasamy (Emigration Pass No. 51617), arrived on this ship from India to Fiji in 1913. Abdul Wahid who ran as a Mayoral Candidate in Tracy, USA. His grandfather Ali Mohammed f/n Mehardad was one of the indentured labor who came at the age of 20.

== See also ==
*[[Indian Indenture Ships to Fiji]]
*[[Indian indenture system]]

==References==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/nourse2.html |website=Merchant Navy Officers |title=Nourse Line}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.fortunecity.co.uk/library/fantasy/12/india_came_west.htm |first=Norman |last=Datt |website=Fortune City |title=India came west |date=1999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315022556/http://www.fortunecity.co.uk/library/fantasy/12/india_came_west.htm |archivedate=2012-03-15}}
*{{cite web |url=http://genforum.genealogy.com/grenada/messages/60.html |website=Genealogy |title=Updated List of Ships that transported E |date=27 August 2000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganges, SS}}
[[Category:Indian indentureship in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Indian indenture ships to Fiji]]
[[Category:1906 ships]]

Airtel Tanzania

2025-12-04T10:59:57Z

DianaX6283: quick fix

{{Short description|Mobile network operator in Tanzania}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Airtel Tanzania
| logo = Airtel Africa logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| key_people =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| predecessors = [[Zain Group|Zain Tanzania]] [[Celtel Tanzania]]
| foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=y|2010|06|08}}
| area_served = Tanzania
| location = Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, north [[Dar es Salaam]], east [[Tanzania]]
| industry = [[Telecommunications]]
| parent = [[Airtel Africa]]
| products = [[Mobile telephony]] [[Broadband]] [[Internet service provider|Internet services]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.airtel.co.tz/}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:The ship like building of Airtel headquarter.jpg|270px|thumb|The Airtel Tanzania headquarters]]
'''Airtel Tanzania Limited''' is the third-largest [[mobile network operator]] in [[Tanzania]] operated by [[Airtel Africa]], which is a subsidiary of [[Bharti Airtel]] of [[India]], behind [[Vodacom Tanzania]] and [[MIC Tanzania Limited|Tigo Tanzania]]. As of September 2017, Airtel Tanzania had 10.6 million voice subscribers.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/KACRvJFxH1TPCP7Cc9K6iL/Tanzanian-government-disapproves-of-Airtel-Africa-IPO.html | title=Tanzanian government disapproves of Airtel Africa IPO | date=2 November 2018 |access-date=16 January 2019 |last=Amrit Raj |first=and Navadha Pandey |publisher=Livemint.com |location=New Delhi}}</ref> As of December 2017 according to data provided by the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority, Airtel Tanzania controlled 27.1 percent of Tanzania's mobile telephone market by customer numbers, at that time estimated at 10.86 million.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=16 January 2019 |date=8 February 2018 | url=https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/telecoms/telecom-penetration-2017 |title=The latest Quarterly Communications Statistics Report by the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) for the period October-December 2017 | publisher=Tanzaniainvest.com |author=Tanzaniainvest.com |location=Dar es Salaam}}</ref>

The company is a component of [[Airtel Africa]], the pan African mobile network operator and the largest mobile service provider in [[Africa]] outside of [[South Africa]], active in 14 countries on the continent.<ref name="1R"/><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.vccircle.com/airtel-africa-hires-jpmorgan-citi-six-other-bankers-for-ipo/ |title=Airtel Africa hires JPMorgan, Citi, six other bankers for IPO |date=26 November 2018 |access-date=16 January 2019 |publisher=VCCircle.com |author=Team VCC |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Airtel Tanzania was the first telecom company to launch [[General Packet Radio Service]]/[[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution]] (GPRS/EDGE)<ref>[http://www.tz.celtel.com/en/about-us/news/index.html] Celtel introduces first GPRS/EDGE service in Tanzania</ref> service in Tanzanian Market on 3 April 2006. Celtel Tanzania has its headquarters in Celtel House, [[Dar es Salaam]]. On 1 August 2008, Celtel rebranded all of its African operations under the Zain name.

==History==
Airtel Tanzania was the result of partial privatization of TTCL on 23 February 2001. This was one of the first steps towards full liberalization of the market. In the aftermath, [[Celtel|Celtel International]], at that time MSI, which has its headquarters in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]], together with [[Detecon]] from [[Germany]], obtained 35% shares from the Government of Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.si.umich.edu/tprc/papers/2007/711/VanGorpMaitland_TPRC07_TZ.pdf |title=Market Liberalization Strategy: 2001 – present |accessdate=2008-01-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519173732/http://web.si.umich.edu/tprc/papers/2007/711/VanGorpMaitland_TPRC07_TZ.pdf |archivedate=2011-05-19 }}</ref> Thus, the consortium (Celtel International and Detecon) took over Board and Management control of TTCL and thus made it essentially an autonomous company. Celtel is currently owned by sub group originating from UAE.

=== License ===
Celtel Tanzania was licensed as the mobile operator in the country in November 2001. The license was the result of Tanzania Communications Commission (TCC) to decide and to change its zonal licenses into national licenses in 1998. The changes was because the numbers of subscribers in the country was very low (i.e. a total of 37,940 in 1998) and operators were concentrating on a few zones only (i.e. the coastal area near Dar es Salaam and [[Zanzibar]]).

=== Celtel Tanzania partnership ===
During the privatisation of Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited (TTCL), Celtel International was in partnership with Detecon of Germany. The two companies invested an initial $60 million in TTCL in February 2001 for a 35% shareholding in TTCL. In the new partnership with TTCL, Celtel International agreed to be bound by independent "Expert Determination" in the aftermath of a poor [[financial]] performance of TTCL for the year 2000. Based on this "Expert Determination", Celtel International made an additional $4.96 million payment.

In early August 2005, Celtel Tanzania and TTCL were legally separated, allowing each to administer its own financial and business operations. In this new formally signed agreement between the Tanzanian Government and Celtel Tanzania, TTCL's shareholding structure remained unchanged, with the government of Tanzania holding 65% and Celtel International the remaining 35%. In the aftermath, Celtel Tanzania's structure was changed so as to follow the government’s decision to sell a 25% stake in the cellco to Celtel International for USD28 million.<ref>[http://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=8683&email=text] Celtel and TTCL part company</ref>

=== Acquisition by Zain ===
In September 2007 Celtel's Parent Company MTC Group was acquired by [[Zain Group|Zain]] (Arabic for 'beautiful, good and wonderful') unifying its different brands in 22 Countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.zain.com/en/about-us/milestones/|title = Zain - about-us - milestones|date = |accessdate = 2015-08-06|website = |publisher = [[Zain Group]]|last = |first = }}</ref> This led to the rebranding of Celtel Tanzania to Zain Tanzania.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elinaza |first1=Abduel |title=Tanzania: Zain Changes Name to Airtel |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201011230343.html |access-date=11 August 2022 |publisher=[[Daily News (Tanzania)]] |date=22 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130110127/http://allafrica.com/stories/201011230343.html |archive-date=30 November 2010 |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Acquisition by Bharti Airtel ===

On 8 June 2010, [[Bharti Airtel]] struck a deal to purchase of mobile operations in 15 African countries from [[Zain Group| Zain]], a Kuwaiti operator including Zain Tanzania, but excluding Zain Sudan.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Reuters.com]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zain-bharti-idUSTRE6570VJ20100608 |title=Bharti Closes US$9 Billion Zain Africa Deal |last1=Tripathy |first1=Devidutta |last2=Goma |
first2=Eman |date=8 June 2010 |accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> The firm then changed its name to Airtel Tanzania.

