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Parasgad Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T10:55:41Z

Dia: done - done

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Parasgad
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district =
| loksabha_cons = [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency|Belagavi]]
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2008
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Parasgad Assembly constituency''' was a [[Electoral district|constituency]] of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. The constituency ceased to exist in 2008, following the [[Delimitation Commission of India|redrawing of constituency boundaries]]. It was a part of the larger [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was succeeded by [[Saundatti Yellamma Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 9, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kaujalgi Hemappa Veerbhadrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Padaki Shankarrao Bindurao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Venkaraddi Shidaraddi Timmaraddi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. H. Veerabhadrappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Padaki Shankarrao Bindurao
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Gudanshah Khanashah Takked || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Ramanagouda Venkanagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Chandrashekhar Mallikarjun Mamani || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Koujalgi Subhash Siddramappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Chandrashekhar Mallikarjun Mamani || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Koujalgi Subhash Siddramappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Mamani Vishwanath Karabasappa
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mamani Vishwanath Karabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,451 |percentage = 34.24 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Subhash Siddramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,006 |percentage = 32.95 |change = {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bali Virupaxappa Balappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,500 |percentage = 19.14 |change = {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fakidrappa Laxmappa Mallad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,435 |percentage = 9.29 |change = {{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talawar Ningappa Basappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,849 |percentage = 1.65 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkummi Irappa Basappa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,263 |percentage = 1.12 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karalagi Shivappa Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,228 |percentage = 1.09 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,445 |percentage = 1.29 |change = {{decrease}}16.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,359 |percentage = 69.62 |change = {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,303}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,400 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Subhash Siddramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,846 |percentage = 39.31 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mamani Gangutai Chandrashekhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,239 |percentage = 21.94 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanagouda Venkanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,490 |percentage = 18.24 |change = {{decrease}}21.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankaragouda Shrinivasagouda Patilpadaki |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,367 |percentage = 11.21 |change = {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govannavar Kashappa Shivappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,489 |percentage = 7.39 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anasuya Malleshappa Kitadal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,031 |percentage = 1.02 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekarappa Hanamappa Chalawadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 897 |percentage = 0.88 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,607 |percentage = 17.37 |change = {{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,300 |percentage = 69.96 |change = {{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,359}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 8,941 |percentage = 8.11 |change = {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,670 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekhar Mallikarjun Mamani |party = Janata Dal |votes = 49,568 |percentage = 50.44 |change = {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Koujalagi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,050 |percentage = 39.74 |change = {{decrease}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Y. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,957 |percentage = 3.01 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Hadimani |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,343 |percentage = 2.38 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. V. Kalawad |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,182 |percentage = 2.22 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Karadai |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,351 |percentage = 1.37 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,518 |percentage = 10.70 |change = {{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,645 |percentage = 72.47 |change = {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,267}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,319 |percentage = 2.30 |change = {{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,882 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical20Report20karnataka201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical20Report20karnataka201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Subhash Siddramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,777 |percentage = 49.88 |change = {{increase}}10.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekhar Mallikarjun Mamani |party = Janata Dal |votes = 36,627 |percentage = 40.80 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajput Manasing Hirasing |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 7,861 |percentage = 8.76 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,150 |percentage = 9.08 |change = {{decrease}}9.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,218 |percentage = 73.76 |change = {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,775}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,443 |percentage = 4.72 |change = {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,733 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical20Report20Karnataka201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical20Report20Karnataka201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekhar Mallikarjun Mamani |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,095 |percentage = 58.00 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanagouda Venkanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,793 |percentage = 39.23 |change = {{decrease}}6.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Halakatti Venkaraddi Ningareddi |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,450 |percentage = 2.05 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bekanalkar Suresh |party = Independent politician |votes = 513 |percentage = 0.72 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,302 |percentage = 18.77 |change = {{increase}}15.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,255 |percentage = 72.31 |change = {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,851}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,404 |percentage = 1.94 |change = {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,928 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical20Report20198320karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical20Report20198320karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanagouda Venkanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,126 |percentage = 45.71 |change = {{increase}}41.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nugganatti Yallappa Karabasappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,053 |percentage = 42.34 |change = {{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Alias Kappannavar Shankarfouda Honagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 3.00 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jambagi Dileep Yallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 1.90 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Renukegoudra Sureeshagouda Vishwanathgouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,040 |percentage = 1.69 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kabbur Basavaraj Adiveppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 952 |percentage = 1.55 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arabal Yallappa Hanamappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 724 |percentage = 1.18 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajesab Moulasab Giddannavar |party = Independent politician |votes = 542 |percentage = 0.88 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hasalkar Subhas Maruteppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 476 |percentage = 0.77 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,073 |percentage = 3.37 |change = {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,504 |percentage = 67.59 |change = {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,533}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,971 |percentage = 3.10 |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,958 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical20Report20Karnataka201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical20Report20Karnataka201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gudanshah Khanashah Takked |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,475 |percentage = 40.10 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Shivanand Hemappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,698 |percentage = 37.06 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikaraddi Hanamappa Laxmappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,487 |percentage = 16.20 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Galabi Dundappa Gadigeppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,733 |percentage = 4.67 |change = {{decrease}}59.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kappanavar Shankargouda Honagoud |party = Independent politician |votes = 612 |percentage = 1.05 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindaraddi Ramareddi Meti |party = Independent politician |votes = 540 |percentage = 0.92 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,777 |percentage = 3.04 |change = {{decrease}}26.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,319 |percentage = 72.34 |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,545}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,774 |percentage = 2.94 |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,385 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Padaki Shankarrao Bindurao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,810 |percentage = 64.51 |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Patil |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 17,001 |percentage = 34.48 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. B. Shantalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 497 |percentage = 1.01 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,809 |percentage = 30.03 |change = {{increase}}26.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,910 |percentage = 70.67 |change = {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,308}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,043 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Mysore201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Mysore201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Veerabhadrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,916 |percentage = 51.80 |change = {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padaki Shankarrao Bindurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,396 |percentage = 48.20 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,520 |percentage = 3.59 |change = {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,727 |percentage = 69.63 |change = {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,312}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,232 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Venkaraddi Shidaraddi Timmaraddi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,811 |percentage = 53.89 |change = {{increase}}6.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padaki Shankarrao Bindurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,242 |percentage = 46.11 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,569 |percentage = 7.77 |change = {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,549 |percentage = 67.06 |change = {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,053}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,010 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Padaki Shankarrao Bindurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,274 |percentage = 52.69 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamat Pramila Shrirang |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,610 |percentage = 47.31 |change = {{decrease}}8.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,664 |percentage = 5.39 |change = {{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,884 |percentage = 63.92 |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,884}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,318 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}21.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parasgad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kaujalgi Hemappa Veerbhadrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,599 |percentage = 55.52 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Rayangouda Lingangouda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 17,303 |percentage = 44.48 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,296 |percentage = 11.04 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,902 |percentage = 63.46 |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,902}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,303 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|15.75|75.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]

Man on Fire (Kelman novel)

2026-04-30T04:37:24Z

Dia: Adding Basic Article W/ Sources!

{{short description|2015 novel by Stephen Kelman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox book
|name = Man on Fire
|author = [[Stephen Kelman]]
|image = File:Man on Fire (Kelman novel).jpg
|caption = First edition
|language = [[English language|English]]
|published = 2015 ([[Bloomsbury Publishing]])
|country = [[United Kingdom]]
|set_in = [[India]]
|media_type = print
|subject = [[Bibhuti Bhushan Nayak]]
|pages = 296
|isbn = 978-1408865460
|oclc = 911550441
|congress = PR6111.E524 M36
|dewey = 823.92}}

'''''Man on Fire''''' is a 2015 novel by English author [[Stephen Kelman]] and his second novel. The work was published on 13 August 2015 through [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] and is set in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Man on Fire|url = http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/man-on-fire-9781408843185/|website = Bloomsbury Publishing|accessdate = 2015-12-30}}</ref> It is a fictional biography of [[Bibhuti Bhushan Nayak]], a multiple [[Guinness World Records|Guinness]] and [[Limca Book of Records|Limca]] record holder from [[Mumbai]].

Kelman was inspired to write the book after watching a documentary about India where the English comedian [[Paul Merton]] kicked Nayak in the groin in an attempt to set a Limca World Record for the number of times being kicked in the groin.<ref>{{Cite web|title = How a kick in the groin sparked Stephen Kelman's new book|url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts_ents/13524590.How_a_kick_in_the_groin_sparked_Stephen_Kelman_s_new_book/|website = Herald Scotland|accessdate = 2015-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Hit me! Hit me below the belt! Owww!|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hit-me-hit-me-below-the-belt-owww/story-aU52ucu4ZKTty3hzSaMItJ.html|website = The Hindustan Times|access-date = 2016-02-04}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[File:Bibhuti Bhushan Nayak.jpg|alt=A photo of Bibhuti Bhushan Nayak, the protagonist of the Book Man on Fire|thumb|245x245px|Bibhuti Bhushan Nayak, the protagonist of the Book ''Man on Fire'']]

=== Summary ===
The novel follows Nayak and John Lock,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstalk.com/Is-it-all-just-a-matter-of-mind-over-matter|title=Is it all just a matter of mind over matter?|website=newstalk.com|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> an Englishman that has been diagnosed with terminal cancer. He has left his life and spouse behind in order to elope to India under the pretense of committing suicide. Once in India he meets Nayak and decides to help the man break the world record for breaking the most baseball bats on his shin bone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lithub.com/how-to-fictionalize-the-worlds-greatest-world-record-holder/|title=How to Fictionalize the World's Greatest World Record Holder|date=2016-02-19|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>

Ultimately, John's wife Ellen<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1246459|title=A cold fire|last=Javeri|first=Dr Sabyn|date=2016-03-20|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> tracks him down in India and there is a confrontation between the two.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstalk.com/Is-it-all-just-a-matter-of-mind-over-matter|title=Is it all just a matter of mind over matter?|website=newstalk.com|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Critical reception has been positive and the ''[[Financial Times]]'' has called the book an "enthralling novel by a writer of considerable talent".<ref>{{Cite news|title = 'Man on Fire', by Stephen Kelman|url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/124e9360-3d23-11e5-bbd1-b37bc06f590c.html|newspaper = Financial Times|date = 2015-08-14|access-date = 2015-12-30|issn = 0307-1766|first = Malcolm|last = Forbes}}</ref> The novel has also received praise from multiple reviewers with ''The Guardian'', with both praising it for its humor.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Man on Fire by Stephen Kelman review – pain means nothing to BB Nayak|url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/08/man-on-fire-stephen-kelman-review-bb-nayak-novel-biography|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 2015-08-08|access-date = 2016-02-04|issn = 0261-3077|language = en-GB|first = Erica|last = Wagner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Man on Fire by Stephen Kelman review – India through the tale of Bibhuti|url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/23/man-on-fire-stephen-kelman-review-india-through-tale-of-bibhuti-extreme-endurance|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 2015-08-23|access-date = 2016-02-04|issn = 0261-3077|language = en-GB|first = Justin|last = Cartwright}}</ref>

''The Washington Post'' commends the book for being "smartly arranged".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/man-on-fire-review-salvation-through-extreme-record-breaking/2016/02/16/997e3cfa-d26a-11e5-88cd-753e80cd29ad_story.html|title='Man on Fire' review: Salvation through extreme record-breaking|last=Percy|first=Benjamin|date=2016-02-16|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2015 British novels]]
[[Category:Books about sportspeople]]
[[Category:Bloomsbury Publishing books]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]

Kavita Krishnamurthy

2026-04-27T10:48:52Z

Dia:

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Indian patronymic|Kavita|Krishnamurthy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Kavita Krishnamurthy
| background = solo_singer
| image = File:Kavita Krishnamurthy at IFFI 2024.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Kavita Krishnamurthy in 2024
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Sharada Krishnamurthy
| alias = Kavita Subramaniam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|01|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=Kavita Krishnamurthy: I have a long and deep connection with Delhi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kavita-Krishnamurthy-I-have-a-long-and-deep-connection-with-Delhi/articleshow/49830637.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 April 2016 |date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201132245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kavita-Krishnamurthy-I-have-a-long-and-deep-connection-with-Delhi/articleshow/49830637.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| origin =
| genre = * [[Filmi]]
* [[Fusion (music)|Fusion]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
* [[Islamic]]
* [[Ghazals]]<ref name="thehindu.com">"Kavita Krishnamurti's new music series - The Hindu" https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/kavita-krishnamurtis-new-music-series/article36379306.ece/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131092611/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/kavita-krishnamurtis-new-music-series/article36379306.ece/amp/ |date=31 January 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
| occupation = Playback singer
| years_active = 1973–present
| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes
| honours = {{ubl
| [[Padma Shri]] (2005)
}}
| awards = {{ubl
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Best Female Playback Singer Awards]] (2003)
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Best Female Playback Singer Awards]] (1997)
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Best Female Playback Singer Awards]] (1996)
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Best Female Playback Singer Awards]] (1995)
}}
}}
}}

'''Kavita Krishnamurthy''' (born as '''Sharada Krishnamurthy'''; 25 January 1958), is an Indian [[Playback singer|playback]] and classical singer. She has recorded numerous songs in various Indian languages including [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and other languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=लता संग 9 साल की उम्र में गाया गाना, ऐसे संवरा कविता कृष्णमूर्ति का करियर |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/kavita-krishnamurthy-bollywood-singer-birthday-special-unknown-facts-popular-songs-tmov-1017598-2020-01-25 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=Aaj Tak |date=25 January 2020 |language=hi |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114072034/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/kavita-krishnamurthy-bollywood-singer-birthday-special-unknown-facts-popular-songs-tmov-1017598-2020-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Kavita-Krishnamurthy-conquering-global-shores/articleshow/5352251.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929013521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/news-and-interviews/28086455_1_bollywood-movies-songs-alanis-morissette |url-status=live |archive-date=29 September 2011 |title=Kavita Krishnamurthy conquering global shores |author=Priyanka Dasgupta |date=19 December 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> She is the recipient of four [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Best Female Playback Singer Awards]] (winning consecutively during 1995–1997), and the [[Padma Shri Awards (2000–2009)|Padmashri]] which she received in 2005.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> She was awarded a [[Doctorate of Philosophy|Doctorate]] [[Honoris causa|(Honoris Causa)]] for her contributions to Indian music by [[Bangalore]]-based [[Jain University]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=5th Annual Convocation |url=https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/convocation2015/index-preConvocation.html |website=Jain University |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422042713/https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/convocation2015/index-preConvocation.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kavita Krishnamurti Subramaniam got Doctorate |url=https://www.pressnote.in/head-lines_296749.html |website=Pressnote |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422042717/https://www.pressnote.in/head-lines_296749.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1999, she married noted violinist [[L. Subramaniam]] and resides in [[Bengaluru]].

== Early life ==
She was born as Sharada<ref name="kehte">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030825/login/music.htm |title=...Kehte hain mujhko Hawa Hawaii |author=Amit Puri |date=23 August 2003 |work=The Tribune |access-date=27 January 2010 |archive-date=25 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725190716/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030825/login/music.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> into a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] family in [[New Delhi]] to T. S. Krishnamurthy, an employee of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Education Ministry]]. She began her musical training at the insistence of her aunt Protima Bhattacharya who enrolled her to train under guru Surama Basu, who taught her [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref name="trill">{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jUAhAAAAIBAJ&pg=2472,5030101&dq=kavita+krishnamurthy+rahman&hl=en |title=Bollywood Kavita trills for good lyrics |author=Rupa Damodaran |date=8 May 2004 |work=[[New Straits Times Press|New Straits Times]] |access-date=27 January 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She began her formal training in [[Hindustani classical music]] under the guidance of Balram Puri, a classical singer. At the age of eight, Kavita won a gold medal at a music competition. She won several medals participating in the Inter-Ministry Classical Competition in New Delhi in the mid-1960s.

==Career==
[[File:Kavita Subramaniam.jpg|thumb|Kavita Krishnamurthy at the Bengali poetry event ''Panchkanya'' at Nehru Centre in Mumbai, 2008.]]
During her college days at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier College, Mumbai]], she got an opportunity to record a song in the Bengali film ''[[Shriman Prithviraj]]'' in 1973 with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] as co-singer under the auspices of the music composer and singer [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay|Hemant Kumar]]. Although the young Sharada aspired to work in Indian Foreign Services, she moved to Bombay when she was 14 to try her luck as a playback singer in the Hindi film industry.

She is an alumnus of St. Xavier's College, Bombay from where she did her BA Honors Economics. She was very active in St. Xavier's music group. During the annual college festival (Malhar), she met Ranu Mukherjee, the daughter of Hemant Kumar. Ranu took the initiative of reintroducing Kavita to her father,<ref name="kehte"/> who began using her as a singer during his live performances. At one such performance, playback singer [[Manna Dey]] spotted her and employed her to sing advertisement [[jingle]]s. Through her aunt's contacts, she met Jaya Chakravarthy, the mother of actress [[Hema Malini]],<ref name="kehte"/> who later introduced Kavita to the music director Laxmikant (one of the composer duo [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]) in late 1976. A recent interview covers a pretty good summary of her musical journey.<ref>Kar, Dr. Kohinoor. [http://azindiatimes.com/epaper/epaper/edition/112/october/page/24 "Kavita Krishnamurti: Far Beyond 1942 A Love Story, pp. 1, 24"]</ref>

===Playback singing===
'''''Track singing and remake recording'''''

She recorded her first song under [[Vilayat Khan]]'s composition in [[Kadambari (1976 film)|Kadambari]] (1976). The song was entitled ''[[Aayega Aanewala]]'' (a remake of Mahal's (1949), the superhit song sung by Lata Mangeshkar) and was picturised on [[Shabana Azmi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01 |title=Kadambari (1976) |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128103335/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laxmikant gave her an opportunity to work as a dubbing artist. Initially, she recorded songs and cut demos of songs intended for singers Lata Mangeshkar and [[Asha Bhosle]].

'''''First original song''''':

However she got her first own song, recorded in 1977 in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], "Ondanondu kaaladaga" in the film ''[[Ondanondu Kaladalli]]'' (''Once upon a time'') directed by [[Girish Karnad]]. The song was penned by the Jnanpit awardee [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] and the music by [[Bhaskar Chandavarkar]]. Being the only song in the entire movie, "Ondanondu kaladaga" with its folk touch, became a hit and earned fame for Kavita Krishnamurti. Then she went on to sing many Kannada-language songs.

In 1980, she sang "Kaahe Ko Byaahi" for the film ''[[Maang Bharo Sajana]]'', which featured her singing in her own voice, although the song was dropped from the final cut of the film. In 1985, her career took off with her first major hit, "Tumse Milkar Na Jaane Kyon" from the Hindi film ''[[Pyaar Jhukta Nahin]]'' (1985). Following the success of the song, it opened up opportunities for her beyond the Laxmikant–Pyarelal camp. However, "Hawa Hawai" and "Karte Hai Hum Pyaar Mr. India Se", two popular songs from the equally popular movie ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987) - Karte Hain Hum Pyaar Mr. India se, proved to be a turning point in her career. The songs were composed by music composers Laxmikant–Pyarelal, the latter being a duet with [[Kishore Kumar]] and lip-synced on screen by an actress [[Sridevi]]. Her collaboration with Laxmikant–Pyarelal produced several hits. Hawa Hawai, which launched her into stardom was dubbed to be recorded by Asha Bhosle, however later producer decided to keep her version despite her mistake in the song.

The 1990s thrust Kavita into being known as one of the leading female playback singers. Her performance as a singer in the film ''[[1942: A Love Story|1942]]'', composed by R. D. Burman, won her much popular acclaim. With a string of hits from ''1942'', ''[[Yaraana (1995 film)|Yaraana]]'', ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'' and ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical|Khamoshi]]'', Kavita Krishnamurthy established herself as a leading female playback singer, alongside [[Alka Yagnik]]. She went on to work with several music directors of the 1990s Hindi films, such as [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Anand–Milind]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Rajesh Roshan]], [[Raamlaxman]], [[Ismail Darbar]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Aadesh Shrivastava]], [[Nadeem-Shravan]], [[Jatin–Lalit]], [[Viju Shah]] and [[Anu Malik]]. Her work with A. R. Rahman and Ismail Darbar remain some of the most critically acclaimed renditions of the last two decades. During her stint as a playback singer, she sang duets with the leading male singers of her time. Early in her career, she sang duets with Kishore Kumar, [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]. Her most prolific works were with the leading singers of the 1990s are [[Amit Kumar]], [[Mohammad Aziz]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]. She has also sung with younger singers in the 2000s such as [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Babul Supriyo]]. Her female duets mostly have been with Alka Yagnik, then with [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and [[Sadhana Sargam]] with a few duets also with Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle. During the 90s and early 2000s, Kavita Krishnamurthy alongside Alka Yagnik sang mostly for leading ladies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunidhi Chauhan interview: 'Any song can sound good if you do a good job' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/860190/sunidhi-chauhan-interview-any-song-can-sound-good-if-you-do-a-good-job |website=Scroll |date=9 December 2017 |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114174608/https://scroll.in/reel/860190/sunidhi-chauhan-interview-any-song-can-sound-good-if-you-do-a-good-job |url-status=live }}</ref>

As she actively started exploring fusion music, Kavita traveled around the world, including the US, UK, UAE, Europe, Africa, Australia, East Asia, the Middle East, and South America. She has performed in concert halls including [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London, [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|The Kennedy Center]] in Washington, D.C., [[Madison Square Garden]], [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|The Lincoln Center]] in New York City, the [[Forbidden City Concert Hall|Zhongshan Music Hall]] in Beijing, [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|The Esplanade]] in Singapore, The Putra Jaya World Trade Centre in [[Kuala Lumpur]], and [[Gewandhaus|Gewandhaus Leipzigm]].

Although primarily a playback singer, Kavita has sung with orchestras as a soloist; she has collaborated with Western artists from [[jazz]], pop and classical fields. She has lent her voice for many albums. As a playback singer, Kavita has performed throughout India. In 2014, she also sang "Koi Chahat Koi Hasrat" for the album ''Women's Day Special: Spreading Melodies Everywhere''. It was composed by Nayab Raja and penned by Dipti Mishra.

====In Kannada====
Kavita's playback singing career started with [[Kannada]]-language films. Her first film song was in the Kannada film ''Ondanondu kaladalli'' (1978) with the same title. She sang many hit songs in Kannada since then.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} Songs such as "Bareyada mounada Kavithe" ([[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]), "Hoove Hoove" ([[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]), "Endo Kanda kanasu" ([[Lankesh Patrike]]), "O Malle o dumbi" ('Naga Devate'), "Artha madkolo" ([[Shishya]]), "Kaveri Kaveri" ([[Raja Huli]]), and many more hit songs made her a household name in [[Karnataka]].

===Pop and devotional singing===
Due to her participation in fusion and pop music, Kavita has lent her voice to several pop and devotional albums. The most prominent ones being:
* ''Bhalobasi''
* ''Shiv Baba ko Yaad Kar''
* ''Dujone Dekha Holo''
* ''Together Tagore''
* ''Premer Neshay''
* ''Mohe Raam Dhun Laagi''
* ''Bhajan Stuti''
* ''Aadi Ganesh''
* ''Venkatesha Suprabhatam''
* ''Shiva Shlokas''
* ''Koi Akela Kahan''
* ''Meera Ka Ram''
* ''Mahalakshmi Stotram''
* ''Pop Time''
* ''Sai Ka Vardaan''
* ''Shagufthagi''
* ''Dil Ki Awaaz''
* ''Hasratein''
* ''Athens''
* ''Asmita''
* ''Mahiya''
* "Hum Dono"

==Television appearances==
Kavita Subramaniam made many appearances in various music [[Reality television|reality shows]] as a guest judge because of her popularity as a playback singer. She recently was a judge for ''[[Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star]]'' (Season 1), which aired on [[DD National]] at prime time. She also appeared in [[Vijay TV]] [[Airtel Super Singer]] and [[Star Jalsha]] [[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)|Super Singer]].
She has also sung for serials like [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Alif Laila {1980} DD National, Mahabharat]], [[Ramayan (1986 TV series)|Ramayan (1986)]], [[Krishna (TV series)|Shri Krishna]], and [[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan (2008), Kavita Krishnamurthy At Know In 2017 Special Juries and Judge UAE Singers of Student, The Give as Prices 5,000 Dinar In Winner.]]
She also appeared in ''[[Rising Star (TV series)|Rising Star Season 2]]'', which was broadcast on ''[[Colors TV]]'' on 4 March 2018 as a guest.

==Personal life==
Kavita Krishnamurti married [[L. Subramaniam]] in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] on 11 November 1999.

Subramaniam has four children from his previous marriage. His eldest daughter [[Gingger Shankar]] is a singer, composer, and multi-instrumentalist, while his second eldest, [[Bindu Subramaniam]] is a law graduate and singer-songwriter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-achievers-interview-with-bindu-subramaniam/20110512.htm |title='Being L Subramaniam's daughter didn't help' |date=12 May 2011 |work=Rediff |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824191223/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-achievers-interview-with-bindu-subramaniam/20110512.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Narayana is a doctor, while the youngest, [[Ambi Subramaniam]], is an accomplished violinist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0411/violinist-ambi-subramaniam-talks-about-music-and-more.html |title=Violinist Dr. L. Subramaniam - Ambi Subramaniam - Kavita Krishnamurthy - Bangalore |work=mybangalore.com |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091204/http://www.mybangalore.com/article/0411/violinist-ambi-subramaniam-talks-about-music-and-more.html |archive-date=31 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kavita and her husband opened a musical institute, the [[Subramaniam Academy of Performing Arts]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sapaindia.com/ |title=SaPa India – Subramaniam Academy of Performing Arts |work=sapaindia.com |access-date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111212416/http://www.sapaindia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in Bengaluru in 2007. In March 2013, she launched her own app.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/kavita-krishnamurti-subramaniam/id616545880?mt=8 |title=iTunes app for Kavita Krishnamurthy |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=21 March 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053818/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/kavita-krishnamurti-subramaniam/id616545880?mt=8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Discography==
{{main|List of songs recorded by Kavita Krishnamurthy}}
{{main|List of songs recorded by Kavita Krishnamurthy in South Indian languages}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP sources section|date=February 2023}}

* 2015 - Honorary Doctorate from [[Jain University]], [[Bangalore]]
* 2000 - Accolades for her include the “Best Singer of the Millennium” award at the Stardust Millennium 2000 Awards
;Civilian Awards
* 2005 – [[Padma Shri Awards (2000–2009)|Padma Shri]] – India's fourth-highest civilian honors
* 2024 - Playback singer Kavita Krishnamurthy received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the UK Asian Film Festival (UKAFF) in May 2025.
* 2024 - Amrit Ratan Award.
* 2025 - S.D Burman International Award.
* 2025 - Smriti Award.
* 2025 - [[Lokmat]] [[Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards|Sur Jyotsna National Music Award]] - '''Legend Award''' for her contribution to Indian music
* 1997 - [[Aashirwad Film Award Best Female Playback Singer]]" (''[[Virasat 1997 - Dhol Bajne Laga]]'')

;[[Filmfare Awards]]
* 2003 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] (shared with [[Shreya Ghoshal]]) – "[[Dola Re Dola]]" (''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'')
* 1997 – Best Female Playback Singer – "Aaj Main Upar" (''[[Khamoshi: The Musical|Khamoshi]]'')
* 1996 – Best Female Playback Singer – "Mera Piya Ghar Aaya" (''[[Yaraana (1995 film)|Yaraana]]'')
* 1995 – Best Female Playback Singer – "Pyaar Hua Chupke Se" (''[[1942: A Love Story|1942]]'')<ref name="trill" />

;State Awards
* 2000 - [[Maharashtra State Film Award|Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] - for the songs in the movie ''Sawai Hawaldar''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/20000502/ien02018.html |title=Latest News, India News, Covid-19 News, Breaking News, Today's News Headlines Online |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307143111/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/20000502/ien02018.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Star Screen Awards]]
* 1997 – [[Star Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]] – "Aaj Main Upar" (''[[Khamoshi: The Musical|Khamoshi]]'')
* 2000 – Best Female Playback Singer – "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam" (''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'')

;[[Zee Cine Awards]]
* 2003 – [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Female Playback Singer]] (shared with [[Shreya Ghoshal]]) – "Dola Re" (''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'')
* 2000 – Best Female Playback Singer – "[[Nimbooda]]" (''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'')

;[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
* 2001 - Best Female Playback Singer - "Ae Dil Laya Hai Bahar" (Kya Kehna)
* 2003 – [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]] (shared with [[Shreya Ghoshal]]) – "[[Dola Re Dola]]" (''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'')

;International Television Academy Awards (ITA Awards)
* 2008 - Best Female Playback Singer (Durga Puja).

;Global Indian Music Awards (GIMA Awards)
* 2010 - Best Female Playback Singer (Best Fusion Album).

;[[Mirchi Music Awards|MMA Awards]]
* 2021 - Jury Prize (Album Of The Decade / Rockstar 2011).

;Other Awards
* Mohammed Rafi Award (2021).
* Prafulla Kar Samman (2018) Odia Film Industry.
* ''‘Phonomenal That's Me’'' award for her contribution to the [[Kannada film industry]] (2014)
* Shri Ravindra Jain Sangeet Samman (2012)
* [[Swaralaya Yesudas Award]] (2008) by Swaralaya, for exceptional contribution to Indian music.
* [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]] from the Government of Madhya Pradesh (2005)
* Kishore Kumar Journalists' / Critics' Award in Calcutta (2002)
* Lion's / Club Bollywood Award, held in New York (2000) At The Same year (2002)

== See also ==
* [[L. Subramaniam]]
* [[Girish Karnad]]
* [[Padmavati Rao]]
* [[Prabhat Samgiita]]
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0471469}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091004090147/http://www.indianviolin.com/bground/kavita.htm L. Subramaniam and Kavita S.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628215254/http://www.google.co.in/music/artist?n=Kavita-Krishnamurthy&id=20100520134546_19cmka6r8dfr0 Artist: Kavita Krishnamurthy on Google Music]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211024027/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/videos/32332.html Kavita Krishnamurthy's Tribute To Jagjit Singh]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}}
{{IIFAAwardBestFemalePlaybackSinger}}
{{Screen Award for Best Female Playback Singer}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackFemale}}
{{Notable singers of Rabindra Sangeet}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurti, Kavita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Musicians from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Singers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Pushpendra Saroj

2026-04-20T08:50:24Z

Dia: done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pushpendra Saroj
| image = File:Kaushambimpsarojindelhi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|03|01}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency|Kaushambi]]
| term_start = June 2024
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Vinod Sonkar]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| father = [[Indrajit Saroj]]
| alma_mater = [[Welham Boys School]] [[Queen Mary University of London]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| parents = [[Indrajit Saroj]], Pushpa Devi
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5804?from=members
}}
'''Pushpendra Saroj''' (born 1 March 1999) is an Indian politician who is the current [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kaushambi">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kaushambi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2450.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531165523/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2450.htm |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Kaushambi Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Kaushambi Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kaushambi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531165521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kaushambi |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pushpendra Saroj Wins From Kaushambi">{{cite news |title=Pushpendra Saroj Wins From Kaushambi |url=https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/pushpendra-saroj-wins-from-kaushambi |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531165903/https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/pushpendra-saroj-wins-from-kaushambi |archive-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He is currently India's youngest [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]], breaking the record of [[Chandrani Murmu]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=K Sandeep Kumar |date=2025-01-17 |title=SP's Pushpendra wins Kaushambi seat, becomes country's youngest MP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/sps-pushpendra-wins-kaushambi-seat-becomes-country-s-youngest-mp-101717530813421.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="SP’s Pushpendra Saroj is now the youngest MP in country">{{cite news |title=SP's Pushpendra Saroj is now the youngest MP in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/sps-pushpendra-saroj-is-now-the-youngest-mp-in-country/articleshow/110715535.cms |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

He is the son of [[Indrajit Saroj]], the national general secretary of [[Samajwadi Party]]. He attended [[Welham Boys' School]].{{citation needed|date=February 2026}} He graduated from [[Queen Mary University of London]] in 2019 with a degree in Accounting and Management.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/pushpendra-priya-sanjana-shambhavi-meet-youngest-mps-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/110728479.cms?from=mdr|title=Pushpendra, Priya, Sanjana, Shambhavi: Meet youngest MPs of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|work=The Economic Times |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Vinod Sonkar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency|Kaushambi]]
|years = 2024–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Chandrani Murmu]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Baby of the House#India|Baby of the House]]
|years = 2024–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:saroj, pushpendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queen Mary University of London]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Mangalore City North Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:44Z

Dia: Adding Initial Place Nd Citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangalore City North
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| constituency_no = 202
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| map_image = 202-Mangalore City North constituency.svg
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:249464}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[Bharath Shetty Y|Y. Bharath Shetty]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Mohiuddin Bava]]
}}
'''Mangalore City North Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]].<nowiki/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/shock-for-bjp-congress-in-awe/article4698571.ece|title=Shock for BJP, Congress in awe|date=2013-05-09|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref> Mangalore City North is part of [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments, namely: 201. Moodabidri, 203. [[Mangalore City South]], 204. [[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore]], 205. Bantwal, 206. Puttur and 207. Sullia.

== History ==
During the 2007 delimitation exercise conducted by Election Commission of India, several villages from [[Moodabidri Assembly constituency|Moodabidri]], [[Bantval Assembly constituency|Bantval]] constituency and many villages from [[Surathkal Assembly constituency|Surathkal]] were included to form Mangalore City North constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/mangalore-to-have-three-assembly-segments/article1878490.ece|title=Mangalore to have three Assembly segments|date=2007-07-24|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-rebels-threaten-to-mar-congress-prospects-1823528|title=Rebels threaten to mar Congress prospects|date=17 April 2013|newspaper=DNA|language=en-IN|access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> It is a part of [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)]] since [[Lok Sabha Elections 2009]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[J. Krishna Palemar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Mohiuddin Bava]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Y. Bharath Shetty|Dr. Y. Bharath Shetty]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore City North <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Mangalore City North">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Mangalore City North |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10202.htm?ac=202 |access-date=9 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409133555/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10202.htm?ac=202 |archive-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Bharath Shetty|Dr. Y. Bharath Shetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 103,531 |percentage = 56.77% |change = {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Inayath Ali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,609 |percentage = 38.72% |change = {{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Moidin Bava |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,256 |percentage = 2.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,194 |percentage = 0.65% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,922 |percentage = 18.05% |change = {{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 183,007 |percentage = 73.36% |change = {{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,363}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,464 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore City North <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/mangalore-city-north-election-result|title=Mangalore City North Assembly Election 2018, Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Bharath Shetty|Dr. Y. Bharath Shetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 98,648 |percentage = 56.02% |change = {{increase}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mohiuddin Bava]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,000 |percentage = 40.88% |change = {{decrease}}11.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muneer Katipalla |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,472 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,166 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,648 |percentage = 15.13% |change = {{increase}}11.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,362 |percentage = 75.09% |change = {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,104}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,856 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore City North <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mohiuddin Bava]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,897 |percentage = 52.83% |change = {{increase}}10.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. Krishna Palemar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,524 |percentage = 48.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aboobakkar |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 3,323 |percentage = 2.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandra Baikampady |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,104 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulam Mohammed |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,808 |percentage = 1.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Vinaya Acharya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,536 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Supreeth Kumar Poojary |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,136 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maxim Pinto |party = Independent politician |votes = 878 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,373 |percentage = 4.06% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,165 |percentage = 71.50% |change = {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,315}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,413 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore City North <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. Krishna Palemar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,057 |percentage = 53.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mohiuddin Bava]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,631 |percentage = 42.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amin. S. V |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,542 |percentage = 1.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ananda Gatty |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,642 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashikala. M |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,322 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,426 |percentage = 10.93% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,978 |percentage = 72.18% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,939}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,840 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.97|74.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Joyram Tudu

2026-04-08T01:05:23Z

Dia: made new article w/ refs...

{{Short description|Santali writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jairam Tudu
| native_name = ᱡᱚᱭᱨᱟᱢ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ
| image =File:Joyram tudu.jpg
| caption = Joyram Tudu in 2021
| native_name_lang = sat
| occupation = Writer
| language = Santali
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Biography, Children's literature
| notable_works = ''Bhanj Kul Bhurkah Ipil Sunaram Soren''
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar (2020)
}}

'''Jairam Tudu''' ( also spelled '''Jayram Tudu''' or '''Joyram Tudu''') is an Indian [[Santali language|Santali]] write. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] in 2020 for his Santali biography ''Bhanj Kul Bhurkah Ipil Sunaram Soren''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release: Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2020.pdf |website=Sahitya Akademi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jairam Tudu was born on 12 October 1964 in Mundhabani village of [[Mayurbhanj district]], in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=ଶିଶୁଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଲେଖିବାକୁ ହେଲେ ନିଜକୁ ଶିଶୁ ହେବାକୁ ପଡ଼େ: ଜୟରାମ ଟୁଡୁ
|url=https://sambad.in/state/to-write-for-a-child-you-have-to-be-a-child-737425/
|work=ସମ୍ବାଦ (Sambad)
|date=15 November 2021
|language=Odia
|access-date=12 March 2026
}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] in 2020 for ''Bhanj Kul Bhurkah Ipil Sunaram Soren''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release: Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2020.pdf |website=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>
* Odisha Janjati Gaurab Puraskar in 2023.<ref name="OdishaSambad2023">{{cite news |title=ଆଦିବାସୀ ମେଳା-୨୦୨୩ ଉଦ୍‌ଯାପିତ
|url=https://odishasambad.in/tribal-fair-2023-concluded/ |work=Odisha Sambad |date=2 March 2023 |language=Odia
|access-date=12 March 2026 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Santali literature]]
* [[Ol Chiki]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Santali]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/ Sahitya Akademi official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]

Indian Military Academy

2026-03-29T07:10:59Z

Dia: small cleaned up details per standard format and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Military academy in Dehradun, India}}
{{distinguish|Officers Training Academy|National Defence Academy (India)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Military Academy
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| former_name = Armed Forces Academy
| image = Indian Military Academy.svg
| image_size =
| caption = Insignia of the Indian Military Academy
| motto = Veerta aur Vivek{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=86}}
| motto_lang = [[Hindi]]
| mottoeng = ''Valour and Wisdom''{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=86}}
| established = {{Start date and age|10 December 1932}}
| type = [[Military academies in India|Military Academy]]
| officer_in_charge = Lt. Gen. Nagendra Singh
| head_label = [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy|Commandant]]
| head = Lt. Gen. Nagendra Singh
| city = [[Dehradun]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = India
| students = 1,650
| coordinates = {{coord|30.3320|77.9809|type:landmark_region:IN-UT|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Suburban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|1400|acre|km2}}
| colours = Blood red and steel grey {{color box|maroon}}{{color box|grey}}
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| footnotes =
| logo_size =
}}

The '''Indian Military Academy''' ('''IMA''') is one of the oldest [[military academies]] in India, and trains officers for the [[Indian Army]]. Located in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], it was established in 1932 following a recommendation by a military committee set up under the chairmanship of [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] (later [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]) [[Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode|Sir Philip Chetwode]]. From a class of 40 male cadets in 1932, IMA now has a sanctioned capacity of 1,650. Cadets undergo a training course varying between 3 and 16 months depending on entry criteria. On completion of the course at IMA cadets are permanently commissioned into the army as [[Army ranks and insignia of India|Lieutenant]]s.

The academy, spread over {{convert|1400|acre|km2}}, houses the [[Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode|Chetwode]] Hall, [[Arun Khetarpal|Khetarpal]] Auditorium, [[Somnath Sharma|Somnath]] Stadium, [[Gurbachan Singh Salaria|Salaria]] Aquatic Centre, [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya|Hoshiar Singh]] Gymnasium and other facilities that facilitate the training of cadets. Cadets in IMA are organized into a [[regiment]] with four [[battalion]]s of four [[company (military unit)|companies]] each. The academy's mission, to train future military leaders of the Indian Army, goes hand in hand with the character building enshrined in the IMA honour code, warrior code and motto. Cadets take part in a variety of sports, adventure activities, physical training, drills, weapons training and leadership development activities. Cadets have to learn and understand the philosophy of military assessment and selection following by three words Mansa, Vacha, and [[Karma]] - derived from [[Sanskrit]] indicates the cadet capabilities as a Psychologist, Interviewing Officer, and GTO – Group Testing Officer, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=What is SSB Services Selection Board - History, Preparation |url=https://dehradunmilitaryacademy.com/what-is-ssb-services-selection-board-history-preparation/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The academy's alumni include six recipients of India's highest military decoration, the [[Param Vir Chakra]]. Other achievements by alumni include 73 [[Military Cross]]es, 17 [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakras]], 84 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s and 41 [[Kirti Chakra]]s. In 2017, Lieutenant [[Ummer Fayaz Parray]] was the 847th name to be engraved on the IMA War Memorial, which honours alumni of the academy who have fallen in the course of action.

Up to 1 October 2019, the 87th Raising Day,{{Efn|Founding date|name=|group=}} over 61,000 [[Gentleman Cadet|gentleman cadets]] had graduated and over 3,000 foreign cadets from over 30 other states, including [[Afghanistan]], [[Singapore]], [[Zambia]], and [[Malaysia]], had attended IMA for pre-commission training. Alumni have gone on to become [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief]] and [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice-Chief of Army Staff]], Olympians and politicians. Foreign alumni have also done well in their countries, going on to becomes chiefs of their respective militaries, prime ministers, presidents and politicians.

