Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:56:47Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry D Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry D Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* India Book of Record and Asia Book of Record holder.
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Beatboxing]]
[[Category:Beatboxers]]

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:54:54Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* India Book of Record and Asia Book of Record holder.
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Beatboxing]]
[[Category:Beatboxers]]

Harry De Cruz

2023-03-16T12:53:21Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Dhaneesh Ram moved page Harry De Cruz to Harry D Cruz

#REDIRECT [[Harry D Cruz]]

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:53:21Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Dhaneesh Ram moved page Harry De Cruz to Harry D Cruz

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the Kerala Beatbox Championship held in [[Ernakulam]] .
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Beatboxing]]
[[Category:Beatboxers]]

Category:Beatboxers

2023-03-16T12:48:51Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created blank page

Category:Beatboxing

2023-03-16T12:48:36Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created blank page

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:48:10Z

Dhaneesh Ram: /* Reference */

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the Kerala Beatbox Championship held in [[Ernakulam]] .
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Beatboxing]]
[[Category:Beatboxers]]

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:47:24Z

Dhaneesh Ram: /* Reference */

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the Kerala Beatbox Championship held in [[Ernakulam]] .
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Beatboxing]]

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:47:06Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the Kerala Beatbox Championship held in [[Ernakulam]] .
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:46:44Z

Dhaneesh Ram: /* The Birth */

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

[[Category:Beatboxing]]

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the Kerala Beatbox Championship held in [[Ernakulam]] .
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:44:58Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the Kerala Beatbox Championship held in [[Ernakulam]] .
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:42:39Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his [[music]] career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the Kerala Beatbox Championship held in Ernakulam .
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:40:25Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He used the kazoo instrument along with beatboxing. <ref>https://nykdaily.com/2020/09/meet-harry-d-cruz-indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>

[[File:Harrybeat.jpg|thumb|Harry de Cruz]]
[[File:Harry De Cruz after judging Beat-Boxing competition at Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|Harry at a beat-boxing competition in Ernakulam]]

== The Birth ==

His birth name is Hariharan. He was born on 23 October 1997. His father is Sekaramallikraj and mother is Koteshwari. Harry began his music career at a young age. <ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/beat-boxing-his-way-to-fame-and-success-650654</ref>

== Education ==

He did his graduation in Indian Academy College, Bangalore. After graduation, at St. George's College, he did his M.B.A.

== Carrier life ==

He is a beatboxer, beatboxing coach, entertainer. He is a great talent for making saxophone harmonies using vocal cords.

== Achievements ==

* Having performed on over a hundred stages, Harry has earned numerous awards and recognition. <ref>https://www.eatmy.news/2020/10/beat-boxing-has-two-genre-one-is.html</ref>
* India's first kazoo beatboxer. <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* In 2019, he participated in the Kerala Beatbox Championship held in Ernakulam .
* He was recognized by "The High Range Book of World Record". <ref>https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/indias-first-kazoo-beatboxer/</ref>
* He is a certified presenter at TEDx ABBS in 2019 and has presented a total of 4 times at TEDXNCHE, TEDXGAT, TEDx ABBS, TEDX organized by Siddhganga Institute of Technology. <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/indias-first-kazoo-beat-boxer-harry-d-cruz-exclusive-interview/videoshow/80116158.cms</ref>
* Harry judged Bangalore's biggest festival called IKYA 2018 Fiesta held at Nagarajuna Institute of Technology.
* To showcase his beatboxing talent, he showcased his beatboxing talent at the Innovative Wine Festival held at Innovative Film City on 25 December 2018.

== Reference ==

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:31:54Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Harry D Cruz

2023-03-16T12:31:20Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "Harry (born Hariharan), born on 23 October 1997. Hariharan is popularly known by his stage name Harry De Cruz . He was the first Indian to beatbox using the kazoo instrument. He was an Indian who produced sound using the saxophone. He emits a saxophone sound from his voice . <ref>http://www.thetribalbox.com/hariharan-a-young-beatboxer-makes-world-record-for-mimicking-indian-instruments-through-his-voice</ref> He was recognized by The High Range Book of World Records . He..."

SRP International Stadium

2022-12-09T10:39:27Z

Dhaneesh Ram: /* See also */

{{Short description|Cricket stadium in Tamil Nadu, India}}

'''SRP International Stadium''' is a cricket stadium located in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] [[Salem district|district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It was established in 2017, By former Mettur [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] [[S. R. Parthiban|S.R. Parthiban]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=100010509524078|date=2017-07-15|title=Businessman builds private cricket stadium in Salem to shape young talent|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2017/07/15014244/1038786/Businessman-builds-private-cricket-stadium-in-Salem-.vpf|access-date=2021-10-28|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jul 16|first1=TNN / Updated|last2=2017|last3=Ist|first3=13:30|title=Salem to soon have a cricket stadium of international stature {{!}} Salem News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/salem-to-soon-have-a-cricket-stadium-of-intel-stature/articleshow/59613797.cms|access-date=2021-10-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox venue|nickname=SRP Stadium|location=Udaiyapatti, Salem, Tamil Nadu|seating_capacity=5000 - 25000|owner=[[S. R. Parthiban]]|name=SRP International Stadium|stadium_name=SRP International Stadium|built=2015|surface=Grass|acreage=13 acres}}

== See also ==

* [[Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Stadium]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2017]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Salem, Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

SRP International Stadium

2022-12-09T10:39:00Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{Short description|Cricket stadium in Tamil Nadu, India}} '''SRP International Stadium''' is a cricket stadium located in Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 2017, By former Mettur MLA S.R. Parthiban.<ref>{{Cite web|last=100010509524078|date=2017-07-15|title=Businessman builds private cricket stadium in Salem to shape young talent|url=http..."

ISKCON Temple, Salem

2022-12-09T10:36:21Z

Dhaneesh Ram: /* See also */

{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=ISKCON Salem
|location=Hare Krishna land, [[Karuppur, Salem|Karuppur]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] 600 119
|creator= ISKCON Salem
|year_completed=2019
|inscriptions=
|monument_quantity=
|temple_quantity=1
|architecture=[[Hindu architecture|Hindu temple architecture]]
|festivals=[[Janamashtami]], [[Ratha-Yatra|Ratha Yatra]]
|deity=[[Radha Krishna]] ([[Krishna]] and [[Radha]])
|elevation_m=
|district=[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|image=File:ISKCON Salem.jpg
|state=[[Tamil Nadu]]
|country=[[India]]
|native_name=Sri Sri Radha Krishna Mandir ஸ்ரீ ஸ்ரீ ராதா கிருஷ்ணர் கோவில்
|coordinates_footnotes=
|coordinates={{coord|11|39|51|N|78|08|45|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption=Location in Salem
|map_type=India Tamil Nadu
|caption=ISKCON temple in Salem
|website= [http://iskconsalem.com/ ISKCON Salem Website]
}}

'''ISKCON Temple Salem''', also known as the '''Sri Sri Radha Krishna Mandir''', is a [[Hindu temple|Vaishnava temple]] dedicated to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. It is located on Karuppur, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. Built on 1.5 acres of land, the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)]] Salem is one of the Radha Krishna temple in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was formally inaugurated on October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Amirthalingam|first=Mallikathevy |date=4 January 2018|title=Sri Sri Radha Gokulananda Temple Salem, Tamil Nadu|url=https://templesinindiainfo.com/sri-sri-radha-gokulananda-temple-salem-tamil-nadu/|access-date=1 November 2021|website=Temples In India Info|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* [[ISKCON]]
* [[Vaishnavism]]
* [[ISKCON Temple, Chennai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://news.iskcon.org/ ISKCON Organization]
* [http://www.iskcondesiretree.info/ ISKCON Desire Tree]

{{ISKCON}}
{{List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:2019 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Salem]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

ISKCON Temple, Salem

2022-12-09T10:35:53Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{Infobox Hindu temple |name=ISKCON Salem |location=Hare Krishna land, Karuppur, Salem 600 119 |creator= ISKCON Salem |year_completed=2019 |inscriptions= |monument_quantity= |temple_quantity=1 |architecture=Hindu temple architecture |festivals=Janamashtami, Ratha Yatra |deity=Radha Krishna (Krishna and Radha) |elevation_m= |district=Salem |image=File:ISK..."

Thirumanimutharu River

2022-12-09T10:21:46Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Redirected page to Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)

#REDIRECT [[Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)]]

Geography of Salem

2022-12-09T10:19:59Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

[[File:Salem city from Hills.jpg|thumb|right]]

[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] is located at 11.67°N 78.14°E, at an average elevation of 278 m (912 ft.). The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, [[Kanjamalai]] on the west, [[Godumalai]] on the east and the [[Shevaroy Hills]] on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem. The [[Thirumanimutharu River]] flows through the city, dividing it in two. The fort area is the oldest part of Salem.

== Geology ==
Salem lies in the foothills of [[Shevaroy Hills|Shevaroy hills]] which houses the famous hill Station '[[Yercaud]]'.and the entire city is surrounded by hills and mountain , Salem is rich in steel and magnesite.

[[File:Ghat road-3-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|thumb|right]]

== Climate ==
Salem has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] occurs from October to December.<ref>{{cite web|title=DISTRICT GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SALEM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU|url=http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Salem.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403092016/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Salem.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=February 5, 2018|publisher=Central Ground Water Board|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ground Water Augmentation Of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS|url=http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/9_SALEM_RAINFALL.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184519/http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/9_SALEM_RAINFALL.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2018|access-date=February 5, 2018|publisher=International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Weather box
| location = Salem, Tamil Nadu (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| Jun rain mm = 72.4
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| year rain mm = 1018.5
| Dec rain mm = 35.0
| Nov rain mm = 110.2
| Oct rain mm = 185.5
| Sep rain mm = 176.5
| Aug rain mm = 140.6
| Jul rain mm = 108.0
| May rain mm = 109.7
| Apr rain days = 3.2
| Apr rain mm = 55.5
| Mar rain mm = 17.3
| Feb rain mm = 3.4
| Jan rain mm = 4.4
| rain colour = green
| year record low C = 11.1
| Dec record low C = 12.8
| Nov record low C = 12.8
| Oct record low C = 15.5
| Mar rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 6.3
| Aug record low C = 18.1
| Apr humidity = 40
| year humidity = 52
| Dec humidity = 56
| Nov humidity = 66
| Oct humidity = 69
| Sep humidity = 61
| Aug humidity = 58
| Jul humidity = 57
| Jun humidity = 55
| May humidity = 49
| Mar humidity = 33
| Jun rain days = 4.8
| Feb humidity = 36
| Jan humidity = 45
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| year rain days = 57.6
| Dec rain days = 2.6
| Nov rain days = 6.4
| Oct rain days = 9.9
| Sep rain days = 8.6
| Aug rain days = 8.1
| Jul rain days = 6.3
| Sep record low C = 18.5
| Jul record low C = 18.9
| metric first = Yes
| Oct record high C = 37.9
| Jun high C = 35.0
| May high C = 37.2
| Apr high C = 37.8
| Mar high C = 37.0
| Feb high C = 34.7
| Jan high C = 32.1
| year record high C = 42.8
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Sep record high C = 38.9
| Aug high C = 33.4
| Aug record high C = 39.9
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Jun record high C = 42.8
| May record high C = 42.8
| Apr record high C = 42.8
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Feb record high C = 39.4
| Jan record high C = 37.2
| width = auto
| single line = Yes
| Jul high C = 34.0
| Sep high C = 33.2
| Jun record low C = 19.3
| Sep low C = 22.8
| May record low C = 18.3
| Apr record low C = 16.5
| Mar record low C = 14.4
| Feb record low C = 11.1
| Jan record low C = 12.8
| year low C = 22.4
| Dec low C = 19.6
| Nov low C = 21.1
| Oct low C = 22.4
| Aug low C = 23.0
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Jul low C = 23.4
| Jun low C = 24.1
| May low C = 25.0
| Apr low C = 25.0
| Mar low C = 22.5
| Feb low C = 20.4
| Jan low C = 19.2
| year high C = 34.0
| Dec high C = 30.7
| Nov high C = 31.0
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Salem Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 679–680
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M203
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Water sources ==
'''[[Mettur Dam]]''' is the main water resource for [[Salem district|Salem District]] and even for [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]] , [[Erode district|Erode]] , [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]] , [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]] , [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjvur]] , [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] districts. Other than Mettur dam small lakes and ponds like [[Kannankurichi|Kannankurichi lake]], [[Mookaneri Lake|Mookaneri lake]] ect,. are the water sources of Salem district.

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Mookeneri(Kannakurichi) Lake.jpg
| caption1 = Mookaneri lake
| image2 = Dam Aerial View.JPG
| caption2 = Mettur dam
| direction = vertical
| total_width =
| alt1 = Mookaneri lake
}}

== Administrations ==

Salem is the headquarters of [[Salem district]]. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1867, and was upgraded to a special-grade municipality in 1979 and to a municipal corporation on 1 April 1994. The Salem municipal corporation has 72 wards,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2016|title=Salem Corporation to increase number of wards|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Salem-Corporation-to-increase-number-of-wards/article14377048.ece|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> each with an elected councillor.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=About the municipal corporation|url=http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/about-corporation.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525235102/https://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/about-corporation.html|archive-date=25 May 2013|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Salem municipal corporation}}</ref> The functions of the municipal corporation are divided into six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology (IT). All six departments are governed by a municipal commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|title=Commissioner of Municipal Administration|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Legislative power is vested in the 60-member council,<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Councillors of municipal corporation|url=http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/councilors.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116121712/http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/councilors.html|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Salem municipal corporation|df=dmy-all}}</ref> headed by an elected chairperson and assisted by a deputy chairperson.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1995|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|pages=2396}}</ref>

Law and order is maintained by the Salem city subdivision of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], headed by a [[Deputy superintendent]]. Special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a district-level special branch headed by a superintendent of police.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Salem Police|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29598|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011140954/http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29598|archive-date=11 October 2011|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Salem is a part of the [[Salem North (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem North]], [[Salem West (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem West]] and [[Salem South (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem South]] assembly constituencies delineated in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The city elects the three members to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm|archive-date=14 June 2012|access-date=28 December 2012|work=Tamil Nadu|publisher=Tamil Nadu state government|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Present MLAs are [[R. Mohan Raj]] (Salem North) from [[Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam]], [[M. K. Selvaraju]] (Salem West) and [[G. Venkatachalam]] (Salem South) from [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

Until 2008, the city was part of the [[Salem – I (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem I]] and [[Salem – II (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem II]] assembly constituencies. Since 1977, the ADMK party won the Salem I assembly seat five times (1977, 1980, 1984, 2001 and 2006); [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] won twice (1989 and 1996), and the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp88.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232527/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp88.htm|archive-date=12 May 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since 1977, the ADMK won the Salem II assembly seat three times (1980, 1984 and 1991) and the DMK also won three times (1989, 1996 and 2006); the [[Janata Party]] (JP) won in 1977 and [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) won in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp89.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232540/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp89.htm|archive-date=12 May 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The city is part of the [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency consisting of six [[Electoral district|assembly constituencies]]: [[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur]], [[Salem North (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem North]], [[Salem South (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem South]], [[Salem West (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem West]], [[Veerapandi (State Assembly Constituency)|Veerapandi]] and [[Edappadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Edappadi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2006|access-date=9 October 2008|publisher=Election Commission of India|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since 1952, the Salem parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress eight times (1952, 1957, 1962, 1984, 1989, 1991 and 2004), by the ADMK four times (1977, 1991, 2009 and 2014), by DMK three times (1967, 1971 and 1980), and once each by an independent (1998) and the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (1996).<ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010220539/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=17|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=49|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011003936/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=67|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009211004/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=71|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009193317/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=80|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=79|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010172057/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=73|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011052618/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=81|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011125200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=51|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=86|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011114340/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009232255/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010203826/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=94|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is S. R. Parthiban from the DMK.

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="170" widths="250">
File:Salem city from Hills.jpg|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] City view
File:Ghat road-3-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|Ghat road of [[Yercaud]]
File:Mookeneri(Kannakurichi) Lake.jpg|[[Mookaneri Lake]]
File:RAINY MOMENT @ rear side of CHINNATHIRUPATHY - panoramio (7).jpg|Rainy view in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Tamil Nadu by city|Salem]]

Geography of Salem

2022-12-09T10:19:42Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Geography of Salem

2022-12-09T10:18:52Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with " {{Article for deletion/dated|page=Geography of Salem, Tamil Nadu|timestamp=20211208144301|year=2021|month=December|day=8|substed=yes|help=off}}   File:Salem ci..."

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Geography of Salem, Tamil Nadu|timestamp=20211208144301|year=2021|month=December|day=8|substed=yes|help=off}}


[[File:Salem city from Hills.jpg|thumb|right]]

[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] is located at 11.67°N 78.14°E, at an average elevation of 278 m (912 ft.). The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, [[Kanjamalai]] on the west, [[Godumalai]] on the east and the [[Shevaroy Hills]] on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem. The [[Thirumanimutharu River]] flows through the city, dividing it in two. The fort area is the oldest part of Salem.

== Geology ==
Salem lies in the foothills of [[Shevaroy Hills|Shevaroy hills]] which houses the famous hill Station '[[Yercaud]]'.and the entire city is surrounded by hills and mountain , Salem is rich in steel and magnesite.

[[File:Ghat road-3-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|thumb|right]]

== Climate ==
Salem has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] occurs from October to December.<ref>{{cite web|title=DISTRICT GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SALEM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU|url=http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Salem.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403092016/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Salem.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=February 5, 2018|publisher=Central Ground Water Board|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ground Water Augmentation Of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS|url=http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/9_SALEM_RAINFALL.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184519/http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/9_SALEM_RAINFALL.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2018|access-date=February 5, 2018|publisher=International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Weather box
| location = Salem, Tamil Nadu (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| Jun rain mm = 72.4
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| year rain mm = 1018.5
| Dec rain mm = 35.0
| Nov rain mm = 110.2
| Oct rain mm = 185.5
| Sep rain mm = 176.5
| Aug rain mm = 140.6
| Jul rain mm = 108.0
| May rain mm = 109.7
| Apr rain days = 3.2
| Apr rain mm = 55.5
| Mar rain mm = 17.3
| Feb rain mm = 3.4
| Jan rain mm = 4.4
| rain colour = green
| year record low C = 11.1
| Dec record low C = 12.8
| Nov record low C = 12.8
| Oct record low C = 15.5
| Mar rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 6.3
| Aug record low C = 18.1
| Apr humidity = 40
| year humidity = 52
| Dec humidity = 56
| Nov humidity = 66
| Oct humidity = 69
| Sep humidity = 61
| Aug humidity = 58
| Jul humidity = 57
| Jun humidity = 55
| May humidity = 49
| Mar humidity = 33
| Jun rain days = 4.8
| Feb humidity = 36
| Jan humidity = 45
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| year rain days = 57.6
| Dec rain days = 2.6
| Nov rain days = 6.4
| Oct rain days = 9.9
| Sep rain days = 8.6
| Aug rain days = 8.1
| Jul rain days = 6.3
| Sep record low C = 18.5
| Jul record low C = 18.9
| metric first = Yes
| Oct record high C = 37.9
| Jun high C = 35.0
| May high C = 37.2
| Apr high C = 37.8
| Mar high C = 37.0
| Feb high C = 34.7
| Jan high C = 32.1
| year record high C = 42.8
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Sep record high C = 38.9
| Aug high C = 33.4
| Aug record high C = 39.9
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Jun record high C = 42.8
| May record high C = 42.8
| Apr record high C = 42.8
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Feb record high C = 39.4
| Jan record high C = 37.2
| width = auto
| single line = Yes
| Jul high C = 34.0
| Sep high C = 33.2
| Jun record low C = 19.3
| Sep low C = 22.8
| May record low C = 18.3
| Apr record low C = 16.5
| Mar record low C = 14.4
| Feb record low C = 11.1
| Jan record low C = 12.8
| year low C = 22.4
| Dec low C = 19.6
| Nov low C = 21.1
| Oct low C = 22.4
| Aug low C = 23.0
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Jul low C = 23.4
| Jun low C = 24.1
| May low C = 25.0
| Apr low C = 25.0
| Mar low C = 22.5
| Feb low C = 20.4
| Jan low C = 19.2
| year high C = 34.0
| Dec high C = 30.7
| Nov high C = 31.0
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Salem Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 679–680
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M203
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Water sources ==
'''[[Mettur Dam]]''' is the main water resource for [[Salem district|Salem District]] and even for [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]] , [[Erode district|Erode]] , [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]] , [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]] , [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjvur]] , [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] districts. Other than Mettur dam small lakes and ponds like [[Kannankurichi|Kannankurichi lake]], [[Mookaneri Lake|Mookaneri lake]] ect,. are the water sources of Salem district.

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Mookeneri(Kannakurichi) Lake.jpg
| caption1 = Mookaneri lake
| image2 = Dam Aerial View.JPG
| caption2 = Mettur dam
| direction = vertical
| total_width =
| alt1 = Mookaneri lake
}}

== Administrations ==

Salem is the headquarters of [[Salem district]]. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1867, and was upgraded to a special-grade municipality in 1979 and to a municipal corporation on 1 April 1994. The Salem municipal corporation has 72 wards,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2016|title=Salem Corporation to increase number of wards|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Salem-Corporation-to-increase-number-of-wards/article14377048.ece|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> each with an elected councillor.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=About the municipal corporation|url=http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/about-corporation.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525235102/https://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/about-corporation.html|archive-date=25 May 2013|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Salem municipal corporation}}</ref> The functions of the municipal corporation are divided into six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology (IT). All six departments are governed by a municipal commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|title=Commissioner of Municipal Administration|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Legislative power is vested in the 60-member council,<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Councillors of municipal corporation|url=http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/councilors.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116121712/http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/councilors.html|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Salem municipal corporation|df=dmy-all}}</ref> headed by an elected chairperson and assisted by a deputy chairperson.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1995|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|pages=2396}}</ref>

Law and order is maintained by the Salem city subdivision of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], headed by a [[Deputy superintendent]]. Special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a district-level special branch headed by a superintendent of police.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Salem Police|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29598|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011140954/http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29598|archive-date=11 October 2011|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Salem is a part of the [[Salem North (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem North]], [[Salem West (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem West]] and [[Salem South (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem South]] assembly constituencies delineated in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The city elects the three members to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm|archive-date=14 June 2012|access-date=28 December 2012|work=Tamil Nadu|publisher=Tamil Nadu state government|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Present MLAs are [[R. Mohan Raj]] (Salem North) from [[Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam]], [[M. K. Selvaraju]] (Salem West) and [[G. Venkatachalam]] (Salem South) from [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

Until 2008, the city was part of the [[Salem – I (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem I]] and [[Salem – II (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem II]] assembly constituencies. Since 1977, the ADMK party won the Salem I assembly seat five times (1977, 1980, 1984, 2001 and 2006); [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] won twice (1989 and 1996), and the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp88.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232527/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp88.htm|archive-date=12 May 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since 1977, the ADMK won the Salem II assembly seat three times (1980, 1984 and 1991) and the DMK also won three times (1989, 1996 and 2006); the [[Janata Party]] (JP) won in 1977 and [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) won in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp89.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232540/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp89.htm|archive-date=12 May 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The city is part of the [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency consisting of six [[Electoral district|assembly constituencies]]: [[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur]], [[Salem North (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem North]], [[Salem South (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem South]], [[Salem West (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem West]], [[Veerapandi (State Assembly Constituency)|Veerapandi]] and [[Edappadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Edappadi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2006|access-date=9 October 2008|publisher=Election Commission of India|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since 1952, the Salem parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress eight times (1952, 1957, 1962, 1984, 1989, 1991 and 2004), by the ADMK four times (1977, 1991, 2009 and 2014), by DMK three times (1967, 1971 and 1980), and once each by an independent (1998) and the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (1996).<ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010220539/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=17|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=49|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011003936/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=67|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009211004/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=71|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009193317/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=80|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=79|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010172057/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=73|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011052618/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=81|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011125200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=51|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=86|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011114340/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009232255/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010203826/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=94|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is S. R. Parthiban from the DMK.

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="170" widths="250">
File:Salem city from Hills.jpg|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] City view
File:Ghat road-3-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|Ghat road of [[Yercaud]]
File:Mookeneri(Kannakurichi) Lake.jpg|[[Mookaneri Lake]]
File:RAINY MOMENT @ rear side of CHINNATHIRUPATHY - panoramio (7).jpg|Rainy view in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
</gallery>

Thirumanimutharu river

2022-12-09T10:16:26Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Redirected page to Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)

#REDIRECT [[Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)]]

Telugus

2022-12-09T10:11:54Z

Dhaneesh Ram: /* Population */

{{short description|Ethnolinguistic group native to southeastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Redirect|Andhra people|other uses|Andhra (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Telugu people
| native_name = '''Teluguvāru''' '''తెలుగువారు '''
| native_name_lang = te
| image = File:Telugu talli bomma.JPG
| image_caption = [[Telugu Thalli]], the personification of Telugu language
| population = '''{{Circa|85 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref name="census india"/><ref name="ethnologue">{{cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel|title=Telugu population figure worldwide|date=August 2019|newspaper=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 83,127,740 (2011)
| ref1 = <ref name="census india">{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| region2 = Other
| pop2 = See [[Telugu diaspora]]
| region4 =
| regions = [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Telangana]] [[Yanam district|Yanam]]
| langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist|[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]], [[File:Christian cross.svg|9px]] [[Christianity]], [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|15px]] [[Buddhism]]}}
| related = Other [[Dravidian peoples]]:{{hlist|[[Kannadigas]]|[[Tamils]]|[[Malayali]]s|[[Chenchu people|Chenchus]]|[[Gondi people|Gonds]]|[[Kurukh people|Kurukh]]|[[Brahui people|Brahuis]]|[[Radala]]}}
}}
'''Telugu people''' ({{lang-te|తెలుగువారు|Teluguvāru}}), or '''Telugus''', or '''Telugu vaaru,''' are the largest of the four major [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] ethnolinguistic groups in terms of population. Telugus are native to the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and the [[Yanam district]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. A significant number of Telugus also reside in the surrounding Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Kerala]], and [[Odisha]], as well in the [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Telugus claim descent from the [[Satavahana dynasty|Andhras]], from whom the Telugus inherit their [[ethnonym]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh|title=Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh|work=P. Raghunadha Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers, 1993|year=1993|isbn=9788120714953|page=iv|access-date=9 June 2014|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=History of Andhra Pradesh|work=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|url-status=dead|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sailendra Nath Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|isbn=9788122411980|pages=172–176|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323134904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the [[Languages of India|fourth most spoken language]] in India<ref name="spoken">{{cite news |title=Nearly 60% of Indians speak a language other than Hindi |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nearly-60-of-Indians-speak-a-language-other-than-Hindi/articleshow/36922157.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What Languages Are Spoken in India? |language=en-US |website=WorldAtlas |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-widely-spoken-languages-in-india.html |access-date=2021-02-04}}</ref> and the [[List of languages by total number of speakers|15th most spoken language]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ltd |first=Libros Media |title=15 most spoken languages |url=https://www.rocketlanguages.com/blog/the-15-most-spoken-languages-in-the-world |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Rocket Languages |language=en}}</ref>

Andhra was mentioned in the [[Sanskrit epics]] such as [[Aitareya Brahmana]] (by some estimates c. 800 [[BCE]]). According to [[Aitareya Brahmana]] of the [[Rigveda]], the Andhras left North India from the banks of river Yamuna and migrated to South India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> They are mentioned at the time of the death of the Mauryan King [[Ashoka]] in 232 BC. This date has been considered to be the beginning of the Andhra historical record. During the rise of [[Āstika and nāstika|Nastika]] Schools of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] in the region, Telugus, along with most of India, saw a reformation of their traditional high society. [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], which would later go on to become the largest [[Schools of Buddhism|Buddhist tradition]] in the world, developed among Telugus in Andhra.<ref>Guang Xing. ''The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.'' 2004. pp. 65–66 "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."</ref><ref>Williams, Paul. ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.'' Routledge, 2009, p. 47.</ref><ref>Drewes, David, ''Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship'', Religion Compass 4/2 (2010): 55–65, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x</ref><ref>"The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" – Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999). ''Indian Buddhism'': p. 335.</ref>

Telangani, a term referring to a Telugu or a resident in the land inhabited by Telugus came into common usage during the 14th century CE.<ref>{{citation|last=Parpola|first=Asko|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|page=167|year=2015|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0190226923|author-link=Asko Parpola}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Raja M. Bhujanga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA55|title=A History of Telugu Literature|last2=P. Chenchiah|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1988|isbn=978-81-206-0313-4|page=55}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Brown|first=Charles P.|title=Madras Journal of Literature and Science|volume=X|page=53|year=1839|chapter=Essay on the Language and Literature of Telugus|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53|publisher=Vepery mission Press.|author-link=Charles Phillip Brown}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Caldwell|first=Robert|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages|url=http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf|page=64|year=1856|location=London|publisher=Harrison|author-link=Robert Caldwell}}</ref> The [[Telugu diaspora]] has a global presence, especially in the [[Telugu Americans|United States]], [[Burmese Indians|Myanmar]], [[Malaysian Telugu|Malaysia]], [[Indian South Africans|South Africa]],<ref>{{cite web|title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ANDHRA PEOPLE IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=http://www.amssa.org.za/about-amssa/history-amssa/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=Andhra Maha Sabha of South Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Indian Australians|Australia]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian population in Australia increases 30 per cent in less than two years; now the third largest migrant group in Australia|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/indian-population-in-australia-increases-30-per-cent-in-less-than-two-years-now-the-third-largest-migrant-group-in-australia|access-date=2021-02-05|website=SBS Your Language|language=en}}</ref> and [[Indo-Canadians#Language|Canada]], among other countries of the [[Anglosphere]]. In 16th Century, Italian traveller named Niccolo De Conti visited the Vijaya Nagara Empire. During this trip, he found that the words in Telugu Language ends with vowels just like Italian Language and he referred Telugu as the Italian of the East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITALIAN OF THE EAST |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/italian-of-the-east |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=www.speakingtree.in}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Telugu language}}

'''Andhra''' ({{lang-te|<big>ఆంధ్ర</big>}}) was a kingdom mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]]. It was a southern kingdom, currently identified as Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] where it got its name from.

Andhra communities are also mentioned in the Vayu and Matsya Purana. In the Mahabharata the infantry of Satyaki was composed by a tribe called ''Andhras'', known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They lived along the banks of the [[Godavari]] river. Andhras and Kalingas supported the Kauravas during the Mahabharata war. Sahadeva defeated the kingdoms of Pandya, Andhra, Kalinga, Dravida, Odra and Chera while performing the Rajasuya yajna. Buddhist references to Andhras are also found.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRAhAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh Oriental Conference: Fourth session, Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 3rd to 5th March 1984|last=Śrīhari|first=R.|date=1987-01-01|publisher=The Conference|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98843|title = Journal of Indian History|date = 1949-01-01|publisher = University of Kerala.|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmIMAAAAIAAJ|title=A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (tr. Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text)|last=Datta|first=Manmathanatha|date=1897-01-01|publisher=H.C. Dass|language=en}}</ref>

Andhra was mentioned in the [[Sanskrit epics]] such as [[Aitareya Brahmana]] (by some estimates c. 800 [[BCE]]). According to [[Aitareya Brahmana]] of the [[Rigveda]], the Andhras left North India from the banks of river Yamuna and migrated to South India.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Dance Dialects of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&q=Andhra+Trace+their+history&pg=PA66|work=Ragini Devi|year = 1990|publisher=Motilal Bansarsi Dass|isbn=81-208-0674-3|access-date=2014-06-09}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=History of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|work=AP Online|publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|archive-date=2012-07-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book|title=Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh|year=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh|url-access=registration|work=P. Raghunadha Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers, 1993|page=iv|access-date=2014-06-09}}</ref> They are mentioned at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King [[Ashoka]] in 232 BC. This date has been considered to be the beginning of the Andhra historical record. Various dynasties have ruled the area, including the [[Satavahana Dynasty|Andhra]] (or [[Satavahana]]), [[Andhra Ikshvakus]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]], the [[Kakatiyas]], the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Andhra Pradesh - MSN Encarta  |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580539/andhra_pradesh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028105629/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580539/Andhra_Pradesh.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Telugu is a South-Central [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] primarily spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India, where it is the official language. The oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 B.C.E found at [[Bhattiprolu]] in [[Guntur district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2007-12-20|title=Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Telugu-is-2400-years-old-says-ASI/article14898202.ece|access-date=2020-10-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Other early inscriptions with more refined language were found in Kantamanenivarigudem, [[Guntupalle, West Godavari district|Guntupalli]] in [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] district and Gummadidurru and [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]] in [[Krishna district]]. The earliest inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE were found at Kalamalla village in Kadapa district.<ref name=":0" /> The earliest Telugu literature dates to 11th century CE with [[Nannayya|Nannaya]]'s [[Andhra Mahabharatam]].

In the sixth century BCE, Assaka was one of the Sixteen Mahajanapadas. After the Mauryas, parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] were variously ruled by dynasties either ethnically Telugus. It was succeeded by the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (230 BCE-220 CE), who built the city of [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravati]]. The kingdom reached its zenith under [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]. At the end of the period, the Telugu region was divided into [[Realm|Kingdoms]] ruled by lords. In the late second century CE, the [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s ruled the eastern region along the Krishna River. The [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundina Dynasty]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]], [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Dynasty]] and [[Reddy Kingdom|Reddy dynasty]] were some of the many Major Telugu Kingdoms and Dynasties Ruling the Region.

During the fourth century, the [[Pallava dynasty]] extended their rule from southern Andhra Pradesh to [[Tamilakam]] and established their capital at [[Kanchipuram]]. Their power increased during the reigns of [[Mahendravarman I]] (571–630) and [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–668). The Pallavas dominated the southern Telugu-speaking region and northern Tamilakam until the end of the ninth century.

Between 1163 and 1323 the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] emerged, bringing the Telugu region under unified rule. During this period, the [[Telugu language]] emerged as a literary medium with the writings of [[Tikkana]], Eranna, Nannaya, Pothana etc., are the converters of the great Hindu epics like Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Bhagavatha etc.,.

In 1323 the [[sultan]] of [[Delhi]], [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], sent a large army commanded by Ulugh Khan (later, as [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], the Delhi sultan) to conquer the Telugu region and lay [[Siege of Warangal (1323)|siege to Warangal]]. The fall of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] led to an era with competing influences from the Turkic kingdoms of Delhi, the [[Chalukya Chola]] dynasty (1070–1279) in the south and the Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India. The struggle for Andhra ended with the victory of the [[Musunuri Nayaks]] over the Turkic [[Delhi Sultanate]].

The Telugu achieved independence under [[Krishnadevaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1646). The [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] succeeded that empire. The Qutub Shahis were tolerant of Telugu culture from the early 16th to the end of the 17th centuries.

The arrival of Europeans (the French under the [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]] and the English under [[Robert Clive]]) altered polity of the region . In 1765, Clive and the [[Tribal chief|chief]] and council at [[Visakhapatnam]] obtained the [[Northern Circars]] from [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Alam]]. The British achieved supremacy when they defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram in 1792.

Andhra's modern foundation was laid in the struggle for Indian independence under [[Mohandas Gandhi]]. [[Potti Sreeramulu]]'s campaign for a state independent of the [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] Panthulu and [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]]'s social-reform movements led to the formation of [[Andhra State]], with [[Kurnool]] its capital and freedom-fighter Pantullu its first chief minister. A democratic society, with two stable political parties and a modern economy, emerged under the [[Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao]].

[[Independence of India|India became independent]] from the United Kingdom in 1947. Although the Muslim [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] wanted to retain independence from India, he was [[Annexation of Hyderabad|forced]] to cede his kingdom to the [[Dominion of India]] in 1948 to form [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]]. Andhra, the first Indian state formed primarily on a linguistic basis, was carved from the Madras Presidency in 1953. In 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of [[Hyderabad State]] to create the state of Andhra Pradesh. The [[Lok Sabha]] approved the formation of [[Telangana]] from ten districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Menon|first=Amamath K.|date=1 June 2014|title=Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html|magazine=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151025/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html|archive-date=11 November 2014|access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:A Kuchipudi dance by two Hindu girls.jpg|thumb|Two Kuchipudi dancers from Andhra Pradesh, 2011]]
{{Main|Culture of Andhra Pradesh|Culture of Telangana}}

===Literature===
{{Main|Telugu literature}}

===Arts===
Kuchipudi is a famous Classical Indian dance from Andhra Pradesh.
* [[Kuchipudi]]
* Vilasini Natyam
* [[Perini Sivatandavam]]
* [[Oggu Katha]]
* [[Burra katha|Burra Katha]]
* [[Andhra Natyam]]
* [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Cinema]]
* [[Kalamkari|Kalankari]] - The art [[Kalamkari]] is pronounced as Kalankari (కలంకారి) in Andhra Pradesh

===Clothing===
* '''Masculine'''
# Uttareeyam ([[Uttariya]]) or Pai Pancha ([[Angvastra]]m or veil)
# Pancha ([[Dhoti]])
# Jubba ([[Kurta]]) The top portion
# [[Lungi]] (Casual dress)
* '''Feminine'''
# [[Langa voni]] (Half [[sari]])
# [[Pattu pavada]]
# [[sari|Cheera]] (sari)

===Festivals===
{{See also|List of festivals in Andhra Pradesh}}
Important festivals celebrated by Telugu people include:
* [[Makar Sankranti|Bhogi, Makara Sankranti, Kanuma]] in January. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Sivaratri]] in February/March. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Ugadi]] or the Telugu New Year in March/April. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Sri Rama Navami]] celebrated in March/April, 9 days after [[Ugadi]]. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Bonalu]] celebrated in [[Ashada masam]] (July/August). (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Hanuman Jayanti]] in March/May/June. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi|Vaikunta Ekadasi]] in December /January . (The exact date may vary as per [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Varalakshmi Vratam]] in August. (The exact date may vary as per [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Krishna Janmashtami]] in August. (The exact date may vary as per [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Vinayaka Chaviti]] in August. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Bathukamma]] celebrated for nine days during Durga [[Navratri]].
* [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]] in September/October. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Atla Tadde]] 3rd day in bright half of [[Ashviyuja]] month (falls in September/October in Gregorian calendar). However, the exact date may vary according to the [[Hindu calendar]].
* [[Deepavali]] date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Nagula Chavithi]] is in October/November. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Ramadan]], [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Muharram]], [[Vesak Day]], [[Easter]], [[Thanksgiving]] and [[Christmas]] are among the minorities.