==Current ownership==
Following talks in Dar es Salaam, between [[John Magufuli]], the president of Tanzania and [[Sunil Mittal]], the chairman of Bharti Airtel, held in January 2019, the India-based conglomerate agreed to cede more shareholding to the government, in order to settle existing ownership disputes. Following the agreed transfer of shares, the ownership in the company will appear as illustrated in the table below.<ref name="OwnR">{{cite web| url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Tanzania-government-to-acquire-bigger-stake-in-Airtel/2560-4931026-vpgwetz/index.html |title=Tanzania government to acquire bigger stake in Airtel |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]] Quoting [[Reuters]] |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=16 January 2019 |location=Nairobi}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|+ '''Shareholding in Airtel Tanzania stock'''
|-
! style="width:2em;" | Rank
! Name of owner
! % ownership before January 2019
! % ownership after January 2019
|-
| 1 || [[Bharti Airtel]] of [[India]] ||60.0<ref name="OwnR"/>||51.0<ref name="OwnR"/>
|-
| 2 || [[Government of Tanzania]] ||40.0<ref name="OwnR"/>||49.0<ref name="OwnR"/>
|-
| ||'''Total'''||'''100.00'''||'''100.00'''
|-
|}

==One Network==
[[File:Airtel Africa One Network Coverage.svg|thumb|226x226px|Airtel Africa coverage]]
{{see also|airtel Africa}}

As of January 2016, Airtel Africa operates in 17 African countries. Marketed as "One Network", airtel was the first telecom company in Africa to provide a border less solution for its customer across the continent. With this service airtel customer can freely roam in other airtel operating countries and use their phone as a local subscriber.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Airtel Customers in Africa to Now Get Free Incoming Calls While Roaming on its South Asia Network|url = https://appablog.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/airtel-customers-in-africa-to-now-get-free-incoming-calls-while-roaming-on-its-south-asia-network/|website = Database of Press Releases related to Africa - APO-Source|accessdate = 2016-01-06}}</ref> This service has been extended to [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]] where airtel Africa users would not have to change their sim cards to operate freely in the three Asian nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = AIRTEL Customers in AFRICA to Get FREE Incoming Calls While International Roaming in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh|url = http://telecomtalk.info/airtel-cuctomers-africa-free-incoming-calls-international-roaming-india-sri-lanka-bangladesh/102789/#more-102789|website = Telecom Talk|publisher = |accessdate = 2016-01-06|language = en-US}}</ref>

Recharging while roaming on the "One Network" can be done both in local currency or can be done remotely from one's home country. The airtel money services do not work across borders. However, there are plans to implement airtel money between Kenya and Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Airtel Ghana|url = http://africa.airtel.com/wps/wcm/connect/africarevamp/ghana/home/personal/premier/one-network|website = africa.airtel.com|accessdate = 2016-01-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tz.celtel.com/en/ tz.celtel.com]
* [http://www.celtel.com/en/index.html Celtel's official website]

{{Authority control}}
{{Bharti Enterprises}}
{{Tanzania telecom operators}}

[[Category:Telecommunications companies of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Tanzania]]
[[Category:Bharti Airtel]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of Tanzania]]

Silwani

2025-11-12T14:57:41Z

DianaX6283: made post

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Silwani
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Silwani Raisen MP.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = 1008 Digambar Jain Temple
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.30|N|78.44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18,623
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 470226
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-38]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Silwani''' is a city and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Raisen district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Silwani tehsil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |website=Census India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004}}</ref>

==Geography==
Silwani is located at 23.30°N 78.44°E. It has an average elevation of 303 metres (994 feet). It is located near Vindhyachal Range and surrounded by mountains.

==Demographics==
The Silwani Nagar Panchayat had a population of 18,623 of which 9,655 were males and 8,968 were females, as per Census India 2011. The literacy rate of Silwani city is 82.53 % higher than the state average of 69.32 %.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802331-silwani-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Silwani Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2024 | Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Government==
Silwani is part of the [[Silwani Assembly constituency]]. Devendra Patel is MLA from Silwani.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections/raisen/constituencies-silwani | title=Silwani Assembly Election Results 2023, Silwani Vidhan Sabha Leading Candidate with names }}</ref>

Silwani is part of [[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments.

==Civil Administration==
Silwani city is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.

Silwani Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 3,617 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Place of interest==
* Nakti River<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/Raisen/Tourist-Attraction-in-Silwani/nct-10596038|title=20+ Tourist Attraction in Silwani - Most Visited Tourist Places |website=Justdial}}</ref>
* Mraggannath Waterfall<ref name=":0" />
* Digambar Jain mandir
* Ramrasiya Sarkar Mandir
==Transportation==
Silwani is well connected with roads. [[State Highway 15 (Madhya Pradesh)|State Highway 15]] passing from here, [[Udaipura]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Bareli, Raisen|Bareli]], [[Gairatganj]], [[Gadarwara]], [[Raisen]], [[Bhopal]] connected from roads, Daily bus service available from here.

==See also==
* [[Silwani Assembly constituency]]
* [[Raisen District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raisen district]]

Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2025-11-05T08:34:39Z

DianaX6283:

{{short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}

'''Kedar Nath Singh''' was an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh. He was a three time member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] representing the [[Bhartiya Jaanta party]] from the [[Varanasi (Division Graduates Constituency)|Varanasi Division Graduates Constituency]] in [[Varanasi district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mafia don Brijesh sworn in as MLC, sent back to jail|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Mafia-don-Brijesh-sworn-in-as-MLC-sent-back-to-jail/articleshow/51372546.cms|website=Times Of India|date=12 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kedar Nath Singh|url=http://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=51|website=My Neta Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiaelectionresults.in/2014/03/27/mlc-election-result-2014-mlc-lucknow-jhansi-allahabad-election-result/|title=.:: G I A N T 'S - P S ::. -|website=indiaelectionresults.in|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>

He was first elected to the Council representing the BJP in the 2004 by-election and retained the seat for BJP in 2008 and 2014 elections. In 1971, he was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]] winning the 1971 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. He remained MP and member of union cabinet of [[Indira Gandhi]]. In 1984, he was elected [[Indian National Congress]] general secretary. He also served as a Rajya Sabha MP for six years.

He has three sons and one daughter, Arvind Singh, Ashok Singh, Lt Sushma Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kedar Nath Singh Election Results 2020: News, Votes, Results of Bihar Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-candidates-list-2020/kedar-nath-singh-04115-2|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref> He is the founder of educational institutions and worked for correction of educational backwardness in Sultanpur and neighbouring districts.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kedar Nath}}
[[Category:Politicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jayasankar C Menon

2025-10-25T22:17:21Z

DianaX6283: added new post

{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 1967)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=March 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Jayasankar C Menon
| image = Jayasankar Menon.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1967|12|06}}
| birth_place = [[Wadakkanchery]], [[Thrissur]], [[India]]
| height = 197 cms
| weight = 135 kg
| high_school = [[CMS High School]], [[Thrissur]]
| college = [[Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur]]
| career_start = 1985
| career_end = 2005
| years1 = 1985–1986
| team1 = [[Kerala]]
| years2= 1987-1991
| team2 = [[Indian Railways]]
| years3= 1992-2005
| team3 = [[Tamilnadu]]
}}

'''Jayasankar C Menon''' (born 6 December 1967) is an Indian basketballer. He represented India at the international level. Menon was an Asian All-Star player and former captain of the Indian basketball team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/interview-jayasankar-menon-former-captain-indian-basketball-team|title=Interview: Jayasankar Menon, former captain Indian basketball team|accessdate=20 March 2024}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Born on December 6, 1967, in [[Wadakkanchery]] in [[Thrissur district]], Jayasankar Menon played basketball from a young age. He honed his skills and rose through the ranks, eventually becoming a key player for the Indian national men's team in the 1990s. Menon was an Asian All-Star reserve in 1997. He is employed as an Assistant General Manager, at [[Indian Bank]].

==Basketball==
Menon played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Indian Basketball Players Association (IBPA), serving as its general secretary and currently serving as its president. He also served as the founder and director of Chennai's Professional Basketball Academy (PBA), where he organized coaching camps and nurtured young talent. He is also the Founder secretary and current President of KESPA (Kerala Sports Persons Association) founded in 2002, contributing to organizing games at the school level. He was the former Chief adviser for Sports for Hindustan group, coordinating sports activities for various colleges. He was also a Member of the Sports Committee of [[FICCI]], working towards key concerns and sports industry development.

==Personal life==
Menon is married to Prasanna, a former captain of the Indian national women's basketball team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/interview-with-prasanna-jayashankar-former-indian-womens-team-captain|title=Interview with Prasanna Jayashankar-former Indian women's team captain|accessdate=20 March 2024}}</ref> Together, they established the Professional Basketball Academy (PBA) in Chennai.

They have two daughters who were also athletes. The younger daughter Krishna Jayasankar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Aug/11/discus-thrower-from-tamil-nadu-krishna-jayasankarawarded-academic-scholarship-by-university-of-texa-2343448.html|title=Discus thrower from Tamil Nadu Krishna Jayasankar awarded academic scholarship by University of Texas|first=Express News|last=Service|date=11 August 2021|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=20 March 2024}}</ref> is the first Indian woman thrower, the first women athlete from Tamil Nadu to receive an academic scholarship from the University of Texas.

==Achievements==
{{prose|section|date=June 2024}}
First Basketball Player from the South Asian region to represent ‘The ASIAN ALL STAR’ Basketball team. Represented the Asian All-star Basketball team (comprising the top 16 Basketball players in Asia) at the Basketball extravaganza held in Seoul in 1997.