==History==
===Demands for an Indian military training academy===
[[File:An aerial view of the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, 1932 (c).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the academy in 1932.]]
During the [[Indian independence movement]], Indian leaders recognised the need for a local military institution to meet the needs of an armed force loyal to sovereign India.{{Sfn|Sharma|1996|p=55-59}}{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=4}} The Indianisation of the officer cadre of the army began in 1901, but it was only for the elite, and after training they were not allowed into the regular army.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|loc=Preface|p=xi – xv}} The [[British Raj]] was reluctant to commission Indian officers or permit local officer training.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=xi}} In 1905, natives could officer only Indian troops and by rank were not equal to commissioned British officers. Up to the outbreak of the [[First World War]], the highest rank to which a native soldier of India could rise was [[Subedar]], a rank lower than the lowermost officer rank of [[Subaltern (military)|Subaltern]].{{Sfn|Singh|2007|loc=Preface|p=xi – xv}}

But following the Indian military performance in the First World War, the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] facilitated the officer training of 10 Indian commissioned officers at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=xv}} In 1922, the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] (now known as the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]] or just [[RIMC]]) was set up in [[Dehradun]] to prepare young Indians for admission to Sandhurst.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w-4VTtJ2xkC|title=Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College : Plantinum Jubilee Volume, 1997|last1=Singh|first1=Bikram|last2=Mishra|first2=Sidharth|date=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788170236498|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rimc.gov.in/aboutrimc.aspx|title=About Us|website=Rashtriya Indian Military College|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726030832/http://www.rimc.gov.in/aboutrimc.aspx|archive-date=26 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indianisation (British India)|Indianisation]] of the Army started with the commissioning of 31 Indian officers. Among this first batch of officers to be commissioned was [[Sam Manekshaw|Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]], who became the [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]] in 1969 and later the first [[Field Marshal (India)|Indian Field Marshal]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}}
Despite demands from the Indian officers, the British resisted expansion of the Indian officer cadre. Indian leaders pressed the issue at the first [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] in 1930. The establishment of an Indian officer training college was one of the few concessions made at the conference. The Indian Military College Committee, set up under the chairmanship of [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode|Sir Philip Chetwode]], in 1931 recommended the establishment of an ''Indian Military Academy'' in Dehradun to produce forty commissioned officers twice a year following two and a half years of training.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/notes-from-dehra-dun-july-30-1931-how-the-pioneer-reported-about-the-beginnings-of-the-ima.html|title="Notes from Dehra Dun, July 30, 1931": How The Pioneer reported about the beginnings of the IMA|last=Chopra|first=Jaskiran|date=30 July 2018|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728044414/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/notes-from-dehra-dun-july-30-1931-how-the-pioneer-reported-about-the-beginnings-of-the-ima.html|archive-date=28 July 2019|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|1996|p=135}}[[File:General Sir Philip Chetwode (LOC).jpg|thumb|Then [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode|Sir Philip Chetwode]]. He was promoted [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] in February 1933.|alt=|upright=1.0|left]]

===Inauguration to Independence===

The [[Government of India]] transferred the former property of the [[Railway Staff College]] of the [[Indian Railways]], with its 206-acre campus and associated infrastructure, to the Indian Military Academy. Brigadier L.P. Collins was appointed the first Commandant and the first batch of 40 [[Gentleman Cadet|gentleman cadet]]s (GC), as IMA trainees are known, began their training on 1 October 1932. The institute was inaugurated on 10 December 1932 by [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode|Sir Philip Chetwode]], 7th [[Baronet|Bt.]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chetwode|first=Philip|date=Spring 2012|title=Address by Field Marshal Sir Philip Chetwode|url=https://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/SW%20J.172-175.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Scholar Warrior|publisher=[[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]]|pages=150–153|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612062509/https://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/SW%20J.172-175.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> Chetwode was promoted to being a [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] the following year, in February 1933.
In 1934, before the first batch had passed out, Viceroy [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]] presented the first colours to the academy on behalf of [[George V|King George V]]. The first batch of cadets to graduate the academy, graduating in December 1934, now known as the ''Pioneers'', included Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]],<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/how-ima-became-functional-in-september-85-long-years-ago.html|title=How IMA became functional in September, 85 long years ago!|last=Chopra|first=Jaskiran|date=22 September 2017|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728050516/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/how-ima-became-functional-in-september-85-long-years-ago.html|archive-date=28 July 2019|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> General [[Musa Khan (general) |Muhammad Musa]] and General [[Smith Dun]], who became the Army Chiefs of India, Pakistan, and [[Myanmar|Burma]], respectively.{{Efn|The ''Pioneers'' also included [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Agha Abdul Hamid Khan]], [[Dewan Ranjit Rai|D Ranjit Rai]], [[Mirza Hamid Hussain]], [[Habibullah Khan Khattak|Mohammad Habibullah Khattak]], [[Melville de Mellow]], [[Pritam Singh (general)|Pritam Singh]], [[Mohammed Zaman Kiani|Mohammad Zaman Khan]] and [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=224}}|name=|group=}}<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://ecommons-new.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/57579/113.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Memoirs of the Four Foot Colonel|last=Dun|first=Gen Smith|publisher=[[Cornell University]] Southeast Asia Program|pages=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728051658/https://ecommons-new.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/57579/113.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/apr/21army.htm|title=Careers in the Army: How you can sign up|date=21 April 2008|website=[[Rediff]]|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805013901/https://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/apr/21army.htm|archive-date=5 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> General Dun graduated at the top of his class at IMA and also commanded the passing out parade for the first course.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/|title=Beginning to Independence|website=Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626223336/https://indianarmy.nic.in/|archive-date=26 June 2017|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> The second, third, fourth and fifth batches were called, respectively, ''Immortals, Invincible, Stalwarts'' and ''Bahadurs''.<ref name=":8">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190925094219/https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/Heritage120516.pdf IMA Heritage]''. Indian Army. Retrieved from the [https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/Heritage120516.pdf original] on 25 September 2019.</ref>{{Quote box
| width = 290px
| bgcolor = #E0E6F8
| align = right
| quote = "The cadets came to the Academy from all parts of India as it was prior to the independence and partition of India in 1947. There were Punjabi Hindus and Mussalmans [...], Sikhs, Bengalis, Marathas, Madrasis, Coorgies [...] But we worked and lived as one, namely Indians first. I have emphasised it because even today as far as the armed forces are concerned the concept has not changed and is implemented in practice". (''Maj Gen. A. S. Naravane (Retd) joined IMA on 29 January 1936'')
| source = {{harv|Naravane|2004|p=11}}
| title =
| title_fnt =
| tstyle = font size="25";
}}Through the first 16 regular courses that passed out of the academy, until May 1941, 524 officers were commissioned. But the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]] resulted in an unprecedented increase in the number of entrants, a temporary reduction in the training period to six months and an expansion of the campus. A total of 3,887 officers were commissioned between August 1941 and January 1946, including 710 British officers for the [[British Army]]. The academy reverted to its original two and a half year course of training at the end of the war.<ref name="ima-history">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=VRo0dG93/trL7vWtYbJ8SA==&ParentID=mBG695X1VK/TfzmUJFHhGw==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=IMA History – Beginning to Independence|website=Indian Army|access-date=2019-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013142512/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=VRo0dG93%2FtrL7vWtYbJ8SA==&ParentID=mBG695X1VK%2FTfzmUJFHhGw==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|archive-date=13 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During the final years before Independence, the academy navigated the role of training officers for both colonial and postcolonial armies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Routledge India|isbn=978-1-315-09991-0|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Kaushik|edition=1|pages=15|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781315099910|editor-last2=Rand|editor-first2=Gavin}}</ref>

===Post-Independence===
Following the [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]] in August 1947 and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition]] creating Pakistan, a number of British officers who were trainers in the academy left for Britain, while Pakistani cadets left for Pakistan.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|loc=|p=52}} A total of 110 Pakistani cadets then continued their training at [[Pakistan Military Academy|Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul]].{{Sfn|Singh|2007|loc=|p=51}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ima-first-batch-celebrates-platinum-jubilee-in-delhi-117122101508_1.html|title=IMA first batch celebrates Platinum Jubilee in Delhi|last=ANI|date=2017-12-21|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804015025/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ima-first-batch-celebrates-platinum-jubilee-in-delhi-117122101508_1.html|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Brigadier]] Thakur Mahadeo Singh, DSO, was appointed the first Indian [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy|Commandant of the academy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/|title=Independence to Silver Jubilee|website=Indian Army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803093412/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=WmZBIfayDRzppqzqGidfcg==&ParentID=jWnvjHCqk+gAq2nW9Qak3w==|archive-date=3 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref> The 189 GCs who graduated on 20 December 1947 were the first class from IMA to be commissioned into a free India.<ref name=":8" />

In late 1947, the Chiefs of Staff of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], following the recommendation of a 1946 committee headed by [[Field Marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Sir Claude Auchinleck]], decided to initiate an action plan to commission a new Joint Services training academy. In the interim, they decided to conduct Joint Services training at IMA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170821-national-defence-academy-army-navy-air-force-icons-of-modern-india-1028908-2017-08-11|title=National Defence Academy: Steel in our spine|last=Deka|first=Kaushik|date=21 August 2017|website=India Today|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804015026/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170821-national-defence-academy-army-navy-air-force-icons-of-modern-india-1028908-2017-08-11|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The academy was renamed the ''Armed Forces Academy'' and a new ''Joint Services Wing'' (JSW) was commissioned on 1 January 1949, while training of Army officers continued in the ''Military Wing''.<ref name=nda-history>{{cite web |url=http://nda.nic.in/html/nda-history.html |title=NDA History |access-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419101915/http://www.nda.nic.in/html/nda-history.html |archive-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=amazing-life>{{cite book |title=Thimayya:An Amazing Life |last=Khanduri |first=Chandra B. |year=1969 |publisher=Centre for Armed Historical Research, United Service Institution of India, New Delhi through Knowledge World |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-87966-36-X |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=6 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The academy was renamed as the ''[[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]'' (NDA) on 1 January 1950, ahead of India becoming a [[Republic]]. In December 1954, when the new Joint Services training academy was established in [[Khadakwasla]], near [[Pune]], the NDA name along with the ''Joint Services Wing'' was transferred to Khadakwasla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nda.nic.in/html/nda-history.html|title=History Of NDA|website=National Defence Academy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419101915/http://www.nda.nic.in/html/nda-history.html|archive-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> The academy in Dehradun was then rechristened as the ''Military College''.<ref name=":3">Indian Military Academy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180516231722/http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/IMA_144_TGC_JOINING_INSTRS_20_JUN17.pdf Joining Instructions for Gentleman Cadets Indian Army]. Archived from the [http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/IMA_144_TGC_JOINING_INSTRS_20_JUN17.pdf original] on 5 August 2019.</ref> Brigadier M.M. Khanna, [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] was the first IMA alumni to be appointed Commandant of IMA at the end of 1956.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=90}} In 1960, the founding name, ''Indian Military Academy,'' was reinstated. On 10 December 1962, on the 30th anniversary of the academy's inauguration, the second [[President of India]], [[Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan]], presented new colours to the academy.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=110}}

After the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, special measures were introduced. From 1963 until August 1964, the duration of regular classes was truncated, emergency courses were initiated, and new living quarters for cadets were added. However, unlike previous wars, the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|that of 1971]] did not disrupt Academy training or graduation schedules. On 11 February 1971, [[William Westmoreland|William G Westmoreland]], Chief of Staff, United States Army, visited the academy.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=150}}

In 1976, the four battalions of the academy were renamed after Field Marshal [[Kodandera M. Cariappa|Kodandera Madappa Cariappa]], General [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya]], Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw and Lieutenant General [[Premindra Singh Bhagat]], with two companies each. On 15 December 1976, then President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] presented new colours to the academy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uR-8AwAAQBAJ&q=Cariappa+Battalion%2C+Thimayya+Battalion%2C+Manekshaw+Battalion&pg=PT119|title=The Victoria Cross: A Love Story: The life of Lt Gen P S Bhagat PVSM, VC: World War II Hero and author of the Henderson Brooks/Bhagat Report on the India-China War|last=Varma|first=Ashali|date=2014-06-27|publisher=Ashali Varma|isbn=9788192855196|language=en}}</ref> In the 1970s, the [[Army Cadet College]] (ACC) was shifted from [[Pune]] to Dehradun, becoming a wing of IMA. In 2006, the ACC was merged into IMA as the fifth battalion, the [[Siachen conflict|Siachen]] Battalion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-20/html/ch6.htm|title=ACC Wing A Glimpse|website=Ministry of Defence, Sainik Samachar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216111059/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-20/html/ch6.htm|archive-date=16 December 2009|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/|title=Siachin Bn (ACC Wing)|website=Indian Army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804013621/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=AxSGgeJTpnd9EMkxGIpvZg==&ParentID=AaR9zhCRex5J8fLt4kqgHw==|archive-date=4 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

By 1 October 2019, the 87th Raising Day, the number of GCs to have graduated from IMA stood at 61,762, including foreign alumni from 33 friendly countries.<ref name=":11">{{cite news |title=87th raising day of IMA celebrated |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/87th-raising-day-of-ima-celebrated.html |access-date=6 October 2019 |agency=The Pioneer |date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006025455/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/87th-raising-day-of-ima-celebrated.html |archive-date=6 October 2019}}</ref> Foreign countries included [[Angola]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Ghana]], [[Iraq]], [[Jamaica]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nepal]], [[Nigeria]], [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]], [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Tonga]], [[Uganda]], [[Yemen]] and [[Zambia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Cadets |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=N4tu6zwATh9KbyQXHI9ceg==&ParentID=kGgtIzBoXYh7ju7TvXlG6g== |website=Indian Army |access-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006030452/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=N4tu6zwATh9KbyQXHI9ceg==&ParentID=kGgtIzBoXYh7ju7TvXlG6g== |archive-date=6 October 2019}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Chetwode ima Dehradun.jpg|thumb|right|The Chetwode Building and the Drill Square.]]
The academy is in the [[Doon Valley]] ([[Drona]]charya Ashram),{{Efn|As legend goes, Dehradun was the site of the academy of [[Dronacharya]], where the [[Pandavas]], [[Kauravas]] and other princes trained.<ref name=":18" />|name=|group=}}{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=201}} [[Uttarakhand]]. National Highway 72, the Dehradun–Chakrata Road, separates the North and South Campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/rajnath-announces-two-underpasses-at-ima.html|title=Rajnath announces two underpasses at IMA|date=8 December 2009|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> The campus of the academy covers an area of {{convert|1400|acre|km2}}.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=143}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rawat|first=Rachna Bisht|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6QzDwAAQBAJ&q=1%2C400+acres+IMA&pg=PT158|title=Shoot, Dive, Fly: Stories of Grit and Adventure from The Indian Army|date=2017-10-15|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-86651-69-3|language=en}}</ref> The Chetwode Hall on the drill square, built in 1930, houses the administrative headquarters of IMA and is also the hub of academic training. It has lecture halls, computer labs and a cafe. On the opposite side of the drill square is the [[Arun Khetarpal|Khetarpal]] Auditorium. Opened in 1982, it has a seating capacity of over 1,500.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=144}} A newer wing of the Chetwode building, added in 1938, houses the central library. It has over 100,000 volumes and subscriptions to hundreds of periodicals from across the world, in addition to multimedia sections. In addition, there are two branch libraries closer to the cadet barracks across the campus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/IMAcampus120516.pdf|title=IMA Campus and Landmarks|website=Indian Army|access-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804080220/https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/IMAcampus120516.pdf|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/important-landmarks-and-institutions-of-the-ima-campus/|title=Important Landmarks and Institutions of the IMA Campus|date=6 December 2018|website=Salute|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

The IMA museum on the campus displays artifacts of historic importance such as the pistol of Lieutenant General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] of the [[Pakistan Army]], given upon his surrender to Lt. Gen [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] after signing the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]] to end the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh liberation war of 1971]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/a-town-called-dehra/article8370336.ece|title=A town called Dehra|last=Alexander|first=Deepa|date=2016-03-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318110756/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/a-town-called-dehra/article8370336.ece|archive-date=18 March 2016|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A captured Pakistan Army [[Patton tank]] is also on the grounds.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/-seven-states-6-days-2148-kms-and-a-journey-of-a-lifetime/20160530.htm|title=7 States. 6 Days. 2,148 km and a journey of a lifetime|last=Masih|first=Archana|date=4 June 2016|website=Rediff|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125093912/https://www.rediff.com/news/special/-seven-states-6-days-2148-kms-and-a-journey-of-a-lifetime/20160530.htm|archive-date=25 January 2018|access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>

===Athletic facilities===
The South Campus of IMA includes facilities such as the Somnath Stadium, with a seating capacity of 3,000, the [[Gurbachan Singh Salaria|Salaria]] Aquatic Centre, consisting of an Olympic sized swimming pool,{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=144}} and the [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya|Hoshiar Singh]] Gymnasium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pioneeredge.in/imas-chushul-company-wins-prestigious-colonel-hoshiar-singh-pvc-trophy/|title=IMA's Chushul Company wins prestigious Colonel Hoshiar Singh, PVC Trophy|date=25 August 2018|website=The Pioneer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006095348/http://www.pioneeredge.in/imas-chushul-company-wins-prestigious-colonel-hoshiar-singh-pvc-trophy/|archive-date=6 October 2019|access-date=2019-09-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The North Campus includes the polo ground along the [[Tons River]]. Tons Valley to the northwest of the campus is used for [[Paradropping|para-dropping]], para-gliding, skydiving and battle training.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=21, 202}} Other facilities include stables with a stud farm,{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=25}} a small arms shooting range, and [[Épée|épée fencing]] from the [[modern pentathlon]].{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=142}}

===War memorial===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi signing the visitors’ book, at the War Memorial in Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, ahead of the Combined Commanders Conference,.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]], signing the visitors' book at the War Memorial in Indian Military Academy.|alt=|upright=1.0]]
The IMA War Memorial commemorates the alumni of the academy who died in action. At the ''[[sanctum sanctorum]]'' of the memorial is a bronze statue of a gentleman cadet with a sword [[Present arms (command)|presenting arms]].<ref name=":9">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190804080220/https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/IMAcampus120516.pdf IMA Campus and Landmarks]. Indian Army [https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=rAqZTCcd1BFe55s27xtV9A==&ParentID=a3tFbrJydIz66a1khKHkjw==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== website]. Retrieved on 20 September 2019. Archived from the [https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/IMAcampus120516.pdf original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804080220/https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/IMAcampus120516.pdf |date=4 August 2019 }} on 4 August 2019.</ref> The memorial was inaugurated by Field Marshal Manekshaw on 17 November 1999, shortly after the conclusion of the [[Kargil War]].{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=211}} IMA officers led and fought in the war, with some of them becoming household names in India for their gallantry. Among their ranks were two Param Vir Chakra recipients and eight Maha Vir Chakra recipients.<ref name=":1" /> In 2017, Lieutenant [[Ummer Fayaz Parray]] was the 847th name to be engraved on the War Memorial.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/making-of-a-warrior-the-ultimate-sacrifice/407523.html|title=Making of a warrior & the ultimate sacrifice|last=Sujlana|first=Lt Gen R. Singh|date=16 May 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628083648/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/making-of-a-warrior-the-ultimate-sacrifice/407523.html|archive-date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

==Gentleman cadet life==
There are various modes of entry into IMA, which include: on graduation from [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], on graduation from [[Army Cadet College]] (a wing of IMA itself), direct entry through the [[Combined Defence Services Examination]] followed by [[Services Selection Board|SSB]] exams, and technical entry under university and college schemes.<ref>Ministry of Defence. [https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR1516.pdf ''Annual Report 2015-16''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925082914/https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR1516.pdf |date=25 September 2019 }}. Government of India. pg 129. Retrieved on 25 September 2019.</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/|title=Permanent Commission: Indian Military Academy, Dehradun|website=www.indianarmy.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> While those who gain entry into IMA go on to become permanently commissioned officers, those who go to the other officer training academies such as [[Officers Training Academy|Officer Training Academy, Chennai]] are trained for short service commission.<ref name="mod-training">{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.nic.in/rec%26training/|title=Recruitment and Training|publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120204200/http://www.mod.nic.in/rec%26training/|archive-date=20 November 2011|access-date=26 November 2011}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> Depending on entry criteria married or unmarried male candidates are allowed to voluntarily apply for the course.{{cn|date=July 2024}} Lady Cadets are not inducted into the Indian Army through IMA, though there has been talk of the same.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shishir|first1=Prashant|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ima-ready-to-welcome-women-110061300009_1.html|title=IMA ready to welcome women|date=21 January 2020|work=Business Standard|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dinakar|first1=Peri|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-verdict-on-women-in-armed-forces-a-blow-to-stereotypical-mindset-says-lawyer/article30845462.ece|title=SC verdict on permanent commission to women officers|date=17 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref> IMA has a sanctioned capacity of 1,650.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-proposal-to-disband-officers-training-academy-in-gaya-gets-defence-ministry-nod/332864/|title=Army proposal to disband Officers Training Academy in Gaya gets defence ministry nod|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2019-12-10|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19|quote="...the officer said, adding that the Uttarakhand academy has a capacity of 1,650."}}</ref>

A trainee on admission to IMA is referred to as a [[Gentleman Cadet|gentleman cadet]] (GC). One reason for this is that the academy expects its graduates to uphold the highest moral and ethical values. Inscribed in the oak paneling at the eastern entrance of the Chetwode Hall is the academy's credo, excerpted from the speech of Field Marshal Chetwode at the inauguration of the academy in 1932:<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/down-memory-lane-vignettes-of-the-indian-military-academy.html|title=Down Memory lane: Vignettes of the Indian Military Academy|last=Chopra|first=Jaskiran|date=8 June 2018|website=The Pioneer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804014749/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/down-memory-lane-vignettes-of-the-indian-military-academy.html|archive-date=4 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The safety, honour and welfare of your country come first, always and every time. The honour, welfare and comfort of the men you command come next. Your own ease, comfort and safety come last, always and every time.|sign=Field Marshal Philip Chetwode{{Efn|A shorter version of this is used as the academy's credo – "Your country first, the men you command next, and yourself last".{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=204}}|name=|group=}}|source=}}

The [[freshman]] GCs hail from diverse backgrounds from all parts of India.<ref name=":6" /> The training is action-filled, intense, diverse, and fast.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> Significant emphasis is placed on self discipline.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=204}} The official website of the [[Indian Army]] describes the training as "a test of one's mettle and capabilities, and in psychological terms a foretaste of what the trainees would face in the battlefield".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=TtuQ3PzQv2wASBz+BPBtaw==&ParentID=WTgDHvx4YrW3KYjvnZjMyg==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=Life of a GC|website=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200403055137/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=TtuQ3PzQv2wASBz+BPBtaw==&ParentID=WTgDHvx4YrW3KYjvnZjMyg==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|archive-date=2020-04-03|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref> On passing out GCs are permanently commissioned into the Army as Lieutenants.<ref>Recruiting Directorate Website (Jul 2020). [https://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/NotificationPDF/TGC_131.pdf Join Indian Army: 131st Technical Graduate Course (TGC-131)]. Retrieved on 20 March 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191102081641/https://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/NotificationPDF/TGC_131.pdf Archived] on 2 November 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pote|first=Amol Ramdas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsmNDwAAQBAJ&q=On+successful+completion+of+training+Gentlemen+Cadets+are+granted+Permanent+Commission+in+the+rank+of+Lieutenant&pg=PT36|title=Antim Pag: Life begins here!|date=2019-03-20|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64546-498-3|language=en|quote=On successful completion of training Gentlemen Cadets are granted Permanent Commission in the rank of Lieutenant.}}</ref>
[[File:Hockey Match held between IMA and AFA.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|IMA and [[Air Force Academy (India)|AFA]] during the Sabhiki Cup-2016, a sports meet for trainees of five premier officer training academies of the Army, Navy and Air force.]]{{Quote box
| quote = The IMA is not merely a training establishment where one was trained to be an officer, but a source of continuous inspiration for its alumni.
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| source = {{harv|Singh|2007|p=8}}
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===Organization===
IMA cadets are organized as a [[regiment]] with four training [[battalion]]s, of four [[company (military unit)|companies]] each. There were sixteen companies in 2013. Battalions are named after generals of the Indian Army (except for ''Siachen Battalion''), while companies are named after battles in which the Army has participated.<ref name=":3" />

*[[Kodandera M. Cariappa|Cariappa]] Battalion: [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]] Company, [[Battle of Nowshera|Naushera]] Company, [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] Company
*[[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|Thimayya]] Battalion: [[Second Battle of El Alamein|Alamein]] Company, [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Meiktila]] Company, [[Sangro]] Company
*[[Sam Manekshaw|Manekshaw]] Battalion: [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]] Company, [[Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948)|Zojila]] Company, [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] Company
*[[Premindra Singh Bhagat|Bhagat]] Battalion: [[Battle of Sinhagad|Sinhgarh]] Company, [[Battle of Keren|Keren]] Company, [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Cassino]] Company
*[[Siachen]] Battalion: Erstwhile [[Army Cadet College]]

===Training===
Technical graduates, ex-NDA, ex-ACC and university entry cadets undergo training at IMA for one year. Direct entry cadets train for one and a half years.<ref name=training>{{cite web|title=IMA Training|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/IMAtraining120516.pdf|website=Indian Army|access-date=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006113619/https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/IMAtraining120516.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A gentleman cadet gets a stipend of {{INRConvert|56100||lk=|year=2020}} per month for the duration of the course (as per the 7th [[Pay Commission|pay commission]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2013/08/pay-and-allowances-of-gentleman-cadet.html|title=Pay And Allowances Of Gentleman Cadet At IMA, Dehradun|date=2013-08-11|website=SSBCrack|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806014131/https://www.ssbcrack.com/2013/08/pay-and-allowances-of-gentleman-cadet.html|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

IMA's mission is to train future military leaders of the Indian Army. Physical training, drills, weapons training and leadership development form the focus of the training.<ref name=training/> Character building is embedded in the honour code of IMA "I shall not lie, steal or cheat, nor tolerate those who do so".<ref name="training" /> From the honour code came the adoption of "The Gentleman Cadet's Resolve" and in turn the Credo, Honour Code and Resolve became the academy [[Trishula|Trishul]] for conduct of cadets.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=209, 211}} The "Warrior Code" of IMA which has been adopted from the "[[Bhagwat Gita]]", the punch line of it being "I am a Warrior, fighting is my [[dharma]];" also talks of compassion.<ref name="training" /><ref name=":16" />

Training is broadly categorised into character building, service subjects and academic subjects. Service subjects give basic military knowledge up to the standard required for an infantry [[platoon]] commander.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=154}} Academic subjects provide the cadet with a general education so as to enable a basic knowledge in professional subjects as well as enable cadets to clearly express themselves both verbally and in writing.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=154}} In the early 1970s the service subjects to academic subjects ratio was 16:9 (64% service to 36% academic); this ratio was enhanced for technical graduates to a ratio of 83% service subjects and 27% academic subjects.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=155}} Over time this ratio varied as per regular course entry or technical entry, and changed as terms were increased or decreased.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=160}}[[File:Physical endurance training for GCs.jpg|thumb|Physical endurance training for GCs]]
Weapon training includes the [[Close quarters combat|close quarter battle]] range, the location of miss and hit target system,{{Efn|The location of miss and hit system provides real time feedback to a shooter of the precise location of the round as it passes through/by the target. It can be integrated into a standard army range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Location of Miss and Hit (LOMAH) RTLP-MCX Range Design Guide |url=https://www.hnc.usace.army.mil/Portals/65/docs/Directorates/ISPM/RTLP/PDFs/Appendices/LOMAH%20June2015.pdf?ver=2018-04-24-093116-533 |website=U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center |publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521182748/https://www.hnc.usace.army.mil/Portals/65/docs/Directorates/ISPM/RTLP/PDFs/Appendices/LOMAH%20June2015.pdf?ver=2018-04-24-093116-533 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|name=|group=}} jungle lane shooting{{Efn|A jungle lane is a trail in a forested area with targets hung at different places. Targets are to be engaged by one or more members of the team, even if that member isn't the closest to the target. Another version of this is the "shoot house" which takes place inside a building. Sometimes jungle lane and shoot houses are combined.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Terry |first1=Joseph |title=Prepared and Armed: Team Shooting Tactics for Home Defense |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin |location=Part 4 (Practicing Advanced Firearms Techniques) |isbn=9781440335921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpjDwAAQBAJ&q=jungle+lane+shooting&pg=PT47 |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>|name=|group=}} and the team battle shooting range.<ref name=training/> The curriculum is reviewed from time to time and adapted to whatever the current situation the country is in. Cadets are also put in roles where they need to think like the enemy such as in ''Exercise [[Chindits|Chindit]]'' where some GCs are asked to act as terrorists while others have to capture them.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=204-205}} They are trained in various forms of warfare, including conventional war, proxy war, low intensity conflict, and counter-insurgency.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=208}} An integral part of the training are the ''ustads'' or instructors numbering about 200. The ''ustads'' are responsible for aspects of training including drills, weapons training and field craft.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 June 2016|title=Wah ustad! A look at the unsung heroes of IMA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Wah-ustad-A-look-at-the-unsung-heroes-of-IMA/articleshow/52724796.cms|access-date=2020-12-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Games and sports include cross country, hockey, basketball, polo, athletics, football, aquatics, volleyball and boxing. There is also an annual sports meet with other military academies in India. Adventure activities undertaken at the academy include trekking, cycling, and rock climbing.<ref name=training/> In 1997 a cadet died during a boxing session.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayanan|first=K.S.|date=6 October 1997|title=Death In The Ring|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/death-in-the-ring/204351|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Outlook India}}</ref> In 2007 a cadet died in a grenade blast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chopra|first=Jaskiran|date=10 March 2007|title=IMA cadet killed after grenade blows up in training|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IMA-cadet-killed-after-grenade-blows-up-in-training/articleshow/1743874.cms|access-date=2020-12-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2009 a cadet died by drowning.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2009|title=IMA cadet's body sent home in 'rotting' state|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/ima-cadets-body-sent-home-in-rotting-state-53987-2009-08-10|access-date=2020-12-13|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Between 2017 and 2019, three cadets died during training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/why-ima-cadets-are-dying-during-training/articleshow/69331473.cms|title=Why IMA cadets are dying during training?|last=Kumar|first=Yogesh|date=15 May 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> Two cadets died of exhaustion during a 10 km run,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/routine-run-kills-second-ima-cadet-in-2-days-5-in-hospital/articleshow/60166905.cms|title=Indian Military Academy: 'Routine run' kills second IMA cadet in 2 days; 5 in hospital|last=Budhwar|first=Yeshika|date=22 August 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/two-ima-cadets-died-despite-best-treatment-army/articleshow/60161936.cms|title=Two IMA cadets died despite best treatment: Army|date=2018-07-11|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-30|agency=PTI}}</ref> while a third died after slipping into a [[gorge]] during a night navigation exercise.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ima-cadet-dies-during-navigation-exercise/articleshow/69218158.cms|title=IMA cadet dies during navigation exercise|date=2019-05-07|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-30|agency=ANI|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709193812/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ima-cadet-dies-during-navigation-exercise/articleshow/69218158.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> The academy requires that cadets get insurance against death and disability during training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/court-of-inquiry-ordered-into-death-of-2-cadets-at-indian-military-academy-1741301|title=Court Of Inquiry Ordered Into Death Of 2 Cadets At Indian Military Academy|last=Tikku|first=Aloke|date=24 August 2017|website=NDTV|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811213823/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/court-of-inquiry-ordered-into-death-of-2-cadets-at-indian-military-academy-1741301|archive-date=11 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=170126|title=Demise of Gentleman Cadets at Indian Military Academy|last=Tuli|first=Manoj|date=21 August 2017|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>

=== Passing out parade ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = IMA passing out parade 2006 1.jpg
| image2 = IMA passing out parade 2006 2.jpg
| footer = Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam at the Passing Out Parade of 119 Regular and Allied Course
}}
One of the most well known traditions in the IMA is the [[passing out parade]] (POP). Before the cadets begin the POP, the band plays an ''[[aarti]],'' allowing the cadets to pray to their respective gods.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ima-pop-a-few-beliefs-and-traditions/articleshow/69695247.cms|title=IMA POP: A few beliefs and traditions|last=Jha|first=Prashant|date=8 June 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830140854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ima-pop-a-few-beliefs-and-traditions/articleshow/69695247.cms|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Traditionally, the [[adjutant]] leads the parade.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, the reviewing officer for the 136th parade was Lt. Gen. [[Cherish Mathson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/lt-gen-cherish-mathson-to-be-reviewing-officer-of-pop/articleshow/69587779.cms|title=Lt Gen Cherish Mathson to be reviewing officer of POP|last=Jha|first=Prashant|date=31 May 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831194828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/lt-gen-cherish-mathson-to-be-reviewing-officer-of-pop/articleshow/69587779.cms|archive-date=31 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> IMA has adopted a song penned by [[Javed Akhtar]] for its POPs — ''Bharat mata teri kasam, tere rakshak rahenge hum (''{{Translation|Mother India, I swear on you. I will be your protector|literal=}}).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kazmi|first=S M A|date=2 October 2007|title=IMA adopts Javed Akhtar's song for passing out parade|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ima-adopts-javed-akhtar-s-song-for-passing-out-parade/223366/|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Indian Express Archive}}</ref>

During the POP, a civilian dignitary may also make a speech, as was the case during the passing out parade in 1962 when the President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. Sarvepalli. Radhakrishnan]] addressed the cadets,{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=157}} and in 2007 when the Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] did so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/speech-details.php?nodeid=605|title=PM's address at the Indian Military Academy Passing Out Prade : Speeches : Prime Minister of India – Dr. Manmohan Singh|date=10 December 2007|website=Prime Minister's Office Archive|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> In 1982, during the golden jubilee, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] inspected the POP while in 1992, the President [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]] reviewed the diamond jubilee POP (winter term).{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=164, 168}} In 2006, President [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] was the reviewing officer at the POP.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=39}}

The finale is the ''antim pag'' (final step), where cadets take the last step into [[Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode|Chetwode]] Hall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/indian-military-academy-hosts-colourful-passing-parade-1502542318.html|title=UP tops list as 487 officers graduate from Indian Military Academy|date=2017-12-09|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811020859/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/indian-military-academy-hosts-colourful-passing-parade-1502542318.html|archive-date=11 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> However the POP on 11 June 1961 was called off without the final step due to weather, the only instance where this has happened for a passing out batch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/10966/Down-Memory-Lane-A-Parade-to-Savour|title=Down Memory Lane: A Parade to Savour|last=Oberoi|first=Vijay|date=12 June 2017|website=The Citizen|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153716/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/10966/Down-Memory-Lane-A-Parade-to-Savour|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tradition of ''cap-flinging'' during the passing out parade has a long past but it was replaced by the cadets doing celebratory pushups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101212/dplus.htm#3|title=No caps tossed this time|date=11 December 2010|website=The Tribune, Chandigarh|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615174300/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101212/dplus.htm#3|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IMAs-cap-flinging-tradition-bites-dust/articleshow/17540053.cms|title=IMA's cap-flinging tradition bites dust|last=Basu|first=Indranil|date=9 December 2012|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830140856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IMAs-cap-flinging-tradition-bites-dust/articleshow/17540053.cms|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The passing out also consists of traditions such as presentation of a "Sword of Honour" to the best GC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Odisha-boy-gets-Sword-of-Honour/articleshow/55915367.cms|title=Sword of Honour: Odisha boy gets Sword of Honour|last=Budhwar|first=Yeshika|date=11 December 2016|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826193032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Odisha-boy-gets-Sword-of-Honour/articleshow/55915367.cms|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable recipients of the Sword of Honour include the first Chief of Defence Staff [[Bipin Rawat]] (in 1978) and the Olympian and union minister Col. [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]] (in 1990).<ref name=":14">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052813/https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/images/ima_images/Sword-of-Honour.pdf List of Sword of Honour Recipients]''. Indian Army. Archived from the [https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/images/ima_images/Sword-of-Honour.pdf original] on 9 October 2018. Retrieved on 17 October 2019.</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/people/lok-sabha-elections-2019-after-successful-debut-mp-rajyavardhan-rathore-seeks-second-innings/story-ToFhXxRyAbaP37nLa9PxnJ.html|title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: After successful debut, MP Rajyavardhan Rathore seeks second innings|date=2019-04-04|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920153146/https://www.hindustantimes.com/people/lok-sabha-elections-2019-after-successful-debut-mp-rajyavardhan-rathore-seeks-second-innings/story-ToFhXxRyAbaP37nLa9PxnJ.html|archive-date=20 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Notable gallantry awardees==
<gallery class="center" caption="Notable people">
File:Major Somnath Sharma.jpg|[[Somnath Sharma]]
File:Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria.jpg|[[Gurbachan Singh Salaria]]
File:Major Hoshiar Singh.jpg|[[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya]]
File:Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|[[Arun Khetarpal]]
File:Manoj Kumar Pandey.jpg|[[Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
File:Captain Vikram Batra Portrait.jpg|[[Vikram Batra]]
File:Arun Singh Jasrotia.jpg|[[Arun Singh Jasrotia]]
File:Sudhir Kumar Walia.jpg|[[Sudhir Kumar Walia]]
File:Triveni Singh.jpg|[[Triveni Singh]]
File:Maj. Mohit Sharma (1 Para SF).jpg|[[Mohit Sharma (soldier)|Mohit Sharma]]
</gallery>

=== Param Vir Chakra awardees ===

* [[Somnath Sharma|Maj Somnath Sharma]]
* [[Gurbachan Singh Salaria|Capt Gurbachan Singh Salaria]]
* [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya|Col Hoshiar Singh Dahiya]]
* [[Arun Khetarpal|2/Lt Arun Khetarpal]]
* [[Manoj Kumar Pandey|Capt Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
* [[Vikram Batra|Capt. Vikram Batra]]

=== Ashok Chakra awardees ===

* [[Pollur Mutthuswamy Raman|2/Lt Pollur Mutthuswamy Raman]]
* [[Ummed Singh Mahra|Capt Ummed Singh Mahra]]
* [[Ram Prakash Roperia|Lt Ram Prakash Roperia]]
* [[Bhukant Mishra|Maj Bhukant Mishra]]
* [[Rakesh Singh Malhan|2/Lt Rakesh Singh Malhan]]
* [[Neelakantan Jayachandran Nair|Col Neelakantan Jayachandran Nair KC]]
* [[Sandeep Sankhla|Capt Sandeep Sankhla]]
* [[Rajiv Kumar Joon|Maj Rajiv Kumar Joon SC]]
* [[Arun Singh Jasrotia|Capt Arun Singh Jasrotia, SM]]
* [[Puneet Nath Datt|2/Lt Puneet Nath Datt]]
* [[Shanti Swaroop Rana|Lt Col Shanti Swaroop Rana]]
* [[Sudhir Kumar Walia|Maj Sudhir Kumar Walia SM**]]
* [[Triveni Singh|Lt Triveni Singh]]
* [[Harshan R Nair|Capt Harshan R Nair]]
* [[Vasanth Venugopal|Col Vasanth Venugopal]]
* [[Dinesh Raghu Raman|Maj Dinesh Raghu Raman]]
* [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan|Maj Sandeep Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Mohit Sharma (soldier)|Maj Mohit Sharma SM]]

== Sports achivements ==

* [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore|Col Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore AVSM]] - Won a Silver medal at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Balbir Singh Kullar|Col Balbir Singh Kullar]] - Captain of the Indian hockey team in the 1971 Hockey Worldcup
* [[Mohammed Amin Naik|Maj Gen Mohammed Amin Naik]] - [[Arjuna Award]] in [[Rowing]]
* [[D. P. Singh (runner)|Maj DP Singh]] - India's first Blade Runner

== Alumni from British Indian Army assigned to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan Armies ==
*[[Air Marshal Asghar Khan]] – 1st native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force]]<ref>{{cite book|title=My Political Struggle|year=2008|first=Asghar|last=Khan|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=3}}</ref>
* [[Khwaja Wasiuddin|Lt Gen Khwaja Wasiuddin]] – [[Pakistan Army]] [[Bangladesh Army|& Bangladesh Army]], [[Nawab of Dhaka|also the Member of Nawab of Dhaka Family]]<ref name="Bpd">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Wasiuddin, Lt General Khwaja |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Wasiuddin,_Lt_General_Khwaja |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>
* [[Yahya Khan|Gen Yahya Khan]] – [[Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]] [[President of Pakistan|& President of Pakistan]]<ref name="storyofpakistan.com">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2013 |title=General Yahya Khan | Former Army Chief of Pakistan enforcing Martial Law in 1969 |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/yahya-khan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708140046/https://storyofpakistan.com/yahya-khan |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=2 October 2019 |website=Story of Pakistan}}</ref>
* [[Tikka Khan|Gen Tikka Khan]] – [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army]]
* [[Gul Hassan Khan|Gen Gul Hassan Khan]] – [[Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482814767|pages=488–489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTlcAgAAQBAJ&q=gul+hassan+khan+born&pg=PA488|language=en|date=12 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] – [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[President of Pakistan|& President of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/muhammad-zia-ul-haq-chaudhry-din |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Lt Gen Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] – [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]] [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|& later Foreign Minister]]<ref name="Express Tribune, Bangash editorial">{{cite news |last1=Bangash |first1=Yaqood Khan |date=27 January 2016 |title=Pakistan's prince soldier, diplomat, statesman |work=Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1035216/pakistans-prince-soldier-diplomat-statesman/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601001628/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1035216/pakistans-prince-soldier-diplomat-statesman/ |archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
* [[Aslam Khan (Pakistani brigadier)|Brig Aslam Khan]] – [[Kennedy Peak (Myanmar)|Captured Kennedy Peak (Myanmar)]] [[World War II|in World War II]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ&q=%22aslam%22|title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background|year=1990|first= K. Brahma|last=Singh|publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 }}</ref> [[CENTO|& served in CENTO]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gELAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Aslam%20Khan%22|title=Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain|volume=16|year=1959|publisher=G.P. Maisonneuve }}</ref>
* [[General Musa Khan]] – [[Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]]{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=225|loc=Appendix C, "A" Cadets}}
* [[Habibullah Khan Khattak|Lt Gen Habibullah Khan Khattak]] – [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)]]{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=224|loc=Appendix C, "O" Cadets}}
* [[Raja Muhammad Sarwar|Capt Raja Muhammad Sarwar]] – [[Nishan-i-Haider]]<ref name="PakistanToday">[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/27/capt-sarwar-shaheed-pakistans-first-ever-nishan-e-haider-recipient-remembered/ Captain Sarwar Shaheed, Pakistan's first ever Nishan-e-Haider award recipient remembered] Pakistan Today (newspaper), Published 27 July 2016, Retrieved 4 November 2018</ref>
* [[Tufail Mohammad|Maj Tufail Mohammad]] – [[Nishan-i-Haider]]<ref name="Globe, Mahmood, 2000">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVtnAAAAMAAJ&q=+Hoshiarpur |title=Globe: Major Tufail Mohammad |date=2000 |publisher=A. Mahmood |language=en |accessdate=6 March 2019}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Anwar Khan|Maj Gen Muhammad Anwar Khan]] – [[Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|Engineer In Chief]]<ref>April 1940 Indian Army List</ref>
* [[Smith Dun|Brig Smith Dun]] – [[Chief of the Army Staff]] [[Myanmar Army]]<ref name=":10" />

===International alumni===
Some of IMA's International alumni include:
* [[Ibrahim Ismail (general)|Gen Ibrahim Ismail]] – [[Chief of staff|Chief of Staff]] [[Malaysian Armed Forces]]<ref name="telg">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special-forces-obituaries/8284728/Tun-Ibrahim-Ismail.html|title=Tun Ibrahim Ismail|last=|date=26 January 2011|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=20 April 2013|location=London|issn=0307-1235|oclc=49632006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814043915/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special-forces-obituaries/8284728/Tun-Ibrahim-Ismail.html|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ibrahim Babangida|Gen Ibrahim Babangida]] – [[Military President of Nigeria]]<ref name="Agbese">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_YwDwAAQBAJ|title=Ibrahim Babangida|last1=Agbese|first1=Dan|date=2012|publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd|isbn=9781912234349|pages=47–48}}</ref>
* [[Tunku Ismail Idris|Maj Gen Tunku Ismail Sultan Ibrahim]] – [[2022 Johor state election|Crown Prince of Johor state]], [[Malaysia]]<ref name="bernama_rajamuda">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930192158/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=190803 Johor Ruler's Grandson Appointed Raja Muda]. [[Bernama]]. 8 April 2006.</ref>
*[[Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai]] – [[Taliban|Afghan Taliban Politician]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Rajesh |title='IMA Talib' a key figure in Doha talks with US |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/ima-talib-a-key-figure-in-doha-talks-with-us/story-wLHOiZIXya8jEjnyAvgJpJ.html |access-date=25 October 2019 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Swami |first1=Praveen |title=Ashraf Ghani slams Pakistan for waging 'undeclared war' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/asia/ashraf-ghani-slams-pakistan-for-waging-undeclared-war/ |access-date=25 October 2019 |agency=The Indian Express |date=2 June 2015}}</ref>
*[[Sallehuddin of Kedah|Sultan Sallehuddin]] — [[Kedah|Sultan of Kedah State]], [[Malaysia]]
==In popular culture==
[[File:IMA Postage Stamp.jpg|thumb|A commemorative [[golden jubilee]] postal stamp of the Indian Military Academy. Visible is the Chetwode Building, built in 1930 and designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]].<ref name=":9" />|alt=|upright=1.0]]
The 2004 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' is partly shot in IMA as well as the Tamil film ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''.<ref name=":5" /> In 2015 Tanushree Podder penned a novel called ''On The Double: Drills, Drama, and Dare-Devilry at the Indian Military Academy'', a fictional portrayal of a gentleman cadet's life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/when-the-bugle-calls-on-tanushree-podderson-the-double/article7883818.ece|title=When the bugle calls|last=Alexander|first=Deepa|date=2015-11-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''Making of a Warrior'', a documentary by Dipti Bhalla and Kunal Verma, provides an inside look at IMA's culture, traditions and training regime.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Official Indian Military Academy Documentary |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/06/watch-official-indian-military-academy-documentary.html |website=SSB Crack |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022110930/https://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/06/watch-official-indian-military-academy-documentary.html |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Making of a Warrior – IMA, Dehradun (Dipti Bhalla & Shiv Kunal Verma) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvtnjbWyRSU |website=YouTube | date=23 September 2016 |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510012953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvtnjbWyRSU |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The 2023 Indian [[biopic film]] [[Sam Bahadur]] also featured IMA.

==See also==

*[[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy, Dundigal Hyderabad]]
*[[Indian Naval Academy|Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala]]
*[[Indian National Defence University]]
*[[Military academies in India]]
*[[Officers Training Academy|Officers Training Academy, Chennai]]
*[[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College, New Delhi]]
*[[Sainik School]]

{{clear}}

==Notes and references==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

=== References ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13zeKysRC2AC|title=History of the Indian Military Academy|last=Singh|first=Brigadier M. P.|publisher=Unistar Books|year=2007|isbn=9788189899561|location=Ludhiana}}
*{{citation|first1=Vijay Kumar|last1=Singh|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|author-link = V. K. Singh|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&q=9780761933229&pg=PA193|isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHAWlzQdxxcC&q=indian+military+academy&pg=PA135|title=Nationalisation of the Indian Army, 1885–1947|last=Sharma|first=Gautam|publisher=Allied Publishers Limited|year=1996|isbn=8170235553|location=New Delhi}}
*{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoG0yYBlvf8C&q=indian+military+academy&pg=PA9|title=A Soldier's Life in War and Peace|last=Naravane|first=Maj Gen. A. S.|publisher=A. P. H. Publishing Corporation|year=2004|isbn=8176484377|location=New Delhi|chapter=Chapter 3 – Life at the Indian Military Academy}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3WYZAAAAIAAJ |title = Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy |last = Sinha |first = B. P. N. |publisher = Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |year = 1992 |isbn = 9788120406780 |location =University of California }}
* {{cite book |title = Service Before Self: A Tribute to the Indian Military Academy |last = Wright |first = Charles |publisher = Raby Books|year = 2002 |isbn = 9781844100064 }}
* {{cite book |title = Myths and Realities of Security & Public Affairs |last = Singh |first = Arvindar |publisher = Ocean Book Pvt. Ltd.|year = 2011 |isbn = 9788184301120 |location = New Delhi |pages = 26–31 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Dutta|first=Vipul|title=Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia|publisher=Routledge India|year=2017|isbn=9781315099910|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Kaushik|pages=Chapter 10|chapter=War and Indian military institutions: The emergence of the Indian Military Academy|editor-last2=Rand|editor-first2=Gavin|doi=10.4324/9781315099910}}
{{commons category|Indian Military Academy}}
{{Dehradun}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Military Academy}}
[[Category:Military academies]]
[[Category:Military education and training in India]]
[[Category:Military academies of India]]
[[Category:Education in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1932]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy| ]]

NATRAX

2026-03-29T07:08:52Z

Dia:

{{Short description|Indian Automotive Testing Tracks}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''NATRAX''' (National Automotive Testing Tracks), [[Pithampur]], [[Dhar district, India|Dhar District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], is Asia's longest high-speed state-of-the-art test tracks in India<ref>{{Citation |title=Supercars at NATRAX - Squad goals ft. Throttle 97! {{!}} Feature {{!}} Autocar India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQrLKZs9Wkc |access-date=2024-01-02 |language=en}}</ref> for automotive testing and certification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Volkswagen ID 3 rivalling Tesla hatchback due in 2023 |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/volkswagen-id-3-rivalling-tesla-hatchback-due-in-2023-421249 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> It is the fifth largest track in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Asia's longest high-speed test track inaugurated in Pithampur: All about 11.3 km NATRAX facility |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/industry/asias-longest-high-speed-test-track-inaugurated-in-pithampur-all-about-11-3-km-natrax-facility-vehicle-testing-homologation/2280639/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The 11.3-km high-speed track<ref name=":0" /> is built under [[NATRiP]] (National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project), a project of the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]], [[Government of India]], has an area of approximately 3000 acres and the track is developed in an area of about 1000 acres at a cost or Rs.1321 crores. The Automotive Mission Plan (2016–26) is a vision document by Government of India that was planned for the development of the industry in pursuit of economic growth and the track was part of it. It is located near the industrial township of [[Pithampur]], in [[Dhar district, India|Dhar district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is 50 km from the [[Indore]], and is on the NH-52 by-pass road which connects Indore to [[Mumbai]].