==Population==
===Distribution===

Telugu is the fourth most spoken language after [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in India.<ref name="spoken"/> [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] are the principal resident states for Telugu people.

Telugu people form the majority speakers in South India with over 75 million speakers in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. This is followed by 3.7 million in [[Karnataka]] and 4.2 million in [[Tamil Nadu]] making them the second largest language groups in those neighbouring states.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-15/chennai/27759074_1_telugus-punjabis-bengalis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113162926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-15/chennai/27759074_1_telugus-punjabis-bengalis |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-11-13 |title=Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu |date=2008-04-15 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref>

In [[Tamil Nadu]], Telugu people who migrated during the [[Vijayanagara]] period have spread across several northern districts and constitute a significant percentage of the population in [[Chennai]] city. In [[Karnataka]], Telugu people are predominantly found in the border districts with majority in [[Bengaluru]] city.

In [[Maharashtra]], the Telugu population is over 1.4 million, followed by 0.7 million in [[Odisha|Orissa]]. Other states with significant populations include West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Gujarat with 200,000, 150,000 and 100,000 respectively.<ref name="toi"/>

The overseas Telugu [[diaspora]] numbers more than 400,000 in the United States, with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey, Texas, and California.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

There are around 300,000 [[Malaysian Telugu|Telugu people in Malaysia]].<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 69 : Telugu Diaspora in South East/West Asia, 1871-1990 | first = Adapa | last = Satyanarayana | year = 2008 | publisher = Indian History Congress}}</ref>

==Notable Telugu people==
{{main|List of Telugu people}}

==See also==
* [[Telugu states]]
* [[List of people from Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of people from Telangana]]
* [[Telugu development]]
* [[Telugu cuisine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Telangana}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telugu People}}
[[Category:Telugu people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Telugu-language literature]]
[[Category:Telugu society|*]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kerala]]
[[Category:Linguistic groups of the constitutionally recognised official languages of India]]

Telugus

2022-12-09T10:11:38Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{short description|Ethnolinguistic group native to southeastern India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} {{Redirect|Andhra people|other uses|Andhra (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Telugu people | native_name = '''Teluguvāru''' '''తెలుగువారు ''' | native_name_lang = te | image = File:Telugu talli bomma.JPG | image_caption = Telugu Thalli, the personificatio..."

Kannadigas

2022-12-09T10:10:06Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{Short description|Dravidian ethnic group}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kannadigaru {{small|Kannadiga (masculine) Kannadathi (feminine)}}
| image = Hoysala emblem.JPG
| flag = Flag of the Kannada people.svg
| caption =
| population = '''{{Circa|44 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref name="Census 2021">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2021Census/Language-2021/Statement-1.pdf Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2021]</ref><ref>{{e21|kan}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 44 million
| ref1 = <ref name="Census 2011">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011]</ref>
| languages = [[Kannada]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]], [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]], [[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]], [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]}}<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| related = {{hlist|[[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]]|[[Tulu people|Tuluvas]]|[[Konkani people|Konkanis]]|[[Kodava people|Kodavas]]|[[Telugu people|Telugu]]|[[Tamils]]|[[Malayalis]]}}
}}
The '''Kannada people''' or '''Kannadigaru'''{{efn|''Kannadigas'' is a term obtained by adding the English suffix ''-s'' to ''Kannadiga'' to make it plural. ''Kannadigaru'' is the plural form in Kannada. ''Kannadiga'' is a masculine term; the feminine term is ''Kannadathi''. ''Kannadigaru'' is essentially a masculine term as opposed to ''Kannadatiyaru'' but is used when the genders of group members are unclear in context.}} [<nowiki/>[[IAST]]: '''Kannadadavaru''' or '''Kannadigas''' (English term)] are a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] ethno-linguistic group who trace their ancestry to the South Indian state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]] and its surrounding regions.<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf|title=The Karnataka Official Language Act|work=Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=2007-06-29}}</ref> The [[Kannada language]] belongs to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian family of languages]].<ref name="Encyclo">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kanarese.aspx|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures - Canarese, Kannadiga|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> Kannada stands among 30 of the most widely spoken languages of the world as of 2001.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdataonline.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Evidence for human habitation in Karnataka exists from at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and the region is postulated to have had contact with the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley]] civilization. The existence of artifacts (such as Roman coins) shows Karnataka was engaged in trade as early as the 1st century CE. In the 3rd-4th century BCE the land was ruled by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]] and Jainism was very popular.

After the Mauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were either ethnically Kannadiga or from the outside. The [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakuta]]s and [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] were some of the many major Kannada kingdoms and dynasties ruling the region.

The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] was founded by Kannada chieftains who were great patrons of Kannada art and literature.

The Kannada language has written inscriptions since 450 CE. Kannada literature is mostly composed of poems and treatises on religious works. Kannada architecture is dominated by stone-carved sculptured palaces and temples. The ruins of [[Hampi]] are a UNESCO World Heritage site.

==History==
{{Main|History of Karnataka}}
[[File:ಕದಂಬ - ತೊಯಿಮದೇವ.jpg|thumb|right|Gold coins issued by [[Kadamba of Hangal|Kadamba King Toyimadeva]], 1048 - 1075 A.D]] [[File:Hoysala emblem.JPG|thumb|Sala fighting the lion, the royal emblem of [[Hoysala Empire]]|alt=]]

The [[Brahmagiri archaeological site]] near [[Chitradurga]] district, central Karnataka attests to evidence of settlement in the Karnataka region from at least the 2nd millennium BCE. Excavations at the [[Chandravalli]] historical site has revealed interaction with Roman and Chinese travelers around the 2nd and 3rd century BCE.<ref>[[Chandravalli]]</ref> Talagunda<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 January 2017|title=Kannada inscription at Talagunda may replace Halmidi as oldest|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/591046/kannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html}}</ref> and [[Halmidi]] inscriptions stand as the oldest known full-length inscriptions in Kannada.

The language was once popular from the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] to [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers as mentioned in the Kannada classic [[Kavirajamarga]] of 850 CE.<ref name="coauthor">Sastri (1955), pp. 355–356</ref> Archaeological evidences show Kannada inscriptions found as far north as [[Madhya Pradesh]] (inscription of [[Krishna III]]) and [[Bihar]].<ref name="mita">Thapar, Romila (2003), p. 433, ''The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003'', Penguin, New Delhi, {{ISBN|0-14-302989-4}}</ref> [[Carnatic expansion|Karnataka Expansion]] provides insights to kingdoms of [[North India|northern India]] whose originators were from Kannada country.<ref name="poet">Kamath (2001), pp. 84, 90</ref>

The major empires and kingdoms, their regal capital and most distinguished kings were:
* [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] - [[Talakad]]u - [[Durvinita]]
* [[Kadamba Dynasty]] - [[Banavasi]] - [[Mayurasharma]] (Mayuravarma)
* [[Chalukya|Badami Chalukya]] - [[Badami]] - [[Pulakeshin II]]
[[File:Pulikesin II, the Chalukhaya, receives envoys from Persia (1).jpg|thumb|[[Pulakeshin II]] the most celebrated ruler of [[Chalukya dynasty]]|alt=]]
* [[Rashtrakuta]] - [[Manyakheta]] - [[Amoghavarsha I]]
* [[Hoysala]] - [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] and [[Halebidu]] - [[Veera Ballala II]]
* [[Western Chalukya|Kalyani Chalukya]] - [[Basavakalyan]]a - [[Vikramaditya VI]]
* [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Southern Kalachuri]] - [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]] - [[Bijjala II]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]] - [[Hampi]] - [[Harihara Raya I|Hakka]], [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]], [[Krishnadevaraya]]
* [[Keladi Nayakas]] - [[Ikkeri]] - [[Shivappa Nayaka]]
* [[Nayakas of Chitradurga|Chitradurga Nayakas]] - [[Chitradurga]] - [[Raja Veera Madakari Nayaka V]]
* [[Haleri Kingdom]] - [[Kodagu]] - Mudduraja
* [[Kingdom of Mysore]] - [[Mysooru]] - [[Chikka Devaraja|Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar]]

Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development of [[Kannada]], culture and polity were [[Chutu]]s of Banavasi (feudatory to [[Satavahana|Satavahana Empire]]),<ref name="chutu">[[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] (1931), p 4</ref><ref name="chutu1">Purava HaleGannada or Pre-old Kannada was the language of Banavasi in the early Christian era, the Satavahana and Kadamba eras (Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p 490</ref> [[Tuluva Dynasty]] of Canara,<ref name="tuluva">Narasimhacharya (1988), p 68</ref> [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas of Saundatti]] (Belgaum),<ref name="tuluva"/> Guttas of Guttal (Dharwad region),<ref name="gut">Cousens (1996), p15</ref> [[Bana Kingdom|Banas]] of Kolar,<ref name="bana">Mahalingam in Adiga (2006), p 130</ref> [[Nolambas]] of Nolambavadi,<ref>Adiga (2006), p. 134</ref><ref name="nol1">Their territory included modern Tumkur, Chitradurga, Kolar, Bellary and Bangalore districts. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163</ref> Vaidumbas,<ref name="vai">Adiga (2006), p. 142</ref><ref name="vai1">They were an Andhra dynasty who ruled over Kurnool, Cuddappah in the 10th century. There inscriptions are in Telugu and Kannada. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163</ref> Chengalvas,<ref name="tuluva"/> Kongalvas,<ref name="tuluva"/> Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda (Banavasi province), [[Kempe Gowda I|Yalahanka Nadaprabhu Kempegowda]],<ref name="nad">Also known as the Kempegowda family, builders of modern Bangalore-Kamath (2001), pp. 240–241</ref> Sindas of Yelburga (Bijapur-Gulbarga),<ref name="gut"/> [[Kadamba of Hangal]].<ref name="han">Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas exist, one with the Kannada inscription ''Saarvadhari'' and other with ''Nakara''. They are preserved in the Royal Asiatic Society and Indian Historical Research Institute, Mumbai -[[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] (1931), p 385</ref>

In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannadiga poets and Kannada language were:
* [[Eastern Chalukyas]]<ref name="tuluva"/>
* [[Kakatiya dynasty]]<ref name="tuluva"/>
* [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]]<ref name="seuna">Kamath (2001), pp. 143-144</ref>
* [[Shilahara]]<ref name="tuluva"/>
* [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadambas]] of [[Goa]]<ref name="goa">The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate. This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada. [[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] (1931), p 384</ref>

===Immigrants from Karnataka===
In addition to those empires that ruled from the Karnataka region, based on inscriptions and literary evidence historians have discussed the possibility that kingdoms of Kannada origin were established in other parts of India as well.

*The [[Karnat dynasty|Karnata Dynasty]] (founded by Nanyadeva I) of [[Mithila (India)|Mithila]] and [[Nepal]],<ref name="mita"/><ref name="viceroy10">Kamat, Suryanath U., (2001), p.8, ''A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present'', Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041</ref><ref>Bose, Manilal (1998), p.28, ''Social and Cultural History of Ancient India'', Concept Publishing Company, {{ISBN|81-7022-598-1}}</ref><ref name="deva">Makhan Jha, (1997), pp52-53, ''Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective'', M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd, {{ISBN|81-7533-034-1}}</ref><ref name="establish">S.R. Bakshi, S. Gajrani, Hari Singh (2005), p.254, ''Early Aryans to Swaraj'', Sarup & Sons, {{ISBN|81-7625-537-8}}</ref><ref name="sengupta">Sengupta, Nitish K (2011), p50, ''Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib'', Penguin Books, Chapter:''The Sen Dynasty'', {{ISBN|9780143416784}}</ref><ref name="bhim">Desai, Pandurang Bhimarao (1970), p.213, ''A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification'', Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University, OCLC:203297</ref><ref name="drama">Mishra, Jayakanta in Ayyappa Paniker (1997), p.280, p.289, ''Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections'', Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|81-260-0365-0}}</ref><ref name="pollock">Pollock, Sheldon (2006), p.417, note.79, ''The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|9780520260030}}</ref>
*The Chalukyas of Gujarat,<ref name="cha_guj">Altekar in Kamath (2001), p. 73</ref><ref name="berar1">Altekar 1934, pp. 21–22</ref>
*The Chalukyas of Vengi ([[Eastern Chalukya]]),<ref name="cha_guj"/><ref name="viceroy">Keay (2000), p 170</ref><ref name="vice1">The Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock who later encouraged Telugu {{cite web|title=APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_ancient.html|author=Dr. K.S.S. Seshan, University of Hyderabad|work=Revenue Department (Gazetteers), Government of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=12 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081329/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart|archive-date=6 December 2006}}</ref>
*The [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]],<ref name="dev">Shrinivas Ritti and A.V. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001, p. 137</ref><ref name="dev1">Seuna coins carry Kannada legends from the beginning of their rule (O.P. Varma in Kamath 2001, p. 137)</ref><ref name="dev3">{{cite book
|last = Masica |first = Colin P. |title = The Indo-Aryan Languages |year = 1991 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 0-521-29944-6 |page = 45 |chapter = Subsequent Spread of Indo-Aryan |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC&q=yadavas+kannada&pg=RA1-PA45
}}</ref><ref name="dev4">Majority of the Seuna inscriptions are in Kannada and during the formation of the kingdom, the Nasik-Ahamadnagar region (Seuna Desa) was a Kannada territory (Kamath 2001, p. 137)</ref>
*The Rashtrakuta family ruling from [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] (modern [[Amravati district]], [[Maharashtra]]),<ref name="berar">A Kannada dynasty may have been created in Berar under the rule of Badami Chalukyas, (Altekar 1934, pp. 21–22)</ref>
*The Rashtrakutas branch of Gujarat (Lata branch),<ref name="sign">The Gujarat Rashtrakutas signed even their Sanskrit records in Kannada because that was the language of the place of their origin (D.R. Bhandarkar in Kamath 2001, p 73)</ref><ref name="sign1">The Gujarat Rashtrakutas would not have signed their inscriptions in Kannada language in far away Gujarat unless they were Kannadigas (Altekar 1934, pp 21–22)</ref>
*The [[Sena dynasty]] of Bengal<ref name="sinha">B.P. Sinha in George E. Somers, Dynastic History of Magadha, p. 214, Abhinav Publications, 1977, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7017-059-1}}</ref><ref name="bengal">Sen (1999), p282</ref><ref name="chandra">Majumdar, R. C. (1977), Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, p. 320, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-208-0436-8}}</ref>
*The [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] of Orissa (descendants of the Western Ganga Dynasty)

==Culture==
{{Main|Folk arts of Karnataka|Art and culture of Karnataka}}

===Architecture===
{{Main|Temples of Karnataka}}
[[File:Karnataka Hampi IMG 0730.jpg|thumb|Hampi, capital of Vijayanagara Empire|alt=|left]]
[[Architecture]] and [[Sculpture]] has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars of [[Hampi]], which is listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]],<ref name=unesco>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241 |title=Group of Monuments at Hampi/Hampei |publisher=World Heritage |access-date=20 December 2006 }}</ref> the {{lang|kn|ekashila}} ([[Monolithic architecture|monolithic]]) statue of Gommateshvara [[Bahubali]] that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2256323.cms |title=And India's 7 wonders |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date= 5 August 2007}}</ref> the ''[[Chitradurga Fort|Yelu Sutthina Kote]]'' of [[Chitradurga]] (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the inner [[garbhagriha]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The temples of Karnataka had in them many ''shaili'' or varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.

[[File:Gomateswara.jpg|thumb|57-foot monolithic statue of Gommateshvara [[Bahubali]] dated 978–993 AD.|alt=]]
[[File:ಮನೆ ಅಂಗಳ ತುಳಸಿ ಕಟ್ಟೆ.JPG|thumb|Traditional folk house with courtyard and ''[[Tulsi in Hinduism|tulasi katte]]''.|alt=]]
Some of the places of interest are:
* [[Ellora Caves]] houses the Kailasanatha temple of Ellooru was built by the Rashtrakutas Dynasty and is declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]]<ref name="unesco"/>
[[File:Aurangabad,ellora kailash temple.jpg|thumb|[[Kailasa Temple, Ellora]] built by [[Krishna I|Kannara I]]]]
* [[Elephanta Caves]] island was a summer resort of Rashtrakuta kings and is declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name="unesco"/>
* [[Konark Sun Temple]] also called Surya Devalaya and Black Pagoda built in coastline of Odisha, India by Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty is declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name="unesco"/>
* [[Ajanta Caves]] have sculptures of Rashrakutas and Badami Chalukyas and is declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name="unesco"/>
* [[Hampi]] houses the ruins of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and is declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]]<ref name="unesco"/>
* [[Pattadakal]] is a [[vesara]] style of [[Hindu]] temple [[architecture]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071122125907/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2201/stories/20050114000106500.htm The Chalukyan magnificence]}}</ref>
* [[Badami cave temples]], a regal capital of the [[Badami Chalukyas]], now famous for its [[sandstone]] cave temples<ref>
{{cite web|title=Badami Cave Temple|url=http://temples.south-india-tour-package.com/karnataka-temples/badami-cave-temple.html|access-date=2 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201091718/http://temples.south-india-tour-package.com/karnataka-temples/badami-cave-temple.html|archive-date=1 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Aihole]] is known for its many temples<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/20/stories/2007022009000300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015115644/http://hindu.com/2007/02/20/stories/2007022009000300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |title=Aihole Temple relocation |date=20 February 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> and [[Epigraphy|inscriptions]] of [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] [[Pulakeshin II]] in the [[Old Kannada]] script<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/archaeology/inscriptions/inscriptions.htm |title=Message with Long Life: Indian Inscriptions|publisher=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>
* [[Basavakalyan]], a major centre of social and religious movement in the 12th century by [[Basava]], consists of temples in Chalukyan architecture<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080854781000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604100920/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080854781000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2008 |title=Basavakalyan getting facelift |date=8 August 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref>
* [[Itagi]] is home to the [[Shiva]] temple built by [[Vikramāditya]]. Considered to be the best specimen of Kalyani Chalukyan art, it has as many as 68 decorated pillars, an ornate tower and a doorway of great workmanship<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html |title=Kalyani Chalukyan temples |publisher=Templenet |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref>
* [[Lakkundi]]
* [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
* [[Halebeedu]]
* [[Shravanabelagola]]
* [[Saumyakeshava Temple, Nagamangala]]
* [[Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Basaralu]]
* [[Ikkeri]]
* [[Keladi]]
* [[Banavasi]]

Pioneer sculptors include:
* [[Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]
* [[Ruvari Malithamma]]
* [[Chavundaraya]]
* [[Sri Shilpi Siddanthi Siddalinga Swami|Siddalinga Swami]]
* [[K. Venkatappa]]
Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:
* [[Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya]], father of modern Indian engineering, ''Kannambadi Katte'' or KRS dam
* [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], Vidhana Soudha

[[File:Mysore Painting.jpg|thumb|Mysore religious ''icon'' painting depicting Goddess [[Saraswathi]]|alt=]]Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.

These are many of the places where art is displayed.

* [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat]]
* [[Chowdiah Memorial Hall]]
* [[Bangalore Gayana Samaja|Gaayana Samaja]]
* [[Ranga Shankara]]
* [[Nrityagram|Nrithya Grama]]
* [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]]
* [[Gubbi Veeranna#Theatre company|Gubbi Veeranna Rangamandira]]
* [[Janapada Loka]]
* [[Rangayana]]
* [[Ninasam]]
* [[Prabhat Kalavidaru]]

===Music===
{{Main|Musicians of Mysore kingdom|Dasa sahitya|Haridasa|Vachana Sahitya}}

[[Dasa sahitya]] is the literature of [[Bhakti movement]] composed by devotees in honor of [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] or one of his [[avatar]]s. ''Dasa'' is literally "servant" in Kannada and ''sahitya'' is literature. ''Haridasas'' ("servants of God") were preachers of [[Bhakti]] to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.<ref name="autogenerated1">[[Haridasa#Contribution to Kannada Literature|Haridasa Contribution to Kannada Literature]]</ref>

The [[Haridasa]]s richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="Sastri">{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}</ref> They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading the [[Didacticism|didactic]] teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.<ref name="spread">{{cite book |last= Sharma|first= B.N.K|title= History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature |orig-year=1961|year=2000|publisher= Motilal Banarasidass|location= Bombay|isbn= 81-208-1575-0}}</ref> Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, called ''naadopasana.'' The Lord is described as ''Samagana priya,'' and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.<ref>{{cite web|author=OurKarnataka.com(OKC) |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka37.htm |title=History of Karnataka - The Haridasa Movement |publisher=Ourkarnataka.com |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

The Haridasa compositions are popularly known as ''Devaranamas.'' Compositions like ''[[Krishna Ni Begane Baaro|Krishna Nee Begane Baaro]], Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana, [[Tambori|Tamboori]] Meetidava'' are some of the many examples of their scholarly work.

[[File:Veena (close view).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|[[Veena]] is the most commonly used instrument in Carnatic music.]]

Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:
* [[Purandara Dasa]], widely regarded as ''Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha'' or "Father of [[Carnatic music]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2005/02/10/stories/2005021004860300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206014023/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2005/02/10/stories/2005021004860300.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 December 2012 |title=The Hindu Online |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=10 February 2005 |access-date=17 September 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Kanaka Dasa]], a younger contemporary of Purandara Dasa
* [[Sripadaraja]]
* [[Vyasatirtha]]
* [[Vadirajatirtha]]
* [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]]
* [[Jayatirtha]]
* [[Gopala Dasa]]
* [[Vijaya Dasa]]
* [[Naraharitirtha]]

One of the oldest forms of music in the region is [[Carnatic Music|Karnataka Shastreeya Sangeetha]] which has evolved over ages. Both [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas. [[Bhavageete]] and [[Sugama Sangeetha]] are some innovations. Other forms of music include [[Gamaka (music)|Gamaka]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gswift.com/article.pdf |title=Ornamentation in South Indian Music and the Violin By Gordon N. Swift |access-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617221952/http://www.gswift.com/article.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> Joogera Pada and [[Lavani]].<ref name="Thielemann">{{cite book|last=Thielemann|first=Selina|title=The Music of South Asia|year=2000|publisher=A. P. H. Publishing Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7648-057-4|page=521|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqgHAQAAMAAJ&q=Lavani+Maharashtra+Tamil+Nadu}}</ref> [[Yakshagana]] is considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|author=OurKarnataka.com(OKC) |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Mang_This_Week/yakshagana.htm |title=YAKSHAGANA - The music of celestial beings |publisher=Ourkarnataka.com |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

Contemporary musical thespians are:
[[File:Veene Sheshanna.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Veene Sheshanna]] (1852-1926) notable Veena player and composer.]]
* [[Bhimsen Joshi|Pandit Bhimsen Joshi]], recipient of the [[Bharat Ratna]] — [[India|India's]] highest civilian honor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/04ratna.htm|title=Bharat Ratna for Vocalist Pandit Bhimsen Joshi|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=21 February 2009}}</ref>
* [[Gangubai Hangal]], awarded both [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1971 and 2002 respectively<ref name=Padma>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Hangal&award=All|access-date=16 May 2009}}</ref>
* [[C. Aswath]], recipient of [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Prashasti]] for his immense contribution to [[Bhavageete]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://caswath.com/about-work.htm |title=About C. Aswath |publisher=Caswath.com |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723085307/http://www.caswath.com/about-work.htm |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Doraiswamy Iyengar|Veene Doraiswamy Iyengar]]
* [[Puttaraj Gawai]]
* [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]]
* [[P. Kalinga Rao]]
* [[Balappa Hukkeri]]
* [[Mallikarjun Mansur|Mallikarjuna Mansur]]
* [[Basavaraja Rajguru]]
* [[Veene Sheshanna]]
* [[Chowdiah|T. Chowdiah]]
* [[Sawai Gandharva]]
* [[Kumar Gandharva]]
* [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]]
* [[Mysore Manjunath]]

===Theater===
[[File:Jaanapada.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Jaanapada]] artists at government-sponsored ''Jaanapadha Jaatre'']]
Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot of {{transliteration|kn|gadhya}} (literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are called {{transliteration|kn|Naataka}} (plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) and ''[[Bayalata]]'' ({{lang|kn|ಬಯಲಾಟ}}).<ref name=Bayal>{{Cite book|author= Manohar Laxman Varadpande|title=History of Indian theatre, Volume 2 |page=311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&pg=RA2-PA311|publisher= Abhinav Publications|year= 1992|isbn=978-81-7017-278-9}}</ref> As its etymology indicates, ''bayalu'' means open-air field and ''ata'' means theater. In southern Karnataka, the eastern and western varieties of [[Yakshagana]] are termed Bayalata, whereas in the north, several other distinct genres are included under the name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/religion-culture/karnataka-folk.htm |title=Karnataka Folk Theatre - Imitation of the Divine |publisher=Indiaprofile.com |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

[[Harikatha|Harikathe]] which covers an entire night is another form where one (or more) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background.<ref>{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2119614.ece |title=Harikatha sapthaha from today |newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 June 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> It is a common feature to narrate battles, stories, devotions or ''[[vratha]]'' in front of temples on auspicious days like [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] and [[Maha Shivaratri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article450979.ece |title=20,000 devotees to get together for Shivratri |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Today, late-night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.<ref>[http://thatskannada.oneindia.in/nri/article/2006/211006harikathe_auckland.html Auckland Kannadigas enjoyed Harikathe on the occasion of 'Dasara'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929165144/http://thatskannada.oneindia.in/nri/article/2006/211006harikathe_auckland.html |date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>

[[Togalu gombeyaata]], is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads <ref>{{Cite web |title=The puppet theatre tradition of Karnataka |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/puppet-theatre-tradition-karnataka |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Vasanta Habba]]'' (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by the [[Nrityagram|Nrityagram foundation]] in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. It is a very popular event and is considered the classical [[Woodstock]] of India.<ref name="wood">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-29/bangalore/27112291_1_yakshagana-bharat-natyam-neyveli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017232501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-29/bangalore/27112291_1_yakshagana-bharat-natyam-neyveli |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Vasanthahabba from February 2|date=29 January 2002}}</ref> First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.<ref name="arti">{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan172004/metro1.asp|work=Online Edition of The [[Deccan Herald]], dated 2004-01-17|title=A spring in their step|author=Kavita Mandana|publisher=The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd|access-date=12 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514013021/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan172004/metro1.asp|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bengaluruhabba.co.in/2011/about.html |title=About Bengaluru Habba |publisher=Bengaluruhabba.co.in |date=22 January 2012 |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Government of Karnataka]] tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiating [[Jaanapada|Jaanapada Jaatre]] which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends in [[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh]] and other parts of the city.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070512094537/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/10/stories/2007051018040100.htm Jaanapada Jaatre], ''The Hindu''</ref>

Some famous theatrical, [[Kannada cinema|cinematic]] and television personalities like [[T P Kailasam]], [[Gubbi Veeranna]], C. Honappa Bhagavathar, [[G V Iyer]], [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Puttanna Kanagal]], [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]], [[B. S. Ranga]], [[B. V. Karanth|B V Karanth]], [[Girish Kasaravalli]], [[Shankar Nag]], [[T.S. Nagabharana]], [[T N Seetharam]] have contributed for its richness.

===Dance forms===
{{Main|Dances of Karnataka}}
The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited by [[Soliga tribe|Soligas]], of which ''Pinasee'' is a traditional dance form.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110065842/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/15/stories/2006101500010500.htm Soliga welcome planned for Kalam], ''The Hindu''</ref> The people of [[Kodagu]] in the [[Western Ghats]] also have their own dance forms.

Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:
*[[Dollu Kunitha]], a popular [[drum]] dance accompanied by singing
*[[Veeragase]], It is vigorous dance which involves very intense energy-sapping movements performed by jangamas <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-16 |title=VEERAGASE DANCE- KARNATAKA, INDIA |url=https://danceask.net/veeragase-dance-karnataka/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Dance Ask |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Kamsale]], is a folk dance performed by the devotees of lord Male mahadeshwara with rhythmic instrument
*Somana Kunitha / Chamana kunitha, a Form of mask dance, Somana kunitha is ritualistic performance during the festivals in temples, prominently glorifying village deities worshipped by the people since ages <ref>{{Cite web |title=Somana Kunita - Art form of Karnataka - Southtourism |url=https://www.southtourism.in/karnataka/artforms/somana-kunita.php |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.southtourism.in |language=en}}</ref>
*Pooja Kunita, A religious folk dance of Karnataka which is performed by holding Shakti devata on the head<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka - Art Form |url=https://szccindia.org/index.php/karnataka/karnataka-art-form |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=szccindia.org}}</ref>
*Suggi Kunitha, is performed during harvesting festival in Karnataka, Haalakki tribe living in coastal part of north canara perform this dance at the time of holy harvesting festival <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |title=Suggi Kunitha Dance of Karnataka |url=https://www.auchitya.com/suggi-kunitha-dance-of-karnataka/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Goravara Kunitha]] is a treditional dance of kurubas which is dedicated to lord mialara linga
*[[Yakshagana]] is a form of dance which is popular in coastal Karnataka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yakshagana is one of the most popular folk theatre forms of Karnataka. It is noted for its music, colourful costumes, vigorous dance movements, subtle expressions and extempore dialogues. Yakshagana has two main variations, each of which has many variations: Moodalapaya (the eastern form which is popular in north Karnataka) and Paduvalapaya (western style also known as coastal Yakshagana). Of the two, the coastal Yakshagana is more popular for the great sophistication that it has achieved over t - Foto de Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada District - Tripadvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.pt/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g297630-i396097049-Mangalore_Dakshina_Kannada_District_Karnataka.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.tripadvisor.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
*Bhootha (Gana) Aradhane /[[Buta Kola]], This form of dance is widely performed in coastal regions. A dancer personifying a bhoota (holy spirit) dances around the plinth with sword & jingling bells.
*[[Gaarudi Gombe]], where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made of [[bamboo]] sticks
*[[Kolata]], a stick dance
*Huttari, is a form of dance performed by Kodavas during harvest festival
*Moodalapaya, is the eastern form of Yakshagana which is popular in North Karnataka<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yakshagana is one of the most popular folk theatre forms of Karnataka. It is noted for its music, colourful costumes, vigorous dance movements, subtle expressions and extempore dialogues. Yakshagana has two main variations, each of which has many variations: Moodalapaya (the eastern form which is popular in north Karnataka) and Paduvalapaya (western style also known as coastal Yakshagana). Of the two, the coastal Yakshagana is more popular for the great sophistication that it has achieved over t - Foto de Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada District - Tripadvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.pt/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g297630-i396097049-Mangalore_Dakshina_Kannada_District_Karnataka.html |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.tripadvisor.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref name="keralatourism.org">{{Cite web |title=Yakshaganam, Kasaragod, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/yakshaganam.php |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Kerala Tourism - Bekal |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Bayalata]], featuring stories of [[Puranas]] rendered as dance
*[[Bharatanatyam]] is classical dance of Karnataka, too. It is referred to as Bharata Natya in Kannada. The form was mentioned in the Kannada text [[Manasollasa]], written by Someshwara lll.
*Jaggahalige Mela, is performed in hubli-dharwad region on the auspicious occasion of Holi & ugadi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of Kannadiga, kannada and Karnataka: Folk Dances of Karnataka |url=http://storyofkannada.blogspot.com/2008/12/dances-of-karnataka.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Story of Kannadiga, kannada and Karnataka}}</ref>
*[[Karaga (festival)]], is celebrated annually which is dedicated to draupadi, Bengaluru Karaga is a notable event.

===Martial arts===
The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals. [[Wrestling|Kusthi]], [[Malla-yuddha|Malla Yuddha]], Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.

The Mysore [[Odeyar]]s arrange kaalaga or fights like [[Vajra-mushti|Vajra Mushti]] during [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, and Kabaddi are popular sports.<ref name="wrest">Details regarding Dasara Wrestling competition held in [[Mysore]] is provided by {{cite web|author=Shankar Bennur|title=Dasara wrestling to offer 'thunder' bouts|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Sep302005/district1752292005929.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-09-30|publisher=2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd|access-date=4 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514024642/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Sep302005/district1752292005929.asp|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Asana|Yogasana]], Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the best [[Yoga]] practitioners can be found here. [[Art of Living Foundation|Art of Living]] is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.

* [[Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji|Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swami]]
* [[K. Pattabhi Jois]]

===Festivals===
Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity. Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate.
* Agriculture: Upon onset of monsoon, sowing or harvest there are festivals celebrated like [[Ugadi|Chaandramana Ugaadi]] (marking of new year), [[Makara Sankranthi]] and Huttari.
* Monsoon: [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]]/[[Navarathri]], [[Ayudha Puja]], and [[Diwali|Deepavali]].
* Puraana: [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Shivarathri]], [[Mahalakshmi Vrata|Varamahalakshmi Vrata]], Bheemana Amavasye, Swarna Gowri Vratha, [[Ganesha Chaturthi]], Naagara Panchami, Ratha Sapthami, [[Krishna Janmashtami]], Rama Navami, [[Vijaya Dashami]], Vaikunta Ekadashi, Naraka Chaturdashi, [[Bali Padyami]] and others.

In the countryside, a ''dana jaathre'' (livestock fair) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and a ''[[ratha]]'' or ''theru'' (chariots) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha (free food) is arranged for the visitors.

North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionary [[Shishunala Sharif]] and Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions.

[[Christmas]] is celebrated at large in Bengaluru and Mangalooru which host some of the oldest churches and educational institutions of the country. [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Mahaveera]], [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], [[Basava]]nna and [[Gandhi]] are remembered on their birth anniversaries.

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of Karnataka}}
[[File:Dosai Chutney Hotel Saravana Bhavan.jpg|thumb|[[Masala dosa|Masale Dosey]]]]

The cuisine of Karnataka includes many [[vegetarian]] and non-vegetarian dishes. One of the earliest Indian books with chapters on culinary preparations, [[Manasollasa]], was from Karnataka, written during the reign of Kannada emperor Someshwara |||. The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouring [[South Indian]] states, as well as the state of [[Maharashtra]] to its north. Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine.<ref>Culinary Traditions of Medieval Karnataka: The Soopa Shastra of Mangarasa III, p.9-22</ref>

Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadigas homes include [[Bisi Bele Bath]], [[Jolada rotti]], [[Ragi rotti]], [[Akki rotti]], Masale rotti, [[Rasam (dish)|Saaru]], [[Sambar (dish)|Huli]], [[Benne dose]], [[Ragi mudde]], Chitranna, Chapathi, Poori, Avalakki, Puri Usli, [[Puliyogare]] (tamarind rice) and [[Upma|Uppittu]]. [[Dosa (food)]] origin is linked to [[Udupi cuisine]]. A recipe for dosa (as dosaka) can be found in Manasollasa.<ref name="atimes">{{cite web|title=India's new offering to curry Western flavor |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA24Df05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202122118/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA24Df05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=2 February 2004 |author=Raja M - 'The dosa, like most other south Indian culinary exports, is often linked to Udupi, a small temple town in the state of Karnataka'|publisher=Asia Times, 24 June 2004 |access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swNuAAAAMAAJ |title=South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta |date=2004 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-50-9 |language=en}}</ref> Plain and rave [[Idli]], [[Masala Dosa]] or Masale dosey and [[Maddur vada|Maddur Vade]] are very popular in South Karnataka. [[Neer dosa]] is a delicacy from coastal Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-02-02 |title=Asia Times Online - The best news coverage from South Asia |url=http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA24Df05.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202122118/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA24Df05.html |archive-date=2 February 2004 }}</ref> [[Davanagere]] [[Benne dose]] is a notable flavourful dosa. Kadubu, a kind of [[Pundi|rice dumplings]], is a popular and ethnic food in South Malnad regions such as [[Sakaleshpura]], [[Mudigere]], [[Somwarpet|Somwarapete]], etc. and is consumed with {{transliteration|kn|huchellu}} ([[black sesame]]) chutney.