Captained the Indian Basketball team at the Asian Basketball Championship in 1996 in Seoul.

Winner of 2 Gold Medals in SAF Games held at Colombo ‘91 & Chennai ‘95.

Member of Indian Basketball team which secured ‘Silver Medal’ at the Kelantan International B’ball tournament held at Kota Bharu, Malaysia in ‘91

Represented Indian Basketball team for 11 years including 4 Asian Basketball Confederation Championships.

Bangkok- 1987: Beijing – 1989: Kobe (Japan) – 1991 & Seoul – 1995

At the National Level:

Participated in 15 Senior Nationals and secured Gold Medal 5 times, Silver and Bronze Once.

Recipient of MVP (Most Valuable Player) award in 2 Inter-zone Basketball Championships.

Played for Southern Railways and was instrumental in Indian Railways' dominance in national championships

Awards & Accolades:

Recipient of Guruvacharya Award of the Golden Star Award 2016 constituted by NIER (National Institute of Education and Research), New Delhi

Outstanding Sports Person Award from the Chief Minister of Tamilnadu - 1993.

Outstanding Sports Person Award of Indian Bank - 1992

Member – Sports Committee of Federation of Indian Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Delhi for 4 consecutive years (2009–2012)

Named into the Hoopistani Indian Basketball Hall of Fame <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hoopistani.blogspot.com/2019/05/jayasankar-menon-hoopistani-indian.html|title=Hoopistani: Jayasankar Menon: Hoopistani Indian Basketball Hall of Fame|first=Karan|last=Madhok|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=20 March 2024}}</ref>

Won accolades including 2 gold medals for India in the South Asian Games

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://hoopistani.blogspot.com/2019/05/jayasankar-menon-hoopistani-indian.html Hoopistani: Jayasankar Menon: Hoopistani Indian Basketball Hall of Fame]
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Aug/11/discus-thrower-from-tamil-nadu-krishna-jayasankarawarded-academic-scholarship-by-university-of-texa-2343448.html#:~:text=Krishna%20Jayasankar%20is%20the%20first,and%208th%20in%20junior%20Asia Discus thrower from Tamil Nadu Krishna Jayasankar awarded academic scholarship by University of Texas].
* [https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/interview-with-prasanna-jayashankar-former-indian-womens-team-captain Interview with Prasanna Jayashankar-former Indian women's team captain]
* [http://hoopistani.blogspot.com/2019/09/prasanna-jayasanakar-hoopistani-indian.html#:~:text=Prasanna%20played%20for%20India's%20senior,Asian%20Basketball%20Championship%20in%20Singapore Hoopistani: Prasanna Jayasanakar - Hoopistani Indian Basketball Hall of Fame].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Jayasankar}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thrissur]]

Gurrah (cloth)

2025-10-17T02:33:52Z

DianaX6283: added pg

{{Short description|Kind of calico produced in Northeast India in the 1700s}}
'''Gurrah''' (garat) was a kind of [[calico]] produced in [[Northeast India]] during the 18th century. Gurrah was one of the cotton [[piece goods]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Theobald|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTgUAAAAYAAJ&q=Gurrah+cotton&pg=PA72|title=The Legislative Acts of the Governor General of India in Council of 1867, with Abstracts Prefixed, Table of Contents and Index: In Continuation of Acts from 1834 to the Present Time|date=1868|publisher=Thacker, Spink|pages=72|language=en}}</ref> exported to England and France.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Tortora|first1=Phyllis G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&q=Gurrah+cotton&pg=PA276|title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles|last2=Johnson|first2=Ingrid|date=2013-09-17|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-60901-535-0|pages=276|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=John Forbes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En0BAAAAQAAJ&q=Gurrah+cotton&pg=PA48|title=New Zealand exhibition, 1865, a classified list of contributions from British India and its dependencies|date=1864|pages=48|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=John Forbes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAxCAQAAMAAJ&q=Gurrah+cotton&pg=PA160|title=The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India|date=1866|publisher=India Office|language=en}}</ref>

== Name ==
Gurrah may be a name stemmed from Hindi {{Lang|hi-Latn|garha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Raut|first=Lakshmi Narayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dStuAAAAMAAJ&q=Gurrah+cotton|title=Socio-economic Life in Medieval Orissa, 1568-1751|date=1988|publisher=Punthi Pustak|isbn=978-81-85094-18-2|pages=146|language=en}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Gurrah was a typical quality plain cloth.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heney|first=Helen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVnaAAAAMAAJ&q=Gurrah+cotton|title=Australia's Founding Mothers|date=1978|publisher=Nelson|isbn=978-0-17-005091-3|pages=215|language=en}}</ref> It was an unbleached cotton material.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbLjAAAAMAAJ&q=Gurrah+cotton|title=Studies in Islam: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Islamic Studies|date=1968|publisher=The Institute|pages=34|language=en}}</ref>

== Use ==
It was processed and used in many [[household]] items such as [[table cloth]], etc. Gurrah was also used for [[Textile printing|printing]] base material in [[England]] and [[France]].<ref name=":0" /> Gurrah was also a part of Indian cloths exported to America.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bean|first=Susan S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6I8V9hNFP8C&q=Gurrah+cotton|title=Yankee India: American Commercial and Cultural Encounters with India in the Age of Sail, 1784-1860|date=2001|publisher=Peabody Essex Museum|isbn=978-81-85822-83-9|pages=75|language=en}}</ref>

Gurrah has been mentioned as a dress material in [[petticoat]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnard|first=Edwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFO-IsXQnp0C&q=Gurrah+cotton&pg=PA91|title=Exiled: The Port Arthur Convict Photographs|date=2010|publisher=National Library Australia|isbn=978-0-642-27709-1|pages=91|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bafta cloth]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Textile}}
{{Wiktionary|gurrah}}

[[Category:Textiles]]
[[Category:Woven fabrics]]

{{Textile-stub}}

Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha

2025-10-12T07:04:24Z

DianaX6283:

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|name=Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha
|eci=Unrecognized
|abbreviation=RJM
|colorcode=#00713D
|president=Abdul Mobin Rizvi
|general_secretary=Mahmood Alam
|founder=Mister Alam Asrafee<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mister Alam Asrafee(Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha):Constituency- CHATRA(JHARKHAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1242 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>
|alliance=Janmat
|website=[https://rajmo.in/ rajmo.in]
|foundation={{Start date and age|2011|11|27|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018 |title=national foundation for the jankranti morcha today |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/kodarma/news/national-foundation-for-the-jankrami-morcha-today-023027-3282376.html |work=Bhaskar}}</ref>
|symbol=[[File:Candle - Election Symbol.png|150px]]}}

The '''Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha''' ([[abbreviated]] as '''RJM'''; [[translation]]: National People's revolution Front) is an Indian [[Political parties in Jharkhand|political party]] based in the state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Party performance over elections - Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/party/ac_info/1623/243/www.indiavotes.com/party/ac_info/1623/243/53 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=hindi.eci.gov.in |title=English: Performance of Registered Unrecognised Parties |date=2018-08-10 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Performance_of_Registered_Unrecognised_Parties.pdf |access-date=2024-06-27}}</ref> The party was founded in 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018 |title=national foundation for the jankranti morcha today |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/kodarma/news/national-foundation-for-the-jankrami-morcha-today-023027-3282376.html |work=Bhaskar}}</ref> Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha ''(RJM)'' is a registered political party through [[Election Commission of India]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2018 |title=2815 performance of registered unrecognised parties |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/2815-performance-of-registered-unrecognised-parties/ |website=hindi.eci.gov.in}}</ref> Also ''Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha (RJM)'' contested [[General Election]] from [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रीय जनक्रांति मोर्चा भी उतारेगा उम्मीदवार - |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/chatra-8833079.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RJM - Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/parties/rjm-16413 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of political parties participated in 16th Lok Sabha elections, 2014 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIgwQn%2BFQZbKkuG3hwpnfsyYIoVGAd2fCHB%2Bn9YAqe2myUKI74ezayCwjxnzuIN%2F5zXuiESYCwrVRt3vXP%2FYPhuVugqZ1DHhvvgESJwOOpR5FkXDxL22PC2FyRca3erLnLg%3D%3D |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> There are 37 unrecognized registered political parties in the state of Jharkhand which will also contest Jharkhand assembly election in 2024 including Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=झारखंड में 37 गैर मान्यता प्राप्त राजनीतिक दल लड़ेंगे चुनाव |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/unrecognized-political-parties-in-jharkhand-contest-elections-commission-released-the-list-srn |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2024-04-09 |title=Unrecognised, so what? 37 parties in Jharkhand poll fray |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Apr/09/unrecognised-so-what-37-parties-in-jharkhand-poll-fray |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha was established on 27 November 2011 by Mister Alam Asrafee in Chatra district.<ref name=":0" />

Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha was formed on 27 November 2011.<ref name=":0" />

The party is led by notable leaders with grassroots and activist backgrounds.