== Track ==
It has two semi-circular curves that can test vehicles at a maximum neutral speed of 250 km per hour. The track can offer maximum speeds of 375 kmph on the curves with steering control.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia's longest high-speed test track, NATRAX, inaugurated at Indore |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2021/06/29/asias-longest-high-speed-test-track-natrax-inaugurated-at-indore.html |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> A lot of different tests, including measurement of maximum speed, acceleration, coast down, brake fade, constant speed fuel consumption, emission tests through real-road driving simulation, can be conducted at this track. It is also a Centre of Excellence (CoE) for vehicle dynamics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-30 |title=Asia's longest high speed test track opens in Pithampur |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/asias-longest-high-speed-test-track-opens-in-pithampur/articleshow/83977680.cms |access-date=2023-12-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises [[Prakash Javadekar]] inaugurated the track on 29 June 2021. Dr. N. Karuppaiah is the centre head for the track.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore's Pithampur gets Asia's longest and the world's fifth high speed test track - Need for Speed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indores-pithampur-gets-asias-longest-and-the-worlds-fifth-high-speed-test-track/need-for-speed/slideshow/83983342.cms |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia's longest high-speed test track NATRAX is now in India: 5 things you need to know |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/business/asia-s-longest-high-speed-test-track-natrax-is-now-in-india-5-things-you-need-to-know-2372796 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-03 |title=Asia's longest high-speed track Natrax unveiled: Things to know |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/asias-longest-high-speed-track-natrax-unveiled-things-to-know/articleshow/84090985.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The track is also suitable for motorsports events but is yet to be homologated by the motorsports federations [[FIA]] or FIM.<ref name=":0" /> It is yet to get NABL accreditation to be able to issue homologation certificates to OEMs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr N Karuppaiah: 'We are betting big on demand for the high-speed track at NATRAX.' |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/interview/dr-n-karuppaiah%c2%a0we-are-betting-big-on-demand-for-the-highspeed-track-at-natrax-79961 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
'''Test tracks: High-speed track -''' The high-speed 11.3-km four-lane track is used to develop and homologate all kinds of vehicles. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) can conduct all kinds of tests at one place.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Multi Friction Braking Track |url=https://www.natrax.in/braking-track/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=National Automotive Test Tracks |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Dynamic platform:''' The vehicle dynamic platform is the 300-metre steering pad and is connected to 1500-metre long-vehicle dynamic test area.<ref name=":1" />

'''Multi-friction braking track:''' With a mu range from 0.15 to 0.9, the Braking Track can conduct braking tests on various surfaces like basalt, ceramic, high-friction asphalt and polish concrete for homologation.<ref name=":1" />

NATRAX also has a gradient track, fatigue track, gravel and off-road track, handling track, comfort track, sustainability track and other facilities like noise track and wet-skid pad.<ref name=":1" />

== Events ==
In May 2022, an auto show was held at NATRAX. About 80 super cars and 60 super bikes from Indore, [[Bhopal]] and Delhi took part in different races at the show. The three-day show attracted about 1200 visitors, including students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-01|title=Engines roar on NATRAX|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/engines-roar-on-natrax/articleshow/91222854.cms|access-date=2024-01-02|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In January 2026, the fifth and penultimate round of the Blueband Sports [[Indian National Rally Championship|Indian National Rally Championship 2025]] was held on the custom-made dirt tracks in the vast open spaces near the testing tracks. Dean Mascarenhas of Mangaluru and co-driver Gagan Karumbaiah of Kodagu clinched the INRC Overall championship with a round to spare on 1 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aditya, Virender win Highlands Rally; Dean, Gagan clinch maiden INRC title|url=https://www.news18.com/agency-feeds/aditya-virender-win-highlands-rally-dean-gagan-clinch-maiden-inrc-title-9871798.html|work=News18|access-date=2026-02-02|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260201083831/https://www.news18.com/agency-feeds/aditya-virender-win-highlands-rally-dean-gagan-clinch-maiden-inrc-title-9871798.html|archive-date=2026-02-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.natrax.in/ NATRAX]

[[Category:Road transport]]
[[Category:Vehicle technology]]
[[Category:Road test tracks]]
[[Category:Vehicle industry]]
[[Category:Automotive industry]]
[[Category:Research and development in India]]
[[Category:Automotive industry in India]]

2025 Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council election

2026-03-25T11:19:52Z

Dia: place

{{Short description|Municipal election in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| turnout =
| previous_election = 2019 Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council election
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election =
| next_year =
| election_date = 21 February 2025
| seats_for_election =29 out of 30 seats in the [[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]]
| majority_seats = 15

| image1 = [[File:Winnower Symbol.png|50px]]
| party1 = Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)
| seats1 = 17
| last_election1 = 0
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}17
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| image2 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Drums.png|50px]]
| party2 = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
| seats2 = 5
| last_election2 = 6
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}1
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image3 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Book.svg|50px]]
| party3 = National People's Party (India)
| seats3 = 4
| last_election3 = 7
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}}3
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =

| image4 =
| party4 = Independents
| seats4 = 2
| last_election4 = 0
| seat_change4 = {{increase}}2
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 =
| swing4 =

| image5 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]]
| party5 = Hill State People's Democratic Party
| seats5 = 1
| last_election5 = 3
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}}2
| popular_vote5 =
| percentage5 =
| swing5 =

| image6 = [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| party6 = Indian National Congress
| seats6 = 0
| last_election6 = 10
| seat_change6 = {{decrease}}10
| popular_vote6 =
| percentage6 =
| swing6 =

| title = Chief executive member
| posttitle = Chief executive member
| before_election = Teinwell Dkhar
| before_party = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
| after_election = Strong Pillar Kharjana
| after_party =Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)
}}

Elections to the '''[[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]] (KHADC)''' were held on 21 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2024-12-19 |title=KHADC and JHADC elections scheduled for February 21, 2025 |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/khadc-and-jhadc-elections-scheduled-for-february-21-2025-1561631 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> Of the 30 seats, 29 seats were open for election and one remaining seat is nominated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=Strong Pillar Kharjana of VPP elected as KHADC Chairman - The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/02/28/strong-pillar-kharjana-of-vpp-elected-as-khadc-chairman/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=theshillongtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|VPP]] won majority by winning 17 seats.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Meghalaya district council polls: Ruling NPP unseated in Khasi hills but is single largest party in Jaintia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vpp-wins-khadc-polls-unseats-npp-meghalaya-9854253/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
About 158 candidates including 12 women participated in the election. The voter turnout was 76.77%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2025-02-24 |title=KHADC, JHADC poll result today, fate of 272 candidates in fray to be decided |url=https://hubnetwork.in/khadc-jhadc-poll-result-today-fate-of-272-candidates-in-fray-to-be-decided/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref> The highest voter turnout was recorded at Sohiong constituency (86.06%) and the lowest at Jirang (51.46%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24 |title=Meghalaya: Vote counting underway for autonomous district council elections |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-vote-counting-underway-for-autonomous-district-council-elections-1174808-2025-02-24 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

==Results==
The VPP won majority seats. The state ruling party [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] won 4 seats. The [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]] won five seats, [[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]] won one seat, and two Independents won. The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party which earlier formed majority has drawn a blank.<ref name=":1" />

[[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|VPP]] members Strong Pillar Kharjana and Winston Lyngdoh were elected unopposed as the new chairman and Chief Executive Member of the council respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=Winston Lyngdoh elected KHADC CEM unopposed |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/10/01/winston-lyngdoh-elected-khadc-cem-unopposed/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Meghalaya elections}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India]]
[[Category:Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council elections]]

No Toilet, No Bride

2026-03-21T19:15:47Z

Dia: adding - done

{{Short description|Public health campaign in Haryana, India}}
[[File:No Toilet No Bride results.webp|thumb|Change in latrine ownership among marriage-age men in Haryana was substantially greater in areas with fewer marriage-aged women]]
'''No Toilet, No Bride''' is a public health campaign launched in 2005 by the state authorities in [[Haryana]], India. The initiative encouraged young women to refuse to marry men unless their homes had [[latrine]]s. The campaign sought to combat fecal pollution and disease caused by [[open defecation]], which was practiced by roughly 70% of rural households in Haryana at the time of the campaign's launch. It also aimed to combat harassment and staring from men directed at women while defecating, urinating, and attending to menstrual hygiene in the open.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hanemann |first=W. Michael |title=Global problems, smart solutions: costs and benefits |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03959-9 |editor-last=Lomborg |editor-first=Bjørn |location=Cambridge |chapter=Water and Sanitation: Alternative perspective 10.1}}</ref> As a result of the harassment, women defecated openly only at night, thus leading to "numerous cases of [[sexual assault]]" in rural Haryana communities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=A |first=Divya |date=2009-03-22 |title=It's no toilet, no bride in Haryana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/its-no-toilet-no-bride-in-haryana/articleshow/4298352.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah Singh |first=Harmeet |date=28 October 2009 |title=In India's villages: No toilet, no bride - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/28/intl.india.toilet.bride/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029064006/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/28/intl.india.toilet.bride/index.html |archive-date=2009-10-29 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

Given that private latrines were particularly valued by women, the campaigners took advantage of [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|marriage arrangement]] as a moment of singular social power for women in Haryana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Stopnitzky |first=Yaniv |date=2012 |title=The Bargaining Power of Missing Women: Evidence from a Sanitation Campaign in India |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2031273 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2031273 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> State authorities placed billboards, posters, and radio advertisements promoting slogans such as "No Toilet, No Bride" and "No Loo, No 'I Do{{Single+double}} to encourage women and their families to demand the construction of a latrine at the [[Patrilocal residence|patrilocal home]] as a precondition for marriage.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Stopnitzky |first=Yaniv |date=2017-07-01 |title=No toilet no bride? Intrahousehold bargaining in male-skewed marriage markets in India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387817300342 |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=127 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.04.003 |issn=0304-3878|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Village walls were also painted with the phrase "I won't allow my daughter to marry into a home without toilets" in [[Hindi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wax |first=Emily |date=2009-10-12 |title=In India, More Women Demand Toilets Before Marriage |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/11/AR2009101101934.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

In 2011, ''[[The Deccan Herald]]'' reported that bridal families in [[Delhi]] had begun asking whether the groom's family has a latrine before proceeding with negotiations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2011 |title=Toilets for women can change their lives and of the country |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/146673/toilets-women-can-change-their.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> A 2012 study found that the campaign led to a 15% increase in male investment in sanitation in Haryana, with a much larger effect in marriage markets with more men than women (26%) compared to areas with more women than men (6%).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A 2017 study by the same researcher found that the No Toilet, No Bride initiative led to a 21% increase in private bathrooms in Haryana households "with boys active on the marriage market", while households without such boys saw no significant effect.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-22 |title=Anjali Adukia's research on India school restrooms {{!}} Ed Magazine |url=https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/ed-magazine/18/01/why-toilets-matter |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.gse.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> The campaign's results indicated that skewed local [[sex ratio]]s increase the bargaining power of women to demand goods and conditions on the marriage market.<ref name=":2" />

In 2013, the authorities in [[Sehore district]] made it mandatory for prospective grooms to submit photos of themselves posing with a functioning toilet in their homes in order to register for mass marriage events and receive certain benefits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverstein |first=Amy |last2=Overdorf |first2=Jason |date=2016-07-30 |title=India: Men pose with toilets to woo brides |url=https://api.theworld.org/stories/2016/07/30/india-men-pose-toilets-woo-brides |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Amarjeet |date=21 May 2013 |title=Pose with a toilet to get hitched in MP district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pose-with-a-toilet-to-get-hitched-in-MP-district/articleshow/20164829.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> In 2017 a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste]] community in Sheopur made certificates of functioning toilets mandatory for marriage,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Deshdeep |date=8 April 2017 |title=Mahors in MP embrace loos, shun dowry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mahors-in-mp-embrace-loos-shun-dowry/articleshow/58073533.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> and 1,200 mostly Muslim representatives from 110 villages across Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh "unanimously decided" not to marry their daughters to families that lacked toilets, thus requiring certificates confirming that grooms have a functioning toilet in their home in order for the marriage to be solemnized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhry |first=Chetna |date=12 February 2017 |title=No brides for no houses without toilets, say 110 villages from 3 states |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/no-brides-for-houses-without-toilets-110-villages-declare/articleshow/57089451.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Anisha |date=16 February 2017 |title=No Toilet, No Bride: Haryana Sarpanch's Pro-Women, Pro-Swachh India Message {{!}} Swachh Warriors |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/no-toilet-no-bride-haryana-sarpanchs-pro-women-pro-swachh-india-message-5088/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803173802/https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/no-toilet-no-bride-haryana-sarpanchs-pro-women-pro-swachh-india-message-5088/ |archive-date=2025-08-03 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=swachhindia.ndtv.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, Ghanaian politician [[Cecilia Dapaah]] proposed the adoption of the "No Toilet, No Bride" demand in Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed-Nurudeen |first=Mahmud |date=5 November 2017 |title='No Toilet, No Marriage' a key message at Mole WASH conference |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/no-toilet-no-marriage-a-key-message-at-mole-wash-conference/ |website=MyJoyOnline}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Take Poo to the Loo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=liBPxiphF0U|title=Changing the Culture of Toilets in India}}

[[Category:Public health in India]]
[[Category:Toilets]]
[[Category:Culture of Haryana]]

Krrish (character)

2026-03-17T06:46:54Z

Dia: small expanded citations for consistency additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Film character portrayed by Hritik Roshan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Krrish
| image = [[File:Krrish (character).jpg|250px]]
| alt =
| caption = [[Hrithik Roshan]] as Krrish in ''[[Krrish 3]]''
| first = ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006)
| last = ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013)
| creator = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| portrayer = [[Hrithik Roshan]] Mickey Dhamijani (young)
| full_name = Krishna Mehra
| species = Human (alien powered)
| gender = Male
| fighting_style = {{Plainlist|
* Hand to hand combat expert
* Peak human IQ
* Super strength
* Super speed
* Stamina
* Endurance
* Agility
* Telekinesis
* Photogenic memory
* Flight }}
| family = {{Plainlist|
* Priya Mehra (wife)
* Dr. Rohit Mehra (father)
* Nisha Mehra (mother)
* Sonia Mehra (grandmother)
}}
| religion = Hinduism
| nationality = Indian
}}
'''Krishna Mehra''', better known as '''Krrish''', is an Indian superhero appearing in the [[Krrish (franchise)|''Krrish'' film series]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Neelam Sidhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKckDQAAQBAJ&dq=krrish&pg=PT123|title=Bollywood and Postmodernism: Popular Indian Cinema in the 21st Century|date=2015-06-24|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0356-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Viswamohan|first1=Aysha Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfbHDwAAQBAJ&dq=krrish&pg=PA129|title=Stardom in Contemporary Hindi Cinema: Celebrity and Fame in Globalized Times|last2=Wilkinson|first2=Clare M.|date=2020-01-03|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-15-0191-3|language=en}}</ref> Created by [[Rakesh Roshan]] and portrayed by [[Hrithik Roshan]], the character was introduced in ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006) as the son of Dr. Rohit Mehra (also portrayed by Roshan) and Nisha Mehra (portrayed by [[Preity Zinta]]) from ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003).<ref name=":0" /> He later appeared in ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013), the third instalment in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrithik: I wanted to play the {{sic|Heroes|nolink=y}} in Krrish 3|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-hrithik-roshan/20120117.htm|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

==Concept and creation==
After the commercial success of ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003), the Roshans confirmed that a sequel was in development.<ref name="budget2">{{cite news |last=Chadha |first=Monica |date=21 June 2006 |title=South Asia | Bollywood launches its superhero |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5098600.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201510/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5098600.stm |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="announcement">{{cite web |title=This Week in Bollywood |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/25sd3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419202406/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/25sd3.htm |archive-date=19 April 2011 |access-date=11 August 2009 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Rekha]] were announced to return, while [[Priyanka Chopra]] replaced [[Preity Zinta]] as the female lead.<ref name="announcement" /> Chopra confirmed her casting and stated that “the story will start where ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' ended”.<ref name="announcement" /> [[Rakesh Roshan]] developed the sequel by shifting the focus to the son of the previous film’s protagonist, who would inherit his father’s special abilities.<ref name="budget2" /> In an interview with ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'', Roshan said that the idea for the film came to him after watching [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'']] [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|trilogy]] and realising that Jaadoo had already given powers to Hrithik Roshan’s character, Rohit Mehra, in ''Koi... Mil Gaya.'' He also stressed that Krrish was intended to have “his own identity” rather than being modelled on [[Superman]] or [[Spider-Man]]. Roshan further expressed hope that the film would be remembered as the first in the Hindi film industry to demonstrate that it was “no less than any Hollywood film”.<ref name="hw">{{cite web |date=12 June 2006 |title="We are no less than Hollywood" – Rediff.com movies |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/12rakesh.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416002132/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/12rakesh.htm |archive-date=16 April 2012 |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=In.rediff.com}}</ref> The character and film were shaped by a blend of Indian mythology, (such as Krishna's name alluding to the Hindu Lord [[Krishna]]),<ref name="BartonMcGregor2008">{{cite book |author1=Robert Barton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mf3up4CbuYC&pg=PA210 |title=Theatre in Your Life |author2=Annie McGregor |date=25 February 2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-534-64069-9 |pages=210– |access-date=29 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102082840/http://books.google.com/books?id=0mf3up4CbuYC&pg=PA210 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chinese martial arts, and Hollywood cinema, reflecting Roshan’s ambition to give the project a broader international scale.<ref name="Jess-Cooke2009">{{cite book |author=Carolyn Jess-Cooke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sw0mjBBbybUC&pg=PA119 |title=Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood |date=15 February 2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-2603-8 |page=119 |access-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102082751/http://books.google.com/books?id=Sw0mjBBbybUC&pg=PA119 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Fictional character biography==
===''Krrish'' (2006)===
Krishna Mehra is the son of scientist Rohit Mehra and Nisha Mehra. After the deaths of his parents, he is raised by his grandmother Sonia, who takes him to a remote mountain village in Himachal Pradesh to conceal the unusual abilities he inherited from Rohit. Before Krishna’s birth, Rohit had been born with a developmental disability after a car accident that killed his father and injured his pregnant mother, Sonia. In [[Koi... Mil Gaya|''Koi... Mil Gaya'',]] Rohit later acquires enhanced mental and physical abilities through his encounter with the alien Jaadoo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2006-06-21 |title=Bollywood launches its superhero |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5098600.stm |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> Krishna likewise displays extraordinary powers from a young age, with his physical abilities becoming more pronounced as he grows older, eventually surpassing Rohit’s.

As a young man, Krishna lives an isolated life in the village until he meets Priya and her friend Honey, who are visiting from Singapore. After saving Priya from a hang glider accident, he grows close to her, and she later invites him to Singapore. Sonia initially opposes the trip, fearing that Krishna’s abilities will be exploited, but eventually allows him to go after revealing the circumstances surrounding Rohit’s apparent death and Krishna’s birth. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Dr Piyush|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlCwDwAAQBAJ&dq=krrish+powers&pg=PA79|title=Bollywood FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Greatest Film Story Never Told|date=2019-09-20|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4930-5083-3|language=en}}</ref>

In Singapore, Krishna befriends Kristian Li, a stunt performer, and becomes involved in events connected to Dr. Siddhant Arya, Rohit’s former colleague. During a circus fire, Krishna conceals his identity with a mask and rescues several trapped children. The incident leads to the public emergence of his superhero persona, '''Krrish'''. To help Kristian raise money for his sister’s surgery, Krishna allows him to take credit for Krrish’s heroic acts.

Krishna later learns that Rohit is still alive and is being held captive by Arya, who requires Rohit’s retinal scan and heartbeat to operate a rebuilt version of a computer designed to foresee future calamities. After Kristian is killed and Priya becomes further entangled in Arya’s plans, Krishna fully assumes the identity of Krrish and pursues Arya to his island facility. There, he defeats Arya’s men, rescues Priya and Rohit, and fatally injures Arya. Krishna then returns to India with Priya and Rohit, reuniting his family and affirming his role as Krrish.

===''Krrish 3'' (2013)===
Krishna have been wearing his mantle of a superhero; however, in this process, he is fired from a number of jobs in which he was hired.<ref name=":1" />

As a deadly virus created by evil genius Kaal (a paralysed man with telekinetic powers) breaks loose in Mumbai, Krishna's DNA was able to purify it and his father Rohit was able to create an antidote. This increased the respect of Krrish as a hero among public.

Kaal eventually kidnaps Rohit and Priya, and leaves his spy Kaaya to Krishna; however, Kaaya betrays Kaal and falls in love with Krishna, telling him Kaal's hideout. Krrish rescues Priya but Kaaya is killed by Kaal, who takes Rohit's DNA to cure himself as his DNA matched with that of Rohit's. Kaal kills Krrish and escapes to attack Mumbai; however, Rohit revives Krrish using a solar experiment and absorbs the excess energy into his own body, sacrificing himself. Krishna, revived and empowered by the sun, fights Kaal to a stalemate and cannot seem to get an advantage; he resorts to using his father's solar experiment and kills Kaal with it, since there is no container for the excess energy.

Six months later, Krishna and Priya, have a son, who is named Rohit by his mother and has apparently inherited Krishna's superhuman abilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Krrish 3 Movie: Review {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Songs {{!}} Music {{!}} Images {{!}} Official Trailers {{!}} Videos {{!}} Photos {{!}} News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/krrish-3/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=November 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

==Powers and abilities==
Krrish inherited his abilities from his father Rohit Mehra, who was augmented by his extraterrestrial friend Jadoo. Krrish's abilities seem to excel Rohit's, as a younger Rohit had demonstrated vulnerability against human foes, while Krrish has comfortably handled superhuman foes like Kaal's mutants.

Krishna's earliest display of his exceptional capabilities was a demonstration of his tremendous intellect as a child. He has excellent observational skills that allow him to learn, adapt, and improvise whatever he sees, hears, or reads within a couple of minutes. He possesses a high IQ level, even as a child, and an [[eidetic memory]], having inherited it from his father although not using it to its full potential.

Krrish possesses extraordinary powers like incredible strength, speed, reflexes, agility, stamina and senses. He has often stunned others with dazzling feats of speed, like spinning at high velocities, generating gales at the wake of his movements, and engaging many foes at once. In ''Krrish'', Krrish was able to outrun a horse with his speed and leaping ability as a warm-up, and when serious, move to intercept bullets. Despite his great power, Krrish is vulnerable to bullets. In ''Krrish 3'', he was able to hold up the side of a skyscraper while being under the pressure of Kaal's telekinesis, albeit with extreme effort and exertion. Krrish's stamina allowed him to keep fighting after using flight, fighting Kaal through buildings and holding up a portion of a huge building.
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Krrish |url=https://comicvine.gamespot.com/krrish/4005-94254
|access-date=13 August 2022 |date=31 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Thanks to his upbringing in wilderness, Krrish possesses special abilities related to nature, such as climbing mountains and fishing. He can communicate with animals, such as apes and monkeys. He can run, swim, jump and leap to a great extent. His vast leaping ability has not been defined yet, but if estimated, then he can leap {{convert|1/8|mi|m|adj=pre|of a|sp=us|abbr=off}},{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}.

Krrish is a master of martial arts, and has proficient skill with weapons. He acquired these abilities after looking at Kristian Lee's performance, making use of his great observational skills and eidetic memory.

After being killed by Kaal and resurrected by his father, Krrish could use [[telekinesis]], employing it to fly at supersonic speeds. He can also stop projectiles with telekinesis, even being able to redirect them with greater velocity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bollywood films that followed the superhero genre|url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/bollywood-films-that-followed-the-superhero-genre-28174.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Cultural impact==
Though other Indian superheroes such as [[Shaktimaan]] and [[Toofan (1989 film)|Toofan]] existed before, Krrish was the first major Bollywood superhero which influenced a plethora of upcoming Bollywood superhero movies. Krrish laid the foundation of high budget Bollywood superhero genre and his influences are still relevant.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Looper-The untold truth of bollywood superheroes.|url=https://www.looper.com/399569/the-untold-truth-of-bollywood-superheroes/
|access-date=13 August 2022 |date=3 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian film characters]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with superhuman strength]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with accelerated healing]]
[[Category:Fictional martial artists]]
[[Category:Science fiction film characters]]
[[Category:Superheroes]]
[[Category:Fictional vigilantes]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people]]
[[Category:Films about telekinesis]]
[[Category:Hindu superheroes]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with superhuman senses]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with alter egos]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with precognition]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with solar abilities]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who can manipulate light]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability]]
[[Category:Fictional telekinetics]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with eidetic memory]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who can levitate]]
[[Category:Fictional martial artists in films]]
[[Category:Film characters introduced in 2006]]
[[Category:Indian superheroes]]
[[Category:Male superheroes]]
[[Category:Action film characters]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from the 21st century]]

Whistle (2013 film)

2026-03-17T03:20:52Z

Dia: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Whistle
| image = Whistle 2013 poster.jpg
| caption = First look poster
| director = [[Prashant Raj]]
| producer = Naveen RudraPrasad Kakolu Pradeep Goud
| screenplay = Prashant Raj
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' | [[Karthik Subbaraj]]}}
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] [[Pranitha Subhash]] [[Guruprasad]]
| music = [[Joshua Sridhar]]
| cinematography = Santhosh Rai Pathaje
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Nimma Cinema
| runtime = 127 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2013|07|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Whistle''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[horror thriller film]] starring [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] alongside [[Pranitha Subhash]], and directed by [[Prashant Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Film release... |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/344383/film-release.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904091759/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/344383/film-release.html |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The story revolves around an engaged couple, who are chasing their dreams. It is a remake of the 2012 Tamil film ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]''. Notable directors [[Guruprasad]] and [[Chi. Guru Dutt|Chi. Gurudutt]] appear in supporting roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2013 |title=Whistle podu podu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Jul/09/whistle-podu-podu-494982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905141635/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/jul/09/Whistle-podu-podu-494982.amp |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story begins on a romantic note with Ram, a pizza delivery boy, marrying his girlfriend Anu after she gets pregnant. The story takes a curious turn when Ram, who visits Smitha Bangalow to deliver pizza. The drama which follows in the haunted house is linked to diamonds.

== Cast ==
* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] as Ram
* [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]] as Anu
* [[Guruprasad]]
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt|Chi. Gurudutt]]
* Vijaya Koundinya
* Hamsa Gowda
* Ravivarma

== Production ==
In November 2012, Prashant Raj bought the Kannada remake rights for the Tamil film ''Pizza''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2012 |title=One more from Kollywood |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-one-more-from-kollywood-1770648 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906052123/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-one-more-from-kollywood-1770648 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Palapala Kangala
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], [[Ramya NSK]]
| length1 = 4:21
| lyrics1 = Dhananjay
| title2 = Oora Mandi
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], [[Ramya NSK]]
| length2 = 4:10
| lyrics2 = Mahesh Dev Shetty
| title3 = Aaru Uruthu
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length3 = 4:08
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (Lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| title4 = Oora Mandi
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]], [[Ramya NSK]]
| note4 = remix
| length4 = 2:35
| lyrics4 = Aradhya
| title5 = Whistle Theme
| extra5 = [[Prashant Raj]]
| length5 = 2:00
| lyrics5 = Dhananjay
}}

== Release ==
''Whistle'' released on 12 July 2013 all over Karnataka in about 75+ theatres and PVR Cinemas in Delhi, Chennai, Pune, Mumbai and Hyderabad. Whistle was made on a decent budget and it collected Rs. 3.7 million in the first day itself and is having 70% occupancy in all theatres across Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "Chiranjeevi Sarja has given life to the character with his expression. Pranitha has done justice to the role. Vijay Koundinya has done a good job in his brief appearance. Camera by Santhosh Rai Pathaje is marvelous. Music by Joshua Shridhar has some catchy tunes".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2016 |title=WHISTLE MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/whistle/movie-review/21057661.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905141635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/whistle/movie-review/21057661.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Verdict: No match to Pizza, a lesson for those who think hit originals will always make for successful remakes. Whistle builds hopes and then leaves you wanting for the thrill of a scare".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |date=13 July 2013 |title='Whistle' (Kannada) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Jul/13/whistle-kannada-496164.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905141635/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jul/13/Whistle-Kannada-496164.amp |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "The few songs could have been dispensed of. Santosh Rai Pathaje excels again with the lighting and placement. Overall, a cracker of a film that deserves a long and sweet seeti. Whistle, please!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivani |first=B S |date=14 July 2013 |title=Greed cannot compete with ghosts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/344686/greed-cannot-compete-ghosts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905141638/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/content/344686/greed-cannot-compete-ghosts.html |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "The hero of this film is cinematographer Santosh Rai Pataje. His images have always been clear and bright in daytime shots. But here it is the indoor shots and scenes in the dark that show his ability. Whistle is a film that will make you forget the cold weather".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Whistle: Delivered hot |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/whistle-delivered-hot/articleshow/21455967.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905141644/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/bhaag-milkha-bhaag-stumbling-to-glory/articleshowajax/21455988.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=21173417&photocount=6&photoexclude=3 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3046022}}

{{Pizza (film series)}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prashant Raj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Joshua Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]

Patiram Parija

2026-03-15T03:36:21Z

Dia: adding

{{short description|Chief Patron of Nabarabi}}
{{COI|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Patiram Parija
| image = Patiram Parija.png
| birth_name = Padma Charan Parija
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date|df=y|1978|02|17}}
| death_place = 23, Gora Chand Road, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| children = 1 daughter and 4 sons
| known_for = Chief Patron of [[Nabarabi]] & Asantakali
| occupation = Business
| website = [http://www.nabarabi.com www.nabarabi.com]
}}
'''Padma Charan Parija''' commonly known as '''Patiram Parija''' (died 17 February 1978) was an industrialist and businessman of Eastern India. He had the sole distributorship of the [[Anandabazar Patrika|Ananda Bazar Group of publications]] in [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta), [[India]] during 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life of a legend |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/life-of-a-legend/cid/177134 |publisher=The Telegraph Online |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=English |date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Rajoshi |title=Popular beyond Life and Time |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/popular-beyond-life-and-time/cid/918803 |publisher=The Telegraph Online |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=English |date=17 September 2001}}</ref> He was the chief patron of ''[[Nabarabi]]'', a literary magazine in [[Odia language]].<ref name="odia_bibhaba_patiram">{{cite web |title=Nabarabi - Odia Bibhaba |url=https://odiabibhaba.in/en/magazines/nabarabi-e/ |publisher=Odia Bibhaba |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="nabarabi_patiram">{{cite web |title=Nabarabi Magazine |url=https://www.nabarabi.com/history |publisher=Nabarabi |access-date=3 January 2023 |language=English |date=2022}}</ref><ref name="odisha_magazines_patiram">{{cite web |title=Nabarabi |url=https://odishamagazines.com/nabarabi/ |website=Odisha Magazines |publisher=Srujanika Publications |access-date=14 April 2024 |language=English |date=2023}}</ref><ref name="medium_rinky_patiram">{{cite web|title=Nabarabi Odia Magazine |url=https://medium.com/@rinky.odishashop/nabarabi-odia-magazine-b2c61f51a291 |website=medium |publisher=medium |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> Under his stewardship, ''Nabarabi'' started publication in July 1970 from [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta) and continued till December 1976.<ref name="odia_bibhaba_patiram"/><ref name="nabarabi_patiram"/><ref name="odisha_magazines_patiram"/><ref name="medium_rinky_patiram"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parija, Patiram}}
[[Category:People from Jagatsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
{{improve categories|date=January 2023}}

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Odontotyrannos

2026-03-14T06:45:11Z

Dia: adjust details as per guidelines for consistency

{{short description|Legendary creature appearing in stories of Alexander the Great}}
[[File:Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol54v-dent tyrant.jpg|thumb|300px|The Macedonians attacked by the ''dent-tyrant'' or Odontotyrrannus. {{right|{{small|—14th century, ms. of [[Thomas de Kent]]'s romance. Bibliothèque nationale fr. 24364}}<ref name=cary>{{cite book|last=Cary |first=George |title=The Medieval Alexander|publisher=University of Cambridge Press |year=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |pages=35–36}}</ref>}}]]

'''Odontotyrannos''' ({{langx|el|όδοντοτύραννος}}), also '''odontotyrannus''' or '''dentityrannus'''{{efn|Also ''dentes tirannus'', ''dentestyrannus''}} ("tooth-tyrant") is a mythical three-horned beast said to have attacked [[Alexander the Great]] and his men at their camp in [[India]], according to the apocryphal ''[[Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem|Letter from Alexander to Aristotle]]'' and other [[medieval]] romantic retellings of Alexandrian legend.<ref name=harf-lancner/>

==Descriptions==
According to the Latin ''Letter from Alexander'', the creature had a black, [[horse]]-like head with three [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]] protruding from its forehead, and exceeded the size of an elephant. It was undeterred by the sight of fire, killing twenty-six{{efn|Or thirty-six, in some variants of the legend.}} Macedonians and incapacitating fifty-two before being put down by thrusts from hunting spears. The local Indians reportedly called the beast "tooth-tyrant"{{sfnp|Stoneman|2012|p=9}} (''dentityrranus'' or ''odontatyrannus'').{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Some manuscripts and Kübler's edition read "''odontatyrannum''" with an "a".{{sfnp|Rypins|1924|p=88 n2}}<ref name="gunderson" />}}{{sfnp|Orchard|2003|pp=126–7}}

A fourth-century Latin translation of the ''[[Alexander Romance]]'' by [[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius]], known as the ''[[Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis]]'', spells the beast's name as ''odontotyrannus'' and states that the strength of 300 men was required to drag its body out of the river.{{efn|Latin text reads:".. vix trecentorum hominum manus nisu extractus de flumine"}}{{sfnp|Skeat|1886|pp=221, 309n}}<ref name="gunderson" /> In the Syriac version of [[Pseudo-Callisthenes]], it is the Mashḳělath or Mashklet ({{langx|syr|ܡܫܩܠܬ}}<ref>{{harvnb|Budge|1896|p=150, n1}}
</ref><ref name="perkins-woolsey" />) which causes 26 casualties among the Macedons and requires 300 men to tug out of a ditch,{{sfnp|Budge|1889|pp=98}} and in the Armenian version 1,300 were needed for the job.{{efn|In the Armenian, the beast is called a "unicorn" or "one horned beast" (Wolohojian tr.)}}<ref name="wolohojian" /><ref name="pritchard" />

In the Ethiopic version, it is an elephant-sized beast with tusks that attacks; this creature is unnamed but corresponds to the odontotyrannus. When it is eviscerated, the Macedonians discover among its stomach contents [[scorpion]]s as well as large fish the size of an ox.{{sfnp|Budge|1896|pp=149–150}} In the 5th-century Greek writings of [[Palladius of Galatia|Palladius]]{{efn|''On the Life of the Brahmans''; one abridged recension is referred to as "Commonitorium Palladii de Bragmanis" ({{Harvnb|Stoneman|2012|pp=xxv; 113n}}).}} and the 9th-century writings of [[George Hamartolos]], the odontotyrannus (όδοντοτύραννος) is an amphibious carnivore that can devour an elephant.{{sfnp|Stoneman|2012|pp=38, 31–32}}

In ''[[Roman d'Alexandre|Li romans d'Alixandre]]'' of [[Alexandre de Bernay]], the beast is named ''tirant'',<ref name="perkins-woolsey" /> and in [[Thomas de Kent]]'s ''Roman de toute chevalerie'', the Old French name is ''dent-tyrant''.<ref name="cary" /> In the Middle English ''[[King Alisaunder]]'', the name is given as "deutyrauns".{{efn|{{harvnb|Skeat|1886|p=309n}}'s "deutyrans" appears to be a typographical error.}}<ref name="perkins-woolsey" /><ref name="weber" />

==Zoological identifications==
Many scholars have identified various large beasts in the animal kingdom as to its identity. [[E. A. Wallis Budge|Budge]] suggested it may be a [[crocodilian]] native to the [[Ganges]], and hinted the Syriac name might be a corruption of the [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]], a composite creature in Hindu mythology.{{sfnp|Budge|1889|pp=98}} It may also be based on [[Ctesias]]'s description of the giant fanged [[Indus worm]].{{sfnp|Stoneman|2012|p=xxiii}} The makara theory and Ctesia's influence is also supported by Gunderson.{{sfnp|Gunderson|1980|pp=103ff}}<ref name="pritchard" /> Others proposed a [[rhinoceros]], though conceded it may just be an [[legendary creature|imaginary creature]].<ref name=rookmaaker>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/132/1327191137.pdf |title=Source Book of the Rhinoceros |publisher=Rhino Resource Center |author=Dr Kees Rookmaaker |access-date=2015-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018111515/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/132/1327191137.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-10-18}}</ref>

==Reconstructed Sanskrit name==
[[Christian Lassen]] in the 19th century reconstructed the original name of this beast to be *''dantešvara'' "lord of teeth", from ''danta'' "tooth" and ''[[Ishvara|īšvara]]'' "the Lord".<ref>Lassen (1858), p. 375</ref> This unattested form was rejected by Roger Goossens,{{sfnp|Goossens|1929}} who proposed instead ''dvijarāja'' which carries the dual meaning of "king of reptiles" or "king of teeth".<ref>{{citation|last=Seldeslachts |first=Erik |title=Translated Loans and Loan Translations as Evidence of Graeco-Indian Bilingualism in Antiquity |journal=L'Antiquité classique: Revue semestrielle |volume=67 |year=1998 |page=286 |url= http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1998_num_67_1_1320}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Jalabert |first=Louis |title=Bulletin du Byzantinisme |journal=Recherches de Science Religieuse |volume=20 |year=1930 |pages= 468–469 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncQnAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=harf-lancner>{{citation|last=Harf-Lancner |first=Laurence |title=From Alexander to Marco Polo, from Text to Image: The Marvels of India |editor-last1=Maddox |editor-first1=Donald |editor-last2=Sturm-Maddox |editor-first2=Sara |work= Medieval French Alexander |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2012 |page=237 |isbn=9780791488324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUqQbemlo80C&pg=PA237}}</ref>
<ref name=gunderson>{{citation|last=Gunderson |first=Lloyd L. |title=Alexander's letter to Aristotle about India |publisher=Hain |year=1980 |page=54 |isbn=9783445019929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqoGAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>
<ref name="perkins-woolsey">{{citation|last1=Perkins |first1=Justin |last2=Woolsey |first2=Theodore D. |title=Notice of a Life of Alexander the Great |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=4 |year=1854 |page=379n|jstor=592285}}</ref>
<ref name=pritchard>{{citation|last=Pritchard |first= Roger Telfryn |title=The History of Alexander's Battles: Historia de Preliis, the J1 Version |publisher=PIMS |year=1992 |page=157 |isbn= 9780888442840 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYu_xwJ7S5oC&pg=PA157}}</ref>
<ref name="weber">{{citation|editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Henry William |title=Kyng Alisaunder |publisher=George Ramsay |year=1810 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXY9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA223 |at=v. 5416 (p. 223)}}</ref>
<ref name=wolohojian>{{citation|last=Wolohojian|first= Albert M. |title=The Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes (from the Armenian) |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1969 |pages=126–7 }}</ref>
}}

;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Budge |editor-first=E. A. Wallis |title=The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version |publisher=The University Press |year=1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_14LmFqhc8QC&pg=PR73 |pages=lxxiii, 98 and n1|isbn=9781107631175 }}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Budge |editor-first=E. A. Wallis |title=The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great, being a series of translation of the Ethiopic histories |publisher=Clay |year=1896|pages=149–150}}
*{{citation|last=Goossens |first=Roger |title=L'όδοντοτύραννος, animal de l'Inde |journal=Byzantion |volume=IV (1927–1928) |year=1929 |pages= 29–52}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Orchard |editor-first=Andy (tr.)|editor-link=Andy Orchard |chapter=Letter of Alexander to Aristotle |title=Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf Manuscript |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780802085832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hU8DdkwXbDEC&pg=PA239}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Rypins |editor-first=Stanley |chapter=Letter of Alexander the Great to Aristotle |title=Three Old English Prose Texts in MS. Cotton Vitellius A xv |series=Early English Text Society |publisher=Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press |year=1924 |url=https://archive.org/stream/publicationsorig161earluoft#page/n9/mode/2up |pages=22, 88 and n2, 86 n10}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Skeat |editor-first=Walter William|editor-link=Walter William Skeat |title=The Wars of Alexander: An Alliterative Romance |series=Early English Text Society |publisher=N. Trübner |year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/warsalexanderan00skeagoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/warsalexanderan00skeagoog/page/n342 309]}}
*{{citation|editor-last=Stoneman |editor-first=Richard (tr.) |title=The Legends of Alexander the Great |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8gMKhTO5ZAC |isbn=978-1848857858}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Greek legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Legendary bovines]]
[[Category:Mythological caprids]]
[[Category:Mythological felines]]
[[Category:Legendary horses]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]

Agni Pareeksha (1968 film)

2026-03-04T09:18:35Z

Dia: cleanup

{{No plot|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agni Pareeksha
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]
| producer = M. Krishnan Nair
| writer = [[Tagore]] [[Thoppil Bhasi]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Sheela]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = S. J. Thomas
| editing =
| studio = Azeem Company
| distributor = Azeem Company
| released = {{Film date|1968|12|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Agni Pareeksha''''' ({{Translation|Trial by fire}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and produced by M. Krishnan Nair. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Sheela]] and [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-10 |title=Agnipareeksha 1968 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/agnipareeksha-1968/article4397094.ece |access-date=2022-12-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Ramesh
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Dr. Mohan
*[[Sheela]] as Hema
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Hemalatha
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Unni
*[[Pattom Sadan]] as Manoharan
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Shankari
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Raghavan
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Dr. Mohan's Mother
*C. A. Balan
*[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Krishna Kurup
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Gopal
*Panjabi
*Sree Subha as Sumathi
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=അഗ്നിപരീക്ഷ (1968) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4142 |accessdate=16 December 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Kairali Kairali Kaavya Kairali" || [[P. Susheela]], Chorus, [[Renuka (singer)|Renuka]]
|-
| "Muthuvaaraan Poyavare" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Thinkalum Kathiroliyum" || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Urangikidanna Hridayam" || K. J. Yesudas
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0254938|Agni Pareeksha}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Krishnan Nair]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]

Onnu Kure Ayiram Yogam

2026-03-03T18:07:24Z

Dia: done - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Onnu Kure Ayiram Yogam''' ([[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]: ഒന്നു കുറെ ആയിരം യോഗം), abbreviated as '''O. K. A. Y.''', is an association of members of the [[Nair]] community in the [[Kodungallur]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala|Kerala State]], in southern India.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://publications.efeo.fr/en/livres/628_south-indian-horizons-felicitation-volume-for-francois-gros-on-the-occasion-of-his-70th-birthday |title=South Indian Horizon: Felicitation Volume for François Gros |publisher=École Française D'Extrême-Orient |year=2004 |pages=471–85 |chapter=Mahodayapuram-Kotunnallur: a Capital City as a Sacred Centre}}</ref> The title "Onnu Kure Ayiram Yogam" translates as "the Association of a Thousand Minus One".<ref name=":02" /> The yogam or association was an organization of Nairs of the [[Kodungallur]] region and various sub-castes of the Nair community had representations in the association.{{Fact|date=May 2024|reason=who says it was Nairs/ according to Gopinatha Rao, It was there before chera perumals.}}

The members of the association were the administrators of the [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]] (now with the Cochin Devaswom Board).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |date=1983 |title=The Hundrd Groups and the Rise of Nayar Militia in Kerala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139827?read-now=1&seq=7#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=44 |pages=113–119 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The meetings of the association used to be held on the first day of every month in front of the Kodungallur Bhagavathy temple (and considered "all matters" pertaining to the subjects who are within their jurisdiction and took appropriate decisions).

Today, the organization is usually referred to by its acronym, "O. K. A. Y" or "O. K. Yogam".<ref name=":3" /> It is currently a registered Society headed by a President and a Secretary.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024 |title=Onnam Thalappoli Onnu Kure Ayiram Yogam Vaka |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1228503&u=local-news-thrissur |work=Kerala Kaumudi |location=Kodungallur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Onnukure Ayiram Yogam Kodungallur vs Cochin Devaswom Board |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/170605828/ |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early medieval period ===
The Ayiram Yogam ("the Thousand") was once an armed contingent under the medieval Chera rulers of [[Kerala|Kerala State]] (who had their capital at [[Kodungallur]]). It was composed of a thousand Nair warriors serving the Chera king (the Perumal). The body exclusively acted as the personal bodyguards or "Companions of Honour" of the Chera ruler.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |date=1971 |title=The Institution of 'Companions of Honour' with Special Reference to South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145312?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=33 |pages=74–83 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The chief of the Ayiram body is also recorded as participating in royal assemblies with the Chera ruler.<ref name=":1" /> Corresponding armed personal guards of some local chiefs (under the Chera rule) were called the Nizhal or "the Shadow".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/037698360903600102 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language= |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi= |issn=0376-9836}}</ref> In this context, the body "Ayiram" might also be called a "Nizhal".<ref name=":0" /> The Ayiram Yogam also managed and protected the [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]] at [[Kodungallur]] in this period.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Karashima |first=Noburu |url=https://india.oup.com/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772 |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |pages=146–47 |chapter=States in the Deccan and Kerala}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It had a significant role in the famous Bharani festival of the [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple|Kodungallur Temple]].<ref name=":02" />

The military organization of a chieftaincy under the Chera rule was called the "Nuttuvar" (the Hundred).<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> In some chieftaincies, the body Nuttuvar can be identified with the Nizhal. However, in some other regions, Nuttuvar appears to be an independent entity (irrespective of the identity of the chief or his Nizhal).<ref name=":0" /> It is also been suggested that the Nizhal and the Nuttuvar were the recipients of the protection dues ("the rakshabhogam") from temples.<ref name=":0" /> It is also recorded that the formidable chieftain of Kolathunadu also maintained an "Ayiram".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |pages=324}}</ref>

Kerala traditions give accounts of the removal and execution of the leader of the Chera king's personal guards during reign of the last Chera sovereign (the Thousand thus becoming a Thousand Minus One).<ref name=":1" />

=== After the Chera state ===
Even after the dissolution of Chera state in the early 12th century, the organization continued to exist; but they decided not to fill the absence of their leader. Hence the number shrank to nine hundred and ninety nine and the association became known by its present name ("the Association of a Thousand Minus One").<ref name=":1" /> After the end of the Chera state, the body switched its role from with military and police functions to managing the affairs of the temple (with rights and privileges during the Bharani Festival).<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" />

After the end of the medieval Chera state, when the Kodungallur Royal Family took over the administration in of the city of [[Kodungallur]], the association and the Kodungallur kings used to meet and take joint decisions on the administration of the [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]] on the first day of every month of the [[Malayalam Calendar|Kollam Calendar.]]

The Association also performed a ritual called "Nizhalirikkal" (the Meeting of the Nizhal), after "Pantheeradi Puja", at the eastern gate of the Kodungallur temple in continuation of the monthly meeting. Nizhalirikkal was a committee on administration of the temple which had a [[quorum]] of 32 members. Pantheeradi ("twelve feet") [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] ("worship") is one of the daily worship rituals performed in [[Temples of Kerala|Kerala temples]] when the shadow of the Sun reaches 12 feet of length.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/temples-rituals.htm | title=Temples and Temple Rituals of Kerala | publisher=Namboothiri | accessdate=25 August 2019 }}</ref>

== Present-day operations ==

The Onnu Kure Ayiram Yogam continues to have considerable rights and privileges in the [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]].<ref name=":02" />

Today the Onnu Kure Ayiram Yogam directly administers the functions of the [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]] on important dates. For example, it funds and administers the functions on the first day of the Thalappoli Festival or the Onnam Thalappoli Festival (the Thalappoli Festival is a four-day festival being held in January each year).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024 |title=Kodungallur Shri Kurumba Bhagavathi Kshethram; Savisheshamayi Rathri Thalappoli Ezhunnallippu |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2024/01/17/thrissur-kodungallur-srikurumba-bhagavathy-temple-thaalappoli.html |work=Malayala Manorama |location=Kodungallur}}</ref> The thalams are carried by women from the member families of the Onnu Kure Ayiram Yogam association.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Thrissur district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Onnu Kure Ayiram Yogam}}
[[Category:Nair]]
[[Category:History of Thrissur district]]

Oxygen (2017 film)

2026-03-03T17:51:32Z

Dia: stub - done

{{Short description|2017 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Oxygen (2017).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. M. Jyothi Krishna]]
| producer = S. Aishwarya [[A. M. Rathnam]] ('''presenter''')
| story = A. M. Jyothi Krishna
| screenplay = A. M. Jyothi Krishna Sai Shekar
| starring = [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] [[Raashii Khanna]] [[Anu Emmanuel]] [[Jagapathi Babu]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]] [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri Palanisamy]]
| editing = S. B. Uddhav
| studio = Sri Sai Raam Creations
| released = {{Film date|2017|11|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Oxygen''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[A. M. Jyothi Krishna]] and produced by S. Aishwarya on Sri Sai Raam Creations banner. The film stars [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Raashii Khanna]] and [[Anu Emmanuel]], while [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Brahmaji]], [[Nagineedu]], [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Chota K. Naidu]]-[[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]] and S. B. Uddhav. The film marks the final appearance of Chandra Mohan before his death on 11 November 2023.

''Oxygen'' was released theatrically on 30 November 2017 to mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Raghupati is a village landlord who lives with his brothers Sripathi, Chalapathi, and Ganapathi, along with their family. Raghupati decides to get his daughter Shruti married to an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] Krishna Prasad for her safety after the murder of his brother Sripathi by two mysterious attackers. Contrary to the family's expectations, Krishna turns out to be a well-cultured man and wins over everyone with his nature. Still, Shruti doesn't want to leave her family after their marriage. Raghupati's nemesis, Veerabhadram, attacks Raghupati and his family members, but Krishna warns Veerabhadram not to target the family again.