Among sweets, [[Mysore Pak]], [[Dharwad pedha]], Chiroti, Jalebi, and Belagavi Kunda are well known. Hurnagadab, [[Karadantu]] of [[Gokak]] and [[Hunagunda|Amingarh]], [[Obbattu]] (bele hurana holige), Kaayi Kadubu, Kaayi (coconut) Obbattu, Shenga holige, Thambittu (tamta), Karji Kai, Ellu unde, Ginna, Halubai, Rave Unde, Ottu Shavige Kaayi haalu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Rashmi Gopal |date=2021-04-24 |title=How I learnt to make the perfect Ottu Shavige |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/how-i-learnt-to-make-the-perfect-ottu-shavige/article34393025.ece |access-date=2022-12-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> a variety of Payasa (Shavige payasa, kadle bele payasa, Hesaru bele payasa, Sabakki payasa), Sajjige, and [[Kesari bat]] are popular sweets. Indis ([[chutney]]s) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour. Some popular ones include Shenga indi ([[Peanut|groundnut]]), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi, and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnataka {{transliteration|kn|uppinakai}} ([[List of Indian pickles|pickles]]) too are very distinct from the rest, like Mavina {{transliteration|kn|thokku}} (fine mango pickles), {{transliteration|kn|Nimbekai uppinakai}} (lemon pickles), {{transliteration|kn|Tenga Mavina uppinakai}} (entire mango pickle), {{transliteration|kn|gaajri uppinkai}} (carrot pickle), and {{transliteration|kn|menshinikai uppinakai}} (chili pickle).

Some non-vegetarian dishes include: Dhonne biriyani, Bamboo biriyani, Mutton pulao, Mangalore fish curry, fish fry, Mangalore mutton and chicken Sukka, Mandya naati style Baaduta, Ragi mudde - Koli saaru, rice with Mutton sambar, Egg curry, Pork curry, chicken sambar, or gravy, and Boti gojju, among others.

===Clothing===
[[File:Ugadi Celebrations.jpg|thumb|Girls in langa at a school function. The teacher has a sari and the boys are wearing kurta-pyjama]]
The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly include [[Dhoti|panche]] (some tie as Kachche) or [[lungi]] (wrapping style depends on the region), [[Achkan|Angi]] a traditional form of shirt and [[Mysore peta|Peta]] turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style. [[Uttariya|Shalya]] is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in countryside. Many use [[Khadi]] in their clothing until date of which politicians are prominent ones.

Female costumes include [[Sari|Seere]] of which [[Ilkal sari|Ilakal Seere]] and [[Culture of Mysore#Mysore silk saree|Mysore silk]] are famous. Seere has variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu, North and South Karnataka and [[Karavali]]. Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear the [[Langa oni|Langa davani]] after puberty. [[Kasuti]] is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought-after art on dress and costumes.

An Urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females include [[shalwar]] and moderate heeled sandals. Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place.

Karnataka has the only village in the country which produces authentic [[Flag of India|Indian national flags]] according to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] at [[Hubli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khadifederation.com/ |title=Karnataka Khadi Gramodyog Samyukta Sangh (Federation), Hubli |publisher=Khadifederation.com |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

==Literature==
{{Main|Kannada literature|Karnataka literature|Modern Kannada literature}}
Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/195008/living-bard.html |title=The living bard |work=Deccan Herald|date=October 2011}}</ref> the excellence of [[Kannada literature]] continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eight [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith awards]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Prasad |url=http://thatskannada.oneindia.in/news/2011/09/19/jnanapeetha-award-to-chandrashekhar-kambar-aid0038.html |title=ಡಾ. ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ ಕಂಬಾರರಿಗೆ ಜ್ಞಾನಪೀಠ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ |publisher=Thatskannada.oneindia.in |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> and fifty-six [[Sahitya Akademi]] awards.

[[Adikavi Pampa|Pampa]], [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] and [[Sri Ponna|Ponna]] are considered as three jewels of Old Kannada (''Halegannada''). [[Janna]] was another notable poet of this genre.<ref>
Ramanujan, A. K. (1973), ''Speaking of Śiva'' Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 11, {{ISBN|0-14-044270-7}}</ref><ref name="metrical">
R.S. Mugali (2006), ''The Heritage of Karnataka'', pp. 173–175 {{ISBN|1-4067-0232-3}}</ref>

[[Basavanna]], [[Akka Mahadevi]], [[Allama Prabhu]], [[Vidyaranya]], [[Harihara (poet)|Harihara]], [[Raghavanka]], [[Kumara Vyasa]], [[Sarvajna]], [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Kanaka Dasa]], [[Shishunala Shareefa]], [[Raghavendra Swami]] etc. were pioneers of Nadugannada. All these have been involved with social and cultural movements and hence this was the golden era of literature which brought about a renaissance in Kannada literature. This period was amalgamation of literature works which crossed across boundaries under a vast roof encompassed by art and theater fields. The literature works of Kannada in Navodaya is crowned with eight [[Jnanpith]] awards.<ref name="hindujnan">[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2468374.ece Jnanpith for Kambar], TheHindu.com; accessed 16 January 2022.</ref>

Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are:
* [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]]
* Academies operating as its wings include [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]], and [[Urdu]]. A [[Byari]] academy is the latest academy opened in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082552750400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001062657/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082552750400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Government establishes Beary Academy | date=25 August 2007}}</ref>

Noted travellers and linguists who contributed during the pre- and post-imperial eras include Germany's [[Ferdinand Kittel]], England's [[Thomas Hodson]], Persia's [[Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī]] and China's [[Huen-tsang]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==Kannada journalism==
[[File:Bhashyam-Bhashyachar.jpg|thumb|170px|Bhashyam Bhashyachar published "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859.]]''[[Mangaluru Samachara]]'' was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 by [[Germans|German]] [[missionary]] [[Hermann Mögling]].<ref name="herr">Hermann Mögling's contribution to the Kannada literature is mentioned by {{cite web|author=Shrinivas Havanur|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan172004/metro1.asp|title=Herr Kannada|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald 2004-01-18|publisher=1999 The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.|access-date=1 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514013021/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan172004/metro1.asp|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore "''Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini''" in 1859 under the royal patronage of [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]].<ref>Bellary Shamanna Kesavan (1988) - History of Printing and Publishing in India: Volume 2, p.48</ref> Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, [[K. N. Guruswamy]] founded ''The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited'' and began publishing two newspapers, Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp|title=Battleground Bangalore|author=Shuma Raha|work=The Telegraph|date=2006-11-19}}</ref><ref name="vk">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1651347.cms|title=Times Group acquires Vijayanand Printers|work=Online Edition of The Times of India dated 2006-06-15|publisher= Times Internet Limited|access-date=8 June 2007}}</ref> [[D. V. Gundappa]] was notable Kannada journalist, he was awarded third-highest civilian award [[Padma Bhushan Awards (1970–1979)|Padmabhushan]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|title=Padma Bhushan Awardees|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=690|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809021509/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=690|archive-date=9 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

List of a few major newspapers:
* ''[[Prajavani]]''
* ''[[Samyuktha Karnataka]]''
* ''[[Kannadaprabha]]''
* ''[[Udayavani]]''
* ''[[Vijayavani]]''
* ''[[Hosa Digantha]]''
* ''[[Vishwavani News]]''
* ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]''

==Contemporary popular Kannadigas==
===Spiritual leaders===
* [[Shivakumara Swami]], [[Siddaganga Matha]], [[Tumkur]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Balagangadharanatha Swamiji]], [[Sri Adichunchanagiri Maha Samsthana Math]]
* [[Shivamurthy Shivacharya Mahaswamiji]]
* [[Taralabalu Jagadguru Brihanmath, Sirigere]]
* [[Beerendra Keshava Tarakananda Puri]]

===Gandhian philosophers===
* [[Kadidal Manjappa]] former chief minister of Karnataka
* [[H. Narasimhaiah]]
* [[Kollur Mallappa]]
* [[B D Jatti]] - former president and vice president of India
* [[Mailara Mahadevappa]]- only person from Karnataka to accompany Gandhiji in Dandi salt sathyagraha/march
* [[Gudleppa Hallikeri]]

===Modern science and technology===
* [[N. K. Naik]] - Professor Emeritus at IIT Bombay.
* [[Raja Ramanna]] - Indian nuclear scientist and father of the Indian nuclear bomb.
* [[Dr. Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi|Dr. M.C. Modi]] - Ophthalmologist and humanist.
* [[C. N. R. Rao]] - Notable Solid-state scientist and chairman of Science Advisory Council of GOI. Recently awarded with India's highest civilian award [[Bharat Ratna]]
* [[K. N. Shankara]] - Indian space scientist and master in satellite payload technology.
* [[Shakuntala Devi]] - Mathematics.
* [[Vivek Murthy]] American physician serves as the 19th [[Surgeon General]] of the United States.
* [[Narayan Hosmane]] - Biochemistry and Cancer research.
* [[S. K. Shivkumar]] - Scientist, ISRO telemetry ([[ISRO]]), associated with [[Chandrayaan-1]] lunar probe.
* [[Shrinivas Kulkarni]] - Professor of astrophysics and planetary science at [[Caltech]], [[United States|United States of America]].
* [[S. Shankar Sastry]] - Dean of the College of Engineering at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].
* [[L. S. Shashidhara]] - Developmental biologist, geneticist and a professor and chair of Biology at Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER).
* [[M. Visvesvaraya]] - Indian scholar and engineer, who also served as the Diwan of Mysore

===Environmentalists===
Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country<ref name="GDP contribution">{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bsp07.htm |title=GDP contribution |publisher=Kar.nic.in |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314071605/http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bsp07.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and home for industries, has preserved its forests and wildlife. The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protected [[Wildlife of Karnataka]]. The Kannada culture protects and balances Kaadu (forest) and Naadu (state) as can be seen. Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects of [[Soliga tribe|Soliga]], Badaga, [[Jenu Kuruba]], Hakki Pikki, [[Lambani]], [[Siddis of Karnataka|Siddis]] and other inhabitants of forests. See [[Appiko movement|Appiko Chaluvali]].

Noted environmentalists include:
* [[Ullas Karanth]] (tiger research biologists/zoologist)
* [[Tulsi Gowda]]
* [[Saalumarada Thimmakka]]
* [[Suresh Heblikar]]
* [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]] (ornithologist / littérateur)
* [[Snake Shyam]]
* [[Krupakar-Senani]]

===Current cricketers===
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Manish Pandey]]
* [[Mayank Agarwal]]
* [[Abhimanyu Mithun]]
* [[Vinay Kumar]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Sreenath Aravind|Sreenath Arvind]]
* [[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
* [[R Samarth]]
* [[Shreyas Gopal]]

===Retired cricketers===
* [[Anil Kumble]]
*[[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Javagal Srinath]]
* [[Gundappa Vishwanath]]
* [[Vijay Bhardwaj]]
* [[Venkatesh Prasad]]
* [[B.S. Chandrashekhar]]
* [[E. A. S. Prasanna]]
* [[Roger Binny]]
* [[Sunil Joshi]]
* [[Syed Kirmani]]
* [[Sujith Somasunder]]
* [[Dodda Ganesh]]
* [[David Johnson (cricketer, born 1971)|David Johnson]]

==Culture==
===Purana===
The Puranas describe the region as Kishkindha in the age of the Ramayana. There is also literary evidence that the region of Mysore was called "Mahisha Mandala" after the mythological demon Mahishasura. Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to this place. Hanumantha (Hanuman) is said to be born in Kishkindha, Karnataka.

===Punya Koti===
One of the most popular and acknowledged [[Jaanapada]] songs is "Dharani mandala madhyadolage" which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a place called Karnataka.

===Vishwa Maanava===
Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multicultural state – almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot immigration as well due to which [[multi-ethnic]] diaspora can be seen. As the kingdoms provided a safe centres for development of all cultures we can see a huge diversities from region to region. Even the language and dialects varies from place to place. The language has evolved distinctly in both the backyard (folk/basic/prakrutha) and frontyard (refined and related to Samskrutha/Sanskrit) of the culture.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} It can be said that the major works of Sanskrit have originated and continues to evolve here.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} [[Shringeri]], Udupi are some of nerve centres. One of the leading examples include a village near [[Shivamogga]] where people speak only Sanskrit until date. Bengaluru being Kannada majority has almost all language speakers of India, and kannadigaru are said to be tolerant and welcoming people.

[[File:Basava linga.jpg|thumb|Tha ''aikya'' linga of Basavanna – the ab-initio of social spiritual reformation and a known vachanakaara, at [[Kudalasangama]]]]
One of the most acknowledged concept is to be a ''Vishwa Maanava'' or universal being. In Kuvempu's ideology this has a renowned explanation "Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human. It is we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes. It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free." The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self-respect to people by owning them and their culture.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Two colonies for refugees from Tibet are formed, one near [[Mundgod]] and one near [[Kushalanagara]], protecting them from Chinese atrocities. Karnataka has sheltered flood victims of northeastern India like Assam and provided them jobs. One of the easily seen diversity is the surnames which vary from hugely like some may involve names involving a Hindu and Muslim name or having a Hindu Christian name (more found in Mangaluru) or even a Muslim Christian name.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ksdl.karnataka.gov.in/cultivation-of-sandal-wood/ |title=CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD – Karnataka Soaps & Detergents Limited |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717010023/http://ksdl.karnataka.gov.in/cultivation-of-sandal-wood/ |archive-date=17 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Political sphere===
After the Odeyar era who already had established democracy by naming elected representative called Saamantha in southern regions as early as the 19th century, the 1947 partition brought a centre into being under democracy and Karnataka accepted a [[bicameral]] legislature. But this was a functionally a failure as there always has been a tug of war from centre and states to an extent that from the 1990s to 2010 there have always been different political parties operating at centre and state. North Karnataka had other problems of getting independence more from Nizams. So there were two spheres. Lack of will and coordination and constant fights have been hallmark of politics which has prevented a regional party/media from arising in the land. [[Kerala]] being a neighbour where hugely successful communist ideology in bringing up literacy levels has a backing here and a few [[naxalite]] outfits function in Karnataka.

Functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in the [[Kaveri River Water Dispute]] issue. The failure extended to bureaucracy and Karnataka reached the position of being fourth most corrupt state of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/may/29kgovt1.htm |title=Bureaucratic Corruption |work=Rediff.com |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> due to political and bureaucratic lobby. Because of this, Lokayukta (see [[N. Venkatachala]]) was formed but could not get the required powers to deal with the powerful. In the field of press and journalism [[P. Lankesh]] and [[S. Gurumurthy]]<ref>[http://gurumurthy.net/index.php?value=interview ''S Gurumurthy of The New Indian Express''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008084526/http://gurumurthy.net/index.php?value=interview |date=8 October 2007 }}</ref> are some of the noted ones famous for their leftist affiliations.

===Caste and Communities===
Just like other Ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people also form a number of distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are the [[Lingayat]] and the [[Vokkaliga]] from North and South Karnataka respectively,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/in-karnataka-five-communities-with-4-population-will-fall-under-ews-quota/article66111568.ece|title=In Karnataka, five communities with 4% population will fall under EWS quota}}</ref> while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the former [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]] community of [[Kuruba]], Scheduled Tribes like the Boya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka. [[Karnataka Brahmin|Kannada Brahmins]] are divided into several communities.<ref name="Ramaswamy2007">{{cite book|author=Harish Ramaswamy|title=Karnataka Government and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3LjKo8Uo8C&pg=PA397|year=2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-397-7|pages=398–399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mysore|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1988|page=157|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7yQLAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Although historically [[Jainism]] in Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.<ref>Jainism and Karnataka Culture by Shripad Rama Sharma|page 13|2017</ref> In Karnataka, 5 communities — Brahmin, Jain, Aryavaishya, Nagarthas and Modaliars — are outside the existing reservation matrix.

===Horanadu Kannadigaru===
Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka. [[N R Narayana Murthy]], speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference, opined that Kannadigas who move out of the state are respected everywhere.<ref>{{cite news|author=Belgaum, 11 March, DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/145029/nrn-opens-heart-kannadigas.html |title=NRN opens heart to Kannadigas |work=Deccan Herald |date=11 March 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants, some of the successful functional bodies include Singara ([[Singapore]]),<ref>[http://www.singara.org/aboutus.php Singara - Kannada Sangha (Singapore)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210121229/http://www.singara.org/aboutus.php |date=10 February 2009 }}</ref> Dehali Kannadiga ([[New Delhi]]), Mumbai Karnataka Sangha ([[Mumbai]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakasanghamumbai.com/index.html |title=Karnataka Sangha Mumbai |publisher=Karnataka Sangha Mumbai |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> Mallige Kannada Balaga ([[Mauritius]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=115832 |title=Mallige Kannada Balaga: Spreading Fragrance of Karnataka in Mauritius |publisher=Daijiworld.com |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> North America Vishwa Kannada Association (NAVIKA) and [[Association of Kannada Kootas of America]] (AKKA) in the United States have promoted cultural involvement<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-05/bangalore/27109946_1_akka-kannada-cassettes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-05/bangalore/27109946_1_akka-kannada-cassettes |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=AKKA to host world Kannada meet in US from 2 September |date=5 January 2002}}</ref> through events such as Kannadotsava. Significant Kannada minorities are found in the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]] in [[Kolhapur]], [[Solapur]] and [[Sangli]];<ref name="ciil-lisindia.net">{{Cite web|title=LIS India - Regions & Departements France|url=http://www.ciil-lisindia.net/Kannada/Kan_demo.html}}</ref> [[Hosur|Tamil Nadu]] in [[Nilgeri|Nilgiri]], [[Erode]], [[Dharampuri]] and [[Hosur]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kannadigas TN's 3rd biggest group | Bengaluru News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Kannadigas-TNs-3rd-biggest-group/articleshow/2954903.cms}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[Madakasira, Rayadurgam, Anantapura,]] [[Chitoor]] and [[Kurnool]]; [[Goa]]; [[Kerala]] in [[Waynad]];<ref>{{cite web|date=14 March 2010|title=Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-14/india/28117934_1_second-language-speakers-urdu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504030941/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-14/india/28117934_1_second-language-speakers-urdu|archive-date=4 May 2011|access-date=12 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="census-tn-kan">{{cite web|date=15 April 2008|title=Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kannadigas-outnumber-Malayalis-21-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/2952062.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref> and in other Indian states.<ref name="ciil-lisindia.net" /> The Kannadiga diaspora are found all over the world, in countries like the [[United States|USA]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], and in the [[UAE]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nriforumkarnataka.org/ | title=NRI Forum Karnataka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://dallas.navika.org/ |title = Navika}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akkaonline.org/ |title=Home |website=akkaonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://singara.org/ |title = Singara}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://sackannadasangha.org/ |title = ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಂಘ ಸ್ಯಾಕ್ರಮೆಂಟೊ | Kannada Sangha of Sacramento}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kuwaitkannadakoota.org/ |title = KKK Club Membership | Kuwait Kannada Koota}}</ref>

==Unification of Karnataka==
{{Main|Unification of Karnataka|History of Karnataka}}

===[[World war#First and Second World Wars|First and Second World Wars]]===
After occupying Mysore, British offered 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary for WWII volunteers from Karnataka.<ref>https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BsmVIxXCQAAmPBJ.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref> Kannadiga regiments were disbanded after World War II.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=rkarnad|author=Raghu Karnad|number=489086016876064768|date=15 July 2014|title=#Kannadigas in #WW2! Joining up for the swag (8 acres & a Rs 75 salary). A full Lingayat battalion was raised in '41.}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130507/jsp/opinion/story_16864561.jsp | title=There is a Lot in a Name}}</ref> records, as historians still debate about exclusion of revolts from south of Vindhyas against [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210717/historians-pick-vizag-revolt-as-first-war-of-independence.html | title=Historians pick Vizag revolt as first war of Independence| newspaper=Deccan Chronicle| date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

From September 1939 until August 1945, recruitment was done at Regimental Centre at Belagavi for the [[Madras Regiment]], the [[Mahar Regiment]], and the Lingayat regiment.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://lingayatreligion.com/Lingayat_Battalion.htm |title = Lingayat Battalion}}</ref>

===The post-1947 scene===
During the period of [[British Raj|British rule]], state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. Areas that today comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with the [[Kingdom of Mysore|princely state of Mysore]], [[Hyderabad state|Nizam's Hyderabad]], the [[Bombay Presidency]], the [[Madras Presidency]] and the territory of [[Kodagu]] being the most important ones. In effect, nearly two-thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of the [[Wodeyar|Wodeyar kings of Mysore]]. In addition the proposed state had six neighbours — [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]], Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]] — and all had Kannadigas along the borders overlapping these regions.

What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay presidency where [[Marathi language|Marathi]] was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule where [[Urdu]] ruled, while in Mysore Kingdom, Kannada was the official language.

It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called the ''Ekikarana'' or 'Unification' movement.
India gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet on ''Karnataka Ekikarana'' movement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. The ''Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat'' met in [[Kasaragod Town|Kasargod]] and reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas.

The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the [[Fazal Ali Committee]] brought joy to the Kannada speaking population that now was merged under the state of [[Mysore State|Mysore]].

On 1 November 1973, under [[Devaraj Urs]] as chief minister, Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more 'inclusive' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore.

Kannada unification organisations currently active include:
*[[Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha]]
*Karnataka Ekikarana Samithi
*[[Karnataka Rakshana Vedike]]
*[[Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha]]

[[File:GBerunda.JPG|thumb|60px|right|[[Gandaberunda|Karnataka Emblem]]]]
[[File:Flag_of_Karnataka.svg|thumb|left|100px|[[Kannada flag|Karnataka Popular Flag]]]]

==See also==

* [[Kannada film industry]]
* [[Kannada language]]
* [[Kannada literature]]
* [[Kannada poetry]]
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Karnataka literature]]
* [[List of people from Bangalore]]
* [[List of people from Karnataka]]
* [[List of people of North Karnataka]]
* [[North Karnataka]]
* [[Sanganakallu]]
* [[Siribhoovalaya]] - a unique literary work<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pustakshakti.com/pr01.htm |title= Pustak Shakti Press Release 1|website=www.pustakshakti.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065457/http://www.pustakshakti.com/pr01.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, {{ISBN|0-8021-3797-0}}
* Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
* [[Romila Thapar|Dr. Romila Thapar]], The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, {{ISBN|0-14-302989-4}}
* [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar|Altekar, Anant Sadashiv]] (1934), The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, OCLC 3793499
* [[K.A. Nilakanta Sastri]], History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}
* R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988 {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}.
* Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030, Orient Longman, Chennai, {{ISBN|81-250-2912-5}}
* [[George M. Moraes]] (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 {{ISBN|81-206-0595-0}}
* Rice, B.L. [1897] (2001). Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|81-206-0977-8}}.
* Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Chand publications, New Delhi {{ISBN|81-219-0153-7}}
*Cousens, Henry, (1926), The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, OCLC 37526233
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}
{{Refend}}

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Kannadigas

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| style = text-align:center
| pretitle = Part of [[:Category:Tamil|a series]] on
| titlestyle = padding:0 5px; background:#e7e7e7; font-size:150%
| title = [[Tamils]]
| image = [[File:Tamil distribution.png|150px]]
| contentclass = hlist
| listtitlestyle = text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7

| list1title = [[Tamils#History|History]]
| list1 =
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[History of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Sources of ancient Tamil history]]
* [[Sangam period]]
** [[Keezhadi excavation site]]
* [[Tamilakam]]
** [[Agriculture in ancient Tamil country|Agriculture]]
** [[Economy of ancient Tamil country|Economy]]
** [[Education in ancient Tamil country|Education]]
** [[Industry in ancient Tamil country|Industry]]
* [[Chronology of Tamil history]]
* [[Eelam]]
* [[List of Tamil monarchs|Tamil Kingdoms]]
* [[Tamilization]]

| list2title = [[Tamil culture|Culture]]
| list2 =
* [[Tamil language|Language]]
* [[Tamil literature|Literature]]
* [[Tamil books of Law|Philosophy]]
* [[Tamil script|Script]]
* [[Tamil numerals|Numeral system]]
* [[Siddha medicine|Medicine]]
* [[Music of Tamil Nadu|Music]]
* [[Tamil architecture|Architecture]]
* [[Tamil cuisine|Cuisine]]
* [[Tamil calendar|Calendar]]
* [[Tamil cinema|Cinema]]

| list3title = [[Tamils|People]]
| list3 =
* [[States_of_India_by_Tamil_speakers|Indian Tamils]]
* [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]
* [[Malaysian Tamils]]
* [[Singapore Tamils]]

| list4title = [[Tamil diaspora]]
| list4 =
* [[Indian Tamil diaspora]]
* [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]]
* [[Malaysian Tamil diaspora]]
----
[[Tamil Australians]], [[Tamils in France|French Tamils]], [[British Tamils]], [[Tamils in Italy|Tamil Italians]], [[Tamil Indonesians]], [[Tamil Canadians]], [[Tamil Americans]], [[Tamil South Africans]], [[Myanmar Tamils]], [[Tamil Mauritian]]s, [[Tamil Germans]], [[Tamils in Pakistan|Tamil Pakistanis]], [[Tamil Seychellois|Tamil Seychellois]], [[Tamil New Zealander]]s, [[Swiss Tamils]], [[Dutch Tamils]]

| list5title = Religion
| list5 =
* [[Religion in ancient Tamil country]]
* [[Tamil Hindu]]
** [[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu]]
** [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka]]
* [[Tamil Buddhism]]
* [[Tamil Jain]]
* [[Tamil Muslim]]
* [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]

| list6title = Politics
| list6 =
* [[Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Dravidian nationalism]]
* [[Tamil Nationalism]]
* [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]]

| below =
{{portal-inline|Tamil|size=tiny}}
}}<noinclude>
[[Category:Tamil Nadu templates]]
[[Category:India arts and culture templates]]
[[Category:WikiProject Tamil Nadu]]
</noinclude>

Tamilians

2022-12-09T10:04:39Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{Short description|Dravidian ethno-linguistic group}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tamils
| native_name = '''தமிழர்'''
| native_name_lang = ta/TA
| image = Tamil bride and groom performing 'மெட்டி அணிதல்'.jpg
| image_caption = Tamil bride and groom performing the ritual of metti anidal
| population = '''{{Circa|76 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Ethnologue19|tam|Tamil}}</ref>
| region1 = {{Flag|India}}
| pop1 = 69,026,881 (2011)<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011], Censusindia.gov</ref>
| region2 = {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| pop2 = 3,135,770 (2012)<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012 – Table A3: Population by district, ethnic group and sex |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka}}</ref>
| region3 = {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| pop3 = 1,800,000
| ref3 = <ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Ethnologue19|tam|Tamil}}</ref>
| region4 = {{Flag|United States}}
| pop4 = 238,699+
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2017/acs-5yr.html |title="Commuting Times, Median Rents and Language other than English Use" |publisher=Census.gov |date=2017-12-07 |accessdate=2022-08-03}}</ref>
| region5 = {{Flag|Canada}}
| pop5 = 237,890 (2021)
| ref5 = <ref name="canada2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-08-17 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Statistic includes all speakers of the [[Tamil language]], as many [[Immigrant generations|multi-generation]] individuals do not speak the language as a [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]], but instead as a [[Second language|second]] or [[Third language acquisition|third language]].}}
| region6 = {{Flag|Singapore}}
| pop6 = 192,665+ (2015)
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Demographic Characteristics: Table 6 Indian Resident Population by Age Group, Dialect Group and Sex|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/excel/t1-11.xls|work=Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion |publisher=Department of Statistics, Singapore|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908091821/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/excel/t1-11.xls|archive-date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170120210625/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/ghs2015.pdf General Household Survey 2015 - Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore], Web.archive.org</ref>{{refn|group=note|Note: The Singapore Tamil population data excludes Tamils who were unable to speak and those in one-person households
and households comprising only unrelated persons.}}
| region7 = Other
| pop7 = See [[Tamil diaspora]]
| langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[File:Tamil Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist |[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] | [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]] |[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]] |[[File:Star of David.svg|18px]] [[Judaism]] | [[File:Asivakam Symbol.svg|18px]] [[Ajivika]]}}
| related = {{hlist|[[Dravidian people|Dravidians]]}}
}}
{{Tamils}}
The '''Tamil people''', also known as '''Tamilar''' ({{lang-ta|தமிழர்|Tamiḻar|translit-std=ISO}}, {{IPA-ta|t̪amiɻaɾ|pron}} in the singular or {{lang-ta|தமிழர்கள்|Tamiḻarkaḷ|translit-std=ISO|label=none}}, {{IPA-ta|t̪amiɻaɾɣaɭ|}} in the plural), or simply '''Tamils''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|m|ɪ|l|s}}), are a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] who trace their ancestry mainly to [[India]]’s [[South India|southern]] state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and to [[Sri Lanka]]. Tamils who speak the Tamil Language and are born in [[:Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu|Tamil clans]] are considered Tamilians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Llc |first=Books |url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/Social_Groups_of_Tamil_Nadu.html?id=caLibwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Social Groups of Tamil Nadu: Badagas, Kongu Vellalar, Iyer, Boyar, Iyengar, Paravar, Nagarathar, Rajus, Nadar, Balija, Pallar, Kamma, Thondaimandala Mudaliar, Arya Vysyas, Paraiyar, Saurashtra Language, Maravar, Sengunthar, Vadama, Kapu, Kotas, Toda People |date=September 2010 |publisher=General Books LLC |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-157-56781-3 |edition=Revised |location=India |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref> Tamils constitute 5.9% of the population in India (concentrated mainly in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry), 15% in Sri Lanka (excluding [[Sri Lankan Moors]]),{{refn|group=note|Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into three ethnicities by the [[Sri Lankan government]], namely [[Sri Lankan Tamils]], [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Origin Tamils]] and [[Sri Lankan Moors]] who accounted for 11.2%, 4.1% and 9.3% respectively of the country's population in 2011.<ref name=census12>{{cite web|title=A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}}</ref> Indian Origin Tamils were separately classified in the 1911 census onwards, while the [[Sri Lankan government]] lists a substantial Tamil-speaking Muslim population as a distinct ethnicity. However, much of the available genealogical evidence suggests that the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had simply converted to Islam from other faiths.<ref name="vm">{{cite book|last=Mohan|first=Vasundhara|title=Identity Crisis of Sri Lankan Muslims|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi|year=1987|pages=9–14, 27–30, 67–74, 113–18}}</ref><ref name="moor">{{cite web|url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/12049/1/Ramos_umd_0117E_12042.pdf|title=Ross Brann, "The Moors?"|website=Drum.lib.umd.edu|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2070817.stm|title=Analysis: Tamil-Muslim divide|publisher=BBC News World Edition|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> It is also evidenced by the fact that Sri Lankan Moors were not a self-defined group of people and neither did the 'Moor' identity exist before the arrival of Portuguese colonists.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}}} 7% in [[Tamil Malaysians|Malaysia]], 6% in [[Tamil Mauritians|Mauritius]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/Digest/Demographic13.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403103726/http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/Digest/Demographic13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and 5% in [[Indian Singaporeans|Singapore]].

From the 4th century BCE,<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |editor-first=Mohan |editor-last=Lal |page=4283 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1992}}</ref> urbanisation and mercantile activity along the western and eastern coasts of what is today [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] led to the development of four large Tamil empires, the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] and a number of smaller states, all of whom were warring amongst themselves for dominance. The [[Jaffna Kingdom]], inhabited by [[Sri Lankan Tamils]], was once one of the strongest kingdoms of Sri Lanka and controlled much of the north of the island.

Tamils were noted for their [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia|influence on regional trade throughout the Indian Ocean]]. Artefacts marking the presence of [[Roman commerce|Roman traders]] demonstrate that [[Indo-Roman trade relations|direct trade was active between Ancient Rome and Southern India]], and the Pandyas were recorded as having sent at least two embassies directly to the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Augustus]] in Rome. The Pandyas and Cholas were historically active in [[Sri Lanka]]. The Chola dynasty successfully invaded several areas in southeast Asia, including the powerful [[Srivijaya]] and the city-state of [[Kedah]].<ref>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p. 79</ref> Medieval Tamil guilds and trading organizations like the Ayyavole and Manigramam played an important role in Southeast Asian trading networks.<ref>The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400 by Angela Schottenhammer p. 293</ref> [[Pallava]] traders and religious leaders travelled to [[Southeast Asia]] and played an important role in the [[Greater India|cultural Indianisation]] of the region. Scripts brought by Tamil traders to Southeast Asia, like the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and [[Pallava script]]s, induced the development of many Southeast Asian scripts such as [[Khmer script|Khmer]], [[Javanese script|Javanese]], [[Kawi script|Kawi]], [[Baybayin]], and [[Thai script|Thai]].