== List of Presidents ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Presidents of Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha
! Name !! Term !! Notes
|-
| Abdul Mobin Rizvi || 2024–present || Contested from Dumri in the 2024 Jharkhand Assembly elections
|}

== Electoral Performance ==

=== Lok Sabha Elections ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha – Lok Sabha Election Results
! Year !! State !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Votes !! Vote Share !! Result
|-
| 2014 || Jharkhand || Chatra || Mister Alam Asrafee || Not Available || Not Available || Lost
|}

=== Jharkhand Assembly Election Results (2024) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha – Jharkhand Assembly Election Results (2024)
! S.No !! Candidate !! Constituency !! Votes !! Vote Share (%) !! Result
|-
| 1 || Abdul Latif Ansari || Madhupur || 1,381 || 0.49 % || Lost<ref name="madhupur2024">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S2713.htm Madhupur – Assembly Election March 2024 Results]</ref>
|-
| 2 || Abdul Mobin Rizvi || Dumri || 857 || 0.38 % || Lost<ref name="dumri2024">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S2733.htm Dumri – Assembly Election March 2024 Results]</ref>
|-
| 3 || Kalawati Devi || Tundi || 267 || Not Available || Lost<ref name="tundi2024">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S2742.htm Tundi – Assembly Election March 2024 Results]</ref>
|-
| 4 || Md. Mahmood Alam || Mandu || 725 || Not Available || Lost<ref name="mandu2024">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S2724.htm Mandu – Assembly Election March 2024 Results]</ref>
|-
| 5 || Md. Zahiruddin Khan || Jharia || 126 || Not Available || Lost<ref name="jharia2024">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S2741.htm Jharia – Assembly Election March 2024 Results]</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/2815-performance-of-registered-unrecognised-parties/?do=download&r=6534&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=cbd1ce90760df261fce2f1046ac922a0 Performance of Registered Unrecognised Parties]
* [https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIgwQn%2BFQZbKkuG3hwpnfsyYIoVGAd2fCHB%2Bn9YAqe2myUKI74ezayCwjxnzuIN%2F5zXuiESYCwrVRt3vXP%2FYPhuVugqZ1DHhvvgESJwOOpR5FkXDxL22PC2FyRca3erLnLg%3D%3D List of Political Parties Participated in 16th Lok Sabha Elections, 2014]
* [https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/unrecognized-political-parties-in-jharkhand-contest-elections-commission-released-the-list-srn Unrecognized political parties in Jharkhand contest elections commission released the list]
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Apr/09/unrecognised-so-what-37-parties-in-jharkhand-poll-fray Unrecognised so what 37 parties in Jharkhand poll fray]

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category: Rashtriya Jankranti Morcha| ]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:State political parties in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2011]]

High Commission of India, Nicosia

2025-10-08T05:41:02Z

DianaX6283:

{{short description|Diplomatic mission of India to Cyprus}}
{{Infobox diplomatic mission
|name = High Commission of India, Nicosia
|address = Intiras Gkanti 3, Nicosia 2413, Cyprus
|coordinates = {{coord|35.1609174|33.318895}}
|jurisdiction = {{flag|Cyprus}}
|high_commissioner = Mr. Manish
|website = {{official website|https://hci.gov.in/nicosia/}}
}}

The '''High Commission of India''' in [[Nicosia]] is the [[diplomatic mission]] of [[India]] to [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=High Commission of India Nicosia, Cyprus |url=https://hci.gov.in/nicosia/ |access-date=2022-01-20 |website=hci.gov.in}}</ref> The High Commissioner is Mr. Manish.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile of High Commissioner. : Profile of High Commissioner.|url=https://hci.gov.in/nicosia/?9111?000|access-date=2022-01-20|website=hci.gov.in}}</ref> India doesn't recognise [[Northern Cyprus]], and instead uses its mission to cover the region in its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Strong, strategic and indispensable': Cyprus FM Nikos Christodoulides hails ties with India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/interview-strong-strategic-and-indispensable-cyprus-fm-nikos-christodoulides-hails-ties-with-india-2913283|access-date=2022-01-20|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==Activities and events==
Various activities are organised as well.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-04|title=Cypriot FM Guest Of Honour To Celebrate Diwali At The High Commission Of India In Nicosia — Greek City Times|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2021/11/04/cypriot-fm-diwali-nicosia/|access-date=2022-01-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Don't miss a colourful Indian Festival of Ganesh Chaturthi on September 11th!|url=https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/dont-miss-a-colourful-indian-festival-of-ganesh-chaturthi-on-september-11th/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=in-cyprus.philenews.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516132004/https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/dont-miss-a-colourful-indian-festival-of-ganesh-chaturthi-on-september-11th/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The embassy offers educational programs and scholarships for the [[Indians in Cyprus|diasporan community]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC) - High Commission of India, Nicosia|url=https://hci.gov.in/nicosia/?pdf6709?000|journal=Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cyprus–India relations]]
* [[Foreign relations of Cyprus]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Cyprus]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://hci.gov.in/nicosia/}}
* [https://hci.gov.in/nicosia/?pdf6709?000 Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC)]

{{Diplomatic missions of India}}
{{Diplomatic missions in Cyprus}}

[[Category:Diplomatic missions of India|Cyprus]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in Cyprus|India]]
[[Category:Cyprus–India relations]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nicosia]]

Vijaydurg (town)

2025-09-10T21:01:12Z

DianaX6283: made new place

{{Short description|Human settlement in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}

[[File:Vijaydurga Village.JPG|thumbnail|View of Vijaydurg city from Vijaydurg fort]]
'''Vijaydurg''' (formerly also known as '''Gheriah''') is a seaport 485 km from [[Mumbai]] on [[India]]'s West Coast. It boasts a safe harbour with average depths in excess of 100 feet.

From Vijaydurg, [[Goa]] is a 200 km drive South along the National Highway 66. The beach facing the [[Arabian Sea]] has a historic fort ( 800 years old) from which the town/seaport derives its name. The region offers a very panoramic view of the creek and the fort. A number of virgin beaches abound near Vijaydurg. There is a historic temple, a church and mosque in the village of Vijaydurg.

== Nearby places of interest ==
* [[Vijaydurg Fort]] was the naval base and dry dock used by Admiral [[Kanhoji Angre]] from 1698. The fort was originally built by Raja Bhoj in 1208 and has an entrance hollowed out in it to accommodate entry of a vessel from the sea
* [[Vijaydurg Port]]
* [[Shri Dev Rameshwar Temple]] is {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} from Vijaydurg, on the outskirts of [[Rameshwar Wadi]] ([[Rameshwar City]]).<ref>[http://www.rameshwar-vijaydurg.blogspot.com Rameshwar Wadi Official Blog]</ref>
* The 300-year-old tomb of Admiral [[Sambhaji Angre]], son of Kanhoji Angre, is located just outside the walls of Shri Dev Rameshwar Temple
* Konkan Krishi Vidyapith's Mango Research Institute, Rameshwar: A research branch of Konkan's most prominent agricultural research institute is located {{convert|1|km|mi}} from Vijaydurg. Hybrid varieties of Alphonso such as Ratna and Sindhu have been developed here.<ref>[http://nhb.gov.in/fruits/mango/man013.pdf National Horticulture Board - Fruits]</ref>
* [[Rameshwar Dockyard]] is a small dock located just beyond the Mango Research Institute, on the banks of Waghotan River. It is a historic dock used by the Maratha admirals for building ships and docking their smaller ships.<ref>[https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/RATNAGIRI/trans_ports.html The Gazetteer of Ratnagiri - Ports]</ref>

==Wildlife==
Wildlife including the [[hyena]], [[red fox]], [[barking deer]], [[sea otter]], [[dolphin]], [[porpoise]], [[whale]]. A wide variety of [[fish]] including [[king mackerel]], (''surmai''), [[ladyfish]], [[pomfret]], [[stingray]], [[hammerhead shark]], [[puffer fish]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[great white shark]], [[carp]], [[eel]], [[black salmon]] (''rawas''), [[swordfish]] and the seemingly rare [[sailfish]] are routinely spotted here. Shellfish like [[lobster]], [[clams]], [[mussels]], [[oyster]], [[crayfish]] and many types of crab are abundant. Commonly occurring [[birds]] abound like the [[Barn-owl|barn owl]], [[kingfisher]], [[kite (bird)|kite]], [[cormorant]], [[stork]], [[egret]], [[red-whiskered bulbul]] and [[cuckoo]]. Endangered species include the [[great Indian hornbill]], [[vulture]], [[langur]] (black faced monkey), [[giant squirrel]], [[Crane (bird)|crane]] and [[tern]].