Shruti has a change of heart, and she soon accepts the marriage proposal. Shruti pleads with Krishna to leave behind his business and stay in the village, where Krishna happily accepts. The two attackers arrive to kill them, and Shruti's brother Mahendra tries to protect them. However, Krishna decapitates Shruthi's brother, Mahendra, and kills other men with the help of the killers. Krishna also kills Ganapathi and holds Shruthi hostage. Upon being questioned by Shruthi for his deeds, Krishna reveals his identity as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Sanjeev, and the killers are none other than his colleagues [[Captain]] Amit and Sathya.

'''Past''': Sanjeev's brother Ajay commits suicide due to lung cancer caused by [[chain-smoking]], which leads Sanjeev to investigate the matter with the help of his [[microbiologist]] girlfriend, Geetha. They find a heavy dose of [[opium]] mixed in [[cigars]] manufactured by the ''Tiger Brand''. Sanjeev and his higher officers initiate ''Mission Oxygen'' and get the brand destroyed. While returning to duty, Sanjeev learns someone was trying to inquire about him and his family. It unveils that Raghupati's brothers are the real owners of the Tiger Brand, where they brutally kill Sanjeev's parents.

To prevent them from knowing about Sanjeev, Geetha leaks the gas cylinder and causes an explosion which kills her. However, the men survived and escaped, which shatters Sanjeev listening to everything on his phone. Amit and Sathya kill Sripathi, who learns that Sanjeev is inquiring about the attackers. Sripathi's death terrifies Raghupathi's family members, and they stop leaving the house. Sanjeev sends details about the marriage to Raghupati via Sripathi's phone and thus comes as Krishna Prasad to kill the family members responsible for destroying his family.

'''Present''': Shruti is convinced and decides to help Sanjeev by retrieving the cigar formula. They recover the [[black money]] locked in a safe by Raghupati's brothers and distribute it to the affected parties. Learning from Chalapathi about Sanjeev's devilish shade and Shruti's abduction, Raghupati collapses with a stroke. A [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer tries to catch Sanjeev after the money distribution but in vain. Sanjeev and his colleagues break into the factory to retrieve the formula while Shruti uploads the link to a live broadcast of the operation.

A fight leads to Amit, Sathya, and Chalapathi's death, where Sanjeev gets shot by Raghupati, who reveals himself to be the actual creator of the formula and has the formula hidden in his mind through live broadcasts. Everyone learns of Raghupathi's true nature. Sanjeev urges people by saying ''No Smoking'' for the last time and then proceeds to jump into the fire along with Raghupati, killing him and blasting the factory. The public is motivated to give up smoking, while the police close the case and declare Sanjeev dead. However, Sanjeev is alive in [[Bombay]] after the CBI officer who tried to catch him assures support whenever needed.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] as Major Sanjeev/ Krishna Prasad
*[[Raashii Khanna]] as Shruti, Raghupati's daughter
*[[Anu Emmanuel]] as Geetha, a [[microbiologist]] and Sanjeev's girlfriend
*[[Jagapathi Babu]] as Raghupathi, Shruti's father
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Janaki, Shruti's mother
*[[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Mahendra, Raghupathi's son
*[[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Chalapathi
*[[Nagineedu]] as Sripathi
*[[Brahmaji]] as Ganapathi
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Veerabhadram
*[[Milind Gunaji]] as Major General Chandra Prakash
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Geetha's father
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Sanjeev's father
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Geetha's mother
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Pilli Nirmala Simha, Sanjeev's mother
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Savitri
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Aakash
*[[Amit Tiwari]] as Captain Amith
*[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Captain Satyaveer
*[[Arjun Das]] as Ajay
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Varalakshmi, Raghupathi's wife
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu, Veerabhadram's brother-in-law
*[[Mounika]] as Anjala, Sruthi's sister
*Sravan as Sripathi's son
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Priest
*Sravani as Parvathi, Sruthi's aunt
*[[Meghashree]] as Tulasi, Sruthi's sister
*Mukhtar Khan as Commissioner Sarath Chandra
*[[Avantika Vandanapu]] as Avantika
*[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Ramana
*Saikumar Pampana
*[[Sakshi Chaudhary]] as a dancer in the song "Adhirindhe"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oxygen
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|10|23|df=y}}
| recorded = 2017
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 18:44
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Semma Botha Aagathey]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and was released via Aditya Music Company. The audio launch function held on 23 October 2017 at [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2017 |title=Oxygen music launch {{!}} `Oxygen` audio release |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-oxygen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209061921/http://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-oxygen.html |archive-date=9 December 2017 |access-date=28 November 2017 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:44
| title1 = O Kshanam
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra1 = [[S. Aishwarya]], Deepak
| length1 = 5:23
| title2 = Adi Lekka
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[LV Revanth|Revanth]]
| length2 = 3:51
| title3 = Aakaasam
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, S. Aishwarya
| length3 = 4:00
| title4 = Adhirindhe
| lyrics4 = Sri Mani
| extra4 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length4 = 3:41
| title5 = Watch Out For Danger
| note5 = Instrumental
| extra5 = [[Blaaze]]
| length5 = 1:57
}}

== Critical reception ==
''Oxygen'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sridhar |date=4 December 2017 |title=I'm proud of Oxygen: AM Ratnam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/im-proud-of-oxygen-am-ratnam/articleshow/61912425.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250807061825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/im-proud-of-oxygen-am-ratnam/articleshow/61912425.cms |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Oxygen is a film with a story and cast that had a lot of potential, if only it was made differently."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=30 November 2017 |title=Oxygen Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/oxygen/movie-review/61862606.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130235439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/oxygen/movie-review/61862606.cms |archive-date=30 November 2017 |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and noted that "Except for our common sense, this film can't offend any section of the society."<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar R |date=2 December 2017 |title=Oxygen movie review: This Gopichand and Raashi Khanna starrer offends our common sense |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/oxygen-movie-review-gopichand-raashi-khanna-anu-emmanuel-star-rating-4961440/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426063801/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/oxygen-movie-review-gopichand-raashi-khanna-anu-emmanuel-star-rating-4961440/ |archive-date=26 April 2019 |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Jyothi Krishna's take on the illegal tobacco trade is fresh, but suffers in the narration."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=3 December 2017 |title=Oxygen movie review: Not a breath of fresh air |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/031217/oxygen-movie-review-not-a-breath-of-fresh-air.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425200713/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/031217/oxygen-movie-review-not-a-breath-of-fresh-air.html |archive-date=25 April 2019 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "This Gopichand starrer is like watching two films on a single ticket. Uneven narration is a major issue."<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2017 |title=Oxygen Review: Entire first half runs on flimsy sequences |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/oxygen-review-entire-first-half-runs-on-flimsy-sequences-review-telugu-rl4p27cfeegjh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130143006/http://www.sify.com/movies/oxygen-review-entire-first-half-runs-on-flimsy-sequences-review-telugu-rl4p27cfeegjh.html |archive-date=30 November 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 September 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. M. Jyothi Krishna}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films about smoking]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. M. Jyothi Krishna]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

Johnny (2018 film)

2026-03-03T03:22:25Z

Dia: added references

{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Johnny (2018 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pa.Vetriselvan
| screenplay = [[Thiagarajan]]
| story = [[Sriram Raghavan]]
| producer = Thiagarajan
| starring = [[Prashanth]] [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Sanchita Shetty]]
| narrator = [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| cinematography = [[M. V. Panneerselvam]]
| editing = Shiva Saravanan
| music = Ranjan Durairaj
| studio = Staar Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|12|14}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Johnny''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Pa. Vetriselvan and produced and written by [[Thiagarajan]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]] and [[Sanchita Shetty]], with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], Aathma Patrick, and [[Sayaji Shinde]] amongst others in supporting roles. It is a remake of the 2007 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]''. The film was released on 14 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title=Prashanth's 'Johnny' To Release On December 14 |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/prashanths-johnny-to-release-on-december-14/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810212303/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/prashanths-johnny-to-release-on-december-14/ |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shakthi ([[Prashanth]]), Jaishankar ([[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]), Prakash ([[Anandaraj]]), Ram ([[Ashutosh Rana]]), and Shiva (Aathma Patrick) are partners in a happening club in town. One day, Shiva goes to Kochi to strike a financial deal with Kalyan ([[Sayaji Shinde]]), an intelligent cop. Meanwhile, Shakthi and Ramya ([[Sanchita Shetty]]), who are in love, hatch a plan to leave the country without informing anyone. Later, the partners get the shock of their lives when they learn about Shiva's demise, followed by a few more assassinations. Finally, Shakthi settles scores with all his partners and pursues his dream of settling down in Canada with Ramya.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prashanth]] as Johnny/Shakthi
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Jaishankar
*[[Sanchita Shetty]] as Ramya
*[[Anandaraj]] as Prakash
*[[Ashutosh Rana]] as Ram
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Shukla
*Aathma Patrick as Shiva
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Kalyan
*[[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Karthik
*Aroul D. Shankar as Arul
*Shankar Krishnamurthy as Advocate Jagan
*[[Munishkanth]] as Rolex
*Jayakumar as Naidu
*[[Devadarshini]] as Prema (Prakash's wife)
*[[Sona Heiden]] as Ram's wife
*[[Kalairani]] as Shiva's mother
*Ravi Venkatraman as Police Officer
*Sandhya as Indhu
*Sugunthan as Security
*Krishnamohan
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In February 2017, [[Thiagarajan]] announced that he would produce a film starring his son [[Prashanth]], which would be directed by debutant Vetriselvan, an erstwhile assistant to the director [[Jeeva Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2017 |title=A mastermind at work |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-mastermind-at-work/article17288295.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011124346/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-mastermind-at-work/article17288295.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was revealed to be titled ''Johnny'' during June 2017, with the makers successfully requesting the makers of the [[Johnny (1980 film)|1980 Tamil film of the same name]] for permission to reuse the title. Telugu actress Ananya Soni was initially revealed to be cast in the lead female role, but was later dropped.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=17 June 2017 |title=Prashanth's next is 'Johny' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170617/prashanths-next-is-johny.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815014133/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170617/prashanths-next-is-johny.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=A Superstar title for Prashanth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/18/a-superstar-title-for-prashanth-1618204.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531162108/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/18/a-superstar-title-for-prashanth-1618204.html |archive-date=31 May 2019 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film began production quietly during the same month, with the new lead actress, [[Sanchita Shetty]] revealing that the production was "60% complete" by late July 2017 after a schedule in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=24 July 2017 |title=Sanchita Shetty paired opposite Prashanth in Johnny Gaddaar remake |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/24/sanchita-shetty-paired-opposite-prashanth-in-johnny-gaddaar-remake-1632571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070903/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/24/sanchita-shetty-paired-opposite-prashanth-in-johnny-gaddaar-remake-1632571.html |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> She also stated that the film was a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'' (2007) by [[Sriram Raghavan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=23 July 2017 |title=Sanchita in the Tamil remake of Johnny Gaddaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanchita-in-the-tamil-remake-of-johnny-gaddaar/articleshow/59714299.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111005728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanchita-in-the-tamil-remake-of-johnny-gaddaar/articleshow/59714299.cms |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=16 October 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The music was composed by Ranjan Durairaj.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavanishankar |first=Jyothsna |title=Interview with Prashanth |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/interviews/82/prashanth-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919131208/https://www.moviecrow.com/interviews/82/prashanth-interview |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=MovieCrow |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The makers of ''Johnny'' partnered with [[Indian Rummy|Junglee Rummy]] to promote the film across various media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Junglee Rummy Joins Forces With Prashanth-starrer 'Johnny' and Malhar's 'Midnights With Menka' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/junglee-rummy-joins-forces-with-prashanth-starrer-johnny-and-malhar-s-midnights-with-menka-119012500415_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250109025731/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/junglee-rummy-joins-forces-with-prashanth-starrer-johnny-and-malhar-s-midnights-with-menka-119012500415_1.html |archive-date=9 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The plot had enough substance for an edge-of-the-seat thriller and the actors were all apt in their roles. But the shoddy screenplay, logical loopholes and unimpressive making played spoilsport".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=14 December 2018 |title=Johnny Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/johnny/movie-review/67090653.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127062851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/johnny/movie-review/67090653.cms |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Naveen Darshan ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "The key to a good thriller is in having reveals that happen when the audience least expects it. Despite having an engaging storyline, ''Johnny'' fails at doing this".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=14 December 2018 |title=Prashanth's 'Johnny' review: An almost decent neo-noir thriller that falls short in its execution |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Dec/14/an-almost-decent-neo-noir-thriller-that-falls-short-in-its-execution-1911603.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127062721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Dec/14/an-almost-decent-neo-noir-thriller-that-falls-short-in-its-execution-1911603.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Cinematography, production design, and editing are very ordinary. All the set works are evident so the film only looks like a better-budgeted teleserial".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Johnny review:An average watch for audiences who haven't seen the original |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/johnny-reviewan-average-watch-for-audiences-who-haven%E2%80%99t-seen-the-original-review-tamil-smotHlchcdaaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215093410/http://www.sify.com/movies/johnny-reviewan-average-watch-for-audiences-who-haven%E2%80%99t-seen-the-original-review-tamil-smotHlchcdaaj.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 crime action films]]
[[Category:2018 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Thiagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

L&T Technology Services

2026-03-01T11:10:43Z

Dia: adjust article after review and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Indian technology company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = L&T Technology Services
| logo = L&T Technology Services.svg
| image =
| image_caption =
| former_name = L&T Integrated Engineering Services
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|LTTS}} {{BSE|540115}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE010V01017}}
| services = [[Engineering design]] [[Research and development]] [[Product lifecycle management]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|14 June 2012}}
| location_city = L&T Knowledge City, [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Amit Chadha {{small|(CEO & MD)}} Keshab Panda {{small|(Non-Ex Director)}} Rajeev Gupta {{small|([[CFO]])}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smechannels.com/rajeev-gupta-takes-charge-as-new-cfo-of-lt-technology-services/|title=Rajeev Gupta Takes Charge as New CFO of L&T Technology Services|date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoplematters.in/news/c-suite/rajeev-gupta-joins-lt-technology-as-cfo-26391|title=Rajeev Gupta joins L&T Technology as CFO|date=21 July 2020}}</ref>
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|10670|c}} (FY25)<ref name=pnl/>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|1803|c}} (FY24)<ref name=pnl/>
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|1266|c}} (FY25)<ref name="pnl">{{cite web |title=Financial Results FY25 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/811bf83f-ac5d-4761-8975-baf623f2ccb5.pdf |website=BSE |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|8862|c}} (FY25)<ref name=pnl/>
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|5748|c}} (FY25)<ref name=pnl/>
| num_employees = 23,812 (March 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=L&T Technology Services reports 5% QoQ revenue growth in Q4 and Net Profit of ₹1,300 crore plus in FY24 |url=https://www.ltts.com/press-release/FY24-results |publisher=L&T Technology Services |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>
| parent = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|http://www.ltts.com/}}
}}

'''L&T Technology Services''' ('''LTTS''') is an Indian multinational [[technology company]] that provides engineering [[research and development]] (ER&D) services, headquartered in [[Vadodara]]. The company's business interests include [[automotive engineering]], [[embedded system]] and [[semiconductor]] engineering, [[industrial internet of things]], manufacturing plant engineering, and [[medical engineering]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Q4FY22 Investor Presentation |url=https://www.ltts.com/system/files/2022-08/Q4FY22-Investor-Presentation.pdf |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=LTTS}}</ref>

LTTS is a subsidiary of the [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), and listed on both [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Corporate-On-The-Road-Less-Taken/03-02-2017-112394/|title=Corporate: On The Road Less Taken|last=Alvares|first=Clifford|date=2017-02-03|work=BW Businessworld|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/811bf83f-ac5d-4761-8975-baf623f2ccb5.pdf|title=Financial Results FY25|last=|first=|date=2025-05-23|work=BSE|access-date=2025-05-23|pages=Page 6}}</ref> The company has offices across India, United States, Europe, and Asia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/fedbank-finance-plans-to-open-30-more-branches-in-fy18/1065148|title=L&T Technology Services completes Esencia acquisition|date=2017-06-01|work=Outlook India|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== History ==
L&T Technology Services (LTTS) was founded in 2006 as L&T Integrated Engineering Services. In its first year, the company generated $70 million in revenue. Initially, it only operated as the engineering arm of [[Larsen & Toubro]]<ref name=":0" /> and in 2013, as a result of L&T's strategy, the parent company was split into "nine [[Vertical integration|verticals]] and six subsidiaries", of which this was one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/lt-to-focus-on-engineering-services-with-new-entity/article5049383.ece|title=L&T to focus on engineering services with new entity|last=Shaker|first=S|date=2013-08-22|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.fortuneindia.com/people/naiks-successor/100333|title=Naik's successor|last=Gupta|first=Ashish|date=2016-04-05|work=Fortune India|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en}}</ref> It began to expand its engineering services as a developer of corporate software under a new brand name L&T Technology Services (LTTS).<ref name=":0" />

In September 2016, LTTS had its initial public offering in the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]], making it the second L&T subsidiary to go public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lt-technology-ipo-subscribed-2-5-times/articleshow/54356710.cms|title=L&T Technology IPO subscribed 2.5 times|date=2016-09-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lt-technology-lists-at-rs-920-up-7-over-issue-price/articleshow/54475804.cms|title=L&T Technology lists at Rs 920, up 7% over issue price|last=Mudgill|first=Amit|date=2016-09-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref> [[A. M. Naik]], the current group chairman of the parent company, remained chairman of the subsidiary until his retirement in October 2017.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/western-protectionism-fears-more-media-hype-than-actual-a-m-naik/articleshow/60197282.cms|title=Western protectionism fears more media hype than actual: A M Naik|last=PTI|date=2017-08-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref> Keshab Panda was named as the CEO and managing director <ref name=":0" /> and [[S N Subrahmanyan|S.N.Subrahmanyan]] as vice chairman of the company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://businessworld.in/article/-What-I-Inherited-Is-Today-12-Of-L-T-The-Other-88-I-Have-Created-/20-09-2017-126603/|title='What I Inherited Is Today 12% Of L&T; The Other 88% I Have Created'|last=Alvares|first=Clifford|date=20 September 2017|work=BW Businessworld|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://businessworld.in/article/L-T-The-Ambidextrous-Architect/20-09-2017-126609/|title=L&T: The Ambidextrous Architect|last=Alvares|first=Clifford|date=20 September 2017|work=BW Businessworld|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, LTTS developed a set of personal safety gear that is based on [[Cloud computing|cloud]]-enabled technologies. The system includes a set of "helmets, gloves, jackets and shoes that have sensors capturing [the wearers] performance, and sending it to a centralized database on the cloud."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/chatbots-and-more-how-indian-it-is-using-automation-to-service-customers-117051500037_1.html|title=Chatbots and more: How Indian IT is using automation to service customers|last=Pramanik|first=Ayan|date=2017-05-15|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref>

[[File:L&T Technology Services - Manyata Tech Park.jpg|thumb|L&T Technology Services office at [[Manyata Tech Park]], [[Bangalore]].]]

In March 2017, it opened a [[center of excellence]] in [[Munich]], Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/lt-technology-services-opens-center-in-munich/articleshow/57788452.cms|title=L&T Technology Services opens center in Munich|last=Sangani|first=Priyanka|date=2017-03-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref> In June 2017, LTTS completed the acquisition of the Esencia, a [[San Jose, California]]-based engineering firm involved in development of "[[Wireless network|wireless connectivity]] solutions, [[perceptual computing]], [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]] and advanced [[silicon]] products" for $27 million.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/lt-tech-q1-profit-falls-9-on-weak-margins/articleshow/59758297.cms|title=L&T Tech Q1 profit falls 9% on weak margins|last=Mandavia|first=Megha|date=2017-07-25|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref> In July, the company was upgraded to Group A of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/bse-to-add-48-companies-to-group-a-from-july-17-998046-2017-07-14|title=BSE to add 48 companies to Group 'A from July 17|last=PTI|date=2017-07-14|work=India Today|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref>

In May 2022, the company opened an engineering, research and development (ER&D) centre in [[Kraków|Krakow]], [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sureban |first=Haripriya |date=2022-05-26 |title=L&T Technology Services opens Engineering R&D Centre in Poland |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/lt-technology-services-opens-engineering-rd-centre-in-poland/article65460660.ece |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> In June 2022, LTTS set up an engineering design centre in [[Toulouse]], [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Ayushman |date=2022-06-28 |title=LTTS launches engineering design centre in France, to hire 100 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ltts-launches-engineering-design-centre-in-france-to-hire-100-11656407915004.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, LTTS announced that it would acquire parent L&T's "Smart World & Communication" business segment, which has interests in [[communication network]]s, [[cybersecurity]] and [[Smart environment|smart spaces]], for {{INR}}800 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Larsen & Toubro sells business division to subsidiary LTTS for Rs 800 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/larsen-toubro-sells-business-division-to-subsidiary-ltts-for-rs-800-crore-123011201223_1.html |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=12 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2024, L&T Technology Services partnered with [[Faurecia|Forvia]] to forge a €45 million deal.<ref>{{cite web |title=L&T Technology Services and FORVIA Forge €45 Million Alliance to Accelerate Clean Mobility Engineering |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/lt-technology-services-and-forvia-forge-eur45-million-alliance-to-accelerate-clean-mobility-engineering |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref> In August 2024, LTTS signed a contract to resell the Thales Sentinel platform, a software monetization platform developed by French [[Arms industry|defence]] and [[Aerospace manufacturer|aerospace]] company, [[Thales Group]], to its customers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2024 |title=Thales and L&T Technology Services Expand Collaboration to Provide Innovative Business Models to Customers |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240821145825/en/Thales-and-LT-Technology-Services-Expand-Collaboration-to-Provide-Innovative-Business-Models-to-Customers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115131422/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240821145825/en/Thales-and-LT-Technology-Services-Expand-Collaboration-to-Provide-Innovative-Business-Models-to-Customers/ |archive-date=15 November 2024 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=Business Wire |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2024, L&T Technology Services announced the acquisition of Intelliswift for $110 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/l-t-technology-services-acquires-us-based-intelliswift-for-110-million-124111101445_1.html |title=L&T Technology Services acquires US-based Intelliswift for $110 million |work=Business Standard |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[LTIMindtree]]
* [[KPIT Technologies]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.lnttechservices.com/}}{{Larsen & Toubro}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:LandT Technology Services}}
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Larsen & Toubro]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Bipin Rawat

2026-02-27T22:37:16Z

Dia: quick update

{{Short description|1st Chief of Defence Staff of India (1958–2021)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (India)|General]]
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|country=IND|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM}}
| image = [[File:General Bipin Rawat, India's 1st Chief of Defence Staff.jpg|250px]]
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait, 2020
| office = 1st [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| term_start = {{start date|2020|01|01|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{end date|2021|12|08|df=yes}}
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = [[Anil Chauhan]] (2022)
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office1 = 57th [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|2019|09|27|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|2021|12|08|df=yes}} {{small|(27 September 2019–31 December 2019 as [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]]) (1 January 2020 – 8 December 2021 as [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|CDS]])}}
| president1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| successor1 = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]] ''(acting)'' [[Anil Chauhan]]
| office2 = 27th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|2016|12|31|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{end date|2019|12|31|df=yes}}
| president2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
}}
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
| successor2 = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-to-be-next-army-chief-11576512004693.html|title=Lt Gen Manoj Mukund Naravane to be next Army Chief|publisher=LiveMint|access-date=16 December 2019|date=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| office3 = 37th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start3 = {{start date|2016|09|01|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{end date|2016|12|31|df=yes}}
| president3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor3 = [[Man Mohan Singh Rai]]
| 1blankname3 = Minister of Defence
| 1namedata3 = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| successor3 = [[Sarath Chand]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1958|03|16}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|12|8|1958|03|16}}
| birth_place = Saina, [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now [[Uttarakhand]]), India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=Gen Bipin Rawat: 'On last visit to his Uttarakhand village, he wanted a road; it is nearly complete now' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bipin-rawat-last-visit-to-uttarakhand-village-7663236/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Bandishola]], [[Nilgiris district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[2021 Indian Air Force Mi-17 crash|Helicopter crash]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| residence =
| spouse = {{marriage|Madhulika Singh|1985|2021|end=d}}
| children = 2
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 16 December 1978 {{endash}} 8 December 2021
| rank = [[File:Rank insignia for India CDS.svg|23px]] [[General (India)|General]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = IC-35471M<ref name="pvsm-pib">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187777|title=411 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced|date=25 January 2019}}</ref>
| unit = [[File:11th Gorkha rifles Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[11 Gorkha Rifles|5/11 Gorkha Rifles]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Southern Command (India).png|20px]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]
* [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]]
* [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Infantry Division]]
* [[File:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|20px]] [[MONUSCO|North Kivu Brigade]]
* [[File:Rashtriya Rifles Logo.svg|20px]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|5 Sector RR]]
* [[File:11th Gorkha rifles Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[11 Gorkha Rifles|5/11 Gorkha Rifles]]
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Padma Vibhushan]] (posthumous)
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[National Defence Academy]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])
* [[Indian Military Academy]]
* [[Defence Services Staff College]]
* [[University of Madras]] ([[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]])
* [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|U.S. Army Command and General Staff College]]
}}
| website =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| parents = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Lakshman Singh Rawat]] (father)
}}

'''Bipin Rawat''' (16 March 1958 – 8 December 2021) was an Indian military officer who was a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] [[General (India)|general]] of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=8 December 2021|title=Bipin Rawat: India's 'inspiring commander' who died in helicopter crash|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|location=[[Kolkata]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59578168|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> He served as the first [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] from January 2020 until his death in [[2021 Indian Air Force Mi-17 crash|a helicopter crash]] in December 2021. Prior to taking over as the CDS, he served as the 57th [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] (Chairman COSC) of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] as well as 27th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) of the Indian Army.<ref name="Chairman COSC">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gen-rawat-takes-over-as-chairman-of-chiefs-of-staff-committee/article29528935.ece|title=Gen. Rawat takes over as Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 September 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Bipin Rawat took over as 27th COAS |url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/815124359287336960 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

Born in Pauri, Pauri Garhwal district in present-day Uttarakhand to Lieutenant General [[Lakshman Singh Rawat]], he graduated from the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]] where he was awarded the Sword of Honour. He was commissioned into his father's unit - [[5/11 Gorkha Rifles|11 Gorkha Rifles]]. He served during the [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish]] in the [[Sumdorong Chu]] valley. He commanded a company in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] and his battalion - 5/11 GR along the [[Line of Actual Control]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]], he commanded 5 sector [[Rashtriya Rifles]] in [[Sopore]]. He subsequently served with the [[United Nations peacekeeping|United Nations]] as the Commander of a Multinational Brigade as part of [[MONUSCO]].

Promoted to [[general officer]], Rawat commanded the [[19th Indian Infantry Division|19 Infantry Division]] at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]]. He then served as the [[Major general (India)|Major General]] General Staff (MGGS) at Headquarters [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]. In 2014, he was promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] and appointed [[General officer commanding]] (GOC) [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]] at [[Dimapur]]. During this tenure, the [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar]] took place where units under his command executed cross-border strikes against the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-K]]. In early 2016, Rawat was promoted to Army Commander grade and appointed [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command]]. After a short stint, he moved to Army HQ as the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]. In December that year, he was appointed the next [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] superseding two senior generals. As the senior-most chief of staff amongst the three services, he served as the [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] from September 2019 to December 2021. He was appointed as the first [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] in January 2020 and served until his death in December 2021.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

During Rawat's tenure as the COAS, in 2017, a [[2017 China–India border standoff|73-day military border standoff]] happened at [[Doklam]] between the Indian Armed Forces and the [[People's Liberation Army]].

== Early life and career ==
Bipin Rawat was born in [[Pauri]] town of [[Pauri Garhwal district]], present-day [[Uttarakhand]] state, on 16 March 1958 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-set-to-be-indias-first-cds-1.68733228 |title=Army Chief Gen Bipin Rawat set to be India's first CDS |last=Madan |first=Karuna |date=30 December 2019 |website=Gulf News |access-date=9 December 2021 }}</ref> to a [[Hindu]] [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Rajput]] family.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|title=Top positions in country's security establishments helmed by men from Uttarakhand |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 December 2016 |access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221184712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> His family had been serving in the Indian Army for multiple generations.

Rawat's father, [[Lakshman Singh Rawat]] (1930–2015), was from Sainj village of the Pauri Garhwal district; commissioned into [[11 Gorkha Rifles|3/11 Gorkha Rifles]] in 1951, he retired as [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] in 1988 in the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |date=19 December 2016 |title=India's New Army Chief Walks In The Footsteps Of His Father, Who Was Deputy Chief |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/indias-new-army-chief-walks-in-the-footsteps-of-his-father-who_a_21630986 |work=HuffPost India |location= |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/News/Articles/India/20161217/3015239.html|title=Gen Bipin Rawat known for operational skills and strategic expertise|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224233624/http://news.webindia123.com/News/Articles/India/20161217/3015239.html|archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/dec/19/bipin-rawat-to-have-full-three-years-tenure-1550946.html|title=Bipin Rawat to have full three years tenure|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193651/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/dec/19/bipin-rawat-to-have-full-three-years-tenure-1550946.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> His mother was from the [[Uttarkashi district]] and was the daughter of Kishan Singh Parmar, the ex-[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Uttarkashi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Army Chief visits mother's ancestral village |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/army-chief-visits-mother-s-ancestral-village-119092001353_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=20 September 2019|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

Rawat was educated at [[Cambrian Hall]] School in [[Dehradun]], and at [[St. Edward's School, Shimla]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rawat visits alma mater, ARTRAC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/rawat-visits-alma-mater-artrac-772528|access-date=8 December 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> He then joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla, and the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]], from where he graduated first in the order of merit and was awarded the 'Sword of Honour.'<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=India's first Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat killed in helicopter crash|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/cds-general-bipin-rawat-death-helicopter-crash-7662911/|access-date=8 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Rawat was also a graduate of the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC), [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]], and the Higher Command Course at the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] (USACGSC) at [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]], in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat takes over as new Army Commander|date=2 January 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=18 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225044152/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|archive-date=25 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/3472724/UN-commander-says-hands-are-tied-in-Congo.html|title=UN commander says hands are tied in Congo|last=Goma|first=David Blair in|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=18 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219175924/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/3472724/UN-commander-says-hands-are-tied-in-Congo.html|archive-date=19 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-general-bipin-rawat-master-of-surgical-strikes/articleshow/56054559.cms|title=Lt General Bipin Rawat: Master of surgical strikes – The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=19 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219175826/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-general-bipin-rawat-master-of-surgical-strikes/articleshow/56054559.cms|archive-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> From his tenure at the DSSC, he obtained an [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] degree in Defence Studies as well as diplomas in Management and Computer Studies from the [[University of Madras]]. In 2011, he was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] by [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]], [[Meerut]], for his research on military-media strategic studies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chief-designate-for-peace-on-border-some-disputes-not-for-army-to-settle-4434284/|title=Chief-designate for peace on border: 'Some disputes not for Army to settle'|date=19 December 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=19 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218203003/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chief-designate-for-peace-on-border-some-disputes-not-for-army-to-settle-4434284/|archive-date=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="27th COAS">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156038|title=GENERAL BIPIN RAWAT takes over as the 27th COAS of the INDIAN ARMY|website=pib.nic.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101002700/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156038|archive-date=1 January 2017|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>

== Military career ==
=== Early career ===
Rawat was commissioned into the 5th battalion, the [[11 Gorkha Rifles]] (5/11 GR) on 16 December 1978, the same unit as his father.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/In-surprise-move-Lt.-Gen.-Bipin-Rawat-appointed-next-Army-Chief/article16896802.ece|title=In surprise move, Lt. Gen. Bipin Rawat appointed next Army Chief|first=Dinakar|last=Peri|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193836/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/In-surprise-move-Lt.-Gen.-Bipin-Rawat-appointed-next-Army-Chief/article16896802.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 December 2016}}</ref> During the [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish]] in the [[Sumdorong Chu]] valley, then Captain Rawat's battalion was deployed against the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-chief-general-bipin-rawat-bakshi-358121-2016-12-17|title=Why General Rawat made the cut which General Bakshi failed to|access-date=18 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217204522/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-chief-general-bipin-rawat-bakshi/1/837176.html|archive-date=17 December 2016}}</ref> The standoff was the first military confrontation along the disputed [[McMahon Line]] after the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 war]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Flashback from 1986: When India First Stared China in the Eye |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/flashback-from-1986-when-india-first-stared-china-in-the-eye-1454405.html |access-date=8 December 2021 |work=News18 |date=7 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

Early in his career, Rawat had an instructional tenure at the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]]. He had much experience in high-altitude warfare and spent ten years conducting [[counter-insurgency]] operations.<ref name=":2" /> He commanded a [[Company (military unit)|company]] in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] as a Major. He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. After the course, he was appointed General Staff Officer, Grade 2 (GSO2) at the Military Operations Directorate at Army headquarters. He also served as a logistics staff officer of a Re-organised Army Plains Infantry Division (RAPID) in Central India. He attended the Higher Command Course at the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] (USACGSC) at [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]].

As a [[Colonel (India)|colonel]], Rawat commanded his battalion, the 5th [[battalion]], the [[11 Gorkha Rifles]], in the eastern sector along the [[Line of Actual Control]] at [[Kibithu]]. For his command of 5/11 GR, he was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2001.<ref name="VSM">{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2001/O-2378-2001-0021-110697.pdf |website=egazette.nic.in |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> He also served as Colonel Military Secretary (Col MS) and Deputy Military Secretary in the Military Secretary's Branch and as a Senior Instructor in the Junior Command Wing.<ref name="Experience 2016 Express" /><ref name="Rawat Highlights NDTV" />

On 26 January 2005, he was awarded the [[Sena Medal]] for devotion to duty.<ref name="SM">{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=https://ia800102.us.archive.org/20/items/in.gazette.2005.138/W_15_2011_112_text.pdf |website=us.archive.org |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> Promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]], he commanded 5 Sector [[Rashtriya Rifles]] in [[Sopore]]. He was awarded the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] for his command of 5 Sector RR.<ref name="YSM">{{cite web |title=Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=46977 |website=archive.pib.gov.in. |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

=== UN mission in Congo ===
Rawat commanded [[MONUSCO]] (a Multinational Brigade in a Chapter VII mission in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]). Within two weeks of deployment in the DRC, the Brigade faced a major offensive in the east which threatened the regional capital of [[North Kivu]], [[Goma]]. The offensive also threatened to destabilise the country as a whole. The situation demanded a rapid response and North Kivu Brigade was reinforced, where it was responsible for over 7,000 men and women, representing nearly half of the total MONUSCO force. Whilst simultaneously engaged in offensive kinetic operations against the CNDP and other armed groups, Rawat (then [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]) carried out tactical support to the Congolese Army ([[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]]), He sensitised programmes with the local population and detailed coordination to ensure that all were informed about the situation and worked together in the progress of operations. He was responsible for the protection of the vulnerable population.

This operational period lasted for four months. Goma never fell, the East stabilized and the main armed group was motivated to the negotiating table and has since been integrated into the FARDC. He was also tasked to present the Revised Charter of Peace Enforcement to the Special Representatives of the Secretary-General and Force Commanders of all the UN missions in a special conference at [[Wilton Park]], London, on 16 May 2009.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-changed-the-face-of-un-peacekeeping-in-conflict-hit-congo/story-RLHFqcvPhzvZzeLdiL1u8M.html|title=How Lt Gen Rawat changed the face of UN peacekeeping in conflict-hit Congo|date=18 December 2016|newspaper=hindustantimes.com|access-date=19 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218200919/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-changed-the-face-of-un-peacekeeping-in-conflict-hit-congo/story-RLHFqcvPhzvZzeLdiL1u8M.html|archive-date=18 December 2016}}</ref> Rawat was twice awarded the Force Commander's Commendation.<ref name="Experience 2016 Express">{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat: An experienced hand in high altitude warfare, counter insurgency ops |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/general-bipin-rawat-army-chief-4432529/ |access-date=8 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rawat Highlights NDTV" />

=== General officer ===
After promotion to [[Major general (India)|Major General]], Rawat took over as the [[General Officer Commanding]] [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Infantry Division]] ([[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]]). For his command of the Dagger Division, as the 19th Infantry Division is called, he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2013.<ref name="AVSM">{{cite web |title=359 Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=91831 |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> He subsequently served as the Major General General Staff (MGGS) of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].

=== 2015 Myanmar strikes ===
[[File:Bipin Rawat VCOAS.jpg|right|thumb|Rawat as the VCOAS.]]

Promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]], he was appointed General Officer Commanding [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]], headquartered in [[Dimapur]]. In June 2015, eighteen Indian soldiers were killed in an [[2015 Manipur ambush|ambush]] by militants belonging to the [[United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia]] (UNLFW) in [[Manipur]]. The [[Indian Army]] responded with [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|cross-border strikes]] in which units of the 21st battalion of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] struck an NSCN-K base in [[Myanmar]]. [[Para (Special Forces)|21 Para]] was under the operational control of the [[Dimapur]] based [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]], which was then commanded by Rawat.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://scroll.in/article/824529/rawats-appointment-as-army-chief-is-in-line-with-modis-aggressive-foreign-policy|title=Rawat's appointment as Army chief is in line with Modi's aggressive foreign policy|last=Datta|first=Saikat|newspaper=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=19 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219123814/http://scroll.in/article/824529/rawats-appointment-as-army-chief-is-in-line-with-modis-aggressive-foreign-policy|archive-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> For his command of III Corps, he was awarded the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2016.<ref name="UYSM">{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=dmnJ7MTotYWS1m0Pus4r/g==&ParentID=QPKy4/HwEbaYs3LeT/iw/g==&flag=qIhMdI6E5m5D+DyHsKR3Pw== |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Army Commander ===
After relinquishing command of [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]], Rawat was appointed General Officer Commanding Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa Area, headquartered in Mumbai.<ref name=":0" />After a short stint, he was promoted to the Army Commander grade and assumed the post of [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] on 1 January 2016.<ref name="Experience 2016 Express" /><ref name="Rawat Highlights NDTV">{{cite news |title=General Bipin Rawat: Five Highlights Of An Outstanding Career |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/general-bipin-rawat-dead-in-chopper-crash-five-highlights-of-an-outstanding-career-2642632 |access-date=8 December 2021 |work=NDTV.com |date=8 December 2021}}</ref> After an eight-month tenure, he assumed the post of [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] on 1 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lt-general-campose-takes-over-as-army-vice-chief-611232|title=Lt General Bipin singh rawat Takes over as Army Vice Chief|date=5 August 2014|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=24 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111658/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lt-general-campose-takes-over-as-army-vice-chief-611232|archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat to take over as the VCOAS |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149410 |website=pibarchive.nic.in}}</ref>

=== Chief of the Army Staff ===
[[File:Bipin Rawat Baton.jpg|thumb|right|General [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]] handing over the baton to Rawat at Army HQ]]
On 17 December 2016, the Government of India appointed Rawat as the 27th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], superseding two more senior [[Lieutenant General]]s, [[Praveen Bakshi]] ([[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command|Eastern Army Commander]]) and [[Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz|P. M. Hariz]] ([[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command|Southern Army Commander]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abclive.in/india-army-china-border-experienced-general/|title=India Army Gets China Border Experienced General|publisher=ABC Live|issue=online|agency=ABC Live|last1=Jatinder|first1=Kaur|access-date=18 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220153709/http://abclive.in/india-army-china-border-experienced-general/|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> The appointment made by [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] ruled Government was politically controversial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat's appointment by Modi government creates unease: Here's why |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/lt-gen-bipin-rawats-appointment-by-modi-government-creates-unease-heres-why-3164708.html |access-date=10 December 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=20 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Rawat was accused of [[nepotism]] and gratuitously politicising the appointment, by the senior serving and retired military officers.<ref name="Blunt Fault Wire" />

He took office of Chief of the Army Staff as the 27th COAS on 31 December 2016, after retirement of General [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The path of glory: exploits of the 11 Gorkha Rifles|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1988|author=Gautam Sharma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=149410|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222082340/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=149410|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> He was the third officer from the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Brigade]] to become the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], after [[Sam Manekshaw]] and Suhag.

He rejected the implementation of Non-Functional Upgradation (NFU) for the armed forces. Speaking in May 2017, he urged defence personnel not to compare themselves with civil-service officers and clarified that the military would “implement NFU in our own way,” emphasizing that automatic pay upgrades of the kind granted to Group A civil servants could potentially diminish the distinct status of the armed services.

In 2018, Rawat defended the army Major involved in the [[Kashmir human shield incident]], where a Kashmiri man was tied to a jeep as a [[human shield]].<ref name="Tenure Telegraph">{{cite news |title=Bipin Rawat: A tenure marked by controversies |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bipin-rawat-at-helm-controversies-galore/cid/1842528 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=9 December 2021}}</ref> The officer was awarded a Chief of the Army Staff Commendation Card by Rawat for counter-insurgency operations.<ref>{{Citation|title=Officer Who Tied Protester To Jeep As 'Human Shield' In Kashmir Honoured By Army|date=2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cd639Bthrys|work=[[NDTV]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Bollywood glorifying use of human shields|date=April 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1a6642e9OU|work=[[TRT World]]|language=en}}</ref>

Rawat had been criticized by the opposition party leaders for making political statements during the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]].<ref name="Tenure Telegraph" />

On his visit to the United States in 2019, General Rawat was inducted to the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] International Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite news|title=General Rawat inducted into his alma mater's International Hall of Fame in US|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/general-rawat-inducted-into-his-alma-mater-s-international-hall-of-fame-in-us-119040500337_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=5 April 2019|access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> He was also an honorary General of [[Nepalese Army]] in accordance with the tradition between the Indian and Nepali armies to confer the honorary rank of General upon each other's chiefs to signify their close and special military ties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/general-bipin-rawat-nepal-army-bidhya-devi-bhandari-968426-2017-03-29|title=General Bipin Rawat made honorary General of Nepal Army|website=India Today|date=29 March 2017 |language=en|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>

Rawat served as the 57th [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]].<ref name="Chairman COSC" />

==== Doklam standoff with Chinese army ====
In 2017, at [[Doklam]] a [[2017 China–India border standoff|73-day military border standoff]] happened between the Indian Armed Forces and the [[People's Liberation Army]] of China over Chinese construction of a road in Doklam near a trijunction border area between [[Bhutan]], [[China]] and [[India]].<ref name="nytimes Doklam">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/world/asia/dolam-plateau-china-india-bhutan.html |title=How India and China Have Come to the Brink Over a Remote Mountain Pass |last1=Barry |first1=Steven Lee Myers, Ellen |date=26 July 2017 |work=The New York Times |last2=Fisher |first2=Max |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150313/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/world/asia/dolam-plateau-china-india-bhutan.html |archive-date=27 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="reuters Doklam">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-idUSKBN19O109 |title=China says India violates 1890 agreement in border stand-off |date=3 July 2017 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815072409/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-idUSKBN19O109 |archive-date=15 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the standoff ended Rawat said China had begun 'flexing its muscles' and was trying to 'nibble away' territory held by India in a gradual manner to test the limits of thresholds. He stated, India had to be "wary about" China, "and remain prepared for situations that could develop into conflicts".<ref name="Blunt Fault Wire" />

==== On Pakistan ====
Rawat said that India did not "see any scope for reconciliation with Pakistan as its military, polity and people have decided that India wants to break their country into pieces". Rawat suspected Pakistan could "swing into action to take advantage of India's preoccupation with China". Rawat thus highlighted a two-front war situation without offering a solution or remedy.<ref name="Blunt Fault Wire" />

==== Two front War ====
Until 2019, Rawat had given statements warning India to be prepared for a simultaneous war on two fronts against China and Pakistan. In September 2017, during a seminar in Delhi, Rawat said that "warfare lies within the realm of reality" along India borders with China and Pakistan, even though all the three countries have nuclear arms. According to critics, Rawat neither prepared for such an outcome nor initiated measures to thwart it.<ref name="Blunt Fault Wire">{{cite news |title=General Bipin Rawat: A Military Officer Who Was Forthright and Blunt to a Fault |url=https://thewire.in/security/general-bipin-rawat-cds-obituary |work=The Wire |date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

==== Bilateral visits as Chief of the Army Staff ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Date
!Purpose
!Ref
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2017'''
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|28–31 March
|
* Bilateral discussions with President, Prime Minister and Defence Minister.
* Visited a high-altitude military warfare training centre at [[Pokhara]] and [[Muktinath]].
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indian-army-chief-gen-rawat-to-visit-nepal/story-Y2HwouDcs0JbqW4rXSWu5L.html|title=Indian Army Chief Gen Rawat to visit Nepal|date=19 March 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=19 March 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319135320/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indian-army-chief-gen-rawat-to-visit-nepal/story-Y2HwouDcs0JbqW4rXSWu5L.html|archive-date=19 March 2017}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:160098)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=29 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141654/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A160098%29|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|31 March – 2 April
|
* Bilateral discussions with President, Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff.
* Visited headquarters of an infantry division and armoured corps at [[Bogra]].
|<ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/31/indian-army-chief-arrives-dhaka/|title=Indian army chief arrives in Dhaka {{!}} Dhaka Tribune|date=31 March 2017|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=31 March 2017|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331133439/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/31/indian-army-chief-arrives-dhaka/|archive-date=31 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bhutan}}
|27–30 April
|
* Audience with King of Bhutan.
* Goodwill visit.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:161383)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155452/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A161383%29|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}
|28–31 May
|
* Bilateral discussions with [[State Counsellor of Myanmar|State Counseller]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar)|Union Minister for Foreign Affairs]], [[Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services]], [[Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services]] and [[Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Army|Commander-in-Chief of Army]].
* Visited National Defence College, [[Nay Pyi Taw]] and [[Defence Services Academy]], [[Pyin Oo Lwin|Pwin Oo Lwin]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:162203)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=29 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155452/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A162203%29|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
|1–3 August
|
* Bilateral discussions with Defence Minister, Chairman of the National Security Committee, Vice Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of Land Forces of Kazakhstan.
* Visited elite Air Assault Brigade and National Defence University in Astana
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:169337)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=1 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801073043/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A169337%29|archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan }}
|4–5 August
|
* Bilateral discussions with Minister of Defence & Secretary, National Security Council, First Deputy Minister & Chief of General Staff, Commanders of Land, Naval, Air & Air Defence Forces
* Visited the Military Institute & Military Academy
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2018'''
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|12–14 February
|
* Bilateral meetings with President and Prime Minister
* Chief guest at Army day of the [[Nepalese Army]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-chief-on-three-day-visit-to-nepal-from-tomorrow/articleshow/62875071.cms|title=Indian Army chief on three-day visit to Nepal from tomorrow|date=11 February 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-in-nepal-to-meet-prez-pm/story-5e8lzBZCrMj6Apv0vCl4DI.html|title=Indian Army chief Gen Bipin Rawat in Nepal, to meet Prez, PM|date=13 February 2018|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=15 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|14–17 May
|
* Bilateral meetings with President, Prime Minister and Chiefs of Sri Lankan Armed Forces
* Visited the [[Sri Lanka Military Academy]], Diyatalawa and military establishments at [[Kandy]] and [[Trincomalee]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2018/05/11/chief-of-staff-of-the-indian-army-general-rawat-to-visit-sri-lanka/|title=Chief of Staff of the Indian Army General Rawat to visit Sri Lanka {{!}} The Sunday Leader|website=thesundayleader.lk|language=en-US|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511174045/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2018/05/11/chief-of-staff-of-the-indian-army-general-rawat-to-visit-sri-lanka/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179251|title=Visit of Coas to Sri Lanka|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|1–6 October
|
* Bilateral meetings with senior military officers
* Visited the Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy, Western Military District HQ (St Petersburg) and HQ and General Staff Academy at Moscow
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183854|title=Visit of COAS to Russia|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|22–25 November
|
* Bilateral meetings with Defence Minister, Deputy Chief of the General Staff and other senior military personnel
* Visited the HQ of an infantry division near Hanoi and 7 Military Region HQ at Ho Chi Minh City
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=185855|title=Visit of COAS to Vietnam|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}} {{Flag|Kenya}}
|17–20 December
|
* Met senior civil and military leaders of the two countries
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186443|title=Visit of COAS to Tanzania and Kenya}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2019'''
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
|2–5 April
|
* Bilateral meetings with [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] [[General (United States)|General]] [[Mark A. Milley]] and [[General (United States)|General]] [[Joseph Dunford]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]
* Visited the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York|West Point]] and the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189616|title=Visit of Chief of the Army Staff to USA|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|left|frameless|22x22px]] [[Maldives]]
|30 September – 3 October 2019
|
* Interacted with the hierarchy of the Maldivian government and armed forces.
* visit aimed at strengthening close bilateral defence ties between the two nations.
* Army Chief meet President of Maldives, minister of defence, foreign minister and chief of National Defence Forces.
* Military vehicles and military equipment exchanged
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193492|title=Visit of General Bipin Rawat, Coas to Maldives|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=6 October 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== Chief of Defence Staff ===

[[File:CDS General Bipin Rawat with COAS General Manoj Mukund Naravane, CNS Admiral Karambir Singh and CAS Air Chief Marshal R.K.S. Bhadauria after the ceremonial Guard of Honour, in New Delhi on January 01, 2020.jpg|CDS General Bipin Rawat with [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] General [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Karambir Singh]] and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|CAS]] [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[R. K. S. Bhadauria]] after the ceremonial Guard of Honour, in New Delhi on 1 January 2020 |thumb|250px]]

He served as the first [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] from January 2020 until his death in December 2021.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=196194|title=General Bipin Rawat Appointed as Chief of Defence Staff|date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/general-bipin-rawat-first-chief-of-defence-staff-1632572-2019-12-30|title=Army chief General Bipin Rawat named India's first Chief of Defence Staff|website=India Today|date=30 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-brief-look-at-general-bipin-rawat-indias-first-cds/articleshow/73029309.cms|title=Who is Bipin Rawat: A brief look at General Bipin Rawat, India's first CDS|website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

India as of 2021 had service–specific commands system.<ref name="Understanding integrated command">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=10 May 2017|title=Joint operations vs integrated command: Understanding a new way to fight wars|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/joint-operations-vs-integrated-command-understanding-a-new-way-to-fight-wars-4648574/|access-date=24 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Joint warfare|joint]] and integrated commands, also known as [[Unity of command|unified commands]]; and further divided into [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]] or functional commands, have been set up and more are proposed.<ref name="unified air defence">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=27 August 2020|title=India likely to set up unified air defence command in October|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-likely-to-set-up-unified-air-defence-command-in-october/articleshow/77785824.cms|access-date=23 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In February 2020, Rawat said two to five [[Integrated Theatre Commands of the Indian Armed Forces|theatre commands]] may be set up.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=17 February 2020|title=CDS Gen Bipin Rawat announces plan to create Peninsula Command|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=381457|access-date=26 October 2020|website=www.newsonair.com|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174947/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=381457|url-status=dead}}</ref> The completion of the creation of theatre commands, both integrated and joint commands, will take a number of years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=4 February 2020|title=India's joint military theatre command process to finish in 3 years, says CDS Bipin Rawat|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-joint-military-theatre-command-process-to-finish-in-3-years-says-cds-bipin-rawat/359711/|access-date=6 October 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Indian Air Force]] opposed the formation of unified theatre commands citing limitation of resources.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed Siddiqui |first=Imran |date=24 August 2021 |title=Indian Air Force opposes unified theatre commands again |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/indian-air-force-opposes-unified-theatre-commands-again/cid/1827696 |work=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828160257/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/indian-air-force-opposes-unified-theatre-commands-again/cid/1827696 |archive-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

==== Comments on supremacy of Army ====
On May 6, 2017, during his visit to attend a disabled soldiers’ rally organized by the Delhi-based War Wounded Foundation at the Armed Forces Medical College, General Bipin Rawat stated that the status of Armed Forces personnel is ‘higher’ than that of civil services. He emphasized that defence personnel should not seek non-functional upgradation (NFU) similar to that granted to Group ‘A’ civil service officers, warning that such a move could result in a downgrade of their status.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/armed-forces-status-higher-than-civil-services-gen-rawat/articleshow/58554642.cms</ref>

On a separate occasion, Rawat put emphasis on the 'supremacy and primacy' of the Indian Army over the Air force and Navy, in fighting wars. Rawat had stated, "Wars will be fought on land, and therefore the primacy of the army must be maintained over the air force and navy. The statement had antagonised the Air Force and Navy.<ref name="Blunt Fault Wire" />

In early 2021, Rawat called the Indian Air Force a "supporting arm" of India's defence network and infrastructure. [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[R. K. S. Bhadauria]] made a public statement in response that the IAF served a bigger role than a supporting arm.<ref name="Tenure Telegraph" />

==== Ladakh standoff with Chinese Army ====
{{Main|2020–2021 China–India skirmishes}}

==== Comments on China ====
On 15 September 2021 while speaking at an event in the capacity of the CDS at the [[India International Centre]] in New Delhi, General Rawat touched upon the theory of [[Clash of Civilizations|clash of civilisations]] with regards to the western civilisation and China's growing relations with countries like Iran and Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 2021|title=Afghanistan may see more turmoil: CDS Bipin Rawat|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/afghanistan-may-see-more-turmoil-cds-bipin-rawat-7511524/|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The next day, on 16 September 2021, India's Minister of External Affairs [[S. Jaishankar]] conveyed to his Chinese counterpart that India does not subscribe to any clash of civilisations theory.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 September 2021|title=Jaishankar disagrees with CDS: India doesn't believe in clash of civilisations|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bipin-rawat-s-jaishankar-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-7516621/|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:The Chief of Army Staff, General Bipin Rawat and Mrs. Madhulika Rawat with the Cadets from North-East Region, at the NCC Reception, in New Delhi on January 16, 2018.jpg|thumb|320x150px|Madhulika Rawat and then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] Bipin Rawat at the NCC Reception, in New Delhi on 16 January 2018.]]