The [[Tamil language]] is one of the world's longest-surviving [[classical language]]s,<ref name="Circulation and the Historical Geog">{{Citation|last1=Stein|first1=B.|title=Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=7–26|year=1977|doi=10.2307/2053325|jstor=2053325|s2cid=144599197 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Steever|1998|pp=6–9}}</ref> with a history dating back to 300 BCE. Tamil literature is dominated by poetry, especially [[Sangam literature]], which is composed of poems composed between 300 BCE and 300 CE. The most important Tamil author was the poet and philosopher [[Thiruvalluvar]], who wrote the [[Tirukkuṛaḷ]], a group of treatises on ethics, politics, love and morality widely considered the greatest work of Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |editor-first=Mohan |editor-last=Lal |page=4284 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1992}}</ref> Tamil visual art is dominated by [[Dravidian architecture|stylized Temple architecture]] in major centres and the productions of images of deities in stone and bronze. Chola bronzes, especially the [[Nataraja]] sculptures of the [[Chola art|Chola period]], have become notable symbols of [[Hinduism]]. A major part of Tamil performing arts is its classical form of dance, the [[Bharatanatyam]], whereas the popular forms are known as [[Koothu]]. Classical Tamil music is dominated by the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] genre, while [[gaana]] and [[dappan koothu]] are also popular genres. Tamil is an official language in Sri Lanka and Singapore. In 2004, Tamil was the first of six to be designated as a [[Classical languages of India|classical language of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806530100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303153544/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806530100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2018 |title=Front Page : Tamil to be a classical language |date=18 September 2004 |access-date=1 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Although most Tamil people are [[Hindus]] ([[Shaivism]]), many follow a particular way of religious practice that is considered to be the Ancient Tamil religion, venerating a plethora of [[Village deities of South India|village deities]] and [[Religion in ancient Tamil country|Ancient Tamil Gods]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Tamilar Madham - Contents Page|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/library/lA466/html/lA466con.htm|access-date=2021-04-29|website=www.tamilvu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cutler|first=Norman|date=1983|editor-last=Clothey|editor-first=Fred W.|editor2-last=Ramanujan|editor2-first=A. K.|editor3-last=Shulman|editor3-first=David Dean|title=Tamil Religion: Melting Pot or Battleground?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062405|journal=History of Religions|volume=22|issue=4|pages=381–391|doi=10.1086/462931|jstor=1062405|s2cid=162366616|issn=0018-2710}}</ref> A smaller number are [[Tamil Christians|Christians]] and [[Tamil Muslim|Muslims]], and a small [[Tamil Jain|Jain]] community survives from the classical period as well. [[Tamil cuisine]] is informed by varied [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian]] and non-vegetarian items, usually spiced with locally available spices. The [[Ancient Tamil music|music]], the temple architecture, and the stylized sculptures favoured by the Tamil people as in their [[Ancient Tamil country|ancient nation]] are still being learnt and practised. English historian and broadcaster [[Michael Wood (historian)|Michael Wood]] called the Tamils the last surviving classical civilization on Earth, because the Tamils have preserved substantial elements of their past regarding belief, culture, music, and literature despite the influence of [[globalization]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Michael|title=A South Indian Journey: The Smile of Murugan|publisher=Penguin UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sK4hIRAdIJ8C|isbn=978-0-14-193527-0|date=2 August 2007 |pages=x, xiii, xvi}}</ref>

==Etymology==
It is unknown whether the term {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Tamiḻar}} and its equivalents in [[Prakrit]] such as ''Damela'', ''Dameda'', ''Dhamila'', and ''Damila'' was a self designation or a term denoted by outsiders. Epigraphic evidence of an ethnicity termed as such is found in [[History of Sri Lanka#Anuradhapura period (377 BCE–1017)|ancient Sri Lanka]], where a number of inscriptions have come to light dating from the 2nd century BCE mentioning ''Damela'' or ''Dameda'' persons. The well-known [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga ruler]] [[Kharavela]] refers to a ''T(ra)mira samghata'' (Confederacy of Tamil rulers) dated to 150 BCE. It also mentions that the league of Tamil kingdoms had been in existence 113 years before then. In [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]] (located in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]) there is an inscription referring to a ''Dhamila-vaniya'' (Tamil trader) datable to the 3rd century CE.<ref name=KI157/>

In the [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist]] [[Jataka]] story known as ''Akiti Jataka'' there is a mention of a ''Damila-rattha'' (Tamil dynasty). There were trade relationship between the [[Roman Empire]] and [[Pandyan Empire]]. As recorded by the [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic Greek]] historian and geographer [[Strabo]], the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Augustus]] of [[Rome]] received at [[Antioch]] an ambassador from a king called ''Pandyan of Dramira''.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} Hence, it is clear that by at least 300 BCE, the ethnic identity of Tamils was formed as a distinct group.<ref name=KI157>{{cite book |last=Indrapala |first=K. |title=The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka |pages=155–56 |year=2007 |publisher=Vijitha Yapa |isbn=978-955-1266-72-1}}</ref> {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Tamiḻar}} is etymologically related to Tamil, the language spoken by Tamil people. Southworth suggests that the name comes from ''tam-miz'' > ''tam-iz'' - "self-speak", or "our own speech".<ref>{{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin C. |title=On the Origin of the word tamiz |year=1998 |journal=International Journal of Dravidial Linguistics |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=129–32}}</ref> Zvelebil suggests an etymology of ''tam-iz'', with ''tam'' meaning "self" or "one's self", and "-iz" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of ''tamiz'' < ''tam-iz'' < ''*tav-iz'' < ''*tak-iz'', meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)".<ref>{{citation |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil V. |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil |title=Companion Studies to the history of Tamil literature |year=1992 |publisher=E.J. Brill |place=Leiden |pages=x–xvi}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also| History of Tamil Nadu| Sources of ancient Tamil history}}

===In India===
====Pre-historic period====
Possible evidence indicating the earliest presence of Tamil people in modern-day Tamil Nadu are the [[megalith]]ic urn burials, dating from around 1500 BCE and onwards, which have been discovered at various locations in Tamil Nadu, notably in [[Adichanallur]] in [[Thoothukudi District]]<ref>{{Citation|last=John |first=Vino |title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=27 January 2006 |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm |access-date=9 July 2008 |quote=But Indian/south Indian history/archaeology has pushed the date back to 1500 B.C., and in Sri Lanka, there are definitely good radiometric dates coming from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol-bearing black and red ware occur at least around 900 B.C. or 1000 B.C. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202174036/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="kan">Comparative excavations carried out in Adichanallur in Thirunelveli district and in Northern India have provided evidence of a southward migration of the Megalithic culture – K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', pp. 4&>'67</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} which conform to the descriptions of funerals in classical Tamil literature.<ref name="codrington2">{{Citation
| first = K. De B. |last=Codrington
|date=October 1930| title = Indian Cairn- and Urn-Burials
| journal = Man
| volume = 30
| issue = 30
|pages=190–196| doi =10.2307/2790468
| quote = It is necessary to draw attention to certain passages in early Tamil literature which throw a great deal of light upon this strange burial ceremonial ...
| jstor=2790468}}</ref>

Various legends became prevalent after the 10th century CE regarding the antiquity of the Tamil people. According to ''[[Iraiyanar Agapporul]]'', a 10th/11th century annotation on the Sangam literature, the [[Kumari Kandam|Tamil country extended southwards]] beyond the natural boundaries of the Indian peninsula comprising 49 ancient ''nadus'' (divisions). The land was supposed to have been destroyed by a deluge. The [[Tamil Sangams|Sangam]] legends also alluded to the antiquity of the Tamil people by claiming tens of thousands of years of continuous literary activity during three ''Sangams''.<ref name="Sastri 1955 105">{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |page=105 |year=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

====Classical period====
[[File:GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|upright|Grey pottery with engravings, [[Arikamedu]], 1st century CE]]
Ancient Tamils had three monarchical states, headed by kings called "Vendhar" and several tribal chieftainships, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination "Vel" or "Velir".<ref>{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |pages=109–12 |year=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Still lower at the local level there were clan chiefs called "kizhar" or "mannar".<ref>{{cite web |title=Perspectives on Kerala History |work=P.J. Cherian (ed) |url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826094724/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm |archive-date=26 August 2006 |publisher=Kerala Council for Historical Research |access-date=15 November 2006 |quote=There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of settlements ...}}</ref> The Tamil kings and chiefs were always in conflict with each other, mostly over territorial hegemony and property. The royal courts were mostly places of social gathering rather than places of dispensation of authority; they were centres for distribution of resources. Ancient Tamil [[Sangam literature]] and grammatical works, [[Tolkappiyam]]; the ten anthologies, [[Pattuppāṭṭu]]; and the eight anthologies, [[Eṭṭuttokai]] also shed light on ancient Tamil people.<ref name="autogenerated1979">{{cite book |first=Kanchan |last=Sinha |title=Kartikeya in Indian art and literature |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |year=1979}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} The kings and chieftains were patrons of the arts, and a significant volume of literature exists from this period. The literature shows that many of the cultural practices that are considered peculiarly Tamil date back to the classical period.<ref name="ks">{{citation |first=K. |last=Sivathamby |date=December 1974 |title=Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept |journal=Social Scientist |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=20–37 |quote=Those who ruled over small territories were called Kurunilamannar. The area ruled by such a small ruler usually corresponded to a geographical unit. In Purananuru a number of such chieftains are mentioned;.. |doi=10.2307/3516448 |jstor=3516448}}</ref>

Agriculture was important during this period, and there is evidence that networks of [[irrigation]] channels were built as early as the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="ebcauvery">{{citation |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River |title=Grand Anaicut |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=3 May 2006}}</ref> Internal and external trade flourished, and evidence of significant contact with [[Ancient Rome]] exists. Large quantities of [[Roman currency|Roman coins]] and signs of the presence of [[Roman commerce|Roman traders]] have been discovered at [[Karur]] and [[Arikamedu]].<ref name="mgsn">{{citation |first=M. G. S. |last=Narayanan |date=September 1988
|title=The Role of Peasants in the Early History of Tamilakam in South India |journal=Social Scientist |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=17–34 |doi=10.2307/3517170 |jstor=3517170}}</ref> There is evidence that at least two embassies were sent to the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Augustus]] by Pandya kings.<ref name="ebpandya">{{citation |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058245/Pandya-Dynasty |title=Pandya Dynasty |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=3 May 2007}}</ref> [[Sherd|Potsherds]] with Tamil writing have also been found in [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] on the [[Red Sea]], suggesting the presence of Tamil merchants there.<ref>{{citation |title=Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Maritime Spice Route Between India, Egypt |last=Veluppillai |first=A. }}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} An anonymous 1st century traveller's account written in Greek, ''[[Periplus Maris Erytraei]]'', describes the ports of the Pandya and Chera kingdoms in ''[[Damirica]]'' and their commercial activity in great detail. ''Periplus'' also indicates that the chief exports of the ancient Tamils were [[black pepper|pepper]], [[malabathrum]], [[pearl]]s, [[ivory]], silk, [[spikenard]], [[diamonds]], [[sapphire]]s, and [[tortoiseshell material|tortoiseshell]].<ref name="periplus">The term ''Periplus'' refers to the region of the eastern seaboard of [[South India]] as ''Damirica '' – {{citation |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century |work=Ancient History source book}}</ref>

The classical period ended around the 4th century CE with invasions by the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra]], referred to as the ''kalappirar'' in Tamil literature and inscriptions.<ref name="igj">{{Citation|author= Indian Geographical Society|title= The Indian Geographical Journal|year=1941|page = 69|quote = These Kalabhras were thrown out by the powerful Pallava dynasty in the fourth century AD ... this period is aptly known as "Dark Ages" of Tamil Nadu.}}</ref><ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India''</ref> These invaders are described as 'evil kings' and 'barbarians' coming from lands to the north of the Tamil country, but modern historians think they could have been hill tribes who lived north of Tamil country.<ref>{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |page=130 |year=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Kalabhraas were denounced as 'evil kings' (''kaliararar'')}}</ref> This period, commonly referred to as the Dark Age of the Tamil country, ended with the rise of the [[Pallava]] dynasty.<ref name="Sastri 1955">{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |pages= |year=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}}<ref name="marilyn">{{Citation
|first=Marilyn |last=Hirsh
|year=1987
|title=Mahendravarman I Pallava: Artist and Patron of Mamallapuram
|journal=Artibus Asiae
|volume=48
|issue=1/2
|pages=109–130
|doi=10.2307/3249854 |jstor=3249854}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Souttoukeny, sarcofago da una sepoltura megalitica, II sec. ac..JPG|Megalithic sarcophagus burial from Tamil Nadu
File:ಬಂಗಾರದ ವಾದವೇ, ಫುನೆರರಿ ಚೇಂಬರ್, ೨ ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನ, ತಮಿಳ್ ನಡು. (Tamil Nadu).jpg| Virampatnam jewelry from funerary burial, 2nd century BCE, Tamil Nadu
Image:SouttoukenyJewelry2ndCenturyBCE.jpg| Souttoukeny jewelry, 2nd century BCE, Tamil Nadu
File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg| Map of ancient oceanic trade, and ports of [[Tamilakam]]
File:South India in Sangam Period.jpg|Tamiḻakam during [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] Period
</gallery>

====Economy, trade and maritime====
{{main|Economy of ancient Tamil country}}

The Tamil country is strategically located in the [[Indian Ocean]] and had access to a [[sea trade route]].

====Imperial and post-imperial periods====
[[File:Varaha Cave Bas relief.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Varaha cave [[bas relief]] at [[Mahabalipuram]] from 7th century CE]]

The names of the three dynasties, Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras, are mentioned in Tamil [[Sangam literature]] and grammatical works like [[Tolkappiyar]] refers to them as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=வாண்புகழ் மூவர்|trans=Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar}}).<ref>{{cite book |last=A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ |title=Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature |year=2000 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |page=17}}</ref> Later, they are mentioned in the [[Mauryan Empire]]'s [[Pillars of Ashoka]] (inscribed 273–232 BCE) inscriptions, among the kingdoms, which though not subject to [[Ashoka]], were on friendly and allied terms with him.<ref>'Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the [[Velirs|Satyaputras]], the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni ...' —{{cite web |title=Ashoka's second minor rock edict |url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |publisher=Colorado State University |access-date=15 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028175927/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |archive-date=28 October 2013 }}</ref> The king of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], Kharavela, who ruled around 150 BCE, is mentioned in the Hathigumpha inscription of the confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms that had existed for over 100 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hathigumpha Inscription |work=Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–1930). Delhi, 1933, pp. 86–89 |url=http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm |publisher=Missouri Southern State University |access-date=15 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, and Pallavas were followers of Hinduism, though for a short while some of them seem to have embraced [[Tamil Jain|Jainism]] and later converted to Hinduism.<ref name="Sastri 1955"/>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, the Tamil kingdoms were allied with the [[Satavahana Dynasty]].

[[File:Thiruvannamalai, Arunachalesvara Temple, India.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Tiruvannamalai]] city and [[Arunachalesvara Temple|Annamalaiyar temple]], Tamil architecture and culture influenced much of [[Southeast Asia]] between the 8th to 13th century CE.]]

These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant [[Tamil literature|literature in Tamil]]. The classical Tamil literature, referred to as Sangam literature, is attributed to the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE.<ref>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', p. 12</ref><ref name="Sastri 1955 105"/> The poems of Sangam literature, which deal with emotional and material topics, were categorised and collected into various anthologies during the medieval period. These Sangam poems paint the picture of a fertile land and of a people who were organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to the established order ("[[dharma]]"). Although the Pallava records can be traced from the 2nd century CE, they did not rise to prominence as an imperial dynasty until the 6th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} They transformed the institution of the kingship into an imperial one, and sought to bring vast amounts of territory under their direct rule. The [[Bhakti movement]] in Hinduism was founded at this time, and rose along with the growing influence of Jainism and Buddhism.<ref name="med_india">{{Citation|last = Chandra|first= Satish|title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526) – I|year=1997|publisher= Har-Anand Publications|page = 250|isbn = 978-81-241-1064-5|quote =... Starting from the Tamil lands under the Pallava kings, bhakti spread to different parts of south India ...}}</ref> The Pallavas pioneered the building of large, ornate temples in stone which formed the basis of the Dravidian temple architecture. They came into conflict with the [[Kannada]] [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]]. During this period, the great Badami Chalukya King [[Pulakeshin II]] extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and defeated the Pallavas in several battles.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P. N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T. K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N.|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 978-81-219-0153-6}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} Pallava [[Narasimhavarma I|Narasimhavarman]] however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily.<ref name="fell">{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |page=136 |year=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> However a later Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya II]] took revenge by repeated invasions of the territory of [[Tondaimandalam]] and his subsequent victories over Pallava [[Nandivarman II]] and the annexation of Kanchipuram.<ref name="overran">{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |page=140 |year=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The Pallava dynasty was overthrown in the 9th century by the imperial Kannada [[Rashtrakutas]] who ruled from Gulbarga. [[Krishna III]], the last great Rashtrakuta king, consolidated the empire so that it stretched from the Narmada River to the Kaveri River and included the northern Tamil country (Tondaimandalam) while levying tribute on the king of Ceylon.<ref name="krishna">{{cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |page=162 |year=1955 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

[[File:Rajendra map new.svg|left|thumb|The Tamil [[Chola Empire]] at its height, 1030 CE]]

Under [[Rajaraja Chola]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]], the Cholas became dominant in the 10th century and established an empire covering most of South India and Sri Lanka.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} The empire had strong trading links with the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]] and southeast Asia.<ref name="rajendra1">{{Citation|last = Srivastava|first= Balram|title= Rajendra Chola|year=1973|publisher= National Book Trust, India|page = 80|quote = The mission which Rajendra sent to China was essentially a trade mission, ...}}</ref><ref name="cct">{{Citation|last = Curtin|first= Philip D.|title= Cross-Cultural Trade in World History|year=1984|publisher= Cambridge University Press|page = 101|isbn = 978-0-521-26931-5}}</ref> The Cholas defeated the [[Eastern Chalukya]] and expanded their empire to the [[Ganges]]. They conquered the coastal areas around the [[Bay of Bengal]] and turned it into a Chola lake. Rajendra Chola improved his father's fleet and created the first notable marine of the Indian subcontinent. The [[Chola navy]] [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|conquered]] the dominant Southeast Asian power, the [[Srivijaya|Srivijaya Empire]], and secured the sea trade route to China.<ref name="his_of_india" /> Cholas exacted tribute from [[Thailand]] and the [[Khmer Empire]]. The latter half of the 11th century saw the union of Chola and Vengi kingdoms under [[Kulottunga I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India|publisher=CUP Archive|page=191}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} The Chola emperor decisively repulsed an invasion by the Western Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI, who had tried to interfere in Chola politics by installing his puppet, and their defeat of him led to their annexation of Gangavadi and Konkan regions. Vikramaditya VI was confined to his own dominions north of the Tungabhadra.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|first=Sailendra Nath |last=Sen|publisher=New Age International |year=1999|page=485}}</ref> The Chola empire remained formidable during the reign of Kulottunga and maintained its influence over the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia like the Sri Vijaya empire.<ref>Singapore in Global History by Derek Thiam Soon Heng, Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied p.40</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia|editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |year=2009 |pages=11–12}}</ref> According to historian [[Nilakanta Sastri]], Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundation for the well being of the empire for the next 150 years.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. A. N. Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=The Cōḷas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eg9uAAAAMAAJ |year=1955 |publisher=University of Madras|page=301}}</ref>

The eventual decline of Chola power in South India began towards the end of Kulottunga III's reign. It was accentuated by the resurgence of Pandyas under [[Maravarman Sundara Pandya]] (1216-1238 CE)<ref name="his_of_india">{{Citation|last = Smith|first= Vincent Arthur|title= The Early History of India|year=1904|publisher= The Clarendon press|pages = 336–58|isbn = 978-81-7156-618-1}}</ref> The waning Chola fortunes resulted in a three-way fight for the Tamil regions between the Pandyas, the Hoysalas and the Kakatiyas. Even the Kadava chief, Kopperunjinga, rebelled against his Chola overlord, Rajaraja III, and asserted his independence.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} The Hoysalas played a divisive role in the politics of the Tamil country during this period. They thoroughly exploited the lack of unity among the Tamil kingdoms and alternately supported one Tamil kingdom against the other thereby preventing both the Cholas and Pandyas from rising to their full potential. During the period of Rajaraja III, the Hoysalas sided with the Cholas and defeated the Kadava chieftain Kopperunjinga and the Pandyas and established a presence in the Tamil country. Rajendra Chola III who succeeded Rajaraja III was a much better ruler who took bold steps to revive the Chola fortunes. He led successful expeditions to the north as attested by his epigraphs found as far as Cuddappah.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Land, Peasantry, and Peasant Life in India New Direction, Renewed Debate|editor=S. Jeyaseela Stephen|publisher=Manak Publications|page=87|year=2008}}</ref> He also defeated two Pandya princes one of whom was Maravarman Sundara Pandya II and briefly made the Pandyas submit to the Chola overlordship. The Hoysalas, under Vira Someswara, were quick to intervene and this time they sided with the Pandyas and repulsed the Cholas in order to counter the latter's revival.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International, 1999|page=487}}</ref>

Tamil history turned a new leaf with the advent of the warrior prince, [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]]. In the ensuing wars for supremacy, he emerged as the single most victorious ruler and the Pandya kingdom reached its zenith in the 13th century during his reign. Jatavarman Sundara Pandya first put an end to Hoysala interference by expelling them from the Kaveri delta and subsequently killed their king Vira Someswara in 1262 AD near Srirangam. He then defeated Kopperunjinga, the Kadava chieftain, and turned him into a vassal. The Pandya then turned his attention to the north and annexed Kanchi by killing the Telugu chief Vijaya Gandagopala. He then marched up to Nellore and celebrated his victories there by doing the ''virabisheka''(anointment of heroes) after defeating the Kakatiya ruler, Ganapati. Meanwhile, his lieutenant Vira Pandya defeated the king of Lanka and obtained the submission of the island nation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International, 1999|page=459}}</ref> In the 14th century, the Pandyan empire was engulfed in a civil war and also had to face repeated invasions by the Delhi Sultanate. In 1335, [[Madurai]], the Pandyan capital, was conquered by [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]] and a short-lived [[Madurai Sultanate]] was established, but was captured in 1378 by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

Throughout the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Empire was the dominant power of South India.In the early 16th century (about 1520 CE), Virasekhara Chola, king of Tanjore rose out of obscurity and plundered the dominions of the then Pandya prince in south. The Pandya who was under the protection of the Vijayanagara appealed to the emperor and the Raya accordingly directed his agent (''Karyakartta'') Nagama Nayaka who was stationed in the south to put down the Chola. Nagama Nayaka then defeated the Chola but to everyone's surprise the once loyal officer of Krishnadeva Raya defied the emperor for some reason and decided to keep Madurai for himself.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge History of India Vijayanagara Volume 1|author=Burton Stein|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=57|year=1990}}</ref> Krishnadeva Raya is then said to have dispatched Nagama's son, Viswanatha who defeated his father and restored Madurai to Vijayanagara.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mediaeval Kerala|author=P. K. S. Raja|publisher=Navakerala Co-op Publishing House|page=47|year=1966}}</ref> The fate of Virasekhara Chola, the last of the line of Cholas is not known. It is speculated that he either fell in battle or was put to death along with his heirs during his encounter with Vijayanagara.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Brihadisvara, the Great Temple of Thanjavur|author=Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri|publisher=Nile Books|page=24|year=1998}}</ref> Later when the Vijayanagara empire crumbled and fell after the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 CE, the Nayaks who had once been viceroys asserted their independence and ruled independently from Madurai and Thanjavur.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|author=Heather Elgood|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=162|year=2000}}</ref>

The area west of the Western Ghats became increasingly politically distinct from the Eastern parts ruled by Chola and Pandya Dynasties<ref>{{Citation |last=Freeman |first=Rich |date=February 1998 |title=Rubies and Coral: The Lapidary Crafting of Language in Kerala |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=38–65 |doi=10.2307/2659023 |jstor=2659023|s2cid=162294036 }} at pp. 41–43.</ref> Kerala was until 9th century, culturally and linguistically part of [[Tamilakam]], with the local Koduntamil evolving to [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social and cultural history of Tamilnad|last=Subrahmanian|first=N.|date=1993|publisher=Ennes|page=209|language=en}}</ref> This socio-culturally transformation was altered through [[Sanskrit]]-speaking [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] migration from Northern India in the 8th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|pages=299–300|language=en}}</ref>

===In Sri Lanka===
{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}
{{Main|Sri Lankan Tamils}}
[[File:Megalithic burial jar.jpg|thumb|right|Megalithic burial urns or jar found in Pomparippu, North Western, Sri Lanka dated to at least five to two centuries before the [[Common Era]]. These are similar to Megalithic burial jars found in [[South India]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] during a similar time frame.<ref name=desilva129>{{harvnb|de Silva|2005|p= 129}}</ref>]]

There is little scholarly consensus over the presence of Tamil people in Sri Lanka.<ref>Natarajan, V., ''History of Ceylon Tamils'', p. 9</ref> One theory is that cultural diffusion well before Sinhalese arrival in Sri Lanka led to Tamil replacing a previous language of an indigenous [[Mesolithic]] population that became the Sri Lankan Tamils.<ref>Indrapala, K. ''The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka'', pp. 53–54</ref>

According to their tradition, Sri Lankan Tamils are lineal descendants of the aboriginal [[Naga people of Sri Lanka|Naga]] and [[Yaksha]] people of Sri Lanka. The "Nakar" used the cobra totem known as "Nakam" in the Tamil language, which is still part of the Hindu [[Tamil language|Tamil]] tradition in Sri Lanka today as a subordinate deity.<ref>{{Citation|author=South Asia Association|journal=[[South Asia Bulletin]]|title=Volumes 7–8|year=1987|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W9kuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22According+to+tradition%2C+the+Tamils+of+India+and+Sri+Lanka+are+the+lineal+descendants+of+the+Naga+and+Yaksha+people.+The+aboriginal+Nagas%2C+called+Nakar+in+Tamil+had+the+cobra+%28Nakam+in+Tamil%29+as+their+totem.%22}}</ref>

====Pre-historic period====
Settlements of people culturally similar to those of present-day Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu in modern India were excavated at megalithic burial sites at [[Pomparippu]] on the west coast and in [[Kathiraveli]] on the east coast of the island, with villages established between the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE.<ref>{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|p= 129}}</ref><ref>Indrapala, K. ''The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka'', p. 91</ref> Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archeologists to the 10th century BCE. However, Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to the 15th century BCE, and in Sri Lanka, there is radiometric evidence from [[Anuradhapura]] that the non-[[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] symbol-bearing [[earthenware|black and red ware]] occurs at least around the 9th or 10th century BCE.<ref>{{Citation|last= Subramanian |first= T.S. |title= Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne |work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date= 27 January 2006 |url= http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm |access-date= 9 July 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080612085446/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm |archive-date= 12 June 2008 }}</ref>

====Historic period====
Early South Indian type [[Black and red ware culture|black and red ware]] potsherds found in Sri Lanka, indicate that both region were bound by similar culture and identity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy|last=Tambiah|first=Stanley Jeyaraja|date=1986|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781850430261|page=90|language=en}}</ref> The many Brahmic inscriptions found in Sri Lanka, with Tamil clan names such as ''Parumakal'', ''Ay'', ''Vel'', ''Uti'' (''Utiyan''), ''Tissa'' (''Ticaiyan''), ''Cuda''/''Cula''/''Cola, Naka'' etc., point out to early close affinity between Sri Lanka and South India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey|last=Ragupathy|first=Ponnampalam|date=1987|publisher=University of Jaffna|page=223|language=en}}</ref> Potsherds with [[Tamil Brahmi|early Tamil writing]] from the 2nd century BCE have been found in excavations in north of the Sri Lanka in [[Poonakari|Poonagari]], bearing several inscriptions including a clan name – ''vela'', a name related to ''[[Velirs|velir]]'' from [[ancient Tamil country]].<ref name=ETEHar>Mahadeva, I. ''Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D.'', p. 48</ref> Tamil Brahmi inscribed potsherds have also been [[Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscriptions|excavated in the south of the island in Tissamaharama]]. There is [[epigraphic]] evidence of people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the [[Prakrit]] word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of [[Rajarata]], and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE.<ref>Indrapala, K., ''The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka'', p. 157</ref> Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE.<ref name="desilva">{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|pp= 30–32}}</ref><ref name="mendis">Mendis, G.C. ''Ceylon Today and Yesterday'', pp. 24–25</ref> In ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', a historical poem, ethnic Tamil adventurers such as [[Elara (King)|Elara]] invaded the island around 145 BCE.<ref>Nadarajan, V., ''History of Ceylon Tamils'', p. 40</ref> Tamil soldiers from what is now South India were brought to Anuradhapura between the 7th and 11th centuries CE in such large numbers that local chiefs and kings trying to establish legitimacy came to rely on them.<ref name=GSpencer/> By the 8th century CE there were Tamil villages collectively known as ''Demel-kaballa'' (Tamil allotment), ''Demelat-valademin'' (Tamil villages), and ''Demel-gam-bim'' (Tamil villages and lands).<ref>Indrapala, K ''The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sr Lanka'', pp. 214–15</ref>

====Medieval period====

In the 9th and 10th centuries CE, Pandya and Chola incursions into Sri Lanka culminated in the Chola annexation of the island, which lasted until the latter half of the 11th century CE, after which Chola influence declined in Sri Lanka.<ref name=GSpencer>{{Citation | last = Spencer | first = George W | title = The politics of plunder: The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 405–419 | doi= 10.2307/2053272| jstor = 2053272 | year = 1976 | s2cid = 154741845 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|pp= 46, 48, 75}}</ref> The Chola decline in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the [[Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa monarchy]] in the late 11th century CE.<ref>{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|p= 76}}</ref> In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant [[Aryacakravarti dynasty|Aryacakaravarthi]] dynasty established the [[Jaffna Kingdom]]<ref>{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|pp= 100–02}}</ref> on the [[Jaffna]] peninsula and in parts of northern Sri Lanka. The Aryacakaravarthi expansion into the south was halted by Akalesvara [[Alagakkonara]], the descendant of a powerful feudal family from [[Kanchipuram]] that migrated to Sri Lanka around the 13th century and converted to Buddhism.<ref>{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|pp= 102–04}}</ref> Akalesvara was the chief minister of the Sinhalese king Parakramabahu V (1344–59 CE) and soon became the real power behind the throne. Vira Alakeshwara, a descendant of Alagakkonara, later became king of the Sinhalese,<ref>{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|p= 104}}</ref> but the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] admiral [[Zheng He]] overthrew him in 1409 and took him as a captive to China, after which his family declined in influence. The Aryachakaravarthi dynasty continued to rule over large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until the Portuguese [[Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom|conquest]] of the Jaffna Kingdom in 1619. The coastal areas of the island were taken over by the Dutch and then became part of the [[British Empire]] in 1796. The English sailor [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]] described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication ''[[An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon]]'', annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681.<ref>{{Citation | last = Knox | first = Robert | title = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon | page= 166|url= http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:eebo&rft_id=xri:eebo:image:58692:2 |publisher = Robert Chiswell |year= 1681| location = London | id= 2596825 | isbn = 978-1-4069-1141-1 }}</ref> Upon the arrival of European powers from the 17th century, the Tamils' separate nation was described{{by whom|date=October 2018}} in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island.<ref>Upon arrival in June 1799, Sir Hugh Cleghorn, the island's first British colonial secretary, wrote to the British government of the traits and antiquity of the Tamil nation on the island in the ''Cleghorn Minute:''
"Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the [[Malabars]] [another name for Tamils] who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners." McConnell, D., 2008; Ponnambalam, S. 1983</ref>

The [[Caste system in Sri Lanka|caste structure]] of the majority Sinhalese has also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India since the 13th century CE. This led to the emergence of three new Sinhalese caste groups: The "[[Radala]]" the ''[[Salagama]]'', the ''[[Durava]]'' and the ''[[Karava]]''.<ref name=silva121/><ref>Spencer, ''Sri Lankan history and roots of conflict'', p. 23</ref><ref>Indrapala, K., ''The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka'', p. 275</ref> The Hindu migration and assimilation continued until the 18th century.<ref name=silva121>{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|p= 121}}</ref>

====Modern period====
[[File:MylaiTamizhSangam.jpg|thumb|[[Ma. Po. Si.|Ma. Po. Si]] and [[Rajaji]] in center, convention of the Mylai [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Sangam, early 1900s]] British colonists consolidated the Tamil territory in southern India into the [[Madras Presidency]], which was integrated into [[British Raj|British India]]. Similarly, the Tamil speaking parts of Sri Lanka joined with the other regions of the island in 1802 to form the Ceylon colony. Ceylon remained in political union with India until India's independence in 1947; it gained independence the following year, as Sri Lanka, with both Sinhalese and Tamil populations.

===== The post-independence period and the Civil War =====
{{See also|Sri Lankan Civil War}}
[[Tamil Eelam]] is a proposed independent state that [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] and the [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]] aspire to establish in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|north]] and [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|east]] of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=Stokke2006>{{cite journal |last=Stokke |first=K. |year=2006 |title=Building the Tamil Eelam State: emerging state institutions and forms of governance in LTTE-controlled areas in Sri Lanka |journal=[[Third World Quarterly]] |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1021–40 |doi=10.1080/01436590600850434 |citeseerx=10.1.1.466.5940|s2cid=45544298 }}</ref><ref name=McConnell2008>{{cite journal |last=McConnell |first=D. |year=2008 |title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination |journal=[[Cambridge Review of International Affairs]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=59–76 |doi=10.1080/09557570701828592|s2cid=154770852 }}</ref> Irrespective of the ethnic differences, the British imposed a unitary state structure in [[British Ceylon]] for better administration.<ref>Donald L. Horowitz, ''Ethnic Groups in Conflict''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} During the British colonial rule, many Tamils held higher positions than the Sinhalese in the government, because they were favoured by the British for their qualification in English education. In the Sri Lankan highlands the lands of the Sinhalese were seized by the British and [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]] were settled there as plantation workers.<ref>Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background (2002), Walter Nubin, p. 87</ref> After the British colonial rule in Sri Lanka ended, ethnic tension between the Sinhalese and the Sri Lankan Tamils rose. The Sinhalese, constituting a majority of the country, resented the minority Tamils having huge power in the island. In 1948 about 700,000 Indian Tamil tea plantation workers from Sri Lanka were made stateless and deported to India. In 1956 the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka passed the [[Sinhala Only Act]], an act where Sinhala replaced English as the only official language of Sri Lanka. Due to this, many Tamils were forced to resign as civil servants/public servants because they were not fluent in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy |last=Tambiah |first=Stanley |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-226-78952-1 }}</ref> The Sri Lankan Tamils saw the act as linguistic, cultural and economic discrimination against them.

After anti-Tamil [[pogrom]]s in [[1956 Ceylonese riots|1956]], [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom|1958]] and [[1977 anti-Tamil pogrom|1977]] and a brutal crackdown against Tamils protesting against these acts, guerrilla groups like the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (Tamil Tigers) were established{{by whom|date=October 2018}}. They aimed to set up an independent Tamil state, Tamil Eelam, for majority-Tamil regions in Sri Lanka. The [[burning of Jaffna library]] in 1981 and [[Black July]] in 1983 finally led to over 25 years of war between the [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan army]] and the Tamil Tigers, in which both sides committed numerous atrocities. This [[Sri Lankan civil war]] led to death of over 100,000 people, according to the [[UN|United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-war-un/1689524 |title=Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |access-date=1 March 2016|date=20 May 2009 }}</ref> The Sri Lankan government and Tamil Tigers allegedly committed [[war crimes]] against the civilian Sri Lankan Tamil people during the final months of the [[Eelam War IV]] phase in 2009, when the leader of the Tigers, Prabhakaran, was killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/05/20/sri-lanka-new-evidence-wartime-abuses |title=Sri Lanka: New Evidence of Wartime Abuses |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=9 March 2016|date=20 May 2010 }}</ref> The war led to the flight of over 800,000 Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, many going to the UK and India.

==Geographic distribution==
===India===
[[File:Group of Tamil girls.jpg|170px|thumb|Tamil girls dressed in traditional attire, ca. 1870, Tamil Nadu, India.]]
Most Tamils in India live in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Tamils are the majority in the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], a former French colony. Puducherry is a [[Enclave#Subnational enclave|subnational enclave]] situated within Tamil Nadu. Tamils account for at least one-sixth of the population in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

There are significant Tamil communities in other parts of India. Most of these have emerged fairly recently, dating to the colonial and post-colonial periods, but some date back to the medieval period.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} Significant populations reside in [[Karnataka]] (3 million), [[Maharashtra]] (0.4 million), [[Andhra Pradesh]] (1.2 million), [[Kerala]] (0.6 million), [[Gujarat]] (0.1 million) and the [[National Capital Region]] (0.1 million).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm |title=Almost 5 million Tamils live outside Tamil Nadu, inside India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{See also|Sri Lankan Tamils|Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Moors}}
[[File:Tamil distribution.png|thumb|170px|Distribution of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1981)]]
There are two groups of Tamils in Sri Lanka: the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] and the [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]]. The Sri Lankan Tamils (or Ceylon Tamils) are descendants of the Tamils of the old [[Jaffna Kingdom]] and east coast chieftaincies called [[Vannimai]]s. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of bonded laborers who migrated from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations.<ref>{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|pp= 177, 181}}</ref> There also exists a [[Tamil Muslim|significant Muslim population]] in Sri Lanka who are speakers of the Tamil language. Due to independent lineage, they are listed<ref name="vm"/><ref name="bbcnews"/> as [[Sri Lankan Moor|Moors]] by the [[Sri Lankan government]].{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|pp=3–5, 9}}<ref name=population/>

Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and in the capital [[Colombo]], whereas most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands.<ref name=population>{{citation |title=Population by Ethnicity according to District |author=Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p8%20Ethnicity.pdf |publisher=statistics.gov.lk |access-date=3 May 2007}}</ref> Historically both groups have seen themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s.<ref>{{citation |author=V. Suryanarayan |title=In search of a new identity |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |year=2001 |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm |access-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529221016/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm |archive-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> 

Under the terms of an agreement reached between the Sri Lankan and Indian governments in the 1960s, about 40 percent of the Indian Tamils were granted Sri Lankan citizenship, and many of the remainder were [[repatriate]]d to India. By the 1990s, most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship.<ref name="de Silva, C.R. Sri Lanka-A History, p. 262">{{harvnb|de Silva|1997|p= 262}}</ref>

===Tamil diaspora===
{{Main|Tamil diaspora|Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora}}
{{See also|Tamil Malaysians|Tamil South Africans|Tamil Canadians|Tamil British|Tamil Americans|Tamil Indonesian|Myanmar Tamils|Tamils in Réunion|Malbars}}
[[File:Tamil Sari.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Tamil woman in traditional attire, c. 1880, Sri Lanka.]]
[[File:Batu caves.jpg|190px|thumb|upright|left|[[Batu Caves]] temple built by Tamil Malaysians in {{circa}} 1880s]]
Significant Tamil emigration began in the 18th century, when the British colonial government sent many middle-class and poor Tamils as [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers to far-off parts of the Empire]], especially [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Burma]], [[South Africa]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], and [[Martinique]]. At about the same time, many Tamil businessmen also migrated to other parts of the British Empire, particularly to Burma and East Africa.<ref>{{citation |title=The Tamil Migration Cycle 1830–1950 |author=Christophe Z Guilmoto |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |jstor=4399307 |pages=111–20 |volume=28 |issue=3 |publisher=Economic and Political Weekly |year=1993}}</ref>

Many Tamils still live in these countries, and the Tamil communities in [[Singapore]], [[Reunion Island]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Tamil South Africans|South Africa]] have retained much of their original culture, tradition and language. Many Malaysian children attend [[Education in Malaysia#School types and medium of instruction|Tamil schools]], and a significant portion of Tamil children are brought up with Tamil as their first language. In Singapore, Mauritius and Reunion, Tamil students learn Tamil as their second language in school. In Singapore, to preserve the [[Tamil language]], the government has made it an official language despite Tamils comprising only about 5% of the population, and has also introduced compulsory instruction of the language for Tamils. Other Tamil communities, such as those in South Africa, [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Pakistan]], [[Martinique]], and the [[Caribbean]] no longer speak Tamil language as a first language, but still retain a strong Tamil identity, and are able to understand the language, while most elders speak it as a first language.<ref>{{citation |title=Tamil diaspora – a trans state nation |url=http://searchko.in/literature/ta-cached.jsp?id=82&idx=0 |publisher=Tamilnation.org |access-date=4 December 2006 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181236/http://searchko.in/literature/ta-cached.jsp?id=82&idx=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{dubious|date=February 2021}} There is a very small [[Tamils in Pakistan|Tamil community in Pakistan]], notably settled since the [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947.<ref name="thenews">{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them |title=Strangers to their roots, and those around them |work=The News |date=20 March 2012 |access-date=8 September 2014 |first=Ammar |last=Shahbazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617043012/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them |archive-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>

A large emigration also began in the 1980s, as Sri Lankan Tamils sought to escape the ethnic conflict there. These recent emigrants have most often moved to Australia, Europe, North America and southeast Asia.<ref>{{citation |first=Chris |last=McDowell |year=1996 |title=A Tamil Asylum Diaspora: Sri Lankan Migration, Settlement and Politics in Switzerland |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-57181-917-8}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} Today, the largest concentration of Sri Lankan Tamils outside Sri Lanka can be found in [[Toronto]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heritagetoronto.org/new-beginnings-tamil-heritage-in-toronto/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191149/http://heritagetoronto.org/new-beginnings-tamil-heritage-in-toronto/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2016 |title=New Beginnings: Tamil Heritage in Toronto |website=Heritagetoronto.org |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{further|South Indian culture|Tamil culture|Tamil cuisine}}

===Language and literature===
{{Main|Tamil language|Tamil literature|Sri Lankan Tamil dialects|Sri Lankan Tamil literature}}
[[File:WLA lacma 12th century Maharishi Agastya.jpg|170px|thumb|Sage [[Agastya|Agathiyar]], one of the contributors of old Tamil literature]]
Tamils have strong attachment to the Tamil language, which is often venerated in literature as ''Tamil̲an̲n̲ai'', "the Tamil mother".<ref>See Sumathi Ramasamy, ''Passions of the Tongue'', 'Feminising language: Tamil as Goddess, Mother, Maiden' Chapter 3.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} It has historically been, and to large extent still is, central to the Tamil identity.<ref>(Ramaswamy 1998)</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} It is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]], with little relation to the [[Indo-European languages]] of northern India. The language has been far less influenced by [[Sanskrit]] than the other Dravidian languages, and preserves many features of [[Proto-Dravidian]], though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses [[loanword]]s from Sanskrit and English.<ref>{{Citation | last=Kailasapathy | first=K.| title=The Tamil Purist Movement: A Re-Evaluation | journal=Social Scientist | volume=7 | issue=10 | year=1979 | pages=23–51| doi=10.2307/3516775 | jstor=3516775}}</ref> [[Tamil literature]] is of considerable antiquity, and underpins the decision to recognise Tamil as a [[classical language]] by the [[government of India]]. [[Sangam literature|Classical Tamil literature]], which ranges from [[lyric poetry]] to works on [[poetics]] and [[ethics|ethical philosophy]], is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents the oldest body of secular literature in South Asia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hart |first=G. L. |year=1975 |title=The Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and their Sanskrit Counterparts |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-02672-1}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}}

===Religion===
{{See also|Religion in ancient Tamil country|Dravidian folk religion}}
Tamil religion denotes the religious traditions and practices of Tamil-speaking people. The Tamils are native to modern state of India known as [[Tamil Nadu]] and the northern and eastern part of [[Sri Lanka]]. Tamils also live outside their native boundaries due to migration such as [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], [[Great Britain]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Réunion]], [[Myanmar]], [[Mauritius]] and in countries in [[Europe]]. Many emigrant Tamils retain elements of a cultural, linguistic, and religious tradition that predates the Christian era.