Since the mouth of the estuary opens into the Arabian Sea, the water is clean due to inter-tidal flushing. Vijaydurg also has a Port Trust, Sea & Land Customs Outposts, Shore-guard and a large State Transport Depot. Up until 1983, Vijaydurg was a port of call for the [[Konkan]] Steamer service, which ran two ships: Konkan Sevak and Konkan Shakti, which were later sent to supply the [[IPKF]] (Indian Peace Keeping Forces) in [[Sri Lanka]].

==See also==
* [[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

{{commons category|Vijaydurg}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|16|34|N|73|20|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sindhudurg district]]

[[mr:विजयदुर्ग]]

Gurdial Singh (mountaineer)

2025-08-30T16:55:13Z

DianaX6283: added references for clarity and added references

{{short description|Indian mountaineer (1924–2023)}}
{{for|the Punjabi writer|Gurdial Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox climber
| name = Gurdial Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| full_name =
| birth_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|5|30|1924|01|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| nationality = Indian
| majorascents = - Led the first Indian expedition to [[Trisul]] (1951)<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/17/10/trisul-1951/|title=TRISUL, 1951 |magazine=[[Himalayan Journal]] |volume=17|first=R. D. |last=Greenwood |date=1952}}</ref> - First ascent of [[Mrigthuni]] (1958)<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/21/9/mrigthuni-1958/|title=MRIGTHUNI, 1958 |magazine=[[Himalayan Journal]] |volume=21|first=Aamir |last=Ali |date=1958}}</ref> - Member of the first Indian expedition to [[Mount Everest]] (1965)<ref name=ghosh>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZDIwIHEyFLl1y3lVvqtQ5J/The-first-Indians-on-Everest.html|title=The first Indians on Everest|first1=Padmaparna |last1=Ghosh |first2=Rudraneil|last2=Sengupta|date=16 May 2015|website=mint |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>
| partnerships =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}
'''Gurdial Singh''' (1 January 1924 – 30 May 2023) was an Indian schoolteacher and [[mountaineer]] who led the first mountaineering expedition of independent India to [[Trisul]] (7,120 metres) in 1951. In 1958, he led the team that made the first ascent of [[Mrigthuni]] (6,855 metres).<ref>{{cite web|first=Sudhir |last=Sahi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19891031-book-review-m.s.-kohli-vikas-mountaineering-in-india-816684-1989-10-31 |title=Book review: M.S. Kohli Vikas 'Mountaineering In India' |website=India Today |date=31 October 1989 |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref>The Times, Wednesday, 4 July 1951; pg. 5; Issue 52044; col B</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/05/03195605/Vertical-limit.html |title=Vertical limit |website=mint |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506044806/http://www.livemint.com/2012/05/03195605/Vertical-limit.html |archive-date=6 May 2012 |first=Rudraneil |last=Sengupta |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1965, he was a member of the first successful Indian expedition team to climb [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/50-years-later-its-happily-Everest-after/articleshow/46893756.cms |title=50 years later, it's happily Everest after |work=Times of India |date=12 April 2015 |access-date=10 May 2024 |first=Kamini |last=Mathai}}</ref><ref name=ghosh /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=121884 |title=PM meets members of 1965 Everest Expedition on the golden jubilee of the occasion |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

Singh also led many expeditions at [[The Doon School]], where he was a geography teacher, and [[Role of The Doon School in Indian mountaineering|along with other Doon masters and students]] was instrumental in establishing a mountaineering culture in post-Independence India.<ref name=anderson>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Richard |date=2001 |title=Climbing with Doon School |journal=[[Alpine Journal]] |location=London |url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2001_files/AJ%202001%20197-201%20Anderson%20Doon%20School.pdf |volume=106}}</ref> Singh has been described as "the first true Indian mountaineer", and in 2020, the [[Himalayan Journal]] noted "Gurdial climbed for pleasure, to enjoy the mountains in the company of friends, to savour the beauty and grandeur of the high ranges, not to find fame or bag summits."<ref name="auto1">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Himalayan Journal]] |volume=75 |title=This Is His Life: Gurdial Singh |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/75/3/this-is-his-life-gurdial-singh/ |first=Suman |last=Dubey |date=2020}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Gurdial Singh joined [[The Doon School]] in 1945 and it was here that he was influenced by Englishmen such as [[John Martyn (schoolmaster)|John Martyn]], [[R.L. Holdsworth]] and [[Jack Gibson (schoolmaster)|Jack Gibson]] to take up mountaineering. The first headmaster of Doon [[Arthur Foot]] was a member of the Alpine Club.<ref name=anderson /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/24/stories/2002022400630800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020428043058/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/24/stories/2002022400630800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2002 |title=Climb every mountain |date=24 February 2002 |access-date=16 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Together, they scaled many peaks including [[Bandarpunch]], [[Trisul]], [[Kamet]], [[Abi Gamin]] and [[Nanda Devi]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/62/16/early-years-of-indian-mountaineering/ |title=Early Years of Indian Mountaineering |magazine=The Himalayan Journal |access-date=10 May 2024 |first=Nalni D. |last=Jayal |date=2006 |volume=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020203/spectrum/book6.htm |title=Capturing the mystique of mountains |first=Bill |last=Aitken |website=Tribuneindia.com |date=3 February 2002 |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> He was the first Indian member of the famed [[Alpine Club]], which was "a club of English gentlemen devoted to mountaineering".<ref name=autogenerated1/> In 1965, Singh was a member of the first Indian expedition to successfully climb [[Mount Everest]]. The expedition was led by [[Mohan Singh Kohli]] and Singh reached the South Col with the first group to attempt the summit.<ref>{{Cite journal| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/26/2/nine-atop-everest/|title=Nine Atop Everest |journal= Himalayan Journal |volume =26 | date = 1965| first = M.S. | last = Kohli | access-date =18 February 2025 }}</ref>

Singh remained unmarried throughout his life, and often said that he was "married to the mountains".<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="tribune">{{cite news |title=Mountaineering legend Gurdial Singh passes away after prolonged illness |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/mountaineering-legend-gurdial-singh-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness-512949 |access-date=10 May 2024 |first=Deepankar |last=Sharda |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=30 May 2023}}</ref> He died following complications due to a hip fracture and [[chikungunya]] at his home in Chandigarh, on 30 May 2023. Singh was 99.<ref name="tribune"/>

==Awards==
Apart from being the first Indian to be included in the [[Alpine Club]], Singh was given the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1965 for his contributions towards Indian mountaineering. In 1967, Singh was awarded [[Padma Shri]],<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Name=gurdial%20singh |title=Previous Awardees |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> the fourth highest civilian award in India. In 2007, Gurdial Singh was given a Lifetime Achievement Award and the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] for his contributions towards Indian mountaineering.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/30/stories/2007083061882200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119113809/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/30/stories/2007083061882200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 November 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title='Olympic gold is my aim' | date=30 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/citys-oldbutyoungatheart-citizens/223491/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122143747/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/citys-oldbutyoungatheart-citizens/223491/|url-status=dead|title=City's old-but-young-at-heart citizens |website=Express India|archive-date=22 January 2013 |date=2 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianmountaineeringfoundation.com/10sep43agbm.html|title=Report for the year 2007-08 |website=Indian Mountaineering Foundation |date=17 November 2007 |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Role of The Doon School in Indian mountaineering]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sVlHQAACAAJ |title=For Hills to Climb |first1=Gurdial |last1=Singh |first2=Nandu |last2=Jayal |publisher=Doon School Old Boys' Society |date=2001}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUnF8fl2dzcC&q=gurdial+singh |title=An Indian Englishman |first=Jack |last=Gibson |date=2008 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781435734616}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}
{{The Doon School|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurdial}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:The Doon School faculty]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:People from Uttarkashi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

Amalda Liz

2025-07-27T14:16:23Z

DianaX6283: new a data

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amalda Liz
| birth_place = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_name = Amalda Liz Joseph
| birth_date =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2016-present
}}
'''Amalda Liz''' is an Indian film actress, who works in Malayalam films.