In 1985, Rawat married Madhulika Rawat (née Raje Singh). A descendant of an erstwhile princely [[Vaghela dynasty|Baghel]] family, she was the daughter of ''Kunwar'' Mrigendra Singh, sometime ''Riyasatdar'' of the ''[[pargana]]'' of [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)|Sohagpur]] [[Rewa (princely state)|(Rewa Riyasat)]] now in [[Shahdol district]] and an [[Indian National Congress]] MLA from the district in 1967 and 1972.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=8 December 2021 |title=Chopper crash: Madhya Pradesh loses daughter Madhulika and son-in-law General Bipin Rawat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/08/chopper-crash-madhya-pradesh-loses-daughter-madhulika-and-son-in-law-general-bipin-rawat-2393268.html |work=The New Indian Express |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> She was educated at [[Scindia Kanya Vidyalaya]] in Gwalior and graduated in psychology at [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 December 2021 |title=Madhulika Rawat, Wife Of Bipin Rawat, Belonged To A Royal Family In Madhya Pradesh |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/madhulika-rawat-wife-of-bipin-rawat-belonged-a-royal-family-in-madhya-pradesh-did-you-know-1498535 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> The couple had two daughters, Kritika and Tarini.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=8 December 2021 |title=General Rawat, his wife and 11 others killed in IAF chopper crash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/general-rawat-his-wife-and-11-others-killed-in-iaf-chopper-crash-101638969201110.html |work=The Hindustan Times |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

Madhulika Rawat was the president of the [[Army Wives Welfare Association]] (AWWA) during Bipin Rawat's tenure as Chief of the Army Staff. She became the president of the [[Defence Wives Welfare Association]] (DWWA), upon the creation of the post and the appointment of General Bipin Rawat as the first CDS. She worked to make the wives of defence personnel financially independent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Know about CDS General Bipin Rawat's family – Wife Madhulika Rawat, children|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-know-about-cds-general-bipin-rawat-s-family-wife-madhulika-rawat-children-2923067|access-date=8 December 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> She was also involved with NGOs and welfare associations such as Veer Naris that assists widows of military personnel, differently-abled children and cancer patients.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=Madhulika Rawat: Here's everything about a woman who wore many hats|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/madhulika-rawat-cds-bipin-rawats-wife-was-a-woman-who-wore-many-hats-10196331.html|access-date=8 December 2021|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>

== Death and legacy==
{{Main|2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash}}
On 8 December 2021, Rawat, his wife and members of his staff were amongst 10 passengers and 4 crew members aboard an [[Indian Air Force]] [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter flight en route from the [[Sulur Air Force Base]] to the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC), Wellington, where Rawat was to deliver a lecture.<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=8 December 2021|title=Indian Air Force helicopter crash live {{!}} Gen. Bipin Rawat, wife and 11 others dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-updates-air-force-helicopter-with-cds-bipin-rawat-others-on-board-crashes-in-coonoor-tamil-nadu/article37894521.ece|access-date=8 December 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> At around 12:10 p.m. local time, the aircraft crashed near a residential colony of private tea estate employees on the outskirts of the hamlet of Nanjappachatiram, [[Bandishola]] panchayat, in the Katteri-Nanchappanchathram area of [[Coonoor]] taluk, [[Nilgiris district]].<ref name="TNIE_chopper_crash">{{cite news |last1=M. |first1=Saravanan|last2=Sundar|first2=P. S. |date=8 December 2021 |title=First Chief of Defence Bipin Rawat, 12 others killed in chopper crash in Tamil Nadu's Coonoor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/08/first-chief-of-defence-bipin-rawat-12-others-killed-in-chopper-crash-in-tamil-nadus-coonoor-2393293.html |work=The New Indian Express |location= |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="TNIE_Coonoor">{{cite news |last=M. |first=Saravanan|date=8 December 2021 |title=Coonoor helicopter mishap: 'One of the injured men asked for water', recount eyewitnesses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/dec/08/coonoor-helicopter-mishap-one-of-the-injured-men-asked-for-water-recount-eyewitnesses-2393307.html|work=The New Indian Express |location= |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sulur_tragedy">{{cite news |last=Saravanan |first=M.|date=9 December 2021 |title=Sulur chopper tragedy: 'Never seen anything this tragic', say Coonoor fire and rescue personnel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/dec/08/sulur-chopper-tragedy-never-seen-anything-this-tragic-say-coonoor-fire-and-rescue-personnel-2393297.html|work=The New Indian Express |location= |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> The crash site was {{convert|10|km|mi nmi}} from the flight's intended destination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhav|first=Pramod |date=8 December 2021|title=CDS General Bipin Rawat's chopper crashes in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-chopper-crash-tamil-nadu-coonoor-1885464-2021-12-08|access-date=9 December 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Rawat's death – and those of his wife and 11 others – was later confirmed by the [[Indian Air Force]]. Rawat's liaison officer, [[Group Captain Varun Singh (Indian Air Force Officer)|Group Captain Varun Singh]] initially survived the incident, but later succumbed to injuries on 15 December.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=Gen Bipin Rawat chopper crash: IAF chopper with CDS Bipin Rawat, 13 others crashes in Tamil Nadu; Rajnath Singh to brief Parliament tomorrow|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/cds-bipin-rawat-army-chopper-crash-live-updates-7662227/|access-date=8 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Rawat was 63 at the time of his death.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 December 2021|title=Bipin Rawat: India's top general dies in helicopter crash|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59576082|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

Rawat and his wife were cremated according to Hindu rituals with full military honours and [[21-gun salute#India|17 gun salute]] at [[Delhi Cantonment#Brar Square crematorium|Brar Square Crematorium]] in [[Delhi Cantonment]] on 10 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Quint|first=The|date=10 December 2021|title=Watch: CDS Gen Bipin Rawat, Wife Cremated by Daughters After Military Honours|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-army-chopper-crashes-bipin-rawat-funeral-detail-live-updates-2|access-date=10 December 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Their cremation was carried out by their daughters, who took their ashes to [[Haridwar]] and immersed them in the [[Ganges]] at the [[Har Ki Pauri]] [[ghat]] on 12 December.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawat |first=Sandeep |date=12 December 2021 |title=General Rawat's daughters immerse parents' ashes in Haridwar's Ganga |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/general-rawat-s-daughters-immerse-parents-ashes-in-haridwar-s-ganga-101639248765736.html |work=The Hindustan Times |location= |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

Foreign military commanders from a number of neighbouring countries attended the state funeral. They were:<ref name="report">{{cite web |date=2021 |title=General Bipin Rawat's funeral: List of foreign military commanders attending last rites |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/general-bipin-rawats-funeral-list-of-foreign-military-commanders-attending-last-rites/839428 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! Dignitaries
|-
| {{flag|Bhutan}} || [[Brigadier|Brig]] Dorji Rinchen (Deputy Chief Operations Officer) [[Royal Bhutan Army]]
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|[[Lieutenant general|Lt Gen]] [[Waker-uz-Zaman|Waker-UZ-Zaman]] ([[Principal Staff Officer (Bangladesh)|Principal Staff Officer]]) [[Armed Forces Division]]
|-
| {{flag|Kingdom of Nepal|1984|name=Nepal}} || Suprobal Janasewashree
[[Lieutenant general|Lt Gen]] [[Bal Krishna Karki]] ([[Chief of the General Staff|Chief of General Staff]]) [[Nepali Army]]
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[[General officer|Gen]] [[Shavendra Silva]] ([[Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|Chief of Defence Staff]] and [[Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]])
[[Admiral]] [[Ravindra Wijegunaratne|Ravindra Chandrasiri Wijegunaratne]] (Retd) (Former [[Chief of Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|Chief of Defence Staff]])
|-
|}
In December 2024, a Standing Committee on defense report tabled in [[Lok Sabha]] stated that the Mi-17 crash, which took place on December 8, 2021, occurred because of "Human Error (Aircrew)".<ref>{{Cite web |title="Human Error" Caused Chopper Crash That Killed CDS Bipin Rawat: Panel Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/human-error-caused-chopper-crash-that-killed-cds-bipin-rawat-panel-report-7287739 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-19 |title=Human error behind chopper crash that killed CDS Bipin Rawat: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/human-error-behind-chopper-crash-that-killed-cds-bipin-rawat-report/articleshow/116478559.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>[[File:General Bipin Rolling Trophy.jpg|right|thumb|The General Bipin Rawat trophy presented to the Woman Naval Agniveer Trainee standing First in Overall Order of Merit.]]

On Rawat's first death anniversary, his bust was unveiled at the [[United Service Institution of India]] (USI) by the [[Minister of Defence (India)#List of Ministers of State|Minister of State for Defence]] [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]. A chair of excellence and a memorial lecture was instituted at the institute by the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and the USI.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raksha Rajya Mantri Shri Ajay Bhatt unveils a bust of India's first CDS late Gen Bipin Rawat in New Delhi to commemorate his first death anniversary |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1882344 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> The General Bipin Rawat Block at the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]] Inspection Bungalow (MES IB) in [[Colaba]], Mumbai is named for Rawat.<ref>{{cite web |title=@IaSouthern |url=https://twitter.com/IaSouthern/status/1624403811476590592 |website=Twitter |access-date=13 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
The ''General Rawat India-Australia Young Defence Officers' Exchange Programme'' established in March 2022 is named for Rawat. The programme is aimed at enhancing professional military contacts between the two armed forces and facilitate the exchange of ideas and operational experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=2 March 2023 |title=15 Australian military officers in India on inaugural General Rawat exchange programme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/15-australian-military-officers-in-india-on-inaugural-general-rawat-exchange-programme/article66571696.ece |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Rawat India-Australia Young Defence Officers' Exchange Programme announced |url=https://theprint.in/world/general-rawat-india-australia-young-defence-officers-exchange-programme-announced/882754/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=2 March 2023 |date=21 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India, Australia name officers' exchange programme after CDS Gen Rawat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-australia-name-officers-exchange-programme-after-cds-gen-rawat-101649341667321.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2 March 2023 |language=en |date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

On Rawat's 65th birth anniversary, the [[Indian Navy]] instituted the ''General Bipin Rawat rolling trophy'' for the Woman Agniveer Trainee standing First in Overall Order of Merit. The trophy was instituted to honour his contribution to transformational [[Agnipath Scheme]] and is presented at the sailors training centre [[INS Chilka]]. The Navy also instituted the ''General Bipin Rawat Rolling trophy'' for the Most Spirited Officer undergoing the Naval Higher Command Course (NHCC) at the [[Naval War College, Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=COMMEMORATION OF BIRTH ANNIVERSARY: LATE GENERAL BIPIN RAWAT |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1907260 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>
In December 2013, the Jhelum Stadium in Janbazpora, Baramulla was renamed ''General Bipin Rawat stadium''. Rawat had served as the GOC 19 Infantry Division, headquartered at Baramulla.<ref>{{cite web| title=Jhelum Stadium renamed after India's first CDS General Rawat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jhelum-stadium-renamed-after-india-s-first-cds-general-rawat-101702229256766-amp.html |website=hindustantimes.com |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

== Honours and decorations ==
During his career of nearly 43 years, he was awarded multiple times for gallantry and distinguished service. He was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2001, the [[Sena Medal]] in 2005, the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] in 2009, the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2013, the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] in 2016 and the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2019. He was also awarded the [[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|COAS Commendation]] on two occasions and the Army Commander's Commendation. While serving with the United Nations, he was awarded the Force Commander's Commendation twice.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-things-you-need-to-know-about-new-army-chief-bipin-rawat/story-BDd2pWxRd44X44Z1lIog8N.html|title=Eight things you need to know about new army chief Bipin Rawat|date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Hindustantimes|access-date=18 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217193532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-things-you-need-to-know-about-new-army-chief-bipin-rawat/story-BDd2pWxRd44X44Z1lIog8N.html|archive-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135773|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155412/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135773|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> He was posthumously honored with the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2022.<ref name="Padma_22">{{cite web|url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf|title=Padma Awardees List 2022|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|date=25 January 2022|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon= Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Wound Medal-India.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=UN MONUC Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Padma Vibhushan]] (posthumous)
| colspan="2" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[MONUSCO]]
|}

== Dates of rank ==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second lieutenant|Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 16 December 1978<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=212 |date=21 February 1981 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0959-1981-0008-42603.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0959-1981-0008-42603.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 16 December 1980<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=995 |date=1 August 1981 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0961-1981-0031-42646.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0961-1981-0031-42646.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 31 July 1984<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=375 |date=23 March 1985 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0780-1985-0012-34591.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0780-1985-0012-34591.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 16 December 1989<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1746 |date=3 November 1990 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1990/O-2466-1990-0044-112602.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1990/O-2466-1990-0044-112602.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 June 1998<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=811 |date=18 May 2002 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2002/O-2520-2002-0020-114254.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2002/O-2520-2002-0020-114254.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 August 2003<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=974 |date=25 June 2005 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_26_2011_116.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_26_2011_116.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1 October 2007 (seniority from 17 May 2007)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=254 |date=21 February 2009 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_8_2010_009.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_8_2010_009.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 20 October 2011 (substantive, seniority from 11 May 2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=95 |date=19 January 2013 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2013/W_3_2013_205.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 1 June 2014 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2366 |date=20 December 2014 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2014/162120.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 1 January 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=223 |date=25 March 2017 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/174966.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Rank insignia for India CDS.svg|35px]]|| [[General (India)|General]] (CDS) || [[Indian Armed Forces]] (tri-service)|| 31 December 2019<ref>{{cite web|title=General Bipin Rawat Appointed as Chief of Defence Staff|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598029|website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive|date=30 December 2019|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite news |title=General Bipin Rawat: A Military Officer Who Was Forthright and Blunt to a Fault |url=https://thewire.in/security/general-bipin-rawat-cds-obituary |work=The Wire}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-tzofa0vu0 Guard of honour during the handover ceremony in 2019]

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Shankara, Purulia

2026-02-26T10:37:35Z

Dia: brief improve page for clarity further and fixed typos

{{Other uses|Shankara (disambiguation){{!}}Shankara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shankara
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4824|N|86.5258|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.3831
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11,171
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723155
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03251
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Para (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Para]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shankara''' (also spelled Shankra, Sankra) is a [[census town]] and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Para (community development block)|Para]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|35|0|N|86|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Raghunathpur subdivision in Purulia district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|36|0|N|86|28|5|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Santaldih| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Santaldih]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|35|5|N|86|28|34|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Kanki| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kanki, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|31|5|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Dubra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dubra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|29|52|N|86|33|43|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Chapari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Chapari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|28|56|N|86|31|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Shankara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Shankara, Purulia (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Nabagram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nabagram, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|48|15|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Saltore| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Saltore]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|40|30|N|86|49|10|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Hijuli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Hijuli]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|26|N|86|50|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Parbelia| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Parbelia]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|38|18|N|86|38|16|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Achkoda| numbered10=H| mark-title10= [[Achkoda]] (H) |shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|28|48|N|86|33|37|E}} | label-pos11= right|label11=Anara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Anara, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|1|N|86|33|10|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Cheliyama| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Cheliyama]] (R) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|35|40|N|86|45|31|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Gobag| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Gobag]] (R) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|17|N|86|27|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Haraktor| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Haraktor]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|36|29|N|86|47|57|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Harmadih| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Harmadih]] (R) |shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|39|40|N|86|49|30|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Nituria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nituria]] (R) |shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|30|42|N|86|31|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Para| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Para, Purulia]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|48|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Sarbari| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sarbari]] (R) |shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|36|45|N|86|31|25|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Usir| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Usir]] (R) |shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|36|10|N|86|33|31|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Banda Deul| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Banda Deul]] (H)| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|37|30|N|86|46|20|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Garh Panchkot| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Garh Panchkot]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|39|58|N|86|36|23|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Telkupi| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Telkupi]] (H)| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|46|N|86|45|42|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Ramkanali| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Ramkanali Junction railway station]] (R) |shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24= {{coord|23|36|40|N|86|50|21|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Murulia| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Murulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord25= {{coord|23|30|23|N|86|41|37|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Arra| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Arra, Purulia|Arra, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|29|10|N|86|39|45|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Kantaranguri| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Kantaranguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|30|10|N|86|40|0|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Adra| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Adra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|25|19|N|86|39|43|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Lapara| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Lapara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|40|12|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathpur| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Raghunathpur, Purulia]] (M) |shape-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|34|30|N|86|50|40|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30=Baranti| numbered30=T| mark-title30= [[Baranti]] (T) |shape-color30=green
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|26|10|N|86|41|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Kalloli| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kalloli]] (R) |shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|26|11|N|86|40|13|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Kashipur| numbered32=H| mark-title32= [[Kashipur, West Bengal]] (H) |shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|0|N|86|52|30|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=Madhukunda| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Madhukunda]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|35|20|N|86|49|27|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Muraddi| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Muraddi]] (R) |shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|34|45|N|86|48|24|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Ramchandrapur| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Ramchandrapur, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color35=#C42222
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|31|44|N|86|51|50|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Santuri| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Santuri, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C42222
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|32|53|N|86|43|35|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37=Bero| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Bero railway station]] (R) |shape-color37=#C42222
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|31|10|N|86|40|51|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38=Joychandi Pahar| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Joychandi Pahar]] (R) |shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23.6556|N|86.7486|E}}| label39= Panchet |labela39= Hill| label-color39 = #C42222 | label-angle39=-50| label-pos39=bottom| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23.6736|N|86.6886|E}} |label40=Panchet Dam|labela40= Reservoir| label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40=0| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23.6102|86.9303}}| label41=Damodar River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41=5| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|40|0|N|86|33|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}

===Location===
Shankara is located at {{coord|23.4824|N|86.5258|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills.<ref>Houlton, Sir John, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', 1949, p. 170, Orient Longmans Ltd.</ref> [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] occupies the northern part of the district. 83.80% of the population of the subdivision lives in rural areas. However, there are pockets of urbanization and 16.20% of the population lives in urban areas. There are 14 census towns in the subdivision.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> It is presented in the map given alongside. There is a coal mining area around [[Parbelia]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/sripur.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work =Sodepur Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref> and two thermal power plants are there – the 500 MW [[Santaldih Thermal Power Station]]<ref name=santaldih>{{cite web |url = http://stpswbpdcl.n-stars.org/ |title = Santaldih Thermal Power Station - WBPDCL |publisher = WBPDCL |accessdate = 2011-08-24 |archive-date = 11 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024838/http://stpswbpdcl.n-stars.org/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> and the 1200 MW [[Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station]]. The subdivision has a rich heritage of old temples, some of them belonging to the 11th century or earlier. The [[Banda Deul]] is a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|monument of national importance]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/purulia.aspx | title = Old temple at Banda (locally known as deul)| publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle |accessdate = 23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 134|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> The comparatively more recent in historical terms, Panchkot Raj has interesting and intriguing remains in the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asianheritagealertiaah.blogspot.in/2011/10/capital-in-shambles-garh-panchakot.html |title = Capital in shambles: Garh Panchakot, Purulia | publisher= Heritage in Peril| accessdate = 1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/East/West_Bengal/Garpanchkot/photo900506.htm |title = Historical ruins| publisher= Trek Earth | accessdate = 1 December 2016}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Shankara had a total population of 11,171, of which 5,735 (51%) were males and 5,436 (49%) were females. There were 2,523 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Shankara was 3,520 (40.84% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 1 February 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Puruliya'', Shankara covered an area of 5.3831 km2. There is a railway station at [[Anara, Purulia|Anara]], 5 km away. Among the civic amenities, it had 23 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved overhead tank, tap water from untreated source, uncovered well. It had 887 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 1 dispensary/ health centre, 2 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, the nearest secondary school at Jhapur 3 km away, the nearest senior secondary school at Khapur 3 km away, the nearest general degree college at [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]] 19 km away. Among the important commodities it manufactured was [[beedi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1073-1083 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 30 January 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
The railway station at [[Anara, Purulia|Anara]], on the [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|Adra-Gomoh branch line]], is located nearby.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/kharagpur-gomoh-memu-68103/5159/956/1426#st | title = 58603 => 68103 Kharagpur-Gomoh MEMU| work= Time Table| publisher = IndiaRailInfo |accessdate = 1 February 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Sankra High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1973. It has facilities for teaching up to the higher secondary level.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=19141806203| title = Sankra High School| publisher = SchoolsWorld.in |accessdate = 1 February 2020}}</ref>

Jhapra High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1966. It has facilities for teaching up to the higher secondary level.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=19141413603| title = Jhapra High School| publisher = SchoolsWorld.in |accessdate = 1 February 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
Ancient idols of Jain {{Transliteration|hi|tirthakars}} [[Parshvanath]] and [[Shantinatha]] have been found at Shankara.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://threader.app/thread/1152904616960376832| title = Jainism in Bengal and Purulia | work= P. Mandal| publisher = Threader |accessdate = 1 February 2020}}</ref> Many age-old idols that have weathered with time are stored inside modern temples.

[[Banda Deul]], located nearby, an 11th-century temple, is a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|monument of national importance]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 134|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>

There are some protected monuments at [[Para, Purulia|Para]], under the Government of West Bengal .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Monuments, Purulia District, Government of West Bengal |url=https://purulia.gov.in/archeological-monuments/}}</ref> There is an 11th-century {{Transliteration|hi|rekha deul}} at Banda.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/purulia.aspx | title = Old temple at Banda (locally known as deul)| publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle |accessdate = 1 February 2020}}</ref>

Numerous statues related to Jainism and Hinduism have been found at [[Haraktor]].<ref>Ananda Bazar Patrika, in Bengali, 28 December 2019, Amar Gram</ref>

==Shankara picture gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Jain Statue worshipped as deity inside Dharmaraj temple at Sankra.jpg|Jain idol in Dharmaraj temple
File:Jain Statue inside Dharmaraj temple sat Sankra.jpg|Jain idol in Dharmaraj temple
File:Shankara - Dharmaraj Temple.jpg|Dharmaraj temple
File:Bir Stambha in Shankara village at Purulia.jpg|Bir stambha
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
Para Block Primary Health Centre, with 30 beds, at [[Para, Purulia|Para]], is a major government medical facility in the Para CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/health/rural_health.html |title = Rural Health |publisher= Purulia district administration | accessdate = 1 February 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shankra}}

{{Purulia District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purulia district]]

Ved Mata Gaytri Mandir

2026-02-05T04:54:03Z

Dia: new!

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ved Mata Gayatri Temple
| image = Gaytrimandir.JPG
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =Photo from the front of the temple
| native_name = वेद माता गायत्री मंदिर
| country = {{IND}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kushinagar]]
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = map_size
| map_caption = map_caption
| map_alt = map_alt
| coordinates = {{coord|26.854349|N|83.802804|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| deity = [[Gayatri|Maa Gayatri]]
| festivals= Gayatri Jayanti, [[Vijayadashami]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Navratri]]
| architecture = [[Mandir]]
| temple_quantity =
| founded_by = Rampravesh Kushwaha
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = {{Birth date and age|2013|12|08|df=yes}}
| website =[http://www.vedmatagaytrimandirvijaypur.page.tl Gayatri Mandir.in]
}}
[[File:Gaytrimandir1.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Maa Gaytri]]

'''Ved Mata Gaytri Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] of the [[Gayatri|Maa Gayatri Devi]]. The name Gayatri Mandir derives from the Acharya of [[Shantikunj|Gayatri Mission]], Gaytari Mandir is a famous Temple. The Gayatri Mandir is founded by Mr. Rampravesh Kushwaha.This Temple is situated in [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh, India]] since a long time. Gayatri Mandir temple performs various cultural and social activities and serves as the cultural hub of the city. Gayatri Mandir Arrange every year [[Yajna|Nav Kundiy Gaytri Gayatri Mhayagya]]. During Last Day Of Yagya Gaytri Mandir also Arrange Mass wedding ceremonies (Garib Var-Kanyaon Ki Samoohik Vivah).

==References==

<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/gaytrimandirvijaypurbazar/ |title=Security Check Required |publisher=[[Facebook]] |date= |accessdate=2017-03-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/114946715112442959775 |title=Gaytri Mandir Vijaypur - Google |website=Plus.google.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedmatagaytrimandirvijaypur.page.tl |title=Home |website=Vedmatagaytrimandirvijaypur.page.tl |date= |accessdate=2017-03-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kushinagar-10923159.html |title=गायत्री मंत्र से शुद्घ हुआ वातावरण 10923159 |website=M.jagran.com |date=2013-12-09 |access-date=2017-03-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kushinagar-14166011.html |title=गायत्री परिवार ने निकाली रैली 14166011 |website=M.jagran.com |date=2016-06-16 |access-date=2017-03-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/114946715112442959775/posts/5SHvfNP1BbA |title=This Pictureis Of Ma Gaytri |website=Plus.google.com |date=2014-05-19 |accessdate=2017-03-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.bhaskar.com/news/MP-GUNA-MAT-latest-guna-news-024003-838126-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828102428/http://m.bhaskar.com/news/MP-GUNA-MAT-latest-guna-news-024003-838126-NOR.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2016 |title=भगवान के जन्मोत्सव पर आधी रात को मंदिरों में गूंजे शंख-घड़ियाल |website=M.bhaskar.com |date=2016-08-27 |accessdate=2017-03-12}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Radha Jayalakshmi

2026-02-04T09:55:52Z

Dia: expanded article per sources

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic Music Duo}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Radha (R) and Jayalakshmi (L)
| image = Radha Jayalakshmi (1).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Radha, Jayalakshmi
| image_size =
| birth_date = 1932
| death_date = Jayalakshmi - {{Death date and age|2014|05|27|1932|1|1}} Radha - {{Death date and age|2025|09|28|1932|1|1}}
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = vocalist
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

'''Radha''' (1932 - 28 September 2025) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swaramaadhuri-annamayyasankeerthananidhi.weebly.com/radha-jayalakshmi.html|title=Radha Jayalakshmi|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222123609/https://swaramaadhuri-annamayyasankeerthananidhi.weebly.com/radha-jayalakshmi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and '''Jayalakshmi''' (1932 - 2014),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-singer-dead-in-chennai/article6054441.ece|title = Carnatic singer dead in Chennai|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 May 2014}}</ref> popularly known as '''Radha Jayalakshmi''' ({{langx|ta|ராதா ஜெயலட்சுமி}}), were an Indian [[Carnatic music]] vocalist duo as well as [[playback singing|playback singer]]s in films in the 1940s and 1950s. They later became teachers and trained notable Carnatic music singers. Jayalakshmi was the playback singer of the duo, but was credited as Radha Jayalakshmi in the cine field. Radha was her cousin and singing partner on stage performances. They were early vocalists in the duo singing trend in [[Carnatic music]] which started in the 1950s and includes performers like [[Bombay Sisters]] and [[Soolamangalam Sisters]]. In recent times, the trend has been continued by popular Carnatic music singers like [[Priya Sisters]], their disciples, [[Ranjani-Gayatri|Ranjani Gayatri]], Bellur sisters, Mambalam Sisters, [[Akkarai Subhalakshmi|Akkarai sisters]], and others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article95639.ece|title=Sisters in song|date=30 January 2010|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The duo was awarded the 1981 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Carnatic Music – Vocal, given by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=17 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}
</ref>
Vidushi Jayalakshmi died in Chennai on 27 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://srutimag.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/vidushi-jayalakshmi-is-no-more.html|title=Vidushi Jayalakshmi is no more|date=27 May 2014}}
</ref>

==Early life and training==

Radha and Jayalakshmi's singing style belongs to the [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] school, and they received their training in classical vocal music from the noted vocalist and teacher himself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301640700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606133814/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301640700.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 June 2011|title=GNB, the good friend|date=23 May 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Career==
Jayalakshmi has rendered songs in her trained, cultured and 'ringing' sweet voice in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada movies from the late 1940s to the early 60s.

She also has a few playback singing credits from the 1970s.

In Deivam, [[Kunnakkudi Vaidyanathan]] had both Radha and Jayalakshmi render ''Thiruchendooril Por Purindhu'', a devotional song set in Thiruthani. This is perhaps the only film song sung by Radha of the duo. But both have given stage performances throughout India.

The singers had no longer been giving performances towards the time of Jayalakshmi's death, but instead had shifted their efforts to teaching Carnatic music and were regarded as great teachers. Shanmukhapriya and Haripriya, popularly known as the [[Priya Sisters]], were their students.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/04/04/stories/2008040451310200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409025206/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/04/04/stories/2008040451310200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2008|title=We owe it to Radha-Jayalakshmi|date=4 April 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 May 2010}}</ref>

=== Music composers Jayalakshmi sang for ===
Jayalakshmi's most memorable songs date from the 50s films.

{{columns-list |colwidth=15em|
* [[S. Balachander]]
* [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
* G. Aswathama
* [[M. S. Gnanamani]]
* [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
* Parur S. Anantharaman
* [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]
* [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
* [[V. Nagayya]]
* [[G. Ramanathan]]
* [[Adepalli Rama Rao]]
* [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]]
* [[P. Adinarayana Rao]]
* [[C. N. Pandurangan]]
* [[T. G. Lingappa]]
* [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
* [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
* [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
* [[M. K. Athmanathan]]
* [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
* [[R. Sudarsanam]]
* [[M. Ranga Rao]]
* V. Krishnamoorthy
* Meenakshi Subramanyam
* [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
* [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
* [[S. Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[H. R. Pathmanaba Sastiri]]
* K. V. Job
* [[G. Devarajan]]
* [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
* [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
}}

===Playback singers Jayalakshmi sang with===
Jayalakshmi was often paired to sing with the male singers [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] and [[A. M. Rajah]]. Other male singers she sang with include T. A. Mothi, [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[S. Balachander]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], K. Prasad Rao, [[V. N. Sundaram]], Subrahmanyam and [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]].

She also sang duets with female singers, most notably with [[P. Leela]] and [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]. Others are [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[S. Janaki]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] and [[Jikki]].

The singing actors she sang with were [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] and [[S. Varalakshmi]].

==Death==
Jayalakshmi of the duo, died, aged 82, in [[Chennai]] on 26 May 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-singer-dead-in-chennai/article6054441.ece|title=Carnatic singer dead in Chennai|date=28 May 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
Radha died, aged 93, on 28 September 2025.

==Filmography==
List of film songs recorded by Radha Jayalakshmi:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music !! Co-singer
|-
| 1948 || [[Idhu Nijama]]<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |author=Randor Guy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/idhu-nijama-1948/article3023087.ece |title=Idhu Nijama 1948 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 July 2008 |access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Madarellam" || [[S. Balachander]] || [[S. Balachander]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1950 || rowspan=2|[[Ezhai Padum Padu|Beedala Patlu]] || rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Vidhivasamaithi Anaadhanaithi ||rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] & G. Aswathama ||
|-
| Vilaasame Naakika Vikaasame Lalala ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1950 || rowspan=2|[[Ezhai Padum Padu]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vidhiyin Vilaivaal<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/02/stories/2007110250481600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104095143/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/02/stories/2007110250481600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ezhai Padum Paadu 1950|date=2 November 2007}}</ref> || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| En Bhaagyame Inimel Saubhagyame ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1950 || rowspan=5|[[Prasanna (1950 film)|Prasanna]] || rowspan=5|[[Malayalam]] || Sukritharaaga || rowspan=5|[[M. S. Gnanamani]] || K. Prasad Rao
|-
| Kaayikasoubhaagyam ||
|-
| Dhavalaroopa ||
|-
| Bhaarathamaatha Paripoorna ||
|-
| Aagathamaay Madhukaalam ||
|-
| 1951 || [[Kaithi (1951 film)|Kaidhi]] || Tamil || Be Happy Be Cheerful Be Jolly || [[S. Balachander]] ||
|-
| 1952 || Desabhakthan || Malayalam || Oh Athimodamaarnna || [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]]<ref name="neelamegam">{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=33–34 |language=Tamil}}</ref> || rowspan=2|Tamil || Pazhaniappa Nin Paadham || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Etham Pottu ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Paramapaavanī Dhayaganave || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanjana]] || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Charana Pankajam || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]<ref name="ol">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article260446.ece|title=Old gold|date=21 March 2010|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ||
|-
| Vela Cheyyu ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Moondru Pillaigal]] || Tamil || Malai Thiritha Magarasi || Parur S. Anantharaman & [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1952 || [[Panam (1952 film)|Panam]] || Tamil || En Vazhvil Puthu Paadama || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1952 || Puratchi Veeran || Tamil || Oh Alai Modhum || [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Thai Ullam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Poochendu Nee Ponvandu Naan || rowspan=2|[[V. Nagayya]] || [[T. A. Mothi]] & [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
|-
| Pokkiri Payale ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Zamindar (1952 film)|Zamindar]] || Tamil || Madhuvai Parugum Vandu || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[En Veedu]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Pongalo Pongal || rowspan=3|[[V. Nagayya]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Nilaiyilla Vazhvu Idhuthana ||
|-
| Konjum Mozhi Maindargale || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Inspector (1953 film)|Inspector]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aasaiyai Maunamaayi Pesidum || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Unnaiyallaal Thunai Yaaramma ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Manam Pola Mangalyam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Manam Pola || rowspan=2|[[Adepalli Rama Rao]] ||
|-
| Andru Ododi Vandhu ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Manidhanum Mirugamum]] || Tamil || Jagam Yaavum || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[Naa Illu]] || rowspan=3|Telugu || Gobbillo Gobbillo || rowspan=3|[[V. Nagayya]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ||
|-
| || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1953 || rowspan=4|[[Ponni (1953 film)|Ponni]]<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/ponni-1953/article5433529.ece | title=Ponni (1953) | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=7 December 2013 | accessdate=17 March 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | authorlink=Randor Guy | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140111181928/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/ponni-1953/article5433529.ece | archivedate=11 January 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> || rowspan=4|Tamil || Azhagum Gunamum Ulla Pennukku || rowspan=4|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Paambodu Pazhagalaam Pennmani ||
|-
| Aadi Paadu Paappaa ||
|-
| Aaduvome Oonjal Aaduvome || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], Radha & [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| 1953 || [[Poongodhai]] || Tamil || Thenoorum Paarijaatha || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|[[Aggi Ramudu]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Jai Andhra Janani || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Raraa Yashodanandana ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Edhir Paradhathu]] || Tamil || Jegam Ezhum Neeye || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| 1954 || [[En Magal]] || Tamil || Kannai Kaanaamal Kalangudhe || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|[[Kalyanam Panniyum Brammachari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyaanam Panniyum Brahmachari |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kalyaanam-panniyum-brahmachari/wdHj2ewT,eE_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629035029/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kalyaanam-panniyum-brahmachari/wdHj2ewT,eE_ |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=31 December 1954 }}</ref> || rowspan=2|Tamil || Madhumalar Ellam || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| Vennilavum Vanum Pol ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|[[Koondukkili]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Paar En Magale Paar Paar || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Vaanga Ellorume Serndhu Ondraagave || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[V. N. Sundaram]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|[[Mangalyam (film)|Mangalyam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ninaithaaley Inbam Tharum || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Ottumiru Ullanthanai Vettuvathu ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1954 || rowspan=3|[[Manohara (film)|Manohara]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Kadhal Kondaadugiraar || rowspan=3|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| Singara Paingkiliye Pesu || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Vazhvatho Mathu ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1954 || rowspan=4|[[Manohara (film)|Manohara]] || rowspan=4|Telugu || Vechiti Innallu || rowspan=4|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| Pranaya Vilasamule ||
|-
| Manahinanai Avamanamothuna ||
|-
| Vana Mahotsavam Vasantha || [[Jikki]], Subrahmanyam & [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1954 || [[Pona Machaan Thirumbi Vandhan]] || Tamil || Aadhaaram Nin Paadham Ambigaiye || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Ratha Paasam (1954 film)|Ratha Pasam]] || Tamil || Jagam Yaavumey || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Menaka (1955 film)|Menaka]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Manampola Ini Vaazhalaam || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] & [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
|-
| Kanavu Ninaivaagum ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1955 || rowspan=4|[[Mullaivanam]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Engirundho Ingu Vandha Radhiye || rowspan=4|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Sariyendru Neeye Oru Vaarthai Sonnal || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Puttham Pudhu Malare Kurunagai Puriyum Vennilavey ||
|-
| Nainaithaale Inikkudhadi ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Nalla Thangai]] || Tamil || Thaene Paage Thevittadha || |[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Town Bus]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ponnaana Vaazhve Mannagi Poma || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] & [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| Nenjam Urugudhey Sadhaa ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Valliyin Selvan]] || Tamil || Mangalam Embaro || Parur S. Anantharaman ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Bedara Kannappa|Vedan Kannappa]] || Tamil || Thaarum Thaarum Navamoganaa || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Gomathiyin Kaadhalan]] || Tamil || Sirpa Kalai Vizhaavin || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] & [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1956 || [[Kathanayaki]] || Tamil || Maalai Onru Kaiyil || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| 1956 || [[Verum Pechu Alla]] || Tamil || || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Pudhu Vazhvu]] || Tamil || Kottu Melam Kovilile || [[G. Ramanathan]] & [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Samaya Sanjeevi]] || Tamil || Aanantham Tharuvathu Sangeethemey || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
|-
| 1957 || [[Town Bus]] || Telugu || Letha Valapura Sadhaa || [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||
|-
| 1958 || [[Anbu Engey]] || Tamil || Kaya Pazhama Sollu Raja || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1958 || rowspan=4|[[Boologa Rambai]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Kannalar Ingu Varuvaar || rowspan=4|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| Amba Arul Purivaai ||
|-
| Gangatharane ||
|-
| Aasai Nenjame || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1958 || Bhooloka Rambha || Telugu || O Manohara || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1958 || [[Manamalai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manamalai – 1958 Year Tamil Films |url=http://www.protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1958/manamalai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190829100504/http://www.protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1958/manamalai.html |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=ProTamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paramasivam |first=M. |title=திரையுலகில் விந்தன் |publisher=அருள் பதிப்பகம் |year=2001 |language=ta |oclc=50714256|page=79}}</ref>
|| Tamil || Nadanamaadinaar || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1958 || [[Sarangadhara (1958 film)|Sarangadhara]] || Tamil || Ethukkithanai Modi || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|[[Mala Oru Mangala Vilakku]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Unnai Panindhen || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| Annai Nee En Vaazhvile ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|[[Manimekalai (1959 film)|Manimekalai]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Manathai Kavarntha || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Varuga Varuga Sugumaaraa || [[P. Leela]] & [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1959 || rowspan=4|[[Maragadham]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Maalai Mayangugira Neram || rowspan=4|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Punnagai Thavazhum || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Kanukkulle Unnai Paaru || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Aadinaal Nadanam Aadinaal ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Minnal Veeran]] || Tamil || Kannodu Kanninai Nokki || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Odi Vilaiyaadu Paapa]] || Tamil || Pachai Kuzhandayadi Kannil Paavaiyandro Chandramathi || V. Krishnamoorthy || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Pandithevan]] || Tamil || Kannum Karuthum || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] & Meenakshi Subramanyam || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1959 || [[President Panchatcharam]] || Tamil || Oli Padaitha Kanninaayi VaaVaa || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Sivagangai Seemai]] || Tamil || Muthu Pugazh || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[S. Varalakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|[[Bhaktha Sabari]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vaaraai Inre Mohana || rowspan=2|[[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| Vaaraai Mana Mohana ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Bhaktha Sabari]] || Telugu || Rama Manamohana || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Dashavathara (film)|Dashavathara]] || Kannada || Sringaara Mohini || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]] || Tamil || Enna Seithaalum || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Mahakavi Kalidasu]] || Telugu || Rasika Raajamani || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1960 || [[Ponni Thirunaal]] || Tamil || Nattukkor Thanthaiyadi || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|[[Raja Bakthi]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaliyuga Malarmaran Thaano || rowspan=2|[[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Vannam Paadum ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]] || rowspan=2|[[Kannada]] || Karunada Vairamudi Kanteerava ||rowspan=2| [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| Enna MogavaBhoodaana ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|[[Ranadheera Kanteerava|Sanchari]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Karnata Rajya Manikanteerava ||rowspan=2|[[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| Andhamulaku Neevu Ranive ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|Solaimalai Raani || rowspan=2|Tamil || Anaiya Jothi || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Anbaana Mozhi Pesum || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1960 || rowspan=4|[[Vimala (film)|Vimala]] || rowspan=4|Telugu || Neeli Vennela Kaya Sage || rowspan=4|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Kannullo Nee Bomma Choodu || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Kaavaave Amma Devi ||
|-
| Kannula Beluke || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1961 || rowspan=2|[[Bhagyalakshmi (1961 film)|Bhagyalakshmi]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Varalakshmi Varuvaai Amma || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Palingu Manappandhalile ||
|-
| 1961 || [[Mughal-e-Azam|Akbar]] || Tamil || Azhagin Nila || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| 1961 || Sabarimala Ayyappan || Malayalam || Ashrithayaamen || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| 1961 || Sabarimala Ayyappan || Tamil || Aaadharitthen En Allalai || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| 1962 || [[Avana Ivan]] || Tamil || Vaaranamayiram || [[S. Balachander]] ||
|-
| 1962 || [[Bhoodaana]] || Kannada || Bhagyada Lakshmi || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| 1962 || [[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]] || Telugu || Navarasa Bhaavaalaa || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|[[Indira En Selvam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aaraaro Aaraaro || rowspan=2|[[H. R. Pathmanaba Sastiri]] & [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| Thellathelindha Thenamudhe ||
|-
| 1962 || [[Konjum Salangai]] || Tamil || Brahman Thaalam Poda || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| 1962 || [[Konjum Salangai|Muripinche Muvvalu]] || Telugu || Brahme Thalam Mrocha || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1963 || [[Arivaali]] || Tamil || Vaazhiya Needoozhi || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1964 || [[Oraal Koodi Kallanaayi]] || Malayalam || Veeshuka Nee Kodumkatte || [[K. V. Job]] ||
|-
| 1966 || [[Motor Sundaram Pillai]] || Tamil || Maname Muruganin Mayilvahanam || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| 1969 || [[Kaaval Dheivam]] || Tamil || Maiyal Migavum Meerudhe || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| 1969 || [[Kumara Sambhavam]] || Malayalam || Maayaanadanavihaarini || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1969 || [[Kumara Sambhavam]] || Tamil || || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1971 || rowspan=2|[[Aathi Parasakthi]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kokku Parakkum Indha || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Thandhaikku Mandhiratthai ||
|-
| 1973 || [[Amman Arul]] || Tamil || Akilamellam Vilangum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| 1973 || [[Dheivam]] || Tamil || Thiruchendooril Por Purindhu || [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]] || Radha
|-
| rowspan=3|1973 || rowspan=3|[[Nathayil Muthu]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Karpanai Vaadhigalin (Aaadu Raatte) || rowspan=3|[[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Ragupathi Raagava Raajaaraam || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Eeswara Allah.... Ragupathi Raagava Raajaaraam ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.last.fm/music/Radha+Jayalakshmi Radha Jayalakshmi] at [[last.fm]]
* [http://www.musicindiaonline.com/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/#/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/ Radha Jayalakshmi songs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307123132/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/#/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/ |date=7 March 2012 }}
* [http://chowdaiahandparvati.blogspot.sg/2012/04/reliving-beautiful-moments-with.html Reliving Beautiful Moments with Vidushis Radha Jayalakshmi, 1962 on Friday, April 27, 2012]