Ancient Tamil grammatical works, [[Tolkappiyam]]; the ten anthologies, [[Pathupattu]]; and the eight anthologies, [[Ettuthogai]] shed light on early religion. [[Murugan]] was glorified as "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent" as "the favored god of the Tamils." [[Shiva|Sivan]] was also seen as the supreme God.<ref name="autogenerated1979" />{{page needed|date=February 2021}} The [[Sangam landscape]] was classified into five categories, ''thinais'', based on the mood, the season and the land. Tolkappiyam mentions that each of these ''thinai'' had an associated deity such as [[Murugan|Seyyon]] in ''Kurinji''-the hills, [[Thirumal]] in ''Mullai''-the forests, [[Indra|Vendhan]] in ''Marutham''-the plains, [[Varuna|Kadalon]] in the ''Neithal''-the coasts & the seas and [[Kottravai]] in ''Paalai''- the deserts. Other gods mentioned were [[Krishna|Mayyon]] and [[Balaram|Vaali]] who are major deities in Hinduism today. Mercantile groups from [[Tamilakam]] and Kerala introduced ''Cholapauttam'', a syncretic form of Buddhism and [[Shaivism]] in northern Sri Lanka and Southern India. This religion was transmitted through the Tamil language. The religion lost its importance in the 14th century when conditions changed for the benefit of [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]/[[Pali]] traditions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|last1=Manguin|first1=Pierre-Yves|last2=Mani|first2=A.|last3=Wade|first3=Geoff|date=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789814345101|page=138|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Madurai The City of Temples.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Meenakshi Amman temple, dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi, tutelary deity of Madurai city]]

The cult of the [[mother goddess]] is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. [[Amman (goddess)|Amman]], [[Mariamman]], [[Durga]]i, [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Kali]] and [[Matrikas|Saptakanniyar]] are venerated in all their forms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thiruchandran|first=Selvy|title=Ideology, caste, class, and gender|year=1997|publisher=Vikas Pub. House}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, who also appear predominantly as goddesses.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5|year=2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=4396}}</ref>
About 88%<ref name="relpop">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |title=Census 2001 – Statewise population by Religion |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref> of the population of Tamil Nadu were Hindus in 2001. 
[[File:Erwadi kodi.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Erwadi durgah in Ramanathapuram district is a major pilgrimage shrine of the Tamil Muslims.]]
In Tamil Nadu, [[Tamil Christians|Christians]] and Muslims accounted for 6% and 5.8% respectively in 2001.<ref name="relpop"/> The majority of Muslims in Tamil Nadu speak Tamil,<ref>{{Citation | last=More | first=J.B.P. | title=Muslim identity, print culture and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu | publisher=Orient Longman | place=Hyderabad | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-250-2632-7}} at p. xv</ref> with less than 15% of them reporting [[Urdu]] as their mother tongue.<ref>{{Citation | last=Jain | first=Dhanesh | contribution=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages | editor1-last=Cardona | editor1-first=George | editor2-last=Jain | editor2-first=Dhanesh | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | place=London | year=2003 | series=Routledge language family series | isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7 | pages=46–66}} at p. 57.</ref> [[Tamil Jain]]s now number only a few thousand.<ref name=census>The total number of Jains in Tamil Nadu was 88,000 in 2001. {{Citation | title= Census|author= Directorate of Census Operations – Tamil Nadu| url= http://www.census.tn.nic.in/religion.aspx | access-date=5 December 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130194120/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/religion.aspx |archive-date = 30 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Atheism|Atheist]], [[Rationalism|rationalist]], and [[Humanism|humanist]] philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities.<ref>{{Citation | last=Maloney | first=Clarence | title=Religious Beliefs and Social Hierarchy in Tamiḻ Nāḍu, India | journal=American Ethnologist | volume=2 | issue=1 | year=1975 | pages=169–91 | doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00100| doi-access=free }} at p. 178</ref>

[[File:Tamil Om.svg|left|thumb|150px|The [[Om]] symbol in Tamil script]]

The most popular Tamil deity is Murugan; he is known as the patron god of the Tamils and is also called "Tamil Kadavul" (Tamil God).<ref>{{Citation | title= Murukan in Cankam Literature: Veriyattu Tribal Worship|author= M. Shanmugam Pillai| work=First International Conference Seminar on Skanda-Murukan in Chennai, 28–30 December 1998. This article first appeared in the September 1999 issue of The Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies | url= http://murugan.org/research/shanmugampillai.htm | access-date=6 December 2006}}</ref><ref>Harold G. Coward, John R. Hinnells, Raymond Brady Williams, ''The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest and [[Ganesha|Pillaiyar]] the oldest son of Sivan and [[Parvati]]. The goddess Parvati is often depicted as a goddess with green skin complexion in Tamil Hindu tradition. The worship of Amman, also called Mariamman, thought to have been derived from an ancient mother goddess, is also very common.<ref>{{Citation | title= Principles and Practice of Hindu Religion| work=Hindu Heritage Study Program | url= http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html | access-date=5 December 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114082702/http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html |archive-date = 14 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]], the heroine of the ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', is worshipped as [[Pattini]] by many Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tracing the Sri Lanka-Kerala link |author=P. K. Balachandran |work=Hindustan Times, 23 March 2006 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/5983_1657214,00430014.htm |access-date=5 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/5983_1657214%2C00430014.htm |archive-date=10 December 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are also many followers of [[Ayyavazhi]] in Tamil Nadu, mainly in the southern districts.<ref>''Dr. R. Ponnu''s, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India, (Madurai Kamaraj University) ''Ram Publishers'', p. 98</ref> In addition, there are many temples and devotees of [[Thirumal]], Sivan, Pillaiyar, and the other Hindu deities.

Muslims across Tamil Nadu follow [[Hanafi]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools while the Tamil Muslims in Sri Lanka follow the [[Shadhili]] school. While the [[Marakkar|Marakkayar]], [[Labbay|Labbai]] and [[Kayalar (Muslim)|Kayalar]] sects claim descent from the [[Arab world]], the [[Rowther]] sects Claim descent from the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic world]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&q=Rawther+Turks&pg=PT404|title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life…|date=2020-12-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64899-659-7|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Ayyanar idols near Gobichettipalayam.jpg|right|thumb|170px|[[Aiyanar]], guardian folk deity of Tamil Nadu]]
[[File:Velankanni 2.JPG|170px|thumb|[[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] in [[Velankanni]], Tamil Nadu]]
Among the ancient Tamils the practice of erecting memorial stones (''[[hero stone|natukal]]'') had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about the 16th century.<ref name="shashi1996">{{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S.S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100|year=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications}}</ref> It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these [[hero stone]]s to bless them with victory.<ref name="subramanium1980">{{cite book|last=Subramanium|first=N.|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|year=1980|publisher=Ennes Publications}}</ref> They often carry inscriptions displaying a variety of adornments, including [[bas relief]] panels, friezes, and figures on carved stone.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The most important Tamil festivals are [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], a [[harvest festival]] that occurs in mid-January, and Varudapirappu, the Tamil New Year, which occurs on 14 April. Both are celebrated by almost all Tamils, regardless of religion. The Hindu festival [[Diwali|Deepavali]] is celebrated with fanfare; other local Hindu festivals include [[Thaipusam]], Panguni Uttiram, and [[Adiperukku]]. While Adiperukku is celebrated with more pomp in the Cauvery region than in others, the Ayyavazhi Festival, [[Ayya Vaikunda Avataram]], is predominantly celebrated in the southern districts of [[Kanyakumari District]], [[Tirunelveli]], and [[Thoothukudi]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In rural Tamil Nadu, many local deities, called [[aiyyanar]]s, are thought to be the spirits of local heroes who protect the village from harm.<ref>{{Citation | title= Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity|author= Mark Jarzombek| journal= Future Anterior | url= http://web.mit.edu/mmj4/www/downloads/future_ant4_1.pdf | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=18–36 | doi=10.1353/fta.0.0031|year= 2009|s2cid= 191627473|author-link= Mark Jarzombek| doi-access= free}}</ref> Their worship often centres around natukal, stones erected in memory of heroes who died in battle. This form of worship is mentioned frequently in classical literature and appears to be the surviving remnants of an ancient Tamil tradition.<ref>{{Citation | title= 'Hero stone' unearthed | url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/22/stories/2006072202680200.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001023228/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/22/stories/2006072202680200.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 1 October 2007 | access-date=5 December 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]] | date=22 July 2006}}</ref> [[Muniandi|Munis]] are a group of guardian gods, who are worshiped by Tamils. The [[Saivism|Saivist]] tradition of Hinduism is significantly represented amongst Tamils, more so among Sri Lankan Tamils, although most of the Saivist places of religious significance are in [[North India|northern India]]. The [[Alvars]] and [[Nayanars]], who were predominantly Tamils, played a key role in the renaissance of [[Bhakti]] tradition in India. In the 10th century, the philosopher [[Ramanuja]] propagated the theory of [[Vishishtadvaita|Visishtadvaitam]].<ref>{{Citation | title= Redefining secularism | url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/18/stories/2004031801941000.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040527011003/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/18/stories/2004031801941000.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 27 May 2004 | access-date=5 December 2006 | location=Chennai, India | date=18 March 2004|last1= Swamy| work= [[The Hindu]] |first1= Subramanian}}</ref> [[Ramavataram|Kambaramayanam]] is the Tamil version of the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', which was written by the Tamil poet [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] during the 12th century. The Tamil version is smaller than the original ''Ramayana'' written by [[Valmiki]]. It is not a translation but tells the story in a different perspective.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Tamil Jains constituted around 0.13% of the population of Tamil Nadu in 2001.<ref name="relpop"/> Many of the classical [[Tamil literature]] works were written by Jains.<ref>Jaina Literature in Tamil, Prof. A. Chakravartis</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} According to [[George L. Hart]], the legend of the [[Tamil Sangams]] or literary assemblies was based on the Jain ''sangham'' at Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.berkeley.edu/html/chapter_1.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/19970709071128/http://tamil.berkeley.edu/html/chapter_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 1997 |title=The Milieu of the Ancient Tamil Poems, Prof. George Hart |date=9 July 1997 |access-date=21 April 2012 }}</ref>

===Martial traditions===

Various martial arts including [[Kuttu Varisai]], [[Varma Kalai]], [[Silambam]], [[Adithada]], and [[Malla-yuddha|Malyutham]] are practised in Tamil Nadu.<ref>Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1992) "[http://www.spa.ex.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots in Two South Indian Martial Traditions]"</ref> The warm-up phase includes [[yoga]], meditation and breathing exercises. Silambam originated in ancient Tamilakam and was patronized by the Pandyans, Cholas and Cheras, who ruled over this region. ''Silapathiharam'', Tamil literature from the 2nd century CE, refers to the sale of Silamabam instructions, weapons and equipment to foreign traders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.indiapress.org/silambam.php/SPORTS|title=Martial Arts in India|website=Sports.indiapress.org|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Since the early [[Sangam age]], there was a warlike culture in South India. War was regarded as an honorable sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshiped in the form of a hero stone. Each warrior was trained in martial arts, horse riding and specialized in two of the weapons of that period: Vel (spear), Val (sword), and Vil (bow).<ref>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka(2003), p. 386.</ref> Heroic [[martyrdom]] was glorified in ancient Tamil literature. The Tamil kings and warriors followed an honour code similar to that of Japanese [[samurai]] and committed suicide to preserve honor. The forms of martial suicide were known as Avipalli, Thannai, Verttal, Marakkanchi, [[Vatakkiruttal]] and Punkilithu Mudiyum Maram. Avipalli was mentioned in all the works except ''Veera Soliyam''. It was a self-sacrifice of a warrior to the goddess of war for the victory of his commander.<ref>Ethnic Insurgency and National Integration: A Study of Selected Ethnic Problems in South Asia (1997) p. 114</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}} The Tamil rebels in Sri Lanka reflected some elements of Tamil martial traditions which included worship of fallen heroes ([[Maaveerar Naal]]) and practice of martial suicide. They carried a [[suicide pill]] around their neck to escape captivity and torture.<ref>Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis: Towards a Resolution (2002), p. 76.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Indian katar push dagger.jpg|thumb|left|156px|[[Katar (dagger)|Katar]], Tamil dagger which was popular throughout South Asia]]

[[Wootz steel]] originated in South India and Sri Lanka.<ref name="SR_IISc" />{{dead link|date=February 2021}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Gerald W. R. |last=Ward |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art |page=380}}</ref> There are several ancient Tamil, Greek, Chinese and Roman literary references to high-carbon Indian steel since the time of [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's India campaign]]. The crucible steel production process started in the sixth century BCE at [[Kodumanal]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Golconda]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], in Karnataka and in Sri Lanka. It was exported globally, with the Tamils of the Chera Dynasty producing what was termed "the finest steel in the world",{{by whom|date=February 2021}} i.e. Seric Iron to the Romans, Egyptians, Chinese and Arabs by 500 BCE.<ref>Sharada Srinivasan (1994). [https://pia-journal.co.uk/articles/abstract/10.5334/pia.60/ Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in South India]. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 5(1994) 49–59 [[doi:10.5334/pia.60]]</ref><ref>Herbert Henery Coghlan. (1977). Notes on prehistoric and early iron in the Old World. pp 99–100</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}}<ref>B. Sasisekharan (1999).[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf TECHNOLOGY OF IRON AND STEEL IN KODUMANAL-] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201061259/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |date=1 February 2016 }}</ref> The steel was exported as cakes of steely iron that came to be known as "Wootz".<ref name="Hilda Ellis Davidson p. 20">Hilda Ellis Davidson. The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature. p. 20</ref>

The Tamilakam method was to heat black magnetite ore in the presence of carbon in a sealed clay crucible inside a charcoal furnace. An alternative was to smelt the ore first to give wrought iron, then heated and hammered to be rid of slag. The carbon source was bamboo and leaves from plants such as [[Senna auriculata|avārai]].<ref name="Hilda Ellis Davidson p. 20"/><ref name="Burton 1884 111">{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Sir Richard Francis|title=The Book of the Sword|year=1884|publisher=Chatto and Windus|location=Internet archive|isbn=978-1-60520-436-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/booksword00unkngoog/page/n153 111]|url=https://archive.org/details/booksword00unkngoog}}</ref> The Chinese and locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating Wootz steel from the Chera Tamils by the 5th century BCE.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 1 282">Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, p. 282.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2021}}<ref name="Ancient and Medieval India. Vol.2 by Charlotte Speir Manning p.365">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nmESJR3a0RYC&pg=PA365 | title = Ancient and Medieval India. Volume 2 | isbn = 978-0-543-92943-3 | last1 = Manning | first1 = Charlotte Speir}}</ref> In Sri Lanka, this early steel-making method employed a unique wind furnace, driven by the monsoon winds, capable of producing high-carbon steel. Production sites from antiquity have emerged, in places such as [[Anuradhapura]], [[Tissamaharama]] and [[Samanalawewa]], as well as imported artefacts of ancient iron and steel from Kodumanal. A [[Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription|200 BCE Tamil trade guild in Tissamaharama]], in the South East of Sri Lanka, brought with them some of the oldest iron and steel artefacts and production processes to the island from the [[classical antiquity|classical period]].<ref>Hobbies – Volume 68, Issue 5, p. 45. Lghtner Publishing Company (1963)</ref><ref name="Mahathevan">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062451701100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701211040/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062451701100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2010|title=An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil|last=Mahathevan|first=Iravatham|date=24 June 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.lk/http:/www.archaeology.lk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Dinithi-Volume-1-Issue-4.pdf |title=Dinithi Volume 1 Issue 4 |website= |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903165502/http://www.archaeology.lk/http:/www.archaeology.lk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Dinithi-Volume-1-Issue-4.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Arabs introduced the South Indian/Sri Lankan wootz steel to [[Damascus steel|Damascus]], where an industry developed for making weapons of this steel. The 12th century Arab traveller [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Edrisi]] mentioned the "Hinduwani" or Indian steel as the best in the world.<ref name="SR_IISc">{{cite book |author1=Sharada Srinivasan |author2=Srinivasa Ranganathan |title=India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World |date=2004 |publisher=National Institute of Advanced Studies |oclc=82439861 |url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211082829/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another sign of its reputation is seen in a Persian phrase{{spaced ndash}}to give an "Indian answer", meaning "a cut with an Indian sword".<ref name="Ancient and Medival India. Vol.2 by Charlotte Speir Manning p.365"/> Wootz steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe and the [[Arab world]], and became particularly famous in the Middle East.<ref name="Ancient and Medival India. Vol.2 by Charlotte Speir Manning p.365">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nmESJR3a0RYC&pg=PA365 | title = Ancient and Mediæval India. Volume 2 | isbn = 978-0-543-92943-3 | last1 = Manning | first1 = Charlotte Speir}}</ref>

====Traditional weapons====
The Tamil martial arts also includes various types of weapons.
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Valari]] (Boomerang)
* [[Maduvu]] (deer horns)
* [[Urumi|Surul vaal]] (curling blade)
* [[sword|Vaal]] (sword) + [[shield|Kedayam]] (shield)
* [[spear|eetti]] or [[Vel]] (spear)
* [[Savuku]] (whip)
* [[Katar (dagger)|Kattari]] (fist blade)
* [[Aruval|Veecharuval]] (Billhook Machete)
* [[Silambam]] (long bamboo staff)
* [[knuckleduster|Kuttu kattai]] (spiked knuckleduster)
* [[dagger|Katti]] (dagger/knife)
* [[Bow and arrow|Vil]] (bow) + [[Bow and arrow|Ambu]] (arrow)
* [[Gada (mace)|Tantayutam]] (mace)
* [[Trishula|Soolam]] (trident)
}}

===Visual art and architecture===
{{See also|Chola art|Dravidian architecture|Tamil architecture}}
[[File:Nataraja01.jpg|150px|thumb|left|upright|Dancing Siva or [[Nataraja]], example of [[Chola Empire]] bronze]]
[[File:Thanjavur temple.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Brihadeshswara Temple at [[Thanjavur]], also known as the Great Temple, built by [[Rajaraja Chola I]]]]

Most traditional art is religious in some form and usually centres on Hinduism, although the religious element is often only a means to represent universal—and, occasionally, [[humanism|humanist]]—themes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coomaraswamy |first=A. K. |year=1946 |title=Figures of Speech or Figures of Thought |publisher =Luzac & Co.}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}}{{qn|date=February 2021}} 

The most important form of Tamil painting is [[Tanjore painting]], which originated in [[Thanjavur]] in the 9th century. The painting's base is made of cloth and coated with [[zinc oxide]], over which the image is painted using dyes; it is then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold thread.<ref>{{Citation | title= Tanjore – Painting | work= tanjore.net | url= http://www.tanjore.net/tanjorepainting.htm | publisher= Tanjore.net | access-date= 4 December 2006 | archive-date= 27 November 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061127223530/http://www.tanjore.net/tanjorepainting.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref> A style which is related in origin, but which exhibits significant differences in execution, is used for painting [[mural]]s on temple walls; the most notable example are the murals on the [[Koodal Azhagar temple]] and [[Meenakshi temple]] of [[Madurai]], and the [[Brihadeeswarar temple]] of Tanjore.<ref>{{Citation | last=Nayanthara | first=S. | title=The World of Indian murals and paintings | publisher=Chillbreeze | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-904055-1-5}} at pp. 55–57</ref>

Tamil sculpture ranges from elegant stone sculptures in temples, to [[bronze]] icons with exquisite details.<ref>{{Citation | title= Shilpaic literature of the tamils |work=V. Ganapathi | url= http://www.intamm.com/arts/ancient.htm| publisher=INTAMM|access-date=4 December 2006}}</ref> The medieval Chola bronzes are considered to be one of India's greatest contributions to world art.<ref name="div_images">{{Citation
| author = Aschwin Lippe
|date= December 1971
| title = Divine Images in Stone and Bronze: South India, Chola Dynasty (c. 850–1280)
| journal = Metropolitan Museum Journal
| volume = 4
| pages = 29–79
|quote = The bronze icons of Early Chola period are one of India's greatest contribution to world art ...
| doi = 10.2307/1512615
| jstor=1512615|s2cid= 192943206
}}</ref><ref name="royalacademy">{{Citation|title=Heaven sent: Michael Wood explores the art of the Chola dynasty |url=http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/ra-magazine/winter2006/features/heven-sent,47,RAMA.html |publisher=Royal Academy, UK |access-date=26 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303072704/http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/ra-magazine/winter2006/features/heven-sent%2C47%2CRAMA.html |archive-date=3 March 2007 }}</ref> Unlike most Western art, the material in Tamil sculpture does not influence the form taken by the sculpture; instead, the artist imposes his/her vision of the form on the material.<ref>{{Citation|first=Carmel |last=Berkson|title=The Life of Form in Indian Sculpture |publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7017-376-2|chapter=II The Life of Form pp. 29–65}}</ref> As a result, one often sees in stone sculptures flowing forms that are usually reserved for metal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sivaram |first=Rama |year=1994 |title=Early Chola Art: Origin and Emergence of Style |publisher=Navrang |isbn=81-7013-079-4 |page=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}}

===Music===
{{See also|Music of Tamil Nadu|Ancient Tamil music}}

Ancient Tamil works, such as the ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', describe a [[Ancient Tamil music|system of music]],<ref>{{Citation | last=Nijenhuis | first=Emmie te | author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis | title=Indian Music: History and Structure | publisher=Brill | place=Leiden | year=1974 | isbn=978-90-04-03978-0}} at pp. 4–5</ref> and a 7th-century Pallava inscription at Kudimiyamalai contains one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation.<ref>{{Citation | last=Widdess | first=D.R. | contribution=The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation | editor-last=Picken | editor-first=Laurence | title=Musica Asiatica | volume=2 | place=London | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1979 | pages=115–50}}</ref> Dance forms such as Bharatanatyam have recent origins but are based on older temple dance forms known as ''Catir Kacceri'' as practised by [[courtesans]] and a class of women known as ''[[Devadasis]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=Julia|title=Roles and rituals for Hindu women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC&q=Bharatanatyam&pg=PA149|year=1992|publisher=South Asia Books|isbn=978-81-208-1036-5 |pages=149–152}}</ref>

===Performing arts===
[[File:Flickr - dalbera - Danseuses de Kuchipudi (musée Guimet).jpg|thumb|right|210px|[[Bharatanatyam]] dancers]]

Notable Tamil dance styles are
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Bharatanatyam]] (Tamil classical dance)
* [[Karakattam]] (Tamil ancient folk dance)
* [[Koothu]] (A folk and street dance)
* [[Parai|Parai attam]] (A folk drums and dance)
* [[Kavadi]]attam (dedicated to the Tamil God [[Murugan]])
* [[Kummi]]yattam (female folk dance)
* Bommalattam (Puppet dance)
* [[Puliyattam]] (Tiger dance)
* [[Mayilattam]] (Peacock dance)
* [[Paampu attam]] (Snake dance)
* [[Oyilattam]] (Dance of Grace)
* [[Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam]] (False legged horses dance)
}}

In its religious form, the karakattam dance is performed in front of an image of the goddess [[Mariamma]].<ref>Sharma, Manorama (2004). Folk India: A Comprehensive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture, Vol. 11</ref> The ''kuravanci'' is a type of dance-drama, performed by four to eight women. The drama is opened by a woman playing the part of a female [[Fortune-telling|soothsayer]] of the ''kurava'' tribe (people of hills and mountains), who tells the story of a lady pining for her lover. The [[Koothu|therukoothu]], literally meaning "street play", is a form of village theater or folk opera. It is traditionally performed in village squares, with no sets and very simple props.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html |title=Therukoothu |publisher=Tamilnadu.com |date=16 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411213929/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 }}</ref> The performances involve songs and dances, and the stories can be either religious or [[secularity|secular]].<ref>{{Citation| title=Tamil Art History| url=http://www.eelavar.com/jaffna/pageview.php?ID=578&SID=119| publisher=eelavar.com| access-date=5 December 2006| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427073449/http://www.eelavar.com/jaffna/pageview.php?ID=578&SID=119| archive-date=27 April 2006| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tamil Nadu also has a well developed stage theatre tradition, which has been influenced by western theatre. A number of theatrical companies exist, with repertoires including [[absurdist fiction|absurdist]], [[Realism (arts)|realist]], and [[comedy|humorous]] plays.<ref>{{Citation | title= Bhagavata mela | url= http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001360600.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041113000417/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001360600.htm| url-status= dead| archive-date= 13 November 2004| access-date=5 December 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]] | date=30 April 2004}}</ref>

====Film and theatre arts====
{{main|Tamil cinema}}
Theatrical culture flourished among Tamils during the classical age. Tamil theatre has a long and varied history whose origins can be traced back almost two millennia to dance-theatre forms like ''Kotukotti'' and ''Pandarangam'', which are mentioned in an ancient anthology of poems entitled the ''Kalingathu Parani''.<ref>Dennis Kennedy "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance, Publisher:Oxford University Press</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} The modern Tamil film industry originated during the 20th century, has its headquarters in [[Chennai]] and is known as [[Kollywood]]; it is the second largest film industry in India after [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Citation | title= The states they're in | url= http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1955127,00.html|work= Guardian| access-date=5 December 2006 | location=London | first=Tom | last=Templeton | date=26 November 2006}}</ref> Films from Kollywood have been distributed to overseas theatres in Singapore, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Malaysia, Japan, Oceania, the Middle East, Western Europe, and North America.<ref>{{Citation|title=Eros buys Tamil film distributor |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/indi/storypage.php?autono=290977 |date=6 October 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Independent Tamil film production inspired by Kollywood originated outside India in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Canada, and western Europe. Several Tamil actresses such as [[Anushka Ranjan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Rekha Ganesan]], [[Sridevi]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]], [[Adah Sharma]] and [[Vidya Balan]] have acted in Bollywood and dominated the cinema over the years. Some Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu, such as [[MG Ramachandran]], [[Karunanidhi]] and [[Jayalalithaa]], have had a background in the Tamil film industry.

===Sports in Tamil Nadu===
{{Main|Sports in Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:A Bull baiting inscription 1.JPG|thumb|right|210px|A 400 years old [[hero stone]] in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] depicting bull-taming sport Jallikattu.]]
The people of Tamil Nadu play traditional sports and sports from other countries. Tamil Nadu has some notable players in each sport.

* [[Jallikattu]]: a bull-taming sport in Tamil Nadu that is over 2,000 years old and an integral part of Tamil culture. In ancient times, two bull-taming and bull-racing sports were pursued, called manjuvirattu and yeruthazhuval, with the aim of keeping people's temperament fit and ready for war at any time. Each has its own techniques and rules. Proficiency in these sports was one of the criteria for marrying girls of a warrior family. There were traditions where the winner would be chosen as bridegroom for their daughter or sister. On the other hand, the untamable bulls were held as a pride of the owner/village and used for breeding the cows. Unlike western [[bullfighting]], bulls and warriors participated in the sport year after year. The sport, popular amongst warriors in the classical period,<ref name="jallikattu_ebook">{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o56i5ymOIBkC&pg=PA159dq|title=A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns |first=François |last=Gautier|isbn=978-81-241-0795-9|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="jallikattu_nytimes">{{Citation|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/travel/21webletter.html|title=NY Times: ''The ritual dates back as far as 2,000 years ...''|access-date =24 May 2007| work=The New York Times| first=Daniel| last=Grushkin| date=22 March 2007}}</ref> survives in parts of Tamil Nadu, notably [[Alanganallur]] near [[Madurai]], where it is held once a year around the time of the Pongal festival.
* [[Kabaddi]]: a traditional sport that originated in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|title=International Sport Management|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-7360-8273-0|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX6QSQAACAAJ&q=kabaddi|access-date=22 August 2015|date=May 2010}}</ref>
* Mattu Vandy Elgai Panthayam (Reckla Race): [[bullock cart]] racing is mostly celebrated in southern Tamil Nadu.
* [[Silambam]] (Staff fencing): a martial art originated in the ancient Tamilakam. In 1978, the Tamil Nadu government and Tamil Nadu Olympic Federation recognised silambam as a traditional sport, but it was not recognised by the Sports Ministry of India and [[Indian Olympic Association]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional martial arts not given due importance|url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/traditional-martial-arts-not-given-due-importance|publisher=newstodaynet.com|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122172521/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/traditional-martial-arts-not-given-due-importance|archive-date=22 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Tamil cuisine===
{{Main|Tamil cuisine}}

Tamil cuisine includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. Some Tamils are vegetarian because of religious reasons.<ref>Historical Dictionary of the Tamils, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Scarecrow Press, 22 May 2007.</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} [[Rice]] is mostly eaten with vegetarian and non-vegetarian curries. Traditionally, the Tamils sit on the ground and the food is served on a banana leaf. The traditional foods are eaten with the right hand. Dishes such as [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], [[idli]], and [[vada (food)|vadai]] are served with [[sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[chutney]] or in Sri Lanka with [[pol sambola|coconut sambal]]. [[Rasam (dish)|Rasam]] replaces soup in Tamil cuisine. The Tamil cuisine in Sri Lanka differs little from that of South India.<ref>Mangoes & Curry Leaves: Culinary Travels Through the Great Subcontinent, Jeffrey Alford, Naomi Duguid, Artisan Books, 1 November 2005, p. 146.</ref> A famous [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] specialty is [[kottu|kottu roti]], available in most Sri Lankan restaurants in the country and abroad{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}.

==Notable Tamil people==
{{Main|List of Tamil people}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tamils|India}}
* [[List of languages by first written accounts]]
* [[Tamil population by cities]]
* [[Tamil population by nation]]
*[[Kumari Kandam]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation |last=de Silva |first= Chandra Richard |title= Sri Lanka – A History | edition = 2, illustrated | year=1997 |publisher=Vikas Pub. House |isbn=978-0-9510710-2-1 }}
* {{Citation | last = de Silva | first = K. M. | title = A History of Sri Lanka | publisher = Vijitha Yapa |year=2005 | location = [[Colombo]] | isbn = 978-955-8095-92-8}}
* Gadgil, M. & Joshi, N.V. & Shambu Prasad, U.V. & Manoharan, S. & Patil, S. (1997). "Peopling of India." In D. Balasubramanian and N. Appaji Rao (eds.), ''The Indian Human Heritage'', pp. 100–129. Hyderabad: Universities Press. {{ISBN|81-7371-128-3}}.
* [[Mark Jarzombek]], "Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity", Future Anterior, (4/1), pp 18–36.
* [[Iravatham Mahadevan|Mahadevan, Iravatham]] (2003). ''Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. Cambridge, Harvard University Press''. {{ISBN|0-674-01227-5}}.
* Pillai, Suresh B. (1976). ''Introduction to the study of temple art''. Thanjavur: Equator and Meridian.
* Ramaswamy, Sumathi (1998). ''Passions of the Tongue: language devotion in Tamil India 1891–1970''. Delhi: Munshiram. {{ISBN|81-215-0851-7}}.
* {{Citation |last= Sastri|first= K.A. Nilakanta|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 978-0-19-560686-7}}
* Sastri, K.S. Ramaswamy (2002). ''The Tamils: The People, Their History and Culture'', Vol. 1: ''An Introduction to Tamil History and Society''. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. {{ISBN|81-7755-406-9}}.
* Sharma, Manorama (2004). ''Folk India: A Comprehensive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture'', Vol. 11: ''Tamil Nadu and Kerala''. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-7574-141-4}}.
* {{Citation | last=Steever | first=Sanford | editor-last=Steever | editor-first=Sanford | title=The Dravidian Languages | publisher=Routledge | year=1998 | place=London | isbn=978-0-415-10023-6}}
* {{Citation | last=Subramanian | first=T.S. | title='Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur | date=17 February 2005 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217042725/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 February 2005 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}
* {{cite book | isbn = 978-0-8129-7146-0 | title = The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey | last1 = Wells | first1 = Spencer | year = 2004 | publisher = Random House Trade Paperbacks | location = New York, NY }}
* Patil, S. (1997). "Peopling of India." In D. Balasubramanian and N. Appaji Rao (eds.), ''The Indian Human Heritage''.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bowers |first=F. |year=1956 |title=Theatre in the East – A Survey of Asian Dance and Drama |publisher=Grove Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaitanya |first=Krishna |year=1971 |title=A history of Malayalam literature |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-0488-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Hart |first=G. L. |year=1979 |chapter=The Nature of Tamil Devotion |editor1-first=M. M. |editor1-last=Deshpande |editor2-first=P. E. |editor2-last=Hook |title=Aryan and Non-Aryan in India |pages=11–33 |publisher=Ann Arbor |isbn=0-89148-014-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Hart |first=G. L. |year=1987 |chapter=Early Evidence for Caste in South India |editor-first=P. |editor-last=Hockings |title=Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honor of David B. Mandelbaum |publisher=Mouton Gruyter}}
* {{Cite book |last= Keay|first= John|title= India: A History|year=2000|publisher= Grove Publications|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-8021-3797-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Varadpande |first=M. L. |year=1992 |title=Loka Ranga: Panorama of Indian Folk Theatre |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-278-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Zvebil |first=K. |year=1974 |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-03591-5}}

==External links==

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil Tamils] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' entry
* [https://www.tamilnation.org/ Tamils - A Trans State Nation]

{{Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil People}}
[[Category:Tamil people| ]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Singapore]]
[[Category:Linguistic groups of the constitutionally recognised official languages of India]]

Tamilians

2022-12-09T10:04:02Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{Short description|Dravidian ethno-linguistic group}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tamils | native_name = '''தமிழர்''' | native_name_lang = ta/TA | image = Tamil bride and groom performing 'மெட்டி அணிதல்'.jpg | image_caption = Tamil bride and groom performing the ritual of metti anidal | population = '''{{Circa|76 milli..."