==Career==
Amalda Liz started her career in 2016 with the film ''[[Kammatipaadam]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amalda Liz introduces Wayanad in this amazing 360 video |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/celebrity-travel/2018/06/30/amalda-liz-wayanad-360.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> and later appeared in movies like ''[[C U Soon]]'',<ref name="cusoon">{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2020-09-01 |title='C U Soon' review: Mahesh Narayanan-Fahadh pull off experimental thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/c-u-soon-review-mahesh-narayanan-fahadh-pull-experimental-thriller-132025 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Ottu (film)|Ottu]]'' and [[Sulaikha Manzil]].<ref name="sulaikha">{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-03-11 |title=Sulaikha Manzil makers release new song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Mar/11/sulaikha-manzil-makers-release-new-song-40913.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> She became known for her role in the 2024 film ''[[Bramayugam]]'' directed by [[Rahul Sadasivan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=Character Poster Of Amalda Liz From The Film Bramayugam Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/character-poster-of-amalda-liz-from-the-film-bramayugam-goes-viral-8729004.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=ഭ്രമയുഗത്തിലെ മുഖമില്ലാത്ത രൂപം; ആരാണ് നടി അമല്‍ഡ ലിസ് ? |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/actress-amalda-liz-stunning-character-poster-from-mammootty-movie-bramayugam-ak-647847.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Bramayugam' actress Amalda Liz's stunning clicks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/web-stories/bramayugam-actress-amalda-lizs-stunning-clicks/photostory/106703016.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || Rosamma ||<ref name=":0"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[9 (2019 film)|9]]'' || Divya ||
|-
| ''[[Under World]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]'' || Sheeba ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=Character Poster Of Amalda Liz From The Film Bramayugam Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/character-poster-of-amalda-liz-from-the-film-bramayugam-goes-viral-8729004.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[C U Soon]]'' || Sanjana ||<ref name="cusoon"/>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ottu (film)|Ottu]]'' || Kichu's informer ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]'' || Bathool ||<ref name="sulaikha"/>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bramayugam]]'' || [[Yakshini|Yakshi]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-18 |title='Bramayugam' actress Amalda Liz: Sometimes, even a full-length character goes unnoticed, but this was unexpected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bramayugam-actress-amalda-liz-sometimes-even-a-full-length-character-goes-unnoticed-but-this-was-unexpected/articleshow/108577126.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8166766}}
*{{Instagram|amaldaliz}}
*{{Facebook|amaldalizjoseph}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Amalda Liz
|d = yes
|d-search = Q125121672
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Films
|portal4 = Bollywood
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liz, Amalda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:People from Wayanad district]]

Ravi S. Dhavan

2025-07-22T06:24:44Z

DianaX6283:

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
'''Ravi Swaroop Dhavan''' (22 July 1942 – 5 January 2016)<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 January 2016|title=Chief Justice Ravi S. Dhavan (Retd.) - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/chief-justice-ravi-s-dhavan-retd-/articleshow/50508889.cms|access-date=2021-08-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> was an Indian judge and former Chief justice of the [[Patna High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allahabad )|first=V. S. DATTA (Editor, N. I. P.|title=Goodbye Ravi Dhavan|url=http://activeindiatv.com/editorials/38145-goodbye-ravi-dhavan|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Active India|language=en-gb}}</ref> He was the son of Justice [[Shanti Swaroop Dhavan]], the 7th [[Governor of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-11-25|title=Late diplomat?s wife passes away|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/late-diplomat-s-wife-passes-away/story-SI3rww0vTQH7YJekHsHUkJ.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He was brother to lawyer [[Rajeev Dhavan]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==Career==
Dhavan was born in 1942. He did his schooling from [[Sherwood College]], [[Nainital]] and passed Law and enrolled as an Advocate under the [[Uttar Pradesh]] Bar Council in 1966. Dhavan started practice in the [[Allahabad High Court]] on civil, taxation and constitutional law issues. He served as the Senior Standing Counsel for the [[Government of India]] in the High Court. On 9 January 1986 he was elevated as a permanent judge of the Allahabad High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad and its Bench at Lucknow(1900-1990)|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/Judges/ex-judge1900-1990.htm|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref> Dhavan became the Chief Justice of Patna High Court on 25 January 2000 and retired on 22 July 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LIST OF RETIRED CHIEF JUSICE|url=http://patnahighcourt.gov.in/Judges_RET_CJ.aspx|access-date=2021-08-22|website=patnahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhavan, Ravi S.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Onkar

2025-06-24T22:30:40Z

DianaX6283: starting initial stub initial version.

'''Onkar''' may refer to:

*[[Om]], the sacred Hindu syllable or mantra
*[[Ik Onkar]], the sacred Sikh symbol

==People==
*[[Onkar Bhojne]], Indian actor and comedian
*[[Onkar Kanwar]], Indian businessman
*[[Onkar Nath Srivastava]] (1942–2021), Indian physicist
*[[Onkar Rai]], Kenyan racing driver
*[[Onkar Raut]] (born 1990), Indian actor
*[[Onkar Sahota]], British politician
*[[Onkar Sahu]], Indian politician
*[[Onkar Singh]], Indian engineering professor
*[[Onkar Singh (politician)|Onkar Singh]], Indian politician
*[[Onkar Singh Kalkat]], Indian military officer
*[[Onkar Singh Lakhawat]] (born 1949), Indian politician

{{disambiguation}}

Romanch Ranjan Biswal

2025-05-23T08:34:15Z

DianaX6283: starting initial entry nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Romanch Ranjan Biswal''' (born 1981) is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]]. He is a member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly from [[Deogarh Assembly constituency]] in [[Debagarh district|Deogarh district]]. He was elected in the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deogarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Deogarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/deogarh-constituency-result-18019 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Biswal is from [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]], Odisha. He is the son of Jhasaketan Biswal. He studied Class 12 at Panchayat College, Kalla and passed the examinations in 1998. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romancha Ranjan Biswal(BJD):Constituency- DEOGARH(DEOGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=668 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Biswal won from Deogarh Assembly constituency representing Biju Janata Dal in the 2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election. He polled 89,074 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Subash Chandra Panigrahi|Subhash Chandra Panigrahi]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 15,792 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deogarh Constituency Election Results 2024: Deogarh Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/constituency-show/deogarh |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deogarh Election Results 2024 {{!}} Odisha Election Results {{!}} Elections 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2024/deogarh |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he lost the [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romancha Ranjan Biswal, BJD Candidate from Deogarh Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/odisha/romancha-ranjan-biswal-assembly-candidate-s18aed2008a019e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he polled 67,249 votes and lost to his nearest rival and winner, Subhash Chandra Panigrahi, who contested on the Biju Janata Dal ticket, by a margin of 7,106 votes. Panigrahi got 74,355 votes.<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, Arundhati Devi, the wife of former Deogarh king and Sambalpur MP [[Nitesh Ganga Deb|Nitesh Ganga Dev]] was initially announced as the candidate but BJD party replaced her with Biswal due to local resistance against her, and Biswal won the Deogarh seat, that is part of [[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=Odisha Elections 2024: Pranab Das’ Mother Gets Korei Ticket As BJD Declares Final List |url=https://odishabytes.com/odisha-elections-2024-pranab-das-mother-gets-korei-ticket-as-bjd-declares-final-list/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Odisha Bytes |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=BJP Announces 6 Candidates For Odisha Assembly Polls |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/odisha-assembly-elections-bjp-announces-6-candidates-for-polls-1684609 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswal, Romanch Ranjan}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]

Odisha rugby union team

2025-04-11T01:55:40Z

DianaX6283: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox rugby team
|country = Odisha
|image =
|imagesize = 200px
|union = Odisha Rugby Football Association
|nickname =
|emblem =
|ground = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|capacity = 15,000
|captain = Bikrant Kumar Routa
|coach = Manas Kumar Jena
|Matches =
|Wins =
|Loss =
|Draw =
|pattern_la1 =
|pattern_b1 =
|pattern_ra1 =
|pattern_sh1 =
|pattern_so1 =
|leftarm1 = E30022
|body1 = 333399
|rightarm1 = E30022
|shorts1 = 000000
|socks1 = 000000
|pattern_b2 =
|pattern_ra2 =
|pattern_sh2 =
|pattern_so2 =
|leftarm2 =
|body2 =
|rightarm2 =
|shorts2 =
|socks2 =
|first =
|bigwin =
|bigloss =
|IRB Ranking=
|Highest IRB Rank =
| World cup apps =
|year =
|best =
|ntupdate =
}}

The '''Odisha men's rugby union team''' represents [[Odisha]] in [[rugby union]]. The [[Odisha Rugby Football Association]] (ORFA), in association with [[India Rugby Football Union]] is the governing body for Odisha Men's Rugby Union Team. Odisha is currently one of the best rugby football teams in [[India]].

==Stadium==
[[File:Aerial view of Kalinga Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Kalinga Stadium]]]]
The Odisha Rugby Football Association (ORFA) has various bases across the state of [[Odisha]]; two of the main bases are [[Kalinga Stadium]] and [[KIIT Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]].

==Kit==
Odisha men's team have worn dark blue, red and black for all of their Rugby Union games. At present, the shirt body is dark blue, the sleeves are red and the socks and shorts are both black.

==Squad==
Odisha's 26 Member Squad for 2016 [[All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportslogon.com/body.php?page=news_details&news_id=naqgow%3D%3D|title=Odisha rugby teams to join national meet|accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Manash Kumar Jena (Coach)
*Bikrant Kumar Routa (Captain)
*Subhra Narayan Mohanty(Ground incharge/Team manneger)
*Shanawaz Ahmed
*Sambit Pradhan
*Diptiranjan Khuntia
*Ratnakar Hembram
*Narayan Sahu
*Sachin Kalah
*Dibya Ranjan Dalai
*Aditya Digal
*Sushil Hembram
*Akshay Kumar Mahanta
*Bibhuti Bhusan Sethy
*Santosh Sethy
*Gyanaranjan Prusti
*Sananda Sagar Pradhan
*Sridhar Mahalik
*Balaram Jena
*Prasanna Kumar Nayak
*Jitendra kumar Pradhan
*Sheikh Gufran
*Balaram Sahu
*Sushanta Behera
*Priya Ranjan Rout
*Kiran Kumar Jena
{{div col end}}

==Administration==
The following is the current organisational structure of [[Odisha Rugby Football Association]] (ORFA):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarugby.com/Home/Affiliation|title=Central India - Odisha Rugby Football Association (ORFA)|accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| President
|{{Flagicon|India}} Priyadarshi Mishra
|-
| Head Coach
|{{Flagicon|India}} Manas Kumar Jena
|-
| Assistant Coach
|{{Flagicon|India}} Dhiren Kumar Rout
|-
| Secretary
| {{Flagicon|India}} Upendra Kumar Mohanty
|-
| Development Officer
| {{Flagicon|India}} Manas Kumar Jena
|}

== Honours ==
*Senior National Men's Rugby 7s Championships
:{{BronzeMedal}} Third (2): 2013, 2021

*Callaghan Cup - National Division 2 Men's Rugby XVs
:{{GoldMedal}} '''Winners''' (1): 2014 ([[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences|KISS]])
:{{BronzeMedal}} Third (1): 2014 ([[Bhubaneswar]])

*Junior National U20 Boys 7s Championships
:{{BronzeMedal}} Third (1): 2014 ([[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences|KISS]])

*Junior National U20 Boys XVs Championships
:{{GoldMedal}} '''Winners''' (1): 2014 ([[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences|KISS]])

*SGFI School National U19 Boys Rugby 7s
:{{GoldMedal}} '''Winners''' (1): 2015-16

*SGFI School National U17 Boys Rugby 7s
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2015

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.indiarugby.com The Official Website of Rugby India]

{{Rugby union in India}}

[[Category:Rugby union teams in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Odisha]]

Gurdari

2025-01-22T11:09:58Z

DianaX6283: added article.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gurdari
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.334048|N|84.252568|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3432
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835220
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06524
| registration_plate = JH 07
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 70.14%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bishunpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishunpur]]
| website = {{URL|gumla.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gurdari''' is a village/ [[Bauxite mining]] centre in the [[Bishunpur block|Bishunpur]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Gumla subdivision]] of the [[Gumla district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|6|0|N|84|32|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Gumla district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre, B: Bauxite mining centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|52|32|N|84|49|27|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Basia | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Basia, Gumla]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|6|N|84|53|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bharno| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Bharno]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|22|53|N|84|22|18|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bishunpur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bishunpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|8|8|N|84|14|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Chainpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Chainpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|8|N|84|8|10|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Dumri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dumri, Gumla (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|15|N|84|12|16|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jari| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Jari, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|54|45|N|84|54|58|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Kamdara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kamdara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|52|28|N|84|38|43|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Palkot| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Palkot]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|57|19|N|84|27|17|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Raidih| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Raidih]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|10|9|N|84|45|37|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sisai| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Sisai, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|2|40|N|84|32|30|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Gumla| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Gumla]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|16|17|N|84|33|6|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Ghaghra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Ghaghra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|8|43|N|84|30|13|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Toto | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Toto, Gumla]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|19|26|N|84|15|9|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Gurdari| numbered14=B| mark-title14= Gurdari (B) |shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|25|26|N|84|25|21|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Jalim| numbered15=B| mark-title15=[[Jalim]] (B) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|21|50|N|84|27|13|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Serangdag| numbered16=B| mark-title16=[[Serangdag]] (B) |shape-color16= #A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|56|29|N|84|28|39|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Marda| numbered17=H| mark-title17=[[Marda, Gumla]] (H) | shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|6|35|N|84|47|1|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Navratangarh| numbered18=H| mark-title18=[[Navratangarh]] (H) | shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|7|31|N|84|40|52|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Nagfeni| numbered19=H| mark-title19=[[Nagfeni]] (H) | shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|17|35|N|84|13|30|E}} | label-pos20= right|label20=Sadni |labela20= Falls| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Sadni Falls]] (T) |shape-color20= #74C365
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21=Palkot |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label22= South Koel |labela22= River |label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 20| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|3|0|N|84|18|0|E}} |label23= Sankh River |label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 40| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|0|0|N|85|3|0|E}} |label24= North Karo |labela24= River |label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -60| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|58|0|N|84|7|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-125| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5}}

===Location===
Gurdari is located at {{coord|23.334048|N|84.252568|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside presents a rugged area, consisting partly of flat-topped hills called ''pat'' and partly of an undulating plateau, in the south-western portion of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Three major rivers – the [[Sankh River|Sankh]], [[South Koel River|South Koel]] and [[North Karo River|North Karo]] - along with their numerous tributaries, drain the area. The hilly area has large deposits of [[Bauxite]]. 93.7% of the population lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work= page 7: Natural Divisions, Page 38: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 29 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Chota-Nagpur |title = Chota Nagpur plateau |publisher= Britannica| access-date = 29 October 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Gurdari.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla| title = District Police Profile - Gumla| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 25 October 2021| archive-date = 5 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032328/https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gurdari had a total population of 3,432, of which 1,864 (54%) were males and 1,568 (46%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 622. The total number of literate persons in Gurdari was 1,971 (70.14% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2021_PART_B_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 375487, pages 54-55|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Bishunpur block#Language and religion]])

==Bauxite mining==
[[Bauxite]] and laterite (aluminium ore) is found in "villages of Amtipani, Langdatanr, Chirodih, Jalim, Narma, Bahagara and Gurdari of Bishunpur block, Langatanr, Lupungpat and Chota-agiatu in Chainpur block and Hanrup, Serengdag and Jalim in Ghaghra block. The total number of bauxite mines is twenty one".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | title = District Gumla:Backward Region Grant Fund, Annual Action Plan, 2011-2012| work= Page 6: Natural Resources / Minerals | publisher = District Administration, Gumla | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

In Gumla district the mines are operated manually/ semi-mechanised methods. After blasting, manual sorting and sizing of bauxite from the run of mine ore is practiced in the mine.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ibm.gov.in/writereaddata/files/07172017171755Monograph_Bauxite_ch9.pdf | title = Mining and Production of Bauxite in India| publisher = Bauxite Monograph | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://ibm.nic.in/writereaddata/files/06122017111931mcdr_jalim%20sanai_05102016.pdf | title = MCDR Inspection Report | work= Page 6: Exploitation| publisher = Indian Bureau of Mines – Minerals Development and Regulation Department | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

Gurdari Bauxite Mining Project, covering 584.19 ha, is operated by [[Hindalco Industries]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hindalco.com/upload/pdf/Gurdari_Bxt_Mines_oct14_mar15.pdf | title = Environment Clearance for Gurdari Bauxite Mining Project| work= Page 6 | publisher= Hindalco – Aditya Birla Group| access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Gumla district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Jharkhand]]

Sri Purushothaman Perumal Temple

2025-01-14T02:13:43Z

DianaX6283: made place.