{{commons category}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayalakshmi, Radha}}
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Voice teachers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Sibling musical duos]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women music educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]

Maheshwari

2026-01-18T08:00:57Z

Dia: quick fix

{{short description|Hindu caste in India}}
{{for|goddess|Maheshvari|Parvati}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
'''Maheshwari''', also spelled '''Maheshvari''', is a [[Hindu]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of India, originally from what is now the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="hardgrove">{{cite journal |title=Sati Worship and Marwari Public Identity in India |first=Anne |last=Hardgrove |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=58 |issue=3 |date=August 1999 |pages=723–752 |jstor=2659117|doi=10.2307/2659117 }}</ref> Their traditional occupation is that of commerce and as such they form part of the wider [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] occupation-based community that also includes castes such as the [[Khandelwal Vaishya|Khandelwal]]s, [[Oswal]]s and [[Agrawal]]s. The Banias of Rajasthan are often known as [[Marwari people|Marwari]]s, and are also known as ''Mahajans'', a term which community members prefer because ''Bania'' can have negative connotations and imply a lower social position than that which they believe themselves to hold.<ref name="ellis">{{cite book |chapter=Jain merchant castes of Rajasthan |first=Christine M. Cottam |last=Ellis |title=The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society |editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last=Carrithers |editor2-first=Caroline |editor2-last=Humphrey |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-52136-505-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8czr_HzzwC&pg=PA83 |pages=83–84}}</ref><ref name="schrader">{{cite book |title=Changing Financial Landscapes in India and Indonesia: Sociological Aspects of Monetization and Market Integration |first=Heiko |last=Schrader |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=1997 |isbn=978-3-82582-641-3 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rf7nIIz8ikC&pg=PA130}}</ref> There is a community of [[Meghwar]] people in the state of [[Gujarat]] who also sometimes use the ''Maheshwari'' name but these people are [[Dalit]]s, unrelated to the Banias, and adopt the name to signify their devotion to the god Shiv.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Some Ginans Common to Barmati Panthi and Satpanthi Traditions |first1=Mohan Devraj |last1=Thontya |first2=Françoise |last2=Mallison |page=55 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmh3gQjPHkAC&pg=PA55 |title=Gināns: Texts and Contexts: Essays on Ismaili Hymns from South Asia in Honour of Zawahir Moir |editor1-first=Tazim R. |editor1-last=Kassam |editor2-first=Françoise |editor2-last=Mallison |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-8-19089-187-5}}</ref>

The Maheshwaris claim a [[Rajput]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Debnath |first=Debashis |title=Hierarchies Within Hierarchy: Some Observations on Caste System in Rajasthan |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=25 |issue=1 |year=1995 |pages=23–30 |jstor=41919761}}</ref> [[K. K. Birla]], an industrialist whose family has its origins in the Maheshwari caste,{{Efn|The Birla family were outcaste by the community in 1922 when one of their number broke the caste marriage rules.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India |first=Catherine |last=Weinberger-Thomas |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-22688-568-1 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wPthVcxWGkC&pg=PA17 |edition=Translated |orig-year=1996}}</ref>}} recounted a traditional story of origin for the community. This states that 72 groups from the [[Kshatriya]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] in what is now Rajasthan decided in the 8th century to abandon their traditional role in favour of being members of the [[Vaishya]] varna. Inspired to do this by their devotion to [[Shiva]], another name for whom is ''Mahesh'', they adopted the name ''Maheshwari'' and thus established the 72 distinct family lines that exist within the small, tight-knit Maheshwari community to this day.<ref>{{cite book |first=K. K. |last=Birla |author-link=K. K. Birla |title=Brushes With History |publisher=Penguin |year=2009 |isbn=978-8-18475-851-1 |pages=40–41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDlj7rwlDK0C&pg=PT40}}</ref>{{efn|The move from Kshatriya to Vaishya status may well have been involuntary. The success of invading Muslim forces in pre-medieval Rajasthan forced many indigenous traditional martial groups to either convert to Islam or adopt what was perceived to be a lower social standing in order to survive.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Devra |first=G. S. L. |title=Political Wilderness and Social Dismemberment - Varhas: A Forgotten Clan of North-West India (Pre-Medieval Period) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=64 |year=2003 |pages=216–232 |jstor=44145463}}</ref>}} Those lines, known as ''khaps'', traditionally practice [[exogamy]] in marriage and mostly [[Vaishnavism]] in religion.<ref name="isaksen">{{cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |title=Family Firms in Hyderabad: Gujarati, Goswami, and Marwari Patterns of Adoption, Marriage, and Inheritance |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=53 |issue=4 |year=2011 |pages=827–854 |jstor=41241866|doi=10.1017/S0010417511000429 |s2cid=85553204 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9jv6h4jj }}</ref>

There is a variant myth of origin, recorded by Sivkaran Ramratan Darak in 1923 and subsequently referred to by modern scholars such as Lawrence Babb. In this version, a prince was supported by 72 Rajputs in disrupting a sacrifice being made by some sages, who retaliated by cursing them such that they were turned to stone. It was Shiva who freed them from the curse, restoring them to life and thus inspiring their devotion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Multiple histories: culture and society in the study of Rajasthan |publisher=Rawat |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-17033-720-1 |page=22 |editor1-first=Lawrence A. |editor1-last=Babb |editor2-first=Varsha |editor2-last=Joshi |editor3-first=Michael W. |editor3-last=Meister |chapter=Violence and construction of trading-caste identity |first=Lawrence A. |last=Babb}}</ref>

The arrival of colonial trade with the [[British India|British]] encouraged Marwari people of Rajasthan to expand their business interests and geographical influence.<ref name="calangutcar">{{cite journal |last=Calangutcar |first=Archana |title=Marwaris in the Cotton Trade of Mumbai: Collaboration and Conflict (circa: 1850-1950 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |year=2012 |pages=658–667 |jstor=44156261}}</ref> Maheshwaris were among the Marwari merchants who moved to the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the early 19th century, where the [[opium trade]] was prominent;<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moorthi |first=Sulochana Krishna |title=Imperial Trade and 'Indigenous Mercantile World' in Western India with Special Reference to Opium |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=62 |year=2001 |pages=436–441 |jstor=44155786}}</ref> they were present as bankers in [[Hyderabad State]] by 1850;<ref name="isaksen"/> and in the last quarter of the century emerged as a significant group in the cotton trade of [[Bombay]].<ref name="calangutcar"/> In the 20th century, some Maheshwari , Tharu families, such as the [[Birla family|Birlas]], used the accumulated wealth from their traditional occupations to become prominent industrialists and entrepreneurs.<ref name="schrader"/>

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |title=Land Control and Agrarian Mercantile Classes in Western Rajasthan c. 1650-1700 |first=G. S. L. |last=Devra |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=58 |year=1997 |pages=371–381 |jstor=44143928}}
* {{cite journal |first=Veronique |last=Pache |title=Marriage Fairs among Maheshwaris: A New Matrimonial Strategy |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=33 |issue=17 |year=1998 |pages=970–975 |jstor=4406701}}
{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}
[[Category:Bania communities]]
[[Category:Rajasthani peoples]]

Bharata chakravarti

2026-01-18T03:01:45Z

Dia:

{{Short description|Universal Monarch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| name = Bharata
| deity_of = 1st ''[[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)#Jainism|Chakravarti]]'' (universal monarch)
| image = File:Bharat Chakravartin.jpg
| caption = King Bharat [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravartin]] at Shree [[Samavasarana|Samavasarna]] [[Śvetāmbara]] Maha Mandir, Aagashi, [[Palghar]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alt = Bharata Chakravartin
| color = Skin
| spouse = Subhadrā
| father = [[Rishabhanatha|Rishabha]]
| siblings = [[Nimi (king)#Jainism|Nami]] and 97 other (brothers) Brāhmī (sister) • [[Bahubali]] (half-brother) and Sundarī (half-sister)
| mother = Sumangalā
| children = Prince Arkakīrti [[Marichi#Jainism|Marichi]]
| successor = [[King Sagara#Jainism|Sagara]]
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]
| moksha_place = [[Mount Kailash#Jainism|Ashtapada]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
In [[Jainism]], '''Bharata''' was the first ''[[chakravartin]]'' (lit. 'holder of a ''chakra''<nowiki/>', i.e., emperor) of the [[Avasarpini]] (present half-time cycle). He was the eldest son of [[Rishabhanatha]], the first ''[[tirthankara]]''. The ancient name of [[India]] was named '''Bhāratavarsha''' or '''Bhārat''' or '''Bharata-bhumi''' after him. He had two sons from his chief-empress Subhadra, named Arkakirti and [[Marichi]]. He is said to have conquered all six parts of the world and to have engaged in a fight with [[Bahubali]], his brother, to conquer the last remaining city of the world.

According to the [[Digambara]] sub-tradition of [[Jainism]], in his later years, he renounced the world, led an ascetic life, and attained ''[[kevalajnana|kevala jnana]]'' (omniscience). According to the [[Śvetāmbara]] Jains, he attained ''kevala jnana'' (omniscience) after which he renounced the world. He gained ''kevala jnana'' when he came to believe that the human body lacked beauty and renounced the world as a ''kevalajnani'' (omniscient), and then attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]].

==Life in traditional accounts==

===Early life and family===
[[File:14 Ratna of Chakravartin.png|thumb|14 ''Ratna'' (jewels) of Chankravartin. Miniature from the 17th century, ''Saṁgrahaṇīratna'' by Śrīcandra, in Prakrit with a Gujarati commentary. Jain Śvetāmbara cosmological text with commentary and illustrations.]]

In a Jain legend, Yasasvati Devi, senior-most [[Rani|queen]] of [[Rishabhanatha]] (first Jain ''[[tirthankara]]''), saw four [[auspicious dreams]] one night. She saw the sun and the moon, the [[Mount Meru]], the lake with swans, earth and the ocean. Rishabhanatha explained her that these dreams meant that a ''[[chakravartin]]'' ruler will be born to them who will conquer whole of the world.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=89}} Then, Bharata was born to them on the ninth day of the dark half of the month of ''[[Chaitra]]''.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=66}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=90}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=112}} He was a ''[[Kshatriya]]'' born in [[Ikshvaku dynasty]].{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=92}} His education included special emphasis on law and the science of polity of [[Raja|kings]]. He also had interest in dancing and art.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=93}} Bharata married many princesses during his world conquest and Subhadra was his chief queen.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=72}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=141}} He was succeeded by his son Arka Kirti (founder of [[Suryavansha]]).{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=106}} Bharata also had another son named [[Marichi]], who was one of the previous incarnation of [[Mahavira]], the twenty-fourth ''tirthankara''.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=118}}

===Conquest and administration===
[[File:भरत-बाहुबली युद्ध.jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of Bharata-[[Bahubali]] fight]]

Bharata is believed to be the first ''[[chakravartin]]'' (chakra possessing emperor) of the present half cycle of [[Jain cosmology]].{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=341}}{{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=54}} According to Jain legends, Rishabhanatha distributed his kingdom to his hundred sons while becoming a ''muni'' ([[Jain monk]]). Bharata is said to have got the city of Vinita ([[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]) whereas [[Bahubali]] is claimed to have got the city of Podanapur ([[Bodhan]]).{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=8}} Legends further state that Bharata's coronation was followed by a long journey of world conquest. During his ''[[digvijaya (conquest)|digvijaya]]'' (winning six divisions of earth in all directions), he is believed to have acquired the nine ''[[nidhi]]s'' (most precious treasures) and fourteen ''ratna'' (jewels). After completing his world-conquest, he is said to have proceeded for his capital Ayodhyapuri with a huge army and the divine ''chakra-ratna'' (spinning, disk-like super weapon with serrated edges).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2013|p=x}}

The ''chakra-ratna'' supposedly stopped on its own at the entrance of the capital signalling that there still remain his 99 brothers who have refused submission to his supreme authority. 98 of them are claimed to have become monks giving him their kingdoms.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2013|p=x-xi}} Bahubali refused to submit and challenged him for a fight.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=143}} Three kinds of contests are depicted to have been held between Bharata and Bahubali. These were eye-fight (staring at each other), ''jala-yuddha'' (water-wrestling) and ''[[malla-yuddha]]'' (wrestling). Bahubali is said to have won all the three contests. In the last fight, Bahubali lifted Bharata up on his shoulder instead of throwing him down on the ground. He is said to have gently placed him on the ground instead, out of an affectionate regard for him. Humiliated and infuriated, Bharata is believed to have called for his ''chakra-ratna''. Instead of harming Bahubali, the weapon is believed to have circled around him before coming to a rest. This is believed to have happened because Jain tradition states that such divine weapons lose their effectiveness when confronted with their master's close relations.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2013|p=xi}} After this Bahubali, developed a desire for renunciation and gave up his kingdom to become a monk.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=145}}

Bharata is claimed to be the first law-giver of the current half-cycle in Jain tradition.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=110}} He is said to have added the fourth ''varna'', ''[[brahmin]]s'', to the three-fold varna-system created by Rishabhanatha which consisted of ''[[ksatriya]]s'', ''[[vaishya]]s'' and ''[[shudra]]s''.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=341}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=352–353}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=16-17}} Their role, as mentioned in tradition, was to meditate, learn, teach and search for knowledge.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=17}}

=== Renunciation ===
According to [[Digambara]] texts, when Bharata discovered that he is becoming old due to a white hair in his head, he immediately decided to become a [[Jain monk]]. Because of the effect of his growing renunciation over the years, he destroyed his inimical karmas within an ''antaramuhūrta'' (less than forty-eight minutes) and attained ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' (omniscience).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2013|p=xii}} [[Śvetāmbara]] traditional accounts reject the claim of his renunciation and maintain that he gained omniscience after the death of his father.{{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=54}}

==Legacy and adoration==
{{Expand section|date=December 2024}}
According to Jain and even many Hindu scriptures like ''Adipurana'' and ''Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra'', [[Rishabhanatha]] was the son of [[Nabhi]]raja, and Rishabha had a son named Bharata, and after his name, the land the conquered was known as Bharat. India was named "Bhāratavarsha" or "Bhārata" or "Bharata-bhumi" after him.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=159}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=72}} In the Hindu text, [[Skanda Purana]] (chapter 37) it is stated that "[[Rishabhanatha]] was the son of [[Nabhi]]raja, and Rishabha had a son named Bharata, and after the name of this Bharata, this country is known as Bharata-varsha."{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=106}} Bharata also finds his mention in ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=243}}

===Temples===
Some [[Jain temple]]s contain images of Bharata as a ''Jain'' monk, including one at [[Shravanabelagola]]. The [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]] in [[Kerala]] was originally a Jain temple dedicated to Bharata as the main deity. In May 2017, the tallest statue of lord Bharata with a height of 45 ft (35 ft body + 12 ft pedestal) weighing about 50 tons was erected in Mangalgiri (Shri kshetra bharat ka bharat), [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]], India. Earlier, a 57 ft tall monolithic statue comprising 45 ft body and 12 ft pedestal weighing about 100 tons was planned to be erected. However, it was broken in the process of erection and therefore, a shorter statue was created and successfully erected.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-SAG-MAT-latest-sagar-news-062013-2580683-NOR.html|title=Mahamastakabhishek being done daily in Lord Mangalgiri, Lord Bharat|work=Dainik Bhaskar |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|date=May 11, 2017}}</ref>

==In literature==
''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'', a 10th-century Jain text deals with the ten lives of the first ''tirthankara'', Rishabhanatha, also known as Adinatha, and his two sons, Bharata and Bahubali.<ref>{{citation |title=History of Kannada literature |url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history2.htm |work=kamat.com }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Students' Britannica India |volume=1-5 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |date=2000 |isbn=0-85229-760-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC }}</ref> ''Bharatesha Vaibhava'' : also known as ''Bharatesvara Charite'' depicts the life story of Bharata Chakravartin was written in the 16th century by [[Ratnakaravarni]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
=== Rajasthani ===
* Bharateshwara Bahubali Ghora composed by ''Vajrasena Suri'' in 1168, is a poem with 48 verses describing the battle between Bharata and Bahubali.{{Sfn|Datta|1987|p=454}}
=== Gujarati ===
* Bharateshwara Bahubaliras composed by Shalibhadra Suri in 1184, is a poem with 203 [[stanza]]s describing the struggle of power between Bharata and Bahubali.{{sfn|Datta|1987|p=454}}{{sfn|Paniker|1997|p=94}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1998|p=44}}

== See also ==
{{commons category|Bharata}}
* [[Chandragupta Maurya]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Sources===
* {{Citation |last=Datta|first=Amaresh|author-link=Amaresh Datta|url={{Google books|ObFCT5_taSgC|page=454|plainurl=yes}} |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|date=1987|isbn=9788126018031}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC |year=1993 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=0-7914-1381-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Champat Rai |author-link=Champat Rai Jain |title=Risabha Deva - The Founder of Jainism |url=https://archive.org/details/RisabhaDeva-TheFounderOfJainism |publisher=The Indian Press Limited |location=[[Allahabad]] |year=1929 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Champat Rai Jain|1929}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9CJ3jZpcqYC |publisher=Vikalp Printers |year=2013 |isbn=9788190363952 |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2013}} |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=Collected Papers on Jaina Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=2000 |isbn=81-208-1691-9 }}
* {{Citation |last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit |author-link=Sujit Mukherjee|url={{Google books|YCJrUfVtZxoC|page=44|plainurl=yes}} |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 | volume=1 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|date=1998|isbn=9788125014539}}
* {{cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa | author-link=Ayyappa Paniker |title=Constitutional languages | volume=1 | series=Medieval Indian Literature |url={{Google books|KYLpvaKJIMEC|page=453|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | isbn=9788126003655 | year=1997 }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |date=2001 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant P. |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-208-X |ref={{sfnref|Umakant P. Shah|1987}} }}
* {{citation|last=Titze|first=Kurt|title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|edition=2|date=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC|isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |date=1999 |location = [[Delhi]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |isbn=81-208-1376-6 |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion }}
* {{citation |first=Kristi L. |last=Wiley |title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCT-CQAAQBAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6558-7 }}

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Salakapurusa]]
[[Category:People in Jain texts]]

Paresh Rathwa

2026-01-16T14:37:02Z

Dia: new - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Paresh Rathwa.jpg|thumb|Pithora painting by Paresh Rathwa]]
'''Paresh Rathwa''' (b. 17 August 1968<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Paresh Rathwa |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2023/202375.pdf |website=www.padmaawards.gov.in |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref>)is a traditional [[Pithora (painting)|Pithora]] painter from [[Chhota Udaipur district]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/tedp-beneficiary-paresh-rathwa-gets-prestigious-award/?amp=1|website=APN News|title=TEDP Beneficiary Paresh Rathwa Gets Prestigious Award}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2023 announced|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1893797|access-date=2023-01-25|website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathwa, Paresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:People from Chhota Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

{{India-painter-stub}}

Charotar Education Society

2026-01-07T18:36:13Z

Dia: stub.

{{Short description|Educational institute in Gujarat, India}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2025}}
The '''Charotar Education Society''' (CES) is an educational institute in [[Charotar]] region established on 16 April 1916. It educates students from kindergarten to post-graduate level, offering P.T.C., B.ED., Arts, Commerce and Science degree Colleges.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
{{India-org-stub}}

Namit Khanna

2025-12-20T23:10:54Z

Dia: Adding Basic Entry Basic Info!

{{Short description|Indian television actor (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Namit Khanna
| image = Namit Khanna.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = Dr.Sid, Siddhant Sinha
}}

'''Namit Khanna''' (born 29 October 1984)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/sanjivani-actor-namit-khanna-celebrates-birthday-in-sri-lanka-see-pics-1613737-2019-10-29 |title=Sanjivani actor Namit Khanna celebrates birthday in Sri Lanka. See pics |website=India Today}}</ref> is an Indian actor known for portraying Siddhant Sinha in ''[[Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai]]'' and Dr. Siddhant "Sid" Mathur in ''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sanjivani-reboot-to-return-in-july-with-namit-khanna-surbhi-chandna-joining-original-cast-members-mohnish-bahl-gurdeep-kohli/story-7WyRQP0hrKJpSc5DGgZ7nK.html |title=Sanjivani reboot to return in July with Namit Khanna, Surbhi Chandna joining original cast members Mohnish Bahl, Gurdeep Kohli |date=14 June 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Khanna hails from [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-after-cancellation-of-4-flights-sanjivani-2-fame-namit-khanna-finally-manages-to-meet-family-in-delhi/articleshow/76358331.cms |title=Exclusive - After cancellation of 4 flights, Sanjivani 2 fame Namit Khanna finally manages to meet family in Delhi}}</ref> He completed his [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] from [[Kingston University]], [[London]]. He started his modelling career in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/sanjivani-actor-namit-khanna-manages-reach-home-after-4-cancelled-flights-talks-about-his-experience-541452 |title=Sanjivani actor Namit Khanna manages to reach home after 4 cancelled flights; Talks about his experience |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617095947/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/sanjivani-actor-namit-khanna-manages-reach-home-after-4-cancelled-flights-talks-about-his-experience-541452 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After modelling for almost a decade, he decided to retire from it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/here-s-why-twisted-actor-namit-khanna-quit-modelling-1208721-2018-04-10 |title=Here's why Twisted actor Namit Khanna quit modelling |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==
Khanna made his acting debut in 2017 with [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s ''[[Twisted (web series)|Twisted]]'' as Ranbir Raichand opposite [[Nia Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/nia-sharma-locks-lips-with-namit-khanna-in-the-teaser-of-twisted-916373/ |title=Twisted teaser: Nia Sharma locks lips with Namit Khanna in this tale of seduction and betrayal |website=Bollywood Life |language=en |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, he made his television debut with [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai]]'' as Siddhant Sinha opposite Palak Jain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/namit-khanna-most-models-who-turned-actors-did-not-emote-well-on-screen/articleshow/63882200.cms |title=Namit Khanna: Most models who turned actors did not emote well on screen - Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>

From 2019 to 2020, he portrayed Dr. Siddhant "Sid" Mathur in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sanjivani-actors-surbhi-chandna-namit-khanna-get-trained-by-real-doctors-for-maximum-authenticity-see-pics/story-bJryVFkePXNMqQHOlHuzjI.html |title=Sanjivani actors Surbhi Chandna, Namit Khanna get trained by real doctors for maximum authenticity. See pics |date=27 July 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>

In December 2021, he made his debut in music videos through music video titled ''Butterfly'' opposite ''[[Anupamaa]]'' actress [[Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty]](sung by [[Dev Negi]] and [[Swati Sharma]]).

==Media==
Khanna was listed 17th in ''[[Times of India]]'s'' list of Top 20 Most Desirable Men on Indian Television 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-televisions-most-desirable-dudes/articleshow/69268331.cms |title=Meet television's most desirable dudes - Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, he was placed 28th in ''Eastern Eye''{{'}}s Top 50 Sexiest Asian Men List.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/vivian-dsena-mohsin-khan-shaheer-sheikh-and-parth-samthaan-bag-the-sexiest-title-popular |title=Vivian Dsena, Mohsin Khan, Shaheer Sheikh and Parth Samthaan bag the 'Sexiest Men' title in popular annual list |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
He was also ranked 19th in ''Biz Asia''{{'}}s TV Personality List 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-personality-2019-live-updates/ |title=TV Personality 2019: Live updates |date=25 December 2019 |website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>
He ranked 10th in ''Biz Asia''{{'}}s TV Personality List 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-personality-2020-live-updates/ |title=TV Personality 2020: Live updates |website=BizAsia |date=19 December 2020 |language=en-GB |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|''[[Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai]]''
|Siddhant Sinha
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/palak-jain-i-share-a-good-chemistry-with-namit-khanna-1194396-2018-03-21 |title=Palak Jain: I share a good chemistry with Namit Khanna |last=Uniyal |first=Parmita |date=21 March 2019 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
|Dr. Siddhant "Sid" Mathur
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Surbhi Chandna and Namit Khanna join Mohnish Bahl and Gurdeep Kohli for Sanjivani's reboot |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/surbhi-chandna-and-namit-khanna-join-mohnish-bahl-and-gurdeep-kohli-for-sanjivanis-reboot/articleshow/69780722.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sanjivani-2s-namit-khanna-on-his-bond-with-surbhi-chandna-show-not-meeting-expectation-more/videoshow/76201339.cms |title=Sanjivani 2's Namit Khanna on his bond with Surbhi Chandna, show not meeting expectation & more}}</ref>
|}

===Web===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Platform
! Reference
|-
|2017
|''[[Twisted (web series)|Twisted]]''
|Ranbir Raichand
|Jio Cinema
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/namit-khanna-i-dont-mind-doing-bold-scenes-if-the-script-demands-it-exclusive/videoshow/76307796.cms |title=Namit Khanna: I don't mind doing bold scenes if the script demands it {{!}}Exclusive}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Sepia''
| Farhaz
|[[YouTube]]
|
|}

===Music Videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year || Title || Platform || Singer(s)|| Co-actor || Notes || References
|-
| scope ="row" rowspan = 1| 2021
| ''Butterfly''
| MRM(Music and Shorts)
| [[Dev Negi]], [[Swati Sharma]]
| [[Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty]]
| Debut Music Video
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Butterfly |url=https://www.hungama.com/song/butterfly/80163144/ |language=en |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| scope ="row" rowspan = 1| 2023
| ''DP Zooom''
|MinaraFilm
| [[Dev Negi]], [[Pritam Das]]
| [[Vedika Bhandari]]
| Music Video
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9040671}}
* {{Instagram|namitkhanna_official}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Namit}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Alumni of Kingston University]]

Walter Sisulu

2025-12-20T18:51:46Z

Dia: cleanup details further and added references based on references

{{Short description|South African anti-apartheid activist (1912–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use South African English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Walter Sisulu 1991 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sisulu in 1991
| order = 5th
| office = Deputy President of the African National Congress
| term_start = 7 July 1991
| term_end = 20 December 1994
| president = [[Nelson Mandela]]
| predecessor = Nelson Mandela
| successor = [[Thabo Mbeki]]
| order1 = 9th
| office1 = Secretary-General of the African National Congress
| term_start1 = 1949
| term_end1 = 1955
| president1 = {{ubl|[[James Moroka]]|[[Albert Luthuli]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[James Calata]]
| successor1 = [[Oliver Tambo]]
| birth_name = Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|5|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ngcobo, Eastern Cape|Ngcobo]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|5|5|1912|5|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Soweto]], South Africa
| party = [[African National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[South African Communist Party]] ([[Tripartite Alliance]])
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Albertina Sisulu|Albertina Thetiwe]]|15 July 1944}}
| children = 5, including [[Max Sisulu|Max]], [[Mlungisi Sisulu|Mlungisi]], [[Zwelakhe Sisulu|Zwelakhe]], and [[Lindiwe Sisulu|Lindiwe]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|activist}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Isitwalandwe Medal]] (1992)|[[Padma Vibushan]] (1998)}}
}}

'''Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu''' (18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003) was a [[South Africa]]n [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist and member of the [[African National Congress]] (ANC). Between terms as ANC Secretary-General (1949–1954) and ANC Deputy President (1991–1994), he was Accused No.2 in the [[Rivonia Trial]] and was incarcerated on [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island]] where he served more than 25 years' imprisonment for his anti-Apartheid revolutionary activism. He had a close partnership with [[Oliver Tambo]] and [[Nelson Mandela]], with whom he played a key role in organising the 1952 [[Defiance Campaign]] and the establishment of the [[African National Congress Youth League|ANC Youth League]] and [[UMkhonto we Sizwe|Umkhonto we Sizwe]]. He was also on the [[Central Committee of the South African Communist Party|Central Committee]] of the [[South African Communist Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trewhela |first=Paul |date=2017-07-18 |title=ANC and SACP – A history together (and apart) |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2017-07-18-anc-and-sacp-a-history-together-and-apart/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=[[Daily Maverick]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Myburgh |first=James |date=2017-01-31 |title=The SACP's secret Moscow papers |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/the-anc-mk-and-the-communists |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Politicsweb |language=en}}</ref>

== Family ==

Walter Sisulu was born in 1912 in the town of [[Ngcobo]] in the [[Union of South Africa]], part of what is now the [[Eastern Cape|Eastern Cape province]] (then the [[Transkei]]). As was not unusual for his generation in South Africa, he was uncertain of his birthday, but celebrated it on 18 May.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Keller |first=Bill |date=2003-05-06 |title=Walter Sisulu, Mandela Mentor and Comrade, Dies at 90 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/06/world/walter-sisulu-mandela-mentor-and-comrade-dies-at-90.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2003-05-06 |title=Obituary: Walter Sisulu |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2003-05-06-obituary-walter-sisulu/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> His mother, Alice Mase Sisulu, was a [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] [[domestic worker]] and his father, Albert Victor Dickinson, was a [[white people|white]] civil servant and [[magistrate]]. Dickinson did not play a part in his son's upbringing: Sisulu reportedly met him only once, in the 1940s, before he died in the 1970s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2003-05-06 |title=Sisulu was mum on father |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/sisulu-was-mum-on-father-20030506 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sisulu and his sister, Rosabella, were raised by his mother's family, who were descended from the [[Thembu]] clan. He was close with his uncle, Dyantyi Hlakula, who was passionate about Xhosa culture and who oversaw his [[initiation]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lelyveld |first=Nita |date=2003-05-06 |title=Walter Sisulu, 90; Political Leader Helped Shape Anti-Apartheid Fight |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-walter-sisulu-20030506-20160321-snap-htmlstory.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Although he was technically of [[Multiracial people|mixed race]], Sisulu identified strongly as [[Ethnic groups in South Africa#Black South Africans|black]] and as Xhosa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

In his mid-teens, Sisulu left school – an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[mission school]] – to find work.<ref name=":0" /> In [[Johannesburg]], he worked a range of jobs, including as a bank teller, gold miner, domestic worker, and baker.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> He was fired from the bakery for trying to [[Labor organisers|organise]] his co-workers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

He founded Sitha Investments in 1939. It was situated at Barclay Arcade between West Street and Commissioner Street in the [[business district]] of [[Johannesburg]]. Its objective was to help black and [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] people buy houses. During its operations, Sitha was the only black-owned real estate agency in South Africa.

== Political career ==

[[File:Sisulu wedding with mandela and lembede.JPG|thumb|Sisulu's wedding to [[Albertina Sisulu|Albertina]] in 1944. [[Evelyn Mase]] is to the left of the groom, with [[Nelson Mandela]] beside her on the far left. [[Anton Lembede]] is to the right of the bride. Walter's sister, Rosabella, looks out over the couple.<ref name="wedding">{{cite news |last=Sisulu |first=Elinor |date=10 June 2011 |title=Tribute: Life, love and times of the Sisulus |newspaper=The New Age |url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/20336-1007-53-Tribute_Life,_love_and_times_of_the_Sisulus |url-status=dead |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202151200/http://www.thenewage.co.za/20336-1007-53-Tribute_Life%2C_love_and_times_of_the_Sisulus |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>]] Sisulu was one of the first ANC leaders to push for a non-racial alliance, leading to cooperation with white and Indian activists like Joe Slovo and Ahmed Kathrada. His work laid the groundwork for the “Rainbow Nation” ideal.

In 1940, Sisulu joined the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), which had been founded in the year of his birth.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Beresford |first=David |author-link=David Beresford (journalist) |date=2003-05-07 |title=Obituary: Walter Sisulu |language=en |work=the Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/may/07/guardianobituaries.southafrica |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref> The following year, [[Nelson Mandela]] moved to Johannesburg and was introduced to Sisulu, who by then was well connected among the city<nowiki>'s activist class. Sisulu later said, ''</nowiki>I had no hesitation, the moment I met him, that this is the man I need" – the man, that is, "for leading the African people".<ref name=":0" /> Sisulu encouraged Mandela to join the ANC, occasionally contributed to his law school tuition, and introduced him to his first wife, [[Evelyn Mase]], who was Sisulu's maternal relative.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

=== 1944–1961: Youth League ===
In 1943, together with Mandela and [[Oliver Tambo]], he joined the [[ANC Youth League]], founded by [[Anton Lembede]], of which Sisulu was initially the treasurer. He later distanced himself from Lembede, who died in 1947, had ridiculed his parentage.

The Youth League's drive for a more militant posture was given further fuel in 1948, when the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (NP) won [[1948 South African general election|national elections]] on a platform of legislating [[apartheid]]. In December 1949, at the ANC's 38th [[National Conference of the African National Congress|National Conference]], the Youth League leadership carried out a "remarkable putsch", which successfully installed several younger and more militant members onto the party's [[National Executive Committee of the African National Congress|National Executive Committee]] – including Sisulu, who was elected ANC [[Secretary-General]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHziM0wtGgkC |title=The Idea of the ANC |date=2012 |publisher=Jacana Media |isbn=978-1-4314-0578-7 |language=en |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231044500/https://books.google.com/books?id=WHziM0wtGgkC |archive-date=31 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Lodge |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AY5tmwEACAAJ |title=Black Politics in South Africa Since :)1945 |date=1983 |publisher=Ravan Press |isbn=978-0-86975-152-7 |pages=1–32 |language=en |chapter=Black protest before 1950 |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231044524/https://books.google.com/books?id=AY5tmwEACAAJ |archive-date=31 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The League also tabled a broad Programme of Action, which was notable for its explicit emphasis on [[African nationalism]] and [[Mass mobilization|mass mobilisation]] techniques.<ref name=":17" /> The culmination of this new strategy was the 1952 [[Defiance Campaign]] of [[Nonviolent resistance|passive resistance]]. Sisulu was on the planning council for the campaign and was arrested for his participation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirson |first=Baruch |date=1988 |title=The Defiance Campaign 1952: Social Struggle or Party Stratagem? |url=https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/pdf_files/slsep88.7.pdf |journal=Searchlight South Africa |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=70–102}}</ref> In December, he and other organisers, including ANC President [[James Moroka]], were found guilty of "statutory communism" under the remarkably broad [[Suppression of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]], but had their sentences – nine months' imprisonment with [[Penal labour|hard labour]] – [[Suspended sentence|suspended]] for two years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defiance Campaign 1952 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/defiance-campaign-1952 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=South African History Online}}</ref>

Sisulu, along with several others, formed part of an ANC delegation to the 1953 World Democratic Youth meeting in [[Bucharest|Bucharest, Romania]]; before returning to South Africa, the group also travelled to [[Warsaw|Warsaw, Poland]], to London, to Israel, and to the [[China|People's Republic of China]], where Sisulu was part of a meeting with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] leadership.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Landau |first=Paul S. |date=2012-09-01 |title=The ANC, MK, and 'The Turn to Violence' (1960–1962) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2012.660785 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=538–563 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2012.660785 |s2cid=143577868 |issn=0258-2473|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1955, Sisulu, Mandela, and [[Ahmed Kathrada]] watched the [[Congress of the People (South African political party)|Congress of the People]] gathering – which adopted the [[Freedom Charter]] – from a nearby rooftop, unable to attend the meeting because of the [[List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid|banning orders]] against them.<ref name=":6" /> By this time, Sisulu was active not only in the ANC but also, covertly, in the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP).<ref name=":6" />

=== 1961–1963: Umkhonto we Sizwe ===
Paul Landau, a historian of the ANC, has argued that Sisulu and Mandela were the crucial forces, both intellectually and practically, behind the ANC's "turn to violence" (that is, to armed struggle against the government) at the turn of the decade.<ref name=":6" /> When [[UMkhonto we Sizwe|Umkhonto we Sizwe]] was established in 1961, Sisulu served on its High Command.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Simon |date=2019-11-01 |title=The Turn to Sabotage by The Congress Movement in South Africa |journal=Past & Present |issue=245 |pages=221–255 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtz030 |issn=0031-2746 |doi-access=free |hdl=1814/75043 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


After 1952, he was jailed seven times in the next ten years, including five months in 1960, and was held under house arrest in 1962. At the [[Treason Trial]] (1956–1961), he was eventually sentenced to six years, but was released on bail pending his appeal.

=== 1963–1964: Rivonia Trial ===
{{Main|Rivonia Trial}}
He went underground in 1963, resulting in his wife, [[Albertina Sisulu]], becoming the first woman to be arrested under the so-called 90 Day Act, the General Laws Amendment Act of 1963, which allowed the state to detain suspects for up to 90 days [[Indefinite detention|without charging them]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Isaacson |first=Maureen |date=2011-06-06 |title=Sisulu: A life well lived |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/news/sisulu-a-life-well-lived-1079205 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Independent |language=en}}</ref>

He was caught at [[Rivonia]] on 11 July, along with [[Govan Mbeki]], [[Ahmed Kathrada]] and 14 others. At the conclusion of the [[Rivonia Trial]], Sisulu was sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964. Part of his testimony during the trial included the commitment:<blockquote>I wish to make this solemn vow in full appreciation of the consequences it entails. As long as I enjoy the confidence of my people, and as long as there is a spark of life and energy in me, I shall fight with courage and determination for the abolition of discriminatory laws and for the freedom of all South Africans irrespective of colour or creed.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>

=== 1964–1989: Imprisonment ===
With other senior ANC figures, Sisulu served the majority of his sentence on [[Robben Island]], though he was later transferred to [[Pollsmoor Prison]]. His wife, [[Albertina Sisulu]], was frequently under banning orders – the first from 1964 to 1969 – which prevented her from travelling to [[Cape Town]] to visit him.<ref name=":7" />

=== 1989–1994: End of apartheid ===
As part of the prelude to the [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|negotiations to end apartheid]], Sisulu and other Rivonia Trial defendants were released from prison on 15 October 1989; Sisulu was 77.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |date=1989-10-15 |title=S. Africa Frees Sisulu, 5 Other Black Activists |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/10/15/s-africa-frees-sisulu-5-other-black-activists/a73764af-c15b-413b-b890-66f3189bafe8/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> His return to Soweto was greeted with celebrations in the street,<ref name=":8" /> and he told media of his long detention, "It was not possible to despair because the spirit of the people outside was too great".<ref name=":4" /> In 1990, he formed part of the ANC delegation to the negotiations with the government which resulted in the [[Groote Schuur Minute]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The unbanning of the ANC, political violence and civic politics, 1990–1995 |date=2015 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/place-of-thorns/unbanning-of-the-anc-political-violence-and-civic-politics-19901995/505D6A37A01673DFB67D2458D4A71A44 |work=Place of Thorns: Black political protest in Kroonstad since 1976 |pages=140–188 |editor-last=Moloi |editor-first=Tshepo |publisher=Wits University Press |isbn=978-1-86814-688-8 |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref> In July 1991, at the ANC's [[48th National Conference of the African National Congress|first national conference]] since its unbanning the year before, Sisulu was elected ANC Deputy President. It was believed that he had been convinced to accept the job in order to prevent a disruptive power struggle between a younger generation of activists – such as [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], [[Thabo Mbeki]], and [[Chris Hani]] – vying for the deputy presidency.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1991-07-02 |title=South Africa's ANC Leaders Meet To Firm Ties With Rank and File |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0702/02011.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> After 1994, Walter Sisulu chose not to take a formal position in Mandela’s government, preferring to stay behind the scenes. He believed his role was to support, not seek personal power.

== Retirement and death ==
In 1994, the ANC won a majority in South Africa's [[1994 South African general election|first democratic elections]] and formed [[Cabinet of Nelson Mandela|a government]] headed by Mandela, but Sisulu, weakened by age and his long imprisonment, declined to serve in public office. At the ANC's [[49th National Conference of the African National Congress|49th National Conference]] in December that year, he also declined to run for re-election to the party's leadership.<ref name=":0" /> After his retirement, he and his family continued to live in Soweto, where they had lived before the Rivonia Trial.<ref name=":1" /> Walter Sisulu died on May 5, 2003—exactly 29 years after the death of ANC founder Dr. Alfred Xuma, a man who had once mentored him. This poetic historical overlap added symbolic weight to his legacy.

Sisulu died at his home in Linden, Johannesburg on the evening of 5 May 2003, just shy of his 91st birthday,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-05-06 |title=Anti-apartheid fighter Sisulu dies |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3002619.stm |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref> in the presence of his wife.<ref name=":4" /> He was given a "[[State funeral|special official funeral]]" on 17 May 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-05-17 |title=Thousands gather for Sisulu funeral |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2003-05-17-thousands-gather-for-sisulu-funeral/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Among the tributes he received after his death, Mandela – joking that both he and Sisulu "had long passed the age when either of us would protest against the brevity of life" – said:<blockquote>Our paths first intersected in 1941. During the past 62 years our lives have been intertwined. We shared the joy of living, and the pain. Together we shared ideas, forged common commitments. We walked side by side through the valley of death, nursing each other's bruises, holding each other up when our steps faltered. Together we savoured the taste of freedom. From the moment when we first met he has been my friend, my brother, my keeper, my comrade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandela |first=Nelson |author-link=Nelson Mandela |date=2003-05-06 |title=Tribute to Walter Sisulu |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3003849.stm |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref></blockquote>After Mandela's death in 2013, [[Mac Maharaj]] – who had been on Robben Island with both men and later became a cabinet minister – told the media that he had had Sisulu and Mandela write obituaries for each other before 2003, and had kept both.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-13 |title=Mandela secretly wrote Sisulu's obit |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013-12-13-mandela-secretly-wrote-sisulus-obit/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref>

== Personality and public image ==
His admirers, including Mandela, frequently noted his humility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-05-06 |title=South Africa mourns Sisulu |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3004001.stm |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref> Those imprisoned with him on Robben Island remarked upon his unflappable calm and patience<ref name=":4" /> – as Mandela put it in [[Long Walk to Freedom|his autobiography]], "He was often silent when others were shouting."<ref name=":0" /> After his release from prison, according to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', Sisulu "was always a voice for moderation, preaching the importance of a national reconciliation".<ref name=":4" /> Upon his death, Kathrada told the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]:''<blockquote>I've always said that one can't speak of Mandela without speaking of Sisulu. They complement each other... Mandela was highly respected, highly admired. But I would not be able to say he was as loved as Sisulu was. You know that difference between a father and a leader? That was the big difference between them.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

== Personal life ==
In 1944, Sisulu married [[Albertina Sisulu|Albertina]], a nurse, whom he had met in 1942 in Johannesburg;<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Pippa |date=1990 |title=Free at last |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/free-at-last-106475 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Independent |language=en}}</ref> Mandela was his [[Groomsman|best man]] at their wedding.<ref name=":4" /> At the ceremony, Lembede warned Albertina: "You are marrying a man who is already married to the nation."<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Caryle |date=1988-05-11 |title=Sisulu and the Unity of Struggle |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/05/11/sisulu-and-the-unity-of-struggle/6ccc0834-d37c-4ec0-8cfa-f9eca0caa343/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Sisulu later recalled, "Even when I married my wife, I told her it was useless buying new furniture. I was going to be in jail."<ref name=":9" /> While he was in prison, Albertina became a very important anti-apartheid activist in her own right, with leadership roles in the [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|United Democratic Front]] and [[Federation of South African Women]]. In 1982, [[Ruth First]] paid tribute to their marriage at an ANC celebration for Walter (in absentia) on his birthday, saying: "His capacity to lead and her political strength are... the product of a good marriage, a good political marriage, but a good marriage, one that is based on genuine equality and on shared commitment."<ref name=":9" /> Both were born into [[Christianity|Christian]] families, but, asked in 1992 whether they practised their religion, Albertina replied: "There’s no time, my dear."<ref>{{Cite news|first=Scott |last=Kraft |author-link=Scott Kraft|date=1992-07-19 |title=Albertina Sisulu: The 'Mother' of South Africa's Freedom Fighters Fights On |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-07-19-op-4531-story.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

Together, the couple had five children: [[Max Sisulu|Max]] (born 1945), an ANC politician; [[Mlungisi Sisulu|Mlungisi]], a businessman (born 1948, died 2015);<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-14 |title=Lungi Sisulu dies of cancer |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2015-10-14-lungi-sisulu-dies-of-cancer/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Zwelakhe Sisulu|Zwelakhe]], a journalist (born 1950, died 2012);<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-04 |title=Zwelakhe Sisulu dies |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2012-10-04-zwelakhe-sisulu-dies/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="allafrica">{{cite news |last=Hultman |first=Tami |date=5 October 2012 |title=Zwelakhe Sisulu – a Remembrance |work=AllAfrica |publisher= |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210050366.html |access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> [[Lindiwe Sisulu|Lindiwe]] (born 1954), also an ANC politician; and Nonkululeko (born 1958).<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Ulyate Sisulu |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/walter-ulyate-sisulu |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> They also [[Adoption|adopted]] three children: two – [[Beryl Sisulu|Beryl]], a diplomat, and Gerald Lockman<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Chimaimba |date=2000-07-31 |title=Sisulus go public with news of Aids death |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sisulus-go-public-with-news-of-aids-death-45404 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Independent Online |language=en}}</ref> – are biologically the children of Walter's deceased sister; while the third, Jongumzi, is the son of Sisulu's cousin.<ref name=":9" /> Jongi served a five-year sentence on Robben Island for his anti-apartheid activism in the 1980s, and other family members were also periodically detained.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1987-05-18 |title=A South Africa Choice: See Husband, or Son |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/18/world/a-south-africa-choice-see-husband-or-son.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 2002, Max's wife, [[Elinor Sisulu|Elinor]], published a biography of her parents-in-law, entitled ''Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In Our Lifetime''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suttner |first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Suttner |date=2003-02-07 |title=A revolutionary love |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2003-02-07-a-revolutionary-love/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhana |first=Surendra |date=2003 |title=Review of Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In Our Lifetime; A Fortunate Man: Ismail Meer |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3559461 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=695–697 |doi=10.2307/3559461 |jstor=3559461 |issn=0361-7882|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Awards and legacy ==

In 1992, Sisulu was awarded [[Isitwalandwe Medal]], the highest honour granted by the ANC, for his contribution to the liberation struggle in South Africa. The government of India awarded him the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1998.