Housing in Bangalore

2022-12-09T10:02:01Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{short description|Overview of housing in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
'''Housing in India''' varies from palaces of erstwhile [[maharaja]]s to modern apartment buildings in big cities to tiny huts in far-flung villages. There has been tremendous growth in India's housing sector as incomes have risen. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries|url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=humanrightsmeasurement.org}}</ref> finds that India is doing 60.9% of what should be possible at its level of income for the [[right to housing]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India - HRMI Rights Tracker|url=https://rightstracker.org/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=rightstracker.org|language=en}}</ref>

==Low income housing==

{{Further|Poverty in India|Illegal housing in India}}
According to the ''[[Times of India]]'', "a majority of Indians have per capita space equivalent to or less than a 10 feet x 10 feet room for their living, sleeping, cooking, washing and toilet needs."<ref name="housing">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-25/india/27912135_1_sq-ft-sq-feet-urban-areas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023071524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-25/india/27912135_1_sq-ft-sq-feet-urban-areas|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=33% of Indians live in less space than US prisoners|first1=Atul|last1=Thakur|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 November 2008}}</ref> The average is 103 sq ft per person in rural areas and 117 sq ft per person in urban areas.<ref name="housing"/>

99 percent of rural households have [[Electricity in India|access to electricity]].<ref name="powertheft">{{cite web|url=http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/272bhatia_Gulati.pdf|title=Reforming the Power Sector: Controlling Electricity Theft and Improving Revenue|publisher=The World Bank|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074825/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/272bhatia_Gulati.pdf|archivedate=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although cities have better facilities than villages in India & provides full-day [[Water supply and sanitation in India|water supply]].<ref name="dpreview">{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title=Development Policy Review|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>

Almost all States such as [[Gujarat]],<ref name="TimesofIndia">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/india/37436402_1_gujarat-energy-minister-gujarat-model-surplus-power|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929125154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/india/37436402_1_gujarat-energy-minister-gujarat-model-surplus-power|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title='Power-full' Gujarat gives 24-hour electricity|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/madhya-pradesh-goes-the-gujarat-way-for-power-113051601191_1.html|title=Madhya Pradesh goes the Gujarat way for power|date=16 May 2013|work=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]], [[West Bengal]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and others provides a continuous power supply.

==Cities==
{{see also|List of most populous cities in India}}

===Mumbai===
[[File:Mumbai.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[The Imperial, Mumbai|The Imperial Towers]], [[Mumbai]] are the 2nd tallest buildings in India.]]
[[Mumbai]] experiences similar urbanisation challenges as other fast growing cities in [[developing countries]]: wide disparities in housing between the affluent, middle-income and low-income segments of the population.

Highly desirable neighborhoods such as [[Colaba]], [[Malabar Hill]], [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]], [[Bandra]] and [[Juhu]] house professionals, industrialists, [[Bollywood]] movie stars and expatriates. Up-scale flats have 3 or more bedrooms, ocean views, tasteful interior decoration, parking for [[luxury cars]] and sleeping quarters for maids and cooks. In 2007, Mumbai condominiums were the priciest in the developing world at around US$9,000 to US$10,200 per square metre.<ref name="gpg"/> Mumbai has more than 1,500 high rise buildings, many of which are just planned, but some already constructed or under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=102037 |title=Skyscrapers of Mumbai |publisher=Emporis.com |date=15 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-08-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142558/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=102037 |archivedate=5 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101456 |title=Skyscrapers of Navi Mumbai |publisher=Emporis.com |date=15 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-08-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509083940/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101456 |archivedate=9 May 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Despite the recent economic growth, there is still some poverty, unemployment and therefore, poor housing conditions for a some sections of the population. With available space at a premium, working-class Mumbai residents often reside in cramped and basic quality, yet relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces. Despite this, Mumbai's economic boom continues to attract migrants in search of opportunities from across the country. The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |title=HIGHLIGHTS OF ECONOMIC SURVEY OF MAHARASHTRA 2005–06 |accessdate=2008-02-13 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, MUMBAI |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012618/http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |archivedate=16 February 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Over 7 million people, over 42% of the population of Mumbai, live in informal housing or slums, yet they cover only 6–8% of the city's land area.<ref>http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/gsapril2011.pdf9 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,469031,00.html|title=The Paradox of Mumbai: Slums, Stocks, Stars and the New India|author=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany|date=28 February 2007|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-magdeburg.de/isoz/publikationen/download/36.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - 36int.doc |accessdate=2010-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617081236/http://www.uni-magdeburg.de/isoz/publikationen/download/36.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126509891.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122307/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126509891.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-09-24|title=Mumbai, India, development incomplete with 62 percent living in slums. |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050227/asp/opinion/story_4431588.asp|title=Whose city is it anyway? – Present slum area not more than eight per cent of total land?|publisher=The Telegraph India | location=Calcutta, India|date=27 February 2005|first1=And|last1=&Apos}}</ref> Slums were recognized as a problem as early as in 1919 by the Bombay Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-july-9-1919-housing-in-bombay/article28323215.ece|title=From the Archives (July 9, 1919): Housing in Bombay.|date=2019-07-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Slum growth rate in Mumbai is greater than the general urban growth rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macalester.edu/courses/GEOG61/espencer/slums.html|title=Slums|publisher=|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref>
Financial Times writes that "Dharavi is the grand panjandrum of the Mumbai slums".<ref name="walkingtour">{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d588517e-f3db-11dd-9c4b-0000779fd2ac.html|title=A walking tour around the slums of Mumbai|work=Financial Times|date=6 February 2009}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], Asia's second-largest [[slum]] is located in central Mumbai and houses over 1 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seabed.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722152352/http://seabed.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2012|title=Dharavi|publisher=|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> Slums are a growing tourist attraction in Mumbai.<ref name="walkingtour"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060824/asp/nation/story_6648422.asp|title=Amid the skyscrapers, slum tourism| location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|date=24 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/slumdog-millionaire-boosts-mumbais-slum-tourism-industry/413939/|title='Slumdog Millionaire' boosts Mumbai's 'slum tourism' industry|publisher=ExpressIndia}}</ref>

Most of the remaining live in [[chawl]]s and on footpaths. Chawls are a quintessentially Mumbai phenomenon of multi-storied terrible quality tenements, typically a bit higher quality than slums. 80 per cent of chawls have only one room.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-15/mumbai/27120728_1_slum-dwellers-slum-upgradation-mumbai-slums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023071532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-15/mumbai/27120728_1_slum-dwellers-slum-upgradation-mumbai-slums|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Slum upgradation beneficial than rehabilitation: Report | first1=Vidyadhar|last1=Date|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 May 2002}}</ref> [[Pavement dwellers]] refers to Mumbai dwellings built on the footpaths/pavements of city streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sparcindia.org/pdf/articles/mumbaielectric.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913020459/http://sparcindia.org/pdf/articles/mumbaielectric.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-09-13|title=Electricity to pavement dwellers in Mumbai|year=1999|author1=Sundar Burra|author2=Liz Riley}}</ref>

With rising incomes, many residents of slums and chawls now have modern amenities such as mobile phones, access to electricity, often illegally, and television.

[[Rent control]] laws have helped to create a housing shortage.<ref name="gpg">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/investment-analysis/Mumbai-housing-is-the-priciest-in-the-developing-world|title=Mumbai housing is the priciest in the developing world|publisher=Global Property Guide}}</ref> Most of the investors are looking to invest in ongoing real estate projects<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dynamixgroup.co.in/|title=Residential Projects in Mumbai - Dynamix Group|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2021}}</ref> to get maximum returns.

The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]] has released the Mumbai Development Plan for 2034 which discusses means of creating affordable housing, including a criticised proposal to build on [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pan]] land.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/new-development-plan-for-mumbai-unveiled-city-to-get-more-land-for-housing/articleshow/63915163.cms|title=Mumbai Development Plan 2034 puts focus on affordable homes and job creation|last1=Kumar|first1=Krishna|date=2018-04-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-05-31|last2=Babar|first2=Kailash}}</ref>

===Delhi===
Delhi has witnessed rapid suburban growth over the past decade. [[South Delhi]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] have added thousands of apartment buildings, Affordable Homes, independent villas, shopping centres and highways. New Delhi's famous Lutyens bungalows house the prime minister, members of his cabinet, top political and government leaders, military officials, senior judges and top bureaucrats. New Delhi is also home to thousands of diplomatic staff of foreign countries and the United Nations. With India's growth, Delhi has developed into a business center, especially for outsourcing, IT consultancy, high-tech, research, education and health care services. Employees of these institutions are the source of growing demand for high-end housing provided by major builders such as [[DLF Limited|DLF]].{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===Bangalore===

In the 1990s the information technology boom hit Bangalore. [[Y2K]] projects in America's IT industry resulted in shortages for skilled computer scientists and systems programmers. Bangalore has transformed into the [[Silicon Valley]] of India as over 500,000 well-paying jobs for young college graduates were created. The demographics of the city changed, new high-rises were built, campus-style office parks sprouted, vast shopping centers started to thrive, streets became crowded with new cars and gated expatriate housing estates emerged.<ref>''[https://homesandloansblog.wordpress.com/2017/07/21/most-sought-after-locations-in-bangalore/]'',
housing estates emerged, https://homesandloansblog.wordpress.com</ref>

Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums.<ref name=indiancityslums>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title= Total Population, Slum Population... |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806121833/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html |archivedate=6 August 2007}}. Census of India, 2001. 2006. Government of India.</ref>

===Kolkata (Calcutta)===

The most sought-after neighbourhoods of Calcutta are generally centered around Lower Circular Road, [[Sarat Bose Road]], Salt Lake, [[Ballygunge]], Anwar Shah Road, [[Chowringhee]] and Golf Green. A recent building boom has converted sprawling [[British Raj|British]]-era bungalows into high-rise condominiums and apartment-buildings with modern amenities. Kolkata currently has the second most number of highrises and tall buildings in the country, second only to [[Mumbai]]. The highest of them is at [[The 42 (Kolkata)|65 floors]] (The 42). New suburbs are constantly being developed in Rajarhat and along the [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]]. These suburbs will consist of major condominiums, complete with penthouses, many designed primarily for NRIs, expats, white collar foreign workers and affluent residents. The tallest buildings in the city, The South City Towers and Urbana towers, are also condominiums.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

North Calcutta contains mansions built in the early 20th century during Calcutta's heyday as capital of [[British Raj|British India]]. These buildings feature a courtyard surrounded by balconies, large rooms with tall ceilings, marble floors, tall pillars and artwork. Most of them are poorly maintained.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} The Marble Palace and other buildings received "heritage status" which provides them municipal funds and incentives to repair and restore. These mansions serve as reminder of the era of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] Renaissance.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

It's estimated that 5% of the population live in slums. Although the number of slums are less than Mumbai, they are scattered all over Kolkata in between affluent areas giving the city a rustic and poverty driven look.

===Hyderabad===
In Hyderabad, housing in modern ages in the 21st century is more modernized and developed than it has been in the past. The housing sector in Hyderabad has relatively sophisticated infrastructure. and is suitable for gated communities and villas, as well as higher-standard flats and condominiums. Hyderabad is home to several skyscrapers, including The Botanika, Lodha Belezza, etc. Roughly 15% of population is living in slum presently. Many residential infrastructure companies are well-established in Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

==Corruption==
{{see also|Licence Raj|Mafia Raj|Corruption in India}}

In general India's crime rates trails those of other developing countries. There is a large developed housing market with major builders and promoters. Some municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, real estate developers and a few law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.<ref name="gupta2008">K.R. Gupta and J.R. Gupta, "Indian Economy, Vol# 2", Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2008, {{ISBN|81-269-0926-9}}. Snippet: ''... the land market already stands subverted and an active land mafia has already been created ...''</ref> Sometimes, government land or land ostensibly acquired for some legitimate government purpose is then handed over to real estate developers who build commercial and residential properties and sell them in the open market, with the connivance of a small section of the administrative and police officials.<ref name="indiadaily2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/3897.asp |title=India after busting land mafia organised crime involving former government officials and apartment developers |work=India Daily |date=1 August 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822134101/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/3897.asp |archivedate=22 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }} Snippet: ''... Low priced subsidised land is being illegally developed ... permits are obtained illegally through a network of mafia style operators that involved the under world, former Indian Administrative Service officers and even the cops ... alleged misappropriation of land in the name of CGHS and selling them at very high rates after construction of flats ...''</ref> In one set of allegations in Karnataka, a lake was filled in and government buildings torn down after illegal transfers to a developer by mafia-connected officials.<ref name="deccanherald2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct102008/district2008100994331.asp |title=Land mafia buries lake, encroaches govt land |work=Deccan Herald |date=10 October 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416222006/http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct102008/district2008100994331.asp |archivedate=2009-04-16}} Snippet: ''... The watershed department had built a check dam at a cost of Rs 1.5 lakh in 2006 to improve the groundwater level. But the land mafia has taken things into its own hands and got it covered ...''</ref> [[Eminent domain]] laws, intended to procure private land at relatively low prices for public benefit or redistribution to poorer people under [[social justice]] programs, are abused to pressure existing landholders to sell land to a government entity, which transfers the land to developers at those low prices, and who in turn sell it back on the market at much higher prices.<ref name="vittal2004">N. Vital, "India: Technology and a vision for the future", The Icfai University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|81-7881-346-7}}. Snippet: ''... Another law which had a totally contradictory impact was the Urban Land Ceiling Act which provided tremendous opportunity for the land mafia. The poor people who were supposed to benefit in the process were nowhere to be seen. ...''</ref><ref name="vajpayee1999">[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Narayana Madhava Ghatate, "Decisive Days", Shipra Publications, 1999. Snippet: ''... In villages on the outskirts of the cities, land is being grabbed by force by the lathi-wielding miscreants. This land is public land. Skyscrapers are being built ...''</ref>

Corruption is sometimes a reaction to well-meaning social activists' opposition to development. Environmentalists, "not in my backyard" activists and court cases slow down the ability to expand housing.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The computerization of records relating to the classification of tracts and land ownership is a key tool in countering the illegal activities of land mafias, since it creates transparency on all information relating to a given parcel of land. This approach has been effective in [[Bangalore]],<ref name="vittal2007">N. Vittal, "Roots of Effective Governance", Icfai University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|81-314-1156-7}}. Snippet: ''... transparency ... was introduced in allotment of sites. The element of discretion involved in this process was removed. The whole system was totally computerized. The allotment details were published on the website and the lease cum-sale agreement was done away with. Absolute sale deeds were issued ...''</ref> but efforts to extend it elsewhere have sometimes met with strong resistance by land mafias, manifesting itself as bureaucratic inaction.<ref name="shourie2008">{{cite web|url=http://arunshourie.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/a-state-unimagined-in-law-a-wrong-without-a-remedy/ |title=A State Unimagined in Law: A Wrong Without a Remedy |publisher=Arun Shourie |date=26 May 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-30}} Snippet: ''... For this purpose the Center formulated a scheme for the computerisation of land records. It pledged to meet the entire expense of the task. About Rs 5 crores have been given to the State (Bihar) for this purpose; it has been able to utilize only Rs 22 lakhs! The target is that by December next year there shall be one hundred per cent coverage of “Jot Bahi/Khatta”: actual coverage till now? Ten per cent. ...''</ref>

==Indian property bubble==
{{Main|Indian property bubble}}
The Indian property bubble refers to the concern expressed by some Indian economists that [[Real estate economics|housing market]] in some major Indian cities may be in a [[property bubble|bubble]]. The real estate sector is thought to be collapsing due to increasing costs of financing. Real estate projects in India take a long time to complete due to a complicated and corrupt regulatory mechanism. Several of the India's publicly traded real estate firms are in debt. The inventory of unsold real estate assets is growing and it is expected the market will undergo price corrections.<ref name=Slump>{{cite news|title=A Housing Slump in India|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/11/business/global/a-housing-slump-in-india.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=5 July 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 September 2013}}</ref> According to Mumbai-based market research agency, Liases Foras, 30% of the transaction in the real estate sector is done with black money.<ref name=Looms>{{cite news|title=Modi's 'Black Money' Crusade Looms Over Property Bubble|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-18/modi-s-money-laundering-crusade-looms-over-india-property-bubble|accessdate=7 July 2015|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=19 March 2015}}</ref> In September 2019, India announced that it will provide $1.41 billion of funds to boost affordable and middle income housing, as part of measures designed to aid India’s slowing economy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-economy-housing-idUSKBN1VZ08K|title=India to provide $1.4 billion to boost affordable, mid-income housing|date=2019-09-14|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-09-17|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Housing in India}}
* [[Indian states ranking by families owning house]]
* [[Housing for All]]
* [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation]]
* [[Architecture of India]]
* [[Illegal housing in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Housing In India}}
[[Category:Housing in India| ]]

Housing in Bangalore

2022-12-09T10:01:48Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Housing in Bangalore

2022-12-09T10:01:31Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{short description|Overview of housing in India}} {{EngvarB|date=February 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}} {{more citations needed|date=May 2016}} '''Housing in India''' varies from palaces of erstwhile maharajas to modern apartment buildings in big cities to tiny huts in far-flung villages. There has been tremendous growth in India's housing sector as incomes have risen. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Measureme..."

{{short description|Overview of housing in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}
'''Housing in India''' varies from palaces of erstwhile [[maharaja]]s to modern apartment buildings in big cities to tiny huts in far-flung villages. There has been tremendous growth in India's housing sector as incomes have risen. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries|url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=humanrightsmeasurement.org}}</ref> finds that India is doing 60.9% of what should be possible at its level of income for the [[right to housing]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India - HRMI Rights Tracker|url=https://rightstracker.org/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=rightstracker.org|language=en}}</ref>

==Low income housing==

{{Further|Poverty in India|Illegal housing in India}}
According to the ''[[Times of India]]'', "a majority of Indians have per capita space equivalent to or less than a 10 feet x 10 feet room for their living, sleeping, cooking, washing and toilet needs."<ref name="housing">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-25/india/27912135_1_sq-ft-sq-feet-urban-areas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023071524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-25/india/27912135_1_sq-ft-sq-feet-urban-areas|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=33% of Indians live in less space than US prisoners|first1=Atul|last1=Thakur|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 November 2008}}</ref> The average is 103 sq ft per person in rural areas and 117 sq ft per person in urban areas.<ref name="housing"/>

99 percent of rural households have [[Electricity in India|access to electricity]].<ref name="powertheft">{{cite web|url=http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/272bhatia_Gulati.pdf|title=Reforming the Power Sector: Controlling Electricity Theft and Improving Revenue|publisher=The World Bank|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074825/http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/272bhatia_Gulati.pdf|archivedate=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although cities have better facilities than villages in India & provides full-day [[Water supply and sanitation in India|water supply]].<ref name="dpreview">{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title=Development Policy Review|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>

Almost all States such as [[Gujarat]],<ref name="TimesofIndia">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/india/37436402_1_gujarat-energy-minister-gujarat-model-surplus-power|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929125154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/india/37436402_1_gujarat-energy-minister-gujarat-model-surplus-power|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title='Power-full' Gujarat gives 24-hour electricity|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/madhya-pradesh-goes-the-gujarat-way-for-power-113051601191_1.html|title=Madhya Pradesh goes the Gujarat way for power|date=16 May 2013|work=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]], [[West Bengal]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and others provides a continuous power supply.

==Cities==
{{see also|List of most populous cities in India}}

===Mumbai===
[[File:Mumbai.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[The Imperial, Mumbai|The Imperial Towers]], [[Mumbai]] are the 2nd tallest buildings in India.]]
[[Mumbai]] experiences similar urbanisation challenges as other fast growing cities in [[developing countries]]: wide disparities in housing between the affluent, middle-income and low-income segments of the population.

Highly desirable neighborhoods such as [[Colaba]], [[Malabar Hill]], [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]], [[Bandra]] and [[Juhu]] house professionals, industrialists, [[Bollywood]] movie stars and expatriates. Up-scale flats have 3 or more bedrooms, ocean views, tasteful interior decoration, parking for [[luxury cars]] and sleeping quarters for maids and cooks. In 2007, Mumbai condominiums were the priciest in the developing world at around US$9,000 to US$10,200 per square metre.<ref name="gpg"/> Mumbai has more than 1,500 high rise buildings, many of which are just planned, but some already constructed or under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=102037 |title=Skyscrapers of Mumbai |publisher=Emporis.com |date=15 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-08-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142558/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=102037 |archivedate=5 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101456 |title=Skyscrapers of Navi Mumbai |publisher=Emporis.com |date=15 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-08-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509083940/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101456 |archivedate=9 May 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Despite the recent economic growth, there is still some poverty, unemployment and therefore, poor housing conditions for a some sections of the population. With available space at a premium, working-class Mumbai residents often reside in cramped and basic quality, yet relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces. Despite this, Mumbai's economic boom continues to attract migrants in search of opportunities from across the country. The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |title=HIGHLIGHTS OF ECONOMIC SURVEY OF MAHARASHTRA 2005–06 |accessdate=2008-02-13 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, MUMBAI |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012618/http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |archivedate=16 February 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Over 7 million people, over 42% of the population of Mumbai, live in informal housing or slums, yet they cover only 6–8% of the city's land area.<ref>http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/gsapril2011.pdf9 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,469031,00.html|title=The Paradox of Mumbai: Slums, Stocks, Stars and the New India|author=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany|date=28 February 2007|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-magdeburg.de/isoz/publikationen/download/36.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - 36int.doc |accessdate=2010-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617081236/http://www.uni-magdeburg.de/isoz/publikationen/download/36.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126509891.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122307/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126509891.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-09-24|title=Mumbai, India, development incomplete with 62 percent living in slums. |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050227/asp/opinion/story_4431588.asp|title=Whose city is it anyway? – Present slum area not more than eight per cent of total land?|publisher=The Telegraph India | location=Calcutta, India|date=27 February 2005|first1=And|last1=&Apos}}</ref> Slums were recognized as a problem as early as in 1919 by the Bombay Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-july-9-1919-housing-in-bombay/article28323215.ece|title=From the Archives (July 9, 1919): Housing in Bombay.|date=2019-07-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Slum growth rate in Mumbai is greater than the general urban growth rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macalester.edu/courses/GEOG61/espencer/slums.html|title=Slums|publisher=|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref>
Financial Times writes that "Dharavi is the grand panjandrum of the Mumbai slums".<ref name="walkingtour">{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d588517e-f3db-11dd-9c4b-0000779fd2ac.html|title=A walking tour around the slums of Mumbai|work=Financial Times|date=6 February 2009}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], Asia's second-largest [[slum]] is located in central Mumbai and houses over 1 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seabed.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722152352/http://seabed.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2012|title=Dharavi|publisher=|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> Slums are a growing tourist attraction in Mumbai.<ref name="walkingtour"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060824/asp/nation/story_6648422.asp|title=Amid the skyscrapers, slum tourism| location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|date=24 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/slumdog-millionaire-boosts-mumbais-slum-tourism-industry/413939/|title='Slumdog Millionaire' boosts Mumbai's 'slum tourism' industry|publisher=ExpressIndia}}</ref>

Most of the remaining live in [[chawl]]s and on footpaths. Chawls are a quintessentially Mumbai phenomenon of multi-storied terrible quality tenements, typically a bit higher quality than slums. 80 per cent of chawls have only one room.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-15/mumbai/27120728_1_slum-dwellers-slum-upgradation-mumbai-slums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023071532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-15/mumbai/27120728_1_slum-dwellers-slum-upgradation-mumbai-slums|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Slum upgradation beneficial than rehabilitation: Report | first1=Vidyadhar|last1=Date|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 May 2002}}</ref> [[Pavement dwellers]] refers to Mumbai dwellings built on the footpaths/pavements of city streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sparcindia.org/pdf/articles/mumbaielectric.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913020459/http://sparcindia.org/pdf/articles/mumbaielectric.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-09-13|title=Electricity to pavement dwellers in Mumbai|year=1999|author1=Sundar Burra|author2=Liz Riley}}</ref>

With rising incomes, many residents of slums and chawls now have modern amenities such as mobile phones, access to electricity, often illegally, and television.

[[Rent control]] laws have helped to create a housing shortage.<ref name="gpg">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/investment-analysis/Mumbai-housing-is-the-priciest-in-the-developing-world|title=Mumbai housing is the priciest in the developing world|publisher=Global Property Guide}}</ref> Most of the investors are looking to invest in ongoing real estate projects<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dynamixgroup.co.in/|title=Residential Projects in Mumbai - Dynamix Group|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2021}}</ref> to get maximum returns.

The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]] has released the Mumbai Development Plan for 2034 which discusses means of creating affordable housing, including a criticised proposal to build on [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pan]] land.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/new-development-plan-for-mumbai-unveiled-city-to-get-more-land-for-housing/articleshow/63915163.cms|title=Mumbai Development Plan 2034 puts focus on affordable homes and job creation|last1=Kumar|first1=Krishna|date=2018-04-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-05-31|last2=Babar|first2=Kailash}}</ref>

===Delhi===
Delhi has witnessed rapid suburban growth over the past decade. [[South Delhi]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] have added thousands of apartment buildings, Affordable Homes, independent villas, shopping centres and highways. New Delhi's famous Lutyens bungalows house the prime minister, members of his cabinet, top political and government leaders, military officials, senior judges and top bureaucrats. New Delhi is also home to thousands of diplomatic staff of foreign countries and the United Nations. With India's growth, Delhi has developed into a business center, especially for outsourcing, IT consultancy, high-tech, research, education and health care services. Employees of these institutions are the source of growing demand for high-end housing provided by major builders such as [[DLF Limited|DLF]].{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===Bangalore===

In the 1990s the information technology boom hit Bangalore. [[Y2K]] projects in America's IT industry resulted in shortages for skilled computer scientists and systems programmers. Bangalore has transformed into the [[Silicon Valley]] of India as over 500,000 well-paying jobs for young college graduates were created. The demographics of the city changed, new high-rises were built, campus-style office parks sprouted, vast shopping centers started to thrive, streets became crowded with new cars and gated expatriate housing estates emerged.<ref>''[https://homesandloansblog.wordpress.com/2017/07/21/most-sought-after-locations-in-bangalore/]'',
housing estates emerged, https://homesandloansblog.wordpress.com</ref>

Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums.<ref name=indiancityslums>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title= Total Population, Slum Population... |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806121833/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html |archivedate=6 August 2007}}. Census of India, 2001. 2006. Government of India.</ref>

===Kolkata (Calcutta)===

The most sought-after neighbourhoods of Calcutta are generally centered around Lower Circular Road, [[Sarat Bose Road]], Salt Lake, [[Ballygunge]], Anwar Shah Road, [[Chowringhee]] and Golf Green. A recent building boom has converted sprawling [[British Raj|British]]-era bungalows into high-rise condominiums and apartment-buildings with modern amenities. Kolkata currently has the second most number of highrises and tall buildings in the country, second only to [[Mumbai]]. The highest of them is at [[The 42 (Kolkata)|65 floors]] (The 42). New suburbs are constantly being developed in Rajarhat and along the [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]]. These suburbs will consist of major condominiums, complete with penthouses, many designed primarily for NRIs, expats, white collar foreign workers and affluent residents. The tallest buildings in the city, The South City Towers and Urbana towers, are also condominiums.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

North Calcutta contains mansions built in the early 20th century during Calcutta's heyday as capital of [[British Raj|British India]]. These buildings feature a courtyard surrounded by balconies, large rooms with tall ceilings, marble floors, tall pillars and artwork. Most of them are poorly maintained.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} The Marble Palace and other buildings received "heritage status" which provides them municipal funds and incentives to repair and restore. These mansions serve as reminder of the era of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] Renaissance.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

It's estimated that 5% of the population live in slums. Although the number of slums are less than Mumbai, they are scattered all over Kolkata in between affluent areas giving the city a rustic and poverty driven look.

===Hyderabad===
In Hyderabad, housing in modern ages in the 21st century is more modernized and developed than it has been in the past. The housing sector in Hyderabad has relatively sophisticated infrastructure. and is suitable for gated communities and villas, as well as higher-standard flats and condominiums. Hyderabad is home to several skyscrapers, including The Botanika, Lodha Belezza, etc. Roughly 15% of population is living in slum presently. Many residential infrastructure companies are well-established in Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

==Corruption==
{{see also|Licence Raj|Mafia Raj|Corruption in India}}

In general India's crime rates trails those of other developing countries. There is a large developed housing market with major builders and promoters. Some municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, real estate developers and a few law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.<ref name="gupta2008">K.R. Gupta and J.R. Gupta, "Indian Economy, Vol# 2", Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2008, {{ISBN|81-269-0926-9}}. Snippet: ''... the land market already stands subverted and an active land mafia has already been created ...''</ref> Sometimes, government land or land ostensibly acquired for some legitimate government purpose is then handed over to real estate developers who build commercial and residential properties and sell them in the open market, with the connivance of a small section of the administrative and police officials.<ref name="indiadaily2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/3897.asp |title=India after busting land mafia organised crime involving former government officials and apartment developers |work=India Daily |date=1 August 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822134101/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/3897.asp |archivedate=22 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }} Snippet: ''... Low priced subsidised land is being illegally developed ... permits are obtained illegally through a network of mafia style operators that involved the under world, former Indian Administrative Service officers and even the cops ... alleged misappropriation of land in the name of CGHS and selling them at very high rates after construction of flats ...''</ref> In one set of allegations in Karnataka, a lake was filled in and government buildings torn down after illegal transfers to a developer by mafia-connected officials.<ref name="deccanherald2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct102008/district2008100994331.asp |title=Land mafia buries lake, encroaches govt land |work=Deccan Herald |date=10 October 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416222006/http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct102008/district2008100994331.asp |archivedate=2009-04-16}} Snippet: ''... The watershed department had built a check dam at a cost of Rs 1.5 lakh in 2006 to improve the groundwater level. But the land mafia has taken things into its own hands and got it covered ...''</ref> [[Eminent domain]] laws, intended to procure private land at relatively low prices for public benefit or redistribution to poorer people under [[social justice]] programs, are abused to pressure existing landholders to sell land to a government entity, which transfers the land to developers at those low prices, and who in turn sell it back on the market at much higher prices.<ref name="vittal2004">N. Vital, "India: Technology and a vision for the future", The Icfai University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|81-7881-346-7}}. Snippet: ''... Another law which had a totally contradictory impact was the Urban Land Ceiling Act which provided tremendous opportunity for the land mafia. The poor people who were supposed to benefit in the process were nowhere to be seen. ...''</ref><ref name="vajpayee1999">[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Narayana Madhava Ghatate, "Decisive Days", Shipra Publications, 1999. Snippet: ''... In villages on the outskirts of the cities, land is being grabbed by force by the lathi-wielding miscreants. This land is public land. Skyscrapers are being built ...''</ref>

Corruption is sometimes a reaction to well-meaning social activists' opposition to development. Environmentalists, "not in my backyard" activists and court cases slow down the ability to expand housing.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The computerization of records relating to the classification of tracts and land ownership is a key tool in countering the illegal activities of land mafias, since it creates transparency on all information relating to a given parcel of land. This approach has been effective in [[Bangalore]],<ref name="vittal2007">N. Vittal, "Roots of Effective Governance", Icfai University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|81-314-1156-7}}. Snippet: ''... transparency ... was introduced in allotment of sites. The element of discretion involved in this process was removed. The whole system was totally computerized. The allotment details were published on the website and the lease cum-sale agreement was done away with. Absolute sale deeds were issued ...''</ref> but efforts to extend it elsewhere have sometimes met with strong resistance by land mafias, manifesting itself as bureaucratic inaction.<ref name="shourie2008">{{cite web|url=http://arunshourie.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/a-state-unimagined-in-law-a-wrong-without-a-remedy/ |title=A State Unimagined in Law: A Wrong Without a Remedy |publisher=Arun Shourie |date=26 May 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-30}} Snippet: ''... For this purpose the Center formulated a scheme for the computerisation of land records. It pledged to meet the entire expense of the task. About Rs 5 crores have been given to the State (Bihar) for this purpose; it has been able to utilize only Rs 22 lakhs! The target is that by December next year there shall be one hundred per cent coverage of “Jot Bahi/Khatta”: actual coverage till now? Ten per cent. ...''</ref>

==Indian property bubble==
{{Main|Indian property bubble}}
The Indian property bubble refers to the concern expressed by some Indian economists that [[Real estate economics|housing market]] in some major Indian cities may be in a [[property bubble|bubble]]. The real estate sector is thought to be collapsing due to increasing costs of financing. Real estate projects in India take a long time to complete due to a complicated and corrupt regulatory mechanism. Several of the India's publicly traded real estate firms are in debt. The inventory of unsold real estate assets is growing and it is expected the market will undergo price corrections.<ref name=Slump>{{cite news|title=A Housing Slump in India|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/11/business/global/a-housing-slump-in-india.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=5 July 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 September 2013}}</ref> According to Mumbai-based market research agency, Liases Foras, 30% of the transaction in the real estate sector is done with black money.<ref name=Looms>{{cite news|title=Modi's 'Black Money' Crusade Looms Over Property Bubble|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-18/modi-s-money-laundering-crusade-looms-over-india-property-bubble|accessdate=7 July 2015|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=19 March 2015}}</ref> In September 2019, India announced that it will provide $1.41 billion of funds to boost affordable and middle income housing, as part of measures designed to aid India’s slowing economy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-economy-housing-idUSKBN1VZ08K|title=India to provide $1.4 billion to boost affordable, mid-income housing|date=2019-09-14|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-09-17|language=en}}</ref>

Chikkaballapur district

2022-12-09T09:59:53Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chikkaballapura District
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Bhoganandishwara temple, Nandi hills 118.jpg
|photo1b = Alipur, Karnataka.jpg
|photo2a = Gouribidanur radio observatory.jpg
|photo2b = Tippu Summer House.jpg
|photo3a = Nandi hills bengaluru.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Bhoganandishwara Temple]], Alipur, Tipu Lodge, [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], [[Gauribidanur Radio Observatory]]
| image_map = Karnataka Chikballapur locator map.svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Chikkaballapura district'''
|type=shape |id=Q1072629
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka
|type2=line|id2=Q1185|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Karnataka
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.43|N|77.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 10 November 2007
| founder = Government of Karnataka
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = District Collector
| leader_name = N. M. Nagaraja {{small|([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])}}
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4,244
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,255,104
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 298
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562 101
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08156
| registration_plate = [[Chikkaballapur]] KA-40
[[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]] KA-67
| website = http://www.chikballapur.nic.in
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Sex Ratio|Sex Ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 972 [[female]] / 1000 [[male]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Literacy Rate]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = 69.76%
}}

'''Chikkaballapura district''' is a [[Districts of India|district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. On 23 August 2007, it was carved out of the pre-existing [[Kolar district]] which was the fourth largest district (before bifurcation) of Karnataka by moving the [[taluka]]s of [[Gauribidanur]], [[Gudibanda]], [[Bagepalli]], [[Chikballapur]], [[Manchenahalli]], [[Sidlaghatta]] and [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]] into the new district. Kannada is the official and most widely spoken language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nriforumkarnataka.org/districts-profile/Chikkaballapur%20District%20Profile_29-05-2012_Final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 June 2016 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105015545/http://nriforumkarnataka.org/districts-profile/Chikkaballapur%20District%20Profile_29-05-2012_Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/629457/10-yrs-cb-pur-yet.html|work=Online Edition of deccanherald, dated 23 August 2017|author=Chitra Phalguni|title=10 yrs on CB Pur yet to fully reap benefits of development|publisher=2017,deccanherald.com|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>

The town of [[Chikballapur]] is the district headquarters and a key transport link in the North Bangalore area. The north-south six-lane National Highway 44 (NH-44) as well as the East-West Highway 69 go through the district. A rail line runs north from [[Bangalore]] to the town of Chikballapur, east past Doddaganjur to [[Srinivaspur]] and south to the town of [[Kolar]].

[[Bhoganandishwara Temple|Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple]] (also spelt "Bhoga Nandishwara" or "Bhoga Nandishvara") is a Hindu temple located in Nandi village, at the base of [[Nandi Hills, Karnataka|Nandi Hills]] (or Nandidurga) in the [[Chikkaballapur]] district of [[Karnataka]] state, India. It is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]].

==History==
[[File:Yali pillars1 at Ranganatha temple in Rangasthala, Chikkaballapur district.jpg|thumb|200px|Yali pillars at Ranganatha temple, Rangasthala|left]]
According to a popular legend, the Marigowda, the son of the chief Avathimalla Biregowda, was hunting one day in the Kodimanchanahalli forest. He found a rabbit standing fearlessly in front of hunting dogs. Excited by this, the chief told his son that it was a sign of the boldness of the local people. So, he obtained permission from the king of [[Vijayanagara]] and built a fort and a town. This in course of time developed into the town of Chickballapur. During the rule of Baichegowda, the king of [[Mysore]] attacked the fort but had to withdraw due to the interference of [[Marathas]]. Dodda Byregowda, who came to power after Baichegowda, resumed control of the territories seized earlier by [[Mysore]]. In 1762, during the rule of Chikkappanayaka, [[Hyder Ali]] laid siege the town for a period of three months. Then Chikkappanayaka agreed to pay 5-lakhs pagodas, and the army was withdrawn.