{{orphan|date=November 2024}}
{{Short description|Perumal temple in Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Purushothaman Temple
| image = Uthamarkovil (4).jpg
| alt =
| caption = The shrine of temple
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10.877161|78.703141|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Sri Purushothaman Perumal
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| locale = Tamilnadu, India
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Purushothaman Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Poornavalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
* Bikshandar ([[Shiva]])
* Soundarya Parvati ([[Parvati]])
* [[Brahma]]
* [[Saraswati]]
}}
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Cholas]]
| website =
}}

'''Uthamar Kovil''' (also known as '''Thirukkarambanoor''' or '''Bhikshandar Kovil''') in Uthamarkoil, a village in the outskirts of [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu [[Trimurti]] of [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], and [[Brahma]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Purushothaman Perumal (also called as [[Purushottama|Purushothamar]]) and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Poornavalli Thayar.

Purushottamar is believed to have appeared to Hindu gods [[Brahma]] and [[Shiva]], to relieve Shiva off his sins committed while cutting one of Brahma's heads. The temple is one of the few historical temples in India where the images of the Trimurti, Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma are housed in the same premises. It is one of the two temples in [[Chola Nadu]] where the trinity can be seen in the same premises, the other being [[Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple]] at Thirukkandiyur.

The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Medieval Cholas]] of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines, while the temple tank is located outside the main gateway.

Six daily rituals and four yearly festivals are held at the temple for each of trinities. The major festival of the temple, the ''Brahmotsavam'', is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartikai]] (November – December) when festival images of both Purushotamar and Bikshadanar are carried together in the streets surrounding the temple. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Etymology and legend==
[[File:uthamarkoil4.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Uthyanga Vimanam, the roof of the sanctum]]
As per Hindu legend, the god [[Vishnu]] emerged as a [[Neolamarckia cadamba|Kadamba tree]] here, giving the name ''Kathambanur'', which later became ''Karambanur''. The name ''Karambanur'' is mentioned by [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in ''Nalayira Divya Prabandam'', in which he refers to the presiding deity as "Karambanur Uthaman". The temple is commonly called "Uthamar Kovil" derived from the presiding deity. The temple is also called Bhikshandar Kovil as the god [[Shiva]] is present in the form of [[Bhikshatana|Bhikshandar]] (a mendicant) and believed to have attained cure by worshiping Vishnu at this place.<ref name="temple"/>

As per Hindu legend, once Vishnu wanted to test the devotion of the god [[Brahma]]. He raised as a Kadamba tree in the place; Brahma worshipped him with ''thirumanjanam'' (ablution). The water from the ablution filled a tank nearby, which came to be known as "Kathamba Theertham". Vishnu was satisfied with the devotion of Brahma and gave a boon to Brahma to have a shrine in this place. Shiva wanted to expiate the sin for decapitating a head of Brahma and went on a pilgrimage. Here, Vishnu requested his consort Lakshmi to give [[Bhiksha|alms]] to Shiva. Shiva's grail was filled by the alms and Lakshmi came to be known as [[Poornavalli Thayar]] (the one who filled the grail).<ref name="temple"/>

As per another legend, Brahma and Shiva both had originally five heads. [[Parvati]], the wife of Shiva, once got confused and worshipped Brahma, instead of her husband. Shiva got enraged and cut off one of Brahma's heads; the head stuck in Shiva's hand due to Brahma's curse. To atone for the sin, Shiva worshipped Vishnu here; Shiva was fully relieved of the curse after worshipping Vishnu at [[Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple]].<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|title=Temple for the Great Trinity |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/21/stories/2003032101220600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031013112053/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/21/stories/2003032101220600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 March 2003|last=T.A.|first=Srinivasan|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=govindaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA242|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982}}</ref>

According to another Hindu legend, the temple is believed to have been constructed by [[Janaka]], the king of Janakapuri and the father of the goddess [[Sita]]. [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]] is believed to have resided in the temple to build the surrounding walls of the [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]].

==Temple==
[[File:uthamarkoil1.jpg|Inside Uttamarkoil seen with the Sthalaviruksham – Kadhali(red banana)|thumb|200px]]
The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Medieval Cholas]] of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. During the war between [[British Raj|British]] and [[French Colonial Empire|French]] in 1751, the temple acted as an infantry for both the troops.<ref name="temple"/> There was no damage done to the temple during the war.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=464–5}}</ref>

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temples has images and separate shrines for Purushottamar ([[Vishnu]]), Bhikshadanar ([[Shiva]]), [[Brahma]] and their respective consorts Poornavalli ([[Lakshmi]]), Soundarya [[Parvati]] and [[Saraswati]]. This is one of the few historical Hindu temples in the world, where the Hindu [[Trimurti]] are worshipped along with their consorts in six separate shrines within the same temple complex. The central shrine facing East houses the image of Vishnu, as Purushottamar, in reclining posture, similar to the idol of [[Ranganatha]] at the nearby [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|temple]] in [[Srirangam]] with the [[Sudarshan Chakra|discus]] in one hand and the procession idols of [[Vishnu]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]] ([[Earth]] goddess). The roof or ''[[vimana (tower)|vimana]]'' of the central shrine is called Udhyoga Vimana. There are two shrines located to the south east, each housing the image of Poornavalli and Mahalakshmi. The Shiva shrine, located behind Vishnu's, houses the ''[[lingam]]'' (aniconic form of Shiva) as [[Bhikshatana|Bhikshadanar]]. The granite images of the deities [[Ganesha]] (son of Shiva and god of wisdom), [[Murugan]] (son of Shiva and god of war), [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the bull and vehicle of Shiva) and [[Navagraha]] (nine planetary deities) are located in the hall leading to the Shiva sanctum. As in other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the first precinct of the Shiva shrine has images of [[Dakshinamurthy]] (Shiva as the Teacher), [[Durga]] (warrior-goddess) and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswarar]] (a saint and devotee of Shiva). The shrines of Brahma and his consort Saraswati are located in the south west corner of the temple complex.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

The ''Saptaguru'' or seven gurus (teachers) are identified in the temple. The seven are Bhikshadanar (representing Sadasiva Guru, Shiva as a guru), Brahma (Brahma Guru), Soundarya Parvati (Shakti Guru, the Goddess as a guru), [[Brihaspati]] (Deva Guru, the teacher of the gods), Varadarajaperumal (Vishnu Guru), Murugan (Gnana Guru, the guru of knowledge) and [[Shukra]] (Asura Guru, the guru of demons).<ref name="temple">{{cite journal|title=Thirukoyil|publisher=Hindu Religious And Endowment Board Tamil Nadu|volume=15|series=1|date=January 2013|url=http://www.tnhrce.org/thirukoil.html|pages=14–15|access-date=2013-03-17}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112158750200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203203949/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112158750200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-12-03|title=A seat to shun ego and seek wisdom |last=M.|first=Balaganessin|date=2010-11-21|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite news|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=169|title=Sri Uthamar temple|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-03-17}}</ref>

==Festival and administration==
[[File:Uthamarkovil (9).jpg|250px|thumb|left|An aerial view of the temple]]

The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The priests of the Bhikshadanar shrine belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, while the priests of Purushothamar are from [[Vaishnava]] community. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:30 p.m. The Shaiva and Vaishnava sects have their own rituals. The ritual of Bhikshadanar comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Bhikshadanar and Soundarya Parvati. The worship is held amidst religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi'' for Bhikshadanar. The major festival of the temple, the ''Brahmotsavam'', is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Kartigai (November – December) when festival images of both Purushothamar and Bhikshadanar are carried together in the streets surrounding the temple. Kadambha Tiruvila is a festival celebrated in the temple when the festival image of [[Ranganatha]] (a form of Vishnu) is brought to the Kadambha tank of the temple for ''Theerthavari''. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="temple"/>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Uthamarkovil (8).jpg|250x250px|thumb|Sculpture of Vinayaga on the wall of the temple]]
Uthamar Kovil is one of the two temples in [[Chola Nadu]] where the trinity can be seen in the same premises, the other being [[Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple]] at Thirukkandiyur. Trimurti in Hindu mythology refers to the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction. They are personified by the forms of [[Brahma]] the creator, [[Vishnu]] the preserver, and [[Shiva]], the destroyer.<ref name="hindu1"/>

The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in ten hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="dinamalar"/> Thirumangai Alvar have sung in praise of the perumal in this temple with one [[Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam|pasuram]] (hymn).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srivaishnava.org/ddesam/uttamar/|title=Thirumangai Azhwar pasuram on Uthamar Kovil|publisher=Srivaishnava.org|access-date=2013-03-17}}</ref>

Periyavachan Pillai, who translated the verses of Thirumangai Alvar, glorifies the temple as "the one without doors where devotees can always visit and worship".<ref name="temple"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Brahma temples]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]