In 2004, Sisulu was ranked 33rd on [[SABC 3]]'s list of [[Great South Africans]]. The [[Walter Sisulu National Botanic Garden]], [[Walter Sisulu University]] and [[Walter Sisulu Local Municipality]] are named after him.

== See also ==

* [[List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid]]
* [[History of the African National Congress]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last1=Sisulu |first1=Walter |last2=Houser |first2=George M. |author-link2=George Houser |last3=Shore |first3=Herb |title=I Will Go Singing: Walter Sisulu Speaks of His Life and the Struggle for Freedom in South Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASBzAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Robben Island Museum}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sisulu |first=Elinor |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/52639627 |title=Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In Our Lifetime |publisher=David Philip |year=2002 |isbn=9780864866394 |location=Cape Town |author-link=Elinor Sisulu}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PG-sE6xPMnc Video footage of Sisulu's release] (1989)
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3003849.stm Mandela's tribute to Sisulu] (2003)
* The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/audio.php?objectid=32-12E-4 Interview with Walter Sisulu] conducted in 1954 by George M. Houser of the American Committee on Africa. The website also includes photographs of Sisulu and demonstrations in the U.S. in support of the defendants in the Rivonia Trial.
*[https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/liberation-africa/interviews/walter-sisulu.html Interview with Walter Sisulu by Tor Sellström within the project Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa] – dated 15 September 1995

{{African National Congress}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sisulu, Walter}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Coloureds]]
[[Category:Inmates of Robben Island]]
[[Category:Members of the African National Congress]]
[[Category:People acquitted of treason]]
[[Category:People from Engcobo Local Municipality]]
[[Category:People with Parkinson's disease]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by South Africa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African people of British descent]]
[[Category:South African people of Xhosa descent]]
[[Category:South African prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]

Satish Singh

2025-12-20T01:04:52Z

Dia: rework content for clarity after review

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{notability|sports|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Satish Singh
| image =
| fullname = Satish Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Uttarpara]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height = {{convert|1.78|m|abbr=on}}
| currentclub = [[Air India FC]]
| clubnumber = 22
| position = [[Centre back]], [[Right back (association football)|Right Back]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2010–2012
| clubs1 = [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
| caps1 = 9
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2012–2014
| clubs2 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps2 = 19
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2014–
| clubs3 = [[Mohun Bagan]] (Loan)
| caps3 = 14
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2015–
| clubs4 = [[United SC]]
| caps4 = 6
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2016–
| clubs5 = [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
| caps5 = 7
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2017–
| clubs6 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps6 = 4
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2017–2019
| clubs7 = [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
| caps7 = 12
| goals7 =0
| years8 = 2019–2020
| clubs8 = [[Air India FC]]
| caps8 = 8
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2022–
| clubs9 = Tarun Sanga FC
| caps9 = 15
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2022–2023
| clubs10 = Garhwal Dimond FC
| caps10 = 14
| goals10 = 0
| nationalyears1 =2015–
|nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
|nationalcaps1 = 0
|nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate = 5 June 2014
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Satish Singh''' (born 10 November 1993 in [[Uttarpara]]) is an India [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[right back (association football)|right back]] for [[Mohun Bagan]] in the [[I-League]] and last played for [[Peerless SC]] in the [[Calcutta Football League]].

==Career==
===Early career===
Born in [[Uttarpara]], Satish is a product of the Uttarpara Football Coaching Center where he used to train under Bastab Roy. Satish joined [[Bhawanipore F.C.]] in 2010 where he played two seasons. He was part of the squad that helped Bhawanipore to reach the Premier Division of the [[Calcutta Football League]].<ref name="Satish Bagan">{{cite web|title=Satish Singh joins McDowell Mohun Bagan|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/right-back-satish-singh-joins-mcdowell-mohun-bagan-6331|work=Mohun Bagan| url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607225516/http://mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/right-back-satish-singh-joins-mcdowell-mohun-bagan-6331 | archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>

===Churchill Brothers===
Singh made his debut for [[Churchill Brothers S.C.]] on 19 January 2013 during an [[I-League]] match against [[East Bengal F.C.]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in Kolkata, [[West Bengal]] in which he came on as an 89th-minute substitute for [[Steven Dias]]; Churchill Brothers won the match 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal 0-3 Churchill Brothers|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/01/19/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/1395215/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref>

===Mohun Bagan===
On 5 June 2014, it was announced that Satish signed for [[Mohun Bagan]].<ref name="Satish Bagan"/>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|5 June 2014}}<ref>{{soccerway|satish-singh/282048}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|[[I-League]]||5||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||5||0
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|[[I-League]]||14||0||1||0||0||0||6||0||21
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
||[[I-League]]||4||0||0||0||0||—||—||0||4
|-
! colspan="2" | Career total
!!!23!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!6!!0!!30
|}

==Personal life==
[[Jose Ramirez Barreto]] being his idol, Satish is a big fan of [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] and always supports [[Portugal national football team]].

==Honours==
===Club===
'''Churchill Brothers'''
* [[I-League]]: [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
* [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|2013–14]]
'''Peerless'''
*[[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Premier Division A]] runner-up: [[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier_2018-19/result.html#aug_9|title=Calcutta Football League 2018-19|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118232121/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier_2018-19/result.html|archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Satish}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]

Kupup

2025-11-25T02:47:34Z

Dia: made some data more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Kupup
|native_name = Kophu
|native_name_lang = 
|settlement_type = Hamlet
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India
|pushpin_map_alt = Location in Sikkim
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_label_position =
|coordinates = {{coord|27.3434|88.8407 |format=dms|type:village|display=inline,title}}
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[Sikkim]]
|subdivision_type2 = District
|subdivision_name2 = [[East Sikkim district|Gangtok]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|unit_pref = Metric

|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 3940
|population_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/aug/29/road-to-doklam-landmarks-near-doka-la-pass-where-india-and-china-engaged-in-an-eyeball-war-100764.html Road to Doklam: Landmarks near Doka La Pass where India and China engaged in an eyeball war], The New Indian Express, 29 August 2017.</ref>
|population_as_of = 2017
|population_total = 250
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone1 =
|utc_offset1 =
|timezone1_DST =
|utc_offset1_DST =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code_type =
|area_code =
|area_codes = 
|iso_code =
|website = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-point = on
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kupup'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Kapup''',{{sfnp|Brown, Tours in Sikhim|1934|pp=141, 145}} '''Kupuk'''{{sfnp|Steinmann, National Hegemonies, Local Allegiances|2004|p=157}} and '''Kophu'''.{{sfnp|Edgar, Report on a Visit to Sikhim|1874|p=30}}}} is a hamlet in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]] near the border with China. It lies in a transverse valley below the [[Dongkya Range]], close to the [[Jelep La]] pass. A nearby moraine ridge across the valley forms part of the watershed between the [[Teesta River|Teesta]] and [[Dichu River|Dichu]] river basins. To the southeast of the ridge is the lake '''Bitang Tso'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Bithang Tso''',<ref name=Coelho>{{citation |first=V. H. |last=Coelho |title=Sikkim and Bhutan |publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations/Vikas Publications |year=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUhuAAAAMAAJ |page=121}}</ref> '''Bidang Tso''',{{sfnp|Brown, Tours in Sikhim|1934|p=141}}
'''Bedang Tso''',<ref name="sikkimforest.gov.in"/> and
'''Bidantso'''.{{sfnp|Temple, The Lake Region of Sikkim|1881|pp=335–336}}
The meaning is explained as "the lake of the cow-yak".<ref name=Coelho/>}}, also called the '''Elephant Lake''' or '''Kupup Lake''', from which the Dichu river is conventionally believed to originate.

Beyond the valley of Dichu to the east is the Mount [[Gipmochi]], which China claims as the trijunction between India, [[Bhutan]] and itself, but this is disputed by Bhutan and India. The [[Doka La]] pass, next to Gipmochi where India has a [[border outpost]], is accessed from Kupup via a border road.

== Geography ==
[[File:Chumbi-trijunction-in-1923-SoI-map.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Kupup below the Jelep La pass (Survey of India, 1923)]]
[[File:Bidantso-sketch-Richard-Temple.png|thumb|right|275px|A sketch of Bitang Tso by [[Sir_Richard_Temple,_1st_Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]]; Mount [[Gipmochi]] at the far end]]
[[File:Kupup Elephant Lake.jpg|thumb|275px|Contemporary photograph of Bitang Tso]]

Kupup lies in a transverse depression between the [[Dongkya Range]] that forms the border of Sikkim, and the mountains to the southwest. The Bitang Tso or Elephant Lake, a [[glacial lake]] that is regarded as the source of the [[Dichu River|Dichu]] river, is next to Kupup in the same depressioin.{{sfnp|Temple, The Lake Region of Sikkim|1881|p=339}} Kupup lies on the higher ground to the northwest of the Bitang Tso lake.
Darjeeling superintendent [[John Ware Edgar|J. W. Edgar]], who surveyed the area for the construction of a road to Tibet in 1874, described Kupup as "a grassy and rather marshy valley".{{sfnp|Edgar, Report on a Visit to Sikhim|1874|pp=6–7}} It was said that 1,500 men could encamp in the valley. Fuel and rhododendron scrub were plentiful in the locality. To the northeast of the valley is a steep hill called "Tent Hill", which rises to 1,000 ft.{{sfnp|O'Conner, Routes in Sikkim|1900|p=27}} A stream flows down from the Jelep La pass and bends around the Tent Hill to the northwest,{{sfnp|Blandford, Journey through Sikkim|1871|pp=380–381}} and drains into [[Menmecho Lake]], which was described by Edgar as being especially beautiful.{{sfnp|Edgar, Report on a Visit to Sikhim|1874|p=31}} The river flowing from here is called [[Rangpo Chu]], which is an upstream tributary of the [[Teesta River]].

To the southeast of Kupup, the Bitang Tso is considered the source of the [[Dichu River]], even though other streams flowing down from the Dongkya Range provide a greater volume of water. Dichu flows southeast until Mount [[Gipmochi]] on the western shoulder of the [[Doklam]] plateau, where it turns south and enters Bhutan.

The cart road to [[Jelep La]] on Sikkim–Tibet border, eventually laid by the British, ran on the watershed between Teesta and Dichu rivers. The watershed continues on to the [[moraine|moraine ridge]] above Bitang Tso.{{sfnp|Blandford, Journey through Sikkim|1871|pp=380–381}} British explorers noted that, from here on, the road to Jelep La had a gentle ascent, which was no more than {{convert|1000|ft}} above.

== Current status ==
After the independence of India, a motorable road was constructed between [[Gangtok]] and [[Nathu La]](up to [[Sherathang]]) during 1954–1958. The use of Jelep La was also continued, via the old British cart road as well as along the Nathu La road via Sherathang (8 km from Kupup).<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_car&route=27.3794%2C88.8199%3B27.3507%2C88.8397#map=12/27.2937/88.9075&layers=Y Sherathang to Kupup], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 10 July 2022.</ref>

Trade relations between India and China were suspended during the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] and the passes were closed. In 2006, Nathu La was reopened by mutual agreement. A motorable road along the old British alignment has been constructed between [[Kalimpong]] and Kupup, which continues on to Sherathang and Nathu La.

A second settlement of Kupup has grown up on the high ground above Bitang Tso, to support the Indian armed forces.<ref name="sikkimforest.gov.in">[http://www.sikkimforest.gov.in/soer/Wetlands%20of%20Sikkim.pdf Wetlands of Sikkim], ''State of Environment – Sikkim'', 2007, p. 58.</ref> A road to the [[Doka La]] pass near Mount [[Gipmochi]], 5 km distant, runs from Kupup on the northeast side of the valley. During the 73-day [[Doklam standoff]] in 2017, Kupup formed a key link for the Indian military.<ref>Deeptiman Tiwary, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/doklam-standoff-dolam-5-km-from-face-off-with-india-china-high-alert-but-conflict-far-from-minds-gnathang-valley-doka-la-4806002/ Doklam Standoff: 5 km from face-off with China, high alert but conflict far from minds], The Indian Express, 21 August 2017.</ref><ref>Karma Paljor, [https://www.news18.com/news/india/ground-report-from-last-post-to-doklam-latest-sore-point-in-india-china-ties-1476545.html Ground Report from last Post to Doklam, Latest Sore Point in India-China Ties], News18, 29 July 2017.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=William T. |last=Blandford |title=Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and sub-alpine regions, Part I |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1871 |pages=367–420 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasi401871unse/page/n451 |ref={{sfnref|Blandford, Journey through Sikkim|1871}}}}
* {{citation |last=Brown |first=Percy |title=Tours in Sikhim and the Darjeeling District |editor-last=Townsend |editor-first=Joan |edition=Revised |publisher=W. Newman & Co |location=Calcutta |year=1934 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2586/page/144 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Brown, Tours in Sikhim|1934}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Edgar |first=John Ware |author-link=John Ware Edgar |title=Report on a visit to Sikhim and the Thibetan frontier in October, November, and December, 1873 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |place=Calcutta |year=1874 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023017829 |publication-date=1874 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Edgar, Report on a Visit to Sikhim|1874}}}}
* {{citation |last=O'Conner |first=W. F. |title=Routes in Sikkim |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1900 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1542 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|O'Conner, Routes in Sikkim|1900}}}}
* {{citation |last=Steinmann |first=Brigitte |title=National Hegemonies, Local Allegiances: Historiography and ethnography of a Buddhist kingdom |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |volume=25/26 |pages=145–167 |year=2004 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_25%2626_06.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Steinmann, National Hegemonies, Local Allegiances|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Richard |last=Temple |author-link=Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet |title=The Lake Region of Sikkim, on the Frontier of Tibet |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography |date=June 1881 |volume=3 |number=6 |pages=321–340 |doi=10.2307/1800507 |jstor=1800507 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2274571 |ref={{sfnref|Temple, The Lake Region of Sikkim|1881}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/aug/29/road-to-doklam-landmarks-near-doka-la-pass-where-india-and-china-engaged-in-an-eyeball-war-100764.html Road to Doklam: Landmarks near Doka La Pass where India and China engaged in an eyeball war], The New Indian Express. Has photographs of Bitang Tso and the Kupup village.

[[Category:China–India border]]
[[Category:Gangtok district]]

2001–02 Hyderabad C.A. season

2025-11-20T13:28:28Z

Dia: update article per sources and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Hyderabad C.A.
| image =
| alt =
| season = 2001–02
| coach = [[Arshad Ayub]]
| captain = [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
| colors =
| ground = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Hyderabad]]
| comp1 = [[2001-02 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]]
| comp1 result = Quarter-finals
| comp2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy|Ranji One–Day Trophy]]
| comp2 result = South Zone (3rd)
| comp3 =
| comp3 result =
| comp4 =
| comp4 result =
| comp5 =
| comp5 result =
| prevseason = [[2000–01 Hyderabad C.A. season|2000–01]]
| nextseason = [[2002–03 Hyderabad C.A. season|2002–03]]
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
|}}

The '''2001–02 season''' is [[Hyderabad cricket team]]'s 68th competitive season. The Hyderabad cricket team is senior men's domestic cricket team based in the city of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]], run by the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]]. They represent the region of [[Telangana]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in domestic competitions.

==Competition overview==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Category !! Competition !! Format !! First match !! Last match !! Final position !! {{Tooltip | Pld | Games played}} !! {{Tooltip | W | Won}} !! {{Tooltip | L | Lost}} !! {{Tooltip | D / T / NR | Draw/Tie/No Result}} !! {{Tooltip | Win % | Winning Percentage }}
|-
|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Senior men's]] || [[2001–02 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] || [[First-class cricket]] || 21 November 2001 || 5 February 2002 || '''Quarter-finals''' || 7 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 28.57%
|-
|Senior men's || [[Vijay Hazare Trophy|Ranji One–Day Trophy]] || [[List A cricket]] || 3 January 2002 || 8 January 2002 || '''Zonal Stage''' || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 60%
|}

==Squads==
* Head Coach: [[Arshad Ayub]]<ref name="ranjisquad">{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SQUADS/RANJI_2001-02_HYD-SQUAD.html|title=Ranji Trophy - 2001–02 / Squads / Hyderabad (India)|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
! Ranji Trophy<ref name="ranjisquad" /><ref name="ranjiaverages" />
! Ranji One–Day Trophy<ref name="RODIaverages" />
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Anirudh Singh (cricketer)|Anirudh Singh]]
* [[Gangashetty Arvind Kumar]]
* [[Mohammad Ghouse Baba]]
* [[V. V. S. Laxman]]
* [[Daniel Manohar]]
* [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
* [[Vanka Pratap]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Inder Shekar Reddy]]
* [[Rohit Sabharwal]]
* [[Narender Pal Singh]]
* [[Mangalapally Srinivas]]
* [[Devishetty Vinay Kumar]]
* [[Sankinani Vishnuvardhan]]
* [[Arjun Yadav]]
* [[Shivaji Yadav]]
|
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Anirudh Singh (cricketer)|Anirudh Singh]]
* [[Gangashetty Arvind Kumar]]
* [[Noel David]]
* [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
* [[Pawan Kumar (cricketer, born 1970)|Pawan Kumar]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Inder Shekar Reddy]]
* [[Rohit Sabharwal]]
* [[Narender Pal Singh]]
* [[Devishetty Vinay Kumar]]
* [[Sankinani Vishnuvardhan]]
* [[Arjun Yadav]]
* [[Shivaji Yadav]]
|}

; [[Irani Cup]]
Laxman got selected to the [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] squad for the [[Irani Cup|2001 Irani Cup]], a [[first-class cricket]] competition in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/IRANI/IRANI_2001-02_R-O-I-SQUAD.html|title=2001-02 Irani Cup / Squads / Rest of India|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>

;[[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]
Laxman and Manohar got picked to the [[India A cricket team|India A]] squad while Arjun got picked to the [[India B cricket team|India B]] squad for the [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy|2001-02 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]], a [[List-A cricket]] tournament in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_2001-02_IND-A-SQUAD.html|title=2001-02 Challenger Series / Squads / India A|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_2001-02_IND-B-SQUAD.html|title=2001-02 Challenger Series / Squads / India B|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>

;[[Deodhar Trophy]]
Manohar, Vinay Kumar and Arjun got selected to the [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] squad for the [[Deodhar Trophy|2001-02 Deodhar Trophy]], a List-A cricket competition in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/DEODHAR/STATS/IND_LOCAL_DEODHAR_AVS_SOUTH.html|title=2001-02 Deodhar Trophy / South Zone / Batting and Bowling Averages|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>

;[[Duleep Trophy]]
Nand Kishore, Vinay Kumar and Arjun got selected to the South Zone squad for the [[2001-02 Duleep Trophy]], a first-class cricket tournament in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/STATS/IND_LOCAL_DULEEP_AVS_SOUTH.html|title=2001-02 Duleep Trophy / South Zone / Batting and Bowling Averages|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>

==Ranji Trophy==
{{main|2001–02 Ranji Trophy}}
The [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] team, led by [[Venkatapathy Raju]], began their campaign in the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India, with a draw against the [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] at [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Hyderabad]] on 21 November 2001.<ref name="ranjisquad"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/108198.html|title=Hyderabad openers slaughter Karnataka|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=22 November 2001|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/106800.html|title=Karnataka hold on for tepid draw|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=25 November 2001|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref> They finished inside top-3 in the South Zone to advance to the knockout stage with a win and four draws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/98212.html|title=Andhra Pradesh top South Zone points table|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=29 December 2001|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=RPoints/> They were eliminated in the quarter-finals where the [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] defeated the Hyderabad by an innings and 256 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/114074.html|title=Baroda thrash Hyderabad|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 February 2002|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}

===Points Table===
;South Zone
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name=RPoints>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SOUTH/RJI-S_2001-02_TABLE.html|title=Ranji Trophy South Zone Table - 2001–02|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|A|Abandoned}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''28'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''26'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''24'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''22'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 || '''6'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top three teams advanced to the knockout stage.
* Points system : Win = 8, Draw with first innings lead = 5, No Result = 3, Draw with first innings deficit = 3, Loss = 0.

{{col-break|width=66%}}

===Knockout stage===
{{16TeamBracket
| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 125px
| RD1 = Pre-Quarterfinals
| RD2 = Quarterfinals
| RD3 = Semifinals
| RD4 = Final

| RD1-seed01 = '''SZ2'''
| RD1-team01 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''
| RD1-score01 = '''182 & 272'''
| RD1-seed02 = WZ1
| RD1-team02 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD1-score02 = 186 & 129

| RD1-seed03 = '''CZ1'''
| RD1-team03 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD1-score03 = '''497 & 314/4'''
| RD1-seed04 = NZ1
| RD1-team04 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD1-score04 = 395

| RD1-seed05 = CZ3
| RD1-team05 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| RD1-score05 = 321 & 146
| RD1-seed06 = '''EZ1'''
| RD1-team06 = '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD1-score06 = '''518'''

| RD1-seed07 = '''WZ3'''
| RD1-team07 = '''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''
| RD1-score07 = '''499 & 175/8'''
| RD1-seed08 = SZ1
| RD1-team08 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| RD1-score08 = 456

| RD1-seed09 = NZ3
| RD1-team09 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| RD1-score09 = 192 & 238
| RD1-seed10 = '''SZ3'''
| RD1-team10 = '''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''
| RD1-score10 = '''403 & 31/0'''

| RD1-seed11 = '''WZ2'''
| RD1-team11 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''<ref name="bye" group="nb">Baroda got bye in Round of 16 on the virtue of winning [[2000–01 Ranji Trophy]].</ref>
| RD1-score11 =
| RD1-seed12 =
| RD1-team12 = bye
| RD1-score12 =

| RD1-seed13 = EZ3
| RD1-team13 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| RD1-score13 = 170 & 200
| RD1-seed14 = '''NZ2'''
| RD1-team14 = '''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''
| RD1-score14 = '''357 & 15/0'''

| RD1-seed15 = CZ2
| RD1-team15 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| RD1-score15 = 231 & 369/9d
| RD1-seed16 = '''EZ2'''
| RD1-team16 = '''[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]'''
| RD1-score16 = '''320 & 284/7'''

| RD2-seed01 = SZ2
| RD2-team01 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD2-score01 = 276 & 326/6d
| RD2-seed02 = '''CZ1'''
| RD2-team02 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD2-score02 = '''423 & 180/2'''

| RD2-seed03 = '''EZ1'''
| RD2-team03 = '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD2-score03 = '''353 & 483/6d'''
| RD2-seed04 = WZ3
| RD2-team04 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| RD2-score04 = 321 & 69/5

| RD2-seed05 = SZ3
| RD2-team05 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| RD2-score05 = 290 & 127
| RD2-seed06 = '''WZ2'''
| RD2-team06 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''
| RD2-score06 = '''673'''

| RD2-seed07 = '''NZ2'''
| RD2-team07 = '''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''
| RD2-score07 = '''207 & 460'''
| RD2-seed08 = EZ2
| RD2-team08 = [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| RD2-score08 = 205 & 219

| RD3-seed01 = '''CZ1'''
| RD3-team01 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD3-score01 = '''557 & 380/3d'''
| RD3-seed02 = EZ1
| RD3-team02 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD3-score02 = 325

| RD3-seed03 = '''WZ2'''
| RD3-team03 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''
| RD3-score03 = '''222 & 233'''
| RD3-seed04 = NZ2
| RD3-team04 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| RD3-score04 = 237 & 82

| RD4-seed01 = '''CZ1'''
| RD4-team01 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD4-score01 = '''253 & 306'''
| RD4-seed02 = WZ2
| RD4-team02 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| RD4-score02 = 169 & 113
}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{col-end}}

===Matches===
;Zonal Stage
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 21–24 November 2001
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 577 (172.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] 214 (407)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anand Katti]] 4/133 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 416 (160.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Thilak Naidu]] 101 (225)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shivaji Yadav]] 4/106 (41 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 64/2 (13 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Arjun Yadav]] 21[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dodda Ganesh]] 2/30 (6 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| umpires = [[Surya Prakash Rao]] and [[Des Raj]]
| report = [http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/match/18 Scorecard]
| result = Match Drawn Hyderabad took first innings lead
| motm =
| notes =
| bg = D
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 2–5 December 2001
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 117 (58.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Daniel Manohar]] 35 (100)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[M. Suresh Kumar]] 4/36 (15.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 125 (56.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sunil Oasis]] 47 (115)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 6/42 (23 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 334/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (131.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Anirudh Singh (cricketer)|Anirudh Singh]] 124 (232)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[M. Suresh Kumar]] 4/115 (53 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 182 (99.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Manimandiran Sorab 56 (205)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 5/66 (33.1 overs)

| venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| umpires = [[Ganesh Ayyar]] and K D Doodhwala
| report = [http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/match/37 Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 144 runs
| motm =
| bg = W
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 10–13 December 2001
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 336 (140.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Devishetty Vinay Kumar]] 103[[not out|*]] (317)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = MR Shrinivas 4/67 (32.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 351 (166.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Thirugnanasambandam Arasu 78 (268)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Narender Pal Singh]] 4/95 (39 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 150/2 (46 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Daniel Manohar]] 65[[not out|*]] (127)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ramakrishnan Ramkumar]] 2/72 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]], [[Chennai]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| umpires = [[Subrata Banerjee]] and [[Subrata Guha]]
| report = [http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/match/41 Scorecard]
| result = Match Drawn Tamil Nadu took first innings lead
| motm =
| notes =
| bg = D
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 18–21 December 2001
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 306 (117.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = AA Velaskar 87 (179)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 3/35 (26.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 400 (135 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arjun Yadav]] 155 (306)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Saiyed Khalid]] 4/95 (42 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 263/6 (97.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kiran Powar]] 101[[not out|*]] (142)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shivaji Yadav]] 3/75 (26.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Bhausaheb Bandodkar Ground|Panjim Gymkhana Ground]], [[Panaji]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field
| umpires = DD Sharma and Kamal Juneja
| report = [http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/match/44 Scorecard]
| result = Match Drawn Hyderabad took first innings lead
| motm =
| notes =
| bg = D
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 25–28 December 2001
| team1 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 365 (151.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]] 146 (395)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sankinani Vishnuvardhan]] 4/92 (33 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 180 (83.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] 54 (208)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Hemal Watekar 3/31 (20.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 237/6 (124 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] 70 (234)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = R Prasad 2/48 (26 overs)

| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Andhra won the toss and elected to bat
| umpires = AY Gokhale and [[Suresh Shastri]]
| report = [http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/match/49 Scorecard]
| result = Match Drawn Andhra took first innings lead
| motm =
| notes =
| bg = D
}}
;Prequarter-final
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 23–26 January 2002
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 192 (67.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Nischal Gaur 99 (208)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Narender Pal Singh]] 5/27 (20.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 403 (149.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Daniel Manohar]] 111 (305)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shakti Singh (cricketer)|Shakti Singh]] 4/78 (43.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 238 (83.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Nischal Gaur 73 (129)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shivaji Yadav]] 5/91 (31 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 31/0 (5.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Daniel Manohar]] 16[[not out|*]] (15)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat
| umpires = [[V. M. Gupte]] and SK Sathe
| report = [http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/match/60 Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 10 wickets
| motm =
| notes =
| bg = W
}}
;Quarter-final
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 5–8 February 2002
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 290 (79.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 101 (151)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 5/115 (22.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 673 (169.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]] 271 (404)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sankinani Vishnuvardhan]] 6/148 (37.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 127 (32.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 53[[not out|*]] (101)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 5/30 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = GSFC Cricket Ground, [[Vadodara]]
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to field
| umpires = [[Vijay Chopra]] and [[Sudhir Asnani]]
| report = [http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2001-02/match/67 Scorecard]
| result = Baroda won by an innings and 256 runs
| motm =
| notes =
| bg = L
}}

===Statistics===
;Most runs
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Player !! {{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}} !! {{Tooltip | Inns | Innings}} !! Runs !! {{Tooltip | Ave | Average}} !! {{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}} !! {{Tooltip | HS | High score }} !! {{Tooltip | 100 | Hundreds scored}} !! {{Tooltip | 50 | Fifties scored}}
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
|style="text-align:left" | 7 || 12 || '''534''' || 48.54 || 39.49 || 214 || 1 || 3
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Arjun Yadav]]
|style="text-align:left" | 7 || 12 || '''470''' || 47.00 || 47.76 || 155 || 1 || 2
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Daniel Manohar]]
|style="text-align:left" | 7 || 12 || '''401''' || 40.10 || 36.68 || 111 || 2 || 1
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref name=ranjiaverages>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_HYD.html|title=Ranji Trophy, 2001-02 / Hyderabad (India) / Batting and Bowling Averages|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>
;Most wickets
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Player !! {{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}} !! {{Tooltip | Ovrs | Overs}} !! {{Tooltip | Wkts | Wickets}} !! {{Tooltip | Ave | Average}} !! {{Tooltip | Econ | Economy}} !! {{Tooltip | BBI | Best innings bowling }} !! {{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}} !! {{Tooltip | 5WI | Five wickets in an innings}} !! {{Tooltip | 10WM | Ten wickets in a Match}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Shivaji Yadav]]
| style="text-align:left" | 7 || 305.3 || '''23''' || 31.69 || 2.38 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}5/91 || 79.6 || 1 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Narender Pal Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | 7 || 262.1 || '''22''' || 29.90 || 2.50 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}5/27 || 71.5 || 1 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
| style="text-align:left" | 7 || 309 || '''21''' || 29.04 || 1.97 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}6/42 || 88.2 || 2 || 1
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref name=ranjiaverages />

==Ranji One–Day Trophy==
The [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] team, led by [[Venkatapathy Raju]], began their campaign in the Subbaiah Pillai Trophy as part of the South Zone [[Vijay Hazare Trophy|Ranji One–Day Trophy]], a [[List-A cricket]] tournament in India, with a win against the [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] at [[South Eastern Railway Stadium|Visakhapatnam]] on 3 January 2002.<ref name="RODIR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115177.html|title=Hyderabad hold nerve in tight contest|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=4 January 2002|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> The Andhra posted 265 with the help of the half-centuries from [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]] and Prasad Reddy but the good second wicket partnership between [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] and [[Devishetty Vinay Kumar]] along with the swift lower order batting ensured the Hyderabad chase the target with two-wickets to spare.<ref name="RODIR1"/> In the second match, the century from [[J. Arunkumar]] and the half-century from [[Vijay Bharadwaj]] helped the [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] post 336.<ref name="RODIR2"/> Though the Hyderabad started the chase strongly scoring 140 in 20 overs, middle-order collapse led to the Hyderabad bowl out to 252 despite Vinay Kumar's run-a-ball century.<ref name="RODIR2">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115214.html|title=Arunkumar leads Karnataka to a massive win|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=5 January 2002|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> The partnership of 124 runs between Ajay Kudva and Suresh Kumar helped the [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] post 273 but the half-centuries from [[Anirudh Singh (cricketer)|Anirudh Singh]] and [[Gangashetty Arvind Kumar]] helped the Hyderabad chase the target with two-wickets to spare in their third match of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115235.html|title=Hyderabad eke out close two-wicket win|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 January 2002|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> In the fourth match, the Hyderabad batsmen collapsed as none of them could get big score apart from the half-century from Nand Kishore which helped them to recover to 212 but the half-centuries from [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and [[Somasetty Suresh]] helped the [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] chase the target with four-wickets to spare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115300.html|title=Madanagopal stars in Tamil Nadu win|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 January 2002|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> In the final zonal match, 196-run partnership from [[Ambati Rayudu]] and Vinay Kumar with both scoring the centuries along with the half-century from Anirudh helped the Hyderabad post 338.<ref name="RODIR5">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115355.html|title=Rayudu, Vinay Kumar massacre Goa|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=9 January 2002|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> In reply, the [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] batsmen were troubled barring the half-century from the opener, [[Sagun Kamat]] as the four-wicket haul from [[Inder Shekar Reddy]] led to a middle-order collapse for the Goa and ensured a 159-run win for the Hyderabad.<ref name="RODIR5"/> Despite the win in the last zonal match, the Hyderabad finished third in the South Zone with three wins and two losses.<ref name="RODIR5"/><ref name=VHPoints/>

===Points Table===
;South Zone
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name=VHPoints>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/ROD/SOUTH/ROD-S_2001-02_TABLE.html|title=Ranji One-Day Trophy Table - 2001–02|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tie}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background-color:#cfc"
| [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''18'''
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''13'''
|-
| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''13'''
|-
| [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''12'''
|-
| [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''5'''
|-
| [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''4'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top team qualified for the 2002–03 Wills Trophy.

===Matches===
;Zonal Stage
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 3 January 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 265 (50 overs)
| score2 = 266/8 (49.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]] 86 (107)
| wickets1 = [[Shivaji Yadav]] 3/58 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devishetty Vinay Kumar]] 83 (103)
| wickets2 =
| result = Hyderabad won by 2 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115177.html Report]
| venue = [[South Eastern Railway Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = Andhra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points : Hyderabad 4; Andhra 0
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 4 January 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 336/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 252 (45.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[J. Arunkumar]] 151 (138)
| wickets1 =
| runs2 = [[Devishetty Vinay Kumar]] 104 (104)
| wickets2 =
| result = Karnataka won by 84 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115214.html Report]
| venue = [[Indira Priyadarshini Stadium]], [[Vishakapatnam]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points : Karnataka 5; Hyderabad 0
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 5 January 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 273/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 274/8 (49.3 overs)
| runs1 = Ajay Kudva 70
| wickets1 = [[Shivaji Yadav]] 4/34
| runs2 = [[Anirudh Singh (cricketer)|Anirudh Singh]] 86[[not out|*]] (80)
| wickets2 =
| result = Hyderabad won by 2 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115235.html Report]
| venue = [[Ukku Stadium]], [[Vishakapatnam]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points : Hyderabad 4; Kerala 0
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 7 January 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| score1 = 212/9 (32 overs)
| score2 = 213/6 (31.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] 76 (83)
| wickets1 =
| runs2 = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] 63[[not out|*]] (73)
| wickets2 =
| result = Tamil Nadu won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115300.html Report]
| venue = [[Indira Priyadarshini Stadium]], [[Vishakapatnam]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points : Tamil Nadu 4; Hyderabad 0
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 8 January 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 338/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 179 (48.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 117 (107)
| wickets1 =
| runs2 = SV Kamat 61 (83)
| wickets2 = [[Inder Shekar Reddy]] 4/24
| result = Hyderabad won by 159 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/115355.html Report]
| venue = [[South Eastern Railway Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points : Hyderabad 5; Goa 0
| bg = W
}}

===Statistics===
;Most runs
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Player !! {{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}} !! {{Tooltip | Inns | Innings}} !! Runs !! {{Tooltip | Ave | Average}} !! {{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}} !! {{Tooltip | HS | High score }} !! {{Tooltip | 100 | Hundreds scored}} !! {{Tooltip | 50 | Fifties scored}}
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Devishetty Vinay Kumar]]
|style="text-align:left" | 5 || 5 || '''297''' || 59.40 || 84.61 || 104 || 2 || 1
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Anirudh Singh (cricketer)|Anirudh Singh]]
|style="text-align:left" | 5 || 5 || '''202''' || 67.33 || 105.75 || 86[[not out|*]] || 0 || 2
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
|style="text-align:left" | 5 || 5 || '''187''' || 37.40 || 89.47 || 76 || 0 || 1
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref name=RODIaverages>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/ROD/SOUTH/STATS/IND_LOCAL_ROD-S_AVS_HYD.html|title=Ranji One-Day Trophy, 2001–02 / Hyderabad (India) / Batting and Bowling Averages|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>
;Most wickets
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Player !! {{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}} !! {{Tooltip | Ovrs | Overs}} !! {{Tooltip | Wkts | Wickets}} !! {{Tooltip | Ave | Average}} !! {{Tooltip | Econ | Economy}} !! {{Tooltip | BBI | Best innings bowling }} !! {{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}} !! {{Tooltip | 4WI | Four wickets in an innings}} !! {{Tooltip | 5WI | Five wickets in an innings}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Shivaji Yadav]]
| style="text-align:left" | 5 || 43 || '''9''' || 23.00 || 4.81 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}4/34 || 28.6 || 1 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sankinani Vishnuvardhan]]
| style="text-align:left" | 5 || 39.1 || '''7''' || 30.71 || 5.48 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}3/59 || 33.5 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Inder Shekar Reddy]]
| style="text-align:left" | 3 || 20 || '''6''' || 16.33 || 4.90 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}4/24 || 20.0 || 1 || 0
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref name=RODIaverages />

==See also==
* [[Hyderabad cricket team]]
* [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hycricket.org Hyderabad cricket team official site]

{{Hyderabad C.A. seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Telangana]]
[[Category:Sport in Telangana]]

Phalgu Tirth

2025-11-07T00:41:11Z

Dia: minor fixed section per sources and updated info

{{for| the pilgrimage of same name in Bihar | Phalgu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pharal Tirth
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Pharal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|50|10.3668|N|76|35|8.34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Dhand
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaithal district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Sh.Chandi Ram [ Citizen of Pharal ]
| named_for =
| government_type = Govt. of Haryana
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8632
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi Haryanvi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 136021
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01746
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pundri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kurukshetra
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Pundri
| website = {{URL|http://phalgutirth.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Phalgu Tirth''' is an Indian pilgrimage site, where pilgrimages are undertaken by the [[Hindus]] during the [[Shraadhs]]. It is located in Pharal village in the Dhand sub-tehsil of [[Kaithal district]] in [[Haryana]] state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080911/haryana.htm#10|title=Phalgu mela begins on Sep 15 |date=10 September 2008|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref> Pharal village is located between [[Pundri]] and Dhand in [[Kaithal district]] {{convert|24|km}} away from district headquarter [[Kaithal]] and is {{convert|34|km}} to [[Kurukshetra]] city.<ref name="Location">[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Falgu-15213.htm Phalgu]</ref>

During the [[Pitru Paksha|Shraddha]], ''Phalgu Mela'' (Phalgu fair) takes place here and the Hindus make offerings in the form of ''pindadana'' (offerings of balls of food) in the remembrances of their ancestors. It is believed that the offerings (''pindadana'') done in favour of forefathers at the place relieves their soul from the cycle of rebirth.<ref>Pind Daan</ref> In a way it is like taking care of the [[Atma (Hinduism)|atma]] of the deceased parents for a good place in heaven. The ''pinda''s, after chanting prayers, are offered to the sacred pond at the heart of Pharal Village.

The road between Daund and Pharal is 3 m wide and during the pilgrimage, because of heavy rush of pilgrims it becomes very difficult to reach the sacred pond.

==Nearby villages==
===Pharal Village===
The name of the village has come from Phalgu Pond, which is named after Phalgu Rishi who is believed to be the son in law of Gaya ji. There is a small temple dedicated to the Phalgu rishi which is located on the shore of the pond.
Most of the descendants of the natives of this place have now moved out of the village, but still they come here timely to offer their prayers to their ancestors. The original village is located at some height from the pond, which can be seen when going in village as streets are steep.
As you go through the streets you can see the remains of Havelies (Homes) of the people who used to live here. It is believed to be a very sacred place.

===Phaphrana Village===
According to the Balraj Balhara, Phalgu Tirth is an Indian pilgrimage site, where pilgrimages are undertaken by the Hindus during the Shraadhs. It is located in Phaphrana village in the Assandh tehsil of Karnal district in Haryana state.

PHAPHRANA village is located at Panipat road 7 km away from assandh, 41 km away from district headquarter
Dada Phalgu Teerth, which is a very old and sacred place also. Fair happens in devotion of Phalgu Rishi on Amavas of Monday which is very uncertain. It is not happens on a fixed particular day. In phaphrana village, this temple is famous as Phalgu Dada teerth . In usual Sunday is celebrated as Phalgu dada's day. This day every family of village celebrates by making Khir at their home or at mandir premises

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}
{{48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Villages in Kaithal district]]
[[Category:48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}
{{Haryana-stub}}

Pravarasena II

2025-10-15T01:57:02Z

Dia: brief adjust article to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|5th-century ruler of the Indian Vakataka dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Mahārāja
| image = Tirodi seal.jpg
| caption = The royal seal of Pravarasena II attached to the [[Tirodi copper plates|Tirodi plates]], dated to his 23rd regnal year. The legend on the seal reads: "''(This is)'' the enemy-chastising command of Pravarasēna, the ornament of the Vākāṭakas, who has attained royal fortune by inheritance."{{sfn|Mirashi|1963|pp=32f, 52}}
| succession = Vakataka king of Nandivardhana-Pravarapura
| reign = c. 420 – 455 CE
| predecessor = [[Damodarasena]]
| successor = [[Narendrasena]]
| spouse = Ajnakabhattarika
| issue =
| house = [[Vakataka]]
| father = [[Rudrasena II]]
| mother = [[Prabhavatigupta]]
}}
{{for|the Vakataka king of the Vatsagulma branch|Pravarasena II of Vatsagulma}}
{{for|the [[Huna people|Huna]] king who ruled in the area around Kashmir|Sri Pravarasena}}
{{Vakataka Infobox}}
'''Pravarasena II''' ({{reign|{{circa|420}}|455 CE}}) was a ruler of the Nandivardhana-Pravarapura branch of the [[Vakataka dynasty]]. He was the son of [[Rudrasena II]] and [[Prabhavatigupta]], the daughter of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Chandragupta II]]. He succeeded his brother [[Damodarasena]] as Maharaja. Pravarasena's reign seems to have been mostly peaceful and prosperous, and is noted for an efflorescence of religious patronage.

==Chronology==
That all of Pravarasena's extant records are dated in terms of regnal years (rather than any calendar era), the precise era of Pravarasena's reign remains disputed. The only record that provides a firm chronological basis for Vakataka dynastic history is the Hisse-Borala stone inscription of [[Devasena (Vakataka king)|Devasena]], a ruler of the Vatsagulma branch, which contains a precise calendar date of year 380 of the [[Saka era]] (corresponding to 457/58 CE).{{sfn|Bakker|1997|pp=31–32}} Due to the absence of any earlier records that can be precisely dated, different historians have proposed differing dates for Pravarasena's reign, though it is widely agreed that he had a fairly long reign of over three decades and that he ruled mainly in the first half of the fifth century. The following are some recently proposed dates for the reign of Pravarasena II:

*c. 420 – 455 according to [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]].{{sfn|Shastri|1997|p=212}}
*c. 422 – 457 according to [[Hans Bakker]].{{sfn|Bakker|1997|p=170}}
*c. 419 – 455 according to [[Hermann Kulke]].{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=91}}
*c. 410 – 445 according to [[Walter Spink]].{{sfn|Spink|2011|p=166}}

==Overview of reign==
[[File:Districts with Vakataka inscriptions of Pravarasena II.png|thumb|left|Map of present-day [[List of districts in India|Indian districts]] (highlighted in purple) where charters of Pravarasena II have been found, or which contain place-names referenced in Pravarasena's charters.]]
The largest number of Vakataka inscriptions belong to Pravarasena's reign.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=483}} Pravarasena's early charters were issued from the old Vakataka capital of Nandivardhana, but the later charters were issued from a city called Pravarapura which was apparently founded by and named after him.{{sfn|Sircar|1997|p=182}} Earlier historians tended to identify Pravarapura with Paunar in the [[Wardha district]] of northeast [[Maharashtra]], but more recent archaeological discoveries strongly suggest that the site is to be identified with an extensive settlement found near [[Mansar, India|Mansar]] in [[Nagpur district]].{{sfn|Bakker|2008|p=4}} The place-names provided in Pravarasena's numerous charters indicate that, at the very least, his kingdom extended over the modern districts of Wardha, Nagpur, [[Amravati district|Amravati]] and [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]] (including the more recently-created [[Gondia district]]) in Maharashtra, and the districts of [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] and [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfn|Altekar|2007|p=106}}

The Vakataka dynasty entered into matrimonial alliances to maintain its influence and security. Pravarasena married his son, Crown Prince [[Narendrasena]], to a "daughter of a king of [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]]" named Ajjhitabhattarika. The identity of this princess is not certain, but she is often considered to be a daughter of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] king [[Kakusthavarman]], who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families.{{sfn|Altekar|2007|p=106}}{{sfn|Sircar|1997|p=184}}{{sfn|Sastri|1961|p=109}} This marriage secured the southern border of the Vakataka dominions, including that of the Vatsagulma branch who were traditional enemies of Kuntala.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|p=28}} Pravarasena's own wife was a woman named Ajnakabhattarika, who may have also come from an illustrious lineage and was possibly the mother of Crown Prince Narendrasena.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|pp=23–24}} It is also known that a Gupta prince named Ghatotkachagupta, the viceroy of [[Vidisha]], was married to a Vakataka princess who seems to have been Pravarasena's sister.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|pp=26–27}}

Pravarasena's reign appears to have been quite peaceful on the whole, as neither his own records nor those of his successors refer to any military exploits of the king.{{sfn|Altekar|2007|p=105}} However,R in his twenty-third regnal year, Pravarasena had entered into the territory of the Gupta empire with his army, as he issued an inscription while encamped at [[Tewar, Madhya Pradesh|Tripuri]] (located near present-day [[Jabalpur]]) on the northern bank of the [[Narmada River]].{{sfn|Bakker|1997|p=25}} It is not clear what military objectives, if any, Pravarasena had during this excursion. The [[Ramtek Kevala Narasimha temple inscription]] states that following the death of Ghatotkachagupta, the brother of his widow had brought her back home by force. Hans Bakker interprets this to mean that Pravarasena had invaded the Gupta dominions to bring back his sister, possibly due to a conflict within the Gupta empire in which Ghatotkachagupta, supported by the Vakatakas and the Nagas, had been eliminated by his upstart nephew [[Skandagupta]].{{sfn|Bakker|1997|pp=27–28}}

==Administration==
Pravarasena's administration was characterized by the appointment of officials styled ''Senapati'' as either viceroys or as a kind of "high commissioner" to oversee subordinate states within the Vakataka realm. The names of several Senapatis such as Chitravarman, Namidasa, Katyayana, and Bappudeva are known from inscriptions. The Senapati Namidasa was placed in charge of an administrative division known as Arammi-rajya, and the same figure seems to have also been a ''rajyadhikrita'' or "chief minister" of Pravarasena.{{sfn|Sircar|1997|p=182}}

The Vakataka kingdom contained a number of smaller principalities which were ruled by local feudatory dynasties. These feudatories had no power to issue land grants without the permission of the sovereign Vakataka ruler.{{sfn|Altekar|1960|pp=178–179}} A man named Kondaraja, son of Shatrughnaraja, features as an important feudatory ruler of the Bhojakata-rajya in [[Vidarbha]]. Kondaraja, who was termed as a ''rajan'' (lit. "king", but evidently meaning a subordinate chief in this context), seems to have been of [[Gondi people|Gond]] tribal background.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|p=24, footnote 67}} It thus appears that tribal chieftains on the outlying periphery of the Vakataka kingdom were being absorbed into the Vakataka state structure at this time.