After this, Chikkappa Nayaka with the help of Murariraya of [[Gooty]] tried to get back his powers. He was hiding at Nandi hills along with Chikkappa Nayaka. Immediately [[Hyder Ali]] took Chickballapur and other places and arrested Chikkappa Nayaka. Then with interfere of Lord Cornwallis, Chickballapur was handed over to Narayanagowda.some sources suggest that Lord Cornvallis visited the temple of Lord Shiva in Peresandra which is 18 km off of chikkaballapur.in few references British text suggest that Peresandra has a tremendous history; upon knowing this, [[Tipu Sultan]] again acquired Chikballapur. In 1791 British occupied Nandi & left Narayanagowda to rule the town; due to this fight between Britishers and [[Tipu Sultan]] again started. Narayanagowda lost his administration. Later on the British defeated [[Tipu Sultan]]. Chickballapur also came under the administration of Wodeyars of Mysore, which is now a part of Karnataka.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Chikkaballapur district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,255,104,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/249-chikkaballapura.html | title = District Census 2011: Chikkaballapura | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Trinidad and Tobago 1,227,505 July 2011 est. | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=New Hampshire 1,316,470 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> This gave it a ranking of 385th in population of [[Districts of India|districts in India]] (out of a total of 640).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district had a population density of {{convert|298|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.17%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Chikkaballapura had a [[sex ratio]] of 968 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 70.08%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 24.90% and 12.47% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Chikkaballapura district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=Census of India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|11.78}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.57}}
}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Chikkaballapura district (2011)
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 59.37 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value2 = 27.07 |color2 = aqua
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 11.60 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.96 |color4 = gray
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 59.37% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 27.07% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 11.60% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=census.gov.in|publisher=Office of Registrar General and Census Commissioner}}</ref>
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,32,421|13=1911|14=3,52,424|15=1921|16=3,57,812|17=1931|18=3,80,912|19=1941|20=4,17,371|21=1951|22=4,79,068|23=1961|24=5,68,322|25=1971|26=6,90,083|27=1981|28=8,61,098|29=1991|30=10,05,031|31=2001|32=11,49,007|33=2011|34=12,55,104|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chikkaballapur district}}
* [https://chikkaballapur.nic.in/ Chikballapur District Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100817120750/http://www.chikkaballapurcity.gov.in/ City of Chikballapur Website]

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chikkaballapur District}}
[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chikkaballapur district| ]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Karnataka]]

Chikkaballapur district

2022-12-09T09:59:34Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chikkaballapura District
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Bhoganandishwara temple, Nandi hills 118.jpg
|photo1b = Alipur, Karnataka.jpg
|photo2a = Gouribidanur radio observatory.jpg
|photo2b = Tippu Summer House.jpg
|photo3a = Nandi hills bengaluru.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Bhoganandishwara Temple]], Alipur, Tipu Lodge, [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], [[Gauribidanur Radio Observatory]]
| image_map = Karnataka Chikballapur locator map.svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Chikkaballapura district'''
|type=shape |id=Q1072629
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka
|type2=line|id2=Q1185|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Karnataka
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.43|N|77.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 10 November 2007
| founder = Government of Karnataka
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = District Collector
| leader_name = N. M. Nagaraja {{small|([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])}}
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4,244
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,255,104
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 298
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562 101
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08156
| registration_plate = [[Chikkaballapur]] KA-40
[[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]] KA-67
| website = http://www.chikballapur.nic.in
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Sex Ratio|Sex Ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 972 [[female]] / 1000 [[male]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Literacy Rate]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = 69.76%
}}

'''Chikkaballapura district''' is a [[Districts of India|district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. On 23 August 2007, it was carved out of the pre-existing [[Kolar district]] which was the fourth largest district (before bifurcation) of Karnataka by moving the [[taluka]]s of [[Gauribidanur]], [[Gudibanda]], [[Bagepalli]], [[Chikballapur]], [[Manchenahalli]], [[Sidlaghatta]] and [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]] into the new district. Kannada is the official and most widely spoken language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nriforumkarnataka.org/districts-profile/Chikkaballapur%20District%20Profile_29-05-2012_Final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 June 2016 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105015545/http://nriforumkarnataka.org/districts-profile/Chikkaballapur%20District%20Profile_29-05-2012_Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/629457/10-yrs-cb-pur-yet.html|work=Online Edition of deccanherald, dated 23 August 2017|author=Chitra Phalguni|title=10 yrs on CB Pur yet to fully reap benefits of development|publisher=2017,deccanherald.com|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>

The town of [[Chikballapur]] is the district headquarters and a key transport link in the North Bangalore area. The north-south six-lane National Highway 44 (NH-44) as well as the East-West Highway 69 go through the district. A rail line runs north from [[Bangalore]] to the town of Chikballapur, east past Doddaganjur to [[Srinivaspur]] and south to the town of [[Kolar]].

[[Bhoganandishwara Temple|Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple]] (also spelt "Bhoga Nandishwara" or "Bhoga Nandishvara") is a Hindu temple located in Nandi village, at the base of [[Nandi Hills, Karnataka|Nandi Hills]] (or Nandidurga) in the [[Chikkaballapur]] district of [[Karnataka]] state, India. It is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]].

==History==
[[File:Yali pillars1 at Ranganatha temple in Rangasthala, Chikkaballapur district.jpg|thumb|200px|Yali pillars at Ranganatha temple, Rangasthala|left]]
According to a popular legend, the Marigowda, the son of the chief Avathimalla Biregowda, was hunting one day in the Kodimanchanahalli forest. He found a rabbit standing fearlessly in front of hunting dogs. Excited by this, the chief told his son that it was a sign of the boldness of the local people. So, he obtained permission from the king of [[Vijayanagara]] and built a fort and a town. This in course of time developed into the town of Chickballapur. During the rule of Baichegowda, the king of [[Mysore]] attacked the fort but had to withdraw due to the interference of [[Marathas]]. Dodda Byregowda, who came to power after Baichegowda, resumed control of the territories seized earlier by [[Mysore]]. In 1762, during the rule of Chikkappanayaka, [[Hyder Ali]] laid siege the town for a period of three months. Then Chikkappanayaka agreed to pay 5-lakhs pagodas, and the army was withdrawn.

After this, Chikkappa Nayaka with the help of Murariraya of [[Gooty]] tried to get back his powers. He was hiding at Nandi hills along with Chikkappa Nayaka. Immediately [[Hyder Ali]] took Chickballapur and other places and arrested Chikkappa Nayaka. Then with interfere of Lord Cornwallis, Chickballapur was handed over to Narayanagowda.some sources suggest that Lord Cornvallis visited the temple of Lord Shiva in Peresandra which is 18 km off of chikkaballapur.in few references British text suggest that Peresandra has a tremendous history; upon knowing this, [[Tipu Sultan]] again acquired Chikballapur. In 1791 British occupied Nandi & left Narayanagowda to rule the town; due to this fight between Britishers and [[Tipu Sultan]] again started. Narayanagowda lost his administration. Later on the British defeated [[Tipu Sultan]]. Chickballapur also came under the administration of Wodeyars of Mysore, which is now a part of Karnataka.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Chikkaballapur district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,255,104,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/249-chikkaballapura.html | title = District Census 2011: Chikkaballapura | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Trinidad and Tobago 1,227,505 July 2011 est. | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=New Hampshire 1,316,470 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> This gave it a ranking of 385th in population of [[Districts of India|districts in India]] (out of a total of 640).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district had a population density of {{convert|298|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.17%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Chikkaballapura had a [[sex ratio]] of 968 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 70.08%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 24.90% and 12.47% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Chikkaballapura district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=Census of India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|11.78}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.57}}
}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Chikkaballapura district (2011)
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 59.37 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value2 = 27.07 |color2 = aqua
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 11.60 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.96 |color4 = gray
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 59.37% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 27.07% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 11.60% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=census.gov.in|publisher=Office of Registrar General and Census Commissioner}}</ref>
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,32,421|13=1911|14=3,52,424|15=1921|16=3,57,812|17=1931|18=3,80,912|19=1941|20=4,17,371|21=1951|22=4,79,068|23=1961|24=5,68,322|25=1971|26=6,90,083|27=1981|28=8,61,098|29=1991|30=10,05,031|31=2001|32=11,49,007|33=2011|34=12,55,104|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chikkaballapur district}}
* [https://chikkaballapur.nic.in/ Chikballapur District Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100817120750/http://www.chikkaballapurcity.gov.in/ City of Chikballapur Website]

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chikkaballapur District}}
[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chikkaballapur district| ]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Karnataka]]

Chikkaballapur district

2022-12-09T09:59:17Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}} {{More citations needed|date=April 2013}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Chikkaballapura District | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = District of Karnataka | image_skyline = {{Photomontage |size = 250 |photo1a = Bhogan..."

Nandi Hills, India

2022-12-09T09:58:39Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = Nandi Betta
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name = Nandidurga
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =File:Sunrise at Nandi Hills.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sunrise seen from Nandi Hills
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.3862588|N|77.7009344|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1478
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Nandi Hills''' (Anglicised forms include ''Nandidurg'' and ''Nandydoorg'') is an ancient hill station built by [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga Dynasty]] in the [[Chikkaballapur district]] of [[Karnataka]] state. It is 10 km from Chickballapur town and approximately 60 km from [[Bengaluru]]. The hills are near the town Nandi. In traditional belief, the hills are the origin of the [[Arkavati|Arkavathy river]],<ref name="horticulture.kar.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/nandi.htm |title=Welcome to Nandi Hills |access-date=7 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618103944/http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/nandi.htm |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ponnaiyar River]], [[Palar River]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/river_systems.htm#8.0%20PALAR%20RIVER%20SYSTEM |title = River Systems of Karnataka}}</ref> [[Papagni River]] and [[Penna River]].<ref name="Garg1999">{{cite book|last=Garg|first=Santosh Kumar|title=International and interstate river water disputes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrcqGF3agsEC&pg=PA7|year=1999|publisher=Laxmi Publications|isbn=978-81-7008-068-8|pages=7–8}}</ref> Watching the sunrise at Nandi Hills is popular with tourists.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/what-makes-nandi-hills-an-ideal-getaway-from-bengaluru/as65950332.cms |title=What makes Nandi Hills an ideal getaway from Bengaluru? |last=Dey |first=Panchali |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> The first ever [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] summit hosted by India was held at Nandi Hills in 1986.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/diplomacy/story/19861215-saarc-summit-fails-to-scale-great-heights-in-terms-of-forging-mutual-cooperation-801530-1986-12-15|title=SAARC Summit fails to scale great heights in terms of forging mutual cooperation|date=15 December 1986|work=India Today|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

==Etymology==
There are many stories about the origin of the name Nandi Hills. During the [[Chola]] period, Nandi Hills was called Anandagiri meaning The Hill of Happiness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bengaloorutourism.com/nandi-hills.php |title=Nandi Hills }}</ref> It is also perhaps called Nandi Hills because the hills resemble a sleeping bull. Another theory holds that the hill gets its name from an ancient, 1300-year-old, Dravidian-style temple, and for the [[Nandi (bull)]], statue situated on this hill.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

==History==
[[File:Nandi Hills top.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Top of Nandi Hills]]

Nandi Hills was developed by [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga Dynasty]] in 11th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71232/nandi-hills|title=Plans include beautification of the entire hill station to attract tourists|date=26 February 2021|publisher = Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and Literature|page=500|author=Muni Nagraj}}</ref> It was also used by [[Tipu Sultan]] as a summer retreat.<ref>{{cite book|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia - Volume 1|year=1995|page=37}}</ref>

Nandidurga was traditionally held impregnable, and [[Siege of Nundydroog|its storming]] by the army of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Cornwallis]] on 19 October 1791 was one of the most notable incidents of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|first war]] against [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. A description of the siege is given in Browne's History of Scotland<ref>Browne, James (1909) [https://archive.org/stream/historyofscotlan08browiala#page/10/mode/1up The history of Scotland]. Vol. 8. Francis A. Niccolls. pp. 10-11</ref> and the records of the 71st Highlanders.<ref>Hildyard HJT Lt (1876) Historical record of the 71st Regiment Highland Light Infantry. Harrison and sons. [https://archive.org/stream/historicalrecord00hildiala#page/44/mode/2up scan]</ref>
{{quote|Nundydroog, a celebrated fortress and country of Hindostan, in the province of Mysore. The former is built on the summit of a rock, about 1700 feet high, three-fourths of its circumference being inaccessible. Our forces took it by storm in 1791, after a three weeks' siege. It stands in long. 77° 53' E., and lat. 13° 22' N.|London Encyclopaedia, 1829<ref>Anon, 1829 The London Encyclopaedia. Vol. 16 [https://archive.org/details/londonencyclopa15unkngoog scan]</ref>}}

It later became a retreat for [[British Raj]] officials during the hot season. [[Francis Cunningham (Indian Army officer)|Francis Cunningham]] built the summer residence here for Sir [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]].

{{quote|...this droog, one now used as a hotel, built by General Cubbon, sometime British resident; but the rock has a bad reputation for malaria, and except in the very dry months is shunned by visitors, in spite of its, to the senses, delightful climate|Lt. Gen. E F Burton<ref>Burton, E F (1888) An Indian Olio. Spencer Blackett. London. p. 145 [https://archive.org/details/indianolio00burtrich Scan]</ref>}}

The climate at the top of the hill made it of interest to [[Horticulture|horticulturists]]. Several species of plant were introduced into an experimental garden. Firminger's manual notes that several species of ''Anona'' were grown at this garden and also notes the peculiarity of ''[[Hypericum mysorense]]'':<ref name=firminger/>
{{quote|''H. mysorense''.—An ornamental bush indigenous to the Western Ghauts, but rarely found in gardens. It is domesticated, or wild, in the Fort at Nandidroog, the latter being situated on the top of an isolated hill on the plateau of Mysore at an elevation of 4,850 feet. This is mentioned, as curiously enough, one has to travel more than a hundred miles towards the Western Ghauts, before the plant is met with in the wild state again. Fertile seed has never been secured. The fine yellow flowers are three inches across. Only suitable for the shrubbery in hill gardens.|Burns, 1930<ref name=firminger>Burns, W (1930) Firminger's manual of gardening for India. Thacker and Spink. Sixth edition.</ref>}}

Potato cultivation was introduced for the first time in the neighbourhood of Bangalore by a Colonel Cuppage and continued by the botanist [[Benjamin Heyne]]. Heyne brought seeds from St. Helena and these grew well enough that they were supplied in Madras and preferred to those obtained from Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|author=Royle, John Forbes|year= 1840| title= Essay on the productive resources of India.|publisher= W.H. Allen|place=London| url=https://archive.org/stream/essayonproductiv00roylrich#page/68/mode/2up}}</ref> In 1860, tea plants were tried on Nandi Hills by [[Hugh Cleghorn (forester)|Hugh Cleghorn]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper= The public ledger|date=13 November 1860| title=Tea cultivation in India|page=3|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001260/18601113/030/0003| via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>

==Development==
{{wide image|Panorama View from Nandi Hills.jpg|1280px|Panorama View from Nandi Hills looking towards north}}
The Department of Horticulture is setting up a one-crore food court. A 30-lakh music stage, located on a three-and-a-half acre grove, will be used to conduct cultural programmes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091214045014/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/10/stories/2009121058720800.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : Food court at Nandi Hills]</ref><ref>[http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=126893 Mangalorean.Com- Serving Mangaloreans Around The World!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011141840/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=126893 |date=11 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913151755/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/16/stories/2008081653150400.htm The Hindu : Karnataka / Bangalore News : sets target for ‘2020’]</ref> Furthermore, the Horticulture Department is developing {{convert|140|acre|km2}} of land in the Nandi Hills region with the creation of a large-scale exotic botanical garden. A planetarium with an initial one-crore investment is also being constructed.<ref>[http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=171765 Mangalorean.Com- Serving Mangaloreans Around The World!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313132205/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=171765 |date=13 March 2010 }}</ref> A gondola lift system will connect the peak of the Nandi Hill with the nearby [[Muddenahalli]].<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/50496/centre-okays-gps-ksrtc-buses.html Centre okays GPS for KSRTC buses]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110925022712/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/13/stories/2008061352411000.htm The Hindu : Karnataka / Bangalore News : And now, here comes horticulture tourism]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107070713/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081659500600.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : Facilities at Nandi Hills to be improved]</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100417102051/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/02/stories/2009060256860500.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : IIT will be established at Muddenahalli, says Moily]</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com">[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html Silk city to come up near B’lore]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090713122731/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/09/stories/2009070954310500.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : International sports village location to be finalised soon]</ref> Other projects including [[Prestige Golfshire]] and QVC Nandi Hills are coming up near Nandi Hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Services/Hotels--Restaurants/Marriott-to-build-luxury-hotel-near-new-Bangalore-airport/articleshow/2946699.cms|title=Marriott to build luxury hotel near new Bangalore airport|access-date=9 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> There are also proposals to construct cable cars, at the cost of 15 to 20 crore, to protect the local environment and reduce the number of vehicles going to the hills.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sakrecubes.com/2016/03/cable-car-ropeway-at-nandi-hills.html |title = Coming Soon: Cable-Car at Nandi Hills}}</ref>

==Notable places of interest==
[[File:HelixPalmaria.jpg|thumb|upright|right|''[[Sitala palmaria]]'', a land snail described from the Nandi Hills by [[William Henry Benson]]]]
Places of interest in the area include [[Yoga Nandeeshwara Temple]] (a Hindu temple in Chikkaballapur district), Tipu's Summer Palace, Tipu Drop, and Skandagiri.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

==Biodiversity==
[[File:Vegetation on Nandi Hills.jpg|alt=Vegetation on Nandi Hills|thumb|Vegetation on Nandi Hills]]
The vegetation of the hills is typical of high hills. Inside the fort at the summit, many of the large trees are planted exotics such as ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' and the undergrowth consists of ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' along with some native species. The forest acts as a substrate for cloud condensation and every morning the trees are covered in water. This allows for many moist forest species of plants and animals.

The hills are very rich in birdlife making it a popular location for birdwatchers and bird photographers. The evergreen forest patch on top of the hill being a favoured wintering location for many migrant species of warblers, flycatchers and thrushes. The forest patch is also home for a relict population of the [[Nilgiri woodpigeon]].<ref>Subramanya, S. (2005). Nesting of Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii in Nandi hills, Karnataka, India. Indian Birds 1(2):36-37</ref> A breeding pair of [[shaheen falcon]], the resident race of the [[peregrine falcon]] is also often seen at the Nandi Hills. The [[Malabar whistling thrush]],<ref>Praveen J (2006) Post-monsoon dispersal of Malabar Whistling Thrush ''Myiophonus horsfieldii'' (Vigors) to Chamundi Hill and Nandi Hills(Bull hill), Karnataka, Southern India. Zoos' Print Journal 21(9):2411 [http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2006/September/2411.pdf PDF]</ref> [[Uropeltidae|Uropeltid]] snakes and [[pill millipede]]s which are otherwise known only from the [[Western Ghats]] ranges are also found here. The hill slopes are the home of the [[yellow-throated bulbul]], a species endemic to the hills of peninsular India.<ref>Subramanya, S; Karthikeyan, S; Prasad, JN (1991) Yellowthroated Bulbul at Nandi Hill. ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]''. 31(3&4):7-8.</ref>

== Hiking and trekking ==
[[File:Nandi Hills Trekking Path.jpg|alt=Nandi Hills Trekking Path|thumb|Nandi Hills Trekking Path]]
Nandi Hills is a destination for hiking and trekking for beginners to intermediate level. Trails in the area include the staircase-based trekking path which starts near Sultanpet village.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-25|title=Nandi Hills - A small trek to the top|url=https://yourstrulyindia.com/nandi-hills-trek-bangalore-bengaluru-daytrip-blog/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Yours Truly India-Walking Tours in Bangalore-Bangalore Heritage Tours|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{As of|March 2022}}, visitors require prior District administration passes to visit Nandi hills on weekends to manage parking and reduce overcrowding on the hill station. Only 1,000 two-wheelers and 300 light motor vehicles parking is allowed on the hill station. Passes can be purchased at the Ticket counter at the base of the hill station or through KSTDC website. Earlier Nandi Hills was closed due to Covid restrictions.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/ivf-works-like-boon-against-infertility/articleshow/90408968.cms |title=Nandi Hills open on weekends |date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Commons category|Nandi Hills}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618103944/http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/nandi.htm State govt's official site]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Nandi Hills}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chikkaballapur district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Hills of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chikkaballapur district]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Chikkaballapur district]]

Nandi Hills, India

2022-12-09T09:58:23Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = Nandi Betta
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name = Nandidurga
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =File:Sunrise at Nandi Hills.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sunrise seen from Nandi Hills
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.3862588|N|77.7009344|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1478
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Nandi Hills''' (Anglicised forms include ''Nandidurg'' and ''Nandydoorg'') is an ancient hill station built by [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga Dynasty]] in the [[Chikkaballapur district]] of [[Karnataka]] state. It is 10 km from Chickballapur town and approximately 60 km from [[Bengaluru]]. The hills are near the town Nandi. In traditional belief, the hills are the origin of the [[Arkavati|Arkavathy river]],<ref name="horticulture.kar.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/nandi.htm |title=Welcome to Nandi Hills |access-date=7 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618103944/http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/nandi.htm |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ponnaiyar River]], [[Palar River]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/river_systems.htm#8.0%20PALAR%20RIVER%20SYSTEM |title = River Systems of Karnataka}}</ref> [[Papagni River]] and [[Penna River]].<ref name="Garg1999">{{cite book|last=Garg|first=Santosh Kumar|title=International and interstate river water disputes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrcqGF3agsEC&pg=PA7|year=1999|publisher=Laxmi Publications|isbn=978-81-7008-068-8|pages=7–8}}</ref> Watching the sunrise at Nandi Hills is popular with tourists.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/what-makes-nandi-hills-an-ideal-getaway-from-bengaluru/as65950332.cms |title=What makes Nandi Hills an ideal getaway from Bengaluru? |last=Dey |first=Panchali |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> The first ever [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] summit hosted by India was held at Nandi Hills in 1986.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/diplomacy/story/19861215-saarc-summit-fails-to-scale-great-heights-in-terms-of-forging-mutual-cooperation-801530-1986-12-15|title=SAARC Summit fails to scale great heights in terms of forging mutual cooperation|date=15 December 1986|work=India Today|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

==Etymology==
There are many stories about the origin of the name Nandi Hills. During the [[Chola]] period, Nandi Hills was called Anandagiri meaning The Hill of Happiness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bengaloorutourism.com/nandi-hills.php |title=Nandi Hills }}</ref> It is also perhaps called Nandi Hills because the hills resemble a sleeping bull. Another theory holds that the hill gets its name from an ancient, 1300-year-old, Dravidian-style temple, and for the [[Nandi (bull)]], statue situated on this hill.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

==History==
[[File:Nandi Hills top.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Top of Nandi Hills]]

Nandi Hills was developed by [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga Dynasty]] in 11th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71232/nandi-hills|title=Plans include beautification of the entire hill station to attract tourists|date=26 February 2021|publisher = Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and Literature|page=500|author=Muni Nagraj}}</ref> It was also used by [[Tipu Sultan]] as a summer retreat.<ref>{{cite book|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia - Volume 1|year=1995|page=37}}</ref>

Nandidurga was traditionally held impregnable, and [[Siege of Nundydroog|its storming]] by the army of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Cornwallis]] on 19 October 1791 was one of the most notable incidents of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|first war]] against [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. A description of the siege is given in Browne's History of Scotland<ref>Browne, James (1909) [https://archive.org/stream/historyofscotlan08browiala#page/10/mode/1up The history of Scotland]. Vol. 8. Francis A. Niccolls. pp. 10-11</ref> and the records of the 71st Highlanders.<ref>Hildyard HJT Lt (1876) Historical record of the 71st Regiment Highland Light Infantry. Harrison and sons. [https://archive.org/stream/historicalrecord00hildiala#page/44/mode/2up scan]</ref>
{{quote|Nundydroog, a celebrated fortress and country of Hindostan, in the province of Mysore. The former is built on the summit of a rock, about 1700 feet high, three-fourths of its circumference being inaccessible. Our forces took it by storm in 1791, after a three weeks' siege. It stands in long. 77° 53' E., and lat. 13° 22' N.|London Encyclopaedia, 1829<ref>Anon, 1829 The London Encyclopaedia. Vol. 16 [https://archive.org/details/londonencyclopa15unkngoog scan]</ref>}}

It later became a retreat for [[British Raj]] officials during the hot season. [[Francis Cunningham (Indian Army officer)|Francis Cunningham]] built the summer residence here for Sir [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]].

{{quote|...this droog, one now used as a hotel, built by General Cubbon, sometime British resident; but the rock has a bad reputation for malaria, and except in the very dry months is shunned by visitors, in spite of its, to the senses, delightful climate|Lt. Gen. E F Burton<ref>Burton, E F (1888) An Indian Olio. Spencer Blackett. London. p. 145 [https://archive.org/details/indianolio00burtrich Scan]</ref>}}

The climate at the top of the hill made it of interest to [[Horticulture|horticulturists]]. Several species of plant were introduced into an experimental garden. Firminger's manual notes that several species of ''Anona'' were grown at this garden and also notes the peculiarity of ''[[Hypericum mysorense]]'':<ref name=firminger/>
{{quote|''H. mysorense''.—An ornamental bush indigenous to the Western Ghauts, but rarely found in gardens. It is domesticated, or wild, in the Fort at Nandidroog, the latter being situated on the top of an isolated hill on the plateau of Mysore at an elevation of 4,850 feet. This is mentioned, as curiously enough, one has to travel more than a hundred miles towards the Western Ghauts, before the plant is met with in the wild state again. Fertile seed has never been secured. The fine yellow flowers are three inches across. Only suitable for the shrubbery in hill gardens.|Burns, 1930<ref name=firminger>Burns, W (1930) Firminger's manual of gardening for India. Thacker and Spink. Sixth edition.</ref>}}

Potato cultivation was introduced for the first time in the neighbourhood of Bangalore by a Colonel Cuppage and continued by the botanist [[Benjamin Heyne]]. Heyne brought seeds from St. Helena and these grew well enough that they were supplied in Madras and preferred to those obtained from Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|author=Royle, John Forbes|year= 1840| title= Essay on the productive resources of India.|publisher= W.H. Allen|place=London| url=https://archive.org/stream/essayonproductiv00roylrich#page/68/mode/2up}}</ref> In 1860, tea plants were tried on Nandi Hills by [[Hugh Cleghorn (forester)|Hugh Cleghorn]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper= The public ledger|date=13 November 1860| title=Tea cultivation in India|page=3|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001260/18601113/030/0003| via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>

==Development==
{{wide image|Panorama View from Nandi Hills.jpg|1280px|Panorama View from Nandi Hills looking towards north}}
The Department of Horticulture is setting up a one-crore food court. A 30-lakh music stage, located on a three-and-a-half acre grove, will be used to conduct cultural programmes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091214045014/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/10/stories/2009121058720800.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : Food court at Nandi Hills]</ref><ref>[http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=126893 Mangalorean.Com- Serving Mangaloreans Around The World!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011141840/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=126893 |date=11 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913151755/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/16/stories/2008081653150400.htm The Hindu : Karnataka / Bangalore News : sets target for ‘2020’]</ref> Furthermore, the Horticulture Department is developing {{convert|140|acre|km2}} of land in the Nandi Hills region with the creation of a large-scale exotic botanical garden. A planetarium with an initial one-crore investment is also being constructed.<ref>[http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=171765 Mangalorean.Com- Serving Mangaloreans Around The World!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313132205/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=171765 |date=13 March 2010 }}</ref> A gondola lift system will connect the peak of the Nandi Hill with the nearby [[Muddenahalli]].<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/50496/centre-okays-gps-ksrtc-buses.html Centre okays GPS for KSRTC buses]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110925022712/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/13/stories/2008061352411000.htm The Hindu : Karnataka / Bangalore News : And now, here comes horticulture tourism]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107070713/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081659500600.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : Facilities at Nandi Hills to be improved]</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100417102051/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/02/stories/2009060256860500.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : IIT will be established at Muddenahalli, says Moily]</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com">[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html Silk city to come up near B’lore]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090713122731/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/09/stories/2009070954310500.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : International sports village location to be finalised soon]</ref> Other projects including [[Prestige Golfshire]] and QVC Nandi Hills are coming up near Nandi Hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Services/Hotels--Restaurants/Marriott-to-build-luxury-hotel-near-new-Bangalore-airport/articleshow/2946699.cms|title=Marriott to build luxury hotel near new Bangalore airport|access-date=9 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> There are also proposals to construct cable cars, at the cost of 15 to 20 crore, to protect the local environment and reduce the number of vehicles going to the hills.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sakrecubes.com/2016/03/cable-car-ropeway-at-nandi-hills.html |title = Coming Soon: Cable-Car at Nandi Hills}}</ref>

==Notable places of interest==
[[File:HelixPalmaria.jpg|thumb|upright|right|''[[Sitala palmaria]]'', a land snail described from the Nandi Hills by [[William Henry Benson]]]]
Places of interest in the area include [[Yoga Nandeeshwara Temple]] (a Hindu temple in Chikkaballapur district), Tipu's Summer Palace, Tipu Drop, and Skandagiri.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

==Biodiversity==
[[File:Vegetation on Nandi Hills.jpg|alt=Vegetation on Nandi Hills|thumb|Vegetation on Nandi Hills]]
The vegetation of the hills is typical of high hills. Inside the fort at the summit, many of the large trees are planted exotics such as ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' and the undergrowth consists of ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' along with some native species. The forest acts as a substrate for cloud condensation and every morning the trees are covered in water. This allows for many moist forest species of plants and animals.

The hills are very rich in birdlife making it a popular location for birdwatchers and bird photographers. The evergreen forest patch on top of the hill being a favoured wintering location for many migrant species of warblers, flycatchers and thrushes. The forest patch is also home for a relict population of the [[Nilgiri woodpigeon]].<ref>Subramanya, S. (2005). Nesting of Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii in Nandi hills, Karnataka, India. Indian Birds 1(2):36-37</ref> A breeding pair of [[shaheen falcon]], the resident race of the [[peregrine falcon]] is also often seen at the Nandi Hills. The [[Malabar whistling thrush]],<ref>Praveen J (2006) Post-monsoon dispersal of Malabar Whistling Thrush ''Myiophonus horsfieldii'' (Vigors) to Chamundi Hill and Nandi Hills(Bull hill), Karnataka, Southern India. Zoos' Print Journal 21(9):2411 [http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2006/September/2411.pdf PDF]</ref> [[Uropeltidae|Uropeltid]] snakes and [[pill millipede]]s which are otherwise known only from the [[Western Ghats]] ranges are also found here. The hill slopes are the home of the [[yellow-throated bulbul]], a species endemic to the hills of peninsular India.<ref>Subramanya, S; Karthikeyan, S; Prasad, JN (1991) Yellowthroated Bulbul at Nandi Hill. ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]''. 31(3&4):7-8.</ref>

== Hiking and trekking ==
[[File:Nandi Hills Trekking Path.jpg|alt=Nandi Hills Trekking Path|thumb|Nandi Hills Trekking Path]]
Nandi Hills is a destination for hiking and trekking for beginners to intermediate level. Trails in the area include the staircase-based trekking path which starts near Sultanpet village.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-25|title=Nandi Hills - A small trek to the top|url=https://yourstrulyindia.com/nandi-hills-trek-bangalore-bengaluru-daytrip-blog/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Yours Truly India-Walking Tours in Bangalore-Bangalore Heritage Tours|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{As of|March 2022}}, visitors require prior District administration passes to visit Nandi hills on weekends to manage parking and reduce overcrowding on the hill station. Only 1,000 two-wheelers and 300 light motor vehicles parking is allowed on the hill station. Passes can be purchased at the Ticket counter at the base of the hill station or through KSTDC website. Earlier Nandi Hills was closed due to Covid restrictions.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/ivf-works-like-boon-against-infertility/articleshow/90408968.cms |title=Nandi Hills open on weekends |date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Commons category|Nandi Hills}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618103944/http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/nandi.htm State govt's official site]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Nandi Hills}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chikkaballapur district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Hills of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chikkaballapur district]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Chikkaballapur district]]

Nandi Hills, India

2022-12-09T09:58:11Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = Nandi Betta | native_name_lang = Kannada | other_name = Nandidurga | settlement_type = town | image_skyline =File:Sunrise at Nandi Hills.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Sunrise seen from Nandi Hills | nickname = | pushpin_map = India Karnataka | pushpin_label..."

Lal Bagh

2022-12-09T09:56:19Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{Other uses|Lalbagh (disambiguation){{!}}Lalbagh}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lalbagh Botanical Garden
| other_name =
| nickname = Lalbagh
| settlement_type = Botanical Garden
| image_skyline = Glasshouse and fountain at lalbagh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The Lalbagh Glass House in the Botanical Garden
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bangalore, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.95|N|77.59|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bangalore Urban
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Hyder Ali]]
| named_for =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 = 0.971246
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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[[File:Lal bagh band stand.JPG|thumb|The bandstand]]
'''Lalbagh Botanical Garden''' or simply '''Lalbagh''' ({{literal translation|red garden}}), is an [[botanical garden]] in [[Bangalore]], [[India]], with an over 200-year history. First planned and laid out during the [[dalavayi|dalavaiship]] of [[Hyder Ali]] and later managed under numerous British Superintendents before Indian Independence. It was responsible for the introduction and propagation of numerous ornamental plants as well as those of economic value. It also served a social function as a park and recreational space, with a central [[Greenhouse|glass house]] dating from 1890 which was used for flower shows. In modern times it hosts two flower shows coinciding with the week of [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26 January) and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August). As an [[urban green space]] along with [[Cubbon Park]], it is also home to numerous wild species of birds and other wildlife. The garden also has a lake adjoining a large rock on which a watchtower had been constructed during the reign of Kempegowda II.