==Religious and cultural works==
[[File:MansarExcavation5.JPG|thumb|right|A large brick temple at [[Mansar, India]], identified by some scholars with the Pravareshwara temple complex founded by Pravarasena II.]]
[[File:Mansar Shiva image.jpg|thumb|left|An image of [[Shiva]] from Mansar, currently housed in the [[National Museum, New Delhi]]. The image was likely produced during the reign of Pravarasena II, who was known to be a devout Shaivite.]]
Unlike his parents who were [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]], Pravarasena was an ardent [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] who was known throughout his long reign as ''Paramamaheshwara'', meaning a devout worshipper of ''Maheshwara'' or [[Shiva]].{{sfn|Sircar|1997|p=183}} This return to the older religious tradition of the Vakatakas likely indicates that Pravarasena was no longer under the heavy influence of the Vaishnavite Guptas. Pravarasena boasted that he had established the conditions of the ''[[Satya Yuga|Kritayuga]]'' (Golden Age) on earth by the grace of Shiva.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|pp=23–24}}

Pravarasena's influential mother Prabhavatigupta remained active in public life for much of his reign. As a devout Vaishnavite, Prabhavatigupta made a number of religious grants and does not seen to have been dissuaded by her son's Shaivite tendencies. She was particularly attached to her tutelary deity of Ramagirisvamin on the hill at Ramtek.{{sfn|Altekar|1960|pp=178–179}} While most of Pravarasena's religious donations aimed at increasing the merit, life, power, victory, and rule of the king himself, in his Patna Museum Plate all the religious merit is said to accrue to the Queen Mother, i.e. Prabhavatigupta.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|pp=23–24}} In his twenty-third regnal year, Pravarasena made a grant for the spiritual welfare of both his mother and himself, in this life and the next.{{sfn|Altekar|2007|p=104}}

A number of locales emerged during the reign of Pravarasena as important religious centers. The sacred hill compound at Ramagiri, located north of Nandivardhana, had developed into a sort of official state sanctuary dedicated to [[Vishnu]] and his [[avatars]], primarily due to the patronage of Prabhavatigupta.{{sfn|Altekar|2007|p=104}} The site of Mansar, located about five kilometers west of Ramagiri, contains a brick temple that has been attributed to Pravarasena. A Shiva image of extraordinary quality was found at the site, indicating that it may have been a major Shaivite center. The Mansar temple complex may be identical to the Pravareshwara temple complex, which was founded by Pravarasena and which served as an important state sanctuary of the Vakataka kingdom, perhaps meant to be a Shaivite equivalent of the Ramagiri complex.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|p=87-88}} A place known as Narattangavari also seems to have developed into an important religious center, as Pravarasena probably went on pilgrimage to the site and is known to have issued his [[Tirodi]] grant from there which is mentioned in [[Tirodi copper plates]].{{sfn|Shrimali|1992|p=150}}{{sfn|Sircar|1997|p=182}} He also made Ilichpur grants to brahmins which are mentioned in [[Chamak copper plates]].{{sfn|Shrimali|1992|p=152}}

Patronage of religious establishments, temples, and [[brahmins]] constituted an important aspect of Vakataka kingship. The endowment of brahmins with tax free land on the periphery of the kingdom may have served to spread and reinforce the [[dharma|dharmic]] religious and social order.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|pp=23–24}} During Pravarasena's reign, such notions of dharmic kingship seem to have percolated down to the local feudatory rulers as well. The feudatory Kondaraja proved his worth to Pravarasena, his sovereign, by granting land to one thousand brahmins.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|p=24, footnote 67}} Another feudatory ruler named Narayanaraja requested a donation be made to a religious feeding house or ''sattra''.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|p=23, footnote 66}}

Pravarasena has often been credited with authoring a [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] poem named ''Setubandha'' or ''Ravanavaho'' which details the exploits of [[Rama]] in [[Lanka]] against the demon-king [[Ravana]].{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=483}}{{sfn|Sastri|1961|p=109}}{{sfn|Altekar|2007|p=105}} Due to the poem's Vaishnavite themes (as Rama was regarded to be an avatar of Vishnu) in contrast to Pravarasena's own avowed Shaivism. However, Pravarasena appears to have had quite a good relationship with his Vaishnavite mother and Vaishnavite sites continued to flourish during his reign, suggesting that Pravarasena may have had a more ecumenical approach to religion despite his own marked preference for worshipping Shiva. At the time, there was perhaps not much bigotry associated with the divisions Shaivite and Vaishnavite.{{sfn|Altekar|1960|pp=178–179}}

==Final days and succession==
The last of Pravarasena's surviving inscriptions was issued in his thirty-second regnal year, which was probably sometime in the 450s. In 454/55 there seems to have been instability and infighting in the lands north of the Vakataka kingdom, possibly due to a Gupta succession crisis following the death of [[Kumaragupta]]. Bakker suggests that Pravarasena may have invaded the Gupta territories during this time to establish his authority in the region to the north of the Narmada, and died soon thereafter.{{sfn|Bakker|1997|pp=27–28}} Following Pravarasena's death a succession struggle may have broken out in the Vakataka realm itself, from which Crown Prince Narendrasena ultimately emerged victorious and succeeded his father as Maharaja.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=484}}

==See also==
* [[Mansar, India#History|History of Mansar]]

==References==
===Citation===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Altekar |first=A.S. |author-link=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Yazdani |editor1-first=Ghulam |title=The Early History of the Deccan |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}
* {{citation |last=Altekar |first=A.S. |author-link=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434 }}
* {{citation |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=The Vakatakas: An Essay in Hindu Iconology |date=1997 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=9069801000 }}
* {{citation |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=Mansar, Pravarasena and his Capital |date=2008 |publisher=University of Groningen |url=https://www.academia.edu/40368415 }}
* {{citation |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |title=A History of India |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415329200 |edition=Fourth }}
* {{citation |last=Mirashi |first=V.V. |title=Inscriptions of the Vakatakas |date=1963 |publisher=Government Epigraphist for India |location=Ootacamund |url=https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptio014677mbp }}
* {{citation |last=Sastri |first=K.A. Nilakanta |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |date=1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=Third }}
* {{citation |last=Shastri |first=Ajay Mitra |title=Vakatakas: Sources and History |date=1997 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=9788173051234 }}
* {{citation |last=Shrimali |first=K M |title=Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress 52nd Session |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170000 |publisher=Amrit Printing Works |location=New Delhi |year=1992 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson India Education Services |isbn=9788131716779 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Sircar |first=D.C. |author-link=D.C. Sircar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |title=The Classical Age |date=1997 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |edition=Fifth }}
* {{citation |last=Spink |first=Walter M. |chapter=A Revised Vakataka Chronology |title=Ajanta: History and Development – The End of the Golden Age |date=2011 |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies II |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-14832-1 |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004412071_015 }}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=Mansar - The Discovery of Pravaresvara and Pravarapura Temple and Residence of the Vakataka King Pravarasena II|date=27 April 2024 |publisher=Library of the University of Groningen|isbn=978-90-367-3688-6|editor-last=Bakker|editor-first=Hans|doi=10.11588/xarep.00001400}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pravarasena 02}}
[[Category:Vakataka kings]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian monarchs]]

J. B. H. Wadia

2025-08-15T01:47:56Z

Dia: made the stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian film director (1901–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{infobox person
|name = J. B. H. Wadia
|birth_name = Jamshed Boman Homi Wadia
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|country=GBR|MBE}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1901|9|13}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|1|4|1901|9|13}}
|occupation = Director
| relatives = See [[Wadia family]]
|spouse = Hilla Patel
|children = 2
|years_active = 1928–1985
}}
'''Jamshed Boman Homi Wadia''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}} (13 September 1901 – 4 January 1986), commonly referred to as '''J. B. H. Wadia''', was an Indian film director, screenwriter, producer and founder of [[Wadia Movietone]] Studio.<ref name="Wadia family history">{{cite web|title=A Brief history of Movietone and Wadia Brothers|url=http://www.wadiamovietone.com/main.html}}</ref> He was born in prominent [[Parsi]] [[Wadia family|family]] which hailed from [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] whose ancestral business was ship building. Their family name of ''Wadia'' stands for master shipbuilders. In a family of entrepreneurs Wadia is credited with creation of movies involving populist stunt roles including those by [[Fearless Nadia]] and bringing concept of stunt actresses in Indian cinema.

==Film career==
Wadia began his film making career with silent movies. Being an intellectual and avid writer he wrote scripts for his movies while his younger brother [[Homi Wadia]] who joined him in the business a few years later was usually tasked with directing them. He produced his first movie ''Vasant Leela'' in 1928, along with 11 other silent movies at the Kohinoor Studios in [[Dadar]] as well as under Deware Laboratories.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gledhill|first=Christine|title=Stardom: industry of desire|year=1991|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780203400425|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vi7pssnBeZoC&pg=PP1}}</ref> These movies were modest successes and were mostly remakes of populist Hollywood classics. In the year 1933 he founded Wadia [[Movietone sound system|Movietone]] company and made his first ''Talkie'' movie Lal-E-Yaman, inspired by the Orientalist fantasy world espoused by the Arabian Nights and related themes. This movie's success helped establish Wadia Movietone as a studio to contend with, in partnership with his brother Homi, their distributor Manchesa B Billimoria <ref>{{cite web|title=Chotisi Duniya: Hunterwali Nadia|url=http://www.chotisiduniya.com/features/nadia/nadia01.asp|access-date=25 December 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003631/http://www.chotisiduniya.com/features/nadia/nadia01.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Tata brothers Burjore and Nadirshaw.<ref name="Wadia family history" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Toofani Tarzan|url=http://www.mjsimpson.co.uk/reviews/toofanitarzan.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222201305/http://www.mjsimpson.co.uk/reviews/toofanitarzan.html|archive-date=2012-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Happy Birthday Homi|url=https://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2001/may/10803.htm|date=22 May 2001|publisher=Mid-Day|accessdate=28 January 2019|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034451/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2001/may/10803.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Under the Wadia Movietone Studio banner Wadia introduced a variety of new concepts to Indian cinema starting with a stunt actress playing a leading role to a documentary newsreel, ''The Indian Gazette'', to a feature-length documentary, ''[[Haripura]] Congress''. As part of capturing cinematic recordings of early classical and semi-classical musicians and singers he made a series titled ''Wadia Movietone's Variety Programme'', featuring legendary artistes such as Feroz Dastur, Bal Gandharva, Malika Pukhraj and Pandit Tirthankar. Wadia Movietone was also the first to create an Indian film without songs, ''Nav Jawan'', the first Indian movie to be filmed in English (along with parallel Hindi and Bengali versions), ''The Court Dancer'', the first Sindhi-language movie post-Partition, ''Ekta'', and the very first Indian television series, ''Hotel Taj Mahal''.<ref name="Wadia family history" />

===Movies from Wadia Movietone Studio===
[[File:Nadia-hunterwali-1935.jpg|150px|thumb|Poster of ''[[Hunterwali]]'' (1935) featuring [[Fearless Nadia]] was Wadia's big hit.]]
Some of the notable movies made by Movietone studio were Swadesh, Black Rose, Fauladi Mukka, Return of Toofan Mail, Jai Bharat, Kahan Hai Manzil Teri and movies starring Fearless Nadia namely Hunterwali - Miss Frontier Mail, Hurricane Hansa, Lootaru Lalna, Diamond Queen, Bambaiwali and Jungle Princess.

In the late 1930s, Wadia got involved in the Indian freedom struggle, initially inspired by the Indian Congress Party and then by M.N. Roy, the former Communist who turned away from Communism after a falling-out with Stalin and started his own party, Radical Humanism. The friendship with M.N. Roy added to his zeal for social and cultural change—including the emancipation of women, the casting aside of superstition and harmful practices such as the caste system, and the need to educate each and every person if India was truly to be free and sustainable as an independent nation. His films, including the few stunt films he would make before abandoning that genre altogether, included these themes - such as Raj Nartaki, Vishwas, Balam, Madhosh, Mela, Ankh ki Sharam, Manthan and Amar Raj. The Fearless Nadia starrer Diamond Queen captures all these themes perfectly - blending bold calls for revolution and the eradication of corruption with breathtaking stunts performed by the amazing Mary Ann Evans (aka Fearless Nadia) and John Cavas. Indeed, it was Wadia's ability to entertain while educating and empowering that is perhaps his strongest and greatest contribution to Indian cinema at a particularly pivotal and crucial time in Indian history.

In January 1943, Wadia was honored with an [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]] for his dedicated service to the war effort.{{Sfn|Mukherjee|2023|p=1597}}

==Filmography==
*''Vasant Leela'' (1928) (producer)
*''[[Lal-e-Yaman (1933 film)|Lal-E-Yaman]]'' (1933)
*''The Indian Gazette''
*''[[Haripura]] Congress''
*''Wadia Movietone's Variety Programme'' (series)
*''Nav Jawan''
*''Ekta''
*''Hotel Taj Mahal'' (first Indian television series)
*''Swadesh''
*''Black Rose''
*''Jai Bharat''
*''Vishwas''
*''Manthan''
*''[[Hunterwali]]'' (1935)
*''[[Miss Frontier Mail]]'' (1936)
*''Fauladi Mukka'' (1936)
*''Hurricane Hansa'' (1937)
*''Lootaru Lalna'' (1938)
*''Kahan Hai Manzil Teri'' (1939)
*''[[Diamond Queen (1940 film)|Diamond Queen]]'' (1940)
*''[[Bambaiwali]]'' (1941)
*''The Court Dancer'' (1941)
*''[[Raj Nartaki]]'' (1941)
*''[[Return of Toofan Mail]]'' (1942)
*''[[The Jungle Princess (1942 film)|Jungle Princess]]'' (1942)
*''Ankh ki Sharam'' (1943)
*''[[Amar Raj]]'' (1946)
*''[[Mela (1948 film)|Mela]]'' (1948)
*''[[Balam (1949 film)|Balam]]'' (1949)
*''[[Madhosh (1951 film)|Madhosh]]'' (1951)
* Husn Ka Chor (1953)

==Family and personal life==
Wadia was born to a prominent Parsi [[Wadia family|family]] of shipbuilders whose vessels had served the East Indian Company, including the opium trade with China. His own branch of the family had, however, fallen on hard times in the late 19th and early 20th century, and finances were tight. Wadia himself was well educated with and ''[[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B.]]'' and ''[[Master of Arts|M.A.]]'' degrees, as well as proficiency in Persian, Gujarati and Urdu (languages he wrote poetry in as well). Although he tried to carve out a career in finance and law, his true passion was the cinema, which he encountered via the initial offerings of the Lumiere Brothers and other films that made their way to British India. When JBH turned to film-making, his family were initially not at all supportive - and were even more dismayed when his younger brother Homi decided to join him. However, with the success of their movies, the rest of the family eventually came around.

It was a very conservative family, with JBH Wadia perhaps the only genuine rebel among them. His discovery of Mary Ann Evans who he immortalized as Fearless Nadia, the stunt queen par excellence, led to Homi falling in love with Mary – much against the rest of the family's wishes. Indeed, although JBH Wadia encouraged them to defy the family, including their orthodox mother Dhunmai, Homi could not bring himself to marry Mary until his mother died. By the time they got married in 1961, they were too old to have their own children, although Homi and Mary eventually formally adopted Bobby Jones, who was either Mary's much younger brother (the story that was always pushed forward) or perhaps her real son from a prior relationship.

Wadia was married to Hilla Patel, to whom he was distantly related. They had two children, a son named [[Vinci Wadia|Vinci]] and a daughter named Haidee.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wadia|first=JBH|title=M.N. Roy, the man: an incomplete Royana|year=1983|publisher=Popular Prakashan|url=https://archive.org/details/mnroymanincomple0000wadi|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Vinci married Nargis Khambata, who eventually became the first woman in Asia to start her own advertising agency, Interpublicity, or Interpub. Haidee married a German, Gerhard Meier, and moved to Boblingen, Germany.

Vinci and Nargis had two children: Roy (named after M.N. Roy), who became a journalist at CNN) and eventually joined the United Nations, and Riyad, who resurrected the Wadia Movietone banner and the Fearless Nadia legend during his brief life with an award-winning documentary on Nadia, titled "Fearless: The Hunterwali Story." Riyad also produced India's first gay-themed film, a short titled ''BOMgAY''. Riyad died in 2003 at the age of 36.

JBH Wadia died in 1986 due to cancer, triggered by a fall endured when crossing the road near his home and being struck by a car.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite journal | last=Mukherjee | first=Debashree | title=Media wars: Remaking the logics of propaganda in India's wartime cine-ecologies | journal=Modern Asian Studies | volume=57 | issue=5 | date=2023 | issn=0026-749X | doi=10.1017/S0026749X22000427 | doi-access=free | pages=1585–1614 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0CA4B4A0837F4428DDD1E5F44E2B34A1/S0026749X22000427a.pdf/div-class-title-media-wars-remaking-the-logics-of-propaganda-in-india-s-wartime-cine-ecologies-div.pdf | access-date=9 July 2025}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0905562}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadia, JBH}}
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian silent film producers]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Wadia family]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Obra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:27:21Z

Dia: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Obra
| map_image = 402-Obra, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,27,556
| constituency_no = 402
| district = [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Sanjiv Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjiv Kumar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
}}
'''Obra''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Obra in the [[Sonbhadra district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Obra is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency]] and is reserved for candidates of the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Obra Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/obra.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Singh Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjiv Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjiv Kumar Gond]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Obra<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Gond
|votes = {{formatnum:78364}}
|percentage = 48.04
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Arvind Kumar Alias Sunil Singh Gond
|votes = {{formatnum:51922}}
|percentage = 31.83
|change = +11.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subhash Kharwar
|votes = {{formatnum:20131}}
|percentage = 12.34
|change = -5.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramraj
|votes = {{formatnum:4519}}
|percentage = 2.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Umashankar
|votes = {{formatnum:2184}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3077}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change = -0.83
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26442}}
|percentage = 16.21
|change = -10.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163139}}
|percentage = 49.8
|change = -3.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate ''Sanjiv Kumar'' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate ''Ravi Gond'' by a margin of 44,269 votes.<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Obr<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjiv Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:78058}}
|percentage = 47.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ravi Gond
|votes = {{formatnum:33789}}
|percentage = 20.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendra Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:29113}}
|percentage = 17.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhash Kharvar
|votes = {{formatnum:6198}}
|percentage = 3.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bahadur Ram Panika
|votes = {{formatnum:3272}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Jagdeesh Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:1825}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Surat
|votes = {{formatnum:1709}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Peoples' Front (Radical)
|candidate = Kripa Shankar
|votes = {{formatnum:1631}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4305}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:44269}}
|percentage = 27.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162843}}
|percentage = 52.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|24.46|82.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

A Simple Murder

2025-07-29T11:58:29Z

Dia: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = A Simple Murder.jpg
| genre = [[Black comedy]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|[[Akhilesh Jaiswal]]|Prateek Payodhi}}
| director = Sachin Pathak
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Amit Sial]]
* [[Ayaz Khan]]
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub|Zeeshan Ayyub]]
* [[Priya Anand]]
* [[Sushant Singh]]
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
}}
| music = [[Karsh Kale]]
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = Ajay G Rai
| cinematography = S. Bharathwaaj
| editor = Parikshhit Jha
| company = [[JAR Pictures]]
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|20|df=y}}
}}

'''''A Simple Murder''''' is a Hindi-language [[black comedy]] [[streaming television]] series directed by Sachin Pathak and produced by Ajay G Rai, starring [[Amit Sial]], [[Ayaz Khan]], [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub|Zeeshan Ayyub]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Sushant Singh]], [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Simple Murder |url=https://www.ottplay.com/show/tv-shows-a-simple-murder-2020/4cf6d001ab136 |website=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |access-date=7 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Simple Murder (2020) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/a-simple-murder-44442/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528020649/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/a-simple-murder-44442/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=28 May 2022 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Patwa |first=Priyadarshini |title=7 Best Indian shows on SonyLIV that you shouldn't miss |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-best-indian-shows-sonyliv-shouldnt-miss/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |date=10 February 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Manish
* [[Amit Sial]] as Santosh
* [[Ayaz Khan]] as Rahul
* Ankur Pandey as Usmaan
* Durgesh Kumar as Shankar
* [[Gopal Datt]] as Amit Mehta
* [[Priya Anand]] as Richa
* [[Sushant Singh]] as Himmat
* Tejasvi Singh Ahlawat as Priya Dawas
* [[Yashpa(actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Pandit
* Vedieka Dutt as Madhu
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Narrator
* [[Vinay Varma]] as Pran Dawas
* [[Vikram Kochhar]] as Sub-Inspector Pratik Mishra

== Release ==
The trailer of the series released on 5 November 2020 and the series premiered on 20 November 2020 on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |title=A Simple Murder trailer out. Release date, November 20 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/a-simple-murder-trailer-out-release-date-november-20-1738307-2020-11-05 |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=5 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sahu |first=Sushri |title='A Simple Murder' Trailer: Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub, Sushant Singh And Others Pack A Riot In This Dark Comedy |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/18090/a-simple-murder-trailer-mohammed-zeeshan-ayyub-sushant-singh-and-others-pack-a-riot-in-this-dark-com |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[Mashable|Mashable India]] |date=5 November 2020 |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='A Simple Murder' to premiere on SonyLIV on November 20 |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/11/19/ent10-series-simple-murder.html |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=19 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Sanyog Ka Tadka
|DirectedBy = Sachin Pathak
|WrittenBy = Akhilesh Jaiswal | Prateek Payodhi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Darte Hai Kya?
|DirectedBy = Sachin Pathak
|WrittenBy = Akhilesh Jaiswal | Prateek Payodhi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Open And Shut Case
|DirectedBy = Sachin Pathak
|WrittenBy = Akhilesh Jaiswal | Prateek Payodhi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Tu Kya Hai?
|DirectedBy = Sachin Pathak
|WrittenBy = Akhilesh Jaiswal | Prateek Payodhi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Santa Ki Shakal
|DirectedBy = Sachin Pathak
|WrittenBy = Akhilesh Jaiswal | Prateek Payodhi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Bachhe Kahaan Hain?
|DirectedBy = Sachin Pathak
|WrittenBy = Akhilesh Jaiswal | Prateek Payodhi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Cappuccino ki Kasam
|DirectedBy = Sachin Pathak
|WrittenBy = Akhilesh Jaiswal | Prateek Payodhi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|20}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Reception ==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised Sushant Singh's acting performance and wrote "The other half is taken up by the actors, and what a blast they are, especially Sushant Singh, who is a life-taker but also a closet poet, whose sense of rhythm is displayed with a nudge and wink. A few moments shared by Sial and Singh, where they are both riffing off each other, are delicious."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=A Simple Murder review: Guns and roses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/a-simple-murder-review-sonyliv-guns-and-roses-7056832/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave negative review and wrote "it has landed miles away from where it was supposed to."<ref>{{cite news |last=Purkayastha |first=Pallabi Dey |title=A Simple Murder Season 1 Review : Unnecessarily complex |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/a-simple-murder/a-simple-murder-season-1/seasonreview/79305234.cms |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 November 2020}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "A Simple Murder gets trapped in its mesh of staggered sub-plots and too many characters."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Moumita |title=A Simple Murder review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/a-simple-murder-review/20201120.htm |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Antara Kashyap for ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' rated the series 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "The show's strength lies in its comedy, and it has been marketed as such. However, when the genre reads ‘dark comedy’ instead of ‘thriller’, the audience keeps expecting that dark comedy. If the show was marketed as a thriller instead, the humour would have come as a wonderful surprise."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Antara |title=A Simple Murder Review: This Dark Comedy Has Some Amazing Twists and Performances |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/a-simple-murder-review-this-dark-comedy-has-some-amazing-twists-and-performances-3111152.html |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "The infantile scenes of bungled police work aside, director Sachin Pathak stays loyal to the genre. Over seven episodes we move out of Manish and Richa's 1BHK onto a crazy ride, with the myriad characters brought together by a couple of cases of mistaken identity, a missing bag of money, and blinding greed."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |title=A Simple Murder review: Spirited caper that inspires fine performances from an ensemble cast |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-simple-murder-review-spirited-caper-that-inspires-fine-performances-from-an-ensemble-cast-9034431.html |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

''[[Scroll.in]]'' gave a mix review "Repetitive by design, unevenly paced and only sporadically funny, A Simple Murder would have been even less effective if it hadn't been for its cast, many of them seasoned professionals with the ability to make the ordinary appear special."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='A Simple Murder' review: Love is as complicated as death |url=https://scroll.in/reel/978867/a-simple-murder-review-love-is-as-complicated-as-death |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=20 November 2020}}</ref>

''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated "Like every other recent Indian web series on major streaming platforms, this series too ends with a sort of cliffhanger. But unlike many of them, the cliffhanger here doesn't feel forced."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |title=A Simple Murder Web Series Review: Great writing makes this an effective dark comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/hindi/2020/nov/20/a-simple-murder-web-series-review-great-writing-makes-this-an-effective-dark-comedy-21395.html |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13085546}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/a-simple-murder-1700000331 ''A Simple Murder''] on [[SonyLIV]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simple Murder, A}}
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]

Nandakumar, Purba Medinipur

2025-07-27T13:00:14Z

Dia: Adding Basic Bio W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{other uses|Nandakumar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandakumar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = 22°11'19.7"N 87°55'08.7"E
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|11|19.7|N|87|55|08.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 845
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721632 (Nandakumar)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03228
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nandakumar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandakumar]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nandakumar''' is a town in [[Nandakumar (community development block)|Nandakumar]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Tamluk subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|17|0|N|87|47|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Tamluk subdivision of Purba Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|18|0|N|87|55|12|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Tamluk | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Tamluk]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|35|N|87|42|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Panskura| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Panskura]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|26|5|N|87|52|12|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Kolaghat | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Kolaghat]] (CT)|shape-color3=#C40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|25|20|N|87|53|35|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Amalhara | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Amalhara]] (CT)|shape-color4=#C40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|20|N|87|50|37|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Mihitikri | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Mihitikri]] (CT)|shape-color5=#C40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|25|20|N|87|51|4|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Kharisha | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Kharisha]] (CT)|shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|24|30|N|87|52|42|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Kakdihi | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kakdihi]] (CT)|shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|23|40|N|87|52|7|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Shantipur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Shantipur, Purba Medinipur]] (CT)|shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|19|30|N|87|48|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Anantapur | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Anantapur, Purba Medinipur]] (CT)|shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|19|12|N|87|49|48|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Dakshin Baguan | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Dakshin Baguan]] (CT)|shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|14|57|N|87|47|43|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Goasafat | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Goasafat]] (CT)|shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|7|30|N|87|48|43|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Kotbar | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kotbar]] (CT)|shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|5|10|N|87|52|19|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Erashal | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Erashal]] (CT)|shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|45|N|87|52|41|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Chatara| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Chatara]] (R)|shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|28|5|N|87|41|14|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Shyamsundarpur Patna| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Shyamsundarpur Patna]] (R)|shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|25|28|N|87|44|21|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Uttar Mechogram| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Uttar Mechogram]] (R)|shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|21|38|N|87|53|30|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Janu Basan| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Janu Basan]] (R)|shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|14|0|N|87|47|0|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Moyna| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Moyna, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|11|19|N|87|55|8|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Nandakumar| numbered19=R| mark-title19= Nandakumar, Purba Medinipur (R)|shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black 
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|5|31|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Chandipur| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Chandipur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|16|42|N|87|54|11|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Chak Srikrishnapur| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Chak Srikrishnapur]] (R)|shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|10|30|N|87|53|47|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Bhabanipur| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bhabanipur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22.3923|N|87.9426|E}}| label23=Rupnarayan| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=80| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|27|5|N|87|44|10|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Dakshin Maynadal| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Dakshin Maynadal]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|26|15|N|87|44|49|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Purbba Gopalpur| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Purbba Gopalpur]] (H)| shape-color25=#AA6666}}

===Police station===
Nandakumar police station has jurisdiction over [[Nandakumar (community development block)|Nandakumar]] CD block. Nandakumar police station covers an area of 151.73 km2 with a population of 239,442. It is located at Nandakumar Bazar.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 10 November 2016 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/NANDAKUMAR | title = Nandakumar PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | access-date = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112031049/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/NANDAKUMAR | archive-date = 12 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of this CD block are located at Kumarpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur | work= Map of Purba Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 9 November 2016 }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
94.08% of the population of Tamluk subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 5.92% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the second lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district, just above Egra subdivision.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the map of Nandakumar CD block and subsequent alphabetical list of villages in the District Census Handbook, Purba Medinipur, Nandakumar is a part of Kumarpur village.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purba Medinipur, Series 20, Part XIIA, Census of India, 2011 | work= Map on Page 297 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2019 }}</ref>

As per [[2011 Census of India]] Kumarpur had a total population of 845 of which 441 (52%) were males and 404 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 77. The total number of literates in Kumarpur was 643 (83.72% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Nandakumar stands at the crossing of [[National Highway 116 (India)|NH 116]] connecting Kolaghat and Haldia (both in Purba Medinipur district) and [[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)|SH 4]] connecting Jhalda (in Purulia district) and Digha (in Purba Medinipur district).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 November 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 10 November 2016}}</ref>

There is a separate Mechada-Tamluk-Haldia road via Sutahata and Durga Chak, that passes through Nandakumar.<ref>Google maps</ref>

{{Howrah–Kharagpur line |collapse=y}}

[[Nandakumar railway station]] is situated on the [[Howrah-Kharagpur line|Tamluk-Digha line]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/digha-mecheda-local-68690/18393/1728/165 |title = 68690 Digha-Mecheda Local |work = Time Table| publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Khejurberia Rural Hospital at Khejurberia, PO Nandakumar (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Nandakumar CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Dakshin Damodarpur (with 10 beds) and Dakshin Gumai, PO Kalyanchak (with 2 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Nandakumar picture gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
File:Sridharpur Maktab Prathamik Vidyalaya - Nandakumar - East Midnapore 2015-09-18 3747.JPG|Sridharpur Maktab Prathamik Vidyalaya
File:Paramhansapur Dakshin Prathamik Vidyalaya - Nandakumar - East Midnapore 2015-09-18 3749.JPG|Paramhansapr Dakshin Prathamik Vidyalaya
File:Satsang Bihar - Nandakumar - East Midnapore 2015-09-18 4151.JPG|Satsang Vihar
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Nandakumar, Purba Medinipur}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Medinipur district]]

Chandrapur Municipal Corporation

2025-07-21T13:39:15Z

Dia: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[Chandrapur City Municipal Corporation]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sanathnagar

2025-04-09T10:10:16Z

Dia: fix section per sources and added references per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sanathnagar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Snagarpark hyd.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kanjerla Laxminarayana Yadav Park
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|29|N|78|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title =
| established_date = 1941
| founder = City Improvement Board
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] & [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500018
| registration_plate =TG
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sanathnagar''' is an industrial and residential neighbourhood in [[Hyderabad]] City, [[Telangana]], [[India]], and one of the most densely populated neighbourhoods in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/hyderabad/localities/sanath-nagar.html|title=Sanath nagar Locality Map, Hyderabad|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119062612/http://www.mapsofindia.com/hyderabad/localities/sanath-nagar.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cyberabadpolice.gov.in/knowyourpolicestation/sanathnagar.html Sanathnagar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514055204/http://www.cyberabadpolice.gov.in/knowyourpolicestation/sanathnagar.html |date=14 May 2015 }}</ref> The industrial area of Sanathnagar was established by [[Telangana Housing Board|City Improvement Board]] in 1941<ref>{{cite book |last= Catalani|first=Anna |date=May 2018 |title=Cities' Identity Through Architecture and Arts |url= https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cities_Identity_Through_Architecture_and/QFgPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bashirbagh&pg=PA225&printsec=frontcover|location= |publisher=CRC Press |page=224 |isbn=9781351680325 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-04-02}}</ref>

In the past, a part of it served as a residential area for officers and workers in the industries located there. The residential area is known as SRT (Single Room Tenements) quarters. It has since grown to include neighbouring localities such as Czech Colony, parts of BK Guda, Subhash Nagar Colony, Tulisi Nagar, Jayaprakash Nagar Colony, and the ESI area.

==Story==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
The industrial area of Sanathnagar includes small and medium-scale chemical, pharmaceutical, electrical, and mechanical industries. It also has large industries like Bright Star Rubber, Divi's, Sipra, Gland Pharma, and Lamco along with several major automobile service centres. [[General Motors|GM Motors]], [[Tata Motors|TATA Motors]], [[Toyota]], [[Chevrolet]], [[Daewoo]], [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]], [[Volvo]], [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]], [[Mercedes-Benz]] are located here. The main branch of the post office is also located in this industrial area.

The engineering companies [[Voltas]] and [[Hyderabad Allwyn Limited|Allwyn]] were formerly located in Sanathnagar, along with automobile manufacturer [[Ashok Leyland]] and asbestos sheets manufacturer like Hyderabad Industries Ltd.

[[File:Czech colony.jpg|thumb|right|A real estate boom has taken over the once peaceful Czech colony.]]
Now with Bakelyte Hylam made a residential property, purchased and developed by Lodha Group, a gated community is coming up at Sanathnagar with the name CASA Paradiso. Swamy Talkies, an old cinema theater, has also been converted into a apartments. Major national banks such as the State Bank of India, HDFC, State Bank of Hyderabad, Andhra Bank and big retail stores like D-Mart, Agro Mech Industries, Metalika Industries & Steel Utensils manufacturing unit, Metal Industries are also located here. Urbanisation can be seen in areas like the Czech colony and others of this suburb.

The Sunday Market located at Sanathnagar-[[Erragadda]] main road sells all kinds of second-hand goods and many other miscellaneous items.

==Education==
The early schools set up in this area include Covells High School, the first school established {{citation needed|date=July 2014}} in 1964-2021. It was followed in 1965 by St. Theresa's Girls High School. Hindu Public School is the largest school in Sanathnagar. Blue diamond high school1980. Other schools located in this suburb are the Rose Buds High School, Neena High School (established in 1984), Crescent Convent High School (established in 1996), Vasistha Vidyalaya, Vidyanjali High School, Rainbow School, Gautami Vidya Dhamam, Jai Bharati School and the Little Scholars School. The Hindu college for women is a prominent college in the suburb.{{according to whom|date=February 2025}}

==Healthcare==
[[File:Theresahospital.jpg|thumb|right|[[St. Theresa's Hospital]], one of the earliest hospitals in the area]]
[[St. Theresa's Hospital]] is one of the oldest hospitals in the area. This hospital has recently undergone renovations to accommodate more wards. The government owned ESI hospital is also present here. A chest hospital, a TB hospital, and a hospital for mental health are among the other government institutions located near the suburb, providing health care for the poor.

==Culture==
The citizens of this area are generally peaceful, and come from different backgrounds and a variety of religions.{{according to whom|date=February 2025}}

The Hanuman temple at Czech colony is one of the famous sites of Hinduism.{{according to whom|date=February 2025}} Bhadrakali mata temple near Sanathnagar bus stop is one and only Kali Mata temple in Sanathnagar and surrounding areas. Christianity was brought to this area by the Salesian missionaries.{{according to whom|date=February 2025}} Churches in the area include St. Theresa's Church, Baptist Church, and St. Paul's Church at Czech Colony.

The Masjid close to the bus depot is a well-known one called Jafri Masjid. Apart from this there are few other Masjids such as Masjid-e-Quba and Masjid-e-Ibrahimia. The Eid gah near the Jafri Masjid is also well-known where Eid Namaz are being offered.

==Recreation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Snagarpark1.jpg|thumb|right|One of Sanathnagar's many municipal parks]]
Sanathnagar is known for its parks in its suburbs, creating a natural atmosphere. Laxmi Yadav Park, a notable recent addition, is now among the most beloved parks in the area. Wide open spaces such as the Welfare Ground, Milad Ground, Vinayak Ground, Bhagat Singh park, Veer Savarkar Park and Nehru Ground provide good sporting avenues for the youth. The Sanathnagar-Fathenagar-Balkampet Flyover, providing a good aerial view of the Begumpet airport, is commonly enjoyed by the public in the evenings.

Welfare Ground was one of the biggest open fields for playing cricket. This ground looks like a small cricket stadium. In summer this is occupied with about 300-400 people playing cricket daily. Now it also includes a swimming centre.

==Transit==
[[File:Sanathnagar railway station platform 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Platform No. 2 of at Sanathnagar railway station]]
Sanathnagar has a [[TSRTC]] bus terminal, linking it to all the major suburbs of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, along with a [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS]] station providing local rail connectivity to parts of Hyderabad. Metro Rail is also accessible from Erragadda.

==Neighbourhoods==
Sanathnagar consists of several other smaller localities such as Fathenagar, BK Guda, Ravindra Nagar Colony, part of Sanjiva Reddy Nagar, Czech Colony, Subhash Nagar Colony, Jayaprakash Nagar Colony, and ESI (Hospital and Quarters). The TRS Governmenet has sanctioned a new RUB connecting Sanathnagar with Balanagar through the Industrial estate road from Toyota showroom leading to SBI Industrial estate branch which will be a 4-lane 100 feet wide road passing under the Sanathnagar railway yard. Also a new 2-lane flyover has been sanctioned which will run parallel to the existing Balkampet - Fatehnagar ROB.{{according to whom|date=February 2025}}

== Politics ==
{{see also |Sanathnagar (Assembly constituency)}}
The Sanathnagar constituency is currently represented in the [[Telangana]] Legislative Assembly by [[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]] and 101 Constituency Corporator Konalu Laxmi Reddy <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1823 |title=Talasani Srinivas Yadav(TDP):Constituency- SANATHNAGAR(HYDERABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210153056/http://myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1823 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>http://www.sanathnagarassembly.tk/p/divisions.html {{dead link|date=October 2021}}</ref>

== Business ==
Sanathnagar has all the necessary stores ranging from book stores to medical stores. It is one of the largest markets for retail fire works and there are approximately 100 stores during Diwali season.{{according to whom|date=February 2025}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Sanathnagar}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

Karim Chishti

2025-04-04T00:57:04Z

Dia: correct content per sources and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1936–2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Karim Chishti
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|4|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province, British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|5|13|1936|4|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 7 April 2021
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27921.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Karim Chishti''' (15 April 1936 – 13 May 2010) was an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cricket-frat-mourns-exup-ranji-captain-karim-chishti-s-passing-away/618785/ |title=Cricket frat mourns ex-UP Ranji captain Karim Chishti's passing away |work=The Indian Express |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> He played in twenty-five [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches for [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] from 1963/64 to 1974/75.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27921.html |title=Karim Chishti |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Uttar Pradesh cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=27921}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chishti, Karim}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Lucknow]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1930s-stub}}

Rutton Poea

2025-01-27T09:20:36Z

Dia: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Rothangpuia]]

Tawang-II Assembly constituency

2025-01-24T15:16:05Z

Dia: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tawang-Ii
| type= SLA
| state = Arunachal Pradesh
| established = 1978
| abolished = 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 6,421
| mla = Tsering Tashi
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Tawang-2''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Tashi Khandu || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | Tsering Tashi || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tawang-II<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsering Tashi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,139 |percentage=64.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsering Chuki |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,739 |percentage=35.65% |change={{decrease}}12.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,400 |percentage=28.70% |change= {{increase}}28.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,878 |percentage=80.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,421 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tawang-II<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsering Tashi |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,900 |percentage=48.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tashi Khandu |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,886 |percentage=47.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Droga |party=Independent politician |votes=158 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14 |percentage=0.35% |change= {{decrease}}6.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,944 |percentage=81.59% |change= {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,156 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tawang-II<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tashi Khandu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,874 |percentage=53.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsering Tashi |party=Janata Party |votes=1,636 |percentage=46.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=238 |percentage=6.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,510 |percentage=76.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,650 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Vadakkencherry Gram Panchayat

2025-01-12T16:04:21Z

Dia:

{{Other uses|Vadakkencherry{{!}}Vadakkencherry town}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Vadakkencherry''' ({{IPA|ml|ʋɐɖɐkːɐɲdʒeːɾi|IPA}}) is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Vadakkancheri-I]] and [[Vadakkancheri-II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224683&rlbtype=V |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

The Indian Nation

2024-08-24T14:15:22Z

Dia: brief updated section per sources as per guidelines

{{Short description|Independent nationalist daily newspaper}}
{{for-multi|the film also known as ''The Indian Nation''|Cherokee Strip (film)||Indian nation (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{italic title}}
'''''The Indian Nation''''' was an independent [[Nationalism|nationalist]] daily [[newspaper]] published by Newspaper & Publications Pvt. Ltd. from [[Patna]], capital of [[Bihar]] state, [[India]]. The newspaper started publication in 1931. The publication was briefly suspended in 1932 and was resumed in 1943. It was owned by Maharaja of Darbhanga, [[Kameshwar Singh|Maharja Sir Kameshwar Singh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Headlines From the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere By Sevanti Ninan|date=2007|page=44|isbn=9780761935803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNvUmKRxt9UC&pg=PA44|last1=Ninan|first1=Sevanti}}</ref>

The ''Indian Nation'' virtually held a [[monopoly]] in [[English language|English-language]] newspapers published in [[Bihar]] until the mid-1980s. However, its sales declined due to competition from ''[[The Times of India]]'', the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', and other newspapers. Problems were further aggravated by use of old [[technology]] in [[printing]], [[Trade union|labour union]] problems, and financial problems. During the 1990s, its publication continued intermittently. The ''Indian Nation'' ceased publication in the late 1990s.

Upendra Acharya of ''Indian Nation'' was also [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[Indian Newspaper Society]] (INS) during 1958–1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ins.org.in/formerpresident.htm|title=The Indian Newspaper Society|access-date=2008-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213224102/http://www.ins.org.in/formerpresident.htm|archive-date=2007-12-13|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Aryavarta'' used to be the ''Indian Nation's'' [[Hindi]] edition. Most prominent editor of ''Aryavarta'' was [[Shri Braj Kishore Jha]] ''Bhaskar''. This group also published a [[Maithili script|Maithili]] periodical called ''[[Mithila Mihir]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/gen/sanews.html|title=South Asian Newspapers in Australian Libraries|access-date=2007-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607060256/http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/gen/sanews.html|archive-date=2007-06-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''History of Indian National Congress, 1885–2002'', page 258, by Deep Chand Bandhu
* ''Political economy and class contradictions: a study By Jose J. Nedumpara'', page 128

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Nation, The}}
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1931]]
[[Category:Mass media in Bihar]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bihar]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]

{{india-newspaper-stub}}

Shanker, Punjab

2024-05-04T07:47:53Z

Dia:

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
'''Shanker village'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanker · Punjab, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shanker,+Punjab/@30.7641109,75.879178,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x391079f4044e8de1:0x2f31f2c5698c3531!8m2!3d30.7648048!4d75.8824422 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> is located in East [[Ludhiana]] tehsil in [[Ludhiana district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar Village in Ludhiana East, Ludhiana, Punjab – Info & Details: |url=https://villageatlas.com/punjab/ludhiana/ludhiana-east/shankar |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=villageatlas.com}}</ref> The village is 13 km from district [[Headquarters|headquarter]] Ludhiana. Shankar is also a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] of Shankar village.

Total population of the village 2,799 out of which 1,499 are males and 1,317 are females.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[Postal Index Number|Pin code]] of this village is 141206.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: SHANKAR, LUDHIANA, PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/LUDHIANA/S/SHANKAR |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|30|45|51|N|75|52|58|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana East tehsil]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Power (2013 film)

2023-07-07T22:02:20Z

Dia: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]

Sanivarapupeta

2023-06-12T21:52:39Z

Dia: info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sanivarapupeta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline = File:Sanivarapupeta temple in Eluru (May 2019) 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sri Chennakeswara Swamy Temple in Sanivarapupeta
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.7273|N|81.0772|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Eluru]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Census Town]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=6 January 2016|page=23,278|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.70
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8142
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534 003
| registration_plate = AP-37
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sanivarapupeta''' is a [[census town]] in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Eluru mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]]. The town is a constituent of [[Eluru]] [[urban agglomeration]].<ref name=census />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], Sanivarapupeta had a population of 8,142. The total population constitute, 4,112 males and 4,030 females —a sex ratio of 980 females per 1000 males. 822 children are in the age group of 0–6 years with child sex ratio of 1090 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 85.25% with 6,240 literates.<ref name=census />

== Transport ==
Sanivarapupeta is well connected by road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-02-10/28-cr-for-extension-of-roads-in-Eluru/206116|title=28 cr for extension of roads in Eluru: MLA}}</ref> Sanivarapupeta road had been upgraded into 4 Lane (60 Feet) road by Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-12-09/Row-over-compound-wall-demolition/344268|title=Row over compound wall demolition|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|accessdate=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archivedate=7 November 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
6. https://www.theoctobersky.com/ancient-civilizations/chennakesava-swamy-temple-a-less-known-1000-year-old-temple-of-vengi-chalukyas-at-eluru

== External links ==

{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Eluru district]]
[[Category:Census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Salt Cotaurs

2023-06-07T12:17:15Z

Dia: post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Salt Cotaurs
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.09306|N|80.27417|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = Pulianthope
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = 47
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Fort-Tondiarpet
| government_type =
| governing_body = Chennai Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600 112
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chennai North
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Chennai Corporation
| website = {{URL|www.chennai.tn.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Salt Cotaurs''' is a neighbourhood in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is located on the bank of the [[Buckingham Canal]], north of [[Chennai Central|Chennai Central railway station]], between the [[Elephant Gate Bridge]] Road and [[Basin Bridge (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Basin Bridge railway station]]. It is well known for its railway goods yard owned by [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]. The Lost Property Office (LPO) of the Southern Railway (Chennai Division) is also located here. It is about 6 to 10 m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]].

==Etymology==
The word 'Cotaur' is the Anglicised version of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word "Kottaram" (Koṭṭāram கொட்டாரம்) meaning a granary or "godown". The locality once had a godown for storing salt bags and the loading station 'Salt Cotaurs'.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Beast of burden—Corrections and Clarifications
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 23 May 2010
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/23/stories/2010052360750200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100529150032/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/23/stories/2010052360750200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 29 May 2010
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| accessdate = 11 Nov 2012}}</ref>

==Developments==
The checkpoint at Salt Cotaurs is one of the eight checkpoints in the state of Tamil Nadu that are slated for modernisation at a cost of {{INR}} 333.6 million, along with 28 commercial taxes check-posts in the state.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Rs.33.36 crore to modernise check-posts
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 7 July 2012
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs3336-crore-to-modernise-checkposts/article3614036.ece
| accessdate = 11 Nov 2012}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] submitted a {{INR}}780-million proposal to the [[Railway Board]] to develop Salt Cotaur as the fourth rail terminal within [[Chennai]] city and to ease the congestion at [[Chennai Central railway station]] by shifting the west-bound trains towards [[Jolarpettai]] side into the new terminal after completion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/at-abandoned-salt-cotaurs-may-come-up-citys-fourth-rail-terminal/articleshow/66596631.cms|title=At abandoned Salt Cotaurs may come up Chennai's fourth rail terminal - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.geonames.org/1465606/salt-cotaurs.html Salt Cotaurs at GeoNames]

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}