== History ==
[[File:Lalbagh Garden Beauty.JPG|230px|thumb|Lalbagh Botanical Garden Glass House, dating from 1889]]
[[File:Lal bagh gardens1794.jpg|thumb|Lalbagh Gardens of [[Bangalore]] were originally laid out by [[Hyder Ali]] and were modeled on gardens in [[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Vinoda |first1=K |title=The Lalbagh - A History |date=October 1989 |page=[https://archive.org/details/TheLalbaghAHistoryByKVinoda/page/n9 5] |url=https://archive.org/details/TheLalbaghAHistoryByKVinoda |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> laid out by its last [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subedar]], Dilawar Khan (r.1726–1756).]]
[[File:Lalbagh Glasshouse night panorama.jpg|230px|thumb|right|The Lalbagh Glasshouse at night]]
[[Hyder Ali]] commissioned the building of this garden in 1760 but his son, [[Tipu Sultan]], completed it. A ''Bagh'' is Hindustani for garden while the reference of the prefix ''Lal'' is debated and could refer to the colour red due to its original floral composition but ''Lal'' also means "beloved". Hyder Ali decided to create this garden on the lines of the [[Mughal Gardens]] that were gaining popularity during his time. Hyder Ali laid out these famous botanical gardens and his son Tipu Sultan added horticultural wealth to them by importing trees and plants from several countries. Hyder and Tipu's Lalbagh gardens were managed by Mohammed Ali and his son Abdul Khader and were based on design of the Mughal Gardens that once stood at [[Sira, India|Sira]], at a distance of 120 km from Bangalore. At that time, Sira was the headquarters of the strategically important southernmost Mughal "suba" (province) of the Deccan before the British Raj.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for the Government, Volume I, Mysore In General, 1897a|last=Benjamin Rice|first=Lewis|publisher=Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company|year=1897|page=834}}</ref>

The Lalbagh gardens were commissioned by the 18th century and over the years it acquired India's first lawn-clock and the subcontinent's largest collection of rare plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/Design_final/lalbagh/History_of_Lalbagh.html |title= History of Lalbagh Botanical Garden|access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref> After the British conquest of [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in 1799, the garden was under the charge of Major Gilbert Waugh, Company paymaster and in 1814 its control was transferred to the Government of Mysore with an appeal by Waugh to the Marquis of Hastings that it should be under the botanical garden at Fort William, Calcutta. This was accepted and the charge for supervision was given to Nathaniel Wallich on 24 April 1819. This continued until 1831 when charge moved to the Mysore Commissioner. An Agricultural and Horticultural Society had been formed with William Munro, an army officer and amateur botanist in charge of the Bangalore chapter. The Society wrote to the Mysore Commissioner, Sir Mark Cubbon, requesting charge of the Lalbagh garden. Cubbon granted control and during this period it was used for horticultural training. The Bangalore chapter of the Society was dissolved in 1842, leaving the gardens unmanaged.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

In 1855, Hugh Cleghorn, was appointed as a botanical advisor to the Commissioner of Mysore. Cleghorn and Jaffrey, superintendent of the Madras Agri-Horticultural Society looked at various sites for a horticultural garden and found that Lalbagh suited their purpose despite being located at a distance from the Cantonment, the British centre of the city. He suggested that a European Superintendent be appointed with control under the Chief Commissioner. Cleghorn was against the use of Lalbagh for commercial enterprise and instead suggested that it should aim to improve the use of indigenous plants, aid in introducing useful exotic species and help in the exchange of plant and seed materials with other gardens at Madras, Calcutta and Ooty. Under Cubbon's orders, Lalbagh was made into the Government Botanical Garden in August 1856 and a professional horticulturist was sought from Kew. William New was recommended and he arrived at Bangalore on 10 April 1858. New's contract ended in 1863-64 and he was replaced by Allan Adamson Black who worked at the Kew Herbarium.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

Black however suffered from poor health and resigned in 1865 and died after visiting his brother in Rangoon aboard HMS Dalhousie, off the Coco Islands on 4 December 1865.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Death|date=1866-01-23|newspaper=Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette|page=3}}</ref> New was then re-appointed. In his 1861 catalogue of the plants of Lalbagh, there were numerous economic and ornamental plants including Cinchona, coffee, tea, macadamia nuts, hickory, pecan, rhododendrons, camellias, and bougainvilleas. New died in 1873 and was followed by John Cameron, also from Kew. Cameron had the additional support of the Maharaja of Mysore who was appointed in 1881 and introductions included Araucarias (''A. cookii'' and ''A. bidwilli''), cypresses (''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]''), topiaries made from ''[[Hamelia patens]]''.<ref name=":2" />

In 1890-91, a central bandstand and the glasshouse (for flowershows) made with iron pillars cast by Walter Macfarlane and Company of Glasgow were added. Cameron also helped introduce commercial crops like cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, radish, rhubarb, celery, and kohlrabi. Trees introduced included the [[Adansonia|baobab]] from Africa, ''[[Brownea rosea]]'' from the Caribbean, and ''[[Catha edulis]]'' from Yemen.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924000622252/page/n3|title=Catalogue of plants in the Botanical Garden, Bangalore and its vicinity|edition=2|author=Cameron, John|year=1891|publisher=Government Press|place=Bangalore}}</ref> Cameron retired in 1908 and was followed by [[Gustav Hermann Krumbiegel|Gustav Herman Krumbiegel]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bowe|first=Patrick|date=2012|title=Lal Bagh - The botanical garden of Bangalore and its Kew-trained gardeners|journal=Garden History|volume=40|issue=2|pages=228–238|issn=0307-1243|jstor=41719905}}</ref> A menagerie and an aviary had been established in the 1860s. A pigeon house or dovecot for 100 birds was built. Following the plague the maintenance deteriorated and there was a proposal to close the menagerie and aviary in the 1900s. in 1914. [[Stanley Smyth Flower|Captain S.S.Flower]] reported that it included a court built between 1850 and 1860 having tigers and rhinoceros; an aviary; a monkey house with an orangutan; a paddock with blackbuck, chital, [[Sambar deer]], barking deer, and a pair of emus; a bear house and a peacock enclosure.<ref>{{cite book| title=Report on a Zoological mission to India | author=Flower, S.S.|author-link=Stanley Smyth Flower| year= 1914| publisher=Government Press|place=Cairo|pages=40–41 |url=https://archive.org/stream/flowerzoologicalmissi1913#page/40/mode/2up/}}</ref><ref>Vinoda, K. (1989) [[iarchive:TheLalbaghAHistoryByKVinoda|The Lalbagh - A history 1760-1932.]] Department of History, Bangalore University.</ref>

In 1874, Lalbagh had an area of {{convert|45|acre|sqm}}. In 1889, 30 acres were added to the eastern side, followed by 13 acres in 1891 including the rock with Kempegowda tower and 94 acres more in 1894 on the eastern side just below the rock bringing it to a total of {{convert|188|acre|sqm}}.<ref name="deccglas" /> The foundation stone for the Glass House, modeled on [[London| London's]] [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] was laid on 30 November 1889 by [[Prince Albert Victor]] and was built during the time of John Cameron.<ref name="deccglas">{{cite news|title=A jewel in Lalbagh's crown|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/114905/a-jewel-lalbaghs-crown.html|access-date=23 November 2010|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="hac">{{cite book |first=Kumar |last=Suresh Singh |url=http://www.biblio.com/book/people-india-karnataka-vol-xxvi-k/d/15395449 |title=People of India: Karnataka Vol. xxvi |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press (Pvt.) Ltd. |isbn=978-8-1859-3898-1|year=2003 }}</ref> It was built with cast iron from the [[Saracen Foundry]] in Glasgow UK. This structure was extended in 1935, this time with steel from the Mysore Iron and Steel Company at Bhadravathi.<ref name=":0" />

The Horticultural Department decided to close Lalbagh Botanical Garden on Saturday 21 March 2020, in order to avoid public gatherings in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-22|title=COVID-19: Cubbon Park and Lalbagh Garden in Bengaluru closed|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/covid-19-cubbon-park-and-lalbagh-garden-bengaluru-closed-120833|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> In the third week of May the government allowed parks to be open only from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. to 7 p.m.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walkers throng Bengaluru's Cubbon Park, Lalbagh, officials have tough time|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/may/20/walkers-throng-bengalurus-cubbon-park-lalbagh-officials-have-tough-time-2145528.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the cancellation of the Lalbagh flower show on Independence Day in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Y Maheswara Reddy|date=Jul 6, 2020|title=Covid-19 forces flower show at Lalbagh Botanical Garden to be called off|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/after-world-war-ii-covid-19-forces-flower-show-to-be-called-off/articleshow/76804032.cms|access-date=2021-08-17|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> Due to the pandemic, mango and jackfruit melas were also not conducted at Lalbagh in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2020-07-05|title=Independence Day flower show at Lalbagh cancelled|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/independence-day-flower-show-at-lalbagh-cancelled/article31996778.ece|access-date=2021-08-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Overview==
Lalbagh is a {{convert|240|acre|sqkm}} garden and is located in south [[Bangalore]]. It holds two flower shows and has over 1,000 species of plants with many trees that are more than a hundred years old.<ref name=lalbagh>{{cite web|url=http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/lalbagh.htmh|title=Department of Horticulture, Bangalore|access-date=20 August 2015}} {{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Bowe, Patrick (2002) Charles Maries: Garden Superintendent to Two Indian Maharajas. Garden History 30(1):84-94</ref>

The garden adjoins one of the towers erected by the founder of [[Bangalore]], [[Kempe Gowda]]. The park has some rare species of plants brought from [[Persia]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[France]]. With an intricate watering system for irrigation, this garden is aesthetically designed, with lawns, flowerbeds, lotus pools and fountains. Most of the centuries-old trees are labelled for easy identification. [[Peninsular Gneiss|''The Lalbagh Rock'']], one of the most ancient rock formations on earth, dating back to 3,000 million years, is another attraction that attracts the crowds.<ref name=lalbagh/>

===Gates===
Lalbagh has four gates The western gate is situated near Siddapura Circle and one can enter this gate and enjoy the sylvan atmosphere of the garden. The north western wall adjoins Krumbiegal Road named after G.H. Krumbiegal, the last pre-Independence Superintendent.

The eastern gate has a wide road with [[Jayanagar, Bangalore]] close by. The southern gate is often referred to as a small gate and opens near Ashoka pillar. The northern gate is a fairly wide and big road leading to the Glass House and serves as the primary entrance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/Design_final/lalbagh/History_of_Lalbagh.html |title=History of Lalbagh,Lalbagh Botanical Gardens Bangalore, Lalbagh Garden, Gardens of Bangalore Karnataka, Lal Bagh Garden in Bangalore, Lal Bagh Garden of Bangalore India, Tourist Attractions in Bangalore, Indian Gardens, Karnataka Gardens, Bangalore Gardens, Tourist Place in South India, Tours in South India, Lal Bagh Gardens in Bangalore India, Lalbagh Park, Parks in Bangalore, Botanical Garden's in South Asia, Lalbagh Flower Show, Bangalore Holiday Package, Bangalore Tourist Places |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814094723/http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/Design_final/lalbagh/History_of_Lalbagh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Tourism and eco-development ==
Flower shows are conducted every year during the week of Republic day and Independence day, to educate people about the variety of flora and develop public interest in plant conservation and cultivation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lalbagh.org|title= Lal Bagh Flower Show 2008 Ticket Booking|access-date=2009-03-01}}</ref> In August 2022, on the occasion of 75th Independence Day, flower show was conducted in the honour of [[Rajkumar (actor)|Rajkumar]] and [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] depicting their life journey. It was attended by 8.34 lakh people.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/aug/16/record-834-lakh-people-flock-to-flower-show-revenue-touches-rs-333-crore-2487906.amp | title=Record 8.34 lakh people flock to flower show, revenue touches Rs 3.33 crore - the New Indian Express }}</ref>

A bonsai garden has been added in 2002. Apart from this, there is a Topiary Garden, Rose Garden and Lotus Garden inside Lalbagh.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

An artificial waterfall has been commissioned in 2017 at the far eastern edge of the lake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/jun/20/double-joy-visitors-to-lalbagh-can-now-enjoy-two-waterfalls-1992631.html|title=Double joy: Visitors to Lalbagh can now enjoy two waterfalls|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>

Lalbagh is a good place for bird watching both in the lake and on the ground.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Lalbagh also has a "Garden centre" where citizens can buy ornamental plants. This is managed by Nursery Men's Cooperative society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nurserymen Co-Operative Society Ltd. |url=http://ncslalbagh.com/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=ncslalbagh.com}}</ref>

A geological monument for the [[Peninsular Gneiss|peninsular gneiss]] formation is also a tourist attraction at the gardens. This monument has been designated by the [[Geological Survey of India]] on the Lalbagh hill which is made up of 3,000 million-year-old peninsular gneissic rocks. One of the four cardinal towers erected by Kempegowda II, also a major tourist attraction, is seen above this hillock. This tower gives a view of Bangalore from the top.<ref name="monument">{{cite web|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529567&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|title=Peninsular Gneiss|publisher=Geological Survey of India|access-date=2009-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161351/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529567&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GSI">{{cite journal |title=National Geological Monuments, pages 96, Peninsular Gneiss, page29-32|journal=Special Publication Series|publisher=Geological Survey of India,27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016|issn=0254-0436|year=2001|url=http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no24484.htm}}</ref>

== Lalbagh management and public protests ==
The Lalbagh botanical gardens is managed by the Department of Horticulture and is no longer maintained as a botanical garden and is not a member of the [[Botanic Gardens Conservation International]].<ref>[http://www.bgci.org/garden.php?id=452 Lalbagh Botanical Garden]</ref> With an increasing pressure to serve as a park and social space, much of the garden has been converted into walking paths and lawns. Morning walkers throng Lalbagh every morning. Many tree have been trimmed or cut down to make way for public amenities or due to perceptions that falling branches may threaten visitors.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/86743/no-more-tree-felling-lalbagh.html Tree felling in Lalbagh. August 7, 2010. Deccan Herald.]</ref> A part of the garden was taken over and many trees cut down amid protests for construction of the Lalbagh Metro Station as part of the [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]]. Entry fees of INR 25 with a camera fee of INR 60 have also been a point of contention.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/entry-parking-fees-at-lalbagh-set-to-go-up/article25151627.ece Entry, parking fees at Lalbagh set to go up. 8 October 2018. The Hindu.]</ref> There have been repeated proposals to build various recreational amenities such as rock gardens, fountains and boating facilities. Some of these proposals of the management have been halted in the past due protests from enlightened public who have pointed out the impacts these have on the environment.<ref[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Making-Lalbagh-see-green/articleshow/38766428.cms Making Lalbagh see green. 21 July 2014. Times of India.]</ref>

==Connectivity==
[[Lalbagh metro station]] connects with the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Greenline]] of [[Namma Metro]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=TNN|date=May 3, 2017|title=Nagasandra-Puttenahalli Metro line: Nagasandra-Puttenahalli Metro line to open by May-end, says KJ George {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/nagasandra-puttenahalli-metro-line-to-open-by-may-end-says-george/articleshow/58484491.cms|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Lalbagh is also connected by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] buses from [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]/Shivaji Nagar. All buses towards [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]]/[[Banashankari]] areas pass through one of the four gates of Lalbagh.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Preservation Act, 1979 ==
The Preservation Act, 1979 passed by the Government of Karnataka to preserve the uniqueness of the park is under the provision of Karnataka Government Park (Preservation) Act, 1975, which states:<blockquote>''Accordingly, it is directed that neither any land should be granted to nor any further constructions be permitted whether temporary or permanent by any organization or individuals in the [[Cubbon Park]] and Lalbagh areas except the constructions taken up by the Horticulture Department in furtherance of the objectives of the department.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-11-13|title=GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA|url=http://www.esgindia.org/campaigns/cubbonpark/docs/Annexures%20to%20IA.htm|access-date=2021-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113121211/http://www.esgindia.org/campaigns/cubbonpark/docs/Annexures%20to%20IA.htm|archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref></blockquote>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="150" perrow="4" caption="Lalbagh Gallery">
File:Lalbagh bangalore.jpg|Lalbagh or Lalbagh Botanical Gardens is a well known botanical garden in southern Bangalore, India.
File:Kempegowda tower in Lal Bagh.jpg|Kempegowda tower
File:Fav Lalbagh W.jpg|Side view of Glass House
File:Lalbaghglasshouse.JPG|Interior view of the Glass house
File:Bombax LalBagh.JPG|Largest known [[Kapok tree|Kapok]] specimen, located in Lalbagh
File:Lake inside Lalbagh Botanical Garden Bangalore An Evening View.jpg|Evening View of the Lake
File:Lalbaghdecojapan.JPG|A Japanese decorative monument found in Lalbagh
File:Lake - Lal Bagh, Bangalore II..JPG|Lalbagh Lake pathway
File:Lalbaghstatue.JPG|A statue of Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar, ex-ruler of Mysore at Lalbagh. He also sponsored the famous journey of Swami Vivekananda to Chicago in 1893.
File:Lalbagh Lake1.jpg|A view of lake at Lalbagh
File:Lalbaghbanglore.jpg|Lawn inside Lalbagh
File:Lotus Pond, Lalbagh Botanical Garden.jpg|Lotus Pond
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lalbagh Botanical Garden}}
* [https://archive.org/details/cu31924000622252 Catalogue of plants in 1891]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120217040111/http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/lalbagh.htm Official Website]
* [https://archive.org/details/TheLalbaghAHistoryByKVinoda The Lalbagh - A History]

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:History of Bangalore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Botanical gardens in India]]
[[Category:Parks in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Greenhouses]]
[[Category:Aquaria in India]]

Lal Bagh

2022-12-09T09:56:03Z

Dhaneesh Ram: Created page with "{{Other uses|Lalbagh (disambiguation){{!}}Lalbagh}} {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Lalbagh Botanical Garden | other_name = | nickname = Lalbagh | settlement_type = Botanical Garden | image_skyline = Glasshouse and fountain at lalbagh.jpg | image_alt = | image_capti..."

Bangalore Palace

2022-12-09T09:55:08Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{short description|Royal palace in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Bangalore Palace
| image = Bangalore Mysore Maharaja Palace.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of the Bangalore Palace
| location = Inner Bangalore
| location_town = [[Bangalore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9987|77.5920|region:IN-KA|display=inline}}
| start_date = April 1874
| completion_date = 1878
| architect =
| owner = HH Pramoda Devi Wadiyar
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| architectural_style = [[Tudor Revival architecture]]
}}

'''Bangalore Palace''' is a royal [[palace]] located in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], in an area that was owned by Rev. J. Garrett, the first principal of the Central High School in Bangalore, now famous as [[Central College of Bangalore|Central College]]. The commencement of the construction of the palace is attributed to him.

== Construction ==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

==Interior décor==
[[File:Durbar Hall, Palace, Bangalore (1890). Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.jpg|thumb|The Durbar Hall, Bangalore Palace (1890; Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'<ref name=Curzon>{{cite book|title=Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'|date=1890|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>)|258x258px]]
[[File:Floor, wall and ceiling patterns at Bangalore Palace.jpg|thumb|Geometric tile and wallpaper in Bangalore Palace]]

==Renovation==
[[File:Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and Palace Grounds (2).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and grounds|258x258px]]
[[File:Maharaja’s Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'.jpg|thumb|Maharaja's Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'|256x256px]] The palace grounds are used for holding public events including music concerts.

The grounds are now (2018) severely neglected with only the portion immediately in front of the palace cultivated

Many international artists have performed in the grounds. Today a legal battle between government and the Mysore royal family has seen a ban of commercial activities. Nevertheless, a number of private companies controlled by the royal family runs a number of wedding halls on the grounds. For the past 34 years the oldest security agency of Karnataka named Scorpion Security Ltd has their national headquarters inside the palace premises.

Over the past few years, the palace grounds have been hosts to major music artists like: [[Iron Maiden]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Backstreet Boys]], [[Don Moen (singer)|Don Moen]], [[David Guetta]], [[Elton John]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Textures (band)|Textures]], [[Amon Amarth]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Akon]], [[The Black Eyed Peas]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Metallica]], [[Michael Learns to Rock]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[The Prodigy]], [[No Doubt]], [[Sepultura]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]], and [[Cradle of Filth]].

[[Iron Maiden]]'s performance in 2007 was a historic gig named [[Eddfest]] in the sub-continent. The concert was part of the band's A Matter of Life and Death Tour. The name Eddfest is taken from the band's mascot Eddie. The concert is the largest paid concert ever to take place in India with an estimated 38,000 people in attendance with 4000 people watching from outside the venue without tickets. It marked the first visit of Iron Maiden to the Indian subcontinent, and the first major heavy metal concert to take place in the country.

[[Jay Sean]], [[Ludacris]] and [[Flo Rida]] performed in Palace Grounds on 22 September 2011 for the opening ceremony of the Champions League T20.

[[Metallica]] performed at the palace grounds on 30 October 2011 as part of the Rock N India festival, their first show in [[India]] which was attended by 31,000 people.<ref>[http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331233350/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb|date=31 March 2012}}</ref> It would also turn out to be the last concert to take place as the state government and police stopped giving permission for any future musical events or concerts at the venue (all concerts banned).

==Fun World==
Fun World is an amusement park situated in the palace grounds. This amusement park is allowed under permission from Smt Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, owner and legal heir to Late Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar. It has various [[List of amusement rides|joy ride]]s, water park and snow room.[[File:Fun world bangalore.jpg|thumb|Amusement park in palace grounds complex|253x253px]]

==See also==
*[[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar]]
*[[Mysore Palace]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bangalore Palace}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Houses completed in 1944]]
[[Category:Palaces in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Amusement parks in Karnataka]]

Bangalore Palace

2022-12-09T09:54:57Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

Bangalore Palace

2022-12-09T09:54:43Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{short description|Royal palace in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Bangalore Palace
| image = Bangalore Mysore Maharaja Palace.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of the Bangalore Palace
| location = Inner Bangalore
| location_town = [[Bangalore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9987|77.5920|region:IN-KA|display=inline}}
| start_date = April 1874
| completion_date = 1878
| architect =
| owner = HH Pramoda Devi Wadiyar
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| architectural_style = [[Tudor Revival architecture]]
}}

'''Bangalore Palace''' is a royal [[palace]] located in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], in an area that was owned by Rev. J. Garrett, the first principal of the Central High School in Bangalore, now famous as [[Central College of Bangalore|Central College]]. The commencement of the construction of the palace is attributed to him.

==External links==
{{commons category|Bangalore Palace}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Houses completed in 1944]]
[[Category:Palaces in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Amusement parks in Karnataka]]

== Construction ==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

==Interior décor==
[[File:Durbar Hall, Palace, Bangalore (1890). Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.jpg|thumb|The Durbar Hall, Bangalore Palace (1890; Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'<ref name=Curzon>{{cite book|title=Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'|date=1890|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>)|258x258px]]
[[File:Floor, wall and ceiling patterns at Bangalore Palace.jpg|thumb|Geometric tile and wallpaper in Bangalore Palace]]

==Renovation==
[[File:Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and Palace Grounds (2).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and grounds|258x258px]]
[[File:Maharaja’s Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'.jpg|thumb|Maharaja's Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'|256x256px]] The palace grounds are used for holding public events including music concerts.

The grounds are now (2018) severely neglected with only the portion immediately in front of the palace cultivated

Many international artists have performed in the grounds. Today a legal battle between government and the Mysore royal family has seen a ban of commercial activities. Nevertheless, a number of private companies controlled by the royal family runs a number of wedding halls on the grounds. For the past 34 years the oldest security agency of Karnataka named Scorpion Security Ltd has their national headquarters inside the palace premises.

Over the past few years, the palace grounds have been hosts to major music artists like: [[Iron Maiden]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Backstreet Boys]], [[Don Moen (singer)|Don Moen]], [[David Guetta]], [[Elton John]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Textures (band)|Textures]], [[Amon Amarth]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Akon]], [[The Black Eyed Peas]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Metallica]], [[Michael Learns to Rock]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[The Prodigy]], [[No Doubt]], [[Sepultura]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]], and [[Cradle of Filth]].

[[Iron Maiden]]'s performance in 2007 was a historic gig named [[Eddfest]] in the sub-continent. The concert was part of the band's A Matter of Life and Death Tour. The name Eddfest is taken from the band's mascot Eddie. The concert is the largest paid concert ever to take place in India with an estimated 38,000 people in attendance with 4000 people watching from outside the venue without tickets. It marked the first visit of Iron Maiden to the Indian subcontinent, and the first major heavy metal concert to take place in the country.

[[Jay Sean]], [[Ludacris]] and [[Flo Rida]] performed in Palace Grounds on 22 September 2011 for the opening ceremony of the Champions League T20.

[[Metallica]] performed at the palace grounds on 30 October 2011 as part of the Rock N India festival, their first show in [[India]] which was attended by 31,000 people.<ref>[http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331233350/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb|date=31 March 2012}}</ref> It would also turn out to be the last concert to take place as the state government and police stopped giving permission for any future musical events or concerts at the venue (all concerts banned).

==Fun World==
Fun World is an amusement park situated in the palace grounds. This amusement park is allowed under permission from Smt Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, owner and legal heir to Late Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar. It has various [[List of amusement rides|joy ride]]s, water park and snow room.[[File:Fun world bangalore.jpg|thumb|Amusement park in palace grounds complex|253x253px]]

==See also==
*[[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar]]
*[[Mysore Palace]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Bangalore Palace

2022-12-09T09:54:33Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{short description|Royal palace in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Bangalore Palace
| image = Bangalore Mysore Maharaja Palace.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of the Bangalore Palace
| location = Inner Bangalore
| location_town = [[Bangalore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9987|77.5920|region:IN-KA|display=inline}}
| start_date = April 1874
| completion_date = 1878
| architect =
| owner = HH Pramoda Devi Wadiyar
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| architectural_style = [[Tudor Revival architecture]]
}}

'''Bangalore Palace''' is a royal [[palace]] located in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], in an area that was owned by Rev. J. Garrett, the first principal of the Central High School in Bangalore, now famous as [[Central College of Bangalore|Central College]]. The commencement of the construction of the palace is attributed to him.

==External links==
{{commons category|Bangalore Palace}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Houses completed in 1944]]
[[Category:Palaces in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Amusement parks in Karnataka]]

== Construction ==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

==Interior décor==
[[File:Durbar Hall, Palace, Bangalore (1890). Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.jpg|thumb|The Durbar Hall, Bangalore Palace (1890; Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'<ref name=Curzon>{{cite book|title=Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'|date=1890|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>)|258x258px]]
[[File:Floor, wall and ceiling patterns at Bangalore Palace.jpg|thumb|Geometric tile and wallpaper in Bangalore Palace]]

==Renovation==
[[File:Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and Palace Grounds (2).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and grounds|258x258px]]
[[File:Maharaja’s Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'.jpg|thumb|Maharaja's Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'|256x256px]] The palace grounds are used for holding public events including music concerts.

The grounds are now (2018) severely neglected with only the portion immediately in front of the palace cultivated

Many international artists have performed in the grounds. Today a legal battle between government and the Mysore royal family has seen a ban of commercial activities. Nevertheless, a number of private companies controlled by the royal family runs a number of wedding halls on the grounds. For the past 34 years the oldest security agency of Karnataka named Scorpion Security Ltd has their national headquarters inside the palace premises.

Over the past few years, the palace grounds have been hosts to major music artists like: [[Iron Maiden]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Backstreet Boys]], [[Don Moen (singer)|Don Moen]], [[David Guetta]], [[Elton John]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Textures (band)|Textures]], [[Amon Amarth]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Akon]], [[The Black Eyed Peas]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Metallica]], [[Michael Learns to Rock]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[The Prodigy]], [[No Doubt]], [[Sepultura]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]], and [[Cradle of Filth]].

[[Iron Maiden]]'s performance in 2007 was a historic gig named [[Eddfest]] in the sub-continent. The concert was part of the band's A Matter of Life and Death Tour. The name Eddfest is taken from the band's mascot Eddie. The concert is the largest paid concert ever to take place in India with an estimated 38,000 people in attendance with 4000 people watching from outside the venue without tickets. It marked the first visit of Iron Maiden to the Indian subcontinent, and the first major heavy metal concert to take place in the country.

[[Jay Sean]], [[Ludacris]] and [[Flo Rida]] performed in Palace Grounds on 22 September 2011 for the opening ceremony of the Champions League T20.

[[Metallica]] performed at the palace grounds on 30 October 2011 as part of the Rock N India festival, their first show in [[India]] which was attended by 31,000 people.<ref>[http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331233350/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb|date=31 March 2012}}</ref> It would also turn out to be the last concert to take place as the state government and police stopped giving permission for any future musical events or concerts at the venue (all concerts banned).

==Fun World==
Fun World is an amusement park situated in the palace grounds. This amusement park is allowed under permission from Smt Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, owner and legal heir to Late Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar. It has various [[List of amusement rides|joy ride]]s, water park and snow room.[[File:Fun world bangalore.jpg|thumb|Amusement park in palace grounds complex|253x253px]]

==See also==
*[[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar]]
*[[Mysore Palace]]

Bangalore Palace

2022-12-09T09:54:18Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{short description|Royal palace in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Bangalore Palace
| image = Bangalore Mysore Maharaja Palace.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of the Bangalore Palace
| location = Inner Bangalore
| location_town = [[Bangalore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9987|77.5920|region:IN-KA|display=inline}}
| start_date = April 1874
| completion_date = 1878
| architect =
| owner = HH Pramoda Devi Wadiyar
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| architectural_style = [[Tudor Revival architecture]]
}}

'''Bangalore Palace''' is a royal [[palace]] located in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], in an area that was owned by Rev. J. Garrett, the first principal of the Central High School in Bangalore, now famous as [[Central College of Bangalore|Central College]]. The commencement of the construction of the palace is attributed to him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bangalore Palace}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Houses completed in 1944]]
[[Category:Palaces in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Amusement parks in Karnataka]]

== Construction ==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

==Interior décor==
[[File:Durbar Hall, Palace, Bangalore (1890). Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.jpg|thumb|The Durbar Hall, Bangalore Palace (1890; Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'<ref name=Curzon>{{cite book|title=Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'|date=1890|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>)|258x258px]]
[[File:Floor, wall and ceiling patterns at Bangalore Palace.jpg|thumb|Geometric tile and wallpaper in Bangalore Palace]]

==Renovation==
[[File:Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and Palace Grounds (2).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and grounds|258x258px]]
[[File:Maharaja’s Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'.jpg|thumb|Maharaja's Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'|256x256px]] The palace grounds are used for holding public events including music concerts.

The grounds are now (2018) severely neglected with only the portion immediately in front of the palace cultivated

Many international artists have performed in the grounds. Today a legal battle between government and the Mysore royal family has seen a ban of commercial activities. Nevertheless, a number of private companies controlled by the royal family runs a number of wedding halls on the grounds. For the past 34 years the oldest security agency of Karnataka named Scorpion Security Ltd has their national headquarters inside the palace premises.

Over the past few years, the palace grounds have been hosts to major music artists like: [[Iron Maiden]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Backstreet Boys]], [[Don Moen (singer)|Don Moen]], [[David Guetta]], [[Elton John]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Textures (band)|Textures]], [[Amon Amarth]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Akon]], [[The Black Eyed Peas]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Metallica]], [[Michael Learns to Rock]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[The Prodigy]], [[No Doubt]], [[Sepultura]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]], and [[Cradle of Filth]].

[[Iron Maiden]]'s performance in 2007 was a historic gig named [[Eddfest]] in the sub-continent. The concert was part of the band's A Matter of Life and Death Tour. The name Eddfest is taken from the band's mascot Eddie. The concert is the largest paid concert ever to take place in India with an estimated 38,000 people in attendance with 4000 people watching from outside the venue without tickets. It marked the first visit of Iron Maiden to the Indian subcontinent, and the first major heavy metal concert to take place in the country.

[[Jay Sean]], [[Ludacris]] and [[Flo Rida]] performed in Palace Grounds on 22 September 2011 for the opening ceremony of the Champions League T20.

[[Metallica]] performed at the palace grounds on 30 October 2011 as part of the Rock N India festival, their first show in [[India]] which was attended by 31,000 people.<ref>[http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331233350/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb|date=31 March 2012}}</ref> It would also turn out to be the last concert to take place as the state government and police stopped giving permission for any future musical events or concerts at the venue (all concerts banned).

==Fun World==
Fun World is an amusement park situated in the palace grounds. This amusement park is allowed under permission from Smt Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, owner and legal heir to Late Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar. It has various [[List of amusement rides|joy ride]]s, water park and snow room.[[File:Fun world bangalore.jpg|thumb|Amusement park in palace grounds complex|253x253px]]

==See also==
*[[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar]]
*[[Mysore Palace]]

Bangalore Palace

2022-12-09T09:54:05Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{short description|Royal palace in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Bangalore Palace
| image = Bangalore Mysore Maharaja Palace.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of the Bangalore Palace
| location = Inner Bangalore
| location_town = [[Bangalore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9987|77.5920|region:IN-KA|display=inline}}
| start_date = April 1874
| completion_date = 1878
| architect =
| owner = HH Pramoda Devi Wadiyar
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| architectural_style = [[Tudor Revival architecture]]
}}

'''Bangalore Palace''' is a royal [[palace]] located in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], in an area that was owned by Rev. J. Garrett, the first principal of the Central High School in Bangalore, now famous as [[Central College of Bangalore|Central College]]. The commencement of the construction of the palace is attributed to him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bangalore Palace}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Houses completed in 1944]]
[[Category:Palaces in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Amusement parks in Karnataka]]

== Construction ==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

==Interior décor==
[[File:Durbar Hall, Palace, Bangalore (1890). Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.jpg|thumb|The Durbar Hall, Bangalore Palace (1890; Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'<ref name=Curzon>{{cite book|title=Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'|date=1890|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>)|258x258px]]
[[File:Floor, wall and ceiling patterns at Bangalore Palace.jpg|thumb|Geometric tile and wallpaper in Bangalore Palace]]

==Renovation==
[[File:Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and Palace Grounds (2).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and grounds|258x258px]]
[[File:Maharaja’s Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'.jpg|thumb|Maharaja's Palace at Bangalore. Lee-Warner Collection 'Souvenirs of Kolhapur. Installation of H.H. the Maharajah, 1894'|256x256px]] The palace grounds are used for holding public events including music concerts.

The grounds are now (2018) severely neglected with only the portion immediately in front of the palace cultivated

Many international artists have performed in the grounds. Today a legal battle between government and the Mysore royal family has seen a ban of commercial activities. Nevertheless, a number of private companies controlled by the royal family runs a number of wedding halls on the grounds. For the past 34 years the oldest security agency of Karnataka named Scorpion Security Ltd has their national headquarters inside the palace premises.

Over the past few years, the palace grounds have been hosts to major music artists like: [[Iron Maiden]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Backstreet Boys]], [[Don Moen (singer)|Don Moen]], [[David Guetta]], [[Elton John]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Textures (band)|Textures]], [[Amon Amarth]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Akon]], [[The Black Eyed Peas]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Metallica]], [[Michael Learns to Rock]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[The Prodigy]], [[No Doubt]], [[Sepultura]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]], and [[Cradle of Filth]].

[[Iron Maiden]]'s performance in 2007 was a historic gig named [[Eddfest]] in the sub-continent. The concert was part of the band's A Matter of Life and Death Tour. The name Eddfest is taken from the band's mascot Eddie. The concert is the largest paid concert ever to take place in India with an estimated 38,000 people in attendance with 4000 people watching from outside the venue without tickets. It marked the first visit of Iron Maiden to the Indian subcontinent, and the first major heavy metal concert to take place in the country.

[[Jay Sean]], [[Ludacris]] and [[Flo Rida]] performed in Palace Grounds on 22 September 2011 for the opening ceremony of the Champions League T20.

[[Metallica]] performed at the palace grounds on 30 October 2011 as part of the Rock N India festival, their first show in [[India]] which was attended by 31,000 people.<ref>[http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331233350/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb|date=31 March 2012}}</ref> It would also turn out to be the last concert to take place as the state government and police stopped giving permission for any future musical events or concerts at the venue (all concerts banned).

==Fun World==
Fun World is an amusement park situated in the palace grounds. This amusement park is allowed under permission from Smt Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, owner and legal heir to Late Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar. It has various [[List of amusement rides|joy ride]]s, water park and snow room.[[File:Fun world bangalore.jpg|thumb|Amusement park in palace grounds complex|253x253px]]

UB City

2022-12-09T09:53:25Z

Dhaneesh Ram:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox building
| name = UB City
| image = UBtowers.jpg
| location = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India
| map_type = India Karnataka
| building_type = Business District
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|18.30|N|77|35|45.00|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| roof = {{convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on}} (UB Tower)<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=13883|title=UB Tower}}</ref>
| floor_count = 20 (UB Tower/Concorde)
| start_date = 2004
| completion_date = 2008
| owner = [[Vijay Mallya]]
| floor_area = {{convert|950000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| main_contractor = [[Prestige Group]]
| management = [[United Breweries]]
| architect = Thomas Associates, [[Bengaluru]]
}}
'''UB City''' is a luxury [[business district]] in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]. It consists of 6 blocks, UB Tower, Kingfisher Plaza, Concorde, Canberra, Comet, and Kingfisher Towers, with a total built up area of over 16 lakh sq ft.<ref>{{cite web|title=About UBCity|url=http://www.ubcitybangalore.in/about/overview.php}}</ref> Pioneered by the [[UB Group]] in Joint Venture with [[Prestige Group]],<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ub-city-bags-asia-pacific-property-awards/493640/|title= UB City, a joint development venture between the UB Group and Prestige group|date= June 2009|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> it is built on {{convert|13|acre|m2}} of land and hosts {{convert|1000000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} of high-end commercial, retail and service apartment space.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/UB-City-is-finally-here/articleshow/1672524.cms | newspaper=The Times Of India | title=UB City is finally here | date=22 June 2006 | first=Sujit | last=John | access-date=7 October 2018 }}</ref>

==Location==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
[[File:UBcity.JPG|thumb|upright|180px|One of the towers of UB city, as seen in the night.]]

Centrally located in the [[Bengaluru]] CBD (Central Business District), on the corner of Kasturba road and Vittal Mallya Road, it is just {{cvt|1.8|km}} from M.G. Road - Brigade road junction and right opposite Cubbon Park now officially renamed Sri Chamarajendra Park.

==The project==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}

UB City has four towers namely, UB Tower (20 Floors), Comet (11 Floors), Canberra (18 Floors), and Concorde (20 Floors).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/107020/ub-city-bangalore-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728020836/https://www.emporis.com/complex/107020/ub-city-bangalore-india |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2021 |title=Ub City |website=Emporis}}</ref> The latter three towers are all named after aircraft. UB City houses the offices of many corporates under one roof - UB Tower. Concorde & Canberra all have retail space on the lower floors and office space in the higher levels, while Comet will has serviced apartments. The multifamily property houses commercial offices, banks, high-end retail stores, Prestige Oakwood serviced apartments, curated fine-dining restaurants, spa / health clubs, cafes to hang out at, etc. Multi-level parking areas offer parking of 4 wheelers up to 1600 units. Also there is a functional an amphitheatre with food courts and landscaped gardens. It is very breezy sometimes. The property also has a beautiful Art Gallery and holds the annual cultural event - Art Bengaluru.

An elevated roof top helipad provides a five-minute aerial commute to the [[Kempegowda International Airport]].

UB City The Collection houses the most luxurious 'global' brands from many business houses across India including Reliance Group, Aditya Birla Group, et al.

The project now also houses the Kingfisher Towers in the same piece of land. Palatial condos here house many HNI's of India.

The top floor consists of many restaurants including pho, hotpot, and [[Korea|Korean]] barbecue.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:UB City Bangalore.JPG|UB City
File:UB City at night .jpg|UB City at night
File:UB City (7870275150).jpg|UB Tower
File:Canberra Tower UB City Bangalore.jpg|Canberra Tower UB City Bangalore
File:45-UB city Bangalooru.JPG|Building in UB City
File:UB City (7870272594).jpg|UB City Entrance
</gallery>

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.theubgroup.com/infrastructure.html UB Group page on project]
*[http://www.hdfcred.com/the-brand-store-prestige-group-bs-193 Prestige Group Page on HDFCRED]
{{United Spirits}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 2008]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2008]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in India]]
[[Category:Central business districts in India]]
[[Category:United Breweries Group]]

==See also==
*[[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in India]]
*[[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

UB City

2022-12-09T09:53:10Z

Dhaneesh Ram: