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List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly

2026-05-28T02:57:08Z

DesignersX: details

{{short description|Leader of Opposition of the Indian state of Karnataka}}
{{For|Legislative Council|List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition
| insignia = File:Seal of Karnataka.svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Karnataka]]
| image = File:R. Ashoka.jpg
| imagesize = 100px
| incumbent = [[R. Ashoka]]
| incumbentsince = 17 November 2023
| appointer = [[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| appointer_qualified =
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| status = [[Leader of Opposition]]
| member_of = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| termlength = During the life of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
(5 years)
| inaugural = S. Shivappa
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1962|03|22}}
| abbreviatio
REPORTS TO =
| precursor =
| salary =
| website =
| body = Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| nominator = Members of the Official Opposition in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| department = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| deputy = [[Arvind Bellad]] ,Deputy Leader of the Opposition of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| native_name = ''Karnāṭaka Vidhānasabheya Virōdha Pakṣada Nāyaka''
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
}}

The '''leader of the opposition of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. The position is currently held by [[R. Ashoka]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Karnataka Opposition Leader: ವಿಪಕ್ಷ ನಾಯಕರಾಗಿ ಆರ್ ಅಶೋಕ್ ಆಯ್ಕೆ; ಯಡಿಯೂರಪ್ಪಗೆ ತಲೆ ಬಾಗಿದ ಬಿಜೆಪಿ ಹೈಕಮಾಂಡ್ |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/breaking-news/r-ashok-elected-as-karnataka-leader-of-opposition-sns-1447980.html |access-date= |website=News18 ಕನ್ನಡ |language=}}</ref>

== Leaders of opposition ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leaders of the Opposition of Karnataka Legislative Assembly since 1962|url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previousleaderofopposition.htm|access-date=2021-08-09|website=kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
! Constituency
! colspan="3" |Tenure
!Assembly
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" |Mysore
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" | 1
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" | [[S. Shivappa]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency|Shravanabelagola]]
| 22 March 1962
| 28 January 1967
| rowspan="3" | {{Ayd|22 march 1962|6 november 1970}}
| 3rd
([[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]])
| rowspan="3" | [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 15 March 1967
| 22 February 1970
| rowspan="3" | 4th
([[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 23 February 1970
| 22 December 1970
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
|[[File:Siddhaveerappa.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[H. Siddhaveerappa]]
| [[Harihar Assembly constituency|Harihar]]
| 23 December 1970
| 14 April 1971
| {{Ayd|23 december 1970|14 april 1971}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda BNC.jpg|101x101px]]
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| [[Holenarasipur Assembly constituency|Holenarasipur]]
| 24 March 1972
| 17 March 1976
| {{Ayd|24 march 1972|17 march 1976}}
| 5th
([[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]])
| [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Indian National Congress (O)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" |Karanataka
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|
| H. T. Krishnappa
|[[Nagamangala Assembly constituency|Nagamangala]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ | title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 }}</ref>
| 18 March 1976
| 25 October 1976
| {{Ayd|18 march 1976|25 october 1976}}
| rowspan="3" | 5th
([[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]])
| [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Indian National Congress (O)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}"|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda BNC.jpg|101x101px]]
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| [[Holenarasipur Assembly constituency|Holenarasipur]]
| 18 November 1976
| 31 December 1977
| {{Ayd|18 november 1976|31 december 1977}}
| UOP
| {{party color|UOP}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[File:Somappa Rayappa Bommai 132.jpg|102x102px]]
| [[S. R. Bommai]]
| [[Hubli Rural Assembly constituency|Hubli Rural]]
| 18 March 1978
| 17 July 1979
| {{Ayd|18 march 1978|17 july 1979}}
| rowspan="4" | 6th
([[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978 election]])
| [[Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
|
| [[R. Gundu Rao]]
| [[Somwarpet Assembly constituency|Somvarpet]]
| 17 December 1979
| 22 January 1980
| {{Ayd|17 december 1979|22 january 1980}}
| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Indian National Congress (I)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[File:Devaraj Urs (cropped).JPG|101x101px]]
| [[D. Devaraj Urs]]
| [[Hunasuru Assembly constituency|Hunsur]]
| 23 January 1980
| 11 June 1981
| {{Ayd|23 january 1980|11 june 1981}}
| [[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6
|
| [[A. Lakshmisagar]]
| [[Chickpet Assembly constituency|Chickpet]]
| 10 February 1982
| 8 January 1983
| {{Ayd|10 february 1982|8 january 1983}}
| [[Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7
| [[File:M Veerappa Moily.jpg|113x113px]]
| [[Veerappa Moily]]
| [[Karkala Assembly constituency|Karkala]]
| 24 January 1983
| 2 January 1985
| {{Ayd|24 january 1983|2 january 1985}}
| 7th
([[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983 election]])
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 8
|
| [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]]
|[[Soraba Assembly constituency|Soraba]]
|18 March 1985
|11 June 1986
|{{Ayd|18 march 1985|11 june 1986}}
| rowspan="2" |8th
([[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
|9
|
| [[K. S. Nagarathanamma]]
|[[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupet]]
|29 January 1987
|21 April 1989
|{{Ayd|29 january 1987|21 april 1989}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10
|
| [[D. B. Chandregowda]]
|[[Tirthahalli Assembly constituency|Tirthahalli]]
|18 December 1989
|17 August 1992
|{{Ayd|18 december 1989|17 august 1992}}
| rowspan="2" |9th
([[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989 election]])
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11
|[[File:The Minister for Tourism of Karnataka, Shri R.V. Deshpande meeting the Minister of State for Culture (Independent Charge), Tourism (Independent Charge) and Civil Aviation, Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on January 14, 2016 (cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
| [[R. V. Deshpande]]
|[[Haliyal Assembly constituency|Haliyal]]
|18 August 1992
|16 December 1994
|{{Ayd|18 august 1992|16 december 1994}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri B.S. Yediyurappa meeting with the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize annual plan 2008-09 of the State, in New Delhi on August 12, 2008 (1) (cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
| [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|[[Shikaripura Assembly constituency|Shikaripur]]
|27 December 1994
|18 December 1996
|{{Ayd|27 december 1994|18 december 1996}}
| rowspan="2" |10th
([[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994 election]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|13
|[[File:Mallikarjun Kharge.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|[[Gurmitkal Assembly constituency|Gurmitkal]]
|19 December 1996
|7 July 1999
|{{Ayd|19 december 1996|7 july 1999}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|14
|[[File:Jagadish Shettar.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Jagadish Shettar]]
|[[Hubli Rural Assembly constituency|Hubli Rural]]
|26 October 1999
|23 February 2004
|{{Ayd|26 october 1999|23 february 2004}}
|11th
([[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999 election]])
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(12)
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri B.S. Yediyurappa meeting with the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize annual plan 2008-09 of the State, in New Delhi on August 12, 2008 (1) (cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
| [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|[[Shikaripura Assembly constituency|Shikaripur]]
|9 June 2004
|2 February 2006
|{{Ayd|9 june 2004|2 february 2006}}
| rowspan="2" |12th
([[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004 election]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
|15
|[[File:Dharam Singh.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Dharam Singh]]
|[[Jevargi Assembly constituency|Jevargi]]
|8 February 2006
|28 November 2007
|{{Ayd|8 february 2006|28 november 2007}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(13)
|[[File:Mallikarjun Kharge.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|[[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur]]
|5 June 2008
|28 May 2009
|{{Ayd|5 june 2008|28 may 2009}}
| rowspan="2" |13th
([[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008 election]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
|16
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri Siddaramaiah calling on the Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers, Shri Ananthkumar, in New Delhi on June 05, 2014 (cropped).jpg|114x114px]]
| [[Siddaramaiah]]
|[[Varuna Assembly constituency|Varuna]]
|8 June 2009
|12 May 2013
|{{Ayd|8 june 2009|12 may 2013}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|17
|[[File:H. D. Kumaraswamy meets union Minister.jpg|103x103px]]
| [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|[[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]]
|31 May 2013
|22 January 2014
|{{Ayd|31 may 2013|22 january 2014}}
| rowspan="2" |14th
([[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013 election]])
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(14)
|[[File:Jagadish Shettar.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Jagadish Shettar]]
|[[Hubli-Dharwad Central Assembly constituency|Hubli-Dharwad Central]]
|23 January 2014
|17 May 2018
|{{Ayd|23 january 2014|17 may 2018}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(12)
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri B.S. Yediyurappa meeting with the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize annual plan 2008-09 of the State, in New Delhi on August 12, 2008 (1) (cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
| [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|[[Shikaripura Assembly constituency|Shikaripura]]
|25 May 2018
|26 July 2019
|{{Ayd|25 may 2018|26 july 2019}}
| rowspan="2" |15th
([[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 election]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(16)
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri Siddaramaiah calling on the Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers, Shri Ananthkumar, in New Delhi on June 05, 2014 (cropped).jpg|114x114px]]
| [[Siddaramaiah]]
|[[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]]
|9 October 2019
|20 May 2023
|{{Ayd|9 october 2019|20 May 2023}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| Interim
| [[File:Shri Basavaraj Bommai calling on the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on July 30 2021.jpg|80x80px]]
| [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
| [[Shiggaon Assembly constituency|Shiggaon]]
| 4 July 2023
| 17 November 2023
| {{ayd|4 July 2023|17 November 2023}}
|rowspan=2|16th {{small|([[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 election]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 18
| [[File:R. Ashoka.jpg|80x80px]]
| [[R. Ashoka]]
| [[Padmanaba Nagar Assembly constituency|Padmanaba Nagar]]
| 17 November 2023
| ''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|17 november 2023}}
|}

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Opposition Leader
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term of office
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total duration of Opposition Leader
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Jagadish Shettar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4 years, 120 days
| 8 years, 234 days
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | 2
| S. Shivappa
| {{Party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
| 8 years, 229 days
| 8 years, 229 days
|-
! data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[Siddaramaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 338 days
| 7 years, 196 days
|-
! data-sort-value="4" | 4
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)}} / UOP
| 3 years, 359 days
| 5 years, 37 days
|-
! data-sort-value="5" | 5
| [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2 years, 200 days
| 3 years, 192 days
|-

! data-sort-value="6" | 6
| [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 1 year, 357 days
| 4 years, 292 days
|-
! data-sort-value="7" | 7
| [[D. B. Chandregowda]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| 2 years, 243 days
| 2 years, 243 days
|-
! data-sort-value="8" | 8
| [[R. V. Deshpande]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| 2 year, 120 days
| 2 year, 120 days
|-
! data-sort-value="9" | 9
| [[K. S. Nagarathanamma]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 2 years, 82 days
| 2 years, 82 days
|-
! data-sort-value="10" | 10
| [[Veerappa Moily]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 1 year, 344 days
| 1 year, 344 days
|-
! data-sort-value="11" | 11
| [[Dharam Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1 year, 293 days
| 1 year, 293 days
|-
! data-sort-value="12" | 12
| [[D. Devaraj Urs]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
| 1 year, 139 days
| 1 year, 139 days
|-
! data-sort-value="13" | 13
| [[S. R. Bommai]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
| 1 year, 121 days
| 1 year, 121 days
|-
! data-sort-value="14" | 14
| [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 1 year, 85 days
| 1 year, 85 days
|-
! data-sort-value="16" | 15
| '''[[R. Ashoka]]'''
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| '''{{age in years and days|2023|11|17}}'''
| '''{{age in years and days|2023|11|17}}'''
|-
! data-sort-value="15" | 16
| [[A. Lakshmisagar]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
| 332 days
| 332 days
|-
! data-sort-value="17" | 17
| [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| 236 days
| 236 days
|-
! data-sort-value="18" | 18
| H. T. Krishnappa
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)}}
| 221 days
| 221 days
|-
! data-sort-value="19" | 19
| [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 136 days
| 136 days
|-
! data-sort-value="20" | 20
| [[H. Siddhaveerappa]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| 112 days
| 112 days
|-
! data-sort-value="21" | 21
| [[R. Gundu Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 36 days
| 36 days
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Karnataka ]]
[[Category:Karnataka politics-related lists]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly| ]]

Sankalp-class patrol vessel

2026-05-06T14:40:50Z

DesignersX:

{{Short description|Series of two offshore patrol vessels}}
{{italic title|string=Sankalp}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
| infobox_caption = ''Sankalp''-class offshore patrol vessel
| display_title = ''Sankalp''-class patrol vessel
| sclass = ''Sankalp'' class
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = ICGSSamrat 01.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = ICGS ''Samrat'' underway
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| builders = [[Goa Shipyard|Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| operators = [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| class_before = {{sclass|Samar|offshore patrol vessel|4}}
| class_after = {{sclass|Vishwast|offshore patrol vessel|4}}
| subclasses = *{{sclass|Samarth|offshore patrol vessel|4}}
*{{sclass|Saryu|patrol vessel|4}}
| built_range = 2004–2009
| in_commission_range = 2008–present
| total_ships_planned = 2
| total_ships_on_order =
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_completed = 2
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 2
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_scrapped =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[Patrol boat|Offshore patrol vessel]]
| displacement = {{cvt|2230|ST}}<ref name="jfs-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017|date=2016|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631855|page=364|edition=119th|chapter=India}}</ref>
| length = {{cvt|105|m}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| beam = {{cvt|12.9|m}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| draught = {{cvt|3.6|m}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| propulsion = 2 × [[SEMT Pielstick]] 20 PA6B STC diesel engines ({{cvt|20900|PS|disp=semicolon}})<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| speed = {{cvt|23.5|kn|km/h}}<ref name="icg-official">{{cite web|title=Surface Units Page: Indian Coast Guard|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1590_1_SurfaceUnitsPage2.aspx|publisher=Indian Coast Guard|accessdate=5 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828103157/https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1590_1_SurfaceUnitsPage2.aspx|archivedate=28 August 2017}}</ref>
| range = {{cvt|6500|nmi|km}} at {{cvt|12|kn|km/h}}<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| complement = 128 including 15 officers<ref name="icg-official"/>
| sensors = [[Raytheon]] surface search radar<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| boats = 5 high speed boats
| EW =
| armament = *2 × 30 mm [[CRN 91 naval gun]]
*2 × 12.7 mm machine guns<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| armour =
| aircraft = [[HAL Dhruv]] or [[HAL Chetak]]<ref name="icg-official"/>
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''''Sankalp''-class offshore patrol vessels''' are a series of two offshore patrol vessels designed and built by [[Goa Shipyard|Goa Shipyard Limited]] for the [[Indian Coast Guard]]. The vessels, also classified as Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels, are the largest vessels constructed by Goa Shipyard Limited.<ref>{{cite news|title=A.K. Antony to commission patrol vessel ICGS Samrat tomorrow|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/A.K.-Antony-to-commission-patrol-vessel-ICGS-Samrat-tomorrow/article16355027.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=20 January 2009|language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Samarth-class offshore patrol vessel|''Samarth'' class]] and [[Saryu-class patrol vessel|''Saryu'' class]] were derived from this class of offshore patrol vessels.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rahmat|first1=Ridzwan|title=Goa Shipyard delivers first improved Sankalp OPV to Indian Coast Guard|url=http://www.janes.com/article/55677/goa-shipyard-delivers-first-improved-sankalp-opv-to-indian-coast-guard|work=[[IHS Jane's Defence Weekly]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=1 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104004324/http://www.janes.com/article/55677/goa-shipyard-delivers-first-improved-sankalp-opv-to-indian-coast-guard|archivedate=4 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hardy |first1=James |title=Indian Navy commissions first-in-class Saryu OPV |journal=IHS Jane's Navy International |date=February 2013 |volume=118 |issue=1 |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |issn=2048-3457}}</ref>

==History==
In March 2004, the Indian Coast Guard placed an order for a single Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessel at a cost of {{INRConvert|228.14|c|year=2004}}. In August 2005, a repeat order was placed at the same cost for a similar vessel under options clause of the original contract.<ref>{{cite report|title=Union Government (Defence Services) Air Force and Navy No. 4 of 2014 (Compliance Audit)|chapter=Coast Guard|chapter-url=https://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Compliance_Defence_Air_force_Navy_4_2014.pdf|publisher=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]|accessdate=5 May 2018|page=131}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modernise ship building industry, says Antony|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Modernise-ship-building-industry-says-Antony/article15226379.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=21 May 2008|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Antony commissions advanced patrol vessel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Antony-commissions-advanced-patrol-vessel/articleshow/4013905.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=22 January 2009}}</ref>

==Description==
''Sankalp''-class vessels have an [[Length overall|overall length]] of 105 metres, a 12.9 metre [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] and a [[Draft (hull)|draught]] of 3.6 metres. They are powered by two [[SEMT Pielstick]] 20 PA6B STC diesel engines rated at a combined {{cvt|20900|PS|disp=or}}, each driving a [[Wärtsilä]] WCP 5C10 [[Variable-pitch propeller (marine)|controllable-pitch propeller]].<ref name="jfs-1617"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Propulsion Solutions for Offshore Patrol Vessels|url=https://cdn.wartsila.com/docs/default-source/marine-documents/segment/brochure-navy-opvs-propulsion.pdf|page=4|publisher=Wärtsilä|accessdate=5 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They have a top speed of 24 knots and a range of 6,500 nautical miles at 12 knots. ''Sankalp'' class is armed with two 30 mm CRN-91 naval guns controlled by a fire control system and two 12.7 mm "Prahari" machine guns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coast Guards get new Offshore patrol Vessel|work=[[Asian News International]]|date=22 January 2009|location=Panji|quote=Samrat has also two 30 mm CRN-91 guns with fire control system as its main armament. In addition, two 12.7 mm "Prahari" Heavy Machine Guns (HMGs) have also been provided to augment the vessel's firepower.|via=NewsBank}}</ref> They are equipped with external firefighting systems, an integrated bridge system and an integrated machinery control system. ''Sankalp''-class ships can carry five high-speed boats capable of search and rescue, interception and pollution control missions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Antony to induct 'ICGS Sankalp' in Goa on May 20|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/20/antony-to-induct-icgs-sankalp-in-goa.html|work=OneIndia|agency=[[Asian News International]]|date=20 May 2008|language=en}}</ref> The vessels of this class have been classified by both [[Indian Register of Shipping]] and [[American Bureau of Shipping]].<ref name="hindu-3jul07">{{cite news|title=Coast Guard gets 'ICGS Samrat'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Coast-Guard-gets-lsquoICGS-Samratrsquo/article14786568.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=3 July 2007|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Operational history==
In August 2011, ICGS ''Sankalp'' participated in a mission to control an oil spill off the coast of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Juhu beach spill not related to leak from sunken ship?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/juhu-beach-spill-not-related-to-leak-from-sunken-ship/article2334057.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=8 August 2011|language=en-IN}}</ref> In September 2012, ''Sankalp'' was tasked to fight a fire onboard MV ''Amsterdam Bridge''.<ref>{{cite news|editor1-last=Chaturvedi|editor1-first=Amit|title=Fire on ship off Mumbai coast contained, crew rescued|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fire-on-ship-off-mumbai-coast-contained-crew-rescued-498908|work=NDTV|agency=[[Press Trust Of India]]|date=10 September 2012}}</ref> ''Sankalp'' has undertaken goodwill visits to Malaysia, Australia, Indonesia, Qatar and Oman.<ref>{{cite news|title=Australian minister welcomes Indian Coast Guard ship|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/australian-minister-welcomes-indian-coast-guard-ship-104803534.html|work=Yahoo India News|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=4 December 2014|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|author=|title=Goodwill Visit by Indian Coast Guard Ship SANKALP to Port Klang, Malaysia, 14th - 19th March 2011|url=https://www.indianhighcommission.com.my/pressview_93.html|publisher=High Commission of India, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|date=19 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Coast Guard ship to visit Doha|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/story/475889/Indian-Coast-Guard-ship-to-visit-Doha|work=[[Gulf Times]]|date=21 January 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Coast Guard ship Sankalp to visit Oman|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/77029|work=[[Times of Oman]]|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

In December 2013, a CRN-91 naval gun on ICGS ''Samrat'' was accidentally triggered as it was being repaired, partly damaging the Western Naval Command headquarters building in Mumbai.<ref name="ndtv-30dec13">{{cite news|title=Mumbai: 30 mm gun on Coast Guard ship goes off, naval building damaged|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-30-mm-gun-on-coast-guard-ship-goes-off-naval-building-damaged-546249|work=NDTV|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=30 December 2013}}</ref> In June 2015, ICGS ''Samrat'' participated in a disaster relief mission to rescue 20 crew members of MV ''Jindal Kamakshi''.<ref>{{cite press release|author=|title=Indian Navy and Coast Guard Rescues 20 Crew Members of MV Jindal Kamakshi|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/archiveReleases.aspx?relid=122697|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=22 June 2015}}</ref> In December 2017, ICGS ''Samrat'' rescued 72 fishermen in distress off the coast of Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coast Guard rescues 46 more fishermen near Lakshadweep|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/coast-guard-rescues-46-fishermen-near-lakshadweep/article21265575.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=5 December 2017|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Ships of the class==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Pennant
!Builder
!Laid Down
!Launched
!Commissioned
!Homeport
!Status
|-
| {{ICGS|Sankalp}}
| 46
| rowspan=2|[[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| 17 July 2004
| 28 April 2006
| 20 May 2008<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| rowspan="2" | [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite press release|author=|title=Antony to induct 5th AOPV 'ICGS Sankalp' into coast guard tomorrow|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/archiveReleases.aspx?relid=38988|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=19 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ICGS to call Indonesian port Macassar|url=http://www.uniindia.com/icgs-to-call-indonesian-port-macassar/others/news/245714.html|work=[[United News of India]]|date=23 October 2015|location=Kochi}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Active
|-
| {{ICGS|Samrat}}
| 47
| May 2006
| 2 July 2007
| 22 January 2009<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}

[[Category:Patrol ship classes]]
[[Category:Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Coast Guard]]

Madhu Kambikar

2026-05-05T20:09:11Z

DesignersX:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhu Kambikar
| image = Madhu Kambikar.jpg
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|folk dancer}}
| yearsactive = 1980–present
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|07|28|df=y}}<ref name="Rege">{{Cite journal|last=Rege|first=Sharmila|title=Conceptualising Popular Culture|date=22 October 2013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4852864}}</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| known for =
}}

'''Madhu Kambikar''' is an Indian performing folk art artist, theatre actor and film and TV personality,<ref name=":4" /> from [[Maharashtra]]. Kambikar went onto establish herself as one of the leading actress of the 80s. In a career spanning over four decades, she has worked in over 75 films and has received several accolades including a [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Award]] and six [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=%22Madhu+kambikar%22&pg=PT183|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943189|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zITQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Madhu+kambikar%22|title=Indian Cinema, the Next Decade|last=Datt|first=Dr Gopal|date=1984-01-01|publisher=Indian Film Directorsʼ Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAAtAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Madhu+kambikar%22|title=Contributions to Indian Sociology|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Mouton|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Madhu-Kambikar-hospitalised/articleshow/55777862.cms|title=Legendary Marathi actress Madhu Kambikar hospitalised - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/actress-madhu-kambikar-in-icu/articleshow/55712173.cms|title=मधू कांबीकर आयसीयूमध्ये -Maharashtra Times|date=2016-12-01|newspaper=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203185719/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/actress-madhu-kambikar-in-icu/articleshow/55712173.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She was born in Malegaon, a village in Beed district, 28 July 1953 in the [[Kolhati]] community.<ref name="Rege">{{Cite journal|last=Rege|first=Sharmila|title=Conceptualising Popular Culture|date=22 October 2013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4852864}}</ref> She dropped out of school and used to follow her father himself a performing artist to shows. She herself became a performer at a very young age. She is the aunt of the late [[Kishor Shantabai Kale]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-life-lived-for-the-community/24877/|title=A life lived for the community - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>

On 27 November 2016, she fell unconscious on stage during a [[lavani]]-[[tamasha]] performance at Yashwant Natya Mandir, [[Matunga]] and was hospitalised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta1.esakal.com/mumbai/madhu-kambikar-serious-condition-18439|title=मधु कांबीकर यांची प्रकृती अत्यवस्थ|website=beta1.esakal.com|access-date=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221152217/https://beta1.esakal.com/mumbai/madhu-kambikar-serious-condition-18439|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Folk and contemporary theatre ==
She acted in about a dozen folk plays, including:<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.saamana.com/thsa/madhu-kambikar#sthash.5BVhMYXL.dpuf|title=मधू कांबीकर - Saamana|newspaper=Saamana|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000027/http://www.saamana.com/thsa/madhu-kambikar#sthash.5BVhMYXL.dpuf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/cold-wave/manasa/madhu-kambikar/articleshow/52364065.cms|title=मधू कांबीकर -Maharashtra Times|date=2016-05-21|newspaper=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2016-12-20}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upendralimaye.com/upendra_limaye_theatre.html|title=Upendra Limye - Theatre|website=www.upendralimaye.com|access-date=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308091434/http://www.upendralimaye.com/upendra_limaye_theatre.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Dadu Indurikar]]'s "''{{lang|mr|Gadhavacha lagna}}''"
* Shankar Patil's "''{{lang|mr|Bhangadishivay pudhari nahi}}''"
* Ashok Paranjape's "''{{lang|mr|Ude ga Ambe ude}}''"
* [[Vasant Sabnis]]' "''{{lang|mr|Viccha mazi puri kara}}''"
* Atmaram Sawant's "''{{lang|mr|Mujra ghya sarkar}}''"
* Ashok Patole/ Suyog's "''{{lang|mr|Kashi me rahu tashich}}''"
* Her own "''{{lang|mr|Sakhi mazi lavani}}''" directed by [[Upendra Limaye]]
She has acted in 22–25 contemporary plays, amongst them are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esakalglobal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5723088890412151245&SectionId=13&SectionName=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&NewsDate=20160410&Provider=-%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE&NewsTitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87|title=सिनेअभिनेत्री कांबीकरांच्या लावणीने प्रेक्षक भारावले|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
* ''{{lang|mr|Tumcha amcha sem asta}}''
* ''{{lang|mr|Vastraharan}}''
* {{lang|mr|Putrakameshti}}
* Paying guest
* ''{{lang|mr|Ajab nyaya vartulacha}}''

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1977
|''Dagaa''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1980
|''Saubhagyadaan''
|
|
|-
|''Ranpakhare''
|Troop member
|
|-
|''Devapudhe Manus''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981
|''Tamasgiri''
|
|
|-
|''Satichi Punyayee''
|
|
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1982
|''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]''
|Bijli
|
|-
|''Raghu Maina''
|Maina
|
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1984
|''[[Bin Kamacha Navra]]''
|Laxmi
|
|-
|''Hech Majhe Maher''
|Sakhu
|
|-
|1985
|''Devashappath Khara Sangen''
|Jaymala
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1986
|''Sutradhar''
|
|
|-
|''Aai Tuljabhavani''
|Tulja
|
|-
|''Dhondi Dhondi Pani De''
|Radha
|
|-
|''Aaj Jhale Mukt Mi''
|Kamal
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987
|''Chal Re Lakshya Mumbaila''
|Herself
|Special Appearance in the song “Navin Popat Ha”
|-
|''Stree Janma Hi Tujhi Kahani''
|Madhu
|
|-
|1988
|''Mala Gheun Chala''
|Vanda
|
|-
|1990
|''Rickshawali''
|Madam
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1991
|''Julum''
|Gajrabai
|
|-
|''Pratikar''
|Rukmini
|
|-
|''Mahima Jyotibacha''
|Savitri
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1992
|[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]
|Karan's mother
|[[Hindi]] Movie
|-
|''Yeu Ka Gharat''
|Herself
|Special appearance
|-
|''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''
|Manjula Devgaonkar
|
|-
|''Jiwlagaa''
|Aai
|
|-
|''Satwaan Asmaan''
|Mother
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Zapatlela]]''
|Parubai Bolke
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1994
|''[[Mukta (1994 film)|Mukta]]''
|Chandrabhaga Ghorpade
|
|-
|''Kunku''
|Rakhma
|
|-
|''Vishwavinayak''
|Tulsi
|
|-
|''[[Majha Chakula]]''
|Sakhu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
|''[[Doghi]]''
|Aunty
|
|-
|''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]''
|Vishal's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1996
|''Raosaheb''
|Raosaheb's wife
|
|-
|''[[Jagannath (1996 film)|Jagannath]]''
|Mrs. Sinha
|
|-
|''Ashi Asavi Sasu''
|Hausa
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
|''[[Yeshwant]]''
|Yashwant's mother
|
|-
|''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''
|Pooja's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|''Shandhyug''
|Aai
|
|-
|''Aali Laxmi Sasarla''
|Laxmi's mother-in-law
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|''Nirmala Machindra Kamble''
|Rukmini Patil
|
|-
|''Ghe Bharari''
|Mrs. Deshmukh
|
|-
|2000
|''Tune Mera Dil Le Liya''
|Madhu
|
|-
|2001
|''Sangharsh Jivnacha''
|Vijay & Ajay's mother
|
|-
|2003
|''Bhaubeej''
|Dadima
|
|-
|2004
|''Ranragini''
|Ragini's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''Sawaal Majha Premacha''
|Sugandha Karadkar
|
|-
|''Raja Pandharicha''
|Dnyaneshwar's grandma
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2007
|''[[Mumbaicha Dabewala]]''
|Namya's mother
|
|-
|''Maherchi Maya''
|Mrs. Desai
|
|-
|''Pathavni''
|
|
|-
|''Pisara''
|
|
|-
|''Karz Kunkwache''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
|''Sawar Re''
|
|
|-
|''Gondya Martay Tangada''
|Gondya's mother
|
|-
|''Mahima Khandobacha''
|Mohini Kaminibai Pandharpurkar
|
|-
|''Apradh''
|Aaisaheb
|
|-
|''Mi Amruta Boltey''
|Amruta's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''Rangiberangi''
|
|
|-
|''Gosht Choti Dongraewdhi''
|
|
|-
|''Houn Jau Dya''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Durga Mhantyat Mala''
|Durga's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''Mala Ek Chanace Hawa''
|
|
|-
|''Dusrya Jagatil''
|Mai
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Zapatlela 2]]''
|Parubai Bolke
|Sequel of [[Zapatlela]]
|-
|2015
|''Aabhraan''
|Saraswati
|
|}

== Accolades ==
* Hansa Wadkar Special Award for Best Actress<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPTZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Madhu+kambikar%22|title=Mass Media in India|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=9788123011394|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi]] for ''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]''
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress|Maharashtra State Film Award for best actress]] for ''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]''
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress|Maharashtra State Film Award for best actress]] for ''Hech Maze Maher''
*[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for film [[Raosahab]].
* Nominated [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi]] for film [[Raosahab]].
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Maharashtra State Film Special Jury Award]] for film ''Aai Kulswamini Tulja Bhavani''
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Maharashtra State Film Special Jury Award]] for film ''Sangharsh Jeevanacha''
* Natvarya Keshavrao Date Puraskar<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/madhu-kambikar-get-keshavrao-date-award-1240731/|title=नटवर्य केशवराव दाते पुरस्कार मधू कांबीकर यांना जाहीर|date=2016-05-20|newspaper=Loksatta|language=mr-IN|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>
* Chairperson of the 2013 Mahila Lokakala Sammelan, Nagpur<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-madhu-kambikar-elected-as-chairman-on-mahila-lokkala-sammelan-4396488-NOR.html?ref=rlt|title=महिला लोककला संमेलनाध्यक्षपदी मधू कांबीकर यांची निवड|date=2013-10-08|newspaper=marathibhaskar|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>
* Lokashahir Patthe Bapurao Puraskar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esakalglobal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5473958676165614875&SectionId=10&SectionName=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87&NewsDate=20141121&Provider=-&NewsTitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0|title=मधू कांबीकर यांना पठ्ठे बापूराव पुरस्कार|access-date=2016-12-20}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Maharshi Shankarrao Mohite-Patil Lavani Kalavant Puraskar 2007
* [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Lifetime Achievement Award|Zee Chitra Gaurav Life Time Achievement Award]] 2018

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kambikar, Madhu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1953 births]]

Parmish Verma

2026-05-02T21:53:11Z

DesignersX: New

{{Short description|Indian actor and singer (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parmish Verma
| birth_name =
| image = Parmish Verma snapped promoting Kanneda.jpg
| alt = A color photograph of a bearded man wearing all black clothes
| caption = Verma in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1990|7|3}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/18638be6-59d1-4c52-8f3d-d0e69bda47af |title=Parmish Verma - New Songs, Playlists & Latest News - BBC Music |website=BBC |access-date=2020-08-02 |archive-date=2020-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829222905/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/18638be6-59d1-4c52-8f3d-d0e69bda47af |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], Punjab, India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* actor
* music video director
* videographer
* rapper
}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse = {{marriage| Guneet Grewal|2021}}
| children = 1
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| origin = Punjab, India
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Film soundtrack|Soundtrack]]
*Pop
*hip hop
*pop rap
}}
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Vocals
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* Speed Records
* [[Times Music]]
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Sony Music India]]
* [[Zee Music Company]]
}}
| website = {{Facebook|ParmishVerma}}
}}
}}

'''Parmish Verma''' (born 3 July 1990) is an Indian singer, rapper, music video director, videographer and actor associated with the [[Punjabi Music]] and [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi Film Industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/after-failing-hotel-mgmt-course-in-australia-how-parmish-verma-rose-to-stardom-in-punjab/story-K0Adwo3OQhfBqEir5bHlrO.html |title=How singer Parmish Verma rose to stardom in Punjab |date=April 14, 2018 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510114146/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/after-failing-hotel-mgmt-course-in-australia-how-parmish-verma-rose-to-stardom-in-punjab/story-K0Adwo3OQhfBqEir5bHlrO.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He started his career as a video director then singer, and later debuted as an actor with the film ''[[Rocky Mental]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/parmish-verma-leaves-gig-midway-again-this-time-at-kmc/articleshow/63478508.cms |title=Parmish Verma leaves gig midway again, this time at KMC - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=27 March 2018 |access-date=2020-08-02 |archive-date=2018-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711115653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/parmish-verma-leaves-gig-midway-again-this-time-at-kmc/articleshow/63478508.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Parmish Verma was born in [[Patiala]], in a Punjabi [[Khatri]] family to a [[Hindus|Hindu]] father Satish Verma, a [[Theatre|theatre artist]], writer and professor,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/parmish-verma-wishes-his-father-dr-satish-verma-with-a-beautiful-message-and-adorable-pictures/articleshow/70993058.cms |title=Parmish Verma wishes his father Dr. Satish Verma with a beautiful message and adorable pictures - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=5 September 2019 |access-date=2020-08-02 |archive-date=2019-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924094638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/parmish-verma-wishes-his-father-dr-satish-verma-with-a-beautiful-message-and-adorable-pictures/articleshow/70993058.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] mother Paramjit Kaur, a professor. He has two siblings; brother Sukhan Verma and sister Sherry Rana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-03 |title=Meet The Real Family Of Parmish Verma |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/celebrities-movies/meet-real-family-parmish-verma/2020/12/03 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Parmish started his career as a director with the video Z''immewari Bhukh Te Doori'' (responsibility, hunger and distance) which was the story of an adolescent boy. It was based on the life experience of Verma where he described the hard time he faced while living in Australia and about the advice given to him by Gurikk Maan, the son of singer [[Gurdas Maan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How singer Parmish Verma rose to stardom in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/after-failing-hotel-mgmt-course-in-australia-how-parmish-verma-rose-to-stardom-in-punjab/story-K0Adwo3OQhfBqEir5bHlrO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510114146/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/after-failing-hotel-mgmt-course-in-australia-how-parmish-verma-rose-to-stardom-in-punjab/story-K0Adwo3OQhfBqEir5bHlrO.html |archive-date=2019-05-10 |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Verma debuted as an actor in the Punjabi movie ''[[Rocky Mental]]'' in 2017. He has also acted in the lead role in movies like ''Dil Diyan Gallan (2019),'' which he wrote and directed. Later he released more movies such as ''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/902481/parmish-verma-to-star-in-punjabi-remake-of-ajay-devgns-singham |title=Parmish Verma to star in Punjabi remake of Ajay Devgn's 'Singham' |author=Scroll Staff |website=Scroll.in |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=2020-08-02 |archive-date=2019-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508102932/https://scroll.in/reel/902481/parmish-verma-to-star-in-punjabi-remake-of-ajay-devgns-singham |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/the-bollywood-pollywood-singham-ajay-devgn-and-parmish-verma-pose-together-on-the-8th-anniversary-of-the-movie/articleshow/70349364.cms |title=The Bollywood & Pollywood 'Singham' - Ajay Devgn and Parmish Verma pose together on the 8th anniversary of the movie - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=23 July 2019 |access-date=2020-08-02 |archive-date=2019-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807000216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/the-bollywood-pollywood-singham-ajay-devgn-and-parmish-verma-pose-together-on-the-8th-anniversary-of-the-movie/articleshow/70349364.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and most recently ''[[Jinde Meriye]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parmish Verma and Sonam Bajwa's Jinde Meriye trailer to be out on THIS date; Find Out |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/parmish-verma-and-sonam-bajwa-s-jinde-meriye-trailer-be-out-date-find-out-492871 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217210257/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/parmish-verma-and-sonam-bajwa-s-jinde-meriye-trailer-be-out-date-find-out-492871 |archive-date=2019-12-17 |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Parmish Verma: Singer-Actor Has A Story Behind Each Tattoo |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/4-tattoos-of-parmish-verma-from-param-sat-to-sukham-heres-what-they-mean/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829222909/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/4-tattoos-of-parmish-verma-from-param-sat-to-sukham-heres-what-they-mean/ |archive-date=August 29, 2020 |access-date=August 2, 2020 |website=PTC Punjabi}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2018, Parmish was shot by Punjab gangster Dilpreet Baba<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/punjab-gangster-dilpreet-baba-who-shot-singer-parmish-verma-nabbed-from-chandigarh-1806061.html |title=Punjab Gangster Dilpreet Baba Who Shot Singer Parmish Verma Nabbed from Chandigarh |website=News18 |access-date=2020-08-02 |archive-date=2020-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829222910/https://www.news18.com/news/india/punjab-gangster-dilpreet-baba-who-shot-singer-parmish-verma-nabbed-from-chandigarh-1806061.html |url-status=live}}</ref> in Mohali on his way back home from a party, from which he later recovered.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/punjabi-pop-singer-parmish-verma-shot-at-in-mohali-1718113.html |title=Punjabi Pop Singer Parmish Verma Shot at in Mohali, Gangster Claims {{sic|Respons|ibilty |nolink=y}} |website=News18 |access-date=2020-08-02 |archive-date=2020-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829222952/https://www.news18.com/news/india/punjabi-pop-singer-parmish-verma-shot-at-in-mohali-1718113.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasudeva |first=Vikas |date=April 15, 2018 |title=Police suspect extortion angle in attack on singer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/police-suspect-extortion-angle-in-attack-on-singer/article23550162.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829222913/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/police-suspect-extortion-angle-in-attack-on-singer/article23550162.ece |archive-date=August 29, 2020 |access-date=August 2, 2020 |website=The Hindu |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhaliwal |first=Sarabjeet Singh |date=April 14, 2018 |title=पंजाबी गायक को गोली मारी, फ़ेसबुक पर डाली फ़ोटो |trans-title=Punjabi Singer Shot, Photo Uploaded On Facebook |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-43766706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625201153/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-43766706 |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |access-date=August 2, 2020 |website=BBC Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

He married his longtime girlfriend, Canadian politician Guneet Grewal, on 20 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parmish Verma and Geet Grewal wedding: Here's a smiling picture of the bride and groom from their mehndi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/parmish-verma-and-geet-grewal-wedding-heres-a-smiling-picture-of-the-bride-and-groom-from-their-mehndi/articleshow/87101230.cms |website=The Times of India|date=18 October 2021 }}</ref>

On 30 September 2022, they had a daughter named Sadaa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Good news! Parmish Verma and Geet Grewal will soon become parents |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/good-news-parmish-verma-and-geet-grewal-will-soon-become-parents-390430 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref>

== Selected videography ==
Verma has directed several music videos for various artists like [[Sharry Mann]], [[Ninja (singer)|Ninja]], [[Akhil (singer)|Akhil]], Mankirat Aulakh and [[Dilpreet Dhillon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parmish Verma on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/artist/parmish-verma/1065583569 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Apple Music |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Below are a few selected videos directed by Verma:
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Artist(s)
|-
|Thokda Reha
| rowspan="6" |[[Ninja (singer)|Ninja]]
|-
|Gal Jattan Wali
|-
|Aadat
|-
|Dil
|-
|Desi Da Recard
|-
|License
|-
|Jatt Da Blood
| rowspan="3" |Mankirt Aulakh
|-
|Gallan Mithiyaan
|-
|Chooreey Wali Baah
|-
|Khaab
| rowspan="2" |[[Akhil (singer)|Akhil]]
|-
|Gaani
|-
|PB 03
|Shivjot
|-
|SP De Rank Wargi
|[[Nimrat Khaira]]
|-
|Naam Tera
|Karan Sehmbi
|-
|Yaar Beli
|Guri
|-
|Wang
| rowspan="3" |[[Dilpreet Dhillon]]
|-
|Yaaran Da Group
|-
|Red Rose
|-
|Dasi Na Mere Baare
| rowspan="5" |Goldy Desi Crew
|-
|Teri Yaad
|-
|Teri Kamli
|-
|2-2 Peg
|-
|Kise De Kol Gal Na Kri
|-
|Mere Piche
|Monty & Waris
|-
|Jatt Sira
|Upkar Sandhu
|-
|3 Peg
| rowspan="4" |[[Sharry Mann|Sharry Maan]]
|-
|Cute Munda
|-
|Hostel
|-
|Love You
|-
|Peg
|[[Jayy Randhawa|B Jay Randhawa]]
|-
|Daaru Ale Kihde
|Tej Sahi
|-
|November
|Aakal
|-
|Haye Tauba
|Shipra Goyal
|-
|Teri Wait
|Kaur B
|-
|Le Chakk Mai Aa Gya
| rowspan="9" |Parmish Verma
|-
|Sab Fade Jaange
|-
|Gaal Ni Kadni
|-
|Neat
|-
|Meri Marzi
|-
|Shadgi
|-
|Jab Hum Padheya Karte The
|-
|Chal Oye
|-
|Kache Pakke Yaar
|}

==Discography==
Parmish Verma has sung the following Punjabi songs:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parmish Verma on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/artist/parmish-verma/1065583569 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Apple Music |language=en-GB}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Song
! Year
!Music
!Lyrics
!Label
|-
|Le Chakk Main Aa Gaya
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |Desi Crew
|Jimmy Kotakpuria
| rowspan="8" |Speed Records
|-
|Gaal Ni Kadni<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2018 |title=Everything you need to know about Gaal Ni Kadni singer Parmish Verma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/who-is-parmish-verma-5137157/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510114140/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/who-is-parmish-verma-5137157/ |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=January 11, 2019 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2018 |title=Who is Parmish Verma? All you need to know about Gaal Ni Kadni singer |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/who-is-parmish-verma-all-you-need-to-know-about-gaal-ni-kadni-singer/1133085/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417153923/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/who-is-parmish-verma-all-you-need-to-know-about-gaal-ni-kadni-singer/1133085/ |archive-date=April 17, 2018 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=Financial Express}}</ref>

|Vicky Gill
|-
|Chirri Udd Kaa Udd
| rowspan="4" |2018
|M. Vee
|Laddi Chahal
|-
|Shada
| rowspan="6" |Desi Crew
|Sarba Maan
|-
|Kach Pakke Yaar
|Mandeep Maavi
|-
|Sab Fade Jange
|Sarba Maan
|-
|4 Yaar
| rowspan="4" |2019
| rowspan="3" |Laddi Chahal
|-
|Pinda Wale Jatt
|-
|Chal Oye
|Parmish Verma
|-
|Ja Ve Ja
|J-Statik
|G Sidhu
| rowspan="2" |Speed Records
|-
|Jab Hum Padheya Karte The
| rowspan="5" |2020
| rowspan="2" |Desi Crew
|Jimmy Kotakpuria
|-
|Klolan
|Kahlon
|[[Times Music]]
|-
|Aam Jahe Munde
|Desi Crew
| rowspan="2" |Laddi Chahal
|Parmish Verma
|-
|Munde Pind De
|Agam Maan,
Azeem Maan
|Gringo Entertain ment
|-
|Diamond Da Challa (With [[Neha Kakkar]])
|Rajat Nagpal
|Vicky Sandhu
|Desi Music Factory
|-
|Shadgi
| rowspan="7" |2021
|[[MixSingh|Mix Singh]]
| rowspan="3" |Laddi Chahal
|Gringo Entertain
ment
|-
|Neat
| rowspan="3" |Yeah Proof
|[[Saregama]]
|-
|Till Death
|[[White Hill Music]]
|-
|Meri Marzi
|Homeboy
| rowspan="2" |Saregama
|-
|Dil De Showroom (Recreated)
|M Vee,
Sukhpal Sukh (original)
|Reshi Khattanwala
|-
|Hor Das
|Yeah Proof
|Homeboy
|White Hil Music
|-
|Midnight
|Mix Singh
|Vicky Sandhu
|Lokhdun Punjabi
|-
|Zindagi
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Starboy
|Mani Longia
|Parmish Verma Films
|-
|Dekhi Dekhi
|Shekh
|Laddi Chahal
|Parmish Verma Films
|-
|Caran Caran
|Laddi Gill
|Laddi Chahal
|Times Music
|-
|Kya Baat Hai
|DesiFrenzy
|Laddi Chahal
|Parmish Verma Films
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Rocky Mental]]''
| Debut film
|-
|2019
|''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=''Singham'': Teaser of Punjabi remake starring Parmish Verma is out |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/singham-teaser-of-punjabi-remake-starring-parmish-verma-is-out-797140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829222917/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/singham-teaser-of-punjabi-remake-starring-parmish-verma-is-out-797140 |archive-date=2020-08-29 |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref>
|Remake of the Hindi film ''[[Singham]]''
|-
|2019
|''[[Dil Diyan Gallan (2019 film)|Dil Diyan Gallan]]''
|Written and directed by himself
|-
|2020
|''[[Jinde Meriye]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Movie Review - Jinde Meriye: New twist in an old tale |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/movie-review-jinde-meriye-new-twist-in-an-old-tale-30985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229014056/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/movie-review-jinde-meriye-new-twist-in-an-old-tale-30985 |archive-date=2020-02-29 |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref>
|Written and directed by [[Pankaj Batra]]
|-
|2022
|''Main Te Bapu''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Parmish Verma and his father Dr. Satish Verma starrer 'Main Te Bapu' gets a new release date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/parmish-verma-and-his-father-dr-satish-verma-starrer-main-te-bapu-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/90434471.cms |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Times of India |date=25 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|Produced by himself
|-
|2024
|''Tabaah''<ref>{{cite news |title=Tabaah Movie Review: Parmish Verma Shines in This Emotional Punjabi Romantic Drama |url=https://hinduwire.com/tabaah-movie-review-parmish-verma-2024 |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=Hindu Wire |date=19 October 2024}}</ref>
|Directed by himself
|-
|2025
|''[[Kanneda]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=Parmish Verma-starrer high-stakes thriller 'Kanneda' to premiere on JioHotstar in March |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/ott/parmish-verma-starrer-high-stakes-thriller-kanneda-to-premiere-on-jiohotstar-in-march-823480 |website=DTNext |language=en}}</ref>
| Debut series
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm7918316}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Parmish}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:People from Patiala]]

Cube root

2026-05-02T14:01:18Z

DesignersX: creating a post...

{{Short description|Number whose cube is a given number}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
In [[mathematics]], a '''cube root''' of a number {{mvar|x}} is a number {{mvar|y}} that has the given number as its [[cube (algebra)|third power]]; that is <math>y^3=x.</math> The number of cube roots of a number depends on the [[number system]] that is considered.

Every [[real number]] {{mvar|x}} has exactly one real cube root that is denoted <math display=inline>\sqrt[3]{x}</math> and called the ''real cube root'' of {{mvar|x}} or simply ''the cube root'' of {{mvar|x}} in contexts where [[complex number]]s are not considered. For example, the real cube roots of {{math|8}} and {{math|−8}} are respectively {{math|2}} and {{math|−2}}. The real cube root of an [[integer]] or of a [[rational number]] is generally not a rational number, nor a [[constructible number]].

Every nonzero real or [[complex number]] has exactly three cube roots that are complex numbers. If the number is real, one of the cube roots is real and the two other are nonreal [[complex conjugate]] numbers. Otherwise, the three cube roots are all nonreal. For example, the real cube root of {{math|8}} is {{math|2}} and the other cube roots of {{math|8}} are <math>-1+i\sqrt 3</math> and <math>-1-i\sqrt 3</math>. The three cube roots of {{math|−27''i''}} are
<math>3i, \tfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}-\tfrac{3}{2}i,</math> and <math>-\tfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}-\tfrac{3}{2}i. </math> The number zero has a unique cube root, which is zero itself.

The cube root is a [[multivalued function]]. The ''principal cube root'' is its [[principal value]], that is a unique cube root that has been chosen once for all. The principal cube root is the cube root with the largest [[real part]]. In the case of negative real numbers, the largest real part is shared by the two nonreal cube roots, and the principal cube root is the one with positive imaginary part. So, for negative real numbers, ''the real cube root is not the principal cube root''. For [[positive real numbers]], the principal cube root is the real cube root.

If {{mvar|y}} is any cube root of the complex number {{mvar|x}}, the other cube roots are <math>y\, \tfrac{-1+i\sqrt 3}{2}</math> and <math>y\, \tfrac{-1-i\sqrt 3}{2}.</math>

In an [[algebraically closed field]] of [[characteristic of a field|characteristic]] different from three, every nonzero element has exactly three cube roots, which can be obtained from any of them by multiplying it by either [[root of a polynomial|root]] of the polynomial <math>x^2+x+1.</math> In an algebraically closed field of characteristic three, every element has exactly one cube root.

In other number systems or other [[algebraic structure]]s, a number or element may have more than three cube roots. For example, in the [[quaternion]]s, a real number has infinitely many cube roots.
[[File:Cube-root function.svg|thumb|Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = {{radic|''x''|3}}}}. The plot is symmetric with respect to origin, as it is an [[odd function]]. At {{math|1=''x'' = 0}} this graph has a [[vertical tangent]].]]
[[File:Cube and doubled cube.svg|thumb|A unit cube (side = 1) and a cube with twice the volume (side = {{radic|2|3}} = 1.2599... {{OEIS2C|A002580}}).]]

==Definition==
The cube roots of a number {{Mvar|x}} are the numbers {{Mvar|y}} which satisfy the equation <math>y^3 = x.\ </math>

==Properties==

===Real numbers===
For any real number {{Mvar|x}}, there is exactly one real number {{Mvar|y}} such that <math>y^3=x</math>. Indeed, the [[cube (algebra)|cube function]] is increasing, so it does not give the same result for two different inputs, and covers all real numbers. In other words, it is a [[bijection]] or one-to-one correspondence.

That is, one can define ''the'' cube root of a real number as its unique cube root that is also real. With this definition, the cube root of a [[negative number]] is a negative number.

However this definition may be confusing when real numbers are considered as specific complex numbers, since, in this case ''the'' cube root is generally defined as the principal cube root, and the principal cube root of a negative real number is not real.

[[Image:3rd roots of unity.svg|thumb|right|The three cube roots of 1]]
If {{Mvar|x}} and {{Mvar|y}} are allowed to be [[complex number|complex]], then there are three solutions (if {{Mvar|x}} is non-zero) and so {{Mvar|x}} has three cube roots. A real number has one real cube root and two further cube roots which form a [[complex conjugate]] pair. For instance, the cube roots of [[1]] are:

:<math> 1, \quad -\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}i, \quad -\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}i. </math>

The last two of these roots lead to a relationship between all roots of any real or complex number. If a number is one cube root of a particular real or complex number, the other two cube roots can be found by multiplying that cube root by one or the other of the two complex cube roots of 1.

===Complex numbers===
[[Image:Complex cube root.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plot of the complex cube root together with its two additional leaves. The first image shows the main branch, which is described in the text.]]
[[Image:Riemann surface cube root.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Riemann surface]] of the cube root. One can see how all three leaves fit together.]]

For complex numbers, the principal cube root is usually defined as the cube root that has the greatest [[real part]], or, equivalently, the cube root whose [[argument (complex analysis)|argument]] has the least [[absolute value]]. It is related to the principal value of the [[natural logarithm]] by the formula

:<math>x^{1/3} = \exp \left( \frac13 \ln{x} \right).</math>

If we write {{Mvar|x}} as

:<math>x = r \exp(i \theta)\,</math>

where {{Mvar|r}} is a non-negative real number and <math>\theta</math> lies in the range

:<math>-\pi < \theta \le \pi</math>,

then the principal complex cube root is

:<math>\sqrt[3]{x} = \sqrt[3]{r}\exp \left(\frac {i\theta}{3} \right).</math>

This means that in [[polar coordinates]], we are taking the cube root of the radius and dividing the polar angle by three in order to define a cube root. With this definition, the principal cube root of a negative number is a complex number, and for instance <math>\sqrt [3]{-8}</math> will not be −2, but rather <math>1+i\sqrt 3.</math>

This difficulty can also be solved by considering the cube root as a [[multivalued function]]: if we write the original complex number {{Mvar|x}} in three equivalent forms, namely

:<math>x = \begin{cases} r \exp (i \theta ), \\[3px] r \exp (i \theta + 2i\pi ), \\[3px] r \exp ( i \theta - 2i\pi ). \end{cases} </math>

{{visualisation_complex_number_roots.svg}}
The principal complex cube roots of these three forms are then respectively

:<math>\sqrt[3]{x} = \begin{cases}
\sqrt[3]{r}\exp \left( \frac{i\theta}{3}\right),
\\ \sqrt[3]{r}\exp \left(\frac{i\theta}{3} + \frac{2i \pi}{3} \right),
\\ \sqrt[3]{r}\exp \left(\frac{i\theta}{3} - \frac{2i \pi}{3} \right). \end{cases} </math>

Unless {{Math|1=''x'' = 0}}, these three complex numbers are distinct, even though the three representations of ''x'' were equivalent. For example, <math>\sqrt [3]{-8}</math> may then be calculated to be −2, <math>1+i\sqrt3</math>, or <math>1-i\sqrt3</math>.

This is related with the concept of [[monodromy]]: if one follows by [[continuous function|continuity]] the function ''cube root'' along a closed path around zero, after a turn the value of the cube root is multiplied (or divided) by <math>e^{2i\pi/3}.</math>

==Impossibility of compass-and-straightedge construction==

Cube roots arise in the problem of finding an angle whose measure is one third that of a given angle ([[angle trisection]]) and in the problem of finding the edge of a cube whose volume is twice that of a cube with a given edge ([[doubling the cube]]). In 1837 [[Pierre Wantzel]] proved that neither of these can be done with a [[compass-and-straightedge construction]].

==Numerical methods==
[[Newton's method]] is an [[iterative method]] that can be used to calculate the cube root. For real [[floating-point]] numbers this method reduces to the following iterative algorithm to produce successively better approximations of the cube root of {{Mvar|a}}:

:<math>x_{n+1} = \frac{1}{3} \left(\frac{a}{x_n^2} + 2x_n\right).</math>

The method is simply averaging three factors chosen such that
:<math> x_n \times x_n \times \frac{a}{x_n^2}=a </math>
at each iteration.

[[Halley's method]] improves upon this with an algorithm that converges more quickly with each iteration, albeit with more work per iteration:

:<math>x_{n+1} = x_n \left(\frac{x_n^3 + 2a}{2x_n^3 + a}\right).</math>

This [[Rate of convergence|converges cubically]], so two iterations do as much work as three iterations of Newton's method. Each iteration of Newton's method costs two multiplications, one addition and one division, assuming that {{math|{{sfrac|3}}''a''}} is precomputed, so three iterations plus the precomputation require seven multiplications, three additions, and three divisions.

Each iteration of Halley's method requires three multiplications, three additions, and one division,<ref name=metamerist>{{cite web
|title=In Search of a Fast Cube Root
|year=2008
|url=http://metamerist.com/cbrt/cbrt.htm
|website=metamerist.com
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227144655/http://metamerist.com/cbrt/cbrt.htm
|archive-date=2013-12-27 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> so two iterations cost six multiplications, six additions, and two divisions. Thus, Halley's method has the potential to be faster if one division is more expensive than three additions.

With either method a poor initial approximation of {{math|''x''{{sub|0}}}} can give very poor algorithm performance, and coming up with a good initial approximation is somewhat of a black art. Some implementations manipulate the exponent bits of the floating-point number; i.e. they arrive at an initial approximation by dividing the exponent by 3.{{r|metamerist}}

Also useful is this [[generalized continued fraction#Roots of positive numbers|generalized continued fraction]], based on the [[nth root#Computing principal roots|nth root]] method:

If {{Mvar|x}} is a good first approximation to the cube root of {{Mvar|a}} and <math>y=a-x^3</math>, then:

:<math>\sqrt[3]{a} = \sqrt[3]{x^3+y} = x+\cfrac{y} {3x^2+\cfrac{2y} {2x+\cfrac{4y} {9x^2+\cfrac{5y} {2x+\cfrac{7y} {15x^2+\cfrac{8y} {2x+\ddots}}}}}}</math>
:<math>= x+\cfrac{2x \cdot y} {3(2x^3+y)-y-\cfrac{2\cdot 4y^2} {9(2x^3+y)-\cfrac{5\cdot 7y^2} {15(2x^3+y)-\cfrac{8\cdot 10y^2} {21(2x^3+y)-\ddots}}}}.</math>

The second equation combines each pair of fractions from the first into a single fraction, thus doubling the speed of convergence.

==Appearance in solutions of third and fourth degree equations==

[[Cubic equation]]s, which are [[polynomial equation]]s of the third degree (meaning the highest power of the unknown is 3) can always be solved for their three solutions in terms of cube roots and square roots (although simpler expressions only in terms of square roots exist for all three solutions, if at least one of them is a [[rational number]]). If two of the solutions are complex numbers, then all three solution expressions involve the real cube root of a real number, while if all three solutions are real numbers then they may be expressed in terms of the [[Casus irreducibilis|complex cube root of a complex number]].

[[Quartic equation]]s can also be solved in terms of cube roots and square roots.

==History==

The calculation of cube roots can be traced back to [[Babylonian mathematics|Babylonian mathematicians]] from as early as 1800 BCE.<ref name="cbgr">{{cite book|last=Saggs|first=H. W. F.|title=Civilization Before Greece and Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300050318|url-access=registration|year=1989|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05031-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300050318/page/227 227]}}</ref> In the fourth century BCE [[Plato]] posed the problem of [[doubling the cube#History|doubling the cube]], which required a [[compass-and-straightedge construction]] of the edge of a [[cube (geometry)|cube]] with twice the volume of a given cube; this required the construction, now known to be impossible, of the length <math>\sqrt [3]{2}</math>.

A method for extracting cube roots appears in ''[[The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art]]'', a [[Chinese mathematics|Chinese mathematical]] text compiled around the second century BCE and commented on by [[Liu Hui]] in the third century CE.<ref name="oxf">{{cite book|last=Crossley|first=John|last2=W.-C. Lun|first2=Anthony|title=The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTJHRGTG6YC&pg=PA213|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-853936-0|page=213}}</ref> The [[Greek mathematics|Greek mathematician]] [[Hero of Alexandria]] devised a method for calculating cube roots in the first century CE. His formula is again mentioned by Eutokios in a commentary on [[Archimedes]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smyly|first=J. Gilbart|title=Heron's Formula for Cube Root|journal=Hermathena|year=1920|volume=19|issue=42|pages=64–67|publisher=Trinity College Dublin|jstor=23037103}}</ref> In 499 CE [[Aryabhata]], a [[mathematician]]-[[astronomer]] from the classical age of [[Indian mathematics]] and [[Indian astronomy]], gave a method for finding the cube root of numbers having many digits in the ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' (section 2.5).<ref>''[http://www.flipkart.com/aryabhatiya-mohan-apte-book-8174344802 Aryabhatiya] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110815204559/http://www.flipkart.com/aryabhatiya-mohan-apte-book-8174344802 |date=15 August 2011 }} {{langx|mr|आर्यभटीय}}'', Mohan Apte, Pune, India, Rajhans Publications, 2009, p. 62, {{ISBN|978-81-7434-480-9}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Methods of computing square roots]]
* [[List of polynomial topics]]
* [[Nth root]]
* [[Square root]]
* [[Nested radical]]
* [[Root of unity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mathwarehouse.com/arithmetic/cube-root-calculator.php Cube root calculator reduces any number to simplest radical form]
*[http://people.freebsd.org/~lstewart/references/apple_tr_kt32_cuberoot.pdf Computing the Cube Root, Ken Turkowski, Apple Technical Report #KT-32, 1998]. Includes C source code.
*{{mathworld|urlname=CubeRoot|title=Cube Root}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cube Root}}
[[Category:Elementary special functions]]
[[Category:Elementary algebra]]
[[Category:Unary operations]]

Ratnaprava Devi

2026-04-29T20:00:04Z

DesignersX: New...

{{Short description|Indian politician and writer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ratnaprava Devi
| native_name = ରତ୍ନପ୍ରଭା ଦେବୀ
| native_name_lang = or
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|04|27|1909|12|11|df=y}}
| death_place =
| spouse = Shankar Pratap Singh Deo
| children = [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
| party = [[Ganatantra Parishad]] [[Swatantra Party]]
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1971
| constituency = [[Dhenkanal (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1961
| term_end2 = 1967
| constituency2 = [[Dhenkanal (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1957
| term_end3 = 1961
| constituency3 = Kishore Nagar
| occupation = Politician, writer
}}

'''Ratnaprava Devi''' (also spelled '''Ratnaprabha Devi'''; 11 December 1909 – 27 April 2001) was an Indian politician and writer from the state of [[Odisha]]. She served as a member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] for three terms, representing the [[Ganatantra Parishad]] and the [[Swatantra Party]]. She was also a member of the royal family of [[Dhenkanal State]].

== Early life and background ==
Ratnaprava Devi was born on 11 December 1909.<ref name="AssemblyProfile">{{cite web |title=Late Ratnaprava Devi |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=836 |publisher=Odisha Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref> She was married to Raja Shankar Pratap Singh Deo, the ruler of the [[Dhenkanal State]].<ref name="Kanoon">{{cite court |litigants=Ratnaprova Devi v. State Of Orissa |vol=1964 |reporter=AIR |opinion=1195 |court=Supreme Court of India |date=1964 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1017971/ |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="sambad">{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Swaraj |title=Brother-sister duo in Odisha Assembly for long 15 years |url=https://sambadenglish.com/brother-sister-duo-in-odisha-assembly-for-long-15-years/#google_vignette |publisher=Sambad |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref> Her son, [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]], is a prominent politician who served as a Union Minister and Member of Parliament in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhenkanal's royal family member Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo felicitated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/aug/07/dhenkanals-royal-family-member-kamakhya-prasad-singh-deo-felicitated-2484931.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 August 2022 |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Devi was an active figure in Odia politics during the mid-20th century. She was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] three times:
* 1957: Elected from the Kishore Nagar constituency as a candidate of the [[Ganatantra Parishad]].<ref name="AssemblyProfile"/>
* 1961: Elected from the [[Dhenkanal (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal constituency]] as a candidate of the [[Swatantra Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Orissa Assembly Election Results in 1961 |url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/1961-election-results.html |publisher=Elections.in |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>
* 1967: Re-elected from the Dhenkanal constituency representing the Swatantra Party.<ref name="AssemblyProfile"/>

== Literary works ==
Apart from politics, Ratnaprava Devi was a writer. She authored an autobiography detailing her life and experiences as a royal and a politician during India's transition to democracy.<ref name="sambad"/>
* ''Autobiography of Queen Ratnaprava Devi'' (Originally published in [[Odia language|Odia]], 1997; Translated to English, 2021).<ref>{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Ratnaprava |title=Autobiography of Queen Ratnaprava Devi |publisher=Black Eagle Books |year=2021 |isbn=978-1645601807 |url=https://www.bookswagon.com/book/autobiography-queen-ratnaprava-devi-tapan/9781645601807}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dhenkanal State]]
* [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
* [[Swatantra Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Ratnaprava}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Women in Odisha politics]]
[[Category:Members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]

Execution by elephant

2026-04-29T16:29:33Z

DesignersX: creating new details

{{short description|Execution method from Asia}}

[[File:Jamal al-Din Husayn Inju Shirazi - Two Folios from the Akbarnama - Walters W684 - Detail A.jpg|thumb|Illustration from the ''[[Akbarnama]]'', the official chronicle of the reign of [[Akbar]], the third [[Mughal emperor]]]]

'''Execution by elephant''', or '''''Gunga Rao''''', was a method of [[capital punishment]] in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], particularly in [[Indian subcontinent|India]], where [[Asian elephant]]s were used to [[Crushing (execution)|crush]], [[dismember]], or [[torture]] captives during [[public execution]]s. The animals were trained to kill victims immediately or to torture them slowly over a prolonged period. Most commonly employed by royalty, the elephants were used to signify both the ruler's power of life and death over his subjects and his ability to control wild animals.<ref name="allsen"/>

The sight of elephants executing captives was recorded in contemporary journals and accounts of life in Asia by European travellers. The practice was eventually suppressed by the European colonial powers that colonised the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. While primarily confined to Asia, the practice was occasionally used by European and African powers, such as [[ancient Rome]] and [[ancient Carthage]], particularly to deal with mutinous soldiers.

== Cultural aspects ==
Historically, the elephants were under the constant control of a driver or ''[[mahout]]'', thus enabling a ruler to grant a last-minute reprieve and display merciful qualities.<ref name="allsen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFls6zdc40QC&pg=PA156|page= 156|title=The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History|author=Thomas T. Allsen|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|date= 3 Jun 2011|isbn= 978-0812201079}}</ref> Several such exercises of mercy are recorded in various Asian kingdoms. The kings of [[Siam]] trained their elephants to roll the convicted person "about the ground rather slowly so that he is not badly hurt". The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]] is said to have "used this technique to chastise 'rebels' and then in the end the prisoners, presumably much chastened, were given their lives".<ref name="allsen" /> On one occasion, Akbar was recorded to have had a man thrown to the elephants to suffer five days of such treatment before pardoning him.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC&pg=PA96|page= 96|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|author= Annemarie Schimmel|publisher=Reaktion Books|year= 2004|isbn= 9781861891853}}</ref> Elephants were occasionally used in [[trial by ordeal]] in which the condemned prisoner was released if he managed to fend off the elephant.<ref name="allsen" />

The use of elephants in such fashion went beyond the common royal power to dispense life and death. Elephants have long been used as symbols of royal authority (and still are in some places, such as [[Thailand]], where [[White elephant (pachyderm)|white elephants]] are held in reverence). Their use as instruments of state power sent the message that the ruler was able to preside over very powerful creatures who were under total command. The ruler was thus seen as maintaining a moral and spiritual domination over wild beasts, adding to their authority and mystique among subjects.<ref name="allsen" />

== Geographical scope ==
[[File:Execution by elephant distribution map.svg|thumb|right|350px|Geographical scope of executions by elephant]]

=== Asia===

==== Southeast Asia ====
Elephants were used for execution in [[Burma]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], and [[Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)|Brunei]] in the pre-modern period<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1QbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260|pages=260–261|title=A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence for Bengal and the North-western Provinces|author=Norman Chevers|publisher=Carbery|year= 1856}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Anthony |url=http://archive.org/details/southeastasiaina1988reid |title=Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450–1680, Volume One |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-300-03921-4 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> as well as in the kingdom of [[Champa]].<ref>Schafer, Edward H. "The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics". University of California Press, 1985. p. 80. ASIN: B0000CLTET</ref> In [[Siam]], elephants were trained to throw the condemned into the air before trampling them to death.<ref name="allsen" /> There exists an account in the 1560s of men being trampled to death by elephants in [[Ayutthaya Historical Park|Ayutthaya]] due to their unruly behaviour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Anthony |url=http://archive.org/details/southeastasiaina0002reid |title=Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450–1680, Volume Two |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-300-03921-4 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref>

The use of elephants for execution was reported in [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]] by a French merchant, [[François Martin (navigator)|François Martin]]. Under the rule of Sultan [[Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal]] (r. 1589–1604), an adulterous couple was thrown to the elephant and stomped to death.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hanggoro |first1=Hendaru Tri |title=Hukuman Kejam dari Sultan |url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/hukuman-kejam-dari-sultan-P3Z7v/page/2 |website=historia.id |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=Historia |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> This custom also existed in [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]], a mercenary in 1648 noted in his account that the Queen of Aceh [[Taj ul-Alam]] placed sentenced on a Dutch ambassador to die by elephant execution as he demanded to see the Queen's face, which was against the rule of the land; it was common for the elephant to throw the criminal in the air, land him on its trunks and shake him until he is dead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Chambelle |first=Jean Guidon |title=Voyage to the Great Indies |publisher=Nutmeg Books |year=2024 |pages=231 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Alexander Hamilton]] provides the following account from late 17th/early 18th century Siam:<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Alexander|pages=181–182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YCoCwtJd1gC&pg=181|title=A new account of the East Indies|publisher=John Mosman|volume=2|year=1727|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

{{quote|For Treason and Murder, the Elephant is the Executioner. The condemned Person is made fast to a Stake driven into the Ground for the Purpose, and the Elephant is brought to view him, and goes twice or thrice round him, and when the Elephant's Keeper speaks to the monstrous Executioner, he twines his Trunk round the Person and Stake, and pulling the Stake from the Ground with great Violence, tosses the Man and the Stake into the Air, and in coming down, receives him on his Teeth, and making him off again, puts one of his fore Feet on the Carcase, and squeezes it flat.}}

The journal of [[John Crawfurd]] records another method of execution by elephant in the kingdom of [[Cochinchina]] (modern south [[Vietnam]]), where he served as a British envoy in 1821. Crawfurd recalls an event where "the criminal is tied to a stake, and [Excellency's favourite] elephant runs down upon him and crushes him to death."<ref>Crawfurd, John. "Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China". H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830. [https://archive.org/details/journalanembass00crawgoog/page/n435  p. 419].</ref>

==== South Asia ====

===== India =====
[[File:Sun Temple - Modhera - Gujarat - 002.jpg|thumb|Execution by elephant carved on a pillar of the 11th–12th century [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun Temple]] in [[Gujarat]], India]]

Hindu and Muslim rulers in India executed tax evaders, rebels and enemy soldiers alike "under the feet of elephants".<ref name="allsen" /> The Hindu ''[[Manu Smriti]]'' or Laws of Manu, written sometime between 200 BCE and 200 CE, prescribed execution by elephants for a number of offences. If property was stolen, for instance, "the king should have any thieves caught in connection with its disappearance executed by an elephant."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmfXnfB-474C&pg=PA125|page=125|title=The Law Code of Manu|author= Manu| translator = Patrick Olivelle |publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2004|isbn=978-0-19-280271-2 }}</ref> For example, in 1305, the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] turned the deaths of [[Mongol]] prisoners into public entertainment by having them crushed by elephants.<ref>Jack Weatherford-Genghis Khan, p.116</ref>

During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era, "it was a common mode of execution in those days to have the offender trampled underfoot by an elephant."<ref>Natesan, G.A. ''The Indian Review'', p. 160</ref> Captain [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Alexander Hamilton]], writing in 1727, described how the Mughal ruler [[Shah Jahan]] ordered an offending military commander to be carried "to the Elephant Garden, and there to be executed by an Elephant, which is reckoned to be a shameful and terrible Death".<ref>Hamilton, p. 170.</ref> The [[List of Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]] ordered the crushing by elephant of an [[imam]] he mistakenly believed to be critical of his reign.<ref>Eraly, p. 45.</ref> Some monarchs also adopted this form of execution for their own entertainment. The emperor [[Jahangir]], another Mughal emperor, is said to have ordered a huge number of criminals to be crushed for his amusement. The French traveler [[François Bernier]], who witnessed such executions, recorded his dismay at the pleasure that the emperor derived from this cruel punishment.<ref name="Schimmel" /> Nor was crushing the only method used by execution elephants; in the pre-Mughal [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate of Delhi]], elephants were trained to slice prisoners to pieces "with [[Elephant sword|pointed blades fitted to their tusks]]".<ref name="allsen" />
The Muslim traveler [[Ibn Battuta]], visiting [[Delhi]] in the 1330s, has left the following eyewitness account of this particular type of execution by elephants:<ref>Battuta, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5CAAAAcAAJ&q=intitle:The+intitle:travels+intitle:of+intitle:Ibn+intitle:Battuta The travels of Ibn Battuta]", transl. Lee, S, London 1829, pp. 146-47</ref>

{{quote|Upon a certain day, when I myself was present, some men were brought out who had been accused of having attempted the life of the [[Vizier]]. They were ordered, accordingly, to be thrown to the elephants, which had been taught to cut their victims to pieces. Their hoofs were cased with sharp iron instruments, and the extremities of these were like knives. On such occasions the elephant-driver rode upon them: and, when a man was thrown to them, they would wrap the trunk about him and toss him up, then take him with the teeth and throw him between their fore feet upon the breast, and do just as the driver should bid them, and according to the orders of the Emperor. If the order was to cut him to pieces, the elephant would do so with his irons, and then throw the pieces among the assembled multitude: but if the order was to leave him, he would be left lying before the Emperor, until the skin should be taken off, and stuffed with hay, and the flesh given to the dogs.}}
Other Indian polities also carried out executions by elephant. The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Sambhaji|Chatrapati Sambhaji]] ordered this form of death for a number of conspirators, including the Maratha official Anaji Datto in the late seventeenth century.<ref>Eraly, p. 479.</ref> Another Maratha leader, the general [[Santaji]], inflicted the punishment for breaches in military discipline. The contemporary historian [[Khafi Khan]] reported that "for a trifling offense he [Santaji] would cast a man under the feet of an elephant."<ref>Eraly, p. 498</ref>
[[File:Le Tour du Monde.jpg|thumbnail|[[Louis Rousselet]] described this execution in ''Le Tour du Monde'' in 1868.]]
The early-19th-century writer [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Robert Kerr]] relates how the king of [[Goa]] "keeps certain elephants for the execution of malefactors. When one of these is brought forth to dispatch a criminal, if his keeper desires that the offender be destroyed speedily, this vast creature will instantly crush him to atoms under his foot; but if desired to torture him, will break his limbs successively, as men are [[breaking wheel|broken on the wheel]]."<ref>Kerr, p. 395.</ref> The naturalist [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] cited this flexibility of purpose as evidence that elephants were capable of "human reasoning, [rather] than a simple, natural instinct".<ref>Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc. "Natural history of man, the globe, and of quadrupeds". vol. 1. Leavitt & Allen, 1857. p. 113.</ref>

Such executions were often held in public as a warning to any who may transgress. To that end, many of the elephants were especially large, often weighing in excess of nine tons. The executions were intended to be, and often were, gruesome. They were sometimes preceded by torture publicly inflicted by the same elephant used for the execution. An account of one such torture-and-execution at [[Baroda]] in 1814 has been preserved in ''The Percy Anecdotes'':

{{quote|The man was a slave, and two days before had murdered his master, brother to a native chieftain, called Ameer Sahib. About eleven o'clock the elephant was brought out, with only the driver on his back, surrounded by natives with bamboos in their hands. The criminal was placed three yards behind on the ground, his legs tied by three ropes, which were fastened to a ring on the right hind leg of the animal. At every step the elephant took, it jerked him forward, and every eight or ten steps must have dislocated another limb, for they were loose and broken when the elephant had proceeded five hundred yards. The man, though covered in mud, showed every sign of life, and seemed to be in the most excruciating torments. After having been tortured in this manner for about an hour, he was taken to the outside of the town, when the elephant, which is instructed for such purposes, was backed, and put his foot on the head of the criminal.<ref>Ryley Scott, George. "The Percy Anecdotes vol. VIII". ''The History of Torture Throughout the Ages''. Torchstream Books, 1940. pp. 116–7.</ref>}}

The use of elephants as executioners continued well into the latter half of the 19th century. During an expedition to central India in 1868, [[Louis Rousselet]] described the execution of a criminal by an elephant. A sketch depicting the execution showed the condemned being forced to place his head upon a pedestal, and then being held there while an elephant crushed his head underfoot. The sketch was made into a [[woodcut]] and printed in "[[Le Tour du Monde]]", a widely circulated French journal of travel and adventure, as well as foreign journals such as ''[[Harper's Weekly]]''.<ref>''Harper's Weekly'', February 3, 1872</ref>

The growing power of the British Empire led to the decline and eventual end of elephant executions in India. Writing in 1914, Eleanor Maddock noted that in [[Kashmir]], since the arrival of Europeans, "many of the old customs are disappearing – and one of these is the dreadful custom of the execution of criminals by an elephant trained for the purpose and which was known by the hereditary name of 'Gunga Rao'."<ref>Maddock, Eleanor. "What the Crystal Revealed". ''American Theosophist Magazine'', April to September 1914. p. 859.</ref>

===== Sri Lanka =====
[[File:Crushed by elephant.png|thumb|right|A condemned prisoner being dismembered by an elephant in [[Ceylon]]. Illustration from ''[[An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon]]'' by Robert Knox (1681).]]
Elephants were widely used across the [[Indian subcontinent]] and South Asia as a method of execution. The English sailor [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]], writing in 1681, described a method of execution by elephant which he had witnessed while being held captive in [[Sri Lanka]]. Knox says the elephants he witnessed had their tusks fitted with "sharp Iron with a socket with three edges". After impaling the victim's body with its tusks, the elephant would "then tear it in pieces, and throw it limb from limb".<ref>Knox, Robert. "[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14346 An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon]". London, 1681.</ref>

The 19th-century traveler [[James Emerson Tennent]] comments that "a Kandyan [Sri Lankan] chief, who was witness to such scenes, has assured us that the elephant never once applied his tusks, but, placing his foot on the prostrate victim, plucked off his limbs in succession by a sudden movement of his trunk."<ref>Tennent, p. 281.</ref> Knox's book depicts exactly this method of execution in a famous drawing, ''An Execution by an Eliphant''.

Writing in 1850, the British diplomat [[Henry Charles Sirr]] described a visit to one of the elephants that had been used by [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]], the last king of [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]], to execute criminals. Crushing by elephant had been abolished by the British after they annexed the Kingdom of Kandy in 1815 but the king's execution elephant was still alive and evidently remembered its former duties. Sirr comments:<ref>Sirr, Sir Charles Henry, quoted in Barrow, George. "Ceylon: Past and Present". John Murray, 1857. pp. 135–6.</ref>

{{quote|During the native dynasty it was the practice to train elephants to put criminals to death by trampling upon them, the creatures being taught to prolong the agony of the wretched sufferers by crushing the limbs, avoiding the vital parts. With the last tyrant king of Candy, this was a favourite mode of execution and as one of the elephant executioners was at the former capital during our sojourn there we were particularly anxious to test the creature's sagacity and memory. The animal was mottled and of enormous size, and was quietly standing there with his keeper seated upon his neck; the noble who accompanied us desired the man to dismount and stand on one side.

The chief then gave the word of command, ordering the creature to 'slay the wretch!' The elephant raised his trunk, and twined it, as if around a human being; the creature then made motions as if he were depositing the man on the earth before him, then slowly raised his back foot, placing it alternately upon the spots where the limbs of the sufferer would have been. This he continued to do for some minutes; then, as if satisfied that the bones must be crushed, the elephant raised his trunk high upon his head and stood motionless; the chief then ordered him to 'complete his work,' and the creature immediately placed one foot, as if upon the man's abdomen, and the other upon his head, apparently using his entire strength to crush and terminate the wretch's misery.}}

==== West Asia ====
During the [[medieval]] period, executions by elephants were used by several West Asian imperial powers, including the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]], [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]], and [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] empires.<ref name="allsen" /> When the Sassanid king [[Khosrau II]], who had a harem of 3,000 wives and 12,000 female slaves, demanded as a wife Hadiqah, the daughter of the [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmid]] king [[Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir|Na'aman]], Na'aman refused to permit his Christian daughter to enter the harem of a [[Zoroastrian]]; for this refusal, he was trampled to death by an elephant.

The practice appears to have been adopted in parts of the Muslim Middle East. Rabbi [[Petachiah of Ratisbon]], a 12th-century Jewish traveler, reported an execution by this means during his stay in Seljuk-ruled northern [[Mesopotamia]] (modern [[Iraq]]):<ref>Benisch, A. (trans). "Travels of Petachia of Ratisbon". London, 1856.</ref>
[[File:Execution of Prisonsers Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg|thumb|[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] miniature depicting the execution of prisoners of war in [[Belgrade|Nándorfehérvár]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Matrakci |last=Nasuh |url=http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Suleymanname/Execution_of_Prisonsers_Belgrade-Suleymanname.htm |title=Execution of Prisoners, Belgrade |date=1588 |work=Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517}}</ref>]]
{{Blockquote|At [[Nineveh]] there was an elephant. Its head is not protruding. It is big, eats about two wagon loads of straw at once; its mouth is in its breast, and when it wants to eat it protrudes its lip about two [[cubit]]s, takes up the straw with it, and puts it in its mouth. When the sultan condemns anyone to death, they say to the elephant, "this person is guilty." It then seizes him with its lip, casts him aloft and slays him.}}

=== Europe ===
[[Perdiccas]], who became regent of [[Macedon]] on the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, had mutineers from the faction of [[Meleager (general)|Meleager]] thrown to the elephants to be crushed in the city of [[Babylon]].<ref>Fox, Robin Lane. "Alexander the Great". Penguin, 2004. p. 474. {{ISBN|0-14-008878-4}}</ref> The Roman writer [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]] relates the story in his ''[[Historiae Alexandri Magni]]'':<ref>{{cite wikisource |wslink=Historia Alexandri Magni regis Macedonum/Liber X |title=Historia Alexandri Magni Liber X |author=[[Quintus Curtius Rufus]] |wslanguage=la |noicon=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~murray/classes/aa/source22.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103055130/http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~murray/classes/aa/source22.htm|url-status=dead|title=Curt. 10.9.18-19|archivedate=January 3, 2006}}</ref>

{{quote|Perdiccas saw that they [the mutineers] were paralyzed and at his mercy. He withdrew from the main body some 300 men who had followed Meleager at the time when he burst from the first meeting held after Alexander's death, and before the eyes of the entire army he threw them to the elephants. All were trampled to death beneath the feet of the beasts...}}

Similarly, the Roman writer [[Valerius Maximus]] records how the general [[Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus]] "after King [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus]] was vanquished [in 167 BC], for the same fault (desertion) threw men under elephants to be trampled ... And indeed military discipline needs this kind of severe and abrupt punishment, because this is how strength of arms stands firm, which, when it falls away from the right course, will be subverted."<ref>Futrell, Alison (Quoted by) (ed.). "A Sourcebook on the Roman Games". Blackwell Publishing, 2006. p. 8.</ref>

===Africa===
In 240 BC, a [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] army led by [[Hamilcar Barca]] was fighting a coalition of [[Mutiny|mutinous]] soldiers and rebellious African cities led by [[Spendius]]. After [[Hamilcar's victory with Naravas|losing a battle]] when a force of [[Numidian cavalry|Numidian]] cavalry deserted to the Carthaginians, Spendius had 700 Carthaginian prisoners tortured to death. From this point, prisoners taken by the Carthaginians were trampled to death by their [[war elephant]]s.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=210}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=135}} This unusual ferocity caused the conflict to be termed the [[Mercenary War|"Truceless War"]].{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=208}}{{sfn|Eckstein|2017|p=7}}

There are fewer records of elephants being used as straightforward executioners for the civil population. One such example is mentioned by [[Josephus]] and the [[deuterocanonical books|deuterocanonical book]] of [[3 Maccabees]] in connection with the [[Egyptian Jews]], though the story is likely apocryphal.<ref name=collins122/> 3 Maccabees describes an attempt by [[Ptolemy IV Philopator]] (ruled 221–204 BC) to enslave and brand Egypt's Jews with the symbol of [[Dionysus]]. When the majority of the Jews resisted, the king is said to have rounded them up and ordered them to be trampled on by elephants.<ref>3 Maccabees 5</ref><ref name=collins122/> The mass execution was ultimately thwarted, supposedly by the intervention of angels, following which Ptolemy took an altogether more forgiving attitude towards his Jewish subjects.<ref>3 Maccabees 6</ref><ref name=collins122>Collins, p. 122.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Damnatio ad bestias]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Commons category|Execution by elephant}}
* Allsen, Thomas T. "The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History". University of Pennsylvania Press, May 2006. {{ISBN|0-8122-3926-1}}
* [[Norman Chevers|Chevers, Norman]]. "A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence for Bengal and the Northwestern Provinces". Carbery, 1856.
* Collins, John Joseph. "Between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Identity in the Hellenistic Diaspora". Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, October 1999. {{ISBN|0-8028-4372-7}}
* {{cite book
|last= Eckstein
|first=Arthur
|title= The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles
|chapter= The First Punic War and After, 264-237BC
|date=2017
|pages = 1–14|publisher=Wiley Online Library
|doi=10.1002/9781119099000.wbabat0270
|isbn = 9781405186452
}}
* Eraly, Abraham. "Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors", Phoenix House, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7538-1758-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Goldsworthy|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Goldsworthy|title=The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-304-36642-2}}
* Hamilton, Alexander. "A New Account of the East Indies: Being the Observations and Remarks of Capt. Alexander Hamilton, from the Year 1688 to 1723". C. Hitch and A. Millar, 1744.
* Kerr, Robert. "A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels". W. Blackwood, 1811.
* Lee, Samuel (trans). "The Travels of Ibn Batuta". Oriental Translation Committee, 1829.
* {{cite book|last=Miles|first=Richard |author-link=Richard Miles (historian)|title=Carthage Must be Destroyed|location=London|publisher=Penguin |year=2011|isbn=978-0-141-01809-6}}
* Olivelle, Patrick (trans). "The Law Code of Manu". Oxford University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-19-280271-2}}
* Schimmel, Annemarie. "The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture". Reaktion Books, February 2004. {{ISBN|1-86189-185-7}}
* Tennent, Emerson James. "Ceylon: An Account of the Island Physical, Historical and Topographical". Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860.

{{Capital punishment}}
{{Elephants}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Execution By Elephant}}
[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]
[[Category:Execution methods]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Social history of Africa]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:History of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:History of Africa]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:Deaths due to elephant attacks|*]]
[[Category:Animal training]]
[[Category:Public executions]]

Corporation of the City of Panaji

2026-04-26T16:40:28Z

DesignersX: creating new place

{{Short description|Administrative governing body for the city of Panaji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Corporation of the City of Panaji
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| logo_pic = Corporation of the City of Panaji.jpg
| body =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2002}}
| leader1 = [[Rohit Monserrate]]<ref name="ccpgoa.com">https://ccpgoa.com/elected-members/</ref>
| leader2 = Sanjeev Shamsundar Naik<ref name="ccpgoa.com">https://ccpgoa.com/elected-members/</ref>
| leader3 = Clen Madeira<ref>https://ccpgoa.com/key-officials/</ref>
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| seats = '''30'''
| term_length = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = 2026
| next_election1 = 2031
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL | https://ccpgoa.com/}}
}}

The '''Corporation of the City of Panaji (CCP)''' is responsible for the [[Civil authority|civic administration]] of [[Panaji]] (Panjim), the capital city of [[Goa]], India.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Panjim History {{!}} CCPGOA |url=https://ccpgoa.com/panjim-history/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=CCP GOA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporation Of The City Of Panaji {{!}} North Goa District, Government of Goa {{!}} India |url=https://northgoa.gov.in/public-utility/corporation-of-the-city-of-panaji/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Duties & Functions – Goa State Election Commission |url=https://sec.goa.gov.in/duties-functions/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=sec.goa.gov.in}}</ref> It is the oldest civic institution in Asia and<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About us {{!}} CCPGOA |url=https://ccpgoa.com/about/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=CCP GOA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NIC |url=https://goaulbservice.gov.in/About.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708231432/https://goaulbservice.gov.in/About.aspx |archive-date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=goaulbservice.gov.in}}</ref> is the world's smallest [[municipal corporation]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

According to [[2011 Census of India|Census of India 2011]], the area under the municipal body is 53.7 km2 and the population is 70,991.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/368/download/1120/DH_2011_3001_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH_GOA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203054814/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/368/download/1120/DH_2011_3001_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH_GOA.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-03 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> It has 17,807 households and the population of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] is 1,701 and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] is 4,586.<ref name=":2" />

== History ==
On 22 March 1843, by royal [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] decree, [[Pangim]] was elevated to the status of a city and became the capital of [[Portuguese India]] and was renamed [[Panaji|Nova Goa]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Goa's Liberation Day: How Panaji Became The Capital Of Goa |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/goas-liberation-day-how-panaji-became-the-capital-of-goa-11915251.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}</ref> The erstwhile capital was [[Old Goa|Velha Goa]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2018-01-07 |title=When Asia's First Civic Body Was Set Up In Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-asias-first-civic-body-was-set-up-in-goa/articleshow/62400016.cms |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 1858, a loan was sanctioned and the municipality began the construction of Pangim's Pacos Municipais (municipality palace).<ref name=":4" /> In December 1969, [[Panaji|Panjim]] became part of the [[India|Republic of India]] after the Indian annexation, known as the [[Annexation of Goa|Liberation of Goa]].<ref name=":3" /> On 19 December 1961, the [[Indian Army|Indian army]] with Operation Vijay resulted in the annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu into the Indian union.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF GOA – Department of Information and Publicity |url=https://dip.goa.gov.in/history-of-goa/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=dip.goa.gov.in}}</ref> After annexation, Panjim served as the capital of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu until statehood in 1987.<ref name=":5" />

In 2002, the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] enacted the City of Panaji Corporation Act, 2002.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=The City of Panaji Corporation Act, 2002 |url=https://dip.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/act.pdf}}</ref> The Act provides for constituting a [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]] for Panaji (the Act appears in the [[Government gazette|Government Gazette]] — it is dated/published in the Official Gazette, 23 January 2003).<ref name=":6" />

== Elections ==
Elections to the Corporation of the city of Panaji were held in 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/bjpbacked-panel-sweeps-panaji-municipal-corporation-polls-wins-27-of-30-seats-101773402613765.html|title=BJP-backed panel sweeps Panaji municipal corporation polls, wins 27 of 30 seats|work=Times of India|accessdate=13 March 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Zone
!Ward Number
!Ward Name
!Areas Covered
!Assembly Constituency
!Councillor<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELECTED MEMBERS {{!}} CCPGOA |url=https://ccpgoa.com/elected-members/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=CCP GOA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winning Candidate with address |url=https://sec.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Winning-Candidate-with-address.pdf}}</ref>
!Political Group
|-
|
|1
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CABRAL NELSON FRANCISCO
|
|-
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|
|
|
| valign="top" |FERNANDES YUVRAJ FRANCIS
|
|-
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|3
|
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| valign="top" |MONSERRATE ROHIT JOE
|
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|4
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|
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|
|-
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|
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|
|-
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|7
|
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|
|-
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|8
|
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| valign="top" |ANDRADE JOEL SAVIO
|
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|9
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|
|-
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|10
|
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|
|-
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|11
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| valign="top" |PAREKH KARAN YATIN
|
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|12
|
|
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| valign="top" |SHETYE VARSHA HARI
|
|-
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|13
|
|
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| valign="top" |MAINKAR PRAMAY PRAKASH
|
|-
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|14
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MADKAIKAR UDAY VAMAN
|
|-
|
|15
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CHOPDEKAR SHAYANI SHARAD
|
|-
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|16
|
|
|
| valign="top" |KERKAR ASMITA SANDESH
|
|-
|
|17
|
|
|
| valign="top" |JORGE DENNIS EDWARD FRANCIS
|
|-
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|18
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CHOPDEKAR ADITI
|
|-
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|19
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MORAJKAR NARSINVHA CHANDRAKANT
|
|-
|
|20
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CHODANKAR SHUBHAM GOPAL
|
|-
|
|21
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MANERKAR MANISHA BHAVANIDAS
|
|-
|
|22
|
|
|
| valign="top" |MAINKAR DIKSHA DEVANAND
|
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|
|23
|
|
|
| valign="top" |SURLIKAR SANTOSH DHANANJAY
|
|-
|
|24
|
|
|
| valign="top" |NAIK PRANJAL PRAJIT
|
|-
|
|25
|
|
|
| valign="top" |NAIK SANJEEV SHAMSUNDER
|
|-
|
|26
|
|
|
| valign="top" |AGSHIKAR VASANT ASHOK
|
|-
|
|27
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DIAS LORRAINE SUEELLEN
|
|-
|
|28
|
|
|
| valign="top" |CHOPDEKAR VITHAL DAYANAND
|
|-
|
|29
|
|
|
| valign="top" |FERNANDES SILVESTRE
|
|-
|
|30
|
|
|
| valign="top" |DA CUNHA SANDRA MARIA
|
|}

== Revenue sources ==
The following are the income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="My11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |date=3 December 2020 |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="My12">{{cite news |date=2 December 2021 |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="My13">{{cite news |date=17 May 2022 |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Panaji]]

National Knowledge Network

2026-04-25T21:55:59Z

DesignersX: put up basic article w/ sources...

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}{{use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Knowledge Network
| image =
| image_size = 120px
| image_alt = NKN Logo
| caption = Logo of National Knowledge Network
| map =
| map_size = 150px
| map_alt = NKN Network Topology Map
| map_caption = NKN Network Topology Map
| abbreviation = NKN
| formation = 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deity.gov.in/content/national-knowledge-network |title=National Knowledge Network |accessdate=2013-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724074146/http://deity.gov.in/content/national-knowledge-network# |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| extinction =
| type = public
| status = Active
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| region_served = [[India]] [[Bhutan]]
| membership = Educational and Research Institutions
| language = English
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| affiliations =
| num_staff = 2000
| key_people = [[Dr. Rajagopala Chidambaram]] Prof. S.V. Raghavan Dr. B.K. Gairola Mr. R.S. Mani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkn.in/vision.php |title=National Knowledge Network – Connecting Knowledge Institutions |publisher=NKN |date=2013-07-26 |accessdate=2013-08-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709020217/http://www.nkn.in/vision.php |archivedate=9 July 2013 }}</ref>
| num_volunteers =
| budget = ₹5,990 Crores<ref>{{cite web |url=http://informatics.nic.in/content/details/contentID/149 |title=National Knowledge Network |publisher=Informatics |accessdate=2013-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022085812/http://informatics.nic.in/content/details/contentID/149# |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|nkn.gov.in}}
| remarks =
| module = {{Infobox NSP
| child = yes
| asn = 9885
| asn2 = 55824
| asn3 = 55847
| peeringpolicy =
| trafficlevels = 400-500 Gbps
}}
}}
'''National Knowledge Network''' '''(NKN)''' is a multi-gigabit<ref>[[Gigabit Ethernet]]</ref> [[national research and education network]], whose purpose is to provide a unified high speed network backbone for educational and research institutions in [[India]]. The network is managed by the [[National Informatics Centre]].

== Details ==
The NKN is a hierarchical network divided into three basic layers – ultra-high speed CORE (multiples of 10 Gbit/s; Level 1), Distribution (Level 2), and Edge (speeds of 1 Gbit/s or higher; User Level). Depending on the type of connectivity required by the user organization, geographical presence, and the location of [[Point of presence|Point of Presence]] (PoP) of NKN, (belonging to Core and Distribution), connectivity would be provided to the institutes. NKN backbone will typically have 18 Core PoPs and around 25 Distribution PoPs across the country. The NKN backbone will be created by multiple bandwidth providers and the edges can be provided by any service provider.

The network is designed to support Overlay Networks, Dedicated Networks, and Virtual Networks. Advanced applications in areas such as Health, Education, Science & Technology, [[Grid Computing]], [[Bioinformatics]], [[Agriculture]], and [[Governance]] will be an integral part of NKN. The entire network will seamlessly integrate with the global scientific community at multiple [[gigabit]]s per second speed.

=== IP and ASn resources ===
National Knowledge Network has got the following resources from [[APNIC]] ([[Regional Internet registry]] for Asia-Pacific Region).

[[IPv6]] Segment—
# 2405:8A00::/32
# 2409::/28

[[IPv4]] Segment—
# [http://whois.domaintools.com/14.139.0.0 14.139.0.0/16]
# [http://whois.domaintools.com/180.149.48.0 180.149.48.0/20]

AS Numbers—
# 9885
# 55824
# 55847
[[File:NKN Topology.gif|thumb|320x320px|NKN Topology with core [[Point of presence|PoPs]] shown]]

=== IPv6 implementation ===
NKN has got 2405:8A00::/32 [[IPv6]] block from [[APNIC]] ([[Regional Internet registry]] for Asia-Pacific Region) and allocating /48 block to every connected member institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkn-india.blogspot.in/2013/11/internet-protocol-version-6-ipv6-status.html|title=v6 status in NKN}}</ref>
/48 is allocated to connected member so that member institute can do [[multihoming]], if required.

=== DNSSEC ===
NKN is [[DNSSEC]] enabled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkn-india.blogspot.in/2013/11/dnssec-status-in-nknin-domain.html |title=DNSSEC status in NKN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=nkn.in {{!}} DNSViz|url=https://dnsviz.net/d/nkn.in/dnssec/|access-date=2020-07-23|website=dnsviz.net}}</ref>

== Public lectures ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Lecture
!Where
!When
!About
!Participants
|-
| First Lecture<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://nkn.in/download.php?file=1st-NKN-Public-Lecture-Poster.pdf |title=The 1st National Knowledge Network Public Lecture Series |publisher=NKN |date=2013-01-23 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}{{dead link|date=December 2015}}</ref>
| [[New Delhi]], India
| 23 Jan 2013
| Democratising information, justice, equality and the rule of law
| Delhi University and 500 Other Institutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovationcouncil.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=269:500-institutes-link-up-to-delhi-university-for-national-knowledge-network-take-off&catid=14:news&Itemid=13 |title=500 institutes link up to Delhi University for National Knowledge Network take-off |publisher=Innovation Council |date=2013-01-24 |accessdate=2013-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502044025/http://innovationcouncil.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=269:500-institutes-link-up-to-delhi-university-for-national-knowledge-network-take-off&catid=14:news&Itemid=13# |archive-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Express news service |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/500-institutes-link-up-to-delhi-university-for-national-knowledge-network-takeoff/1064018/ |title=500 institutes link up to Delhi University for National Knowledge Network take-off |publisher=Express India |date=2013-01-24 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref>
|}

== Annual workshops ==
{| style="width:100%" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:200px;"|Workshop
! style="width:150px;"|Where
! style="width:150px;"|When
! About
! style="width:200px;"|Organizer
|-
| [http://workshop.nkn.in/2015/ Fourth NKN Annual Workshop]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://workshop.nkn.in/2015/ |title=NKN Workshop 2015}}</ref>
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|JNTU]] [[Hyderabad]]
| 21–22 January 2016
| NKN at the Core of Cyber Space
| [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC) and Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
|-
| [http://workshop.nkn.in/2014/ NKN Third Annual National Workshop]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://workshop.nkn.in/2014/ |title=NKN Workshop 2014}}</ref>
| [[Indian Institute of Technology|IIT]] [[Guwahati]]
| 15–17 December 2014
| Next-Generation Network (NGN)
| [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC) and Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
|-
| [http://workshop.nkn.in/2013/ NKN Second Annual National Workshop]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://workshop.nkn.in/2013/ |title=NKN Workshop 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://nkn-india.blogspot.in/2013/08/2nd-nkn-national-workshop.html|title=NKN 2nd National Workshop Snapshot}}</ref>
| [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] [[Bangalore]]
| 17–19 October 2013
| Enhancing Research Collaborations through NKN
| [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC) and Indian Institute of Science (IISc)
|-
| [http://workshop.nkn.in/2012/ NKN First National Workshop]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://workshop.nkn.in/2012/ |title=NKN Register |publisher=NKN |date=2012-11-02 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teincc.org/teincc/b/408/146 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629191340/http://www.teincc.org/teincc/b/408/146 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-29 |title=First NKN Annual Workshop (10.31-11.2, 2012) |publisher=TEIN*CC Website |accessdate=2013-08-05 }}</ref>
| [[IIT Bombay]], [[Mumbai]]
| 31 October–2 November 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://workshop.nkn.in/2012/Document/Agenda.pdf
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025241/http://workshop.nkn.in/2012/Document/Agenda.pdf
| archive-date=2016-03-04
| title=Agenda for First Annual NKN Workshop at IIT, Bombay |publisher=NKN |date=31 October 2012 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref>
| The e-Infrastructure of India
| [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC) and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-B)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://workshop.nkn.in/2012/index.php |title=NKN Register |publisher=NKN |date=2012-11-02 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref>
|}

== Events ==
{| style="width:100%" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:200px;"|Event
! style="width:150px;"|Where
! style="width:150px;"|When
! style="width:200px;"|Organizer
|-
| [[GARUDA]]-NKN Partners Meet 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garudaindia.in/html/garuda_nkn_partnersmeet_2013.aspx |title=GARUDA India: Partners Meet |publisher=GARUDA |date=2013-07-26 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=kansal |url=http://nkn-india.blogspot.in/2013/07/garuda-nkn-partner-meet-2013.html |title=National Knowledge Network: GARUDA-NKN Partner Meet 2013 |publisher=NKN |date=2013-07-20 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref>
| SAIACS CEO Center Auditorium, Bangalore
| 25–26 July 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garudaindia.in/html/gpm_2013_agenda.aspx |title=GARUDA India:Agenda |publisher=GARUDA |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref>
| [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]] and NKN<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkn.in/news.php |title=National Knowledge Network – Connecting Knowledge Institutions |publisher=NKN |date=2013-07-26 |accessdate=2013-08-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805222922/http://www.nkn.in/news.php |archivedate=5 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[GARUDA]]-NKN Partners Meet 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garudaindia.in/html/garuda_nkn_partnersmeet2014.aspx | title=GARUDA India: Partners Meet |publisher=GARUDA}}</ref>
| NIAS Auditorium, IISC Campus, Bangalore
| 19–20 September 2014
| [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]] and NKN
|-
| [[GARUDA]]-NKN Partners Meet 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garudaindia.in/html/garuda_nkn_partnersmeet2015.aspx | title=GARUDA India: Partners Meet |publisher=GARUDA}}</ref>
| NIAS Auditorium, IISC Campus, Bangalore
| 10–11 September 2015
| [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]] and NKN
|-
| [[GARUDA]]-NKN Partners Meet 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garudaindia.in/html/garuda_nkn_partnersmeet_2016.aspx | title=GARUDA India: Partners Meet |publisher=GARUDA}}</ref>
| NIAS Auditorium, IISC Campus, Bangalore
| 8–9 September 2016
| [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]] and NKN
|}

== See also ==
* [[National Optical Fibre Network]]
* [[ERNET]]
* [[National Informatics Centre]]
* [[Digital India]]
* [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

;Sources
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130724074146/http://deity.gov.in/content/national-knowledge-network NKN as per DEITY]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090920130627/http://www.csi-chennai.org/presentations/National%20Knowledge%20Network%20-%20Brief%20Article.pdf NKN Concept, Design and Realization by Prof S V Raghavan]
* [http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nkn-to-cover-1-500-institutes-by-march-13-112021600045_1.html ''NKN to cover 1500 institutes''. ''Business Standard'']{{when|date=June 2013}}
* [http://www.garudaindia.in/html/pdf/garuda_nkn_prtnrs_meet_2012/day1_session1/day1%20session1/GARUDA-NKN-2012%20by%20Mani%20NIC.pdf GARUDA-NKN]. Gardua India

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.nkn.in/}}

{{Asia Pacific research and education networks}}

[[Category:National Knowledge Network| ]]
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]
[[Category:National Informatics Centre]]
[[Category:National research and education networks]]

Y. Balanagi Reddy

2026-04-23T01:00:13Z

DesignersX: Starting initial article v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end =
| predecessor = ''Constituency Established''
| successor =
| constituency = [[Mantralayam Assembly constituency|Mantralayam]]
| party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Yellareddy Gari Balanagi Reddy''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a four-time MLA from [[Mantralayam Assembly constituency]] in [[Kurnool district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mantralayam Assembly Election 2024: Mantralayam Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/mantralayam-constituency-result-1145 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He has been nominated again by the YSR Congress Party to contest the Mantralayam Assembly seat in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]] and he won the 2024 election.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in Rampuram village, [[Kurnool district]]. His late father Bheem Reddy was a farmer. He completed his schooling from [[National Institute of Open Schooling]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-05 |title=Y Balanagi Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Mantralayam {{!}} Kurnool {{!}} A.P |url=https://theleaderspage.com/y-balanagi-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy began his political career with the [[Telugu Desam Party]] in 2009. He won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Mantralayam Assembly constituency|Mantralayam]] representing the Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-26 |title=Mantralayam Assembly Election Results 2024: Mantralayam Andhra Pradesh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/mantralayam-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> He defeated Dalavai Ramaiah of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 10,697 votes. Later, he shifted to the [[YSR Congress Party]] and retained the 2014 Mantralayam seat defeating his closest rival Palakurthi Thikka Reddy of the Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 7,462 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mantralayam Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Mantralayam Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/mantralayam-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He became an MLA for the third time winning the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Mantralayam on the YSR Congress Party ticket defeating Palakurthi Thikka Reddy, again by a wider margin of 23,879 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=2023-07-11 |title=Empowering girl students in rural areas is our top priority, says A.P. MLA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/empowering-girl-students-in-rural-areas-is-our-top-priority-says-ap-mla/article67068171.ece |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mantralayam Constituency Election Results 2019: Mantralayam Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/mantralayam |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balanagi Reddy, Y.}}
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Harminder Singh Gill

2026-04-19T10:59:11Z

DesignersX: Put Up Biography.

{{Short description|Former member of Punjab Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harminder Singh Gill
| image =
| caption = Gill in 2016
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 11 March 2017
| term_end = 10 March 2022
| predecessor = [[Adesh Partap Singh Kairon|Partap Singh Kairon]]
| successor = [[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
| constituency = [[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|07|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]
| occupation = Politician
| parents = Dalip Singh (Father) Balbir Kaur (Mother)
| children = 2, Son & Daughter
| spouse = Paramjit Kaur
}}
'''Harminder Singh Gill''' (born 20 July 1963) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IlJWNSt3TDVDN0NsM05kY05lazh1c1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicXVKUWJzeEJmMHNNazc1ZVZJdGhUdz09IiwibWFjIjoiYmFlMjQ1MzIxNmFjODM5ZTAxYzRhNzJlZjkxMjlhYjZhZDM2MzM0MzBjYjhiZjMyZjAzN2RiNjc0ZWRkMmYxOSJ9/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref> He is a former member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] who represented [[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]] from 2017 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |access-date=2023-11-02}}</ref> During the tenure of [[Amarinder Singh]] as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|chief minister]], Gill remained a member of Punjab Subordinate Selection Board and a general secretary of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harminder Singh Gill, INC MLA from Patti - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/harminder-singh-gill/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harminder Singh Gill(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PATTI(TARN TARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/punjab2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=56 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-29 |title=From radical politics to mainstream arena |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/from-radical-politics-to-mainstream-arena/story-2A6R9pTU60XZq48RTZdP1L.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Harminder Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Panjapatti Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:54:48Z

DesignersX: Made...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_image =
| established = 1957
| abolished= 1967
| district = [[Karur district|Karur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
| name = Panjapatti
| electors= 84,244
| reservation = None
}}
'''Panjapatti''' is a former constituency of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Karur district]] and it was also part of [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||K. Karunagari Muthiah<ref name="Former MLA dead">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=|title=Former MLA dead|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-mla-dead/article23462795.ece|accessdate=29 April 2024|date=7 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429164745/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-mla-dead/article23462795.ece|archivedate=29 April 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||K. Karunagari Muthiah|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.50}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Panjapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karunagari Muthiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,520 |percentage=56.27% |change=1.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Ganapathy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,416 |percentage=33.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnaswamy |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,825 |percentage=6.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Andivappan |party=Independent politician |votes=967 |percentage=2.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Karupasami |party=Independent politician |votes=628 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,104 |percentage=22.28% |change=4.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,356 |percentage=57.09% |change= 8.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,244 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Panjapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karunagari Muthiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,799 |percentage=54.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Poonambala Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=13,852 |percentage=36.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. M. Abdulla Rowther |party=Independent politician |votes=3,510 |percentage=9.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,947 |percentage=18.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,161 |percentage=48.23% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,117 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|10.83|78.30|display=title}}

[[Category:Karur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{Karur-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Nabarangpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:30:42Z

DesignersX: put up a post more to come...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Nabarangpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nabarangpur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 75
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabarangpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Gourishankarmajhi.png
| mla = [[Gouri Shankar Majhi]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,34,183{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Nabarangpur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Nabarangpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=75|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318114204/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=75|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Nabarangpur (75) District: Nabarangpur|accessdate= 17 March 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Nabarangpur]], Nabarangpur block, Tentulikhunti block, Nandahandi block and 10 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Madiagam, Chirma, Badambada, Panduguda, Kukudisemla, Rajoda, Bamuni, Sanambada, Binjili and Ukiapali) of Kosagumuda block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp90.htm|title= 90 - Nowrangpur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 18 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.35}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|34.58}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.36}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|36.41}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.31}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.90}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.80}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.54}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|76.09}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|75.75}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.73}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including in one bypoll in 1960. It was a 2 member constituency for 1952 & 1957.

List of members elected from Nabarangpur constituency are:<ref>{{Cite web|title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1951–2004)|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2013|access-date=May 29, 2021|website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Nabarangpur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/nabarangpur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 18 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/nabarangpur.html|title=Nabarangpur Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Nabarangpur, Orissa|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nabarangpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Nabarangpur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/nabarangpur-constituency-result-18075 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Gouri Shankar Majhi]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Sadasiva Pradhani]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Manohar Randhari]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="9" |Habibulla Khan
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Sadashiva Tripathy|Sadasiva Tripathy]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=9|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Harijan Miru
|-
|1960 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Sadasiba Tripathy}}
|Jagannath Tripathy
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Harijan Miru
|-
|Sadasiba Tripathy
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Mudi Naiko
|-
|Sadasiba Tripathy
|-
|[[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]]
| rowspan="2" |Sadasiba Tripathy
|-
|[[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Gouri Shankar Majhi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Kausalya Pradhani by a margin of 25,094 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Nabarangpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gouri Shankar Majhi]]|votes=90,895|percentage=45.35|change={{up}}14.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Kausalya Pradhani|votes=65,801|percentage=32.83|change={{down}}1.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dillip Kumar Pradhani|votes=40,271|percentage=20.09|change={{down}}9.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,472|percentage=1.73|change={{down}}0.31}}
{{Election box majority||votes=25,094|percentage=12.52|change={{up}}8.92}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,00,439|percentage=85.59|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sadasiva Pradhani]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Gouri Shankar Majhi]] by a margin of 6,064 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Nabarangpur<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sadasiva Pradhani]]
|votes = 58,335
|percentage = 34.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gouri Shankar Majhi]]
|votes = 52,271
|percentage = 30.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sadan Nayak
|votes = 49,232
|percentage =29.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,439
|percentage = 2.04%
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,064
|percentage = 3.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,87,789
|percentage = 81.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manohar Randhari]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sadan Nayak by a margin of 11,389 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Nabarangpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Nabarangpur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1875.htm?ac=75|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Nabarangpur (75) |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=75|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052917/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=75|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Manohar Randhari]]|votes=76,659|percentage=44.36|change={{up}}7.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sadan Nayak|votes=65,270|percentage=37.77|change={{up}}3.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Birendra Pujari|votes=13,496|percentage=7.81|change={{down}}12.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,624|percentage=2.1|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,389|percentage=6.59|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,72,817|percentage=82.6|change={{up}}12.81}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,09,213
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manohar Randhari]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sadan Nayak by a margin of 3,334 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=3334 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Nabarangpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Manohar Randhari]]
|votes = 51,448
|percentage = 36.41
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sadan Nayak
|votes = 48,114
|percentage = 34.05
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manjula Majhi
|votes = 28,135
|percentage = 19.91
|change = ''-''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,334
|percentage = 2.36{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,41,312
|percentage = 69.79
|change = {{down}}0.3{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 70.09%}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nabarangpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|19.23|82.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Nabarangpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Mellivora sivalensis

2026-04-09T22:25:55Z

DesignersX:

{{Short description|Extinct species of mustelid}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Mellivora sivalensis.jpg
| image_caption =
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]], {{fossilrange|2.58|0.7}}{{Period fossil range|Quaternary|2.58|0.7}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Patnaik |first1=R. |chapter=Indian Neogene Siwalik Mammalian Biostratigraphy: An Overview |title=Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology |date=2013 |pages=439 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231520829 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270894871_Indian_Neogene_Siwalik_Mammalian_Biostratigraphy_An_Overview}}</ref>
| extinct = yes
| genus = Mellivora
| species = sivalensis
| authority= Falconer & Cautley, 1868<ref>{{cite web |title=Mellivora sivalensis |url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1203823/ |website=Biolib}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''[[Ursitaxus]] sivalensis''
}}
'''''Mellivora sivalensis''''' is an extinct species of mustelid that lived in the [[Pliocene]] and is known from the [[Siwaliks]] of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].

It is a poorly known species, originally classified as ''Ursitaxus sivalensis''. It was similar to the modern [[Indian ratel]], but was larger and had proportionately larger [[premolar]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Records of the Geological Survey of India: Volume 11 |date=1878 |publisher=Government of India Press |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Annals & Magazine of Natural History |date=1884 |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Limited |page=285}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q108422505}}

[[Category:Pliocene carnivorans]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mustelids]]
[[Category:Pliocene mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1868]]
[[Category:Badgers]]

New Swaminarayan temple, Bhuj

2026-04-09T19:14:16Z

DesignersX: Stub...

{{Short description|Hindu temple of Swaminarayan sect in Bhuj, India}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj
| image = New Temple Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Bhuj.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The Temple just after inauguration
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| coordinates =
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = India
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| district =
| location = [[Bhuj]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Nar Narayan]], [[Radha Krishna]]
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 18 May 2010
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Shri Swaminarayan Mandir''' is a temple complex in [[Bhuj]], [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]], India, which is managed by [[Nar Narayan Dev Gadi]] of the Swaminarayan Sampraday, a sect of [[Hinduism]]. The inauguration ceremony of the temple held from 15 to 23 May 2010.<ref name = "DNA1">{{cite news|title=Bhuj temple to boost hospitality industry |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bhuj-temple-to-boost-hospitality-industry_1304448 |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date= 29 October 2009|accessdate= 18 November 2009}}</ref><ref name = "DG">{{cite news|title=Modi opens Bhuj Narnarayandev Mandir |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2010/05/18/modi-opens-bhuj-narnarayandev-mandir/ |publisher=Desh Gujarat |date= 18 May 2010|accessdate= 20 January 2011}}</ref>

==History==

An [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake on 26 January 2001]] shattered most parts of the city of [[Bhuj]], including the original [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj]] built by [[Swaminarayan]] in 1824. To replace this, the new temple is built of only marble and gold. The throne for the idol of Swaminarayan, the temple domes and doors are make of gold while the pillars and ceilings are made of marble.<ref name= DNA1/> The original central deity images of [[Nar Narayan]] and Swaminarayan in the form of ''Hari Krishna'' were moved from the old temple to the new one along with those of [[Radha Krishna]], Swaminarayan in the form of ''Ghanshyam'' and ''Sukh Shaiya'' and others.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://bhujdham.org/| title= Shree Narnarayan Dev Nutan Mandir Mahotsav 2010}}</ref>

The new temple was built at a cost of 1 billion [[Indian rupees]] (100 crore) on {{convert|5|acre|m2}} of land. Made in marble, intricate carvings adorn the pillars and ceiling of the most expensive temple built in the Indian state of Gujarat recently.<ref name = "DNA2">{{cite news|title=Marble marvel coming up at Bhuj |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_marble-marvel-coming-up-at-bhuj_1303167 |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date= 26 October 2009|accessdate= 26 October 2009}}</ref>

A large number of people attended the opening ceremony of the temple including those from overseas, including from United Kingdom and various parts of [[Africa]]. According to an estimate by a member of the Bhuj Hoteliers' Association, as of October 2009, 75% of the hotel rooms in Bhuj had been booked for the period during which the opening ceremony was scheduled to take place.<ref name= DNA1/> To manage influx of vehicles, Jubilee ground and Khasda ground, the two biggest grounds in Bhuj was used for parking arrangements.<ref name= DNA1/> Temple authorities were expecting around 500,000 visitors during this period.<ref name= DNA2/>

A [[3-D film]], the first of its kind on the life and teachings of Swaminarayan titled 'Sahajanand' was screened as a part of the opening celebrations of the temple. Shot by S3D cameras, it is claimed to be the first of its kind in India.<ref name = "TOI">{{cite news|title=Story of Swaminarayan told by Shaikh bros |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Story-of-Swaminarayan-told-by-Shaikh-bros/articleshow/5772316.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-08/ahmedabad/28132411_1_swaminarayan-temple-20-minute-film-nid |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |date= 8 April 2010|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= 23 April 2010}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
Images of the temple:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Image:Bhuj Temple under construction.jpg|Temple under construction
Image:Vigna Vinayak.jpg|[[Ganesh]]
Image:Marble Nataraja.jpg|Image of Marble carving of Shiva Nataraj
Image:Swaminarayan with Paramhansas.jpg|Pillar carving depicting Swaminarayan and Paramhansas
Image:Shikhar.jpg|One of the side [[Shikhara|Shikhar]]s
Image:Marble carvings.jpg|
Image:Marble Pillars.JPG|Marble pillars
Image:Swaminarayan Mandir Bhuj sabhamandap.jpg|Above the sabhamandap
Image:Marble Radha Krishna.jpg|[[Radha Krishna]]
Image:Marble pillar.jpg|Intricate carving on a marble pillar
Image:Marble carving.jpg|
Image:Kastabhanjan.jpg|[[Hanuman]]
Image:Bhuj mandir marble work.jpg|
Image:Bhuj temple marble work.jpg|
Image:Swaminarayan Temple Bhuj.jpg|Swaminarayan Temple Bhuj
Image:Wall carvings.JPG|Plan 
Image:Kaliya daman by Krishna.jpg|Statue outside temple depicting [[Kaliya]] conquered by [[Krishna]]
Image:Main Gate of Swaminarayan Temple Bhuj.jpg|Main Gate of Swaminarayan Temple
</gallery>
,

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://bhujmandir.org/ Official Temple Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030207173707/http://www.bhujmandir.org/ |date=7 February 2003 }}

{{Swaminarayan Sampraday}}
{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj (New Temple)}}
[[Category:Swaminarayan temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]

A. S. Oka

2026-04-01T14:23:10Z

DesignersX: started details...

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox judge
| name = Abhay Shreeniwas Oka
| image = Justice AS Oka.jpg
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 31 August 2021
| term_end = 24 May 2025
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office1 = 30th Chief Justice of the [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start1 = 10 May 2019
| term_end1 = 30 August 2021
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator1 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Dinesh Maheshwari]] [[Lingappa Narayana Swamy]] (acting)
| successor1 = [[Ritu Raj Awasthi]] [[Satish Chandra Sharma]] (acting)
| office2 = Judge of the [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_end2 = 9 May 2019
| term_start2 = 29 August 2003
| nominator2 = [[V. N. Khare]]
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|5|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Mumbai]] [[Mumbai University]]
}}
'''Abhay Shreeniwas Oka''' (born 25 May 1960) is a retired [[Indian people|Indian]] [[judge]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]], and former chief justice of two [[high courts of India]]: [[Karnataka High Court]] and [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-24 |title=A judge should not hesitate to offend anyone: Justice Oka’s farewell message |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/judge-should-not-hesitate-to-offend-anyone-justice-a-s-oka-bids-farewell-supreme-court-10024143/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Oka was born on 25 May 1960 and enrolled as an advocate on 28 June 1983. He practiced for 19 years at the [[Bombay High Court]], appellate side, in civil, constitutional, and service matters, specializing in all of them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2025-05-23 |title=Supreme Court needs to change from being a Chief Justice-centric court: Justice Oka says on his last working day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hope-sc-champions-constitutional-liberties-justice-oka-says-on-his-last-working-day/article69609627.ece |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He was appointed an additional judge of the Bombay High Court on 29 August 2003 and a permanent judge on 12 November 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Day after mother’s death, Justice A S Oka to deliver 11 verdicts on last day in office today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/day-after-mothers-death-justice-a-s-oka-to-deliver-11-verdicts-on-last-day-in-office-today-10023084/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed chief justice of the [[Karnataka High Court]] on 30 April 2019 and sworn in on 10 May 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 April 2019 |title=Orders of appointment of Shri Justice A S Oka, Judge of Bombay HC as CJ Karanataka HC (30.04.2019) |url=http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20Justice%20A%20S%20Oka%2C%20Judge%20of%20Bombay%20HC%20as%20CJ%20Karanataka%20HC.pdf |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=}}</ref>

Oka was elevated as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 26 August 2021 and took oath on 31 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-23 |title='SC heavily CJI-centric': Justice AS Oka says top court's 'image must change' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-heavily-cji-centric-justice-as-oka-says-top-courts-image-must-change/articleshow/121367850.cms |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oka, Abhay Shreeniwas}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Virendra Singh Lodhi

2026-03-30T04:31:15Z

DesignersX: Starting basic bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician and member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Virendra Singh Lodhi
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Marhara Assembly constituency|Marhara]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end = Incumbent
| predecessor = Amit Gaurav
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|07|13}}
| birth_place = Etah, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| parents = Vrindavan Singh (Father)
| spouse = Madhubala
| occupation = [[Politician]], Agriculturist
| alma_mater = JLN PG College, Etah ([[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]])
}}

'''Virendra Singh Lodhi''' (born 13 July 1970) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He is currently serving his second consecutive term as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Marhara Assembly constituency]] in Etah district.<ref name="up_assembly">[https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx?sw=105 Members of 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly] - Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Official Portal.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Virendra Singh Lodhi was born in Etah, Uttar Pradesh, into a Hindu Lodhi family. He completed his graduation, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in 1995 from J.L.N.P.G. College, Etah, which is affiliated with [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], Agra.<ref name="myneta22">[https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2015 Candidate Affidavit: Virendra Singh Lodhi 2022] - MyNeta.</ref>

== Political career ==
Lodhi's political career began as a grassroots worker in the Etah region.

* '''2017 Assembly Election:''' He won the Marhara seat for the first time in the 2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections, defeating the incumbent MLA Amit Gaurav of the [[Samajwadi Party]] by a margin of 33,432 votes.<ref name="eci17">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ Statistical Report on General Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh] - Election Commission of India.</ref>
* '''2022 Assembly Election:''' He successfully retained his seat in the 2022 elections, securing 1,01,387 votes and defeating Amit Gaurav again with a margin of 17,609 votes.<ref name="news18_22">[https://www.news18.com/elections/marhara-election-result-2022-live-updates-s24a105/ Marhara Election Result 2022 Live Updates] - News18, 10 March 2022.</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year !! Election !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! % !! Margin !! Result
|-
| 2012 || UP Assembly || Marhara || Independent || 39,571 || 23.14% || -22,256 || {{lost}}
|-
| 2017 || UP Assembly || Marhara || BJP || 92,507 || 45.31% || +33,432 || {{won}}
|-
| 2022 || UP Assembly || Marhara || BJP || 1,01,387 || 49.01% || +17,609 || {{won}}
|}
<ref name="indiavotes">[https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/45796 Assembly Election Results: Marhara Constituency] - IndiaVotes.</ref>

== Personal life ==
Virendra Singh Lodhi is married to Madhubala (m. 2000). Apart from his political life, he is actively involved in agriculture and community service in Etah district.<ref name="myneta22" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodhi, Virendra Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Society of the Vijayanagara Empire

2026-03-29T12:47:03Z

DesignersX: Starting some details w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
The period of the '''[[Vijayanagara Empire]]''' is considered an age of prosperity in South India in the 14th century CE. Many travelogues written by visitors, ambassadors and authors of that time provide ample proof of a vibrant era. Agriculture was the main sustenance and the [[Tungabhadra]] was the life blood of the capital city.

Other major rivers that found their course through this land are the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]]. The most prosperous time during the 230 year rule of the empire was during the rule of the [[Sangama dynasty]] of which [[Deva Raya II]] was the most successful and during its peak under [[Krishnadevaraya]]. Progress was made in building of canals, fortifications, water storage tanks (''bunds''). Trading from the western sea ports with Europeans and Persians was profitable. Sculptures and quarry workers were in demand due to the prolific temple building activities undertaken.

[[File:A mantapa at Vitthala temple complex in Hampi.jpg|300px|thumb|mantapa with elephant parapets to steps, [[Hampi]]]]

==People==

Women had been achieving freedom for several centuries and continued the tradition.<ref name="woman">In the opinion of Dr. S.A. Saletore, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'' pp 179, Dr. S.U. Kamath</ref> Women wore sarees and blouses while men were dressed only in a lower garment, though stitched clothes like shirts were occasional. Turbans, Pethas and Kulavi were popular headgear among the rich. Men wore jewellery just as women did; finger rings, earrings, necklaces, bangles and bracelets were popular. During celebrations, both men and women wore headbands with flowers and perfumes made of sandal wood, rose water, flowers, civet and musk. The discovery of several Game boards engraved onto boulders; sheet rock, temple flooring provide ample evidence of leisure based activities and social interaction at important public places. While many of these games are still played today, many are still to be identified.<ref name="games">In the opinion of Alexandra Mack, ''New Light on Hampi, Recent research in Vijayanagara'', edited by John M. Fritz and George Michell, pp 38</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Kadalekalu Ganesha Temple at Hampi DK.jpg|250px|thumb|Tall pillars, Sasivekalu Ganesha temple [[Hampi]]]]
[[File:A Yali pillar at Hampi.jpg|200px|thumb|Typical Hippogryph, [[Hampi]]]]

===Governance===
In spite of all its glorious achievements in arts and architecture, the empire was essentially a war administration. Every aspect of the governance indicated its sole purpose, that of repulsing Muslim invasion.<ref name="war_administration">In the opinion of Dr. K.M. Panikkar, ''A Concise history of Karnataka'' pp 175-176, Dr. S.U. Kamath</ref> As the kingdom expanded, it maintained local traditions in areas annexed into the empire. Thus as a whole, the Hoysala, '''Kakatiya, Sena and Pandya administrative machinery was adjusted to current needs and retained. The government became more decentralized later with more autonomy given to Nayakas and Palyagars.'''
The kings cabinet was composed of ''Mahapradhana'' (Prime minister) and several ''Pradhanas'' (ministers). All cabinet ranking officials were military trained and given the title ''Dandanayaka'' or ''Dandanatha''. Caste was no bar to rise to high military positions and included officers from the [[Kuruba]], [[Nayak (ethnic group)|Nayaka]] and [[Beda]]s.
''Kavyakartha'' was chief secretary to the king and was also called ''Rayaswami''.<ref name="secretary">In the opinion of Dr. B.A. Saletore, ''A Concise history of Karnataka'' pp 174-177, Dr. S.U. Kamath</ref> ''Navigadaprabhu'' was the naval chief. The use of paper for administrative purposes was popularised, though about 7000 stone and [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscriptions]] (''Shasana'') have been discovered.
Taxes were levied on all land revenues. Taxes on homes, trader shops, marriage, toddy, salt and even prostitution has been confirmed.

===Army===
There were two types of armies. The republican guard and the feudatory armies which were expected to contribute in case of war. Krishnadevaraya had a standing army of 100,000 infantry, 20,000 horses and 900 elephants. Artillery was in use.<ref name="guard">In the opinion of Portuguese traveller Barbosa, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'' pp 176, Dr. S.U. Kamath</ref> Some travelogues speak of an infantry of 1.1 million expandable to 2 million.<ref name="army">according to Arab traveller Abdur Razzak and Portuguese traveller Paes, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'', pp 176 Dr. S.U. Kamath</ref>

===Provinces===
The empire was divided into ''Rajya'' or ''Mandala''. There were six ''Rajyas'' each having its own language.<ref name="Rajya">In the opinion of Duarte Barbosa while Dr. T.V. Mahalingam claims nine ''Rajyas'', ''A Concise History of Karnataka'', pp 176, Dr. S.U. Kamath</ref> ''Rajya'' was divided into ''[[Vishaya]]'' or ''Vente'' or ''Kottam'' in different parts of the kingdom, then further divided into ''Nadu'' followed by ''Kampana'' (or ''Sthala'', a group of villages). The ''Rajya'' came under the rule of a member of the royal family or a very high ranking official close to the royal family, their posts being transferable. The feudatories of Madurai Nayaka in [[Tamil Nadu]] and Keladi Nayaka in Shimoga came directly under a commander. Hereditary families like the Pandya and the Santharas of [[South Canara]] administered their own territories as feudatories.
At the village level, the caretaker was a ''Gowda'' or a ''Karanika'' or ''Karnam'' along with a ''Kavalu'' (watchman). Important towns were overseen by a ''Adhikari'' (mayor). Local village [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] were encouraged.

===Agriculture and Trade===
[[File:Hampi marketplace.jpg|250px|thumb|Ancient Market place [[Hampi]]]]
The Tungabhadra river was the lifeline of the capital. Many elaborate and clever canals and ''Anecut'' stored and channelled water to the capital. These canals also lead to the cultivable areas in the fortified city and outside. The features were so advanced that many of the ideas were maintained by the Tungabhadra river authority during their projects in the 1950s. The core area urban communities depended on private tanks, communal tanks and bore wells for water. The royal enclosures had the most sophisticated water distribution and recirculation systems. The main water supply to the royal enclosure came from Kamlapuram. Water pipes sealed in brick and lime plaster were used. Water conservation and recirculation had gained importance in these dry areas. Large tanks providing water for irrigation were called ''Anecut'' or ''Bund''. There were several irrigated areas within the fortified city making the fortress very self-sufficient and capable of withstanding long sieges. In the empire, the majority of the people were involved in agriculture growing rice, wheat, ragi, cotton, sugarcane and pulses which were popular. There were plantations growing coconut, Areca and Betel. Portuguese influence brought the growth of onion, tobacco and ground nut into practice.
Many large tanks called Bukkasamudram, Vyasasamudram, Krishnarayasagara, Sadashivasagara, Maiviru Magada, Kamalapurasagara, Rayavakaluve, Basavanakaluve were constructed.
many people adopted many religions. there are variety of religious structures i.e. stupas monasteries and temples.
Industries that prospered were cotton textiles, weaving, carpentry, coir work, sculpting, stone quarrying etc. The prolific temple construction activities undertaken provided employment for thousands. Major exports were [[jaggery]], limestone, textiles, salt, sugar, spices from [[Malnad]], iron ore from [[Kudremukh]], gold from [[Kolar Gold Fields|Kolar]], Hatti and [[Raichur]], diamonds from [[Telangana]] area and rice. Major imports were horses from Persia, artillery and cannons, copper, coral, mercury and salt peter from Europe. While ports were humming on both the western and eastern shores, the most important ports were [[Mangalore]], [[Barkur]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Honavar]] from where the empire traded with the [[European ethnic groups|European]]s and [[Persia]]ns.

==References==
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, ''History of South India, from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)
* Hampi, ''A Travel Guide'', Department of Tourism, India, Good Earth publication, New Delhi 2003
* ''New Light on Hampi, Recent research in Vijayanagara'', edited by John M. Fritz and George Michell, MARG, 2001, {{ISBN|81-85026-53-X}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Related links==
* [http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/04/01/coin6.htm Vijayanagar coins, Govt. museum, Chennai]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061230182838/http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/catalog.htm Coins of Vijayanagar Empire]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310093552/http://prabhu.50g.com/vijayngr/vij_cat.html Vijayanagar Coinage]
* [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka - Mr. Arthikaje,© 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc]
* [http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com Indian Inscriptions - Archaeological Survey Of India]
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/andhra/vnagar.htm Vijayanagar Empire, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101111012319/http://www.explorehampiwithme.in/ Incredible India Hampi Guide]
* [http://www.hampionline.com/ Hampi - History and Tourism]

[[Category:Social history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Society of former countries]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]

Art

2026-03-26T23:37:36Z

DesignersX: refined layout to improve readability to improve readability

{{Short description|Creative work to evoke aesthetic response}}
{{About|the general concept|the group of creative disciplines|The arts|the subcategory appealing visually|Visual arts|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

[[File:Art-portrait-collage 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Visual artwork]]s: (clockwise from upper left) an 1887 [[self-portrait]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]]; a female ancestor figure by a [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] artist; detail from ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'' ({{c.|1484|lk=no}}–1486) by [[Sandro Botticelli]]; and an [[Okinawan people|Okinawan]] [[Shisa]] lion]]
'''Art''' is a diverse range of [[culture|cultural]] activity centered around [[works of art|''works'']] utilizing [[Creativity|creative]] or [[imagination|imaginative]] talents, which are expected to evoke a worthwhile experience,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sparshott |first=Francis Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuX_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=The Theory of the Arts |date=1982 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5701-2 |language=en|page=2}}</ref> generally through an expression of emotional power, conceptual ideas, technical proficiency, or [[beauty]].<ref name="OD">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |title=Art: definition |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |title=art |publisher=Merriam-Websters Dictionary |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830205257/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Conceptual Art {{!}} Definition of Conceptual Art by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Conceptual Art|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414033831/https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is no generally agreed definition of what constitutes ''art'',<ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen Davies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6peJnXr4L5gC |title=Definitions of Art |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8014-9794-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Artworks: Definition, Meaning, Value |author=Robert Stecker |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-271-01596-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/theoriesofarttod0000unse |title=Theories of Art Today |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-299-16354-9 |editor=Noël Carroll |url-access=registration}}</ref> and its interpretation has varied greatly throughout history and across cultures. In the [[Western world|Western tradition]], the three classical branches of [[visual art]] are [[painting]], [[sculpture]], and [[architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8rvdsxGokwC&q=Vasari+lives+of+painters,+sculptors+and+painters|title=The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects|first=Giorgio|last=Vasari|date=18 December 2007|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0307432391|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015308/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8rvdsxGokwC&q=Vasari+lives+of+painters,+sculptors+and+painters|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Theatre]], [[dance]], and other [[performing arts]], as well as [[literature]], [[music]], [[film]] and other media such as [[interactive media]], are included in a broader definition of "[[the arts]]".<ref name="OD" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Art, n. 1 |work=OED Online |date=December 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oed.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/https://www.oed.com/ |archive-date=11 January 2008 |access-date=26 February 2012}}</ref> Until the 17th century, ''art'' referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from [[craft]]s or [[sciences]]. In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the [[fine art]]s are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the [[decorative arts|decorative]] or [[applied arts]].

The nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity and [[Aesthetic interpretation|interpretation]], are explored in a branch of [[philosophy]] known as [[aesthetics]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennick |first=W. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQFDSQAACAAJ |title=Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics |pages=xi–xiii|year=1979 |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-05391-8 |oclc=1064878696 |language=en}}</ref> The resulting artworks are studied in the professional fields of [[art criticism]] and the [[art history|history of art]].

==Overview==
In the perspective of the history of art,<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Art |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401162058/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630806/art |archive-date=1 April 2009 |access-date=6 July 2012 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early [[pre-historic art|prehistoric art]] to [[contemporary art]]; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elkins |first=James |date=December 1995|title=Art History and Images That Are Not Art (with previous bibliography)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818132943/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046136 |archive-date=18 August 2021|journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=553–571 |quote=Non-Western images are not well described in terms of art, and neither are medieval paintings that were made in the absence of humanist ideas of artistic value |doi=10.2307/3046136 |jstor=3046136 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One early sense of the definition of ''art'' is closely related to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", as associated with words such as "artisan". English words derived from this meaning include ''artifact'', ''artificial'', ''artifice'', ''medical arts'', and ''military arts''. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its [[etymology]].
[[File:Teke bottle.JPG|thumb|upright|20th-century bottle, [[Twa]] peoples, Rwanda. Artistic works may serve practical functions, in addition to their decorative value.]]

Over time, philosophers like [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Socrates]] and [[Kant|Immanuel Kant]], among others, questioned the meaning of art.<ref>Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 73–96</ref> Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, while Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the [[muses]] and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness (drunkenness, eroticism, and dreaming) in the ''[[Phaedrus (Plato)|Phaedrus]] ''(265a–c), and yet in the ''[[Republic (Plato)|''Republic'']]'' wants to outlaw [[Homer]]'s great poetic art, and laughter as well. In ''[[Ion (dialogue)|Ion]]'', Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the ''Republic''. The dialogue ''Ion'' suggests that Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' functioned in the ancient Greek world as the Bible does today in the modern Christian world: as divinely inspired literary art that can provide moral guidance, if only it can be properly interpreted.<ref>Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 40–72</ref>

With regards to the literary art and the musical arts, Aristotle considered [[epic poetry]], tragedy, comedy, [[Dithyramb]]ic poetry and music to be [[Mimesis|mimetic]] or imitative art, each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner.<ref>Aristotle, ''Poetics'' I 1447a</ref> For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language. The forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, and through drama or no drama.<ref>Aristotle, ''Poetics'' III</ref> Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankind's advantages over animals.<ref>Aristotle, ''Poetics'' IV</ref>

The more recent and specific sense of the word ''art'' as an abbreviation for ''creative art'' or ''fine art'' emerged in the early 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Languages |first=Oxford |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/shorter-oxford-english-dictionary-9780199206872?cc=in&lang=en |title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary |year= 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920687-2 |location=Oxford, New York |pages=119–121 |language=en |oclc=170973920 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303050203/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/shorter-oxford-english-dictionary-9780199206872?cc=in&lang=en |archive-date=3 March 2022|edition=6th }}</ref> Fine art refers to a skill used to express the artist's creativity, or to engage the audience's aesthetic sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards consideration of more refined or ''finer'' works of art.

Within this latter sense, the word ''art'' may refer to several things: (i) a study of a creative skill, (ii) a process of using the creative skill, (iii) a product of the creative skill, or (iv) the audience's experience with the creative skill. The creative arts (''art'' as discipline) are a collection of disciplines which produce ''artworks'' (''art'' as objects) that are compelled by a personal drive (art as activity) and convey a message, mood, or symbolism for the perceiver to interpret (art as experience). Art is something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the senses. Works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. For some scholars, such as Kant, the sciences and the arts could be distinguished by taking science as representing the domain of knowledge and the arts as representing the domain of the freedom of artistic expression.<ref>Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 287–326</ref>
[[File:Oval basin or dish with subject from Amadis of Gaul MET DP320592.jpg|thumb|Back of a Renaissance oval basin or dish, in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]

Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, people will consider it a craft instead of art. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered [[commercial art]] instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered [[applied art]]. Some art followers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made about the art than any clear definitional difference.<ref>David Novitz, ''The Boundaries of Art'', 1992</ref> However, even fine art often has goals beyond pure creativity and self-expression. The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically, spiritually, or philosophically motivated art; to create a sense of beauty (see [[aesthetics]]); to explore the nature of perception; for pleasure; or to generate strong [[emotion]]s. The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent.

The nature of art has been described by philosopher [[Richard Wollheim]] as "one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture".<ref>Richard Wollheim, ''[[iarchive:artitsobjectswit0000woll|Art and its objects]]'', p. 1, 2nd ed., 1980, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-29706-0}}</ref> Art has been defined as a vehicle for the expression or communication of emotions and ideas, a means for exploring and appreciating [[Formalism (art)|formal elements]] for their own sake, and as ''mimesis'' or [[Representation (arts)|representation]]. Art as mimesis has deep roots in the philosophy of Aristotle.<ref name=Levinson5/> [[Leo Tolstoy]] identified art as a use of indirect means to communicate from one person to another.<ref name="Levinson5">Jerrold Levinson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-26tL4shIPkC&pg=PA5 The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics]'', Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 5. {{ISBN|0-19-927945-4}}</ref> [[Benedetto Croce]] and [[R. G. Collingwood]] advanced the [[Idealism|idealist]] view that art expresses emotions, and that the work of art therefore essentially exists in the mind of the creator.<ref>Jerrold Levinson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-26tL4shIPkC&pg=PA16 The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics]'', Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 16. {{ISBN|0-19-927945-4}}</ref><ref>R.G. Collingwood's view, expressed in ''The Principles of Art'', is considered in Wollheim, op. cit. 1980 pp. 36–43</ref> The theory of art as form has its roots in the philosophy of Kant, and was developed in the early 20th century by [[Roger Fry]] and [[Clive Bell]]. More recently, thinkers influenced by [[Martin Heidegger]] have interpreted art as the means by which a community develops for itself a medium for self-expression and interpretation.<ref>[[Martin Heidegger]], "The Origin of the Work of Art", in ''Poetry, Language, Thought'', (Harper Perennial, 2001). See also [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], "Cézanne's Doubt" in ''The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader'', Galen Johnson and Michael Smith (eds), (Northwestern University Press, 1994) and [[John Russon]], ''Bearing Witness to Epiphany'', (State University of New York Press, 2009).</ref> [[George Dickie (philosopher)|George Dickie]] has offered an [[institutional theory of art]] that defines a work of art as any artifact upon which a qualified person or persons acting on behalf of the social institution commonly referred to as "the [[art world]]" has conferred "the status of candidate for appreciation".<ref>W. E. Kennick, ''[[iarchive:artphilosophyrea0000kenn n7x1|Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics]].'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979, p. 89. {{ISBN|0-312-05391-6}}.</ref> Larry Shiner has described fine art as "not an essence or a fate but something we have made. Art as we have generally understood it is a European invention barely two hundred years old."<ref>Shiner 2003. ''[[The Invention of Art: A Cultural History]].'' The University of Chicago Press Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_d5ces9NEgkC&pg=PA3 p. 3]. {{ISBN|978-0-226-75342-3}}</ref>

Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis (its representation of reality), narrative (storytelling), expression, communication of emotion, or other qualities. During the [[Romanticism|Romantic period]], art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science".<ref>{{cite web |author=Gombrich, Ernst. |url=https://www.gombrich.co.uk/showdoc.php?id=68 |title=Press statement on The Story of Art |year=2005 |website=The Gombrich Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006212330/https://www.gombrich.co.uk/showdoc.php?id=68 |archive-date=6 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of art}}

[[File:Loewenmensch1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|''{{lang|de|[[Löwenmensch]]}} figurine'', Germany, between 35,000 and 41,000 years old. One of the oldest-known examples of an artistic representation and the oldest confirmed statue ever discovered.<ref>"Lion man takes pride of place as oldest statue" by Rex Dalton, ''Nature'' 425, 7 (4 September 2003) doi:10.1038/425007a also [http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030904/full/news030901-6.html Nature News 4 September 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318075014/http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030904/full/news030901-6.html |date=18 March 2016 }}</ref>]]

A shell engraved by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' was determined to be between 430,000 and 540,000 years old.<ref name="homoerectus">{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |title=Shell 'Art' Made 300,000 Years Before Humans Evolved |date=3 December 2014 |website=[[New Scientist]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] Ltd |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606151439/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A set of eight 130,000 years old white-tailed eagle talons bear cut marks and abrasion that indicate manipulation by neanderthals, possibly for using it as jewelry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|title=130,000-Year-Old Neanderthal 'Eagle Claw Necklace' Found in Croatia|work=Sci-News.com|date=11 March 2015|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414034753/https://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-neanderthal-eagle-claw-necklace-krapina-croatia-02588.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave.<ref>{{cite web| last = Radford| first = Tim |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts| title = "World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave"| date = 16 April 2004| access-date = 18 January 2008| archive-date = 8 February 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080208180701/https://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/artsandhumanities/story/0,12241,1193237,00.html| url-status = live |work = Guardian Unlimited}}</ref> Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |work=The New York Times |title=African Cave Yields Evidence of a Prehistoric Paint Factory |date=13 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The oldest piece of art found in Europe is the [[Riesenhirschknochen der Einhornhöhle]], dating back 51,000 years and made by Neanderthals.

Sculptures, [[cave paintings]], rock paintings and [[petroglyphs]] from the [[Upper Paleolithic]] dating to roughly 40,000 years ago have been found,<ref>{{cite journal |title=World's oldest art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.nature.com/news/world-s-oldest-art-found-in-indonesian-cave-1.16100 |journal=Nature |date=8 October 2014 |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.16100 |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |s2cid=189968118 |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012358/https://www.nature.com/news/world-s-oldest-art-found-in-indonesian-cave-1.16100 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> but the precise meaning of such art is often disputed because so little is known about the cultures that produced them.

The first undisputed sculptures and similar art pieces, like the [[Venus of Hohle Fels]], are the numerous objects found at the [[Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura]] UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], where the oldest non-stationary works of human art yet discovered were found, in the form of carved animal and humanoid figurines, in addition to the oldest musical instruments unearthed so far, with the artifacts dating between 43,000 and 35,000 BC, so being the first centre of human art.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |title = Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 17 October 2021 |archive-date = 1 January 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060101181304/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/ | title=World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure | access-date=24 December 2022 | archive-date=5 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205185627/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349 | title=Earliest music instruments found | work=BBC News | date=24 May 2012 | archive-date=11 April 2022 | access-date=24 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411122409/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnm|Hodge|2017|1p=12|Fortenberry|2017|2pp=1 & 2}}

[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cave paintings]], Lascaux, France, c. 17,000 BCE]]

Many great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the great ancient civilizations: [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[History of Iran|Persia]], India, China, Ancient Greece, Rome, as well as [[Inca civilization|Inca]], [[Maya civilization|Maya]], and [[Olmec]]. Each of these centers of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in its art. Because of the size and duration of these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times. Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked. For example, this period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions.<ref>Gombrich, pp. 83, 75–115, 132–141, 147–155, 163, 627.</ref>

In [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] and [[Medieval art]] of the Western Middle Ages, much art focused on the expression of subjects about biblical and religious culture, and used styles that showed the higher glory of a heavenly world, such as the use of gold in the background of paintings, or glass in mosaics or windows, which also presented figures in idealized, patterned (flat) forms. Nevertheless, a classical realist tradition persisted in small Byzantine works, and realism steadily grew in the art of [[Catholic Europe]].<ref>Gombrich, pp. 86–89, 135–141, 143, 179, 185.</ref>

[[Renaissance art]] had a greatly increased emphasis on the realistic depiction of the material world, and the place of humans in it, reflected in the corporeality of the human body, and development of a systematic method of [[graphical perspective]] to depict recession in a three-dimensional picture space.<ref name="Nichols2012">{{cite book|author=Tom Nichols|title=Renaissance Art: A Beginner's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzMRpHo0QHUC|year= 2012|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-178-9|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225449/https://books.google.com/books?id=dzMRpHo0QHUC|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Tugra Mahmuds II.gif|right|thumb|The stylized signature of [[Sultan]] [[Mahmud II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] was written in [[Islamic calligraphy]]. It reads "Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious".]]
[[File:Great Mosque of Kairouan Panorama - Grande Mosquée de Kairouan Panorama.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] in Tunisia, also called the Mosque of Uqba, is one of the most significant and best preserved artistic and architectural examples of early great mosques. Dated in its present state from the 9th century, it is the ancestor and model of all the mosques in the western Islamic lands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA104|title=The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance|year= 1983|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262081368|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123155340/https://books.google.com/books?id=IaM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In the east, [[Islamic art]]'s rejection of [[iconography]] led to emphasis on [[Islamic geometric patterns|geometric patterns]], [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], and [[Islamic architecture|architecture]].<ref>Gombrich, pp. 127–128</ref> Further east, religion dominated artistic styles and forms too. India and Tibet saw emphasis on painted sculptures and dance, while religious painting borrowed many conventions from sculpture and tended to bright contrasting colors with emphasis on outlines. China saw the flourishing of many art forms: jade carving, bronzework, pottery (including the stunning [[Terracotta Army]] of [[Emperor Qin]]<ref>Gombrich, pp. 634–635</ref>), poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, fiction, etc. Chinese styles vary greatly from era to era and each one is traditionally named after the ruling dynasty. So, for example, [[Tang dynasty]] paintings are monochromatic and sparse, emphasizing idealized landscapes, but [[Ming dynasty]] paintings are busy and colorful, and focus on telling stories via setting and composition.<ref name="Watson1995">{{cite book|author=William Watson|title=The Arts of China 900–1620|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-v5jUKaCxYC|year=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09835-8|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225448/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-v5jUKaCxYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan names its styles after imperial dynasties too, and also saw much interplay between the styles of calligraphy and painting. [[Woodblock printing]] became important in Japan after the 17th century.<ref>Gombrich, p. 155, p. 530.</ref>
[[File:Ma Lin Guests.jpg|thumb|Chinese painting by [[Song dynasty]] artist Ma Lin, {{c.|1250|lk=no}}. 24.8 × 25.2 cm]]

The western [[Age of Enlightenment]] in the 18th century saw artistic depictions of physical and rational certainties of the [[clockwork universe]], as well as politically revolutionary visions of a post-monarchist world, such as [[William Blake|Blake]]'s portrayal of Newton as a divine geometer,<ref name="Moore2010">{{cite book|author=Colin Moore|title=Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0KAlsQ2Yj4C|year= 2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-0591-7|page=76|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225447/https://books.google.com/books?id=l0KAlsQ2Yj4C|url-status=live}}</ref> or [[Jacques-Louis David|David]]'s propagandistic paintings. This led to [[Romanticism|Romantic]] rejections of this in favor of pictures of the emotional side and individuality of humans, exemplified in the novels of [[Goethe]]. The late 19th century then saw a host of [[artistic movements]], such as [[academic art]], [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolism]], [[impressionism]] and [[fauvism]] among others.<ref>Gombrich, pp. 394–395, 519–527, 573–575.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Age of Enlightenment An Anthology Prepared for the Enlightenment Book Club|url=https://www.rosenfels.org/The_Age_Of_Enlightenment_Anthology.pdf|access-date=26 May 2018|pages=1–45|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201357/https://www.rosenfels.org/The_Age_Of_Enlightenment_Anthology.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The history of 20th-century art is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards, each being torn down in succession by the next. Thus the parameters of [[Impressionism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Cubism]], [[Dadaism]], [[Surrealism]], etc. cannot be maintained very much beyond the time of their invention. Increasing [[globalization|global]] interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art. Thus, Japanese woodblock prints (themselves influenced by Western Renaissance draftsmanship) had an immense influence on impressionism and subsequent development. Later, [[African sculpture]]s were taken up by [[Picasso]] and to some extent by [[Matisse]]. Similarly, in the 19th and 20th centuries the West has had huge impacts on Eastern art with originally western ideas like [[Communism]] and [[Post-Modernism]] exerting a powerful influence.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New York Times Book Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwEjAQAAMAAJ|volume=1, 84|year=1979|publisher=The New York Times Company|page=30|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225447/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwEjAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Modernism]], the idealistic search for truth, gave way in the latter half of the 20th century to a realization of its unattainability. [[Theodor W. Adorno]] said in 1970, "It is now taken for granted that nothing which concerns art can be taken for granted any more: neither art itself, nor art in relationship to the whole, nor even the right of art to exist."<ref>Adorno, Theodor W., ''Aesthetic Theory'', (1970 in German)</ref> [[Relativism]] was accepted as an unavoidable truth, which led to the period of [[contemporary art]] and [[List of postmodern critics|postmodern criticism]], where cultures of the world and of history are seen as changing forms, which can be appreciated and drawn from only with [[skepticism]] and irony. Furthermore, the separation of cultures is increasingly blurred and some argue it is now more appropriate to think in terms of a global culture, rather than of regional ones.<ref name="Sangeeta2017">{{cite book|author=Sangeeta|title=Development of Modern Art Criticism in India after Independence: Post Independence Indian Art Criticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vqs4DwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-947697-31-7|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225447/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vqs4DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

In ''[[The Origin of the Work of Art]]'', Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher and seminal thinker, describes the essence of art in terms of the concepts of being and truth. He argues that art is not only a way of expressing the element of truth in a culture, but the means of creating it and providing a springboard from which "that which is" can be revealed. Works of art are not merely representations of the way things are, but actually produce a community's shared understanding. Each time a new artwork is added to any culture, the meaning of what it is to exist is inherently changed.

Historically, art and artistic skills and ideas have often been spread through trade. An example of this is the [[Silk Road]], where Hellenistic, Iranian, Indian and Chinese influences could mix. [[Greco-Buddhist art|Greco Buddhist art]] is one of the most vivid examples of this interaction. The meeting of different cultures and worldviews also influenced artistic creation. An example of this is the multicultural port metropolis of [[Trieste]] at the beginning of the 20th century, where James Joyce met writers from Central Europe and the artistic development of New York City as a cultural melting pot.<ref>[[Xinru Liu|Liu, Xinru]] "The Silk Road in World History" (New York 2010), pp. 21.</ref><ref>Veronika Eckl "Vom Leben in Cafés und zwischen Buchdeckeln" In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 17.01.2008; Angelo Ara, Claudio Magris "Triest Eine literarische Hauptstadt Mitteleuropas (Trieste: un'identità di frontiera)" (1987).</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://citymonitor.ai/horizons/how-did-new-york-city-become-centre-western-art-world-2466| title = How did New York City become the centre of the western art world?| date = 26 September 2016| access-date = 15 January 2021| archive-date = 21 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210121041530/https://citymonitor.ai/horizons/how-did-new-york-city-become-centre-western-art-world-2466| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Forms, genres, media, and styles==
[[File:Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial throne.jpg|thumb|''[[Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne]]'' by [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres|Ingres]] (French, 1806), oil on canvas]]
{{Main|The arts}}

The creative arts are often divided into more specific categories, typically along perceptually distinguishable categories such as [[Art medium|media]], genre, [[Art style|styles]], and form.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Kendall L. |author-link=Kendall Walton|title=Categories of Art |journal=The Philosophical Review |date=1 January 1970 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=334–67 |doi=10.2307/2183933 |jstor=2183933}}. Walton distinguishes between paintings and sculptures, but he also distinguishes further between sub-categories, such as cubist paintings and paintings in the style of Cezanne, classical sonatas and music in the style of late Beethoven.</ref> ''Art form'' refers to the [[elements of art]] that are independent of its interpretation or significance. It covers the methods adopted by the artist and the physical [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]] of the artwork, primarily non-semantic aspects of the work (i.e., [[figurae]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monelle |first1=Raymond |title=Linguistics and Semiotics in Music |year= 1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-3718652099 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtQAwAAQBAJ&q=figurae&pg=PA202 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015304/https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtQAwAAQBAJ&q=figurae&pg=PA202 |url-status=live }}</ref> such as [[Color theory|color]], [[Contour drawing|contour]], [[Fourth dimension in art|dimension]], [[Art medium|medium]], [[melody]], [[Negative space|space]], [[Texture (visual arts)|texture]], and [[Lightness|value]]. Form may also include [[Design principles]], such as arrangement, [[Formal balance|balance]], [[Contrast (vision)|contrast]], [[Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]], [[harmony]], [[Hierarchical proportion|proportion]], [[Principles of grouping|proximity]], and rhythm.<ref name="Belton">{{cite book |last1=Belton |first1=Robert J. |title=Art History: A Preliminary Handbook |chapter=The Elements of Art |date=1996 |chapter-url=https://fccs.ok.ubc.ca/about/links/resources/arthistory/elements.html |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062345/https://fccs.ok.ubc.ca/about/links/resources/arthistory/elements.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In general there are three schools of philosophy regarding art, focusing respectively on form, content, and context.<ref name="Belton"/> Extreme [[Formalism (art)|Formalism]] is the view that all aesthetic properties of art are formal (that is, part of the art form). Philosophers almost universally reject this view and hold that the properties and aesthetics of art extend beyond materials, techniques, and form.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Min |last2=Deng |first2=Guifang |title=Against Zangwill's Extreme Formalism About Inorganic Nature |journal=Philosophia |date=2 December 2014 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=249–57 |doi=10.1007/s11406-014-9575-1 |s2cid=55901464 |url=https://xy.cmsproxy.sysu.edu.cn/pub/hkmacc/docs/2014-12/20141215194213014875.pdf |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063746/https://xy.cmsproxy.sysu.edu.cn/pub/hkmacc/docs/2014-12/20141215194213014875.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Unfortunately, there is little consensus on terminology for these informal properties. Some authors refer to subject matter and content—i.e., [[denotation]]s and [[connotation]]s—while others prefer terms like [[Meaning (semiotics)|meaning]] and significance.<ref name="Belton"/>

Extreme Intentionalism holds that [[authorial intent]] plays a decisive role in the meaning of a work of art, conveying the content or essential main idea, while all other interpretations can be discarded.<ref name="Livingston">{{cite journal |last1=Livingston |first1=Paisley |title=Intentionalism in Aesthetics |journal=New Literary History |date=1998 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=831–46 |doi=10.1353/nlh.1998.0042 |s2cid=53618673 |url=https://works.bepress.com/paisley_livingston/67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831041725/https://works.bepress.com/paisley_livingston/67/ |archive-date=31 August 2017 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It defines the subject as the persons or idea represented,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munk |first1=Eduard |last2=Beck |first2=Charles |last3=Felton |first3=Cornelius Conway |title=The Metres of the Greeks and Romans |date=1844 |page=[https://archive.org/details/metresofgreeksro00munk/page/1 1] |url=https://archive.org/details/metresofgreeksro00munk |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> and the content as the artist's experience of that subject.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tolstoy |first1=Leo |title=What is Art? |date=1899 |publisher=Crowell |page=[https://archive.org/details/whatisart00maudgoog/page/n40 24] |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisart00maudgoog}}</ref> For example, the composition of ''[[Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne]]'' is partly borrowed from the [[Statue of Zeus at Olympia]]. As evidenced by the title, the subject is [[Napoleon]], and the content is [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres|Ingres]]'s representation of Napoleon as "Emperor-God beyond time and space".<ref name="Belton"/> Similarly to extreme formalism, philosophers typically reject extreme intentionalism, because art may have multiple ambiguous meanings and authorial intent may be unknowable and thus irrelevant. Its restrictive interpretation is "socially unhealthy, philosophically unreal, and politically unwise".<ref name="Belton"/>

Finally, the developing theory of [[post-structuralism]] studies art's significance in a cultural context, such as the ideas, emotions, and reactions prompted by a work.<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Melahat Küçükarslan |last1=Emiroğlu |first2=Fitnat Cimşit |last2=Koş |title=Design Semiotics and Post-Structuralism |conference=12th World Congress of Semiotics |date=16–20 September 2014 |location=New Bulgarian University |url=https://semio2014.org/en/design-semiotics-and-post-structuralism |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142120/https://semio2014.org/en/design-semiotics-and-post-structuralism |url-status=live }}</ref> The cultural context often reduces to the artist's techniques and intentions, in which case analysis proceeds along lines similar to formalism and intentionalism. However, in other cases historical and material conditions may predominate, such as religious and philosophical convictions, sociopolitical and economic structures, or even climate and geography. [[Art criticism]] continues to grow and develop alongside art.<ref name="Belton"/>

===Skill and craft===
{{See also|Conceptual art#Conceptual art and artistic skill|l1=Conceptual art and artistic skill}}
[[File:Michelangelo, Creation of Adam 03.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Creation of Adam]]'', detail from [[Michelangelo]]'s fresco in the [[Sistine Chapel]] (1511)]]

Art can connote a sense of trained ability or mastery of a [[Art medium|medium]]. Art can also refer to the developed and efficient use of a [[language]] to convey meaning with immediacy or depth. Art can be defined as an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Breskin |first = Vladimir |url = https://vip.iva.dk/signs/Articles_Signs_International_Section/2010/Breskin_(2010)_Signs_Triad_eng_final_rev_2010.pdf| title = Triad: Method for studying the core of the semiotic parity of language and art| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110901145415/https://vip.iva.dk/signs/Articles_Signs_International_Section/2010/Breskin_(2010)_Signs_Triad_eng_final_rev_2010.pdf| archive-date = 1 September 2011| journal = Signs – International Journal of Semiotics| volume = 3| pages = 1–28| year = 2010| issn = 1902-8822}} {{pp.|1|2}}.</ref>

There is an understanding that is reached with the material as a result of handling it, which facilitates one's thought processes.
A common view is that the [[Wikt:epithet|epithet]] ''art'', particular in its elevated sense, requires a certain level of creative expertise by the artist, whether this be a demonstration of technical ability, an originality in stylistic approach, or a combination of these two. Traditionally skill of execution was viewed as a quality inseparable from art and thus necessary for its success; for [[Leonardo da Vinci]], art, neither more nor less than his other endeavors, was a manifestation of skill.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated London News|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oc-AQAAMAAJ|year=1872|publisher=Illustrated London News & Sketch Limited|page=502|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225444/https://books.google.com/books?id=-oc-AQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rembrandt]]'s work, now praised for its ephemeral virtues, was most admired by his contemporaries for its virtuosity.<ref name="NewtonNeil1966">{{cite book|author1=Eric Newton|author2=William Neil|title=2000 Years of Christian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSfAAAAMAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Harper & Row|page=184|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225444/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSfAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, the adroit performances of [[John Singer Sargent]] were alternately admired and viewed with skepticism for their manual fluency,<ref name="RichardsGjertson2002">{{cite book|author1=Kirk Richards|author2=Stephen Gjertson|title=For glory and for beauty: practical perspectives on Christianity and the visual arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaBGAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=American Society of Classical Realism|isbn=978-0-9636180-4-7|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=JaBGAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> yet at nearly the same time the artist who would become the era's most recognized and peripatetic iconoclast, [[Pablo Picasso]], was completing a traditional academic training at which he excelled.<ref name="Leslie2005">{{cite book|author=Richard Leslie|title=Pablo Picasso: A Modern Master|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8Es-9j3e0C|year= 2005|publisher=New Line Books|isbn=978-1-59764-094-7|page=7|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8Es-9j3e0C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DillenbergerHandley2014">{{cite book|author1=Jane Dillenberger|author2=John Handley|title=The Religious Art of Pablo Picasso|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uglDQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27629-1|page=26|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225443/https://books.google.com/books?id=6uglDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:MonaLisa sfumato.jpeg|thumb|Detail of [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', {{c.|1503|lk=no}}–1506, showing the painting technique of ''[[sfumato]]'']]
A common contemporary criticism of some [[modern art]] occurs along the lines of objecting to the apparent lack of skill or ability required in the production of the artistic object. In conceptual art, [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'' is among the first examples of pieces wherein the artist used found objects ("ready-made") and exercised no traditionally recognized set of skills.<ref name="Kleiner2009">{{cite book|author=Fred S. Kleiner|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-57364-7|pages=24–27|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tracey Emin]]'s ''[[My Bed]]'', or [[Damien Hirst]]'s ''[[The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living]]'' follow this example. Emin slept (and engaged in other activities) in her bed before placing the result in a gallery as work of art. Hirst came up with the conceptual design for the artwork but has left most of the eventual creation of many works to employed artisans. Hirst's celebrity is founded entirely on his ability to produce shocking concepts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Luke|title=Damien Hirst's Shark: Nature, Capitalism and the Sublime|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|publisher=Tate|access-date=26 May 2018|language=en|year=2013|isbn=978-1849763875|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093924/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/luke-white-damien-hirsts-shark-nature-capitalism-and-the-sublime-r1136828|url-status=live}}</ref> The actual production in many conceptual and contemporary works of art is a matter of assembly of found objects. However, there are many modernist and contemporary artists who continue to excel in the skills of drawing and painting and in creating ''hands-on'' works of art.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Belle Assemblée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|volume=V|year=1808|publisher=J. Bell|page=8|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=pucAAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Purpose==
[[File:Transition 1880.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Navajo rug]] made {{c.|1880|lk=no}}]]
[[File:B Escorial 93v.jpg|thumb|[[Mozarabic art|Mozarabic]] [[Commentary on the Apocalypse|Beatus]] [[miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature]]. Spain, late 10th century]]
Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of art is "vague", but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created. Some of these functions of art are provided in the following outline. The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated ([[Lévi-Strauss]]).<ref name="Schiuma2011">{{cite book|author=Giovanni Schiuma|title=The Value of Arts for Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wyboE8aWDcC|year= 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49665-0|page=37|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225442/https://books.google.com/books?id=9wyboE8aWDcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Non-motivated functions===
The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must do by their very nature (i.e., no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility.<ref name="Schiuma2011" />
# '''[[Psychology of art|Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm]].''' Art at this level is not an action or an object, but an internal appreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), and therefore an aspect of being human beyond utility.<blockquote>Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth to Poetry. – Aristotle<ref>{{cite book |author=Aristotle |title=Republic |chapter=[Book 10:] The Poetics |others=Note: Although speaking mostly of poetry here, the Ancient Greeks often speak of the arts collectively |url=https://www.authorama.com/the-poetics-2.html|access-date=28 June 2008 |archive-date=8 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508210426/https://www.authorama.com/the-poetics-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>
# '''Experience of the mysterious.''' Art provides a way to experience one's self in relation to the universe. This experience may often come unmotivated, as one appreciates art, music or poetry.<blockquote>The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science. – Albert Einstein<ref>{{citation |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=The World as I See It |url=https://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608192924/https://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay.htm |archive-date=8 June 2008}}</ref></blockquote>
# '''Expression of the imagination.''' Art provides a means to express the imagination in non-grammatic ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language. Unlike words, which come in sequences and each of which have a definite meaning, art provides a range of forms, symbols and ideas with meanings that are malleable.<blockquote>Jupiter's eagle [as an example of art] is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the concept of the sublimity and majesty of creation, but rather something else—something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindred representations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in a concept determined by words. They furnish an aesthetic idea, which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation, but with the proper function, however, of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representations stretching beyond its ken. – Immanuel Kant<ref>Immanuel Kant, ''Critique of Aesthetic Judgement'' (1790).</ref></blockquote>
# '''Ritualistic and symbolic functions.''' In many cultures, art is used in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian (motivated) purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture. This meaning is not furnished by any one individual, but is often the result of many generations of change, and of a cosmological relationship within the culture.<blockquote>Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that cannot be explained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized as decorative, ritual or symbolic, are aware of the trap posed by the term 'art'. – Silva Tomaskova<ref>Silvia Tomaskova, ''Places of Art: Art and Archaeology in Context'': (1997)</ref></blockquote>

===Motivated functions===
Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect of society, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) sell a product, or used as a form of communication.<ref name="Schiuma2011" /><ref name="Stephanidis2011">{{cite book|author=Constantine Stephanidis|title=HCI International 2011 Posters' Extended Abstracts: International Conference, HCI International 2011, Orlando, FL, July 9–14, 2011, Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qble3WYcH0cC|year= 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-22094-4|pages=529–533|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225441/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qble3WYcH0cC|url-status=live}}</ref>
# '''Communication.''' Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication. As most forms of communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is a motivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientific illustration, are a form of art as communication. Maps are another example. However, the content need not be scientific. Emotions, moods and feelings are also communicated through art.<blockquote>[Art is a set of] artefacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication. – Steve Mithen<ref>Steve Mithen. ''The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science''. 1999</ref></blockquote>
# '''Art as entertainment'''. Art may seek to bring about a particular emotion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of motion pictures and video games.<ref name="Resources2014">{{cite book|author=Information Resources Management Association|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BaXBQAAQBAJ|title=Digital Arts and Entertainment: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications|year= 2014|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=978-1-4666-6115-8|location=US|page=976|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225441/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BaXBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
# '''The Avant-Garde. Art for political change.''' One of the defining functions of early 20th-century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change. [[Art movement]]s that had this goal—[[Dadaism]], [[Surrealism]], [[Russian constructivism]], and [[Abstract Expressionism]], among others—are collectively referred to as the ''[[avant-garde]]'' arts.<blockquote>By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole France, clearly seems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement. I loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit. It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. It constantly feeds on and derives strength from the newspapers and stultifies both science and art by assiduously flattering the lowest of tastes; clarity bordering on stupidity, a dog's life. – André Breton (Surrealism)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm |title=André Breton, ''Manifesto of Surrealism'' (1924) |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525141532/https://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>
# '''Art as a "free zone"''', removed from the action of the social censure. Unlike the avant-garde movements, which wanted to erase cultural differences in order to produce new universal values, [[contemporary art]] has enhanced its tolerance towards cultural differences as well as its critical and liberating functions (social inquiry, activism, subversion, deconstruction, etc.), becoming a more open place for research and experimentation.<ref>According to [[Maurizio Bolognini]] this is not only associated with the [[postmodern art|postmodern]] rejection of all canons but with a process of secularization of art, which is finally considered as "a mere (albeit essential) convention, sustained and reproduced by the art system (artists, galleries, critics, collectors), providing a free zone, that is, a more open place for experimentation, removed from the constraints of the practical sphere.": see {{Cite book |title=Postdigitale |url=https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm |year=2008 |author=Maurizio Bolognini |publisher=Carocci |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-430-4739-0 |chapter-url = https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm#ch3b| chapter = chap. 3| access-date = 2 August 2013| archive-date = 18 January 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110118081511/https://www.bolognini.org/bolognini_PDIG.htm#ch3b| url-status = live}}</ref>
# '''Art for social inquiry, subversion or anarchy.''' While similar to art for political change, subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of art may be used to criticize some aspect of society. [[Graffiti art]] and other types of [[street art]] are graphics and images that are [[Spray painting|spray-painted]] or [[stencil]]led on publicly viewable walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).
# '''Art for social causes.''' Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number of art activities were aimed at raising awareness of [[autism]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Trotter |first=Jeramia |title=RiverKings raising autism awareness with art |url=https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |newspaper=WMC tv |date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222053732/https://southaven-hornlake.wmctv.com/news/arts-culture/riverkings-raising-autism-awareness-art/52165 |archive-date=22 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Art exhibit aims to raise awareness of autism |url=https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |newspaper=Daily News-Miner |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114443/https://www.newsminer.com/article_1a9b7e33-6ca0-56a5-89f3-c9c0798815a2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anchorage art exhibit to raise awareness about autism |url=https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |publisher=Alaska Department of Health and Social Services |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330084906/https://dhss.alaska.gov/News/Documents/press/2011/Anchorage_art_exhibit_autism_PR033111.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> cancer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ruhl |first=Ashleigh |title=Photographer Seeks Subjects To Help Raise Cancer Awareness |url=https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |newspaper=Gazettes |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020654/https://www.gazettes.com/lifestyle/arts_and_entertainment/photographer-seeks-subjects-to-help-raise-cancer-awareness/article_10291db8-7614-11e2-be53-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bra art raising awareness for breast cancer |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |access-date=22 January 2015 |newspaper=The Palm Beach Post |date=n.d. |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114515/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/videos/news/national/bra-art-raising-awareness-for-breast-cancer/vgBSm/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Marella |title=October art walk aims to raise money, awareness for breast cancer |url=https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |newspaper=Flagler College Gargoyle |date=10 January 2007 |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220001350/https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2007/10/october-art-walk-aims-to-raise-money-awareness-for-breast-cancer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[human trafficking]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Students get creative in the fight against human trafficking |url=https://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ud-students-use-art-to-raise-awareness#.USb6vFeIqAg |newspaper=WDTN Channel 2 News |date=26 November 2012}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Looking to raise awareness at ArtPrize |url=https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |newspaper=WWMT, Newschannel 3 |date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006075346/https://www.wwmt.com/shared/newsroom/top-stories/stories/wwmt_looking-raise-awareness-at-artprize-4625.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> and a variety of other topics, such as ocean conservation,<ref>{{cite web |title=SciCafe – Art/Sci Collision: Raising Ocean Conservation Awareness |url=https://www.amnh.org/calendar/scicafe-art-sci-collision-raising-ocean-conservation-awareness |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}} human rights in [[Darfur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SMU students raise awareness with 'Art for Darfur' |url=https://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |newspaper=SMU News Release |date=4 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521132027/http://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/07138c.asp |archive-date=21 May 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 March 2022 }}</ref> murdered and missing Aboriginal women,<ref>{{cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Greg |title=Red dress art project to raise awareness of murdered and missing Aboriginal women |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |newspaper=[[Global News]] |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518070145/https://globalnews.ca/news/219101/red-dress-art-project-to-raise-awareness-of-murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> elder abuse,<ref>{{cite web |title=Raising elder abuse awareness through intergenerational art |url=https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122162638/https://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/success_stories/seniors/40/index.shtml |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> and pollution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathema |first=Paavan |title=Trash to treasure: Turning Mt. Everest waste into art |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |newspaper=CNN |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009114505/https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/asia/everest-trash-art/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trashion]], using trash to make fashion, practiced by artists such as [[Marina DeBris]] is one example of using art to raise awareness about pollution.
# '''Art for psychological and healing purposes.''' Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as [[art therapy]]. The [[Art therapy#The Diagnostic Drawing Series (DDS)|Diagnostic Drawing Series]], for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.<ref name="Hogan2001">{{cite book|author=Susan Hogan|author-link=Susan Hogan (historian)|title=Healing Arts: The History of Art Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|year=2001|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=978-1-85302-799-4|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225437/https://books.google.com/books?id=vzUuna6LPBIC|url-status=live}}</ref>
# '''Art for propaganda, or commercialism.''' Art is often used as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea or object.<ref>[[Roland Barthes]], ''Mythologies''</ref>
# '''Art as a fitness indicator.''' It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds what was needed for survival in the ancestral environment. One [[evolutionary psychology]] explanation for this is that the human brain and associated traits (such as artistic ability and creativity) are the human equivalent of the [[peacock]]'s tail. The purpose of the male peacock's extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females (see also [[Fisherian runaway]] and [[handicap principle]]). According to this theory superior execution of art was evolutionarily important because it attracted mates.<ref name="Dutton">[[Denis Dutton|Dutton, Denis]]. 2003. "Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology" in ''The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics''. Oxford University Press.</ref>

The functions of art described above are not mutually exclusive, as many of them may overlap. For example, art for the purpose of entertainment may also seek to sell a product, i.e. the movie or video game.

==Steps==
Art can be divided into any number of steps one can make an argument for. This section divides the creative process into broad three steps, but there is no consensus on an exact number.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative">{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02266 | doi-access=free | title=What Are the Stages of the Creative Process? What Visual Art Students Are Saying | year=2018 | last1=Botella | first1=Marion | last2=Zenasni | first2=Franck | last3=Lubart | first3=Todd | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | volume=9 | article-number=2266 | pmid=30519205 | pmc=6259352 }}</ref>

===Preparation===
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|''The Thinker'' in ''[[The Gates of Hell]]'' at the [[Musée Rodin]] ]]
In the first step, the artist envisions the art in their mind. By imagining what their art would look like, the artist begins the process of bringing the art into existence. Preparation of art may involve approaching and researching the subject matter. [[Artistic inspiration]] is one of the main drivers of art, and may be considered to stem from instinct, impressions, and feelings.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/>

===Creation===
[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|thumb|''[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]'', the first in [[Hokusai]]'s c. 1830–1832 series ''[[Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji]]'']]
In the second step, the artist executes the creation of their work. The creation of a piece can be affected by factors such as the artist's [[mood (psychology)|mood]], [[surroundings]], and [[mental state]]. For example, ''[[The Black Paintings]]'' by [[Francisco de Goya]], created in the elder years of his life, are thought to be so bleak because he was in isolation and because of his experience with war. He painted them directly on the walls of his apartment in Spain, and most likely never discussed them with anyone.<ref>* Licht, Fred. ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art''. Universe Books, 1979. {{ISBN|0-87663-294-0}}</ref> [[The Beatles]] stated drugs such as [[LSD]] and [[cannabis]] influenced some of their greatest hits, such as ''[[Revolver (Beatles)|Revolver]].''<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |title=Beatles' Acid Test: How LSD Opened the Door to 'Revolver' |magazine=Rolling Stone |last=Gilmore |first=Mikal |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203211257/https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trial and error]] are considered an integral part of the creation process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/>

===Appreciation===
The last step is [[art appreciation]], which has the sub-topic of critique. In one study, over half of visual arts students agreed that [[Reflective practice|reflection]] is an essential step of the art process.<ref name="What Are the Stages of the Creative"/> According to education journals, the reflection of art is considered an essential part of the experience.<ref name="Loughran">{{cite journal |last=Loughran |first=J. John |date=January 2002 |title=Effective reflective practice: in search of meaning in learning about teaching |journal=Journal of Teacher Education |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1177/0022487102053001004 |s2cid=6370058 |url=http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163200/http://oneteacher.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2014/09/Loughlan-242761j.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cochran-Smith |first1=Marilyn |last2=Lytle |first2=Susan L. |date=January 1999 |title=Relationships of knowledge and practice: teacher learning in communities |journal=Review of Research in Education |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=249–305 |doi=10.3102/0091732X024001249 |jstor=1167272|s2cid=143929745 }}</ref> However an important aspect of art is that others may view and appreciate it as well. While many focus on whether those viewing, listening, etc. believe the art to be good or successful or not, art has profound value beyond its commercial success as a provider of information and health in society.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5581397 | year=2017 | last1=Sherman | first1=A. | last2=Morrissey | first2=C. | title=What is Art Good For? The Socio-Epistemic Value of Art | journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume=11 | article-number=411 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00411 | pmid=28894418 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Art enjoyment can bring about a wide spectrum of emotion due to [[beauty]]. Some art is meant to be practical, with its analysis studious, meant to stimulate discourse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/#:~:text=Art%20appreciation%2C%20however%2C%20refers%20to,mastery%20displayed%20in%20the%20piece. |title=The Importance of Art Appreciation |website=Educationworld.in |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

==Public access==
[[File:Metropolitan Museum 1 (4675714481).jpg|thumb|The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[Manhattan]]. Museums are important forums for the display of [[visual art]].]]
Since ancient times, much of the finest art has represented a deliberate display of wealth or power, often achieved by using massive scale and expensive materials. Much art has been commissioned by political rulers or religious establishments, with more modest versions only available to the most wealthy in society.<ref>Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 161–165</ref>

Nevertheless, there have been many periods where art of very high quality was available, in terms of ownership, across large parts of society, above all in cheap media such as pottery, which persists in the ground, and perishable media such as textiles and wood. In many different cultures, the [[ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas]] are found in such a wide range of graves that they were clearly not restricted to a [[social elite]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Ceramics of the Indigenous Peoples of South America: Studies of Production and Exchange using INAA|url=https://core.tdar.org/collection/58128/ceramics-of-the-indigenous-peoples-of-south-america-studies-of-production-and-exchange-using-inaa|website=core.tdar.org|access-date=28 May 2018|language=en|archive-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528214916/https://core.tdar.org/collection/58128/ceramics-of-the-indigenous-peoples-of-south-america-studies-of-production-and-exchange-using-inaa|url-status=live}}</ref> though other forms of art may have been. Reproductive methods such as [[Molding (process)|moulds]] made mass-production easier, and were used to bring high-quality [[Ancient Roman pottery]] and Greek [[Tanagra figurine]]s to a very wide market. [[Cylinder seal]]s were both artistic and practical, and very widely used by what can be loosely called the middle class in the [[Ancient Near East]].<ref name="Kipfer2000">{{cite book|author=Barbara Ann Kipfer|author-link=Barbara Ann Kipfer|title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C|year=2000|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|page=264|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510234320/https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C|url-status=live}}</ref> Once [[coin]]s were widely used, these also became an art form that reached the widest range of society.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Coins as Works of Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34jbjgEACAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Museum Haaretz|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225435/https://books.google.com/books?id=34jbjgEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another important innovation came in the 15th century in Europe, when [[printmaking]] began with small [[woodcut]]s, mostly religious, that were often very small and hand-colored, and affordable even by [[peasant]]s who glued them to the walls of their homes. Printed books were initially very expensive, but fell steadily in price until by the 19th century even the poorest could afford some with printed illustrations.<ref name="Tucker2000">{{cite book|author=George Hugo Tucker|title=Forms of the "medieval" in the "Renaissance": A Multidisciplinary Exploration of a Cultural Continuum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfbNzcqgYM4C|year=2000|publisher=Rookwood Press|isbn=978-1-886365-20-9|page=148|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225435/https://books.google.com/books?id=zfbNzcqgYM4C|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Popular prints]] of many different sorts have decorated homes and other places for centuries.<ref name="Griffiths1996">{{cite book|author=Antony Griffiths|title=Prints and Printmaking: An Introduction to the History and Techniques|url=https://archive.org/details/printsprintmakin00grif|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20714-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/printsprintmakin00grif/page/149 149]|author-link=Antony Griffiths}}</ref>

[[File:Basel - 2017 - Kunstmuseum Basel - Altbau.jpg|thumb|[[Kunstmuseum Basel]], the Museum of Art in [[Basel]], Switzerland, is the oldest public museum of art in the world.]]
In 1661, the city of [[Basel]], in [[Switzerland]], opened the first public museum of art in the world, the [[Kunstmuseum Basel]]. Today, its collection is distinguished by an impressively wide historic span, from the early 15th century up to the immediate present. Its various areas of emphasis give it international standing as one of the most significant museums of its kind. These encompass: paintings and drawings by artists active in the Upper Rhine region between 1400 and 1600, and on the art of the 19th to 21st centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unigeschichte.unibas.ch/lokal-global/das-verhaeltnis-zu-politik-und-gesellschaft/kooperationen-in-der-stadt/museen-startseite.html |title=550 Jahre Universität Basel |access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045331/https://unigeschichte.unibas.ch/lokal-global/das-verhaeltnis-zu-politik-und-gesellschaft/kooperationen-in-der-stadt/museen-startseite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Public art|Public buildings and monuments]], secular and religious, by their nature normally address the whole of society, and visitors as viewers, and display to the general public has long been an important factor in their design. [[Egyptian temple]]s are typical in that the most largest and most lavish decoration was placed on the parts that could be seen by the general public, rather than the areas seen only by the priests.<ref name="Vörös2007">{{cite book|author=Győző Vörös|title=Egyptian Temple Architecture: 100 Years of Hungarian Excavations in Egypt, 1907–2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StEyE9jkMHEC|year=2007|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=978-963-662-084-4|page=140|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225435/https://books.google.com/books?id=StEyE9jkMHEC|url-status=live}}</ref> Many areas of royal palaces, castles and the houses of the social elite were often generally accessible, and large parts of the art collections of such people could often be seen, either by anybody, or by those able to pay a small price, or those wearing the correct clothes, regardless of who they were, as at the [[Palace of Versailles]], where the appropriate extra accessories (silver shoe buckles and a sword) could be hired from shops outside.<ref name="Waldie1839">{{cite book|author=Adam Waldie|title=The Select Circulating Library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBs7AQAAIAAJ|year=1839|publisher=A. Waldie.|page=367|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225434/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBs7AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Special arrangements were made to allow the public to see many royal or private collections placed in galleries, as with the [[Orleans Collection#Collection in Paris|Orleans Collection]] mostly housed in a wing of the [[Palais Royal]] in Paris, which could be visited for most of the 18th century.<ref name="MeyerSavoy2014">{{cite book|author1=Andrea Meyer|author2=Benedicte Savoy|title=The Museum Is Open: Towards a Transnational History of Museums 1750–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhroBQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-029882-6|page=66|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225434/https://books.google.com/books?id=xhroBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In Italy the art tourism of the [[Grand Tour]] became a major industry from the Renaissance onwards, and governments and cities made efforts to make their key works accessible. The British [[Royal Collection]] remains distinct, but large donations such as the [[Old Royal Library]] were made from it to the [[British Museum]], established in 1753. The [[Uffizi]] in [[Florence]] opened entirely as a gallery in 1765, though this function had been gradually taking the building over from the original civil servants' offices for a long time before.<ref name="Fossi1999">{{cite book|author=Gloria Fossi|title=The Uffizi: The Official Guide : All of the Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYUh_6F-hc8C|year=1999|publisher=Giunti Editore|isbn=978-88-09-01487-9|pages=8–11|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=lYUh_6F-hc8C|url-status=live}}</ref> The building now occupied by the [[Prado]] in Madrid was built before the [[French Revolution]] for the public display of parts of the royal art collection, and similar royal galleries open to the public existed in [[Vienna]], Munich and other capitals. The opening of the [[Musée du Louvre]] during the French Revolution (in 1793) as a public museum for much of the former French royal collection certainly marked an important stage in the development of public access to art, transferring ownership to a republican state, but was a continuation of trends already well established.<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert W. |last=Berger |title=Public Access to Art in Paris: A Documentary History from the Middle Ages to 1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpD9NgeQozEC |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0-271-04434-7 |year=1999 |pages=281–283 |access-date=28 May 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpD9NgeQozEC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most modern public museums and art education programs for children in schools can be traced back to this impulse to have art available to everyone. However, museums do not only provide availability to art, but do also influence the way art is being perceived by the audience, as studies found.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Susanne Grüner|author2=Eva Specker|author3=Helmut Leder|name-list-style=amp|title=Effects of Context and Genuineness in the Experience of Art|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330414719|journal=Empirical Studies of the Arts|volume=37|issue=2|pages=138–152|year=2019|doi=10.1177/0276237418822896|s2cid=150115587|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124215151/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330414719|url-status=live}}</ref> Thus, the museum itself is not only a blunt stage for the presentation of art, but plays an active and vital role in the overall perception of art in modern society.

Museums in the United States tend to be gifts from the very rich to the masses. ([[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York City, for example, was created by [[John Taylor Johnston]], a railroad executive whose personal art collection seeded the museum.) But despite all this, at least one of the important functions of art in the 21st century remains as a marker of wealth and social status.<ref name="Findlay2012">{{cite book|author=Michael Findlay|title=The Value of Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6jJ5FvdLjcC|year=2012|publisher=Prestel Verlag|isbn=978-3-641-08342-7|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=t6jJ5FvdLjcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

There have been attempts by artists to create art that can not be bought by the wealthy as a status object. One of the prime original motivators of much of the art of the late 1960s and 1970s was to create art that could not be bought and sold. It is "necessary to present something more than mere objects"<ref>{{cite journal |title=An Interview with Joseph Beuys |journal=Artforum |date=December 1969 |first=Willoughby |last=Sharp |volume=8 |issue=4 |page=45 }}</ref> said the major post war German artist [[Joseph Beuys]]. This time period saw the rise of such things as performance art, [[video art]], and [[conceptual art]]. The idea was that if the artwork was a performance that would leave nothing behind, or was an idea, it could not be bought and sold. "Democratic precepts revolving around the idea that a work of art is a commodity impelled the aesthetic innovation which germinated in the mid-1960s and was reaped throughout the 1970s. Artists broadly identified under the heading of Conceptual art ... substituting performance and publishing activities for engagement with both the material and materialistic concerns of painted or sculptural form ... [have] endeavored to undermine the art object qua object."<ref>Rorimer, Anne: ''New Art in the 60s and 70s Redefining Reality'', p. 35. Thames and Hudson, 2001.</ref>
[[File:Cour de Marbre du Château de Versailles October 5, 2011.jpg|upright=2|thumb|250px|Versailles: [[Louis Le Vau]] opened up the interior court to create the expansive entrance ''[[Court of honor (architecture)|cour d'honneur]]'', later copied all over Europe.]]In the decades since, these ideas have been somewhat lost as the art market has learned to sell limited edition DVDs of video works,<ref>{{cite news |first=Mia |last=Fineman |title=YouTube for Artists The best places to find video art online. |date=21 March 2007 |url=https://www.slate.com/id/2162382/ |work=Slate |access-date=3 August 2007 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907063859/https://www.slate.com/id/2162382 |url-status=live }}</ref> invitations to exclusive performance art pieces, and the objects left over from conceptual pieces. Many of these performances create works that are only understood by the elite who have been educated as to why an idea or video or piece of apparent garbage may be considered art. The marker of status becomes understanding the work instead of necessarily owning it, and the artwork remains an upper-class activity. "With the widespread use of DVD recording technology in the early 2000s, artists, and the gallery system that derives its profits from the sale of artworks, gained an important means of controlling the sale of video and computer artworks in limited editions to collectors."<ref>Robertson, Jean and Craig McDaniel: ''Themes of Contemporary Art, Visual Art after 1980'', p. 16. Oxford University Press, 2005.</ref>

==Controversies==
[[File:JEAN LOUIS THÉODORE GÉRICAULT - La Balsa de la Medusa (Museo del Louvre, 1818-19).jpg|thumb|[[Théodore Géricault]]'s ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'', {{c.|1820|lk=no}}]]

Art has long been controversial, that is to say disliked by some viewers, for a wide variety of reasons, though most pre-modern controversies are dimly recorded, or completely lost to a modern view. [[Iconoclasm]] is the destruction of art that is disliked for a variety of reasons, including religious ones. [[Aniconism]] is a general dislike of either all figurative images, or often just religious ones, and has been a thread in many major religions. It has been a crucial factor in the history of [[Islamic art]], where [[depictions of Muhammad]] remain especially controversial. Much art has been disliked purely because it depicted or otherwise stood for unpopular rulers, parties or other groups. Artistic conventions have often been conservative and taken very seriously by [[art critic]]s, though often much less so by a wider public. The [[iconography|iconographic]] content of art could cause controversy, as with late medieval depictions of the new motif of the [[Swoon of the Virgin]] in scenes of the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]]. [[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The ''Last Judgment'']] by [[Michelangelo]] was controversial for various reasons, including breaches of [[decorum]] through nudity and the [[Apollo]]-like pose of Christ.<ref name="McCue2016">{{cite book|author=Maureen McCue|title=British Romanticism and the Reception of Italian Old Master Art, 1793–1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xW43DAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-17148-5|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225433/https://books.google.com/books?id=xW43DAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nickerson2010">{{cite book|author=Angela K. Nickerson|title=A Journey into Michelangelo's Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hnJaIh36eoC|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4587-8547-3|page=182|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=5hnJaIh36eoC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The content of much formal art through history was dictated by the patron or commissioner rather than just the artist, but with the advent of [[Romanticism]], and economic changes in the production of art, the artists' vision became the usual determinant of the content of his art, increasing the incidence of controversies, though often reducing their significance. Strong incentives for perceived originality and publicity also encouraged artists to court controversy. [[Théodore Géricault|Théodore Géricault's]] ''[[The Raft of the Medusa|Raft of the Medusa]]'' ({{c.|1820|lk=no}}), was in part a political commentary on a recent event. [[Édouard Manet|Édouard Manet's]] ''[[Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe]]'' (1863), was considered scandalous not because of the nude woman, but because she is seated next to men fully dressed in the clothing of the time, rather than in robes of the antique world.<ref name="RuprechtTaiana1995">{{cite book|author1=Alvina Ruprecht|author2=Cecilia Taiana|title=Reordering of Culture: Latin America, the Caribbean and Canada in the Hood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|year=1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-88629-269-0|page=256|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=onoI0AI-JJYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stout2018">{{cite book|author=John C. Stout|title=Objects Observed: The Poetry of Things in Twentieth-Century France and America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4875-0157-0|page=50|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225432/https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBaDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Singer Sargent|John Singer Sargent's]] ''[[Portrait of Madame X|Madame Pierre Gautreau (Madam X)]]'' (1884), caused a controversy over the reddish pink used to color the woman's ear lobe, considered far too suggestive and supposedly ruining the high-society model's reputation.<ref name="Summers2004">{{cite book|author=Claude J. Summers|title=The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|year=2004|publisher=Cleis Press|isbn=978-1-57344-191-9|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bender2014">{{cite book|author=Narim Bender|title=John Sargent: 121 Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Osmora Incorporated|isbn=978-2-7659-0006-1|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSEPBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
The gradual abandonment of naturalism and the depiction of realistic representations of the visual appearance of subjects in the 19th and 20th centuries led to a rolling controversy lasting for over a century.
[[File:BeuysAchberg78.jpg|thumb|Performance by [[Joseph Beuys]], 1978: ''Everyone an artist – On the way to the libertarian form of the social organism'']]
In the 20th century, [[Pablo Picasso|Pablo Picasso's]] ''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]'' (1937) used arresting [[cubism|cubist]] techniques and stark [[Monochrome painting|monochromatic oils]], to depict the harrowing consequences of a contemporary bombing of a small, ancient Basque town. [[Leon Golub|Leon Golub's]] ''Interrogation III'' (1981), depicts a female nude, hooded detainee strapped to a chair, her legs open to reveal her sexual organs, surrounded by two tormentors dressed in everyday clothing. [[Andres Serrano|Andres Serrano's]] ''[[Piss Christ]]'' (1989) is a photograph of a crucifix, sacred to the Christian religion and representing [[Jesus Christ|Christ]]'s sacrifice and final suffering, submerged in a glass of the artist's own urine. The resulting uproar led to comments in the United States Senate about public funding of the arts.<ref name="ChapmanCiment2015">{{cite book|author1=Roger Chapman|author2=James Ciment|title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47351-0|page=594|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225431/https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brown2008">{{cite book|author=Brian Arthur Brown|title=Noah's Other Son: Bridging the Gap Between the Bible and the Qur'an|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjbUAwAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-2996-4|page=210|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225430/https://books.google.com/books?id=JjbUAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Theory==
{{Main|Aesthetics}}
Before Modernism, aesthetics in Western art was greatly concerned with achieving the appropriate balance between different aspects of [[Realism (arts)|realism]] or truth to nature and the [[Idealism|ideal]]; ideas as to what the appropriate balance is have shifted to and fro over the centuries. This concern is largely absent in other traditions of art. The aesthetic theorist [[John Ruskin]], who championed what he saw as the naturalism of [[J. M. W. Turner|J. M. W. Turner]], saw art's role as the communication by artifice of an essential truth that could only be found in nature.<ref>"go to nature in all [[singleness of heart]], rejecting nothing and selecting nothing, and scorning nothing, believing all things are right and good, and rejoicing always in the truth". [[John Ruskin|Ruskin, John]]. ''[[Modern Painters]]'', Volume I, 1843. London: Smith, Elder and Co.</ref>

The definition and evaluation of art has become especially problematic since the 20th century. [[Richard Wollheim]] distinguishes three approaches to assessing the aesthetic value of art: the [[Aesthetic realism|Realist]], whereby aesthetic quality is an absolute value independent of any human view; the [[Objectivity (philosophy)|Objectivist]], whereby it is also an absolute value, but is dependent on general human experience; and the [[Aesthetic relativism|Relativist position]], whereby it is not an absolute value, but depends on, and varies with, the human experience of different humans.<ref>Wollheim 1980, ''Essay VI''. pp. 231–239.</ref>

===Arrival of Modernism===
[[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1930 - Mondrian Composition II in Red, Blue, and Yellow.jpg|thumb|''[[Composition with Red Blue and Yellow]]'' (1930) by [[Piet Mondrian]] (Dutch, 1872–1944)]]
The arrival of [[Modernism]] in the late 19th century led to a radical break in the conception of the function of art,<ref>[[Griselda Pollock]], ''Differencing the Canon''. Routledge, London & New York, 1999. {{ISBN|0-415-06700-6}}</ref> and then again in the late 20th century with the advent of [[Postmodern art|postmodernism]]. [[Clement Greenberg]]'s 1960 article "Modernist Painting" defines modern art as "the use of characteristic methods of a discipline to criticize the discipline itself".<ref name = "Frascina">''Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology''. ed. Francis Frascina and Charles Harrison, 1982.</ref> Greenberg originally applied this idea to the Abstract Expressionist movement and used it as a way to understand and justify flat (non-illusionistic) abstract painting:
<blockquote>Realistic, naturalistic art had dissembled the medium, using art to conceal art; modernism used art to call attention to art. The limitations that constitute the medium of painting—the flat surface, the shape of the support, the properties of the pigment—were treated by the Old Masters as negative factors that could be acknowledged only implicitly or indirectly. Under Modernism these same limitations came to be regarded as positive factors, and were acknowledged openly.<ref name = "Frascina" /></blockquote> After Greenberg, several important art theorists emerged, such as [[Michael Fried]], [[T. J. Clark (historian)|T. J. Clark]], [[Rosalind Krauss]], [[Linda Nochlin]] and [[Griselda Pollock]] among others. Though only originally intended as a way of understanding a specific set of artists, Greenberg's definition of modern art is important to many of the ideas of art within the various art movements of the 20th century and early 21st century.<ref name="Harris2005">{{cite book|author=Jonathan P. Harris|title=Writing Back to Modern Art: After Greenberg, Fried, and Clark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzAIu3LziIC|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32429-8|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225429/https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzAIu3LziIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Holt2001">{{cite book|author=David Kenneth Holt|title=The Search for Aesthetic Meaning in the Visual Arts: The Need for the Aesthetic Tradition in Contemporary Art Theory and Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWedB7SA-KMC|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-89789-773-0|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225429/https://books.google.com/books?id=VWedB7SA-KMC|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Pop art]]ists like [[Andy Warhol]] became both noteworthy and influential through work including and possibly [[cultural critic|critiquing popular culture]], as well as the [[art world]]. Artists of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s expanded this technique of self-criticism beyond ''high art'' to all cultural image-making, including fashion images, [[comics]], [[billboards]] and [[pornography]].<ref name="Gemünden1998">{{cite book|author=Gerd Gemünden|title=Framed Visions: Popular Culture, Americanization, and the Contemporary German and Austrian Imagination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mpfn_pue34C|year=1998|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08560-6|page=43|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mpfn_pue34C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Yorker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BcnAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=F-R Publishing Corporation|page=84|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BcnAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Duchamp once proposed that art is any activity of any kind – everything. However, the way that only certain activities are classified today as art is a social construction.<ref name="Duchamp Interview Clip">{{YouTube|haon2DXWvLk|Duchamp Two Statements}}{{Dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref> There is evidence that there may be an element of truth to this. In ''[[The Invention of Art: A Cultural History]]'', Larry Shiner examines the construction of the modern system of the arts, i.e. fine art. He finds evidence that the older system of the arts before our modern system (fine art) held art to be any skilled human activity; for example, Ancient Greek society did not possess the term ''art'', but [[techne]]. Techne can be understood neither as art or craft, the reason being that the distinctions of art and [[craft]] are historical products that came later on in human history. Techne included painting, sculpting and music, but also cooking, medicine, [[horsemanship]], [[geometry]], carpentry, [[prophecy]], and farming, etc.<ref name="BurgueteLam2011">{{cite book|author1=Maria Burguete|author2=Lui Lam|title=Arts: A Science Matter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4324-93-9|page=74|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225428/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmND2ImrGUC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===New Criticism and the "intentional fallacy"===
Following Duchamp during the first half of the 20th century, a significant shift to general aesthetic theory took place which attempted to apply aesthetic theory between various forms of art, including the literary arts and the visual arts, to each other. This resulted in the rise of the [[New Criticism]] school and debate concerning ''the intentional fallacy''. At issue was the question of whether the aesthetic intentions of the artist in creating the work of art, whatever its specific form, should be associated with the criticism and evaluation of the final product of the work of art, or, if the work of art should be evaluated on its own merits independent of the intentions of the artist.<ref name="Waugh2006">{{cite book|author=Patricia Waugh|author-link=Patricia Waugh|title=Literary Theory and Criticism: An Oxford Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LXMA_7Ko9YC|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929133-5|page=171|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225427/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LXMA_7Ko9YC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Colebrook1997">{{cite book|author=Claire Colebrook|author-link=Claire Colebrook|title=New Literary Histories: New Historicism and Contemporary Criticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aT-8AAAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-4987-3|page=221|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225427/https://books.google.com/books?id=aT-8AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1946, [[William K. Wimsatt]] and [[Monroe Beardsley]] published a classic and controversial New Critical essay entitled "[[Intentional Fallacy|The Intentional Fallacy]]", in which they argued strongly against the relevance of an [[Authorial intentionality|author's intention]], or "intended meaning" in the analysis of a literary work. For Wimsatt and Beardsley, the words on the page were all that mattered; importation of meanings from outside the text was considered irrelevant, and potentially distracting.<ref name="Roholt2013">{{cite book|author=Tiger C. Roholt|title=Key Terms in Philosophy of Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US6aAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-3246-8|page=161|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225427/https://books.google.com/books?id=US6aAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hick2017">{{cite book|author=Darren Hudson Hick|title=Introducing Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_S4DgAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-00691-1|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225426/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_S4DgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

In another essay, "[[Affective fallacy|The Affective Fallacy]]", which served as a kind of sister essay to "The Intentional Fallacy" Wimsatt and Beardsley also discounted the reader's personal/emotional reaction to a literary work as a valid means of analyzing a text. This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from the [[reader-response]] school of literary theory. Ironically, one of the leading theorists from this school, [[Stanley Fish]], was himself trained by New Critics. Fish criticizes Wimsatt and Beardsley in his 1970 essay "Literature in the Reader".<ref>Leitch, Vincent B., et al., eds. ''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fish|first=Stanley|date=Autumn 1970|title=Literature in the Reader: Affective Stylistics|jstor=468593|journal=New Literary History|volume=2|issue=1|pages=123–162|doi=10.2307/468593}}</ref>

As summarized by [[Berys Gaut]] and Paisley Livingston in their essay "The Creation of Art": "Structuralist and post-structuralists theorists and critics were sharply critical of many aspects of New Criticism, beginning with the emphasis on aesthetic appreciation and the so-called autonomy of art, but they reiterated the attack on biographical criticisms' assumption that the artist's activities and experience were a privileged critical topic."<ref>Gaut and Livingston, ''The Creation of Art'', p. 3.</ref> These authors contend that: "Anti-intentionalists, such as formalists, hold that the intentions involved in the making of art are irrelevant or peripheral to correctly interpreting art. So details of the act of creating a work, though possibly of interest in themselves, have no bearing on the correct interpretation of the work."<ref name="Gaut and Livingston, p.6">Gaut and Livingston, p. 6.</ref>

Gaut and Livingston define the intentionalists as distinct from formalists stating that: "Intentionalists, unlike formalists, hold that reference to intentions is essential in fixing the correct interpretation of works." They quote [[Richard Wollheim]] as stating that, "The task of criticism is the reconstruction of the creative process, where the creative process must in turn be thought of as something not stopping short of, but terminating on, the work of art itself."<ref name="Gaut and Livingston, p.6"/>

==="Linguistic turn" and its debate===
The end of the 20th century fostered an extensive debate known as the [[linguistic turn]] controversy, or the "innocent eye debate" in the philosophy of art. This debate discussed the encounter of the work of art as being determined by the relative extent to which the conceptual encounter with the work of art dominates over the perceptual encounter with the work of art.<ref>''Philosophy for Architecture'', Branco Mitrovic, 2012.</ref>

Decisive for the linguistic turn debate in art history and the humanities were the works of yet another tradition, namely the [[structuralism]] of [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] and the ensuing movement of [[poststructuralism]]. In 1981, the artist [[Mark Tansey]] created a work of art titled ''The Innocent Eye'' as a criticism of the prevailing climate of disagreement in the philosophy of art during the closing decades of the 20th century. Influential theorists include [[Judith Butler]], [[Luce Irigaray]], [[Julia Kristeva]], [[Michel Foucault]] and [[Jacques Derrida]]. The power of language, more specifically of certain rhetorical tropes, in art history and historical discourse was explored by [[Hayden White]]. The fact that language is {{em|not}} a transparent medium of thought had been stressed by a very different form of [[philosophy of language]] which originated in the works of [[Johann Georg Hamann]] and [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]].<ref>''Introduction to Structuralism'', Michael Lane, Basic Books University of Michigan, 1970.</ref> [[Ernst Gombrich]] and [[Nelson Goodman]] in his book ''[[Languages of Art|Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols]]'' came to hold that the conceptual encounter with the work of art predominated exclusively over the perceptual and visual encounter with the work of art during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>''[[Languages of Art|Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols]]''. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1976. Based on his 1960–61 [[John Locke lectures]].</ref> He was challenged on the basis of research done by the Nobel prize winning psychologist [[Roger Sperry]] who maintained that the human visual encounter was not limited to concepts represented in language alone (the linguistic turn) and that other forms of psychological representations of the work of art were equally defensible and demonstrable. Sperry's view eventually prevailed by the end of the 20th century with aesthetic philosophers such as [[Nick Zangwill]] strongly defending a return to moderate aesthetic formalism among other alternatives.<ref>Nick Zangwill, "Feasible Aesthetic Formalism", ''Nous'', December 1999, pp. 610–629.</ref>

==Classification disputes==
{{Main|Classificatory disputes about art}}
[[File:Marcel Duchamp, 1917, Fountain, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz.jpg|thumb|The original ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'' by [[Marcel Duchamp]], 1917, photographed by [[Alfred Stieglitz]] at the [[291 (art gallery)|291]] after the 1917 [[Society of Independent Artists]] exhibit. Stieglitz used a backdrop of ''The Warriors'' by [[Marsden Hartley]] to photograph the urinal. The exhibition entry tag can be clearly seen.<ref name="Tomkins, p. 186">Tomkins, ''Duchamp: A Biography'', p. 186.</ref>]] Disputes as to whether or not to classify something as a work of art are referred to as classificatory disputes about art. Classificatory disputes in the 20th century have included [[cubist]] and [[impressionist]] paintings, [[Duchamp]]'s ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'', the movies, [[J. S. G. Boggs]]' superlative imitations of banknotes, [[conceptual art]], and [[video games]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Deborah Solomon |author-link=Deborah Solomon |title=2003: the 3rd Annual Year in Ideas: Video Game Art |newspaper=The New York Times Magazine |date=14 December 2003 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/magazine/2003-the-3rd-annual-year-in-ideas-video-game-art.html |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401150120/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/magazine/2003-the-3rd-annual-year-in-ideas-video-game-art.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Philosopher David Novitz has argued that disagreement about the definition of art are rarely the heart of the problem. Rather, "the passionate concerns and interests that humans vest in their social life" are "so much a part of all classificatory disputes about art."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Novitz|first=David|date=1996|title=Disputes about Art|jstor=431087|journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism|volume=54|issue=2|pages=153–163|doi=10.2307/431087|issn=0021-8529}}</ref> According to Novitz, classificatory disputes are more often disputes about societal values and where society is trying to go than they are about theory proper. For example, when the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' criticized [[Damien Hirst|Hirst]]'s and [[Tracey Emin|Emin]]'s work by arguing "For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces. Today, pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all" they are not advancing a definition or theory about art, but questioning the value of Hirst's and Emin's work.<ref>Painter, Colin. ''Contemporary Art and the Home''. Berg Publishers, 2002. p. 12. {{ISBN|1-85973-661-0}}</ref> In 1998, [[Arthur Danto]], suggested a thought experiment showing that "the status of an artifact as work of art results from the ideas a culture applies to it, rather than its inherent physical or perceptible qualities. Cultural interpretation (an art theory of some kind) is therefore constitutive of an object's arthood."<ref>{{cite book| last = Dutton |first = Denis |chapter-url = https://www.denisdutton.com/tribal_art.htm| chapter = Tribal Art| access-date = 27 January 2008| archive-date = 17 May 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200517160426/https://www.denisdutton.com/tribal_art.htm| url-status = dead| title=Encyclopedia of Aesthetics |title-link=Encyclopedia of Aesthetics| editor = Michael Kelly |location = New York |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1998}}</ref><ref>Danto, Arthur. "Artifact and Art" in ''Art/Artifact'', edited by Susan Vogel. New York, 1988.</ref>

''[[Anti-art]]'' is a label for art that intentionally challenges the established parameters and values of art;<ref name=tate/> it is a term associated with [[Dada]]ism and attributed to [[Marcel Duchamp]] just before World War I,<ref name="tate">{{cite web| url = https://www.tate.org.uk/collections/glossary/definition.jsp?entryId=571| title = Glossary: Anti-art| access-date = 23 January 2010| archive-date = 10 September 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090910173718/https://www.tate.org.uk/collections/glossary/definition.jsp?entryId=571| url-status = dead |publisher = [[Tate]]}}</ref> when he was making art from [[found object]]s.<ref name=tate/> One of these, ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'' (1917), an ordinary urinal, has achieved considerable prominence and influence on art.<ref name=tate/> Anti-art is a feature of work by [[Situationist International]],<ref>{{cite web| last = Schneider |first = Caroline |url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-78637292.html| title = Asger Jorn| access-date = 24 January 2010| archive-date = 13 May 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513081709/https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-78637292.html| url-status = dead |work = [[Artforum]] |date = 1 September 2001 |via = encyclopedia.com}}</ref> the lo-fi [[Mail art]] movement, and the [[Young British Artists]],<ref name=tate/> though it is a form still rejected by the [[Stuckism|Stuckists]],<ref name=tate/> who describe themselves as [[anti-anti-art]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Ferguson |first = Euan |url = https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/apr/20/thesaatchigallery.art2| title = "In bed with Tracey, Sarah ... and Ron"| website = [[TheGuardian.com]]| date = 20 April 2003| access-date = 11 December 2016| archive-date = 21 December 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221074757/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/apr/20/thesaatchigallery.art2| url-status = live}}, ''[[The Observer]]'', 20 April 2003. Retrieved on 2 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.artnet.com/Magazine/news/artnetnews/artnetnews10-27-00.asp| title = Stuck on the Turner Prize| access-date = 22 January 2010| archive-date = 21 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621214830/https://www.artnet.com/Magazine/news/artnetnews/artnetnews10-27-00.asp| url-status = live | work = [[artnet]] |date = 27 October 2000}}</ref>

Architecture is often included as one of the visual arts; however, like the [[decorative arts]], or advertising, it involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential in a way that they usually are not in a painting, for example.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glancey |first1=Jonathan |title=Is advertising art? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/is-advertising-art-1593252.html |work=The Independent |date=26 July 1995 |access-date=18 August 2017 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830112024/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/is-advertising-art-1593252.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Value judgment===
[[File:Aboriginal hollow log tomb.jpg|thumb|upright|Aboriginal hollow log tombs. National Gallery, [[Canberra]], Australia.]]

Somewhat in relation to the above, the word ''art'' is also used to apply judgments of value, as in such expressions as "that meal was a work of art" (the cook is an artist), or "the art of deception" (the highly attained level of skill of the deceiver is praised). It is this use of the word as a measure of high quality and high value that gives the term its flavor of subjectivity. Making judgments of value requires a basis for criticism. At the simplest level, a way to determine whether the impact of the object on the senses meets the criteria to be considered ''art'' is whether it is perceived to be attractive or repulsive. Though perception is always colored by experience, and is necessarily subjective, it is commonly understood that what is not somehow aesthetically satisfying cannot be art. However, "good" art is not always or even regularly aesthetically appealing to a majority of viewers. In other words, an artist's prime motivation need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic. Also, art often depicts terrible images made for social, moral, or thought-provoking reasons. For example, [[Francisco Goya]]'s painting depicting the Spanish shootings of 3 May 1808 is a graphic depiction of a firing squad executing several pleading civilians. Yet at the same time, the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya's keen artistic ability in composition and execution and produces fitting social and political outrage. Thus, the debate continues as to what mode of aesthetic satisfaction, if any, is required to define 'art'.<ref name="AddisonBurgess2012">{{cite book|author1=Nicholas Addison|author2=Lesley Burgess|title=Debates in Art and Design Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOY10gcBeP8C|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-61887-8|page=97|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qOY10gcBeP8C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FergusonMansbach2008">{{cite book|author1=Yale H. Ferguson|author-link2=Richard W. Mansbach|author2=Richard W. Mansbach|title=A World of Polities: Essays on Global Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adOTAgAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-98149-5|pages=38–39|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225422/https://books.google.com/books?id=adOTAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The assumption of new values or the rebellion against accepted notions of what is aesthetically superior need not occur concurrently with a complete abandonment of the pursuit of what is aesthetically appealing. Indeed, the reverse is often true, that the revision of what is popularly conceived of as being aesthetically appealing allows for a re-invigoration of aesthetic sensibility, and a new appreciation for the standards of art itself. Countless schools have proposed their own ways to define quality, yet they all seem to agree in at least one point: once their aesthetic choices are accepted, the value of the work of art is determined by its capacity to transcend the limits of its chosen medium to strike some universal chord by the rarity of the skill of the artist or in its accurate reflection in what is termed the ''[[zeitgeist]]''. Art is often intended to appeal to and connect with human emotion. It can arouse [[aesthetic]] or [[morality|moral]] feelings, and can be understood as a way of communicating these feelings. Artists express something so that their audience is aroused to some extent, but they do not have to do so consciously. Art may be considered an exploration of the [[human condition]]; that is, what it is to be human.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Gordon |title=Philosophy of the arts: an introduction to aesthetics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2005}}</ref>

By extension, it has been argued by Emily L. Spratt that the development of [[generative artificial intelligence]], especially in regard to [[artificial intelligence art]], necessitates a re-evaluation of aesthetic theory in art history today and a reconsideration of the limits of human creativity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spratt|first=Emily L.|date=3 April 2018|title=Computers and art in the age of machine learning|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324232798|journal=XRDS: Crossroads|language=en|publisher=ACM: Association for Computing Machinery|volume=24|issue=3|pages=8–20|doi=10.1145/3186697|s2cid=4714734|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225074041/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324232798_Computers_and_art_in_the_age_of_machine_learning|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv|last1=Spratt|first1=Emily L.|last2=Elgammal|first2=Ahmed|date=29 September 2014|title=Computational Beauty: Aesthetic Judgment at the Intersection of Art and Science|eprint=1410.2488|class=cs.CV}}</ref> [[Music and artificial intelligence]] has taken a similar path. So too has the use of [[Large language model|large language models]] in generating creative texts.

==Art and law==
An essential legal issue are art [[forgeries]], [[plagiarism]], [[replica]]s and works that are strongly based on other works of art.

Intellectual property law plays a significant role in the art world. Copyright protection is granted to artists for their original works, providing them with exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and display their creations. This safeguard empowers artists to govern the usage of their work and safeguard against unauthorized copying or infringement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aragon |first=Lorraine V. |date=2022-01-02 |title=Pluralities of Power in Indonesia's Intellectual Property Law, Regional Arts and Religious Freedom Debates |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00664677.2022.2042793 |journal=Anthropological Forum |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=20–40 |doi=10.1080/00664677.2022.2042793 |s2cid=248300879 |issn=0066-4677 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721224503/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00664677.2022.2042793 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The trade in works of art or the export from a country may be subject to legal regulations. Internationally there are also extensive efforts to protect the works of art created. The [[UN]], [[UNESCO]] and [[Blue Shield International]] try to ensure effective protection at the national level and to intervene directly in the event of armed conflicts or disasters. This can particularly affect museums, archives, art collections and excavation sites. This should also secure the economic basis of a country, especially because works of art are often of tourist importance. The founding president of Blue Shield International, [[Karl von Habsburg]], explained an additional connection between the destruction of cultural property and the cause of flight during a mission in Lebanon in April 2019: "Cultural goods are part of the identity of the people who live in a certain place. If you destroy their culture, you also destroy their identity. Many people are uprooted, often no longer have any prospects and as a result flee from their homeland."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999|access-date=25 February 2022|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825150547/https://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D15207%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari: Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual. UNESCO, 2016.</ref><ref name="unifil.unmissions.org">{{cite web| url = https://unifil.unmissions.org/action-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict| title = UNIFIL – Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict, 12 Apr 2019.| date = 12 April 2019| access-date = 19 December 2020| archive-date = 26 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726081110/https://unifil.unmissions.org/action-plan-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>Friedrich Schipper: "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" (German – The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply), In: Der Standard, 6 March 2015.</ref><ref>Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict. In: The Getty Conservation Institute, Newsletter 23.1, Spring 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Christoph |last=Matzl |title=Austrian Armed Forces Mission in Lebanon |date=28 April 2019 |url=https://www.krone.at/1911689 |language=de |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689 |url-status=live }}</ref> In order to preserve the [[Cultural diversity|diversity]] of [[cultural identity]], [[UNESCO]] protects the [[Living Human Treasure|living human treasure]] through the [[Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage]].

==See also==
{{Portal|The arts|Visual arts}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em|small=no}}
* [[Artist-in-residence]]
* [[Artistic freedom]]
* [[Cultural tourism]]
* [[Craftivism]]
* [[List of art media]]
* [[List of art techniques]]
* [[Mathematics and art]]
* [[Outline of the visual arts]], a guide to the subject of art presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics.
* [[Visual impairment in art]]{{div col end}}


===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Fortenberry |first=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ |title=The Art Museum |date=2017 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6 |edition=Revised |location=London |access-date=2021-04-23 |archive-date=2021-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423220204/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hodge |first1=Susie |title=The Short Story of Art |date=2017 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=978-1-78067-968-6}}
{{refend}}

=== Bibliography ===
* [https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/887 Intentions by Oscar Wilde]<ref>
{{Citation |title=Intentions |last=Wilde |first=Oscar |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Intentions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702055635/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Intentions |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |place=ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON |publisher=METHUEN & CO. LTD. |year=1921 |type=full text free online |access-date=2025-07-28 |edition=14th |language=en-US |id=Q108143261 |via=[[Wikisource]]}}</ref>
* [[Katharine Gilbert|Katharine Everett Gilbert]] and Helmut Kuhn, ''A History of Esthetics''. Edition 2, revised. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1953.
* Stephen Davies, ''Definitions of Art'', 1991<ref>{{Citation |title=Definitions of art |last=Davies |first=Stephen |pages=243 |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/681699632?oclcNum=681699632 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729085304/https://search.worldcat.org/title/681699632?oclcNum=681699632 |archive-date=July 29, 2025|place=Ithaca, N.Y |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1991 |language=en-US |isbn=9781501721182}}</ref>
* [[Nina Felshin]], ed. ''But is it Art?'', 1995<ref>{{Citation |title=But is it art? |last=Felshin |first=Nina |pages=412 |place=Seattle, Washington, United States of America |publisher=Bay Press |year=1995 |ol=1111056M |type=full text free online |language=en-US |lccn=94036846 |oclc=31243239 |id=OL18271419W }}</ref>
* [[Catherine de Zegher]] (ed.). ''Inside the Visible''. MIT Press, 1996 <ref>{{Citation |title=Inside the Visible |last=Zegher |first=Catherine |date=1996-03-06 |pages=495 |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |type= |language=en-US |isbn=9780262540810 |ol=10238038M |oclc=35136509 |id=OL8889217W }}</ref>
* Evelyn Hatcher, ed. ''Art as Culture: An Introduction to the Anthropology of Art'', 1999
* Noel Carroll, ''Theories of Art Today'', 2000
* John Whitehead. ''Grasping for the Wind'', 2001
* [[Michael Ann Holly]] and Keith Moxey (eds.) ''Art History Aesthetics Visual Studies''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0300097891}}
* Shiner, Larry. ''[[The Invention of Art: A Cultural History]]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-226-75342-3}}
* [[Arthur Danto]], ''The Abuse of Beauty: Aesthetics and the Concept of Art.'' 2003
* [[Dana Arnold]] and Margaret Iversen, eds. ''Art and Thought''. London: Blackwell, 2003. {{ISBN|0631227156}}
* Jean Robertson and Craig McDaniel, ''Themes of Contemporary Art, Visual Art after 1980'', 2005

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Cole, Ina, ''From the Sculptor's Studio: Conversations with Twenty Seminal Artists'' (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2021) {{ISBN|9781913947590}} {{OCLC|1420954826}}.
* Antony Briant and [[Griselda Pollock]], eds. ''Digital and Other Virtualities: Renegotiating the image''. London and NY: I.B. Tauris, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1441676313}}
* Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N. ''The New Story of Science: mind and the universe'', Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, 1984. {{ISBN|0-89526-833-7}} (this book has significant material on art and science)
* [[Benedetto Croce]]. ''Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic'', 2002
* Botar, Oliver A.I. Technical Detours: ''The Early Moholy-Nagy Reconsidered''. Art Gallery of The Graduate Center, The City University of New York and The Salgo Trust for Education, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1599713571}}
* Burguete, Maria, and Lam, Lui, eds. (2011). ''Arts: A Science Matter''. World Scientific: Singapore. {{ISBN|978-981-4324-93-9}}
* [[Carol Armstrong]] and [[Catherine de Zegher]], eds. ''Women Artists at the Millennium''. Massachusetts: October Books/The MIT Press, 2006. {{ISBN|026201226X}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Art | volume= 2|author-link=Sidney Colvin |last=Colvin |first=Sidney | pages = 657–660}}
* [[Carl Jung]], ''Man and His Symbols''. London: Pan Books, 1978. {{ISBN|0330253212}}
* [[E.H. Gombrich]], ''The Story of Art''. London: Phaidon Press, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0714832470}}
* Florian Dombois, [[Ute Meta Bauer]], Claudia Mareis and Michael Schwab, eds. ''Intellectual Birdhouse. Artistic Practice as Research''. London: Koening Books, 2012. {{ISBN|978-3863351182}}
* [[Kristine Stiles]] and [[Peter Selz]], eds. ''Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986
* Kleiner, Gardner, Mamiya and Tansey. ''Art Through the Ages, Twelfth Edition (2 volumes)'' Wadsworth, 2004. {{ISBN|0-534-64095-8}} (vol 1) and {{ISBN|0-534-64091-5}} (vol 2)
* [[Richard Wollheim]], ''Art and its Objects: An introduction to aesthetics''. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. {{OCLC|1077405}}
* [[Will Gompertz]]. ''What Are You Looking At?: 150 Years of Modern Art in the Blink of an Eye''. New York: Viking, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0670920495}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|art}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Art }}

* [https://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-17;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-17;brand=default;query=Dictionary%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Ideas#1 ''Art and Play'' from the Dictionary of the History of ideas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190600/https://witcombe.sbc.edu/arthlinks.html In-depth directory of art]
* ''[https://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/art-design/artandartistfiles/ Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collection]'' (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716205617/https://www.ahds.ac.uk/ Visual Arts Data Service (VADS)] – online collections from UK museums, galleries, universities
* [https://www.RevolutionArtMagazine.com/ RevolutionArt – Art magazines with worldwide exhibitions, callings and competitions]
* {{cite SEP |url-id=art-definition |title=The Definition of Art |last=Adajian |first=Thomas}}
* {{iep|url-id=definition-of-art|title=Definition of Art}}


{{aesthetics}}
{{Art world}}
{{Branches of the visual arts}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Art| ]]
[[Category:Concepts in aesthetics]]
[[Category:The arts]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

Kyasanur Forest disease

2026-03-26T02:35:10Z

DesignersX: Put Up A Details

{{short description|Human disease}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Kyasanur forest disease
| synonyms = Monkey disease, monkey fever
| field = [[Infectious disease (specialty)|Infectious disease]]
| symptoms =
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| image = Kyasanur Forest disease virus ecology.jpg
| caption = Virus ecology
}}

'''Kyasanur forest disease''' ('''KFD''') is a [[tick-borne disease|tick-borne]] [[viral haemorrhagic fever]] endemic to southwestern India.<ref name="gould">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X |author=EA Gould |author2=T Solomon |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Pathogenic flaviviruses |journal=The Lancet |volume=371 |issue=961 |pages=500–509 |issn=0140-6736 |ref=gould |pmid=18262042|s2cid=205949828 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The disease is caused by a [[virus]] belonging to the family ''[[Flaviviridae]].'' The KFD virus (KFDV) is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected hard ticks (''[[Haemaphysalis spinigera]]''), which act as a [[Natural reservoir|reservoir]] of KFDV.

==Signs and symptoms==
The symptoms of the disease include a high fever with frontal headaches, chills, severe muscle pain, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Bleeding problems may occur 3–4 days after initial symptom onset. Patients may experience abnormally [[Hypotension|low blood pressure]], and [[Thrombocytopenia|low platelet]], [[Anemia|red blood cell]], and [[Leukopenia|white blood cell counts]]. After 1–2 weeks of symptoms, some patients recover without complications. However, the illness is biphasic for a subset of patients (10–20%) who experience a second wave of symptoms at the beginning of the third week. These symptoms include fever and signs of neurological manifestations, such as severe headache, mental disturbances, tremors, and vision deficits.<ref name="dobler" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dobler|first1=Gerhard|title=Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|date=2010|volume=140|issue=3/4|pages=221–228|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.024|pmid=19765917}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mourya|first1=Devendra|last2=Yadav|first2=Pragya|last3=Sandhya|first3=V|last4=Reddy|first4=Shivanna|title=Spread of Kyasanur Forest Disease, Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India, 2012-2013|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=2013|volume=19|issue=9|pages=1540–1541|doi=10.3201/eid1909.121884|pmid=23977946|pmc=3810911}}</ref> The convalescent period is typically very long, lasting several months. Muscle aches and weakness also occur during this period, and the patient is unable to engage in physical activities.

==Cause==
===Virology===
{{Virusbox
| name = Kyasanur Forest disease virus
| image = Ijms-20-04657-g002.webp
| image_alt = Flavivirus structure and genome
| image_caption = Flavivirus structure and genome
| parent = Euflavivirus
| species = Orthoflavivirus kyasanurense
| synonyms = Kyasanur Forest virus
| synonyms_ref = <ref>ICTV 2nd Report {{cite journal | last1 = Fenner | first1 = F | year = 1976 | title = Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses | url = https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%202nd%20Report.pdf | journal = Intervirology | volume = 7 | issue = 1–2| pages = 1–115 | doi = 10.1159/000149938 | pmid = 826499 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}
The KFD virus is a typical flavivirus measuring about 40–60 nm in diameter. The [[genome]] of KFDV consists of 10,774 [[nucleotides]] of single-stranded, [[positive-sense RNA]] encoding a single polyprotein that is cleaved post-translationally into three structural (C, prM/M and E) and seven non-structural (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b and NS5) proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Bradley W. M.|last2=Cutts|first2=Todd A.|last3=Court|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Theriault|first4=Steven|date=February 2012|title=The generation of a reverse genetics system for Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus and the ability to antagonize the induction of the antiviral state in vitro|journal=Virus Research|volume=163|issue=2|pages=431–438|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.002|issn=1872-7492|pmid=22100401}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Bradley|last2=Ranadheera|first2=Charlene|last3=Nikiforuk|first3=Aidan|last4=Cutts|first4=Todd|last5=Kobasa|first5=Darwyn|last6=Court|first6=Deborah|last7=Theriault|first7=Steven|title=Limited Effects of Type I Interferons on Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus in Cell Culture|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2016|volume=10|issue=8|article-number=e0004871|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004871|pmid=27479197|pmc=4968803 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dodd|first1=Kimberly|last2=Bird|first2=Brian|last3=Khristova|first3=Marina|last4=Albariño|first4=César|last5=Carroll|first5=Serena|last6=Comer|first6=James|last7=Erickson|first7=Bobbie|last8=Rollin|first8=Pierre|last9=Nichol|first9=Stuart|title=Ancient Ancestry of KFDV and AHFV Revealed by Complete Genome Analyses of Viruses Isolated from Ticks and Mammalian Hosts|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2011|volume=5|issue=10|article-number=e1352|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001352|pmid=21991403|pmc=3186760 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The genome of KFDV is very similar (>92% homologous) to that of [[Alkhurma virus|Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus]] which is primarily found in [[Saudi Arabia]]. These two species both belong to the family ''[[Flaviviridae]]'' and diverged over 700 years ago and have thus remained geographically separated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dodd|first1=Kimberly|last2=Bird|first2=Brian|last3=Jones|first3=Megan|last4=Nichol|first4=Stuart|last5=Spiropoulou|first5=Christina|title=Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus Infection in Mice Is Associated with Higher Morbidity and Mortality than Infection with the Closely Related Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2014|volume=9|issue=6|article-number=e100301|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0100301 |pmid=24950196|pmc=4065072|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j0301D|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Transmission===
A variety of animals are thought to be [[Natural reservoir|reservoir hosts]] for the disease, including porcupines, rats, squirrels, mice, and shrews.<ref name="dobler">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.024 |author=Gerhard Dobler |date=27 January 2010 |title=Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=140 |issue=3–4, Zoonoses: Advances and Perspectives |pages=221–228 |issn=0378-1135 |ref=dobler |pmid=19765917}}</ref> Monkeys are the main amplifying hosts for KFD virus, and they are also affected by the virus. The [[surili]] ''Presbytis entellus'' and the [[bonnet macaque]] are very susceptible to the KFD virus. They develop tremendous viremia and infect the ticks. The [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] for disease transmission is ''[[Haemaphysalis spinigera]]'', a forest [[tick]].<ref name="Kyasanur forest disease">{{cite journal|last1=Holbrook|first1=Michael|title=Kyasanur forest disease|journal=Antiviral Research|date=2012|volume=96|issue=3|pages=353–362|doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.10.005|pmid=23110991|pmc=3513490}}</ref> Humans contract infection from the bite of [[nymph (biology)|nymphs]] of the tick. Man is a terminal host, and there is no human-to-human transmission because the human domestic environment does not sustain the ticks.

==Pathology==
The [[pathogenesis]] of KFDV is not completely understood. Research using mouse models found that KFDV primarily replicates in the brain.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sawatsky|first1=Bevan|last2=McAuley|first2=Alexander|last3=Holbrook|first3=Michael|last4=Bente|first4=Dennis|title=Comparative Pathogenesis of Alkhumra Hemorrhagic Fever and Kyasanur Forest Disease Viruses in a Mouse Model|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2014|volume=8|issue=6|article-number=e2934|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002934|pmc=4055546|pmid=24922308 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other research has expanded on this by described neurological changes that occurred within infected organisms. This experiment was completed by using KFDV-infected mice and discovered that KFDV caused [[gliosis]], inflammation, and cell death in the brain. They posited that KFDV could be primarily a [[Peripheral neuropathy|neuropathic disease]] and other symptoms are due to this pathogenesis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Atanu|last2=Yadav|first2=Pragya|last3=Prasad|first3=Sharda|last4=Badole|first4=Sachin|last5=Patil|first5=Dilip|last6=Kohlapure|first6=Rajendra|last7=Mourya|first7=Devendra|title=An Early Passage Human Isolate of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus Shows Acute Neuropathology in Experimentally Infected CD-1 Mice|journal=Vector Borne & Zoonotic Diseases|date=2016|volume=16|issue=7|pages=496–498|doi=10.1089/vbz.2015.1917|pmid=27171207}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
In earlier days, suspected cases were confirmed in a laboratory by serum inoculation into suckling mice (Swiss Albino mice), and subsequent death of mice was labeled as KFD-positive cases. Other methods of diagnosis included hemagglutination inhibition (HI), [[Complement fixation test|complement fixation]], [[Plaque reduction neutralization test|neutralization tests]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=S.|last2=Narasimha Murthy|first2=D. P.|last3=Yashodhara Murthy|first3=B. K.|date=July 1975|title=Viraemia studies on the Kyasanur Forest Disease human cases of 1966|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=63|issue=7|pages=950–953|issn=0971-5916|pmid=175006}}</ref> However, new research has introduced more efficient molecular-based methods to diagnose KFDV. These methods include: RT-PCR, [[Nested polymerase chain reaction|nested RT-PCR]], [[TaqMan | TaqMan-based]] [[Real-time polymerase chain reaction|real-time RT-PCR]], Immunoglobin M antibodies, and Immunoglobin G detection by [[ELISA]]. The two methods involving RT-[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] can function by attaching a primer to the NS-5 gene, which is highly conserved among the [[genus]] to which KFDV belongs. PCR positivity is limited to 8–10 days from the onset of symptoms. The ELISA-based methods allow for the detection of anti-KFDV [[antibodies]] in patients typically from the 5th day of onset of symptoms up to 3 months.<ref name="RT-PCR 2012"/>

==Prevention and treatment==
Prevention is by vaccination, as well as preventive measures such as protective clothing and tick population control. The [[vaccine]] for KFDV consists of [[Formaldehyde|formalin]]-inactivated KFDV. The vaccine has a 62.4% effectiveness rate for individuals who receive two doses. For individuals who receive an additional dose, the effectiveness increases to 82.9%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kasabi|first1=Gudadappa|last2=Murhekar|first2=Manoj|last3=Sandhya|first3=Vijay|last4=Raghunandan|first4=Ramappa|last5=Kiran|first5=Shivani|last6=Channabasappa|first6=Gowdra|last7=Mehendale|first7=Sanjay|title=Coverage and Effectiveness of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine in Karnataka, South India, 2005-10|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2013|volume=7|issue=1|article-number=e2025|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002025|pmid=23359421|pmc=3554520 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Specific antiviral treatments are not available as of 2022.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gupta | first1 = N | last2 = Wilson | first2 = W | last3 = Neumayr | first3 = A | last4 = Saravu | first4 = K | date = Jun 2022 | title = Kyasanur forest disease: a state-of-the-art review | url = | journal = QJM | volume = 115 | issue = 6| pages = 351–358 | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa310 | pmid = 33196834 }}</ref>

== Risk factors and risk groups ==
Kyassanur forest disease spreads in places where humans interact with wildlife, especially villages adjoining forest areas and inter-state borders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davison |first=Catherine |title=Why areca nut plantations are driving 'monkey fever' |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230315-how-the-addictive-areca-nut-drives-monkey-fever-in-india |date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-17 |publisher=BBC |language=en}}</ref> People who frequently visit the forest areas of the Western Ghats and who refuse the KFD vaccination have a high risk of acquiring KFD infection.

==History==
The disease was first reported from Kattinakere village forest, which is in the Kyasanur forest range of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]] in March 1957. When the officials visited the Kattinakere forest and discovered the diseases, they noticed a signboard informing them that this was the Kyasanur forest range. Hence the name. The disease first manifested as an [[epizootic]] outbreak among monkeys, killing several of them in the year 1957. Hence, the disease is also locally known as "monkey disease" or "monkey fever".<ref name=ethno>{{cite journal|title=Kyasanur Forest Disease: An Ethnography of a Disease of Development| author=Nichter, Mark|journal=Medical Anthropology Quarterly |series=New Series| volume=1| issue=4| year=1987|pages=406–423| doi=10.1525/maq.1987.1.4.02a00040}}</ref> The similarity with [[Spring-summer encephalitis|Russian spring-summer encephalitis]] was noted by the British neurovirologist [[Hubert Webb (neurovirologist)|Hubert Webb]], and the possibility of migratory birds carrying the disease was raised.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2105/AJPH.49.7.869|author=Work, Telford H.|last2=Roderiguez|first2=FR|last3=Bhatt|first3=PN| title=Virological Epidemiology of the 1958 Epidemic of Kyasanur Forest Disease|year=1959| pages=869–874 |volume=49| issue=7| journal=American Journal of Public Health|url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/49/7/869.pdf|pmid=13661478|pmc=1372906}}</ref> Studies began to look for the possible species that acted as reservoirs for the virus and the agents responsible for transmission. Subsequent studies failed to find any involvement of migratory birds, although the possibility of their role in initial establishment was not ruled out. The virus was found to be quite distinctive and not closely related to the Russian virus strains. Antigenic relatedness is, however, close to many other strains, including the [[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]] (OHF), and birds from Siberia have been found to show an antigenic response to KFD virus. Sequence based studies note the distinctiveness of OHF.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0|journal=Virology|year=2003 | volume=313|issue=1|pages=81–90| title=Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus|vauthors=Lin D, Li L, Dick D, Shope RE, Feldmann H, Barrett AD, Holbrook MR |pmid=12951023|doi-access=free}}</ref> Early studies in India were conducted in collaboration with the US Army Medical Research Unit and this led to controversy and conspiracy theories.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|year=1963|volume=28| issue=2|pages=235–262|title=Ticks (Ixodidae) on birds migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa, 1959-61|author1=Harry Hoogstraal |author2=Makram N. Kaiser |author3=Melvin A. Traylor |author4=Ezzat Guindy |author5=Sobhy Gaber |pmc=2554471|pmid=13961632}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lewis, Michael |year=2002| title=Scientists or Spies? Ecology in a Climate of Cold War Suspicion | journal= Economic and Political Weekly |volume= 37 |issue= 24 |pages=2324–2332 |jstor=4412243}}</ref>

Subsequent studies based on sequencing found that the [[Alkhurma virus]] found in [[Saudi Arabia]] is closely related.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1006/bbrc.2001.5610|vauthors=Charrel RN, Zaki AM, Attoui H, Fakeeh M, Billoir F, Yousef AI, de Chesse R, De Micco P, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X |year=2001| title=Complete coding sequence of the Alkhurma virus, a tick-borne ''Flavivirus'' causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans in Saudi Arabia|journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=287|issue=2|pages=455–461|pmid=11554750}}</ref> In 1989, a patient in Nanjianin, China was found with fever symptoms, and in 2009, its viral gene sequence was found to exactly match that of the KFD reference virus of 1957. This has been questioned, though, since the Indian virus shows variations in sequence over time, and the exact match with the virus sequence of 1957 and the Chinese virus of 1989 is not expected. This study also found, using immune response tests, that birds and humans in the region appeared to have been exposed to the virus.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis. |year=2009 |volume=15| issue=2|pmid=19193286|title=Isolation of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus from Febrile Patient, Yunnan, China|pmc=2657630| pages= 326–328| doi= 10.3201/eid1502.080979|author1=Jinglin Wang |author2=Hailin Zhang |author3=Shihong Fu |author4=Huanyu Wang |author5=Daxin Ni |author6=Roger Nasci |author7=Qing Tang |author8=Guodong Liang }}</ref> Another study has suggested that the virus is recent in origin dating the nearest common ancestor of it and related viruses to around 1942, based on the estimated rate of sequence substitutions. The study also raises the possibility of bird involvement in long-distance transfer.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rajeev Mehla |author2=Sandeep R.P. Kumar |author3=Pragya Yadav |author4=Pradip V. Barde |author5=Prasanna N. Yergolkar |author6=Bobbie R. Erickson |author7=Serena A. Carroll |author8=Akhilesh C. Mishra |author9=Stuart T. Nichol |author10=Devendra T. Mourya |title=Recent Ancestry of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus|doi=10.3201/eid1509.080759|pmc= 2819879| journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases| volume=15|pmid= 19788811|year= 2009| issue=9| pages=1431–1437}}</ref> It appears that these viruses diverged 700 years ago.<ref name=Dodd2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dodd KA, Bird BH, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Carroll SA, Comer JA, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Nichol ST | year = 2011 | title = Ancient ancestry of KFDV and AHFV revealed by complete genome analyses of viruses isolated from ticks and mammalian hosts | journal = PLOS Negl Trop Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 10| article-number = e1352 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001352| pmid = 21991403 | pmc = 3186760 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A recent outbreak in 2020 claimed two lives in '''Siddapura''', Karnataka. The peak season for this disease in '''Malnad''' is from March till May, but has been observed to peak earlier in the year as well. There were a total of 55 reported cases in Shivamogga district, Karntaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationphile.com/2020/03/Monkey-Fever.html|title=Monkey Fever or Kyasanur Forest Disease|website=Educationphile|access-date=2020-03-02|archive-date=2020-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302064743/https://www.educationphile.com/2020/03/Monkey-Fever.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/monkey-fever-claims-second-victim-in-karnataka-809397.html|title=Monkey fever claims second victim in Karnataka|date=2020-03-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref>

== Affected states in India ==
[[File:Kyasanur Forest disease distribution map.jpg|thumb|Disease distribution]]
The disease was initially reported from the Shimoga district of Karnataka, which is a primitive sylvan territory in the Western Ghats of India. The disease spread to other districts of Karnataka, involving districts of Chikkamagalore, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Chamarajanagar (2012), and Belagavi (2016). In 2013, KFDV was detected in monkey autopsies from the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu state. Monkey deaths and human cases have now been reported from three neighbouring states bordering Karnataka, i.e., Wayanad (2013) and Malappuram districts of Kerala (2014), North Goa district of Goa state (2015), and Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra (2016).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mourya|first1=D. T.|last2=Yadav|first2=P. D.|date=2016-02-03|title=Recent Scenario of Emergence of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India and Public Health Importance|journal=Current Tropical Medicine Reports|volume=3|issue=1|pages=7–13|doi=10.1007/s40475-016-0067-1|s2cid=87259702|issn=2196-3045}}</ref>

== Serological evidence for KFD ==
There are reported serological evidence for KFD detected in humans in other parts of India, namely Kutch and Saurashtra regions of Gujarat state, Kingaon and Parbatpur of West Bengal state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pattnaik|first=Priyabrata|date=May 2006|title=Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India|journal=Reviews in Medical Virology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–165|doi=10.1002/rmv.495|issn=1052-9276|pmid=16710839|s2cid=32814428}}</ref> A seroprevalence study in Andaman and Nicobar islands in 2002 revealed a high prevalence of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against KFDV.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Padbidri|first1=V. S.|last2=Wairagkar|first2=N. S.|last3=Joshi|first3=G. D.|last4=Umarani|first4=U. B.|last5=Risbud|first5=A. R.|last6=Gaikwad|first6=D. L.|last7=Bedekar|first7=S. S.|last8=Divekar|first8=A. D.|last9=Rodrigues|first9=F. M.|date=December 2002|title=A serological survey of arboviral diseases among the human population of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India|journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health|volume=33|issue=4|pages=794–800|issn=0125-1562|pmid=12757228}}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
The disease has a [[Case fatality rate|fatality rate]] of 3-10%, and it affects 400-500 people annually.<ref name="Kyasanur forest disease"/><ref name="RT-PCR 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Mourya|first1=Devendra|last2=Yadav|first2=Pragya|last3=Mehla|first3=Rajeev|last4=Barde|first4=Pradip|last5=Yergolkar|first5=Prasanna|last6=Kumar|first6=Sandeep|last7=Thakare|first7=Jyotsna|last8=Mishra|first8=Akhilesh|title=Diagnosis of Kyasanur forest disease by nested RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and IgM capture ELISA|journal=Journal of Virological Methods|date=2012|volume=186|issue=1/2|pages=49–54|doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.07.019|pmid=22874757}}</ref>

The disease was first noted at Kyasanur village near Sagar in Shivamogga district of Karnataka. The virus has been detected in monkeys in parts of Bandipur National Park (Chamarajnagar) and parts of the Nilgiris. Human infection occurred in Bandipur through handling of dead monkeys that were infected. A human carrier was also detected in Wayanad (Kerala).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Sandhya VK, Reddy S | year = 2013 | title = Spread of Kyasanur Forest disease, Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India, 2012–2013 [letter] | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 19 | issue = 9| pages = 1540–1541 | doi = 10.3201/eid1909.121884 | pmid = 23977946 | pmc=3810911}}</ref> The disease has shown its presence in the adjacent states of Karnataka including Kerala, Maharashtra, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Outbreak of Kyasanur Forest disease (monkey fever) in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra State, India, 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=72|issue=6|pages=759–761|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.03.006|year=2016 | last1 = Awate | first1 = P. | last2 = Yadav | first2 = P. | last3 = Patil | first3 = D. |pmid = 26997635| last4 = Shete | first4 = A. | last5 = Kumar | first5 = V. | last6 = Kore | first6 = P. | last7 = Dolare | first7 = J. | last8 = Deshpande | first8 = M. | last9 = Bagde | first9 = S. | last10 = Sapkal | first10 = G. | last11 = Gurav | first11 = Y. | last12 = Mourya | first12 = D.T.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patil|first1=D.Y.|last2=Yadav|first2=P.D.|last3=Shete|first3=A.M.|last4=Nuchina|first4=J.|last5=Meti|first5=R.|last6=Bhattad|first6=D.|last7=Someshwar|first7=S.|last8=Mourya|first8=D.T.|title=Occupational exposure of cashew nut workers to Kyasanur Forest disease in Goa, India|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=61|pages=67–69|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2017.06.004|pmid=28627428|year=2017|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sadanandane|first1=C.|last2=Elango|first2=A.|last3=Marja|first3=Noonu|last4=Sasidharan|first4=P.V|last5=Raju|first5=K.H.K|last6=Jambulingam|first6=P.|title=An outbreak of Kyasanur forest disease in the Wayanad and Malappuram districts of Kerala, India|journal=Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases|volume=8|issue=1|pages=25–30|doi=10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.010|pmid=27692988|year=2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| ICD11 = {{ICD11|1D4B}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|2|a|90}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.2}}
| MeshID = D007733
| Orphanet = 319254
}}
{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}
{{Tick-borne diseases}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q19838389}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyasanur Forest Disease}}
[[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Tick-borne diseases]]

Raut

2026-03-25T17:23:50Z

DesignersX: pg

{{wikt|raut|Raut|rout|राऊत}}
'''Raut''' may refer to:
{{tocright}}

==Places==
*{{Interlanguage link multi|Raut (mountain)|it|3=Raut}}, a mountain in the Italian Alps
*Raut, old name of [[Ronchi Valsugana]], a town in Italy
*[[Răut]], river in Moldova

==Social groups==
* [[Raut (caste)]], an Indian caste
* [[Raute people]], of Nepal
* A Rawat title used by the [[Rajdhoves]] caste in Nepal

==People with the surname==
* [[Abhishek Raut]] (born 1987), Indian cricketer
* [[Astha Raut]], Nepali singer
* [[C. K. Raut]], Nepal-born US-based computer scientist, author and film-director
* [[Chandrakant Raut]] (born 1945), Indian cricketer
* [[Harish Raut]] (1925–2002), Indian artist
* [[Kavita Raut]] (born 1985), Indian long-distance runner from Maharashtra
* [[Lopamudra Raut]]
* [[Mayadhar Raut]] (1930–2025), Indian Odissi dancer and choreographer
* [[Nitin Raut]], Indian politician from Maharashtra belonging to the Indian National Congress party
* [[Onkar Raut]] (born 1990), Indian actor
* [[Poonam Raut]] (born 1989), Indian cricketer
* [[Sachidananda Raut Ray]] (1916–2004), Indian Oriya-language poet
* [[Sanjay Raut]] (born 1961), Indian politician from Maharashtra, belonging to the Shiv Sena party
* [[Ujjwala Raut]] (born 1978), Indian model

==Other uses==
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Raut (knife)|de|3=Raut (Messer)}}, a Sumatran (Batak) knife; see {{slink|Pencak silat|Batak}}
* [[Raut Nacha]], an Indian dance

==See also==
* [[Rout (surname)]], an Indian surname
* [[Rawat (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|geo|surname}}
[[Category:Odia-language surnames]]

List of awards and honours received by Narendra Modi

2026-03-19T14:33:14Z

DesignersX:

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#INDIA|The Honourable]]
| name = Narendra Modi
| honorific_suffix = {{space separated entries|[[Order of Izzuddin|NIIV]]|[[Order of Fiji|CF]]|[[Order of Logohu|GCL]]|[[Order of the Niger|GCON]]|[[Dominica Award of Honour|DAH]]|[[Order of Excellence of Guyana|OE]]|[[Order of Freedom of Barbados|FB]]|[[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean|GCSK]]|[[Order of the Star of Ghana|OSG]]|[[Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|ORTT]]}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Narendra Modi.jpg
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Narendra Damodardas Modi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|9|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vadnagar]], [[Gujarat]], India
| baptised =
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| siglum =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[Gujarat University]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[Politician]]
* [[Author]]
}}
| years_active = 1971–present
| era =
| employer =
| organization = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{Flatlist|
* ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]''
* ''[[Exam Warriors]]''
* ''[[Abundance in Millets]]''
}}
| style =
| television =
| height = 5 ft 7 in
| title = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| term = 2014–present
| predecessor = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty =
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| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jashodaben Modi]]|1968|1971|end=sep}}
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| website = {{url|narendramodi.in}}
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{{Narendra Modi series}}

This is a comprehensive list of awards, honours, and recognitions received by '''[[Narendra Modi]]''', the 14th and current [[Prime Minister of India]] since 2014. As of {{year}}, Modi has received more than two dozen civilian honours from various foreign nations, making him the most internationally decorated Indian leader in history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday received Kuwait's Order of Mubarak Al-Kabeer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-us-russia-and-france-list-of-top-international-awards-conferred-to-pm-modi-over-the-years/articleshow/116567970.cms |website=The Times of India (Archived) |date=2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-us-russia-and-france-list-of-top-international-awards-conferred-to-pm-modi-over-the-years/articleshow/116567970.cms |access-date=20 May 2025|archive-date=20 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=List of Highest Civilian Honours and International Awards Bestowed on PM Modi | date=5 July 2025 | url=https://www.narendramodi.in/highest-civilian-honours-bestowed-on-pm-modi-558974| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705221702/https://www.narendramodi.in/highest-civilian-honours-bestowed-on-pm-modi-558974 | archive-date=5 July 2025 }}</ref>

==State honours==
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers hover-highlight"" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Ribbon
! width="300px"| Decoration
! width="150px"| Country
! width="200px"| Date
! width="150px"| Location
! width="200px"| Presenter
! width="550px"| Note
! width="100px"| Post-nominal letters
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
| [[File:Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of King Abdulaziz]]'''
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| 3 April 2016
| [[Riyadh]]
| [[King of Saudi Arabia|King]] [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman]]
| ''Special Class'', the second-highest civilian honour of Saudi Arabia.
| rowspan="3"| {{center|–}}
| <ref name="Order of Abdulaziz">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/modi-conferred-highest-saudi-civilian-honour/story-bwZOeS1MJFw7QigfOEeFnI.html |title=Modi conferred highest Saudi civilian honour |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 April 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208074803/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/modi-conferred-highest-saudi-civilian-honour/story-bwZOeS1MJFw7QigfOEeFnI.html |archive-date=8 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ghazi Amanullah Khan Medal (Afghanistan) - ribbon bar.png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Amanullah Khan]]'''
| {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|name=Afghanistan}}
| 4 June 2016
| [[Herat]]
| [[President of Afghanistan|President]] [[Ashraf Ghani]]
| The highest civilian honour of Afghanistan.
| <ref name="Order of Amanullah Khan">{{cite news |title=PM Modi conferred Afghanistan's highest civilian honour |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-afghanistan-highest-civilian-award-amir-amanullah-khan-award-2834312/ |date=4 June 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231055730/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-afghanistan-highest-civilian-award-amir-amanullah-khan-award-2834312/ |archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Grand Collar of the Order of the State of Palestine ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the State of Palestine]]'''
| {{flag|Palestine}}
| 10 February 2018
| [[Ramallah]]
| [[President of the State of Palestine|President]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]]
| ''Grand Collar'', the highest civilian honour of Palestine.
| <ref name="Grand Collar of Palestine">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-conferred-grand-collar-of-the-state-of-palestine/article22714293.ece |title=Modi conferred 'Grand Collar of the State of Palestine' |date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 March 2018 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of Izzuddin (Maldives) - ribbon bar v. 1996.png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Izzuddin]]'''
| {{flag|Maldives}}
| 8 June 2019
| [[Malé]]
| [[President of the Maldives|President]] [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]]
| ''Collar'', the highest civilian honour of the Maldives awarded to foreign dignitaries.
| {{center|NIIV}}
| <ref name="Order of Izzuddin">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-maldives-highest-honour-1544908-2019-06-08 |title=Maldives to confer country's highest honour on PM Modi |date=8 June 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ribbon bar of the Order of Zayed.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Zayed]]'''
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| 24 August 2019 (announced 4 April 2019)
| [[Abu Dhabi]]
| [[House of Nahyan|Crown Prince]] [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]
| ''Collar'', the highest civilian honour of the United Arab Emirates.
| rowspan="3"| {{center|–}}
| <ref name="Order of Zayed">{{cite news |title=PM Modi awarded highest civilian honour Zayed Medal by UAE |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/pm-modi-awarded-highest-civilian-honour-zayed-medal-by-uae-1493821-2019-04-04 |date=4 April 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of Bahrain, 1st class.png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Renaissance (Bahrain)|Order of the Renaissance]]'''
| {{flag|Bahrain}}
| 24 August 2019
| [[Manama]]
| [[King of Bahrain|King]] [[Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa]]
| ''First Class'', the third-highest civilian honour of Bahrain.
| <ref name="Order of the Renaissance">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-modi-honoured-with-the-king-hamad-order-of-the-renaissance-in-bahrain/475473 |title=PM Modi honoured with 'The King Hamad Order of the Renaissance' in Bahrain |date=25 August 2019 |work=[[Times Now]] |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Legion of Merit]]'''
| {{flag|United States}}
| 21 December 2020
| [[Washington D.C.]]
| [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]]{{efn-ua|Presented by [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Robert C. O'Brien]] on behalf of President Trump.}}
| ''Chief Commander'', the highest degree of the Legion of Merit.{{efn-ua|Accepted by [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Ambassador]] [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]] on behalf of Prime Minister Modi.}}
| <ref name="Legion of Merit">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-president-trump-presents-legion-of-merit-to-pm-modi/story-xNqBlK6CLMBZGRT6JCH2qO.html |title=US President Trump presents Legion of Merit to PM Modi |first=Shankhyaneel |last=Sarkar |date=22 December 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of Fiji (General Division).png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Fiji]]'''
| {{flag|Fiji}}
| rowspan="2"| 22 May 2023
| rowspan="2"| [[Port Moresby]]
| [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]] [[Sitiveni Rabuka]]
| ''Companion'', the highest civilian honour of Fiji.
| {{center|CF}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi conferred Fiji's highest 'Companion of the Order' honour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-conferred-fijis-highest-companion-of-the-order-honour-2382460-2023-05-22 |website=India Today |date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM @narendramodi has been conferred the highest honour of Fiji, the Companion of the Order of Fiji. It was presented to him by PM @slrabuka |url=https://twitter.com/PMOIndia/status/1660514407024312320 |website=Twitter |access-date=22 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:PNG Order of Logohu Grand Companion ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Logohu]]'''
| {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor-General]] [[Bob Dadae]]
| ''Honorary Grand Companion'', the highest civilian honour of Papua New Guinea.
| {{center|GCL}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Papua New Guinea has conferred the Companion of the Order of Logohu on PM @narendramodi. It was presented to him by Papua New Guinea Governor General Sir Bob Dadae. |url=https://twitter.com/PMOIndia/status/1660519724156080128 |website=Twitter |access-date=22 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM in Papua New Guinea LIVE: Modi Gets PNG's Rare Honour After Fiji's Highest Award; Millets Lead Lunch Hosted For Him |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pm-narendra-modi-3-nation-tour-live-latest-japan-papua-new-guinea-australia-fipic-livenews-7879357.html |website=News18 |access-date=22 May 2023 |language=en |date=22 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:EGY Order of the Nile - Grand Cordon BAR.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Nile]]'''
| {{flag|Egypt}}
| 25 June 2023
| [[Cairo]]
| [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]]
| ''Collar'', the highest civilian honour of Egypt.
| rowspan="5"| {{center|–}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi conferred with Egypt's highest state honour 'Order of the Nile'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-egypt-highest-honour-president-sisi-order-of-the-nile-2397707-2023-06-25 |website=India Today|access-date=25 June 2023 |language=en |date=25 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Legion of Honour]]'''
| {{flag|France}}
| 14 July 2023
| [[Paris]]
| [[President of France|President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| ''Grand Cross'', the highest civilian honour of France.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=France confers Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on PM Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-in-france-paris-grand-cross-of-the-legion-of-honour-president-emmanuel-macron-101689293241002.html |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:GRE Order of Honour Grand Cross BAR.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Honour (Greece)|Order of Honour]]'''
| {{flag|Greece}}
| 25 August 2023
| [[Athens]]
| [[President of Greece|President]] [[Katerina Sakellaropoulou]]
| ''Grand Cross'', the second-highest civilian honour of Greece.
| <ref>{{cite web |title=PM conferred with the Grand Cross of the Order of Honour by the President of Greece |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1952054 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:BHT Order of the Dragon King Ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Dragon King]]'''
| {{flag|Bhutan}}
| 22 March 2024 (announced 17 December 2021)
| [[Thimphu]]
| [[King of Bhutan|King]] [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]]
| ''First Class'', The highest civilian honour of Bhutan.{{efn-ua|name="First foreign recipient"|First foreign recipient of the honour.}}
| <ref name="Druk_Gyalpo_B">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-receives-bhutans-highest-civilian-award-order-of-the-druk-gyalpo-5289755 |title=PM honored with Bhutan's highest civilian award for second time |date=22 March 2024 |work=NDTV |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:OOSA.jpg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of St. Andrew]]'''
| {{flag|Russia}}
| 9 July 2024 (announced 12 April 2019)
| [[Moscow]]
| [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]]
| ''Grand Cross with Collar'', the highest civilian honour of Russia.
| <ref name="Order of St. Andrew">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/russia-narendra-modi-order-of-st-andrew-the-apostle-1500321-2019-04-12 |title=Russia awards Narendra Modi its highest order, PM thanks Putin |date=12 April 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514222834/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/russia-narendra-modi-order-of-st-andrew-the-apostle-1500321-2019-04-12 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=PM Modi receives Russia's prestigious civilian honour - the Order of St Andrew the Apostle |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pm-modi-receives-russias-prestigious-civilian-honour-the-order-of-st-andrew-the-apostle-3098662 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=Вручение ордена Святого апостола Андрея Первозванного Премьер-министру Индии Нарендре Моди |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/74517 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Президент России |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of the Niger civil division ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Niger]]'''
| {{flag|Nigeria}}
| 17 November 2024
| [[Abuja]]
| [[President of Nigeria|President]] [[Bola Tinubu]]
| ''Grand Commander'', the second-highest civilian honour of Nigeria.
| {{center|GCON}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-17 |title=Nigeria to honour PM Modi with GCON award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nigeria-to-honour-pm-modi-with-gcon-award/article68878313.ece |access-date=2024-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:DMA Dominica Award of Honour.png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Dominica Award of Honour]]'''
| {{flag|Dominica}}
| 20 November 2024 (announced 13 November 2024)
| rowspan="2"| [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]
| [[President of Dominica|President]] [[Sylvanie Burton]]
| The highest civilian honour of Dominica.
| {{center|DAH}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-14 |title=PM Modi to receive Dominica's highest national honour for COVID-19 support and strengthening India-Dominica ties |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dominica-to-bestow-its-highest-national-honour-to-pm-modi/article68867196.ece |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:GUY Order of Excellence of Guyana ribbon bar.png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Excellence of Guyana]]'''
| {{flag|Guyana}}
| 20 November 2024
| [[President of Guyana|President]] [[Irfaan Ali]]
| ''Honorary Member'', the highest civilian honour of Guyana.
| {{center|OE}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-20 |title=PM Modi to be conferred with top awards of Guyana and Barbados |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-be-conferred-with-top-awards-of-guyana-and-barbados/articleshow/115472025.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Economic Times |language=en-IN |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:KUW Order of Mubarak the Great ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Mubarak the Great]]'''
| {{flag|Kuwait}}
| 22 December 2024
| [[Kuwait City]]
| [[Emir of Kuwait|Emir]] [[Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]
| ''Collar'', the highest civilian honour of Kuwait.
| {{center|–}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Order of Mubarak Al-Kabeer': PM Modi honoured with Kuwait's highest civilian award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/order-of-mubarak-al-kabeer-pm-modi-honoured-with-kuwaits-highest-civilian-award/articleshow/116564310.cms|website=The Times of India|date=22 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:BAR Order of Freedom of Barbados ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Freedom of Barbados]]'''
| {{flag|Barbados}}
| 5 March 2025 (announced 20 November 2024)
| [[Bridgetown]]
| [[President of Barbados|President]] [[Sandra Mason]]
| ''Honorary Member'', the highest civilian honour of Barbados awarded to foreign dignitaries.{{efn-ua|Accepted by [[Minister of State for External Affairs (India)|Minister of State for External Affairs]] [[Pabitra Margherita]] on behalf of Prime Minister Modi.}}
| {{center|FB}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian Prime Minister given Barbados award|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/indian-prime-minister-given-barbados-award-6.2.2248783.14cfbcf68f|date=2025-03-05|access-date=2025-03-05|work=Trinidad and Tobago Guardian}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean - GCSK, GOSK, CSK (Mauritius) - ribbon bar.png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean]]'''
| {{flag|Mauritius}}
| 11 March 2025
| [[Port Louis]]
| [[President of Mauritius|President]] [[Dharam Gokhool]]
| ''Grand Commander'', the highest civilian honour of Mauritius.
| {{center|GCSK}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mauritius confers its highest honour 'Order of the Star and Key of Indian Ocean' on PM Modi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-gets-order-of-the-star-and-key-of-indian-ocean-from-mauritius-pm/article69318018.ece|date=2025-03-11|access-date=2025-03-11|work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana.png|100x100px]]
| '''[[Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana]]'''
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| 5 April 2025
| [[Colombo]]
| [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]]
| The highest civilian honour of Sri Lanka awarded to foreign dignitaries.
| rowspan="2"| {{center|–}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=PM honoured with Mithra Vibhushana medal by Sri Lanka for boosting bilateral ties|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-in-sri-lanka-pm-honoured-with-mithra-vibhushana-medal-by-sri-lanka-for-boosting-bilateral-ties-2704458-2025-04-05|date=2025-04-05|access-date=2025-04-05|work=India Today|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:CYP Order of Makarios III ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Makarios III]]'''
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| 16 June 2025
| [[Nicosia]]
| [[President of Cyprus|President]] [[Nikos Christodoulides]]
| ''Grand Cross'', the highest civilian honour of Cyprus.
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=PM Modi conferred with Cyprus' highest honour|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/pm-modi-conferred-with-cyprus-highest-honour-grand-cross-of-the-order-of-makarios-iii-video-latest-updates-2025-06-16-994884|date=2025-06-16|access-date=2025-06-16|work=India TV|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ribbon bar of the Order of the Star of Ghana.gif|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Star of Ghana]]'''
| {{flag|Ghana}}
| 2 July 2025
| [[Accra]]
| [[President of Ghana|President]] [[John Mahama]]
| ''Honorary Officer'', the highest civilian honour of Ghana awarded to foreign dignitaries.
| {{center|OSG}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=PM Modi Honoured with Ghana's Top Award, the 'Officer of the Order of the Star of Ghana' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/pm-modi-honoured-with-ghanas-top-award-the-officer-of-the-order-of-the-star-of-ghana-article-152203108 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:TTO Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.PNG|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]]'''
| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| 4 July 2025
| [[Port of Spain]]
| [[President of Trinidad and Tobago|President]] [[Christine Kangaloo]]
| The highest civilian honour of Trinidad and Tobago.{{efn-ua|name="First foreign recipient"}}
| {{center|ORTT}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-07-04 |title=PM Modi conferred with Trinidad and Tobago's highest civilian honour|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-conferred-with-trinidad-and-tobagos-highest-civilian-honour/article69773789.ece |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:BRA - Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Southern Cross]]'''
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| 8 July 2025
| [[Brasília]]
| [[President of Brazil|President]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| ''Grand Collar'', the highest civilian honour of Brazil.
| rowspan="5"| {{center|–}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2025 |title=Brazil confers its highest honour ‘Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross’ on PM Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-brics-summit-live-updates-brazil-lula-li-qiang-world-leaders-trump-tariffs-india-china-russia/liveblog/122285696.cms |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis (Namibia) - ribbon bar.gif|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of the Welwitschia]]'''
| {{flag|Namibia}}
| 9 July 2025
| [[Windhoek]]
| [[President of Namibia|President]] [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]]
| ''Grand Commander'', the highest civilian honour of Namibia.
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2025 |title=Namibia Honours PM Modi With Top Civilian Award: All About The Welwitschia Mirabilis Award|url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-receives-namibias-highest-civilian-award-ws-l-9430687.html|access-date=9 July 2025 |work=News18}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ribbon Bar of None.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Great Honour Nishan of Ethiopia]]'''
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| 16 December 2025
| [[Addis Ababa]]
| [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]]
| The highest civilian honour of Ethiopia.{{efn-ua|name="First recipient"|First recipient of the honour.}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=‘The Great Honour Nishan of Ethiopia’: PM Modi conferred country’s highest civilian award in Addis Ababa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-great-honour-nishan-of-ethiopia-pm-modi-conferred-countrys-highest-civilian-award-in-addis-ababa/articleshow/126015217.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 December 2025|access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Civil Order of Oman - First Class.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Order of Oman]]'''
| {{flag|Oman}}
| 18 December 2025
| [[Muscat]]
| [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan]] [[Haitham bin Tariq]]
| ''First Class'', the second-highest civilian honour of Oman.
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=PM Modi conferred with the Order of Oman|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-conferred-with-the-order-of-oman/article70411221.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 December 2025|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Israel President's Medal ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
| '''[[Medal of the Knesset]]'''
| {{flag|Israel}}
| 25 February 2026
| [[Tel Aviv]]
| [[Speaker of the Knesset|Speaker]] [[Amir Ohana]]
| The highest parliamentary honour of Israel.{{efn-ua|name="First recipient"}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=PM Modi's Israel Visit Live: Indian PM Receives Knesset's Highest Honour|url= https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-israel-visit-live-updates-netanyahu-defence-security-talks-february-25-liveblog-ws-l-9927944.html|publisher=[[News18]]|date=25 February 2026|access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Modi awarded new Medal of the Knesset for his ‘significant contributions’ to Israel and Jews|url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/modi-awarded-new-medal-of-the-knesset-for-his-significant-contributions-to-israel-and-jews/|date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Scholastic==
Modi has a policy of not accepting [[honorary degrees]]. He had refused to accept honorary doctorate from the [[Southern University]] of [[Louisiana]] that was offered to him in 2014, and honorary [[Doctor of Law]] from the [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 2016.
Earlier, he had also turned down honorary doctorates offered to him by the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] and several other [[State university (India)|state universities]] during his tenure as the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]].
<ref>{{cite web|title=Modi offered honorary doctorate By US university|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/modi-offered-honorary-doctorate-by-us-university-300885-2014-09-25|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=25 September 2014|access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi declines to accept honorary doctorate from Banaras Hindu University|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-says-no-to-bhu-doctorate/lite/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 February 2016|access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>

==Key to the City==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Year
! Honour
! width="150px"| City
! width="150px"| Country
! width="250px"| Presenter
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|2018
|Key to the City
|{{flag|Kathmandu}}
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|[[Mayor of Kathmandu|Mayor]] [[Bidya Sundar Shakya]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='India will work as Sherpa to take Nepal to Everest peak' |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2018/05/13/india-will-work-as-sherpa-to-take-nepal-to-everest-peak |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[List of Keys to the City in the United States#Texas|Key to the City]]
|{{flag|Houston}}
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[List of mayors of Houston|Mayor]] [[Sylvester Turner]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title='Howdy, Modi!': Trump hails Indian PM at 'historic' Texas rally |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49788492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923000151/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49788492/ |publisher=[[BBC]] |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019 |date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Texas India Forum – Howdy Modi |url=https://www.howdymodi.org/ |website=howdymodi.org |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |title='Howdy Modi' in Houston: After Modi show, Trump tweets: 'The USA Loves India!' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/howdy-modi-event-in-houston-live-updates/article29481830.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 September 2019 |language=en-IN |date=22 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024
|rowspan="3"| Key to the City
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Abuja.svg}} [[Abuja]]
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|[[List of ministers of the Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Minister]] [[Nyesom Wike]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi arrives in Nigeria's capital Abuja, receives grand welcome on historic visit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-arrives-in-nigerias-capital-abuja-receives-grand-welcome-on-historic-visit/articleshow/115370584.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 November 2024 |language=en-IN |date=17 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Georgetown}}
|{{flag|Guyana}}
|Mayor Alfred Mentore
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister received by the President of Guyana in Georgetown|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2074884&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=20 November 2024 |language=en-IN |date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-11-20 |title=PM Modi handed over key to Georgetown city; meets Indian diaspora in Guyana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-meets-indian-diaspora-at-guyana/article68889046.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|{{flag|Buenos Aires}}
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[List of mayors and chiefs of government of Buenos Aires City|Chief]] [[Jorge Macri]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi honoured with symbolic 'Key to the city of Buenos Aires' during landmark Argentina visit|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-honoured-with-symbolic-key-to-the-city-of-buenos-aires-during-landmark-argentina-visit-11751745934062.html|access-date=5 July 2025 |language=en-IN |date=6 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-06 |title=Argentina visit: PM Modi receives 'key to city of Buenos Aires'; symbolic gesture of friendship, mutual trust |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/argentina-visit-pm-modi-receives-key-to-city-of-buenos-aires-symbolic-gesture-of-friendship-mutual-trust/articleshow/122275155.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Honoured With 'Key To The City Of Buenos Aires' During Argentina Visit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pm-modi-honoured-with-key-to-the-city-of-buenos-aires-during-argentina-visit-8831241 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Honorary awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Year
! Award
! width="350px"| Country/Organisation
! width="500px"| Note
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|2012
|e-Ratna
|[[Computer Society of India]]
|
|<ref name=one>{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/narendra-modi-1396739391-1|publisher=[[Jagran Josh]]|accessdate=14 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2018
|[[Champions of the Earth|Champions of the Earth Award]]
|{{flag|United Nations}}
|The highest environmental award given by the United Nations. Awarded, "for his policy leadership by pioneering work in championing the [[International Solar Alliance]] and new areas of levels of cooperation on environmental action."
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/node/50 |title=Narendra Modi – Policy Leadership Award {{!}} Champions of the Earth |website=[[United Nations Environment Programme|web.unep.org]] |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-receives-uns-champions-of-the-earth-award/articleshow/66051710.cms?from=mdr |title=PM Narendra Modi receives UN's Champions of the Earth Award |date=3 October 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2018-09-27 |title=Prime Minister Modi gets UN’s highest environmental honour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-gets-uns-highest-environmental-honour/article25054836.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Seoul Peace Prize]]
|Seoul Peace Prize Cultural Foundation
|Awarded, "for his contribution towards regional and global peace through a proactive foreign policy with countries around the world under the [[Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Modi doctrine]] and the [[Look East policy (India)|Act East policy]]."
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30532/Prime+Minister+Modi+Awarded+the+2018+Seoul+Peace+Prize |title=Prime Minister Modi Awarded the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513151012/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F30532%2FPrime+Minister+Modi+Awarded+the+2018+Seoul+Peace+Prize |date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=13 May 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-receives-seoul-peace-prize-for-2018/articleshow/68108358.cms |title=PM Modi receives Seoul Peace Prize for 2018 |date=22 February 2019 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020210409/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-receives-seoul-peace-prize-for-2018/articleshow/68108358.cms |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian PM Narendra Modi awarded Seoul Peace Prize 2018 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/159095/indian-pm-narendra-modi-awarded-seoul-peace-prize |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=PM Narendra Modi awarded Seoul Peace Prize 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-conferred-seoul-peace-prize-2018/articleshow/66341708.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Conferred Seoul Peace Prize for Contribution to Global Cooperation, Economic Growth |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-conferred-with-seoul-peace-prize-for-contribution-to-global-economic-growth-and-cooperation-1918101.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019
|[[Goalkeepers (Gates Foundation)|Global Goalkeepers Award]]
|[[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]
|Awarded, "in recognition of the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] and the progress India has made in providing safe sanitation under his leadership."
|<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Gates Foundation |author-link=Gates Foundation |user=gatesfoundation |number=1176654725229490176 |date=24 September 2019 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the Global Goalkeeper Award at tonight's Goalkeepers Global Goals Awards. This award recognizes India's progress in providing safe sanitation under his leadership. https://t.co/QSMD4UqxiU |language=en |access-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409235758/https://twitter.com/gatesfoundation/status/1176654725229490176 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Gwyn |last=D'Mello |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/bill-gates-foundation-gave-pm-narendra-modi-global-goalkeeper-award-for-swachh-bharat-impact-376502.html |title=Bill Gates' Foundation Gave PM Narendra Modi 'Global Goalkeeper' Award For Swachh Bharat Impact |work=[[indiatimes.com]] |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Narendra Modi: 'Global Goalkeeper' award for PM Modi for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/global-goalkeeper-award-for-pm-modi-for-swachch-bharat-abhiyan/articleshow/71285839.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Philip Kotler Presidential Award
|[[World Marketing Summit]]
|rowspan="3"|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prime Ministers Modi receives Philip Kotler Award|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-modi-receives-philip-kotler-award/articleshow/67525623.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-26 |title=US-based scholar who conferred PM Modi with Philip Kotler Award to get Padma Bhushan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/us-based-scholar-who-conferred-pm-modi-with-philip-kotler-award-to-get-padma-bhushan-1640362-2020-01-26 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Professor Philip Kotler Congratulates PM Modi For Leadership Award |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-professor-philip-kotler-congratulates-pm-modi-for-leadership-award-1978240 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[CERAWeek|Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award]]
|[[Cambridge Energy Research Associates]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi to receive CERAWeek Global Energy and Environment Leadership Award|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-receive-ceraweek-global-energy-and-environment-leadership-award/article33990407.ece/|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 March 2021 |access-date=4 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Lata Mangeshkar Award]]
|Master Deenanath Mangeshkar Smriti Pratishthan
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-receive-inaugural-lata-deenanath-mangeshkar-award/article65314714.ece|title=PM Modi to receive inaugural Lata Deenanath Mangeshkar Award |author=The Hindu |date= 22 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=7 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2023
|Ebakl Award
|{{flag|Palau}}
|Presented by [[President of Palau|President]] [[Surangel Whipps Jr.]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi receives Ebakl Award in Papua New Guinea by President Surangel S Whipps Jr|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/pm-modi-receives-ebakl-award-in-papua-new-guinea-by-president-surangel-s-whipps-jr/videoshow/100422256.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 May 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lokmanya Tilak National Award]]
|[[Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir|Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Mandir Trust]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Modi in Pune: PM Receives Prestigious Lokmanya Tilak Award, Flags Off 2 Metro Lines|url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-pune-visit-updates-metro-lokmanya-tilak-award-inauguration-development-projects-8472733.html|website=News18|date=1 August 2023|access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Global Peace Award for Minority Upliftment
|Association of Indian American Minorities / [[Washington Adventist University]]
|Jointly awarded.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi Receives Global Peace Award in Washington|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/pm-modi-receives-global-peace-award-in-washington/|date=23 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Competitive awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 99%;"
! scope="col" | Association
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Grammy Awards]]
|[[66th Grammy Awards|2024]]
|[[Grammy Award for Best Global Music Performance|Best Global Music Performance]]
|''[[Abundance in Millets]]'' ([[Falu]] & Gaurav Shah featuring PM Narendra Modi)
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=2024 GRAMMYs: See The Full Winners & Nominees List|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list|access-date=1 July 2024|website=grammy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi's is now a Grammy nominee, his ‘Abundance in Millets’ song gets a nod. Listen to it here|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/grammy-awards-2024-pm-narendra-modis-abundance-in-millets-song-gets-a-nomination-101699637354156.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi's song on millets bags a Grammy nomination|url=https://glamsham.com/bollywood/news/pm-modis-song-on-millets-bags-a-grammy-nomination/|website=glamsham.com|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Addresses to foreign legislatures==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="100px" | Country
! width="100px" | Legislature
! width="100px" | Date
! Ref.
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|[[Parliament of Bhutan]]
|16 June 2014
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=PM Narendra Modi Addresses Joint Session of Bhutan Parliament: Highlights|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-addresses-joint-session-of-bhutan-parliament-highlights-578465|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|[[Federal Parliament of Nepal]]
|3 August 2014
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi Addresses Nepal Parliament: Highlights|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-nepal-parliament-highlights-607465|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|[[Parliament of Australia]]
|[[Joint meetings of the Parliament of Australia|18 November 2014]]
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=Narendra Modi’s Speech to the Australian Parliament in Full|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/11/18/narendra-modis-speech-to-the-australian-parliament-in-full/|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Fiji}}
|[[Parliament of Fiji]]
|19 November 2014
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=Modi says India ready to partner with Fiji|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-modi-in-fiji-suva-pm-modi-frank-bainimarama-227732-2014-11-19|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|[[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly of Mauritius]]
|12 March 2015
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=Full text of Modi's address to the National Assembly of Mauritius|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/full-text-of-prime-ministers-address-to-the-national-assembly-of-mauritius/article6986912.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
|13 March 2015
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=Full text: PM Modi's address in Sri Lanka Parliament|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/full-text-pm-modis-address-in-sri-lanka-parliament/20150313.htm|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|[[State Great Khural]]
|17 May 2015
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=Text of remarks by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the Mongolian Parliament|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/text-of-remarks-by-prime-minister-modi-in-the-mongolian-parliament/article7216240.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]
|[[List of people who have addressed both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|12 November 2015]]
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=PM Modi in UK: Full text of PM Modi's speech at British Parliament|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-in-uk-full-text-of-pm-modis-speech-at-british-parliament-272559-2015-11-12|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|name=Afghanistan}}
|[[National Assembly (Afghanistan)|National Assembly of Afghanistan]]
|25 December 2015
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=Text of Modi's Speech to Afghan Parliament|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/text-of-modis-speech-to-afghan-parliament/article8029269.ece/amp/|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{flag|United States}}
|rowspan="2"|[[United States Congress]]
|[[List of joint sessions of the United States Congress#2010s|8 June 2016]]
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=PM Narendra Modi’s speech in US Congress: Read the full text|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/prime-minister-narendra-modi-us-congress-speech-2842046/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[List of joint sessions of the United States Congress#2020s|22 June 2023]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Modi tells Congress that U.S.-India ties represent 'defining partnership of this century'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/modi-address-joint-session-congress-us-india-forge-closer-ties-rcna90194|publisher=[[NBC News]]|access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|[[Parliament of Uganda]]
|25 July 2018
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=PM Modi addresses Ugandan Parliament, says India to strengthen cooperation with Africa in combating terrorism|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world-pm-modi-addresses-ugandan-parliament-says-india-africa-stand-on-the-threshold-of-future-of-great-promise-454583|publisher=[[India TV]]|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|[[People's Majlis]]
|8 June 2019
|<ref>{{citeweb|title=PM Modi's address at Maldivian Parliament: Top quotes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modis-address-at-maldivian-parliament-top-quotes/articleshow/69707115.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Guyana}}
|[[National Assembly (Guyana)|National Assembly of Guyana]]
|21 November 2024
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ours is not expansionist mindset, grabbing others' resources: PM Modi in Guyana|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prime-minister-modi-address-in-guyana-parliament-expansionist-mindset-grabbing-others-resources-2637489-2024-11-22|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|[[Parliament of Ghana]]
|3 July 2025
|<ref>{{cite web|title='Land of gold': PM Modi's historic address to Ghana parliament- Top quotes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/land-of-gold-pm-modis-historic-address-to-ghana-parliament-top-quotes/articleshow/122227512.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|[[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago]]
|4 July 2025
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Trinidad and Tobago will be a priority nation for India: PM Modi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-address-to-trinidad-and-tobago-parliament-july-4-2025/article69774155.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|[[Parliament of Namibia]]
|9 July 2025
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi delivers 17 addresses in foreign parliaments, equals combined total of all Congress PMs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-delivers-17-addresses-in-foreign-parliaments-equals-combined-total-of-all-congress-pms-101752118154069.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|[[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]]
|17 December 2025
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi Addresses the Joint Session of Parliament in Ethiopia|url=https://www.newsx.com/press-release/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-the-joint-session-of-parliament-in-ethiopia-129835/|publisher=[[NewsX]]|access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|[[Knesset]]
|25 February 2026
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Felt your pain during Hamas attack, says PM Modi in Israeli Parliament|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-israel-visit-knesset-parliament-the-hindu-live-updates-february-25-2026/article70673911.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Recognition==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Year
! Recognition
! width="150px"|Organisation
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|2005
|rowspan="5"| ''Best Chief Minister''
|rowspan="5"| [[India Today]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Mood of the Nation Poll: Narendra Modi voted best CM in India, Jayalalithaa ranked second|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20050829-mood-of-the-nation-poll-narendra-modi-voted-best-cm-in-india-jayalalithaa-ranked-second-787197-2005-08-28|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=29 August 2005}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Mood of the Nation Poll: Narendra Modi voted best chief minister|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20060130-mood-of-the-nation-poll-narendra-modi-voted-best-chief-minister-786014-2006-01-29|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=30 January 2006}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi, Nitish Kumar best chief ministers in India Today Mood of the Nation poll 2007|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20070212-11th-india-today-org-marg-ac-nielsen-mood-of-the-nation-poll-survey-749057-2007-02-11|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=12 February 2007}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners and losers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20080218-winners-and-losers-735352-2008-02-08|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=18 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Leaders and laggards|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/in-this-issue/story/20090420-leaders-and-laggards-739471-2009-04-09#:~:text=1%20for%20the%20third%20successive,for%20a%20third%20consecutive%20term|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=13 April 2009}}</ref>
|-
|''Asian Personality of the Year''
|[[fDi Intelligence]]
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/narendra-modi-chosen-as-the-fdi-personality-for-the-year-2009/506396/|title=Narendra Modi chosen as the fDi Personality for the Year 2009|date=25 August 2009 |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |accessdate=14 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|rowspan="2"| ''Best Chief Minister''
|rowspan="2"| India Today
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Pan-Indian idol|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100823-panindian-idol-743787-2010-08-12|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=23 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Who is the best chief minister of India?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/india-today-nielson-best-chief-minister-survey-366105-2011-08-13/1|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=13 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
|March 2012
|Cover of Time Magazine (Asia Edition)
|[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
|<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Jyoti |last=Thottam |url=http://world.time.com/2012/03/16/why-narendra-modi-is-indias-most-loved-and-loathed-politician/ |title=Why Narendra Modi is India's Most Loved and Loathed Politician |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403122046/http://world.time.com/2012/03/16/why-narendra-modi-is-indias-most-loved-and-loathed-politician/ |archive-date=3 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|rowspan="2"| ''Best Chief Minister''
|rowspan="2"| India Today
|<ref>{{cite news|title=India Today poll: Mood of the Nation 2012|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/india-today-poll-mood-of-the-nation-364700-2012-01-29/6|publisher=[[India Today]]|accessdate=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|<ref>{{cite news|title=India Today CVoter Mood of the Nation poll: Narendra Modi's popularity is waning, but he remains the best choice for PM|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/narendra-modi-pm-candidate-india-today-cvoter-mood-of-the-nation-opinion-poll-174016-2013-08-15|publisher=[[India Today]]|accessdate=17 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
|June 2014
|Cover of Time Magazine (Asia Edition)
|Time
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/108674/june-2nd-2014-vol-183-no-21-asia-europe-middle-east-and-africa-south-pacific/ |title=Narendra Modi: The New Face of India |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=22 December 2020 |volume=183 – No. 21}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="9"| 2014
|''Most Searched Personality''
|[[Yahoo|Yahoo India]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi, Mukesh Ambani and Sunny Leone top the Yahoo India 2014 search list|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/modi-mukesh-ambani-top-yahoo-indias-2014-search-list-230356-2014-12-08|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year|Indian of the Year]]''
|[[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/list-of-winners-of-indian-of-the-year-2014/534516-3.html |title=List of winners of Indian of the Year 2014 |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508145221/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/list-of-winners-of-indian-of-the-year-2014/534516-3.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |archive-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''Asian of the Year''
|[[The Straits Times]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/indias-prime-minister-narendra-modi-is-the-straits-times-asian-of-the-year-2014|date=5 December 2014|title=India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi is The Straits Times Asian of the Year 2014|access-date=12 February 2024|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Person of the Year''
|[[The Times of India]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi is TOI's 'Person of the Year'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-is-tois-person-of-the-year/articleshow/45663670.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 December 2014|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''15th Most Powerful Person in the World''
|[[Forbes]]
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Narendra Modi |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/narendra-modi/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=November 2018 |access-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106101820/http://www.forbes.com/profile/narendra-modi/ |archive-date=6 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=The World's Most Powerful People 2014|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/11/05/2014-ranking-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-people/?sh=61b961e04d93 |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=5 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life''
|[[Algemeiner Journal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Algemeiner |first=The |date=2015-02-05 |title=The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life, 2014: Narendra Modi|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2015/02/05/jewish-100-2014-narendra-modi-government/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.algemeiner.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''100 Leading Global Thinkers''
|[[Foreign Policy]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi tops Indians in Foreign Policy magazine's list|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/narendra-modi-amit-shah-foreign-policy-139855-2014-11-18|publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=17 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Time 100|100 Most Influential People in the World]]''
|rowspan="3"| Time
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/70845/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2014: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Fareed |last=Zakaria |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425010914/http://time.com/70845/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Time Person of the Year#Online poll|''Person of the Year'' (Online Readers Poll)]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Narendra Modi Wins Reader Poll for Time Person of the Year|url=https://time.com/3623165/narendra-modi-india-time-person-of-the-year-poll/|access-date=2021-12-13|magazine=Time}}</ref>
|-
|June 2015
|[[List of covers of Time magazine (2010s)|Cover of Time Magazine]]
|<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Nancy |last1=Gibbs |first2=Zoher |last2=Abdoolcarim |first3=Nikhil |last3=Kumar |url=https://time.com/3849492/narendra-modi-interview/ |title=Exclusive Interview With Narendra Modi: 'We Are Natural Allies' |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=7 May 2015 |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2015
|''6th Most Powerful Person in the World''
|[[Business Insider]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50 most powerful people in the world|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-powerful-people-in-the-world-2015-11%3famp|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People|9th Most Powerful Person in the World]]''
|Forbes
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Russian President Vladimir Putin Tops Forbes' 2015 Ranking Of The World's Most Powerful People |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2015/11/04/russian-president-vladimir-putin-tops-forbes-2015-ranking-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-people/?sh=599c3a213548 |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=4 November 2015 |access-date=6 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=David M. |last=Ewalt |title=The World's Most Powerful People 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2015/11/04/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2015/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=4 November 2015 |access-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222020237/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2015/11/04/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2015/ |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[50 Most Influential (Bloomberg ranking)|13th Most Influential Person in the World]]''
|[[Bloomberg Markets]]
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |author=Dieterich, Robert S. |title=Bloomberg Markets 50 Most Influential |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-markets-most-influential/#intro |date=September 2015 |access-date=9 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006192842/http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-markets-most-influential |archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''30 Most Influential People on the Internet''
|rowspan="2"| Time
|<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://time.com/3732203/the-30-most-influential-people-on-the-internet/ | title=The 30 Most Influential People on the Internet | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=5 March 2015 | access-date=6 March 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321233428/http://time.com/3732203/the-30-most-influential-people-on-the-internet/ | archive-date=21 March 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|''100 Most Influential People in the World''
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/3823155/narendra-modi-2015-time-100/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2015: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Barack |last=Obama |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214231710/http://time.com/3823155/narendra-modi-2015-time-100/ |archive-date=14 December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2016
|''9th Most Powerful Person in the World''
|Forbes
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=David M. |last=Ewalt |title=The World's Most Powerful People 2016 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=14 December 2016 |access-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214153005/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/#26ec03f2368d |archive-date=14 December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''Person of the Year'' (Online Readers Poll)
|Time
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Narendra Modi Wins Reader's Poll for Time Person of the Year|url=https://time.com/4589864/person-of-the-year-readers-poll-modi-win/|access-date=2021-12-13|magazine=Time}}</ref>
|-
|[[List of wax figures displayed at Madame Tussauds museums|Wax figure]]
|[[Madame Tussauds]]
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-wax-statue-madame-tussauds-musuem-london-2774822/ | title=London: PM Modi's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussaud's Museum | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=28 April 2015 | access-date=25 April 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425121838/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-wax-statue-madame-tussauds-musuem-london-2774822/ | archive-date=25 April 2017 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/narendra-modi-s-wax-statue-unveiled-at-madame-tussaud-s-musuem-116042801127_1.html | title=Narendra Modi's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussaud's Museum | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=28 April 2016 | access-date=25 April 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608192334/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/narendra-modi-s-wax-statue-unveiled-at-madame-tussaud-s-musuem-116042801127_1.html | archive-date=8 June 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2017
|''Most Searched Personality''
|Yahoo India
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi becomes the most searched personality on Yahoo India|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/modi-becomes-the-most-searched-personality-on-yahoo-india-611422#:~:text=The%20list%20is%20then%20followed,and%20US%20President%20Donald%20Trump&text=New%20Delhi:%20Prime%20Minister%20Narendra,this%20year's%20favourite%20stylish%20Indians.|publisher=[[ABP News]]|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''3rd Top Leader in the World''
|[[Gallup International Association]]
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/gia-poll-modi-ranks-third-after-merkel-macron-in-global-ratings-of-top-world-leaders-best-ever-rank-for-an-indian-pm-4298471.html |title=GIA poll: Modi ranks third after Merkel, Macron in global ratings of top world leaders; best ever rank for an Indian PM |website=firstpost.com |date=11 January 2018 |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Abhishek |last=Rana |url=https://www.newsfolo.com/india/gia-poll-2017-narendra-modi-ranks-third-highest-indian-prime-minister/134669/ |title=GIA Poll 2017: Narendra Modi ranks third, the highest for an Indian Prime Minister |date=12 January 2018 |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=www.newsfolo.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life''
|Algemeiner Journal
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Algemeiner |first=The |date=2017-09-19 |title=The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life, 2017: Narendra Modi|url= https://www.algemeiner.com/list/top-100-people-positively-influencing-jewish-life-2017/narendra-modi/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.algemeiner.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''100 Most Influential People in the World''
|Time
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4736335/narendra-modi/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2017: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Pankaj |last=Mishra |date=20 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425072553/http://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4736335/narendra-modi/ |archive-date=25 April 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2018
|''Most Searched Personality''
|Yahoo India
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi retains India's Top newsmaker tag on Yahoo 2018 'Year in Review'|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-retains-indias-top-newsmaker-tag-on-yahoo-2018-year-in-review/articleshow/66941392.cms#:~:text=PM%20Narendra%20Modi%20retains%20India's,%2C%20among%20others%2C%20Yahoo%20said.|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''9th Most Powerful Person in the World''
|Forbes
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Forbes Releases 2018 List Of The World's Most Powerful People |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2018/05/08/forbes-releases-2018-list-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-people/?sh=55fcee49719c |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=6 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=David M. |last=Ewalt |title=The World's Most Powerful People 2018 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2018/05/08/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2018/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509222602/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2018/05/08/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2018/ |archive-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life''
|Algemeiner Journal
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Algemeiner |first=The |date=2018-09-14 |title=The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life, 2018: Narendra Modi|url= https://www.algemeiner.com/list/the-top-100-people-positively-influencing-jewish-life-2018/narendra-modi/|access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.algemeiner.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Most Searched Personality''
|Yahoo India
|<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi most searched personality online in 2019 in India: Yahoo study|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-most-searched-personality-online-in-2019-in-india-yahoo-study-11575357279785.html|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2020
|''Sabse Tez Neta''
|[[Aaj Tak]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sabse Tez Awards: साल 2020 के सबसे तेज राजनेता बने PM मोदी, योगी आदित्यनाथ सबसे तेज CM|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/sabse-tez-awards-pm-modi-cm-yogi-adityanath-bollywood-kangana-ranaut-sonu-sood-cricketer-rohit-sharma-1185187-2020-12-30|publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|lang=hi|date=30 December 2020|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''100 Most Influential People in the World''
|Time
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888327/narendra-modi-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923090954/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888327/narendra-modi-india/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2020: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Karl |last=Vick |date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2021
|''Sabse Tez Neta''
|Aaj Tak
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sabse Tez Awards: 2021 के सबसे तेज राजनेता बने प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/politics/video/aajtak-sabse-tez-awards-narendra-modi-mamata-banerjee-charanjit-channi-arvind-kejriwal-1383954-2021-12-31|publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|lang=hi|date=31 December 2021|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Most Searched Personality''
|Yahoo India
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Yahoo Year in Review 2021: Modi to Virat Kohli to Sidharth Shukla, here’s what India searched for|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/techook/yahoo-year-in-review-2021-here-is-what-india-searched-for-this-year-7652910/#:~:text=Narendra%20Modi%20Modi%20topped%20the,rounding%20off%20the%20top%205.|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''5th Greatest Leader in the World''
|[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]
|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=http://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/narendra-modi-5/ | title=World's Greatest Leaders 2015: Narendra Modi | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | access-date=17 February 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222212308/http://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/narendra-modi-5/ | archive-date=22 February 2017 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news| url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Narendra-Modi-and-Kailash-Satyarthi-are-worlds-greatest-leaders-says-Fortune-Magazine/articleshow/46715870.cms | title=Narendra Modi and Kailash Satyarthi are world's greatest leaders, says Fortune Magazine | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=27 March 2015 | access-date=5 April 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330220128/http://www.businessinsider.in/Narendra-Modi-and-Kailash-Satyarthi-are-worlds-greatest-leaders-says-Fortune-Magazine/articleshow/46715870.cms | archive-date=30 March 2015 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|''100 Most Influential People in the World''
|Time
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6096023/narendra-modi-leader/ |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2021: Narendra Modi |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=US |first=Fareed |last=Zakaria |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2022
|''Sabse Tez Neta''
|Aaj Tak
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sabse Tez Awards 2022: कौन छाया रहा पूरे साल, किसे मिला सबसे तेज अवॉर्ड? जानिए पोल के नतीजे|url= https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/sabse-tez-awards-2022-who-dominated-the-whole-year-who-got-the-fastest-award-know-the-results-of-the-poll-1606255-2023-01-01|publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|lang=hi|date=1 January 2023|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life''
|Algemeiner Journal
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Algemeiner |first=The |date=2022-11-30 |title=The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life, 2022: Narendra Modi|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/list/the-top-100-people-positively-influencing-jewish-life-2022/narendra-modi/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.algemeiner.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Sabse Tez Neta''
|Aaj Tak
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sabse Tez Awards 2023 का ऐलान, PM मोदी 'सबसे तेज नेता', शमी के सिर सजा 'सबसे तेज क्रिकेटर' का ताज|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/aaj-tak-sabse-tez-awards-2023-winners-announced-modi-sabse-tez-neta-yogi-adityanath-shahrukh-khan-mohammad-shammi-ntc-1859126-2024-01-14|publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|lang=hi|date=14 January 2024|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Eponyms==
{{main|List of things named after Narendra Modi}}

==Gallery==
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 2
| header =
| image1 = Prime Minister Narendra Modi being conferred Saudi Arabia's highest civilian honour, the King Abdulaziz Sash.jpg
| image2 = PM Narendra Modi being conferred with the ‘Order of the Druk Gyalpo’ - Bhutan.jpg
| image3 = Prime Minister of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi receives Guyana’s highest National Award ‘The Order of Excellence’ at Georgetown, in Guyana.jpg
| image4 = Prime Minister of Bharat, Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi being conferred with the highest honour of the Knesset “Speaker of the Knesset Medal”.jpg
| footer = {{bulleted list
| Top left: Modi being conferred the ''Order of King Abdulaziz'' by King of Saudi Arabia Salman.
| Top right: Modi being conferred the ''Order of the Dragon King'' by King of Bhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.
| Bottom left: Modi being conferred the ''Order of Excellence of Guyana'' by President of Guyana Irfaan Ali.
| Bottom right: Modi being conferred the [[Knesset]] ''Medal of the Knesset'' by Speaker of the Knesset Amir Ohana.
}}
| total_width = 300
| align = center
}}

==See also==
* [[List of recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
* [[List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by country]]
* [[List of Indian Grammy Award winners and nominees]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Narendra Modi}}

[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi-related lists|Awards]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners|Modi, Narendra]]
[[Category:Lists of awards and honors received by politician|Modi, Narendra]]

Kumkum Bhagya

2026-03-17T22:09:33Z

DesignersX: cleanup

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{pp|reason=Persistent addition of [[WP:INTREF|unsourced or poorly sourced content]]; requested at [[WP:RfPP]]|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = KumkumBhagyaTitleScreen.png
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| story = Anil Nagpal
| screenplay = Anil Nagpal Mrinal Tripathi '''Dialogues''' Dheeraj Sarna Vikash tiwari
| director = [[Ravindra Gautam]] Sameer Kulkarni Sharad Pandey Jeetu Arora Deepak Chavan Shahnawaz Khan Khalid Akhtar Muzammil Desai
| creative_director = Shaalu Nitin Dhall Rajan Prachi Tanya Rajesh Kiran Gupta
| starring = {{ubl| [[Sriti Jha]] [[Shabir Ahluwalia]] 
Krishna Kaul [[Mugdha Chaphekar]] [[Rachi Sharma]] [[Abrar Qazi]] [[Pranali Rathod]] Akshay Bindra [[Namik Paul]]}}
| theme_music_composer = Lalit Sen Nawab Arzoo
| opentheme = "Kumkum Bhagya"
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 3208
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Sense and Sensibility]]''|[[Jane Austen]]}}<ref name="Sensibility">{{Cite news |date=3 June 2015 |title=Why Ekta Kapoor tore off Kumkum Bhagya's script 5 times? – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kumkum-Bhagya-Why-Ekta-Kapoor-tore-off-Kumkum-Bhagyas-script-5-times/articleshow/35602374.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604185707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kumkum-Bhagya-Why-Ekta-Kapoor-tore-off-Kumkum-Bhagyas-script-5-times/articleshow/35602374.cms |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| cinematography = Sanjay Memane Anil Katke
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|04|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|09|21|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' ''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]''
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| image_alt =
| caption =
| list_episodes =
}}

'''''Kumkum Bhagya''''' ({{translation|''Vermillion in My Fate''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama television series produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref name="IExp">[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoor-brings-another-love-story-on-tv-with-kumkum-bhagya/ Ekta Kapoor brings another love story on TV with 'Kumkum Bhagya'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228104055/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoor-brings-another-love-story-on-tv-with-kumkum-bhagya/ |date=28 February 2014 }} The Indian Express.Retrieved on 15 September 2014.</ref> It aired from 15 April 2014 to 21 September 2025 on [[Zee TV]] and digitally streams on [[ZEE5]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/kumkum-bhagya-to-replace-pavitra-rishta/article1-1180207.aspx Kumkum Bhagya to replace Pavitra Rishta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022090026/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/kumkum-bhagya-to-replace-pavitra-rishta/article1-1180207.aspx |date=22 October 2014 }} Hindustan Times, Retrieved on 15 September 2014.</ref> It starred [[Sriti Jha]], [[Shabir Ahluwalia]], [[Mugdha Chaphekar]], Krishna Kaul, [[Rachi Sharma]], [[Abrar Qazi]], [[Pranali Rathod]] and [[Namik Paul]] in lead roles. One of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest running Indian television soap opera]], the concept of the show was originally based on [[Jane Austen]]'s novel ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]''.<ref name=Sensibility/>

==Plot==
The series begins with Pragya Arora, a college lecturer, and Abhishek “Abhi” Mehra, a wealthy rock star, whose marriage is arranged through family intervention. Their relationship is initially strained due to manipulations by Abhi’s sister Aliya and his former partner Tanu. The narrative follows repeated misunderstandings, conspiracies, memory-loss incidents, and separations. Despite numerous obstacles, Pragya and Abhi reconcile multiple times. The birth of their twin daughters, Prachi and Rhea, coincides with another major separation, leading to the children being raised apart.

After a twenty-year leap, the story focuses on Prachi Arora and Rhea Mehra, who grow up unaware they are twin sisters. Prachi develops a relationship with Ranbir Kohli, while Rhea’s feelings for him create rivalry. Family interference and concealed truths complicate their lives until the sisters’ true parentage is revealed. Although Abhi and Pragya briefly reunite with their daughters, continued misunderstandings affect the family. Prachi eventually marries Ranbir, but their relationship faces many challenges arising from Ranbir's family, Rhea's obsession for Ranbir and many other misunderstandings.

A further leap introduces Prachi and Ranbir’s daughters, Khushi and Poorvi. Raised in different circumstances due to family conflict, the sisters’ lives unfold amid hidden identities and inherited tensions. Poorvi’s relationship with Rajvansh Malhotra becomes central to this phase. As past grievances resurface, the family once again confronts separation and reconciliation.

Another generational transition introduces new protagonists, including Prarthana Parikh and Raunak Zaveri, whose lives intersect through family and business alliances connected to earlier characters. Their relationship is shaped by mistrust, rivalry, and concealed motives. While legacy figures appear intermittently, the storyline centres on the younger generation navigating conflicts rooted in the family’s past, continuing the series’ recurring themes of destiny and reunion.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sriti Jha]] as Pragya Arora Mehra: Raghuveer and Sarla's daughter; Preeta, Bulbul and Shrishti's sister; Abhishek's wife; Kiara, Prachi and Rhea's mother; Khushi and Poorvi's grandmother; Prarthana's great-grandmother. (2014–2021; 2023)
* [[Shabir Ahluwalia]] as Abhishek "Abhi" Mehra: Prem and Santoshi's son; Alia's brother; Pragya's husband; Kiara, Prachi and Rhea's father; Khushi and Poorvi's grandfather; Prarthana's great-grandfather. (2014–2021; 2023)
* [[Mugdha Chaphekar]] as Prachi Mehra Kohli: Abhishek and Pragya's daughter; Kiara and Rhea's sister; Ranbir's wife; Khushi and Poorvi's mother; Prarthana's grandmother. (2019–2024)
* Krishna Kaul as Ranbir Kohli: Vikram and Pallavi's son; Prachi's husband; Khushi and Poorvi's father; Prarthana's grandfather. (2019–2024)
* [[Rachi Sharma]] as Poorvi Kohli Malhotra: Ranbir and Prachi's daughter; Khushi's sister; Rajvansh's wife; Prarthana's mother. (2023–2025)
* [[Abrar Qazi]] as Rajvansh "RV" Malhotra: Harman and Harleen's son; Vikrant's brother; Poorvi's husband; Prarthana's father. (2023–2025)
* [[Pranali Rathod]] as Prarthana Malhotra Randhawa: Rajvansh and Poorvi's daughter; Shivansh's wife. (2025)
* [[Namik Paul]] as Shivansh Randhawa: Smita's son; Prarthana's husband. (2025)

===Recurring===
* [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Bulbul Arora Khanna: Sarla and Raghuveer's third daughter; Pragya and Preeta's younger sister; Purab's first wife (2014–2016)
* [[Supriya Shukla]] as Sarla Arora: Raghuveer's widow; Pragya, Bulbul, Preeta and Shrishti's mother (2014–2018)
* Madhu Raja as Daljeet Kaur Arora: Raghuveer's mother (2014–2018)
* Jasjeet Babbar as Janki: The Aroras' handmaiden; Poorvi's mother (2014–2018)
* [[Arjit Taneja]] as Purab Khanna: Abhi's best friend; Bulbul's widower; Disha's ex-husband; Alia's husband; Sunny and Aryan's father (2014–2016)
**[[Vin Rana]] replaced Taneja as Purab (2016–2021)
* [[Madhurima Tuli]] as Tanushree "Tanu" Mehta: Alia's best friend (2014)
** [[Leena Jumani]] replaced Tuli as Tanu (2014–2021)
* Akshay Bindra as Raunak Zaveri: Kanti and Smita's son (2025)
* Kanupriya Pandit as Sweety: Pragya and Bulbul's aunt (2014)
* Faisal Rashid as Suresh Shrivastav: Rachna's brother (2014–2015)
* Daljeet Soundh as Daljeet Kaur Mehra: Swarni and Indu's sister (2014–2018)
* Charu Mehra as Poorvi: Janki's daughter; Pragya and Bulbul's namesake sister (2014–2015)
* [[Neel Motwani]] as Corporator Neil Thakur (2014–2015)
* [[Shikha Singh]] as Alia Mehra Khanna: Santoshi and Prem's daughter; Abhishek's sister; Purab's third wife and Aryan's mother (2014–2020)
**[[Reyhna Malhotra]] replaced Singh as Alia (2020–2023)
* Shivaani Sopuri as Parminder "Pammi" Kaur Mehra: Ajay's wife (2014–2021)
* Ajay Trehan as Ajay Mehra: Daljeet's elder son; Prem's brother (2014–2020)
* [[Ankit Mohan]] as Akash Mehra: Parminder and Ajay's younger son (2014–2016)
* [[Aditi Rathore]] as Rachna Shrivastav Mehra: Suresh's sister (2014–2016)
* Zarina Khan as Inderjit Kaur Suri: Daljeet and Swarni's sister (2014–2020)
* Radha Israni as Swarni Dasi: Abhi, Alia, Raj and Akash's grand-aunt (2014–2018)
**Asha Sharma replaced Israni as Swarni (2018–2020)
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as Raj Mehra: Parminder and Ajay's elder son (2014–2021)
* [[Samikssha Batnagar]] as Mitali Mehra: Raj's wife (2014)
**Swati Anand replaced Batnagar as Mitali (2014–2021)
* Haelyn Shastri as News Reporter (2015)
* Nikhil Arya as Nikhil Sood: Tanu's ex-lover (2015{{Endash}}2017)
**Rajat Dahiya replaced Arya as Nikhil (2017{{Endash}}2018)
**[[Shaad Randhawa]] replaced Dahiya as Nikhil (2018–2019)
* Bobby Khanna as Mr. Mehta: Tanu's father (2015–2017)
* Roma Lavani as Mrs. Mehta: Tanu's mother (2015–2018)
* Pratik Parihar as Manohar: Abhi's accountant who schemed against Pragya (2016)
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] as Raghuveer Arora: Daljeet's son; Sarla's husband; Pragya, Bulbul, Preeta and Shrishti's father (2017)
* [[Nitin Goswami]] as Dushyant Rana: Simonica's husband who was accidentally killed by Abhishek (2017–2018)
* [[Ruchi Savarn]] as Disha Singh: Purab's ex-wife; Sunny's mother (2017–2019)
* Sharhaan Singh as Sangram Singh Chautala: Disha's ex-fiancé (2017–2018)
* [[Vivana Singh]] as Simonica Dushyant Rana: Dushyant's widow (2017–2018)
* Shwetanshu Singh as Dr. Sheila (2017)
* [[Mishal Raheja]] as King Singh: A rapper based in the UK; Pragya's former boss and one-sided lover (2018–2019)
* Kaurwaki Vasistha as Kiara Mehra: Pragya and Abhi's eldest daughter; Prachi and Rhea's elder sister (2018–2019)
* Vedansh Jaju as Sunny Khanna: Purab and Disha's son (2018–2019)
* [[Richa Rathore]] as Neha "Babli" Mehra: Mitali and Raj's daughter (2018)
* Abeer Adil as Tarun: King's cousin; Neha's husband (2018–2019)
* Roma Bali as Tarun's mother: King's aunt (2018–2019)
* [[Naina Singh]] as Rhea Mehra: Pragya and Abhi's youngest daughter; Kiara and Prachi's younger sister (2019{{Endash}}2020)
**[[Pooja Banerjee]] replaced Singh as Rhea (2020{{Endash}}2022)
**[[Tina Philip]] replaced Banerjee as Rhea (2022{{Endash}}2023)
* [[Mehul Kajaria]] as Vikram Kohli: Daljeet's eldest son; Vikrant and Arun's elder brother; Pallavi's husband; Ranbir's father (2019{{Endash}}2021)
**[[Rushad Rana]] replaced Kajaria as Vikram (2021{{Endash}}2023)
* Khyati Keswani as Pallavi Kohli: Vikram's wife; Ranbir's mother (2019–2023)
* [[Kiran Bhargava]] as Daljeet "Dida" Kohli: Vikram, Vikrant and Arun's mother; Ranbir, Siddharth and Mihika's grandmother (2019{{Endash}}2022)
**Smita Shetty replaced Bhargava as Daljeet "Dida" (2022-2023)
* Pooja Singh as Mishti Kohli: Vikram and Pallavi's daughter; Ranbir's sister (2019)
* Jaanvi Sangwan as Beeji: A [[nurse]] who took Pragya in after the latter's exile; Shahana's paternal grandmother (2019)
* Aparna Mishra as Shahana Sharma: Beeji's granddaughter; Pragya's niece-figure; Prachi's sister-figure; Aryan's love interest (2019–2023)
* Zeeshan Khan as Aryan Khanna: Alia and Purab's son; Sunny's half-brother (2019{{Endash}}2021)
**Pulkit Bangia replaced Khan as Aryan (2022{{Endash}}2023)
**Naveen Sharma replaced Bangia as Aryan (2023)
* [[Ashlesha Sawant]] as Meera: Rhea's foster mother and Abhi's ex-fiancé (2019–2021)
* [[Manmohan Tiwari]] as Rohit "Sanju" Gill: A local gangster of [[Hoshiarpur]]; Prachi's obsessive one-sided lover (2019–2020)
* Ashwini Tobe as Dimpy: Rhea's friend (2019–2020)
* Shivali Choudhry as Shaina: Rhea's friend (2019–2022)
* [[Neena Cheema]] as Sarita Ben: A Gujrati women who gave refuge to Pragya and Prachi ; Rishi's maternal grandmother (2019{{Endash}}2020)
**Rupa Divetia replaced Cheema as Sarita Bengaluru (2020{{Endash}}2021)
* Gautam Nain as Rishi Dhaval: Sarita's grandson (2019)
* Kajal Chauhan as Priyanka Rane: Abhi's friend's daughter; Rishi's obsessive lover (2019)
* [[Sonali Joshi]] as Chief Minister Vasudha (2019)
* [[Ribbhu Mehra]] as Ritik: Disha's friend and secret lover (2019)
* [[Baby Farida|Farida Dadi]] as Baljeet Mehra: Abhi, Raj, Akash and Alia's grand-aunt (2020–2021/2023)
* Rose Khan as Maya Choubey: Ranbir's ex-fiancée (2020)
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Dushyant Singh Choubey: Maya's uncle (2020)
* Bhupendra Khuranna as Mr. Choubey: Maya's father, Dushyant's younger brother (2020)
* Anuradha Sharma as Mrs. Choubey: Maya's mother (2020)
* Naina Yadav as Palak: Prachi and Shahana's friend (2021)
* Gagan Anand as Digvijay: Abhishek's business rival (2021)
* Gazala Silawat as Pari: Rhea's friend (2021)
* Rohit Choudhary as Pradeep Khurana: Tanu's ex-husband (2021)
* [[Dolly Sohi]] as Sushma Tandon: A rich businesswoman and Pragya's mentor (2021)
* [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] as Gautam Thapar: A businessman; Sushma and Pragya's business partner; Pragya's one-sided lover (2021)
* Jatin Shah as Gaurav Thapar: Gautam's elder brother (2021)
* Riyaz Panjwani as Mr. Thapar: Gaurav and Gautam's father (2021)
* Kushagra Nautiyal as Siddharth "Sid" Kohli: Vikrant's son; Mihika's brother and Rhea's ex-husband (2021–2023)
* Shamik Abbas as Arun Kohli: Daljeet's youngest son; Vikram and Vikrant's younger brother (2021)
* Mridula Oberoi as Teji Kohli: Arun's wife (2021)
* Abhishek Kumar as Jai Bhatt: Ranbir's best friend (2021–2022)
* Gulshan Shivani as Stanley: Ranbir's assistant (2022)
* Aishana Singh as Mihika Kohli: Vikrant's daughter; Siddharth's sister; Ranbir's cousin sister (2022–2023)
* Veronica Talreja as Mili: Aryan's ex-girlfriend and friend (2022)
* Mimicharve Khadse as Mauli: a girl whom Prachi loved as her own after she lost Panchi (2023)
* [[Aalisha Panwar]] as Kaya Malhotra: Ranbir's former boss and Prachi's friend (2023)
* Simran Budharup as Khushi "Panchi" Kohli Randhawa: Ranbir and Prachi's elder daughter; Poorvi's elder sister and Armaan's Wife (2023{{Endash}}2024)
**[[Jyotsna Chandola]] replaced Budharup as Khushi (2024-2025)
** Trisha Rohatgi as child Khushi (2023)
* [[Abhishek Malik]] as Akshay Tandon: Ashok's son; Mihika's brother (2023)
* Aafreen Dabestani as Mihika Tandon: Ashok's daughter; Akshay's sister (2023)
* Mallika Nayak as Manpreet Tandon: Ashok's second wife (2023–2024)
* Kaushal Kapoor as Ashok Tandon: Prachi's former boss and father figure; Vishakha's brother (2023–2024)
* Utkarsha Naik as Vishakha Tandon: Ashok's sister; Divya's mother (2023–2024)
* Riya Kapoor as Divya Tandon: Vishakha's daughter; (2023)
**Mahira Sharma replaced Kapoor as Divya (2023–2024)
* Purvi Pawar as Neha Tandon: Akshay, Mihika, Abhay and Divya's cousin (2023)
* Sparsh Kotwal as Abhay Tandon: Akshay, Mihika, Neha and Divya's cousin (2023)
* Vishal Solanki as Satinder: Prachi's rival colleague (2023)
* Pallavi Mahara as Damini: Aryan's suitress (2023)
* Sharika Ahluwalia as Laali: A poor, greedy woman who raised Panchi/Khushi (2023)
* Mohsin Khan as Balbira: Laali's boyfriend (2023)
* Ipsita Jena as Priya: Prachi's assistant (2023)
* Sanchita Ugale as Diya Tandon: Divya’s daughter; (2023–2025)
* Vishal Solanki as Jasbeer: Poorvi's one sided lover (2023–2025)
* Arjun Shekhawat as Ashutosh: Poorvi’s ex-fiancé (2023–2024)
* [[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] as Harman Malhotra: Harleen's husband; Rajvansh and Vikrant's father (2023–2025)
* [[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] as Harleen Malhotra: Rajvansh and Vikrant's mother; Harman's wife (2023–2025)
* Kirti Sualy as Rajvansh's grandmother (2023–2025)
* [[Susheel Parashar]] as Rajvansh's grandfather (2023–2025)
* [[Preet Kaur Nayak]] as Dipika Malhotra: Monisha's sister (2023–2025)
*Rahul Ram Manchanda as Vikrant Malhotra: Harleen and Harman's elder son (2023–2025)
* Priti Gandwani as Rajvansh's aunt (2023–2025)
* Anuj Khurana as Rajvansh's uncle (2023–2025)
* Nakul Ulja as Yug Malhotra: Rajvansh’s cousin; Diya’s love interest (2023–2025)
* Kavita Banerjee as Trishna Jaiswal: Krishna's wife (2024)
* Ajay Sharma as Gajendra Jaiswal; Trishna’s father (2024)
* Hetal Yadav as Rajni Jaiswal; Trishna's mother (2024)
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Amar Dayal; Jaiswal's political rival (2024)
*[[Srishti Jain]] as Monisha: Dipika's sister; (2024–2025)
*Bhawana Aneja as Roshni: Dushyant's wife; Dipika and Monisha's mother (2024–2025)
* [[Aakash Talwar]] as Armaan Randhawa: Khushi's husband (2024–2025)
* Parimal Bhattacharya as Kishan Parikh: Seema's husband (2025)
* Vandana Mittal as Seema Parikh: Kishan's wife (2025)
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Bua Maa (2025)
* Phalguni Sharma/Honeyy Soni as Gayatri Parikh: Kishan and Seema's daughter; Prarthana's adoptive sister (2025)
* Hina Dani as Baa: Kanti, Devang, Hitesh and Kinjal's mother (2025)
* Vijhay Badlaani as Kanti Zaveri: Devang, Hitesh and Kinjal's brother; Smita's husband; Raunak and Sneha's father (2025)
* [[Gurdeep Kohli|Gurdip Punjj]] as Smita Zaveri: Kanti's wife; Raunak and Sneha's mother (2025)
* Isha Pandhe as Sneha Zaveri: Kanti and Smita's daughter; Raunak's sister (2025)
* Nitin Vakharia as Devang Zaveri: Kanti, Hitesh and Kinjal's brother (2025)
* Bhavwini Gandhi as Shubhvi Zaveri: Devang's wife; Tanuj, Sejal and Arjun's mother (2025)
* Abhay Bhadoriya as Tanuj Zaveri: Devang and Shubhvi's son; Sejal and Arjun's brother (2025)
* Hanisha Gehlot as Sejal Zaveri: Devang and Shubhvi's daughter; Tanuj and Arjun's sister (2025)
* Mohit Jaswani as Arjun Zaveri: Devang and Shubhvi's son; (2025)
* Parri Galaa as Kinjal Zaveri: Kanti, Hitesh and Devang's sister; Hitenkumar's wife; (2025)
* Kalpesh Patel as Hitenkumar: Kinjal's husband; Harsh and Kirtan's father (2025)
* [[Vedaant Saluja]] as Harsh: Kinjal and Hitenkumar's son (2025)
* Ahnaf F Khatri as Kirtan: Kinjal and Hitenkumar's son (2025)
* V S Prince Ratan as Yogi (2025)
* Unknown as Vihaan: Sneha's ex-fiance (2025)
* Aarchi Sachdeva as Payal Shah: Praful and Ketki's daughter; Raunak's suitor (2025)
* Rashika Matharu as Ketki Shah: Praful's wife; (2025)
* Nikhhil Raj Khera as Praful Shah: Ketki's husband (2025)
* MM Rishi as Bhavesh: Prarthana's suitor (2025)
* Rita Sharma Gupta as Daxa: Bhavesh's mother (2025)
* Aryan Raajput as Mayank: Raunak's friend (2025)
* Snehal Waghmare as Raunak's aunt (2025)
* Hetal Puniwala as Raunak's uncle (2025)
*[[Shraddha Arya]] as Dr. Preeta Arora: Pragya, Bulbul and Srishti's sister (2025)
*[[Shakti Anand]] as Karan Luthra: Preeta's husband (2025)
*Roopam Sharma as Sonalika Jaitley: Anisha's daughter (2025)
**Megha Prasad replaced Sharma as Sonalika (2025)
* Casting Director Ankit Alex

==Production==
===Development===
The series is a [[Romance (love)|love story]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kumkum Bhagya' a passionate story of love: Ekta Kapoor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Kumkum-Bhagya-a-passionate-story-of-love-Ekta-Kapoor/articleshow/29845111.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620153034/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Kumkum-Bhagya-a-passionate-story-of-love-Ekta-Kapoor/articleshow/29845111.cms |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=1 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] under the banner [[Balaji Telefilms]] that airs on Zee TV. Ekta Kapoor considers the letter ''K'' to be lucky and has named many of her productions starting with ''K''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekta Kapoor brings back 'K' factor with 'Kumkum Bhagya' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ekta-kapoor-brings-back-k-factor-with-kumkum-bhagya-1973814 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412085204/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ekta-kapoor-brings-back-k-factor-with-kumkum-bhagya-1973814 |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018 |website=DNA}}</ref>

Kapoor rejected 19 costumes while selecting the look of character Pragya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-17 |title=Ekta Kapoor rejects 19 costumes for the perfect one! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ekta-kapoor-rejects-19-costumes-for-the-perfect-one--15383186 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19]] outbreak in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=Television Industry in a Slump With the Lockdown |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612101235/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> The outbreak caused the halt of filming of television shows and movies on 19 March 2020, and they were expected to resume on 1 April 2020. But shooting remained suspended and the remaining episodes were aired up to 24 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Coronavirus outbreak: Film and television shootings to stop till March 31 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316013939/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2020 |title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612101236/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertainment industry welcomes Maharashtra govt's move to resume filming projects |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621083048/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> After three months, the production and filming of the series resumed on 29 June 2020 and airing resumed on 13 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sriti Jha, Shabir Ahluwalia, Dheeraj Dhoopar and Shraddha Arya shoot together for Kumkum Bhagya and Kundali Bhagya post lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sriti-jha-shabir-ahluwalia-dheeraj-dhoopar-and-shraddha-arya-shoot-together-for-kumkum-bhagya-and-kundali-bhagya-post-lockdown/photostory/76688049.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629141551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sriti-jha-shabir-ahluwalia-dheeraj-dhoopar-and-shraddha-arya-shoot-together-for-kumkum-bhagya-and-kundali-bhagya-post-lockdown/photostory/76688049.cms |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Sriti Jha, Shabbir Ahluwalia, Shraddha Arya, Dheeraj Dhoopar Shoot for Kumkum Bhagya and Kundali Bhagya |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sriti-jha-shabbir-ahluwalia-shraddha-arya-dheeraj-dhoopar-shoot-for-kumkum-bhagya-and-kundali-bhagya-2692391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629224900/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sriti-jha-shabbir-ahluwalia-shraddha-arya-dheeraj-dhoopar-shoot-for-kumkum-bhagya-and-kundali-bhagya-2692391.html |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=News 18 India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title='Kumkum Bhagya', 'Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega' among shows back with new episodes from July 13 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/kumkum-bhagya-guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-among-shows-back-with-new-episodes-from-july-13-2292591.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702204857/https://zeenews.india.com/television/kumkum-bhagya-guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-among-shows-back-with-new-episodes-from-july-13-2292591.html |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Shabbir Ahluwalia]],<ref name="inidatoday">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2015 |title=Pragya's Glamorous looks in Kumkum Bhagya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/video-of-pragyas-glamourous-look-in-kumkum-bhagya-289361-2015-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151352/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/video-of-pragyas-glamourous-look-in-kumkum-bhagya/1/459928.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> who was also cast in Ekta's TV series ''[[Kayamath]]'', was selected to portray the lead role of Abhishek Prem Mehra. Ahluwalia made his comeback after Zee twenty years. Actress [[Sriti Jha]] landed the lead role in the show.<ref name="inidatoday" /> [[Mrunal Thakur]] was selected to portray the second leading role of Bulbul<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=Bulbul and Purab finally get married |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kumkum-bhagya-spoiler-bulbul-and-purab-finally-get-married-mrunal-thakur-sriti-jha-shabbir-ahluwalia-276804-2015-12-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212054454/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kumkum-bhagya-spoiler-bulbul-and-purab-finally-get-married-mrunal-thakur-sriti-jha-shabbir-ahluwalia/1/544663.html |archive-date=12 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Indiatoday}}</ref> while [[Arjit Taneja]] was cast opposite her.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in" /><ref name="Shikha">{{Cite web |last=Neha Maheshwari |date=2 September 2015 |title=Why Shikha Singh has to bend in Reel Life? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Why-Shikha-Singh-has-to-bend-in-reel-life/articleshow/41436992.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928180348/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Why-Shikha-Singh-has-to-bend-in-reel-life/articleshow/41436992.cms |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> In May 2014, [[Shikha Singh]] entered the show as the main antagonist Alia Mehra,<ref name="Shikha" /><ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2015 |title=Pragya's Glamorous looks in Kumkum Bhagya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/video-of-pragyas-glamourous-look-in-kumkum-bhagya-289361-2015-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151352/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/video-of-pragyas-glamourous-look-in-kumkum-bhagya/1/459928.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Indiatoday}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title=Shikha Singh shoots for 72 hours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Kumkum-Bhagya-actress-Shikha-Singh-shoots-for-72-hours/articleshow/36895665.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328071725/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Kumkum-Bhagya-actress-Shikha-Singh-shoots-for-72-hours/articleshow/36895665.cms |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> while [[Madhurima Tuli]] was cast to portray the negative role of Tanu. Later, Tuli had to shoot for her film [[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|''Baby'']] so, this role was later played by [[Leena Jumani]] from September 2014.<ref name="Leena">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2014 |title=Kumkum Bhagya: Leena replaces Madhurima Tuli on the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kumkum-Bhagya-Leena-replaces-Madhurima-Tuli-on-the-show/articleshow/44878499.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312124852/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kumkum-Bhagya-Leena-replaces-Madhurima-Tuli-on-the-show/articleshow/44878499.cms |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=Neha Mahishwari |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> Actor Faisal Rashid was selected to portray the role of Suresh (Pragya's fiancé) who played an important role in April–May 2014, but in May 2015 he quit the series. Actress Supriya Shukla was cast to play the role of Sarla Arora, while Madhu Raja played the role of Daljeet Arora. Other supporting cast members include [[Samikssha Batnagar]], [[Ankit Mohan]], Charu Mehra and Amit Dhawan. Bhatnagar, who portrayed the supporting role of Mitali was replaced by Swati Anand within the month of launch while [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] replaced Amit. In 2015, Neel Motawani (who was also cast in other shows of Ekta) was selected to play the negative role of Neel; while in June 2015 Nikhil Arya entered the series playing the role of main male antagonist Nikhil Sood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2015 |title=Nikkhil enters Kumkum Bhagya as Nikhil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nikkhil-enters-Kumkum-Bhagya-as-Nikhil/articleshow/47555587.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910062038/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nikkhil-enters-Kumkum-Bhagya-as-Nikhil/articleshow/47555587.cms |archive-date=10 September 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In December 2015, Mrunal Thakur opted out from the show and was to be replaced by Kajol Shrivastava, however the character of Bulbul was phased out of the series after Mrunal's departure. In August 2016, Ankit Mohan quit the show so his character left as well. In September 2016, Arjit Taneja quit the show and was replaced by [[Vin Rana]]. In October 2016, Nikhil Arya was replaced by Rujut Dahiya.<ref name="Nikhil">{{Cite web |date=3 November 2016 |title=Rujut Dahiya to replace Nikhil Arya |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/itsy-bitsy/rujut-dahiya-to-replace-nikhil-arya/317846.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303050751/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/itsy-bitsy/rujut-dahiya-to-replace-nikhil-arya/317846.html |archive-date=3 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]}}</ref> In July 2017, actress [[Ruchi Savarn]] entered the show as Purab's new love interest. Mishal Raheja as King Singh and Kaurwakee Vashista as Kiara Mehra entered the show after the leap. Actor Abeer Adil was cast in 2018 as King's cousin Tarun and Roma Bali as Tarun's mother.

In March 2019, a twenty-year leap was introduced with which several new characters entered in the show and became pivotal characters. In March 2019, [[Mugdha Chaphekar]], Krishna Kaul and [[Naina Singh]] were introduced as leads of the second generation who play Prachi, Ranbir and Rhea respectively alongside Sriti and Shabbir. In August 2020, Naina left the show as she was not happy playing a negative role anymore and [[Pooja Banerjee]] replaced Singh as Rhea. In February 2022, Pooja Banerjee quit the show due to her pregnancy, and she was replaced by [[Tina Ann Philip]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=28 February 2022 |title=It's confirmed! Tina Philip to replace Pooja Banerjee in Kumkum Bhagya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-confirmed-tina-philip-to-replace-pooja-banerjee-in-kumkum-bhagya/articleshow/89890858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228113715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-confirmed-tina-philip-to-replace-pooja-banerjee-in-kumkum-bhagya/articleshow/89890858.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In February 2022, Jha and Ahluwalia officially quit the show after seven and half years as the story progressed on from their characters. They had last shot for the show in November 2021.

The show then took another generation leap of twenty years in November 2023, with [[Rachi Sharma]] and [[Abrar Qazi]] roped in as the new leads of generation three with Sharma portraying Prachi and Ranbir's younger daughter Poorvi Kohli while Qazi as Rajvansh Malhotra respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doshi |first=Hasti |date=17 October 2023 |title=Confirmed! Abrar Qazi and Rachi Sharma will play the new lead couple Kumkum Bhagya post the 20-year leap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/confirmed-abrar-qazi-and-rachi-sharma-will-play-the-new-lead-couple-kumkum-bhagya-post-the-20-year-leap/articleshow/104501408.cms |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Simran Budharup was roped in to play grown-up version of Prachi and Ranbir's elder daughter Khushi Kohli Randhawa replacing Trisha Rohatgi who played childhood version of same. Later Budhraup quit the show owing to less screenspace and was replaced by [[Jyotsna Chandola]]. Later, Chaphekar and Kaul who portrayed leads of generation two , their role roles came to an indefinite end in June 2024 and in September 2024 media confirmed the news that both are no longer part of the show. In an Interview from 2025, Chaphekar and Kaul said that they weren't aware that their shoot in June 2024 would be their last for show and that they were informed much later that their characters will not be brought back to the show causing the second generation story to end without any conclusion.

In February 2025, the show again took a 20-year generation leap, with [[Pranali Rathod]] and Akshay Bindra as new generation leads. However later Bindra's character was sidelined as Supporting character and [[Namik Paul]] stepped in as new male lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-02-21 |title=Pranali Rathod and Akshay Bindra talks about joining Kumkum Bhagya post the leap : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pranali-rathod-akshay-bindra-talks-joining-kumkum-bhagya-post-leap/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |language=en}}</ref> [[Abrar Qazi]] and Rachi Sharma and other supporting casts marked their exits due to the generation leap.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-07 |title=Abrar Qazi on his exit from Kumkum Bhagya: I was expecting the leap to happen after IPL, but it is happening now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abrar-qazi-on-his-exit-from-kumkum-bhagya-i-was-expecting-the-leap-to-happen-after-ipl-but-it-is-happening-now/articleshow/118012412.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In March 2025, Rachi Sharma was again roped in to reprise her role of Poorvi Malhotra as a cameo to revive dipping TRPs. She was again roped in for a second appearance in April 2025. Soon after it was also confirmed that [[Shraddha Arya]] and [[Shakti Anand]] would also be joining ''Kumkum Bhagya'' reprising their characters Karan and Preeta from ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-20 |title=Shakti Anand to join Shraddha Arya in Kumkum Bhagya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shakti-anand-to-join-shraddha-arya-in-kumkum-bhagya/articleshow/120454524.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Shraddha Arya To Make Comeback Post Maternity Break With Kumkum Bhagya As Preeta, Actress CONFIRMS {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/shraddha-arya-to-make-comeback-post-maternity-break-with-kumkum-bhagya-as-preeta-actress-confirms-exclusive-article-151445201 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> However soon after their roles also ended and the show eventually went off air in September 2025 owing to low TRPs over a year.

== Spin-off ==
=== Kundali Bhagya ===
{{Main|Kundali Bhagya}}

A spin-off series ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' premiered on 12 July 2017 and ran till 6 December 2024. The series narrated the story of Pragya's sisters, Preeta and Srishti and their attempt to find their mother Sarla and how they meet the rich and famous Luthra family. Later that show too took a generation leap and story shifted to Preeta's sons Rajveer and Shaurya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2017 |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar starrer Kundali Bhagya becomes the biggest weekday launch since 2016 – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-dhoopar-starrer-kundali-bhagya-becomes-the-biggest-weekday-launch-since-2016/articleshow/59876265.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619092758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-dhoopar-starrer-kundali-bhagya-becomes-the-biggest-weekday-launch-since-2016/articleshow/59876265.cms |archive-date=19 June 2018 |access-date=2019-01-31 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee TV introduces Kundali Bhagya |url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zee-tv-to-launch-two-weekend-prime-time-slots/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728162201/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zee-tv-to-launch-two-weekend-prime-time-slots/ |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2017 |title=Kundali Bhagya: Ekta Kapoor reveals the reason behind doing a spinoff of Kumkum Bhagya – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-ekta-kapoor-reveals-the-reason-behind-doing-a-spinoff-of-kumkum-bhagya/articleshow/59364745.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-ekta-kapoor-reveals-the-reason-behind-doing-a-spinoff-of-kumkum-bhagya/articleshow/59364745.cms |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=6 November 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Bhagya Lakshmi ===

{{Main|Bhagya Lakshmi}}

A similar series ''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]'' premiered on 3 August 2021 and ran till 29 June 2025. It traces the love story of Pragya's best friend, Lakshmi and Rishi. It stars [[Aishwarya Khare]] and [[Rohit Suchanti]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2021 |title=Zee TV to launch Ekta Kapoor Series 'Bhagya Lakshmi' soon |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-to-launch-new-ekta-kapoor-series-bhagya-lakshmi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617193834/https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-to-launch-new-ekta-kapoor-series-bhagya-lakshmi/ |archive-date=17 June 2021 |website=Biz Asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Aishwarya Khare and Rohit Suchanti to be a part of Zee TV's Bhagyalaxmi |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/aishwarya-khare-rohit-suchanti-to-be-a-part-of-zee-tv-s-bhagyalaxmi-1462328 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607103332/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/aishwarya-khare-rohit-suchanti-to-be-a-part-of-zee-tv-s-bhagyalaxmi-1462328 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |website=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Critical reception ===
{{blockquote|text=Here's celebrating a show that has stood the test of time and crossed the boundaries of language, a big thank you to each and every one of you from all over the world for all the love you have given ''Kumkum Bhagya'', for always keeping it at the top, no matter where it aired, and what language. We, as a team, are truly grateful that you let us entertain you for half a decade.|sign=[[Shabir Ahluwalia]] on the series completing 5 Years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2019 |title=Kumkum Bhagya completes 5 years; Shabir Ahluwalia and Sriti Jha get nostalgic – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kumkum-bhagya-completes-5-years-shabir-ahluwalia-and-sriti-jha-get-nostalgic/articleshow/68889280.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418095716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kumkum-bhagya-completes-5-years-shabir-ahluwalia-and-sriti-jha-get-nostalgic/articleshow/68889280.cms |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
The show climbed to Top 5 most-watched shows across all GECs, after only a few weeks of its launch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-15 |title=Kumkum Bhagya on an all- time high |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/kumkum-bhagya-on-an-all-time-high/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was touted as the biggest fiction launch of 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2014 |title=Kumkum Bhagya – The Biggest Fiction Launch of 2014 – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Kumkum-Bhagya-The-Biggest-Fiction-Launch-of-2014/articleshow/39626099.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423043415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Kumkum-Bhagya-The-Biggest-Fiction-Launch-of-2014/articleshow/39626099.cms |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-12 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Reruns of Kumkum Bhagya premiered on [[Zee Anmol]] from 2017 and received high ratings in the BARC rural chart when Zee Anmol was [[Free-to-air|FTA]]. It began running on the network again from episode 1 from 10 June 2020, due to the return to [[DD Free Dish]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The show also managed to strike a chord with West Africans too.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-22 |title=Kumkum Bhagya's arranged marriage concept is winning hearts of West Africans too |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kumkum-bhagya-sriti-jha-shabbir-ahluwalia-4486506/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Kartik Aaryan]] also watched the show during the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-01 |title=Bollywood actor Kartik Aaryan tells Ekta Kapoor that he is watching Kumkum Bhagya during COVID-19 quarantine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bollywood-actor-kartik-aaryan-tells-ekta-kapoor-that-he-is-watching-kumkum-bhagya-during-covid-19-quarantine/articleshow/81842696.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Kartik Aaryan says he watched Kumkum Bhagya in quarantine when sick with Covid-19 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-says-he-watched-kumkum-bhagya-in-quarantine-when-sick-with-covid19-101617288325612.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="11" |2015
| [[Star Guild Awards]]
| Best Upcoming Drama Series
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Guild Awards Home |url=http://starguildawards.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815071146/http://www.starguildawards.org/ |archive-date=15 August 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=starguildawards.org}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress in Negative Role (Critics)
| [[Shikha Singh]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 |url=http://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2015.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025021945/https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2015.html |archive-date=25 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=Boroplus Gold Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Boroplus Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role (Critics)]]
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Sriti Jha]]
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Television Show (Fiction)|Best TV Show of the Year (Fiction)]]
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple|Best Onscreen Couple]]
| [[Sriti Jha]] & [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
| [[Sriti Jha]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| BIG Star Most Entertaining Fiction Series
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 December 2015 |title=Winners of the Big Star Entertainment Awards 2015 – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-the-big-star-entertainment-awards-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153328/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-the-big-star-entertainment-awards-2015/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Television Actor - Female]]
| [[Sriti Jha]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |{{cn|date=October 2025}}
|-
| [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Television Actor - Male]]
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2016
| rowspan="6" | [[Gold Awards|9th Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| Boroplus Face of the Year
| [[Sriti Jha]]
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 |url=http://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2016.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062316/http://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2016.html |archive-date=6 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=Boroplus Gold Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Boroplus Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| Best TV Show of the Year (Fiction)
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| Best Actress in Negative Role (Critics)
| [[Shikha Singh]]
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| Best Actor in Supporting Role (Popular)
| [[Arjit Taneja]]
|-
| [[Boroplus Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Sriti Jha]]
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor (Popular)
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
|[[Ghana Movie Awards]]
|Best Foreign TV Series
|[[Ekta Kapoor]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017
| rowspan="6" | [[Gold Awards]]
| Best TV Show of the Year (Fiction)
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 |url=http://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012609/https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=Boroplus Gold Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Awards 2017: Complete winners list and red carpet pictures – Free Press Journal |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gold-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-and-red-carpet-pictures/1096849 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153005/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gold-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-and-red-carpet-pictures/1096849 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
|-
| Best Onscreen Jodi
| [[Sriti Jha]] & [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2017 |title=Zee Gold Awards 2017: Mouni Roy, Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel win big. Here's the winner list |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zee-gold-awards-2017-mouni-roy-divyanka-tripathi-karan-patel-win-big-heres-the-winner-list-4736196/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020131231/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zee-gold-awards-2017-mouni-roy-divyanka-tripathi-karan-patel-win-big-heres-the-winner-list-4736196/ |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress in Negative Role (Popular)
| [[Shikha Singh]]
|-
| Best Actor in Supporting Role (Popular)
| [[Arjit Taneja]]
|-
| [[Boroplus Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Sriti Jha]]
|-
| [[Boroplus Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2018
| rowspan="6" | [[Gold Awards|11th Keshking Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress in Negative Role (Popular)
| [[Shikha Singh]]
| rowspan="6" {{won}}
| rowspan="6" |
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Sriti Jha]]
|-
|Gold Award for Fittest actor of Television
| [[Vin Rana]]
|-
|[[Gold Award for Best Television Show (Fiction)|Best Television Show (Fiction)]]
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| Gold Producer's Honour (For Completing 1000 Episodes) 
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards|Telly Technical and Trade Awards]]
| Best Editor (Fiction)
| Vikas Sharma
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Technical Awards |url=http://www.tellytechnicalawards.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623200922/http://www.tellytechnicalawards.com/ |archive-date=23 June 2019 |access-date=23 June 2019 |website=Telly Technical Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" |2019
| rowspan="7" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Daily Series
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401071120/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=21 March 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Jodi
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]] & [[Sriti Jha]]
| rowspan="6" {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Polling |url=http://www.indiantellyawards.com/polling/index.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628041108/http://www.indiantellyawards.com/polling/index.php |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=23 June 2019 |website=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Male)
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| [[Sriti Jha]]
|-
| Best Actor in Supporting Role (Male)
| [[Mishal Raheja]]
|-
| Best Actor in Negative Role (Male)
| [[Shaad Randhawa]]
|-
| Best Actor in Negative Role (Female)
| [[Leena Jumani]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| [[Mugdha Chaphekar]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| Krishna Kaul
| rowspan="7" {{nom}}
| rowspan="7" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for 12th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2019 |url=http://goldawards.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526000606/http://www.goldawards.in/ |archive-date=26 May 2015 |website=12th Gold Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Sriti Jha]]
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular)]]
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| Best Onscreen Jodi
| [[Sriti Jha]] & [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Television Show (Fiction)|Best TV Show of the Year (Fiction)]]
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| Television Personality of the Year (Female)
| [[Sriti Jha]]
|-
| Television Personality of the Year (Male)
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Popular)
| [[Shabir Ahluwalia]]
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Nominees: 21st ITA Awards, 2022 |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress in Lead Role (Popular)
| [[Sriti Jha]]
|-
| Best Television Show - Fiction (Popular)
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q17068098|display=''Kumkum Bhagya''|n=no|b=no|v=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|s=no|q=Kumkum Bhagya|wikt=no|c=Kumkum Bhagya|}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/kumkum-bhagya/0-6-127 Official website]
*{{IMDb title|tt3911870}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}
{{Sense and Sensibility}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kumkum Bhagya| ]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Ravrambha

2026-03-17T12:12:37Z

DesignersX:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ravrambha film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anup Jagdale
| writer = Pratap Gangawane
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Shashikant Pawar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Monalisa Bagal]]
*[[Om Bhutkar]]
*Shantanu Moghe
*[[Ashok Samarth]]
*[[Kushal Badrike]]
*[[Santosh Juvekar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Jadhav turns cinematographer for Anup Jagdale's historical film Ravrambha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sanjay-jadhav-turns-cinematographer-for-anup-jagdales-historical-film-ravrambha/articleshow/88947820.cms|website=Times of India|date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
| music = [[Amitraj]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*Shashikant Pawar Productions
*Devi Sateri Productions
}}
| released = {{Film date|2023|05|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{estimation}}{{INR|6-10 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravrambha Collects Rs 3.1 Crore In First Week After Decent Start At Box Office|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ravrambha-collects-rs-3-1-crore-in-first-week-after-decent-start-at-box-office-7992973.html|website=News18|access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='रावरंभा'चा बॉक्स ऑफिसवर धुरळा! सात दिवसात कमावला कोट्यवधींचा गल्ला; वाचा किती केली कमाई? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/raavrambha-movie-box-office-collection-first-week/articleshow/100728054.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|6.25 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Ravrambha''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[historical romance|period romance]] film directed by Anup Jagdale and produced by Shashikant Pawar under the banner of Shashikant Pawar Productions in association with Devi Sateri Productions. The film stars [[Om Bhutkar]]'','' [[Monalisa Bagal]], [[Ashok Samarth]]'','' Shantanu Moghe''.'' It was theatrically released on 26 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravrambha: मराठी चित्रपटांना थिएटर मिळत नसतानाच 'रावरंभा' चित्रपटाचे प्रदर्शन पुढे ढकलले.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/ravrambha-marathi-movie-release-date-postponed-cast-om-bhutkar-nsa95 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Ravrambha': Anup Jagdale is all set to bring the historical love story on the big screen; the teaser poster is out! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ravrambha-anup-jagdale-is-all-set-to-bring-the-historical-love-story-on-the-big-screen-the-teaser-poster-is-out/articleshow/81755949.cms |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] was held in [[Ajinkyatara]] of [[Satara district]]. The music is composed by [[Amitraj]] and cinematography is by [[Sanjay Jadhav]]. The film grossed over {{Indian Rupee|6.25 crore}} at the box office in India, and becoming [[List of Marathi films of 2023#Box office collection|one of the highest grossing Marathi film of 2023]].

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=December 2023}}

== Cast ==

* [[Monalisa Bagal]] as Rambha
* [[Om Bhutkar]] as Ravji
* [[Ashok Samarth]] as Sarnobat [[Prataprao Gujar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Tu Tevha Tashi Fame Ashok Samrath To Play This Maratha Warrior In Ravrambha |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tu-tevha-tashi-fame-ashok-samrath-to-play-this-maratha-warrior-in-ravrambha-6514261.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* Shantanu Moghe as [[Shivaji|Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]
* [[Apurva Nemlekar]] as Shahin Aapa
* [[Kiran Mane]] as Hakim Chacha<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title=मालिकेतून बाहेर पडल्यानंतर किरण मानेला सिनेमाची ऑफर, 'मुलगी झाली हो' मध्ये हा अभिनेता दिसणार विलासच्या भूमिकेत |url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/entertainment/article/after-leaving-the-series-kiran-mane-is-offered-a-movie-the-actor-will-be-seen-in-the-role-of-vilas-in-mulgi-zhali-ho/383399 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Kushal Badrike]] as Kurbat Khan<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=कुशल बद्रिके पहिल्यांदाच साकारणार नकारात्मक भूमिका |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/kushal-badrike-will-play-the-role-of-kurbatkhan-in-the-movie-ravrambha-1166728 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Jalindar
* Mayuresh Pem as [[Ali Adil Shah II]]
* Rohit Chavan as Gulabya
* Ashwini Bagal as Shalu
* Shashikant Pawar as Dinkar Pawar
* Adarsh Jadhav as Antaji
* Vinayak Chaughule as Khashaba

== Production ==
The film is produced by Shashikant Pawar under the banner of Shashikant Pawar Productions. It is marked to be Anup Jagdale's first historical film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Ravrambha: Shooting of Ravrambha movie started in 'Ajinkyatara' in Satara, MP Udayanraj visited |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/ravrambha-movie-chhatrapati-udayanraje-bhosale-filmmaker-film-shooting-om-bhutkar-movie-665190-2.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> Principal photography commenced in March 2022 in [[Ajinkyatara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Ravrambha :Ravarambha movie shooting started in 'Ajinkyatara' in Satara, MP Udayanraj paid a visit |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/ravrambha-movie-chhatrapati-udayanraje-bhosale-filmmaker-film-shooting-om-bhutkar-movie-665190-2.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title='रावरंभा'साठी छ. उदयनराजेंनी दिला फर्स्ट क्लॅप; साताऱ्यातील अजिंक्यतारा किल्ल्यावर शूटिंगला सुरुवात {{!}} Hello Maharashtra |url=https://hellomaharashtra.in/chatrapati-udayanraje-bhosale-gave-first-clap-at-ajinkyatara-fort-for-ravrambha-movie/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==
Ravrambha was theatrically released on 26 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravrambha: मराठी फिल्म ‘रावरंभा’ की रिलीज डेट में हुआ बदलाव, अप्रैल में नहीं इस महीने में फिल्म देगी दस्तक !
|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/monalisa-bagal-om-bhutkar-starrer-historical-film-ravrambha-is-now-releasing-in-may-know-the-latest-update-2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Previously film was set to be released on 7 April 2023, then it was pushed to 12 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ravrambha': Monalisa Bagal and Om Bhutkar starrer gets a new release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ravrambha-monalisa-bagal-and-om-bhutkar-starrer-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/98653467.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-10 |title='Ravrambha' postponed: Makers announces NEW release date of the film; See POST |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ravrambha-postponed-makers-announces-new-release-date-of-the-film-see-post/articleshow/100127451.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
Anub George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.0 out of 5 rating praised acting performances, powerful writing and [[Visual effects|VFX]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raavrambha Movie Review : A novel look into the life and times of Maratha warriors |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/raavrambha/movie-review/100529916.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kalpeshraj Kubal of the ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' also rated 3 stars out of 5 stars, praised cinematography of [[Sanjay Jadhav]], music and costume, while founded fault in [[Om Bhutkar]]'s acting performance saying: failed to make the expected impression.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रावरंभा |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/raavrambha/moviereview/100524430.cms |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

===Box office===

The film collected {{INRConvert|50|l}} on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-04 |title=६ हून अधिक कोटींचं बजेट असलेल्या 'रावरंभा' चित्रपटाची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर कमाल, आतापर्यंत कमावले 'इतके' कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/marathi-film-ravrambha-succeed-to-collect-3-5-crore-in-8-days-know-the-box-office-collection-rnv-99-3700100/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The first week collection of the film is crossed {{INRConvert|3.14|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title='रावरंभा'चा बॉक्स ऑफिसवर धुरळा! सात दिवसात कमावला कोट्यवधींचा गल्ला; वाचा किती केली कमाई? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/raavrambha-movie-box-office-collection-first-week/articleshow/100728054.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title='महाराष्ट्र शाहीर'ला टक्कर देत 'रावरंभा'ची पहिल्या आठवड्यात इतक्या कोटींची कमाई |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/ravrambha-movie-first-week-box-office-collection-is-3-14-crore-fight-to-maharashtra-shahir-mhgm-896935.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> It was crossed ₹6.25 crore in its third week of release.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='आदिपुरुष'पेक्षा वरचढ ठरले मराठी चित्रपट! 'रावरंभा', 'चौक' आणि 'TDM'ने मारली बाजी; वाचा कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/marathi-movies-ravrambha-chowk-and-tdm-box-office-collection-amid-adipurush-controversy/articleshow/101332037.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Ek Rambha, Ek Raav
| length1 = 4:29
| extra1 = [[Adarsh Shinde]], [[Aanandi Joshi (singer)|Aanandi Joshi]]
| title2 = Saat Saat
| length2 = 2:02
| extra2 = Ravindra Khomne
| title3 = Haan Marda
| length3 = 2:06
| extra3 = [[Adarsh Shinde]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=15464420}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language historical films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Shivaji]]
[[Category:Films set in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Action films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:2020s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1670s]]
[[Category:Indian war romance films]]

Sri Raghavendrar

2026-03-13T06:04:52Z

DesignersX: Improved wording and formatting

{{short description|1985 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Raghavendrar
| image = Sri Raghavendrar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| writer = A. L. Narayanan (dialogues)
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| cinematography = T. S. Vinayagam
| editing = R. Vittal S. B. Mohan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1985|9|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sri Raghavendrar''''' is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language Hindu historical film directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and produced by [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]. The film is based on the life of Hindu saint [[Raghavendra Tirtha]].

The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], portraying the title character, in his 100th film. [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Delhi Ganesh]] and [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] play prominent roles. The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. The dialogue for the film was written by A. L. Narayanan. The cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam, while the editing was done by duo R. Vittal and S. B. Mohan.

The film was released on 1 September 1985 to positive reception, with Rajinikanth's performance as a saint receiving widespread praise, however, performance at the box office was lukewarm.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2021}}
This film features the life of [[Raghavendra Tirtha]], from Birth till his Mahasamadhi.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as [[Raghavendra Tirtha]]
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Saraswathi Bai
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Sri Yogenthra Tirtha
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Maqbool Khan, Nawab of [[Adoni]]
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Mukuntha
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Aparajita
* [[J. V. Somayajulu|Somayajulu]] as Sri Sudeendrar
* [[K.R.Vijaya]] as Devi Saraswathy
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Appanacharya (foremost disciple)
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as King of [[Thanjavur|Tanjavore]]
* [[Y. G. Mahendra]] as Guru Sri Sudeendrar's disciple
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Priest
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as a Devotee whose son accidentally dies but revived by Sri Raghavendra
* [[V.S. Raghavan]] as Srinivasacharya Devotee
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Venkanna
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Tamil Poet
* [[Janagaraj]] as Guru Sri Sudeendrar's disciple
* S. R. Veeraraghavan as Seemaachar
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Devotee who is blessed by Sri Raghavendra who protects this family by killing the demon character
* [[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]] as "Lower caste" person mistreated by V.S.Raghavan's character initially but blessed by Sri Raghavendra
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Saraswathi Bai's friend
* Nisha Noor as Saraswathi Bai's friend
* [[Typist Gopu]]
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
* [[Peeli Sivam]]
* C. Vasantha as Poornam Viswanathan's wife
* [[Pandari Bai]]
}}

== Production ==
''Sri Raghavendra'' was [[Rajinikanth]]'s 100th film (including his other language films).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajinikanth's top 10 avatars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/rajinikanths-top-10-avatars/photostory/48693605.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831150253/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Rajinikanths-top-10-avatars/photostory/48693605.cms |archive-date=31 August 2015 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film featured him in the role of the saint [[Raghavendra Tirtha]], different from the larger-than-life characters which he is known for and portrayed.<ref name="raj">{{Cite web |last1=Muthuraman |first1=S P |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |last2=Rajitha |date=22 December 1999 |title=Rajini acts in front of the camera, never behind it |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095936/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |archive-date=11 September 2019 |access-date=8 November 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth, a fan of Kannada actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], had seen his film ''[[Mantralaya Mahatme]]'' where Rajkumar portrayed Raghavendra. Rajinikanth approached [[S. P. Muthuraman]] to direct the film. Muthuraman was initially reluctant to direct a devotional film as he hails from a family of [[Self-Respect Movement]], but Balachander encouraged and convinced him to take up the film.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=2 December 2007 |title=ரஜினி காட்டிய பிடிவாதம்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2007-12-02/kalki2007-12-02.pdf |access-date=1 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=4–7 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> To prepare himself to direct the film, Muthuraman watched various devotional films directed by [[A. P. Nagarajan]] who was known for such films. In order to portray the scenes of saint authentically, few people from Raghavendra Mutt were invited to the shoot to provide their guidance.<ref name="kat">{{cite magazine |date=9 December 2007 |title=கட்டபொம்மனுக்கு சிவாஜி; ஸ்ரீ ராகவேந்திரருக்கு ரஜினி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2007-12-09/kalki2007-12-09.pdf |access-date=2 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=68–71 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Prior to the start of the film, the team took the script first to the Swami's abode in [[Mantralayam]], and got it blessed. They did the same thing with the first copy, post-completion.<ref name="raj" /> Muthuraman said that during the 90-day schedule, all the cast and crew of the film undergone the ritual of fasting on Thursday in reverence to lord's presence considering it was the mythological film.<ref name="Raghavendra">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2012 |title=ரஜினியின் 100 வது படம் 'ஸ்ரீராகவேந்திரர்': ஸ்டைல்களை ஒதுக்கி விட்டு, மகானாகவே வாழ்ந்து காட்டினார் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/04234518/rajinikanth-100th-movie-srirag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010060546/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/04234518/rajinikanth-100th-movie-srirag.html |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The introduction song with [[Sathyaraj]] was shot for the film; however Balachander felt this song was glamorous and felt out of place in a devotional film, hence Muthuraman removed the song from the film.<ref name=kat />

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and lyrics for all songs were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. The song "Parthale Theriyadha" is based on Anandabhairavi raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=28 October 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey — The allure of Anandabhairavi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-allure-of-anandabhairavi/article2576822.ece |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911094653/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-allure-of-anandabhairavi/article2576822.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The song "Aadal Kalaiye" is based on Charukesi raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=3 February 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — The charm of Charukesi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-charm-of-charukesi/article2857091.ece |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911094943/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-charm-of-charukesi/article2857091.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The song "Azhaikiran Madhavan" is based on Subhapantuvarali raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=17 February 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Sorrowful Subhapantuvarali |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sorrowful-subhapantuvarali/article2903378.ece |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095154/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sorrowful-subhapantuvarali/article2903378.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The song "Ramanamam" is based on Mayamalavagowla raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=11 November 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey — The magic of Mayamalavagowla |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095504/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The song "Mazhaikkoru" is based on Amruthavarshini raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=30 March 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Appealing Amritavarshini |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095628/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The song "Unakum Enakum" was later reused by American Musical group [[Black Eyed Peas]]'s bonus track "The Elephunk Theme" from their 2003 album ''[[Elephunk]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=12 August 2020 |title=Black Eyed Peas' (Odd) Ode To Indian Cinema's Romance With Exaggerated Action That Is As Much Meme As Mass |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/black-eyed-peas-indian-music-odd-ode-to-indian-cinemas-romance-with-exaggerated-action-that-is-as-much-meme-as-mass-singham-robot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103131741/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/black-eyed-peas-indian-music-odd-ode-to-indian-cinemas-romance-with-exaggerated-action-that-is-as-much-meme-as-mass-singham-robot/ |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| all_lyrics = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aadal Kalaiye
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title2 = Azhaikiraan Maathavan
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], C. Dinesh
| title3 = Kathiravan Ezhunthaan
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| title4 = Mazhaikku Oru Devaney
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas
| title5 = Paarthale Theriyaatha
| extra5 = Manorama, [[Vani Jairam]]
| title6 = Raama Naamam
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jayaram, Madurai Srinivasan
| title7 = Unakkum Enakkum
| extra7 = [[S. Janaki]], Malaysia Vasudevan
}}

== Reception ==
The film received [[tax exemption]] from Tamil Nadu government,<ref name="Raghavendra" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesavan |first=N. |date=14 May 2016 |title=100th film jinx grips the mighty sans 'Captain' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-industry-100th-film-jinx-grips-the-mighty-sans-captain/article8595803.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628234546/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-industry-100th-film-jinx-grips-the-mighty-sans-captain/article8595803.ece |archive-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> and received positive reviews, primarily for Rajinikanth's performance.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/5jNuDdqDpwg |title=மக்கள் விரும்புவாங்களா... SP Muthuraman Interview {{!}} Sri Raghavendra {{!}} Super Star Rajinikanth |language=en |access-date=2025-12-10 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Despite this Rajinikanth won three awards for his performance: the Film Fans Association Award for Best Actor, [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil]] and Filmalaya Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=268 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}</ref> The film itself frequently features on lists compiling Rajinikanth's best movies,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balamurugan |first=K. |date=22 May 2007 |title=Rajni's Tamil Top 10 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/22sli7.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707063043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/22sli7.htm |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=25 November 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Top 12 Rajinikanth movies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/top-12-rajinikanth-movies/rajinikanth/photostory/27121611.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119064416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/top-12-rajinikanth-movies/rajinikanth/photostory/27121611.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and he considers it a personal favourite film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=26 July 2015 |title=Panchu Arunachalam is the man who invented Rajinikanth as an actor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Panchu-Arunachalam-is-the-man-who-invented-Rajinikanth-as-an-actor/articleshow/48215004.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726155121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Panchu-Arunachalam-is-the-man-who-invented-Rajinikanth-as-an-actor/articleshow/48215004.cms |archive-date=26 July 2015 |access-date=26 July 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Rajinikanth for scoring a century and choosing a role which is one of the hundred for his 100th film something that will make proud.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=1985-09-22 |title=ஸ்ரீ ராகவேந்திரர் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-09-22/page/n53/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230807112151/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-09-22/page/n53/mode/2up |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0320523}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Renée Sarojini Saklikar

2026-03-11T17:33:19Z

DesignersX: Post

{{Short description|Indian-born Canadian lawyer, poet and author}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Renée Sarojini Saklikar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = {{plainlist|
*[[University of British Columbia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[LL.B]])
*[[Simon Fraser University]]
}}
| other_names =
| occupation = Lawyer, writer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Adrian Dix]]
}}

'''Renée Sarojini Saklikar''' is an Indian-born Canadian lawyer, poet and author. Raised in [[New Westminster, British Columbia|New Westminster]] in [[Greater Vancouver]],<ref name="SmithSaklikarcrowds">Smith, Charlie. "[https://www.straight.com/life/530426/renee-sarojini-saklikar-draws-large-crowd-sfu-woodwards-launch-new-book-poems Renee Sarojini Saklikar draws large crowd to SFU Woodward's for launch of new book of poems]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141030165124/http://www.straight.com/life/530426/renee-sarojini-saklikar-draws-large-crowd-sfu-woodwards-launch-new-book-poems Archive]). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. November 14, 2013. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> she married [[Adrian Dix]].<ref name="SmithSaklikarcrowds" /> Rob Taylor of ''[[Prism International]]'' wrote in 2013 that "If you've spent much time in Vancouver's literary community, you've probably heard of, or run into, Renée Saklikar."<ref name="Taylorspirits">Taylor, Rob. "[http://prismmagazine.ca/2013/11/08/in-the-power-of-spirits-children-of-air-india-by-renee-sarojini-saklikar/ in the power of spirits – "children of air india" by Renée Sarojini Saklikar]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129173638/http://prismmagazine.ca/2013/11/08/in-the-power-of-spirits-children-of-air-india-by-renee-sarojini-saklikar/ Archive]). ''[[Prism International]]'', Creative Writing Program of the [[University of British Columbia]]. November 8, 2013. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref>

==Personal life==
She was born in [[Pune]], India.<ref>"[http://ooligan.pdx.edu/renee-sarojini-saklikar-guest-poet-post-these-layers-that-now-surround-us/ Renée Sarojini Saklikar Guest Poet Post: "These Layers That Now Surround Us"]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062645/http://ooligan.pdx.edu/renee-sarojini-saklikar-guest-poet-post-these-layers-that-now-surround-us/ Archive]). [[Ooligan Press]], [[Portland State University]]. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> After moving to Canada from India, Saklikar had lived in [[Newfoundland]], then [[Montreal]] and [[Saskatchewan]] as well as other places where she did not spend as much time. She then moved to New Westminster.<ref name=Lederman>Lederman, Marsha. "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/poets-new-book-communes-with-the-ghosts-of-the-air-india-bombing/article15349779/ Poet's new book communes with the ghosts of the Air India bombing]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref>

Saklikar's father was the Rev. Vasant Saklikar, a minister of the [[United Church of Canada]].<ref>"[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2012/02/18/disciplined-by-his-type-1-diabetes-adrian-dix-strives-to-give-back/ Disciplined by a chronic condition, Adrian Dix strives to 'give back']" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092246/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2012/02/18/disciplined-by-his-type-1-diabetes-adrian-dix-strives-to-give-back/ Archive]). ''[[The Vancouver Sun]]''. February 8, 2012. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> He was a Hindu who, after arriving in Canada, converted to Christianity.<ref>"[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2012/02/17/adrian-dix-profile-revives-memories-of-rev-vasant-saklikar/ Adrian Dix profile revives memories of Rev. Vasant Saklikar]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092418/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2012/02/17/adrian-dix-profile-revives-memories-of-rev-vasant-saklikar/ Archive]). ''[[The Vancouver Sun]]''. February 17, 2012. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> Zebunnisa Jethwa and Umar Jethwa, Saklikar's aunt and uncle, perished on [[Air India Flight 182]].<ref name=SmithSaklikarcrowds/> A gynecologist and a surgeon, respectively, the two were Indians visiting relatives in the Vancouver area.<ref name=Lederman/> Saklikar was one of the interview subjects of the film ''[[Air India 182 (film)|Air India 182]]'',<ref>"[http://www.airindia182.com/downloads/AirIndia182PressKit.pdf Air India 182 Press Kit]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032431/http://www.airindia182.com/downloads/AirIndia182PressKit.pdf Archive]). ''Air India 182'' (film) official website. p. 10/12. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref> and her mother Bhanu Saklikar, was also interviewed.<ref>"[http://www.airindia182.com/downloads/AirIndia182PressKit.pdf Air India 182 Press Kit]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032431/http://www.airindia182.com/downloads/AirIndia182PressKit.pdf Archive]). ''Air India 182'' (film) official website. p. 11/12. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref><ref>"[http://www.eventmagazine.ca/2014/09/to-write-about-ones-dead-talking-poetry-with-renee-sarojini-saklikar/ To write about one's dead: Talking poetry with Renée Sarojini Saklikar.]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160407065240/http://www.eventmagazine.ca/2014/09/to-write-about-ones-dead-talking-poetry-with-renee-sarojini-saklikar/ Archive]). ''[[Event (magazine)|Event]]''. September 18, 2014. Retrieved on March 25, 2016. "(my mother's first name is Bhanu)."</ref>

She attended the [[University of British Columbia]], getting a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in English literature, and then an [[LL.B.]] in 1990.<ref>"[http://library.ryerson.ca/asianheritage/authors/renee-sarojini-saklikar/ Renée Sarojini Saklikar]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044012/http://library.ryerson.ca/asianheritage/authors/renee-sarojini-saklikar/ Archive]). [[Ryerson University]]. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> In 1991 she was called to the [[Call to the bar|British Columbia Bar]]. She had been trained as a barrister and solicitor.<ref name=SFUSaklikar>"[https://www.sfu.ca/continuing-studies/instructors/q-t/renee-saklikar.html Renée Sarojini Saklikar]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129053801/http://www.sfu.ca/continuing-studies/instructors/q-t/renee-saklikar.html Archive]). [[Simon Fraser University]]. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref>

==Writing career==
Saklikar was originally a lawyer, but as she grew older she became a poet and writer.<ref name=Lederman/> In 2010,<ref name=SFUSaklikar/> she graduated from the Writers Studio of the Continuing Studies Department at [[Simon Fraser University]];<ref>"[https://www.sfu.ca/vancouver/welcome/sfuvanblog/Fall2013/November2013/rsbooklaunch.html Book launch: children of air india: un/authorized exhibits and interjections]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129053741/http://www.sfu.ca/vancouver/welcome/sfuvanblog/Fall2013/November2013/rsbooklaunch.html Archive]). [[Simon Fraser University Vancouver]]. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> she stated that the Writers Studio had revealed to the world that she was a poet.<ref>Saxifrage, Carrie. "[http://www.vancouverobserver.com/sustainability/2011/12/14/vancouver-poet-renee-sarojini-saklikar-reads-carbon-talks Vancouver poet Renee Sarojini Saklikar reads at Carbon Talks]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060016/http://www.vancouverobserver.com/sustainability/2011/12/14/vancouver-poet-renee-sarojini-saklikar-reads-carbon-talks Archive]). ''[[Vancouver Observer]]''. December 14, 2011. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> Saklikar co-founded the Lunch Poems reading series of Simon Fraser University.<ref name=Taylorspirits/> As of 2014 she serves as an instructor and writing mentor for the SFU Continuing Studies department.<ref name=SFUSaklikar/> Saklikar served as Poet Laureate for the City of Surrey, British Columbia, Canada from 2015-2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Surrey selects its first Poet Laureate - Surrey Leader|url = http://www.surreyleader.com/entertainment/335887951.html|website = Surrey Leader|access-date = 2016-01-15}}</ref> As of February 2021, she serves on the boards of ''Turning Point Ensemble, Poetry Canada, the Surrey International Writers Conference and The Ormbsy Review.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-12|title=About Renée Saklikar|url=https://thecanadaproject.wordpress.com/about-renee-saklikar/|access-date=2021-02-07|website=thecanada?project|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==

* Saklikar was awarded the Canadian Authors Association Award for Poetry in 2014 for her book, ''children of air india''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Renée Sarojini Saklikar {{!}} Canadian Authors Association|url = http://canadianauthors.org/national/renee-sarojini-saklikar/|website = canadianauthors.org|date = 17 June 2014|access-date = 2016-01-15}}</ref>
* Saklikar's book of poetry, ''children of air india'', was a finalist for the [[Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize]] (part of the [[BC and Yukon Book Prizes]]).<ref name="Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize">{{cite web |title=2014 Winners & Finalists - Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize |url=https://bcbookprizes.ca/winners-finalists/2014-winners-finalists/#poetry |website=BC & Yukon Book Prizes |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
*''The Revolving City: 51 Poems and the Stories Behind Them'', which Saklikar co-edited, was shortlisted for the 2016 City of Vancouver Book Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Vancouver Book Award past short lists |url=https://vancouver.ca/people-programs/book-award-past-years.aspx |website=City of Vancouver Book Award |publisher=City of Vancouver |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
* A chapbook, ''After the Battle of Kingsway, the bees,'' (above/ground press, 2016), was a finalist for the 2017 bpNichol award.<ref>{{cite news |title="Shortlist for $4,000 bpNichol Chapbook Award Announced" |url=https://meetthepresses.wordpress.com/2017/10/18/shortlist-for-4000-bpnichol-chapbook-award-announced-2/ |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=Meet the Presses blog |publisher=Meet the Presses Collective |date=October 18, 2017}}</ref>
*''Listening to the Bees'' received the Gold Medal for the 2019 Independent Publisher Book Awards in the Environment/Ecology category.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPPY Awards 2019 - Categories 46-78 |url=http://www.ippyawards.com/135/2019-cat-46-78 |website=Independent Publishers Award (IPPY Awards) |publisher=Independent Publishers Award |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''[[children of air india: un/authorized exhibits and interjections]]'' (Nightwood Editions, 2013),<ref>Staff. "[https://www.straight.com/life/524861/renee-sarojini-saklikar-launches-new-book-children-air-india Renée Sarojini Saklikar launches new book, children of air india]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129054042/http://www.straight.com/life/524861/renee-sarojini-saklikar-launches-new-book-children-air-india Archive]). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. November 6, 2013. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> a book of poetry<ref name=SmithSaklikarcrowds/>
* ''air india [redacted]: silence & longing 30 years since flight 182:'' A collaboration with [https://www.turningpointensemble.ca/ Turning Point Ensemble]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-04|title=Air india (redacted) exorcises terrorist act through art|url=https://www.straight.com/arts/570171/air-india-redacted-exorcises-terrorist-act-through-art|access-date=2021-02-07|website=The Georgia Straight|language=en}}</ref>
*''The Revolving City: 51 Poems and the Stories Behind Them'' (Anvil Press/SFU Public Square, 2015), co-edited by [[Wayde Compton]] and Renée Saklikar, was co-published by [[Anvil Press]] and SFU Public Square.
*''Thot-J-Bap:'' A visual/poetry collaboration with Chris Turnbull (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-29|title=Thot-J-Bap Collaboration with Chris Turnbull|url=https://thecanadaproject.wordpress.com/what-is-thecanadaproject/thot-j-bap-collaboration-with-chris-turnbull/|access-date=2021-02-07|website=thecanada?project|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Listening to the Bees'' (Nightwood Editions, 2018), co-written by [[Mark Winston]] and Renée Saklikar, published by [[Nightwood Editions]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rose |first1=Rachel |title="A poet and scientist listen to the bees" |url=https://www.cascadiamagazine.org/artsculture/a-poet-and-scientist-listen-to-the-bees/ |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=Cascadia Magazine |publisher=Cascadia Magazine |date=May 25, 2018}}</ref>
* ''After the Battle of Kingsway, the bees'' (above/ground press, 2016), is a chapbook which contain parts of ''THOT-J-BAP'', an epic sci-fi journey poem that Saklikar has been writing.
*''Bee Studies'': A collaboration with [https://www.turningpointensemble.ca/ Turning Point Ensemble].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-11|title=Bee Studies: A Collaboration with Turning Point Ensemble|url=https://thecanadaproject.wordpress.com/books-and-collaborations/bee-studies-owen-underhill/|access-date=2021-02-07|website=thecanada?project|language=en}}</ref>
*''thecanada?project'' - a lifelong poem chronicle about place, identity, language.<ref name="SmithcHILDREN">{{Cite web|date=2013-10-20|title=What is thecanadaproject?|url=https://thecanadaproject.wordpress.com/what-is-thecanadaproject/|access-date=2021-02-07|website=thecanada?project|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*[http://airindia182.com/interviews/09.flv Interview footage of Renée Sarojini Saklikar] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150204200139/http://airindia182.com/interviews/09.flv Archive]) from the documentary ''[[Air India 182 (film)|Air India 182]]''

==External links==
* [http://thecanadaproject.wordpress.com/ Thecanadaproject]
* "[http://www.harbourpublishing.com/author/ReneeSaklikar Renée Sarojini Saklikar]." Harbour Publishing.

{{Air India 182}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saklikar, Renee Sarojini}}
[[Category:21st-century Canadian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:Canadian women poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Lawyers in British Columbia]]
[[Category:People from New Westminster]]
[[Category:Simon Fraser University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Simon Fraser University]]
[[Category:University of British Columbia alumni]]
[[Category:Poets from Vancouver]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Peter A. Allard School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Municipal poets laureate in Canada]]
[[Category:21st-century women poets]]

Aniruddha Sastry

2026-03-11T07:45:42Z

DesignersX:

{{short description|Indian musical artist (born 1997)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Aniruddha|Sastry}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Aniruddha Sastry
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|1|23}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback singer]]|Music director|Actor|Dubbing artist}}
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Melody]], [[Classical music]], [[Devotional music]]
| years_active = 2005–2011 (Acting) 2017–present (Music)
}}

'''Aniruddha Sastry''' (born 23 January 1997) is an Indian playback singer, actor, music director, lyricist and dubbing artist primarily associated with the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film and television industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/aniruddha-sastry.html|title=Aniruddha Sastry: Height, Age, Wife, Girlfriend, Biography|website=Filmibeat.com|date=16 December 2019}}</ref> Sastry began his singing career with devotional and classical compositions before transitioning into mainstream cinema. His playback debut came with the Kannada film ''[[Kidi (film)|Kidi]]'' in 2017 and over the years, Sastry has lent his voice to numerous tracks across Kannada films. He gained recognition as a performer in devotional and film music, and has also appeared in Kannada films, including roles as a child artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIUQ53NPC24|title='ಜಾಕಿ' ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಪ್ಪು ಜೊತೆ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದ ಅನಿರುದ್ಧ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಿ ಈಗ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಟಾಪ್ ಸಿಂಗರ್!|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>

In 2020, he achieved a significant milestone by winning the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for his performance in the film ''Acharya Sri Shankara''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-state-awards-2020-sanchari-vijay-presented-posthumous-jury-award-3443270|title=Karnataka State Awards 2020: Sanchari Vijay presented posthumous Jury Award|work=Deccan Herald|date=12 March 2025}}</ref> This honor added to his earlier achievement as a child actor when he received the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor]] for ''[[Rakshasa (2005 film)|Rakshasa]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05 announced - Monalisa bagged the first best film award|website=www.viggy.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born on January 23, 1997, Sastry completed his education at Hymamshu Jyothi Kala Peetha. His musical journey began early, and in 2005, he debuted as a child actor in the Kannada film ''Rakshasa'', portraying [[Shiva Rajkumar]]'s son. This performance earned him the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor in 2005. Alongside acting, Sastry actively participated in several prominent singing reality shows. Notably ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs (Kannada)''. He hosted programs such as ''Little Star Singer'' and ''Chinnara Camp'', appearing on channels like [[Zee Kannada]] and [[Star Suvarna]].

Sastry appeared as a child artist in several Kannada films including ''[[Shubham (film)|Shubham]]'' (2006), ''[[Care Of Footpath]]'' (2006), ''[[Thutturi]]'' (2007), ''[[Masti (2007 film)|Masti]]'' (2007), ''[[Moggina Jade]]'' (2008), ''[[Circus (2009 film)|Circus]]'' (2009), ''[[Maduve Mane]]'' (2011), ''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]'' (2011), and ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' (2010). He later played a negative lead in ''Gosi Gang'' (2019).

== Career ==
=== Playback singing & music direction ===
Aniruddha Sastry made his playback singing debut in the Kannada film ''[[Kidi (film)|Kidi]]'' (2017), marking his entry into the music industry. The song "Preethi Inda" was a duet composed by [[Emil Mohammed]] and included vocals of [[Anuradha Bhat]]. In the same year he did a solo song with Ravi Dev for the film ''Engineers''. Following his debut, Sastry contributed to soundtracks for films such as ''[[Dhairyam (2017 film)|Dhairyam]]'' (2017), ''[[Dandupalya 3]]'' (2018), and ''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]'' (2018). During this period, he also began performing title tracks and high-energy numbers, establishing his presence in commercial cinema.

In 2020, Sastry achieved a major milestone by winning the Karnataka State Award for Best Singer for his rendition in the devotional film ''Acharya Sri Shankara''. This recognition elevated his status as a leading playback singer in the Kannada industry. He also released popular singles such as “Forever RCB,” which became an anthem for cricket fans.

Sastry continued to deliver hit tracks in films like ''[[Pogaru]]'' (2021), ''[[Roberrt]]'' (2021), and ''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]]'' (2022). His songs during this phase included title tracks and thematic compositions, blending traditional and contemporary styles. He also ventured into independent music with singles like “Love Ge No No” and “Candy Flip.” In 2023, Sastry released the title track for ''CSI Sanatan'' and the cricket anthem “RCB 12th Man Army.” He also contributed to major film soundtracks, including the theme song for ''[[Kaatera]]'', which gained significant popularity.

By 2025, Sastry expanded his role beyond playback singing, debuting as a music director and lyricist with the single ''[[Love U Muddu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/20/love-u-muddu-title-track-released|title=Love U Muddu title track released|work=Cinema Express|date=20 September 2025}}</ref> He also contributed to major film projects like ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]'' (Kannada and Malayalam versions), composing and performing tracks such as “Roar of Narsimha” and “Asura Theme.”

Other notable works include songs for ''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'', ''[[Mark (2025 film)|Mark]]'', and ''Timepass'', reflecting his evolution into a multifaceted music professional.

==Discography==
===Playback singer===
{| width=100% class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Song(s)
! Music director(s)
! Co-singer(s)
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Kidi (film)|Kidi]]'' || "Preethi Inda" || [[Emil Mohammed]] || [[Anuradha Bhat]] || Debut film as a Playback Singer Credited as Aniruddh
|-
| ''Engineers'' || "Mathalli Helalu Aagada" || Ravi Dev || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''Parasanga'' || "Kaadiro Coffee" || Harshavardhan Raj || [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Jogi Sunitha, Madvesh ||
|-
| ''[[Bhairava Geetha]]'' || "Iruvi Goodnaag" "Ee Daasyada Mushtiyu" || Ravishankar || [[Indu Nagaraj]], [[Shashank Sheshagiri]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''Kaddu Muchchi'' || "Promise Priya" || [[Hamsalekha]] || Supriya Acharya ||
|-
| ''Modala Hejje'' || "Modala Notake" "Premankura" || || ||
|-
| ''[[Kapata Nataka Paatradhaari]]'' || "Manadaalada Maathu" "Bitt Hode Nee Doora" || Adil Nadaf || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2020 || ''Veshadhari'' || "Aase Aase" || [[V. Manohar]] || ||
|-
| ''[[India vs England]]'' || "Jai Jai Jai" || [[Arjun Janya]] || ||
|-
| ''Mounam'' || "Ninna Usiralliye" || Arav Rishik || Shwetha Devanahally ||
|-
| ''[[Pogaru]]'' || "Jeeva Kottavalu" || [[Chandan Shetty]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Varnapatala]]'' || "Hosa Daari Saaride" || Harshavardhan Raj || ||
|-
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru (soundtrack)|Soorarai Pottru]]'' || "Mannaki" "Naguthale" "Karshanabe" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Roberrt]]'' || "Ba Ba Ba Na Ready" || Arjun Janya || Vyasaraj Sosale, [[Santhosh Venky]], Supreeth Phalguna, Nikhil Parthasarathy ||
|-
| ''Hitler'' || "Bandukina Chapu" || Akash Parva || Chethan Naik, Pancham Jeeva ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2022 || ''Dear Sathya'' || "Jopana Jopana" || [[Sridhar V. Sambhram]] || Shwetha Devanahally ||
|-
| ''Ganduli'' || "Disco Bandaithalla" "Huli Huli Huli" || Ravidev || [[Vijay Prakash]], Vedika ||
|-
| ''[[Avatara Purusha (2022 film)|Avatara Purusha]]'' || "Manthra" || Arjun Janya || ||
|-
| ''Local Train'' || "Whats Up" || Arjun Janya || Shruthi ||
|-
| ''Sara Vajra'' || "Nikah" "Chigurida Hoovagi" "Aalada Maradanthe" || V. Manohar || Prathima Bhat, Jannath Naz, [[Anuradha Bhat]], Chinmay ||
|-
| ''Khadak'' || "Bisi Bisi Hudugi" || M. N. Krupakar || Pooja ||
|-
| ''[[Window Seat (2022 film)|Window Seat]]'' || "Nee Nasukina" || Arjun Janya || Anuradha Bhat ||
|-
| ''[[Shiva 143]]'' || "Nanthak Baa" || Arjun Janya || [[Mangli]], Santhosh Venky, Chethan Naik ||
|-
| ''[[Ravi Bopanna]]'' || "Heronu Ivane" || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] || Santhosh Venky, Madhwesh Bharadwaj ||
|-
| ''[[Raana (2022 film)|Raana]]'' || "Gully Boy" || Chandan Shetty || [[Aditi Sagar]] ||
|-
| ''Pampa'' || "Kannike Kannike" "Hosa Kanase" "Naadee Geethe" || Hamsalekha || ||
|-
| ''Raja Rani Roarer'' || "Jodi Etthu" || Prabhu S R || [[Ravi Basrur]] ||
|-
| ''[[Raymo (2022 film)|Raymo]]'' || "Ninnade Ninnade" || Arjun Janya || [[Indu Nagaraj]], [[Sanjith Hegde]] ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2023 || ''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]]'' || "Don't Mess With Him" "Dharani" || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Tippu, Pancham Jeeva, Santhosh Venky, Madhwesh Bharadwaj, Vihan, Lakshmi Vijay, Khushala ||
|-
| ''[[Gowli (film)|Gowli]]'' || "Maha Rakkasa" || [[Shashank Sheshagiri]] || Shashank Sheshagiri, Madhwesh Bharadwaj ||
|-
| ''Gadayuddha'' || "Akki Bele Dabba" || S Solomon || Hemanth ||
|-
| ''Bengaluru Boys'' || "Bengaluru Boys" "Thodaladuva" || [[Dharma Vish]] || ||
|-
| ''O Manase'' || "Bhoomine Kusidu Hodanthe" || [[Jassie Gift]] || ||
|-
| ''Don Kumara'' || "Nenapu Nenapu" || Arav Rishik || ||
|-
| ''Aura'' || "Preethiya Amanthrana" || Girish Hotthur || Arundhathi Hegde, Ajith Keshava, Girish Hotthur ||
|-
| ''[[CSI Sanatan]]'' || "Title song" || Aneesh Solomon || || Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Garadi (film)|Garadi]]'' || "Garadi Title Track" || V. Harikrishna || V. Harikrishna, Shashank Sheshagiri, Santhosh Venky, [[Chethan Sosca]] ||
|-
| ''Royal Mech'' || "Banda Banda Dude" "Janma Kotta Thayi" || Rizwan Ahamed || Anjana S ||
|-
| ''[[Kaatera]]'' || "Kaatera theme" || V. Harikrishna || Abhishek M R, Madhwesh Bharadwaj, Vishak Nagalapura ||
|-
| ''Avalakki Pavalakki'' || "Naa Abhimani" || Zubin Paul || Zubin Paul ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2024 || ''Kailasa Kasidre'' || "Senorita" || Ashik Arun || Madhuri Sheshadri ||
|-
| ''[[Bharjari Gandu (2024 film)|Bharjari Gandu]]'' || "Sukka Sarayigintha" "Kaadu Kootha Chandira" || Gummineni Vijay || [[Naveen Sajju]], Aishwarya Rangarajan ||
|-
| ''Desai'' || "Holi Hunnime Habbakka" || [[Sai Karthik]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Karki (film)|Karki]]'' || "Dun Dun Nakkadi" "Naan Yaar" "Vaale Jummukki" || Arjun Janya Abhay Anand || Mookuthi Murugan, Parthiban ||
|-
| ''[[Gowri (2024 film)|Gowri]]'' || "Dhool Yebsava" || Shivu Bergi || [[Ananya Bhat]] ||
|-
| ''[[Yala Kunni]]'' || "Naraka Thumbi" || Dharma Vish || Dharma Vish, Chethan Naik, Shashank Sheshagiri ||
|-
| ''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'' || "Rudhira Dhaara" "Stun Gun" || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || Amogh Balaji ||
|-
| ''Tenant'' || "Nagunagutha Edebaditha" "Kanna Muchche Kaade Goode" || Girish Hothur || ||
|-
| ''Naa Ninna Bidalare'' || "Muddu Gombe" || M. S. Thyagaraj || ||
|-
| ''[[Max (2024 film)|Max]]'' || "The Hunter Song" || B. Ajaneesh Loknath || Amogh Balaji ||
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2025 || ''[[Nimde Kathe]]'' || "Ivane Namma" || Praveen Nikethan || ||
|-
| ''[[FIR 6 to 6]]'' || "Kachiko Kachiko" || Sathish Babu || Uma Neha ||
|-
| ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]'' || "Roar of Narasimha" "Asura Theme" || [[Sam C. S.]] || Sam C. S. || Sung in Kannada, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] versions
|-
| ''Yarigu Helbedi'' || "Kaldode" || Shashank Sheshagiri || ||
|-
| ''[[Love U Muddu]]'' || "Eegeega Nanaganthu" || Himself || [[K. S. Chithra]] ||
|-
| ''I Am God'' || "Haavan Bekar Katko" || B. Ajaneesh Loknath || Shashank Sheshagiri, Aishwarya Rangarajan ||
|-
| ''[[Thammudu (2025 film)|Thammudu]]'' || "Slokam" || B. Ajaneesh Loknath || || Telugu film
|-
| ''The Task'' || "Dhaga Dhaga" || [[Judah Sandhy]] || Chinmayi L, Nadeera Banu, Meghana Kulkarni Joshi ||
|-
| ''Acharya Sri Shankara'' || Various songs || Arjun Janya || || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]
|-
| ''[[Odela 2]]'' || "Yemulada Rajanna" || B. Ajaneesh Loknath || || Telugu film
|-
| ''Bicchugatthiya Bantana Ballirena'' || "Waah! Veerane" || Sri Sastha || ||
|-
| ''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]'' || "Alhomora" || B. Ajaneesh Loknath || ||
|-
| ''[[Vrusshabha]]'' || "Theme song" || Sam C. S. || || Telugu & Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Mark (2025 film)|Mark]]'' || "Psycho Saithan" "The Kaali Song" || B. Ajaneesh Loknath || [[Vijay Prakash]] ||
|-
|2026
|''[[Rakkasapuradhol]]''
|"Villain Theme"
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|
|
|}

===Lyricist===
{| width=100% class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Song(s)
! Music director(s)
! Singers
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''Kaanadante Mayavadanu'' || "Kone Iradantha Preethige" || Gummineni Vijay || [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru (soundtrack)|Soorarai Pottru]]'' || "Mannaki" "Naguthale" "Kande Kande" "Usire" "Sundara" "Karshanabe" "Aakasha" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || Various
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[Pogaru]]'' || "Jeeva Kottavalu" || [[Chandan Shetty]] || Himself
|-
| ''Lanke'' || "Pipipi" || Karthik Shetty || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Varijashree Venugopal]]
|-
| ''[[Jagame Thandhiram (soundtrack)|Jagame Thandhiram]]'' || "Rakita Rakita" || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] || Ashwin Sharma, Divya Ramachandra, Velu Krishnamurthy
|-
| ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea (soundtrack)|Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' || "Muddu Kunjalige" "Kande Kande" "Manasiro Kunjali" || Ronnie Raphael || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]], Zia Ul Haq, Vishnu Raj
|-
| 2023 || ''Bengaluru Boys'' || "Bengaluru Boys" "Thodaladuva" || [[Dharma Vish]] || Himself
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024 || ''[[Hanu-Man (soundtrack)|Hanu-Man]]'' || "Vajrakaaya Anjaneya" "Hoovamma Hoove" || [[Anudeep Dev]], GowraHari || Sahithi Galidevara, Yogi Shekar
|-
| ''[[Bharjari Gandu (2024 film)|Bharjari Gandu]]'' || "Kaadu Kootha Chandira" "Amigo Go Go" || Gummineni Vijay || Aishwarya Rangarajan, Gummineni Vijay
|-
| ''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'' || "Rudhira Dhaara" || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || Himself
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2025 || ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha (soundtrack)|Mahavatar Narsimha]]'' || "Roar of Narasimha" "Om Namo Bhagavathe Vasudevaya" "Hariya Kathe" "Nannalliruva Prana Nee" "Asura Theme" || [[Sam C. S.]] || Sam C. S., [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Sanjith Hegde]], Shivatmika, Rihanna, [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
| ''[[Bhuvanam Gaganam]]'' || "Bhuvana Gagana" "Hrudayave Chooru Nillu" "I Got This Feeling" "Ee Bhuvana Aa Gagana" || Gummineni Vijay || [[Armaan Malik]], Aishwarya Rangarajan, [[Sanjith Hegde]], Pruthvi Bhat, [[Javed Ali]]
|-
| ''[[Love U Muddu]]'' || "Love You Muddu" || Himself || [[Sonu Nigam]], Aishwarya Rangarajan, Surabhi Bharadwaj
|-
| ''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]'' || "Idre Nemdiyaag Irbek" "Alhomora" || Deepak Blue ||
|-
|}

==Filmography==
*''Source''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/master-aniruddh|title=Master Aniruddh : Kannada Actor| Movies|website=chiloka.com}}</ref>

===As a child actor===
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Rakshasa (2005 film)|Rakshasa]]'' (2005)
*''[[Care of Footpath]]'' (2006)
*''[[Pandavaru]]'' (2006)
*''[[Shubham (film)|Shubham]]'' (2006)
*''[[Honganasu]]'' (2007)
*''Operation Ankusha'' (2007)
*''[[Moggina Jade]]'' (2008)
*''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' (2010)
*''Vishnu'' (2011)
*''Noorondu Bagilu'' (2011)
*''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]'' (2011)
{{Colend}}

===As a dubbing artist===
*''Shankara Punyakoti'' (2009)
*''[[Naa Rani Nee Maharani]]'' (2010)
*''[[Huduga Hudugi]]'' (2010)
*''[[Porki]]'' (2010)
*''[[Police Story 3]]'' (2011)
*''[[Kirataka]]'' (2011)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm13921462}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/@naveensajjuofficial/ Official YouTube Channel]
*[https://www.instagram.com/theasrsings/?hl=en/ Official instagram page]
*[https://www.facebook.com/aniruddhasastryasr/ Official Facebook Page]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Aniruddha}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Rajampet

2026-03-11T06:30:07Z

DesignersX:

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajampeta
| official_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_flag =
| image_skyline = Tallakapaka annamaya.jpg
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| anthem = "[[Maa Telugu Thalliki]]"
| motto = "[[Satyameva Jayathe]]"
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_image_position =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India, Asia
| coordinates = {{Coord|14.195|N|79.158|E|region:IN-AP_type:adm1st_dim:500000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kadapa district]]
| subdivision_name4 = Rajampet
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Rajampet Municipality
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{Cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/RAYACHOTI/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 302
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 127,027
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{Cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=634348 |publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu Language|Telugu]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516115,516126

| area_code = 08565
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = AP-04, AP-39, AP-40
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Currency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indian Rupee]]
}}

'''Rajampeta''' is a town in [[Kadapa district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], located in the [[Rayalaseema]] Region formed on the banks of [[Cheyyeru River]]. The town has an average elevation of {{Convert|139|meters}}.

Rajampet is an [[Assembly constituency]], [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]] and a Forest Headquarters.<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/23590258/Divisional-Forest-Office Forest Headquarters of Annamayya district]</ref> It is located in Rajampet mandal of [[Rajampeta revenue division]]. It is bordered by [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] from south to the east, [[Veeraballe|Veeraballe mandal]] to the west, and [[Nandalur| Nandalur mandal]] to the north.<ref name="districts-20251231">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>

== Governance ==

=== Civil administration ===
Rajampet is a [[municipality]] of area {{convert|35.87|sqkm}} in Kadapa District. Rajampet was a [[gram panchayat]] before 2005 and upgraded to [[nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] on 2 April 2005 up to an area of {{Convert|20.60|km2|abbr=on}} and in 2017 upgraded as municipality.<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/RAJAMPET/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> It consists of 29 election wards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief about Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Rajampet/|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> In 2019 this town was upgraded into a Grade II Municipality which is headed by a [[Municipal governance in India|Municipal Chairman]] and governed by a [[Municipal Commissioner]].

=== Politics ===
Rajampet is a [[Lok sabha]] [[constituency]] since 1957 and it is a Lok Sabha constituency of the twenty-five lok sabha constituencies from Andhra Pradesh in India and only one Parliamentary Constituency in the district.

Currently [[P. V. Midhun Reddy|P.V Midhun Reddy]] [[Member of Parliament (India)]] of YSR Congress Party won from [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)]] from General elections held on 2024.

[[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]] is the present [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of the Rajampet Assembly constituency for the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008071101/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Kadapa district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rajampet}}
* [http://cdma.gov.in/RAJAMPET/index.html Rajampet Municipality]

{{Kadapa district}}
{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kadapa district]]

Parijatham (1950 film)

2026-03-04T05:03:49Z

DesignersX: New...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Parijatham (1950 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. S. Gopalakrishnan{{efn|name=a|Not [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]}}
| screenplay = Elangovan
| based_on = [[Narakasura]] epic
| producer = S. K. Sundararama Iyer
| starring = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[B. S. Saroja]] [[M. V. Rajamma]]
| cinematography = Jithen Banerji
| editing = A. V. Subba Rao
| music = [[C. R. Subbaraman]] [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| studio = Lavanya Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1950|11|09|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Parijatham''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɑːr|ɪ|dʒ|ɑː|ð|əm}}) is a 1950 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan,{{efn|name=a}} starring [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[M. V. Rajamma]] and [[B. S. Saroja]]. It was released on 9 November 1950.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1950 – பாரிஜாதம் – லாவண்யா பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1950 – Parijatham – Lavanya Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1950-cinedetails6.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913164556/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1950-cinedetails6.asp |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film has three storylines.

The first line which is the first part is about the well known myth of [[Narakasura]]. Narakasura, the demon king has invincible powers due to the boons he had received from Devas and with all that he wreaks havoc on everyone. Narada knows that only Bama, the wife of Krishna who was Naragasura's mother in the previous birth can annihilate him. Narada adept in his covert ways to achieve his goals subtly gifts a parijatham flower to Krishna and make him in turn gift it to his first wife Rukmani. As expected the demon king dies at the hands of Bama but not before making a request that his day of death be celebrated by people as Deepavali.

The next story line has the same parijatham that breeds enmity in Bama against Rukmani. Finally she understands that Rukmani's devotion to Krishna far exceeds her own, a humbling experience.

There is a third line which is a comic interlude that intersects the film throughout. N.S.krishnan, T.A.Mathuram and side kicks Kaka Radhakrishnan and Pulimootai Ramasamy take care of that.

== Cast ==
Cast according to the opening credits:
{{Col-begin|width=65%}}
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Male
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as [[Krishna]]n
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as [[Kamadeva|Shri Kaman]]
* [[R. Balasubramaniam]] as [[Narakasura]]n
* Nagarcoil Mahadevan as [[Narada]]r
* T. K. Sampangi as [[Indra]]n
* C. S. D. Singh as Muran
* Pulimoottai Ramasami as the fake Naradar
* C. S. Pandian as Kakkai
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan|T. V. Radhakrishnan]] as Brother
* Pappa Narayana Iyer as [[Kasyapa]]r
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Female
* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as [[Rukmini|Rukmani]]
* [[B. S. Saroja]] as [[Satyabhama]]
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Senthamarai
* [[T. S. Jaya]] as Lalitha
* P. G. Parvathi as Shyamala
* C. Vedhavalli as [[Indrani]]
* S. Menaka as Krishnamani
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Dance
* Thara Chowdhry
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]-[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
* S. Kandamma
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by S. K. Sundararama Iyer under the banner ''Lavanya Pictures'' and was shot at Newtone and Vauhini studios. The film was directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan B. A.{{efn|name=a}} Screenplay and dialogues were written by Elangovan. Jithen Banerji was in charge of cinematography while Kumaradevan was the operative cameraman. Editing was done by A. V. Subba Rao. Dinsha K. Tehrani was in charge of audiography. Art direction was done by [[F. Nagoor]] while Hiralal did the choreography.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[C. R. Subbaraman]] and [[S. V. Venkatraman]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyricist !! Raga !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| "Enathannai Unnai Pedhai" || T. V. Rathnam || rowspan=9|[[Papanasam Sivan]]|| || 02:15
|-
| "Thane Varuvaradi" || T. V. Rathnam || || 02:16
|-
| "Murali Gaana Vilola Muguntha" || K. V. Janaki || || 01:22
|-
| "Niyaayam Alladi Bhaamaa" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]|| || 02:26
|-
| "Yezhai En Meethu Paaraa" || Nagercoil K. Mahadevan || || 02:35
|-
| "Piraana Naathanae" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || || 02:20
|-
| "Maaya Chiripilae" || [[T. V. Rathnam]]|| Desh || 02:57
|-
| "Porumaiyae Inbam Tharum" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]|| || 02:11
|-
| "Anbinil Yaavume...Thulasi Jegan Maathaa" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || Desh || 02:37
|-
| "Musical Dance" || Thara Chowdhry dance || || || 03:31
|-
| "Vaan Nilavae Mana Mohana" || T. R. Mahalingam & T. V. Rathnam || rowspan=4|[[Kambadasan]]|| || 02:58
|-
| "Ulagathukae Unavalikkum" || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] & Jikki Group || || 01:22
|-
| "Mathiyaa Vithiyaa" || [[C. R. Subbaraman]] & T. V. Rathnam || || 03:38
|-
| "Jeeva Theebame Thalelo" || [[P. Leela]] & [[Jikki]]|| || 01:31
|-
| "Paarijaadha Poovu Namma" || [[N. S. Krishnan]] & [[T. A. Madhuram]]|| Santhanakrishna Naidu || || 02:44
|-
| "Paadhkaakkanum Paangu Paarkanum" || N. S. Krishnan || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]|| || 03:55
|-
| "Manamagizh" (Musical drama) || K. V. Janaki & Jikki || [[K. D. Santhanam]]|| || 06:18
|-
| "Ithu Thaguma Baamaa Kelai" || T. R. Mahalingam || || || 02:12
|-
| "Pugazhnthu Pugazhnthu Uraikka" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || || || 04:36
|-
| "Vantharul Endruraippai" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || || || 02:22
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Swadesamitran]]'' praised the film citing the film moves faster without getting bored anywhere, while ''[[Dinamani]]'' wrote that propaganda humor is well handled and added the film had melodious songs and good direction, and ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the makers for adapting mythology stories nicely for present generation and added its a musical film due to good songs.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 May 1981 |title=பாரிஜாதம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-05-24/page/n57/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230810115242/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-05-24/page/n57/mode/2up |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=2024-08-30 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=56 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Historian [[Randor Guy]] said the film is remembered for the satire-rich comedy of N. S. Krishnan.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=9 April 2010 |title=Paarijaatham (1950) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/paarijaatham-1950/article3020779.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150618133442/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/paarijaatham-1950/article3020779.ece |archive-date=18 June 2015 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB title}}

[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:1950 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kedara

2026-03-04T00:31:12Z

DesignersX: Put Up A Stub.

{{short description|2019 slice of life Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kedara
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| producer = Samiran Das (Kaleidoscope)
| writer = [[Srijato]]
| starring = [[Kaushik Ganguly]] [[Rudranil Ghosh]] Joydeep Kundu Moushumi Sanyal Dasgupta Indranil Roy
| music = [[Arijit Singh]]
| cinematography = [[Subhankar Bhar]]
| editing = Sujay Datta Ray
| studio = Kaleidoscope
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|11|01}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Kedara''''' is a 2019 Indian Bengali language [[slice of life]] film directed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]], and produced by Samiran Das under the banner of Kaleidoscope. Starring [[Kaushik Ganguly]] and [[Rudranil Ghosh]], it was released on 1 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kedara-39120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101064005/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kedara-39120|url-status=live|archive-date=1 November 2019|title=Kedara (2019) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kedara (movie)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/kedara/movieshow/62902163.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2019-08-02|accessdate=2019-08-02}}</ref> This is the directorial debut film of Indraadip Dasgupta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/indraadip-dasgupta-on-kedara-i-am-a-first-time-director-yet-kaushik-da-didnt-put-any-conditions/articleshow/66781901.cms |title=Indraadip Dasgupta on ‘Kedara’: I am a first time director, yet Kaushik da didn’t put any conditions | Bengali Movie News |work=The Times of India |date=2018-11-24 |accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> Its music was composed by [[Arijit Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/indraadips-kedara-wins-big-at-hyderabad-bengali-film-festival/articleshow/70325090.cms |title=Indraadip’s ‘Kedara’ wins big at Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival | Bengali Movie News |work=The Times of India |date=2019-07-22 |accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/indraadips-kedara-wins-best-debut-director-award-in-madrid/articleshow/69591852.cms |title=Indraadip’s ‘Kedara’ wins Best Debut Director Award in Madrid | newspaper=The Times of India | date=31 May 2019 |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kedara-poster-doubles-excitement-ahead-of-its-kiff-screening/articleshow/66615467.cms |title=‘Kedara’ poster doubles excitement ahead of its KIFF screening | Bengali Movie News |work=The Times of India |date=2018-11-14 |accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/kedara-39120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801141332/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/kedara-39120|url-status=live|archive-date=1 August 2019|title=Kedara review: Exceptional debut film by music composer Indraadip Dasgupta|first=Roushni|last=Sarkar|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/yet-another-festival-laurel-for-indraadips-kedara/articleshow/69368463.cms |title=Yet another festival laurel for Indraadip’s ‘Kedara’ | Bengali Movie News |work=The Times of India |date=2019-05-17 |accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imagineindia.net/2019/03/09/kedara-indraadip-dasgupta-india/ |title=Kedara (Indraadip Dasgupta) India | |publisher=Imagineindia.net |date=2015-02-16 |accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/cinestaan-epaper-cinestan/music+director+indraadip+dasgupta+announces+his+second+directorial+apu-newsid-100149985 |title=Music director Indraadip Dasgupta announces his second directorial Apu - Cinestaan | DailyHunt |publisher=M.dailyhunt.in |date= |accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bengali/indradeep-dasguptas-first-film-kedara-launched-at-kiff-1947813 |title=Indradeep Dasgupta's first film KEDARA launched at KIFF | স্তব্ধতার গান শোনাবে ইন্দ্রদীপ দাশগুপ্তের প্রথম ছবি কেদারা - NDTV Movies |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=2018-11-15 |accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/15606/Kedara-Leaves-You-With-the-Question-Is-Koushik-Ganguly-a-Better-Actor-Than-a-Director |title=Kedara Leaves You With the Question, Is Koushik Ganguly a Better Actor Than a Director? |publisher=Thecitizen.in |date=2018-11-23 |accessdate=2019-08-01 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801152046/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/15606/Kedara-Leaves-You-With-the-Question-Is-Koushik-Ganguly-a-Better-Actor-Than-a-Director |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.habitatfilmclub.com/hff-film-details.php?ID=501|title=Habitat Film Club|website=www.habitatfilmclub.com|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509214939/https://www.habitatfilmclub.com/hff-film-details.php?ID=501|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kedara-wins-best-film-at-hyderabad-bengali-film-festival-123681/|title=হায়দরাবাদে সেরা ইন্দ্রদীপ দাশগুপ্তের ‘কেদারা’|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsjizz.in/35962-indraadip-s-kedara-wins-big-at-the-bengali-film-festival-in-hyderabad.html|title=Indraadips Kedara wins big at the Bengali Film Festival in Hyderabad|website=NEWSJIZZ}}</ref>

==Plot==
Narasingha is a [[Ventriloquism|ventriloquist]] who lost his livelihood when the relevance of his art started to fade. He lives alone in a decrepit ancestral house, having separated from his wife. He has fictitious dialogues with people from his past, mimicking their voices with remarkable accuracy.

Resigned to life under the shadow of his memories, he breaks bread with a junk dealer, Keshto. Keshto presents him with an armchair, something he had always wanted. The armchair acts as a catalyst to transform his personality, restoring his confidence and bravado. However, the transformation comes at the cost of his sanity, leading to a series of misfortunes and unexpected turns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oiffa.com/the-songs-of-silence-kedara/|title=THE SONGS OF SILENCE (KEDARA)|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423181135/https://www.oiffa.com/the-songs-of-silence-kedara/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/cinestaan-epaper-cinestan/i+could+challenge+myself+as+an+actor+in+kedara+says+kaushik+ganguly-newsid-101745568|title=I could challenge myself as an actor in Kedara, says Kaushik Ganguly - Cinestaan|website=Dailyhunt}}</ref> as Narasingha
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Keshto
* Joydeep Kundu
* Moushumi Sanyal Dasgupta
* Indranil Roy
*Debargha Bose

==Awards==
'''[[66th National Film Awards]]'''
* [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award]] – [[Indraadip Dasgupta|Indradip Dasgupta]]
'''[[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]'''
*Best Supporting Actor, Most Promising Director, Best Cinematographer

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9466848}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Indraadip Dasgupta]]

Vamsha Vriksha

2026-03-03T22:24:50Z

DesignersX: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vamsha Vriksha
| image = Vamsha Vriksha.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[B. V. Karanth]] [[Girish Karnad]]
| producer = G.V Iyer
| writer = [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]
| screenplay = Girish Karnad B V Karanth
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''Vamsha Vriksha''|[[S. L. Bhyrappa]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = Venkata Rao Talegiri [[B. V. Karanth]] L. V. Sharada [[Girish Karnad]] Chandrashekhar [[Uma Shivakumar]] [[G. V. Iyer]] [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| music = [[Bhaskar Chandavarkar]]
| cinematography = U. M. N. Sharief
| editing = [[Aruna Raje|Aruna Vikas]]
| studio = Ananthalakshmi Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1971|||ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7828b102 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922175120/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7828b102 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2021 |title=Vamsha Vriksha (1971) |website=[[British Film Institute|BFI]] |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 166 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/films/the-family-tree-1971 |title=The Family Tree (1971) |website=[[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]] |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Vamsha Vriksha''' ({{audio|Kn-ವಂಶವೃಕ್ಷ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|The [[genealogical|genealogy]] tree}}), is a 1971 Indian [[Kannada-language]] film directed by [[B. V. Karanth]] and [[Girish Karnad]], based on [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]'s novel of the [[Vamshavriksha (novel)|same name]]. The film won the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]].<ref name="bk">Shampa Banerjee, Anil Srivastava (1988), p65</ref> It also won three [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Filmfare Awards]] in 1972.

This film marked the film debut of actor [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Born winner |url= http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2702/stories/20100129270211000.htm |publisher= Frontline |date= January 2010 |access-date= 27 October 2013}}</ref> and actress [[Uma Shivakumar]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|first=Desmond |last=Yap |title=Actor Uma Shivakumar passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/actor-uma-shivakumar-passes-away/article4850583.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2013-06-26 |access-date=2013-07-10}}</ref>
The film was later remade into Telugu in 1980 as ''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' starring [[Anil Kapoor]] in his debut in a lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/babu-vamsa-vruksham-completed-40-years-2020111908520787 |title=బాపు 'వంశవృక్షం'కు 40 ఏళ్ళు |trans-title=40 years for Bapu's Vamsa Vruksham |website=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=6 May 2022 |language=te }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{plot|date=February 2025}} 
The story starts in 1924 with Kathyayani, the widow of Nanjunda Shrothri, who lives with her in-laws Shrinivasa Shrothri and Bhagirathamma and their servant, Lakshmi, in Nanjangud. After the loss of her husband, Kathyayani did not take to a widow's garb as her mother-in-law wished because her father-in-law thought it would be too much for the young woman to bear. Shrothri, a scholar in Indian philosophy and the shastras, is occasionally visited by priests and professors for his opinion on an intricate problem in the scriptures. In one such event, Sadashiva Rao, a college lecturer in Mysore, visits Shrothri to discuss some matters of Indian philosophy. Listening to the two men talk, Kathyayani's thoughts turn to college. Despite a little protest from Bhagirathamma, Shrothri encourages his daughter-in-law to pursue her BA degree, which Nanjunda had been studying for before he had drowned in the nearby Kapila River. At the university, she meets the brother of Sadashiva Rao, Raja Rao, professor of Shakespearean drama and organiser of the Dramatics Club, with whom she falls in love.

Simultaneously, Sadashiva Rao embarks on a massive five-volume project that would detail the cultural history of India from the days of the Indus Valley Civilisation to present times. With an initial grant from Shrothri of Rs. 1,000 and funding from the Maharaja of Mysore, Sadashiva Rao embarks on a tour of India to visit various libraries, monuments, and archives to conduct his research. During his visit to Ajanta, he meets with a Sinhalese couple and their daughter, Karunaratne, a historian of Buddhism from Cambridge. Rao is enchanted by the woman's sharp mind and dedication to her research, and invites her to continue her studies at his university. Ratne takes Rao up on his offer as she has some admiration for his work, and over the course of her doctoral degree and work with him as his research assistant, falls in love with him.

Sadashiva Rao, already married to Nagalakshmi, is concerned that society will see his interaction with Ratne, which by now has become quite informal, as improper. He is also frustrated with his wife for not being able to take part in his intellectual life, which was all that mattered to him. Rao offers to marry Ratne despite his earlier marriage and live in a bigamous relationship. Ratne is hesitant at first, but only for a short while. She agrees, and the two get married. Needless to say, Nagalakshmi, a dutiful and loving wife, is devastated. Around the same time, Rao's younger brother, Raja Rao marries Kathyayani. The widow wrestles with the notion of remarriage, especially as she is aware of the dishonor it will bring to the Shrothri family, but ultimately gives in to the material pleasures of a married life. Unable to face her dharmic father-in-law, she writes him a letter and departs from the house with just the clothes on her back. The Shrothri family is shocked, even more so as Kathyayani has abandoned even her four-year-old son for Raja Rao, but Shrothri goads them back to some level of equanimity after the catastrophe.

As the years pass, Nagalakshmi, despondent, finds peace in religion, and the old Shrothris continue the burden of domestic life, denied the pleasures of retirement, first by the death of their son and then by the abandonment by their daughter-in-law. Kathyayani, after the initial enjoyment of marital bliss, suffers three miscarriages and wonders if her fate might not be in some way a divine judgment on her actions. Similarly, Rao falls sick as he churns out volume after volume of his magnum opus. Ratne, who had framed her marriage to Rao in intellectual terms, loses both her parents to old age and begins to feel the pangs of motherhood. Unfortunately for her, Rao is quite weak, and any time spent on her pregnancy and maternity leave might mean that their five-volume project may remain incomplete.

One day, Kathyayani suddenly comes across her son in her English class – after her bachelor's, she had studied for an MA and become a teacher along with her new husband. Unable to restrain herself, she invites him home and inquires about his family. When he tells her that both his parents are dead, Kathyayani feels his rejection more keenly than had the boy hurled insults at her or demanded an explanation from her. Her health deteriorates due to her mental anguish, much to the worry of her doting husband. Rao also hovers near death as the strain of his work wears him down, as does the guilt of abandoning his first wife, Nagalakshmi.

In the meanwhile, sadness once again descends upon the Shrothri house with the passing of Bhagirathamma. Battered by fate, Shrothri barely manages to hold on to his mental calm. He decides that it is time he took sanyasa and begins to put his affairs in order. He arranges for his grandson to be married to the daughter of a respected Sanskrit teacher in town, and bequeaths two acres of land to Lakshmi, who had served the Shrothri family from her father's days. In the midst of sorting out his papers, Shrothri finds an old letter addressed to his father, cursing the man for cheating his brother out of his share of the ancestral property. Shocked, the old man investigates the accusation. As an old tale of greed, jealousy, and other human weaknesses unfolds, Shrothri is aghast to find that his father was not Nanjunda Shrothri, but some priest who had been chased off after impregnating his mother. This had been arranged so that Nanjunda Shrothri Sr. would have an heir to whom he could pass the ancestral property, without having it pass to his brother. Shrinivasa Shrothri decides to track down his uncle's descendants, but when any fail to turn up, he gives away all his property and wealth to needy people in the village. His grandson, Shrinivasa Shrothri Jr., is supportive of the decision, as he too would not like to taint himself with ill-gotten wealth.

In the closing act, Sadashiva Rao, racked with guilt, returns to live with both his wives under one roof. Within a day of his having made his peace, he passes away. He had just finished his five-volume work. Ratne, when she raises the topic of Rao's research with his son (from his first wife), Prithvi, informs her that he doesn't care for history or philosophy and that he is a science student. Shrothri leaves for his sanyas, but decides to visit his daughter-in-law to see her one last time – he hadn't seen her since she left around 20 years ago. As he enters the Rao house, Kathyayani, no longer her radiant, beautiful, self but a pale emaciated shell, is in her final moments. Shrothri sends for her son, his grandson, and is shocked to find out that the young man knew of his mother but had rejected her – he had hoped that the junior Shrothri would have been raised better. While they await the grandson's arrival, the old man is surprised to find out that Nagalakshmi's aunt was his wronged uncle's daughter. Shrothri Jr., or Cheeni as his mother called him so many years ago, enters, and as he tries to pour some water down his mother's throat, she too passes away. Ratne has made preparations to return home to Ceylon, and Shrinivasa Shrothri finally leaves for his sanyas, telling his grandson that his first duty now is to perform the death rituals for his mother.

==Cast==
* Venkatarao Thaligeri as Shrinivasa Shrotri
* L. V. Sharada as Kathyayini
* [[B. V. Karanth]] as Prof Sadashiva Rao
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Raja Rao
* Vishalam
* Goda Ramkumar
* [[Uma Shivakumar]] as Lakshmi
* Shantha
* Chandrashekar as Chinni
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] (credited as "Kumar")

==Music==
[[Bhaskar Chandavarkar]] scored the music for the film. The soundtrack had a single song "Mugila Thumba Bera Beelala" composed by him and written by B. V. Karanth.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3"| [[20th Filmfare Awards South|1972]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| {{sort|Iyer|[[G. V. Iyer]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-film-winners</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-actor-award-winners</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cUQAQAAMAAJ&q=Vriksha |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |date=16 December 1973 |publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| {{sort|Karanth|[[B. V. Karanth]]}}, {{sort|Karnad|[[Girish Karnad]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]
| {{sort|Talegiri|Venkata Rao Talegiri}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| 1971–72 {{small|(Announced on 23 November 1972)}} 
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Iyer|G. V. Iyer}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/op-ed/prajavani-archive/50-years-ago-56-991248.html|title=ವಂಶವೃಕ್ಷ ವರ್ಷದ ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಚಿತ್ರ|publisher=[[Prajavani|Prajavani Archives]]|access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Talegiri|Venkata Rao Talegiri}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Sharada|L. V. Sharada}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story Writer]]
| {{sort|Bhyrappa|[[S. L. Bhyrappa]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue Writer]]
| {{sort|Karanth|B. V. Karanth}}, {{sort|Karnad|Girish Karnad}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editing]]
| {{sort|Desai|[[Aruna Raje|Aruna Desai]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[19th National Film Awards|1971]] {{small|(Announced on 02 May 1972)}} 
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
| Producer: {{sort|Iyer|G. V. Iyer}} Directors: {{sort|Karanth|B. V. Karanth}}, {{sort|Karnad|Girish Karnad}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1971 |title=19th National Film Awards |publisher=Gomolo |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023137/http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1971 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
| {{sort|Karanth|B. V. Karanth}}, {{sort|Karnad|Girish Karnad}}
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |author=Shampa Banerjee, Anil Srivastava|title= One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography|orig-year=1988|year= 1988|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 0-8240-9483-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0067925|Vamsha Vriksha}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
{{Girish Karnad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vamsha Vriksha}}
[[Category:1972 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1972 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Girish Karnad]]

Bayalu Daari

2026-03-03T22:20:28Z

DesignersX: fix

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|1976 Kannada film by Dore Bhagawan duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bayalu Daari
| image = Bayalu Daari.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dorai–Bhagavan]]
| writer = [[Chi. Udayashankar]] (dialogues)
| based_on = {{based on|''Bayalu Daari''|Bharathi Sutha}}
| producer = Dorai–Bhagavan
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]
| cinematography = R. Chittibabu
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| studio = Anupam Movies
| released = {{Film date|1976}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Bayalu Daari''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಬಯಲು ದಾರಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Open Way}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed and produced by the [[Dorai–Bhagavan]] duo. It is based on the novel of the same name by Bharathi Sutha.<ref>{{cite news |title= The roots of Kannada in Kodagu |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/378748/roots-kannada-kodagu.html |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 5 January 2014}}</ref> This was the first movie of the director duo without [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in the lead. The film starred [[Anant Nag]], [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]], and [[K. S. Ashwath]]. It was a musical blockbuster with all the songs composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]] considered evergreen hits. ''Bayalu Daari'' was the first commercial success for Anant Nag who had earlier done art films and established himself as a leading star in the Kannada cinema with a chocolate hero image. This film was one the last big hits of [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]. The helicopter scenes formed a major highlight of the movie.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] as Chandra
* [[Anant Nag]] as Gopinath
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Raja
* [[Padma Kumta]] as Katyayini
* Jayalakshmi as Indra
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Madhava Rao
* [[T. N. Balakrishna]] as Govinda Rao
* [[Advani Lakshmi Devi]] as Savitri
* [[M. Jayashree]] as Anusuya
* Upasane Seetharam
* R. Ashwath Narayana
* B. S. Narayana Rao
* Purandara as Hari
* Maithili
* Kokila
}}

== Production ==
Director S. K. Bhagavan of the [[Dorai–Bhagavan]] duo had revealed that the movie was initially planned with [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]. However, the idea was dropped because the protagonist seduces the girl before marriage which went against the veteran's star image at the time thus making it first film of the director duo without Rajkumar in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/aa-karala-ratri-what-happened-when-bhagavan-proposed-the-film-to-legendary-filmmaker-rajkumar-40-years-ago/articleshow/65019169.cms|title = Aa Karala Ratri: What happened when Bhagavan proposed the film to legendary filmmaker Rajkumar 40 years ago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Puttaswamy |first=K. |title=How Dorai-Bhagavan conquered the family drama genre |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/how-dorai-bhagavan-conquered-the-family-drama-genre-1197052.html |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The song "Elliruve Manava Kaaduva" was the first time a helicopter was used for filming over the Chikkamagaluru hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf|page=24|access-date=22 June 2024|title=Filmi Escapes in Karnataka|work=Lonely Planet}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]] with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com//album/-songs-|title=Songs Download, All MP3 Songs, Raaga.com All Songs|website=www.raaga.com}}</ref> All the four songs composed for the film were received extremely well and considered evergreen. The song ''Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene'' went on to be used in the 1982 Telugu movie ''[[Nalugu Stambhalata (film)|Nalugu Stambhalata]]'' as ''Chinukula Rali'' <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=CGC_1dZ0MRjZmppJ&v=qmmURdbafQk&feature=youtu.be |title=Nalugu Stambalata Movie Songs - Chinukula Raali Song - Naresh - Poornima - Rajan Nagendra Songs |date=2014-06-25 |last=iDream Music |access-date=2024-12-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and 1992 Hindi movie ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'' as ''Aisi Deewangi''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.songsofyore.com/similar-songs-in-hindi-and-kannada/|title=Multiple Version Songs (12): Similar songs in Hindi and Kannada | Songs of Yore|date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The song ''Baanallu Neene'' was used in the 1977 Telugu movie ''[[Panthulamma]]'' as ''Sirimalle Neeve''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=4xMpumn8Lpwx2LzN&v=RxF-jon6LNg&feature=youtu.be |title=Siri Malle Neeve - Pantulamma |date=2008-03-24 |last=VVeerla! |access-date=2024-12-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Ilayaraja]] was the guitar player for this movie.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-KIlvVkW2ME&feature=youtu.be | title=ರಾಜನ್-ನಾಗೇಂದ್ರಗೆ ಸಹಾಯಕರಾಗಿದ್ದ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ ಸಂಗೀತ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರು ಯಾರ್‍ಯಾರು ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? Rajan-Nagendra | Ep 08 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=23 October 2022 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| music1 =
| length1 = 3:33
| title2 = Elliruve Manava Kaaduva
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| music2 =
| length2 = 4: 31
| title3 = Baanallu Neene Bhuviyallu Neene
| extra3 = [[S. Janaki]]
| music3 =
| length3 = 4:26
|title4 = Baanallu Neene Bhuviyallu Neene (Sad)
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| music4 =
| length4 = 4:26
}}

== Awards ==
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – Jayalakshmi

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0832338}}

{{Dorai–Bhagavan}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1977 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dorai–Bhagavan]]
[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]

Pinky Bompal Magar

2026-03-01T01:11:33Z

DesignersX: New

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Pinky Magar
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Pinky Bompal Magar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|4|18|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinky Bompal Magar |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/pinky-bompal/379272/ |website=Global Sports Archive |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216223451/https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/pinky-bompal/379272/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jharsuguda]],<ref name="pbm" /> [[Odisha]]
| height =
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Railways women's football team|Railways]]
| years3 = 2016–2017
| clubs3 = [[Rising Student's Club|Rising Students]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2005–2013
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = ?
| nationalgoals1 = 12
}}
'''Pinky Bompal Magar''' is an Indian former [[women's association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]].<ref name="AFC">{{Cite web|url=https://stats.the-afc.com/player/9222|title=PINKY BOMPAL MAGAR|website=AFC|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327205126/https://stats.the-afc.com/player/9222|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pbm">{{cite web |title=Pinky Bompal Magar |url=http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTI1Ng== |website=Orisports |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327205129/http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTI1Ng%3D%3D |url-status=live }}</ref> She was elected as a member of the technical committee of the [[All India Football Federation]] in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/former-goalkeeper-kalyan-chaubey-appointed-new-aiff-president|title=Former goalkeeper Kalyan Chaubey appointed new AIFF President|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100011/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/former-goalkeeper-kalyan-chaubey-appointed-new-aiff-president|first=FPJ|last=Sports Desk|website=www.freepressjournal.com|publisher=The Free Press Journal|date=2 September 2022|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aiff-executive-committee-members-coopted-eminent-former-players-list|title=List of AIFF executive committee members & co-opted eminent players|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100030/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aiff-executive-committee-members-coopted-eminent-former-players-list|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AIFF Executive Committee appoints Shaji Prabhakaran as new Secretary General|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-appoints-shaji-prabhakaran-as-new-secretary-general|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|language=en|date=3 September 2022|access-date=4 September 2022|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904095136/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-appoints-shaji-prabhakaran-as-new-secretary-general|archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Magar was born in [[Jharsuguda]] in [[Odisha]] to parents Ram Bahadur Bompal Magar and Purnima Devi.<ref name="pbm" /> She represented [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]] and [[Railways women's football team|Railways]] football teams in [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].<ref name="pbm"/>

Magar made her debut for India at the [[2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]] against [[Guam women's national football team|Guam]] and scored her first goal in the match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sujata Kar scores five for India |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/jun/13foot.htm |website=Rediff3 |date=13 June 2005 |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216055221/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/jun/13foot.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She represented India at the [[2008 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]] and the [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's Asian Qualifiers#Group B|2012 Olympics Qualifiers]].<ref name="AFC" /> She was a part of the national winning squads which played in the [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]] and [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women prove too hot for Bangladesh |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3289 |website=AIFF |date=5 January 2013 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201023814/https://archive.ph/20130105001941/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3289 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In the [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship]] edition, she scored a hat-trick against [[Bhutan women's national football team|Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India toy with listless Bhutan |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3292 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104211010/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3292 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=AIFF |accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref>

==International goals==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 12 June 2006 || [[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]], [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]] || {{fbw|GUM}} || align=center|'''4'''–0 || align=center| 10–0 || [[2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| 2. || 29 January 2010 || [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] || {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|'''8'''–? || align=center| 8–1 || [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2010 South Asian Games]]
|-
| 3. || 13 December 2010 || rowspan=3| [[Cox's Bazar Stadium]], [[Cox's Bazar]], Bangladesh || {{fbw|BHU}} || align=center|'''?'''–0 || align=center| 18–0 || rowspan=3| [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 4. || rowspan=2| 15 December 2010 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|'''6'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 7–0
|-
| 5. || align=center|'''7'''–0
|-
| 6. || 23 September 2011 || [[Bahrain National Stadium]], [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]] || {{fbw|BHR}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 3–1 || [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 7. || 9 September 2012 || rowspan=5| [[CR & FC Grounds]], [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] || {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|'''4'''–0 || align=center| 5–0 || rowspan=5| [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 8. || rowspan=3| 11 September 2012 || rowspan=3| {{fbw|BHU}} || align=center|'''5'''–0 || rowspan=3 align=center| 11–0
|-
| 9. || align=center|'''7'''–0
|-
| 10. || align=center|'''10'''–0
|-
| 11. || 14 September 2012 || {{fbw|AFG}} || align=center|'''10'''–0 || align=center| 11–0
|-
| 12. || 13 May 2013 || Bahrain National Stadium, Manama, Bahrain || {{fbw|BHR}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 2–1 || Friendly
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]], [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship|2012]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2010]]

'''Orissa / Odisha'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: 2010–11,<ref>{{cite web |title=Orissa win maiden title in Senior Women NFC |url=http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=MjcyOQ== |website=Orisports |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=22 November 2022 }}</ref> runner-up: 2007–08, 2009–10
* [[National Games of India|National Games]] Silver medal: [[2015 National Games of India|2015]]<ref name="pbm"/>

'''Railways'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2015–16 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2015–16]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{GSA player|pinky-bompal/379272}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:People from Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Footballers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Rising Students Club players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

Sagara, Karnataka

2026-02-27T09:44:31Z

DesignersX: Starting a post initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sagara
| other_name = Sagar Sagar Jambagaru
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline ={{Photomontage
| photo1a = Jog Roarer.JPG
}}
| image_caption = '''Jog Falls, Sagara'''
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.1667|N|75.0333|E|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malenadu]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Sagara Subdivision|Sagara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Sadashiva Nayaka
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = City Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 19.75
| area_rural_km2 = 1771.11
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 579
| population_total = 54,550<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sagaracity.mrc.gov.in/en/node/4 |title=Home page | ಸಾಗರ ನಗರಸಭೆ |access-date=25 September 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| population_rural = 140,922 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/633/download/2180/DH_2011_2914_PART_B_DCHB_SHIMOGA.pdf|access-date= 7 August 2023|title=Shivamogga 2011 Census Handbook}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 7160
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577401
| area_code = 08183
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-15
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 90.69 %
| website = {{URL|http://www.sagaracity.mrc.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1013 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Sagara Marikamba Temple.jpg|thumb|upright|Sagar Marikamba Temple]]
'''Sagara''' is a city located in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is also a sub divisional and a [[taluka|taluk]] headquarters. Located in the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri Mountain]] range on the banks of river [[Varada]], it is known for its proximity to [[Jog Falls]] and to the historical places of [[Ikkeri]], [[Keladi]] and Varadamoola. The river [[Varada]] originates near Varada-moola. Sagara subdivision consists of '''Sagara''', [[Soraba]], [[Hosanagara]] and [[Shikaripur]] taluks.

==City Municipal Council==
Sagara city is one of the 74 Karnataka Municipal Reforms Project (KMRP) City in Karnataka. Sagara ULB was started in 1931 and became a City Municipal Council (CMC) grade two in the year 2007. The ULB consist of 31 wards with the respective number of councillors. The population of the city was 54,550 at the 2011 census and total area is 19.71 sq. km.

==Etymology==
Sagara derives its name from ''Sadashiva Sagara''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-UcAQAAMAAJ|title=Census of India, 1961: Mysore|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1966|page=XXV|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> Sadashiva Nayaka, ruler of [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi dynasty]] built a lake in between [[Keladi]] and [[Ikkeri]]. Sadashiva Sagara is now called Ganapathi Kere ([[Ganapathi]] Lake). It is a subdivisional headquarters headed by a subdivisional magistrate and Fifth additional District Magistrate.

== Economy ==
The economy of Sagara is mainly driven by [[areca nut]] (betel nut), [[Paddy field|paddy]], spice and forest products trade. Betel nut is the major cash crop grown in the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka polls 2018: Tales from Sagar taluk, the land of the arecanut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-polls-2018/2018/may/04/karnataka-polls-2018-tales-from-sagar-taluk-the-land-of-the-arecanut-1810016.html |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=The New Indian Express. |date=4 May 2018}}</ref> Along with areca nut, spices like pepper, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, and cocoa are grown. The economy of the city is highly volatile and is dependent on the variation in the pricing of these agriculture products. Sagara APMC is one of the main market for areca nut in Karnataka.

Sagara has a relatively high number of Gudigars – families that for generations have been engaged in sandalwood and ivory carving.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S K |first1=Nrupathunga |title=Breathing life into wood |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/516162/breathing-life-wood.html |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=7 December 2015}}</ref> The Gudigar men make idols, figurines and knickknacks like penholders, agarbathi stands, cuff links, photo frames and paper clips; the women are adept at making garlands and wreaths out of thin layers of scraped sandalwood.

== Demographics ==
At the 2001 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sagara had a population of 50,115. Males constituted 50% of the population and females 50%. Sagara had an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 82%, and female literacy was 75%. In Sagar, 11% of the population was under 6 years of age. At the 2011 census its population exceeded 54,550.

== Transport ==
=== By Road ===
From the state capital [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], Sagara can be reached by travelling on [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]] upto [[Tumkur]], [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH-73]] upto [[Banavara]] and then on [[National Highway 69 (India)|NH-69]]. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]], the state government transport, runs several buses from Bangalore, including premium [[Airavat class]] and night services. Sagara is around {{convert|abbr=on|360|km|mi|0}} by road from Bengaluru. From the coastal side, Sagara is accessible by road through Agumbe Ghat or Hulikal Ghat roads. Bus service is provided by KSRTC and several private bus operators. Sagara is well connected by road with major cities and towns of [[Coastal Karnataka]], and most parts of interior Karnataka, except for the Northeast. It is an important bus junction. From November 2013, KSRTC introduced city buses in Sagara city.

===By railway===
Sagara has its own railway station, known as ''Sagara Jambagaru'' (station code: SRF). There are express passenger trains that connect Sagara with [[Bengaluru]] and [[Mysuru]] and a rural passenger train between [[Shivamogga]] to [[Talaguppa]] passing through Sagara.

===By air===
The nearest airport is [[Shivamogga Airport]], which is about 78 km from Sagara and the nearest international airport is [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore Airport]].

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sagara
|North = [[Sorab]], [[Haveri]]
|Northeast = [[Shikaripur]]
|East = [[Shimoga]]
|Southeast = [[Bangalore]]
|South = [[Hosanag'''ar]]
|Southwest = [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]]
|West = [[Jog Falls]]
|Northwest = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Siddapur, Uttara Kannada|Siddapur]]
}}

== Education ==
Sagara has a number of government and private institutions which offer many courses in post metric, bachelor's degree and post graduation.

== TV and radio ==
Sagara has an LPT-49 TV relay station airing Doordarshan national channel. Cable TV and direct to home services are widely used and these have replaced the conventional VHF/UHF TV antennas and satellite dish antennas.
Digital cable is also available with Shikhara TV, which provides essential day to day information to the people of Sagara.
Sagara has an FM radio station airing FM Rainbow (100.1 MHz)

== Tourism ==
Tourist sites are indicated by milestones and hoardings which are usually in [[Kannada]] and English.
===Keladi Nayaka Dynasty related===

; Shree Marikamba Temple, Sagara
The [[Marikamba Temple, Sagar|Marikamba Temple]] is located in Sagara City, in the Indian state of Karnataka. It features the image of the goddess shree Marikamba, a form of Durga or Parvati. The temple was built in the center of the city during the reign of Venkatappa Nayak who ruled over Keladi and Ikkeri kingdom during the 16th century. Marikamba was the family deity of the Nayaka dynasty.
[[File:Sagara citylake.jpg|thumb| Historical lake - Ganapathi Kere in Sagara City [http://dotvr.in/kere/ 360 Panorama View]]]
; Keladi
[[Keladi]] has a shree Rameshwara temple of historical importance is located 6 km from the city. One has to take a diversion at Sorab Road. There is a museum containing old manuscripts written during the Keladi dynasty.

; Ikkeri

[[Ikkeri]] is a place is of historic importance due to the presence of a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Which was once invaded by Jihadi islaamic troop, and they destroyed the 16 shouldered (Baahus) ancient Shree Aghoreshwara idol and some other idols. After that also not satisfied those terrorists looted the wealth of the temple and forcibly brought the many tonnes weighted golden kalasa also to the mosque of Bhatkal (chinnada palli) after that the mosque of Bhatkal was called as chinnada palli as came to known in history. One has to take a diversion at B. H. Road and travel 6 km.
[[File:Ikkeri temple 04092016.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Aghoreshwara Temple]]

=== Nature tourism ===

==== Jog Falls ====
[[Jog Falls]] is in Sagar taluk and is created by the [[Sharavathi]] River. It is approximately 30 km by [[National Highway 69 (India)|National Highway 69]] ([[National Highway 206 (India, old numbering)|NH-206]] as per old NH numbering system). Jog falls is located 30 km from Sagara and 100 km from [[Shivamogga]]. It is also known as Gerusoppa Falls or ''Jogada Gundi'' in [[Kannada]]. It is the second-highest plunge waterfall in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jog Falls |url=https://shimoga.nic.in/en/tourist-place/jogfalls/ |website=Shivamogga District |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101072345/https://shimoga.nic.in/en/tourist-place/jogfalls/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The drive from Shimoga to Jog falls is scenic and lush with greenery all around, clouds and mist floating among the green hills is a typical sight. July–August is the best time to visit Jog falls.

==== Honnemaradu ====
[[Honnemaradu]] is situated on the banks of the backwaters of the Sharavati river. A big water mass extends up to the Chakra dam. It is about 35 km from Sagara city towards Jog and 10 km from Talaguppa. Indian Institute For Adventure Applications is a training school situated here which uses adventure as a platform for learning.
[[File:Honnemaradu 5.JPG|thumb|Boating at Honnemaradu]]

==== Holebaagilu ====
[[Holebaagilu, Sagara|Holebaagilu]] is situated on the banks of the Sharavati River about 30 km from Sagar. One has to take a diversion from B. H. Road towards Ikkeri Road to get there. The Sharavati backwaters of Linganamakki dam has submerged acres of land. It is in Kolur Grama Panchayat limits. One has to take a flatboat to get across the backwaters to reach the other side where [[Sigandooru]] is.

==== Sharavati Wildlife Sanctuary ====
[[Sharavati Wildlife Sanctuary]] is in Sagar Taluk, Karnataka. It is 350 km from Bangalore. Located near Jog Falls, the sanctuary covers the Sharavati Valley Region, near the western border of Karnataka. It is spread over an area of 431 km.
The sanctuary is nourished by the Sharavati River. Linganamakki reservoir spread over an area of 128.7 km is a part of this sanctuary.
[[File:Wildlife near Sagar.jpg|thumb|upright|Wildlife near Sagar]]

==== Linganamakki dam ====
[[Linganamakki dam]] is built across the Sharavathi river and is 6 km from Jog Falls in Sagara taluk.<ref name="falls">{{cite web|url=http://www.shimoga.nic.in/tourism.htm|title=Tourism, waterfalls|publisher=Nation Informatics Centre, India|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118082722/http://www.shimoga.nic.in/tourism.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the main feeder reservoir for the [[Mahatma Gandhi]] hydro-electric project. It has two power generating units of 27.5 MW

==== Dabbe Falls ====
[[Dabbe Falls (Sagara)|Dabbe Falls]] is located near Hosagadde in Sagar taluk. On the road from [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagara]] to [[Bhatkal]], Hosagadde lies about 20 km from the town of [[Kargal]]. From Hosagadde a walk of 6–8 km into the forest leads to Dabbe Falls.

=== Places of worship ===

; Sigandooru
[[Sigandooru]] is a holy place of Goddess Shree Chaudeshwari. A large temple of Goddess Chaudeshwari is here. This Goddess is a highly believed deity in Sagar and the surrounding taluks as a protector against theft and robbery. Coupons for entry will be distributed on first-come, first-served basis.

; Varadapura
[[Varadahalli]], also known as ''Vaddalli'' is place is 6 km from the city where one has to take a diversion from Jog Road soon after the end of the city limits. It is known for the samadhi of Sri [[Shreedhar Swami|Sridhara Swami]], who is one of the prominent 20th century saints of the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Shri Shridharaswami Maharaj|url=https://www.shrishridhara.org/shrishridharaswamiji.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707214028/https://www.shrishridhara.org/shrishridharaswamiji.html|archive-date=7 July 2020|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Shri Sridhara Ashrama}}</ref>

; Kalasi
Kalase or ''Nadakalasi'' or ''Nadakalase'' is a small village about 8 kilometers away from Sagara in Shivamogga district of Karnataka. One has to travel along Sorab Road for 6 km and take a diversion. Hidden in its densely populated flora and fauna is a temple complex from the Hoysala times. Baleyanna Vergade (Heggade), a local ruler who had accepted the mighty Hoysalas as the overseeing authority of his regions during that time, has constructed two temples next to each other in 1218 AD, during the rule of Veera Ballala II. The temples are a mix of Hoysala and Dravidian temple architectures, but the Hoysala influences are there to be seen in abundance.

The larger of the two temples is the Mallikarjuna Temple dedicated to the Mallikarjuna Shiva Linga in its only sanctum sanctorum. A highlight of this temple are the smooth looking lathe turned pillars inside. They seem to have such a fine finish despite the fact that the stones used don't appear to be the best quality soap stones that we witness at Belur or Belavadi. The main shikhara is of Kadamba Nagara style.

The Rameshwara Temple at Nadakalasi is less extravagant, but equally well decorated, and has, to its credit, a Sala slaying the lion statue next to its Shikhara. The main deity is the Rameshwara Linga, but it has been referred to as Sadashiva in the past.

Nadakalasi's closeness to Sagara hasn't still ensured its visibility on the tourist map, although, equally closer towns of Keladi and Ikkeri enjoy better recall among visitors.

; Varadamoola
Varadamoola is 6 km from Sagara City. River Varada originates at this place. Varada flows through the town of Banavasi before joining Tungabhadra.

; Shettisara
This place has a [[Shani]] temple and Laxminarayana Temple.

; Ganapathi temple
This temple is a unique feature of the scenic beauty of Sagara. It is situated beside the Ganapathi lake, where temple and mosque are together side by side. This symbolises social harmony among people of sagara.

;St Joseph's Church

==Major roads passing through Sagara taluk==

* National Highways:
**[[National Highway 69 (India)|NH-69]] (NH-206 as per old national highway numbering system) Bengaluru -Honnavar road.
* State Highways:
**SH-50 passes through Jog, Mavinagundi, Siddapur, Chandragutti, Sorab.
**SH-62 passes through Siralakoppa and Sagar.
**SH-77 passes through Sorab, Masur, Sagar, Hosanagar.

==Rare disorders==
=== Handigodu syndrome ===
[[Handigodu syndrome|Handigodu joint disease]] (HJD) is a familial skeletal disorder. Handigodu, near Sagara is one of only two places in the world where this disorder is to be found – the other being northern Zululand, South Africa. Severe precocious, progressive degenerative osteoarthropathy causes marked physical handicap by adulthood. The clinical and radiological manifestations are very similar to MJD (Mseleni joint disease) and they are sometimes believed to be the same entity.

=== Kyasanur Forest disease ===
[[Kyasanur Forest disease]], also known as Monkey Disease is a rare endemic [[Tick-borne disease|tick-borne]] [[viral haemorrhagic fever]] which was first noticed in the Kattinakere village, near [[Sorab]] which is in the Kyasanur forest range.
[[File:10. Arecanut Palm at the Plantation.jpg|thumb|Arecanut Palm at the Plantation]]

==Notable people from Sagara==
*[[:kn:ಗಣಪತಿಯಪ್ಪ|H. Ganapathiyappa]]- Leader of the [[:kn:ಕಾಗೋಡು ಸತ್ಯಾಗ್ರಹ|Kagodu Satyagraha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="Architect of Kagodu Satyagraha"|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ganapatiyappa-architect-of-kagodu-sathyagraha-dead/article6462587.ece}}</ref>
*[[Raghaveshwara Bharathi]]- Ramachandrapura Mutt Pontiff and [[Guru]] of [[Havyaka]]s.<ref name="havyakamumbai">{{cite web|title=Guru Peeta|url=http://www.havyakamumbai.com/guru_pitha.htm|publisher=Havyaka Welfare Trust|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
* [[Diganth]], Kannada film actor
* [[Bharat Chipli]], former cricketer who played for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] and [[Deccan Chargers]]
* [[Archana Udupa]], singer
* [[K. V. Subbanna]], [[Ramon Magsaysay Award|Magsaysay award]] winner
* [[Shantaveri Gopala Gowda]], leader of socialist movement
* [[Na D'Souza]], novel writer
* [[Arun Sagar]], theatre artist and [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 1)|Big Boss Kannada, season 1]] runner up
* [[Kagodu Thimmappa]]- He was a part of Kagodu Chaluvali and ex Revenue Minister of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{commons category|Sagara, Karnataka}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Shivamogga topics}}

[[Category:Sagara, Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:Taluks in Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Shimoga district]]

CEPT University

2026-02-15T00:05:48Z

DesignersX: general update layout per sources and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Academic institution in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = CEPT University
| motto =
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = knowledge with scientific realization
| logo = CEPT University logo.png
| established = 1962
| type = Private University
| president = Barjor Mehta
| director = Barjor Mehta ''(acting)''
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| city = [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]
| country = India
| campus = Kasturbhai Lalbhai Campus
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://www.cept.ac.in/}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|02|15|N|72|32|59|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''CEPT University''', formerly the '''Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology''', is an academic institution located near University Area in [[Ahmedabad]], India offering undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programmes in areas of natural and developed environment of human society and related disciplines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6KkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|title=Leading the Inclusive City: Place-Based Innovation for a Bounded Planet|first=Hambleton|last=Robin|date=24 November 2014|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-4473-1185-0 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

==History==
The Centre for Environment Planning & Technology was established as the School of Architecture in 1962, by The [[Ahmedabad Education Society]] (AES), followed by the School of Planning, School of Building Science and Technology and School of Interior Design in 1972, 1982 and 1991 respectively, which were established with aid from the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], the [[Government of Gujarat]] and the [[Ford Foundation]].<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=CEPT History - About - CEPT|url=http://cept.ac.in/about/establishment|website=cept.ac.in|publisher=CEPT University|access-date=6 August 2017}}</ref>

Until 2002 the institute was autonomous and awarded its own diplomas while being recognized by the [[All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE). From 2002 to 2005 it was affiliated to [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]].<ref name=history/> In 2005 it became a university through the ''Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology University Act, 2005''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology University Act, 2005|url=http://cept.ac.in/file_manager/files/cept_uni_act_2005.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=6 August 2017|work=Gujarat Government Gazette|date=1 April 2005|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806140722/http://cept.ac.in/file_manager/files/cept_uni_act_2005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was renamed "CEPT University" through ''CEPT University Act, 2010''.<ref>{{cite web|title=CEPT University Act, 2010|url=http://cept.ac.in/file_manager/files/cept_university_act_2010_after_amendments.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=6 August 2017|work=Gujarat Government Gazette|date=1 April 2010|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904183457/http://cept.ac.in/file_manager/files/cept_university_act_2010_after_amendments.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Academics==

===Faculty of Architecture===
The Faculty of Architecture was established as the 'School of Architecture' in 1962. It focuses on design in the private realm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cept.ac.in/faculty-of-architecture|title=Faculty of Architecture|publisher=CEPT University}}</ref> It offers Masters in Landscape Architecture, a course established by Landscape Department since 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cept.ac.in/faculty-of-architecture/master-s-in-landscape-architecture|title=Master's in Landscape Architecture | Master of Landscape Architecture - Faculty of Architecture - CEPT|website=cept.ac.in}}</ref>

===Faculty of Planning===
[[File:CEPT University.JPG|thumb|'''Faculty of Planning, CEPT University''']]
The Faculty of Planning, focused on planning in the public realm, was established in 1972 as the 'School of Planning'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cept.ac.in/faculty-of-planning|title=Faculty of Planning|publisher=CEPT University|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512060954/http://cept.ac.in/faculty-of-planning|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Faculty of Technology===
[[File:CEPT SBST.JPG|right|280px|thumb]]
The Faculty of Technology, which concentrates on engineering and construction, was established in 1982 as the 'School of Building Science and Technology'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cept.ac.in/faculty-of-technology|title=Faculty of Technology|publisher=CEPT University}}</ref>

===Faculty of Design===
[[File:Cept 4.jpg|right|180px|thumb|School of Interior Design]]
The Faculty of Design was established in 1991 as the 'School of Interior Design'. It deals with habitat related interiors, crafts, systems, and products. The Faculty of Design at CEPT proposes a contemporary design education to address various streams of knowledge and production in an evolving and ever-expanding discipline of design.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEPT website |url=https://cept.ac.in/faculty-of-design}}</ref>

===Faculty of Management===
The Faculty of Management was established in 2008 and offered MBA in Technology Management. It was re-christened in 2013 and it now focuses on Habitat and Project Management.

==Centres of study==
CEPT has established centres of study in the following areas:
* CEPT Research & Development Foundation (CRDF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/cept-research-development-foundation/U73100GJ2013NPL075833|title = Cept Research & Development Foundation Information - Cept Research & Development Foundation Company Profile, Cept Research & Development Foundation News on the Economic Times}}</ref>
* Center for Urban Equity (CUE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-for-environmental-planning-and-technology-establishes-centre-for-urban-equity-1328622|title=Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology establishes Centre for Urban Equity|website=DNA India}}</ref>
* Center for Advanced Research in Building Science & Energy (CARBSE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/CEPT-University.pdf|title=|website=mnre.gov.in}}</ref>
* Design Innovation & Craft Resource Center (DICRC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/cept-takes-art-preservation-online/articleshow/41636677.cms|title = Ahmedabad News – Latest & Br}}</ref>
* Center for Excellence in Urban Transport (CoE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/gold/policy-updates-and-economic-news/cept-to-conduct-capacity-building-programme/9837|title=CEPT to conduct capacity building programme|website=www.constructionworld.in}}</ref>

==Ranking==
The university was ranked 6th in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] in the architecture ranking in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_A_2024=6|type=University}}

== Notable people ==
*[[B. V. Doshi]] - The founder Director of the School of Architecture, Ahmedabad (1962–1972), founder Director of the School of Planning (1972–1979), founder Dean of the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (1972–1981), founder member of the Visual Arts Centre, Ahmedabad and founder Director of the Kanoria Centre for Arts, Ahmedabad and the first Indian winner of Pritzker Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balkrishna Doshi {{!}} Biography, Buildings, Works, Architecture, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Balkrishna-Doshi |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Christopher Charles Benninger|Christopher Benninger]]-The founder of the School of Planning, Ahmedabad, and Board Member (1972-2024)
*[[Rahul Mehrotra]] - Faculty of Architecture Alumni and Chair of the Department of Urban Planning and Design at the [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cept.ac.in/news/cept-alumni-and-teaching-fellow-at-venice-biennale|title = CEPT alumni and teaching fellow at Venice Biennale - News - CEPT}}</ref>
*[[Hasmukh Patel (architect)|Hasmukh Patel]] - an architect credited with making significant contributions to contemporary architecture in India, who was a Distinguished Professor and Dean Emeritus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hasmukh C. Patel: A Pioneer Of Modern Indian Architecture Passed Away |url=https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/cmhzz/hasmukh-c-patel-a-pioneer-of-modern-indian-architecture-passed-away.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=World Architecture Community |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Achal Bakeri]] - Faculty of Architecture alumni and an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[entrepreneur]] and founder, chairman and managing director of [[Symphony Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achal Bakeri - Founder, Chairman & Managing Director of Symphony |url=https://symphonylimited.com/about/our-leadership/achal-bakeri/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Best Air Coolers |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Bimal Patel (architect)|Bimal Patel]] - Faculty of Architecture alumni, ex-President of CEPT University (2010-2023) and winner of [[Padma Shri]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bimal Patel - Staff - President's Office - CEPT |url=https://cept.ac.in/28/369/president-s-office/staffmember/189/bimal-patel |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=cept.ac.in}}</ref>
*[[Chitra Vishwanath]] - Faculty of Architecture alumni and an Indian architect based in [[Bengaluru]] who works on themes related to ecology and architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B. Arch, IMPACT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE |url=https://impact.ac.in/isab.in/Faculty.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=impact.ac.in}}</ref>
*[[Emani Kumar]] - Faculty of Architecture alumni, [[environmentalism|environmentalist]] and a proponent of the concept of [[sustainable development]].
*[[Arpan Shah]] - Faculty of Architecture alumni and an [[Indian people|Indian]] architect based in [[Ahmedabad]] practising an inclusive architecture expressive of people, place and purpose.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
1. Rajghatta, Chidanand (March 7, 2017). "Indian architect BV Doshi wins 'Nobel for architecture'". The Times of India. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
2. Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi. Archived 2011-08-23 at the Wayback Machine ArchNet 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.

==External links==
{{Commons category|CEPT University}}
* {{Official website|http://www.cept.ac.in/index.php}}

{{Ahmedabad topics}}
{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:CEPT University]]
[[Category:Architecture schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Matthew Heimbach

2026-02-12T15:55:57Z

DesignersX: quick update

{{Short description|American white supremacist (born 1991)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Matthew Heimbach
| image = Heimbach-2015.png
| alt =
| caption = Heimbach in 2015
| birth_name = Matthew Warren Heimbach
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|04|08|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Poolesville, Maryland]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = Chairman of the [[Traditionalist Worker Party]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| nationality = 
| other_names =
| occupation =
| education = [[Towson University]]
| years_active =
| known_for = {{Ubl | [[Traditionalist Worker Party]] | [[Unite the Right rally]]}} [[White Student Union]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Matthew Warren Heimbach''' (born April 8, 1991) is an American [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] and [[National Bolshevism|National Bolshevik]]. He has attempted to form alliances between several [[Far-right politics|far-right]] extremist groups.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Days after guilty plea, Matthew Heimbach re-emerges in new alliance with National Socialist Movement|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/09/24/days-after-guilty-plea-matthew-heimbach-re-emerges-new-alliance-national-socialist-movement|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515154133/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/09/24/days-after-guilty-plea-matthew-heimbach-re-emerges-new-alliance-national-socialist-movement|archive-date=May 15, 2020|access-date=July 20, 2019|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|date=September 24, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2013, Heimbach and Matthew Parrott founded the Traditionalist Youth Network, which later morphed into the [[Traditionalist Worker Party]] (TWP), which ceased operation in March 2018. In 2018, Heimbach briefly served as community outreach director for the [[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM).<ref name="Neo-Nazi group new leader">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/neo-nazi-group-s-new-leader-black-man-who-vows-n977956 |title=Neo-Nazi group's new leader is a black man who vows to dissolve it |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=February 28, 2019 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> In early 2020, Heimbach and Parrott once again began collaborating on projects such as the Global Minority Initiative, a "prisoner aid organization",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hay|first=Mark|date=2021-03-13|title=The Twisted Group Focused on Making Nazis Comfy in Prison|language=en|work=The Daily Beast|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-twisted-group-focused-on-making-nazis-comfy-in-prison|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> and they publicly discussed a relaunching of the Traditionalist Worker Party.<ref>{{Citation|title=Radio Free Indiana - 2021-01-08|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/l7N9ACooLC38/|language=en|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref>

On March 13, 2018, Heimbach was arrested in Paoli, Indiana, on charges of domestic battery arising from a domestic dispute. Before his arrest, Heimbach had assembled a community of neo-Nazis and anti-Jewish conspiracy theorists in a [[Paoli, Indiana]] trailer park.<ref name="Michel">{{cite web|last=Michel|first=Casey|title=Following affair with mother-in-law, white supremacist heads to jail|url=https://thinkprogress.org/matthew-heimbach-is-going-to-prison-ff5d873f4368/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302111824/https://thinkprogress.org/matthew-heimbach-is-going-to-prison-ff5d873f4368/|archive-date=March 2, 2020|access-date=May 16, 2018|website=ThinkProgress.org|date=May 16, 2018 |publisher=[[ThinkProgress]]}}</ref> Heimbach was considered the leader of this community, and he had received media attention for his role in this regard, but he lost credibility following his arrest in 2018.<ref name=Michel />

Heimbach is a defendant in the ''Sines v. Kessler'' lawsuit which was filed by Integrity First for America, the lawsuit claims that he and other organizers of the 2017 [[Unite the Right rally|Unite the Right]] white supremacist rally in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], "planned and promoted violence against [a] protected group."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roanoke.com/news/virginia/defendant-files-another-motion-to-be-dismissed-from-rally-lawsuit/article_88a966db-08c1-5a88-b0b2-665642740bf5.html|title=Defendant files another motion to be dismissed from rally lawsuit|last=Progress|first=Tyler Hammel The (Charlottesville) Daily|website=Roanoke Times|date=July 15, 2019 |language=en|access-date=July 21, 2019|archive-date=July 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721002132/https://www.roanoke.com/news/virginia/defendant-files-another-motion-to-be-dismissed-from-rally-lawsuit/article_88a966db-08c1-5a88-b0b2-665642740bf5.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Eligon>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/us/jeff-schoep-white-nationalist-reformer.html |title=He Says His Nazi Days Are Over. Do You Believe Him?|last=Eligon |first=John |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 4, 2020 |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411205810/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/us/jeff-schoep-white-nationalist-reformer.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, in response to his racist beliefs and his violent actions, Heimbach was [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] from the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-19 |title=Orthodox Church Pews Are Overflowing With Converts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/19/us/orthodox-christianity.html?searchResultPosition=1 |access-date=2025-11-25 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life, education, and family ==
Heimbach was born in [[Poolesville, Maryland]], a small rural town in Montgomery County.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/neo-nazi-matthew-heimbach-bogus-white-ethnostate_n_5a745c5fe4b01ce33eb1d720|title=The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'|date=February 2, 2018|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=July 21, 2019|archive-date=April 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420135611/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/neo-nazi-matthew-heimbach-bogus-white-ethnostate_n_5a745c5fe4b01ce33eb1d720|url-status=live}}</ref> Heimbach's parents, Karl and Margaret Heimbach, are public school teachers whose political affiliation he describes as [[Mitt Romney]]-style Republicans. Heimbach says his views on race and immigration were formed early on by the writings of [[Pat Buchanan]], especially his book ''[[The Death of the West]]'', and particularly Buchanan's [[paleoconservative]] writing in ''[[American Renaissance (magazine)|American Renaissance]]''. As early as his entrance to college, [[Towson University]], he had begun to take in the writings of [[Jared Taylor]], a self-described "[[race realism|race realist]]".<ref name=":2" />

Heimbach met his former wife Brooke at an American Renaissance conference.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/05/03/after-family-fiasco-twps-matthew-heimbach-may-spend-summer-jail-0|title=After family fiasco, TWP's Matthew Heimbach may spend summer in jail|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|date=May 3, 2018 |language=en|access-date=July 21, 2019|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413202906/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/05/03/after-family-fiasco-twps-matthew-heimbach-may-spend-summer-jail-0|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
{{National Bolshevism|people}}
The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] has commented that Heimbach is "considered by many to be the face of a new generation of white nationalists."<ref name=":SPLCprofile">{{cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/matthew-heimbach|title=Matthew Heimbach|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=March 22, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060229/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/matthew-heimbach|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Counter Extremism Project, "Heimbach's platform is based around the idea that the white race has been disadvantaged because of [[globalism]] and [[multiculturalism]], which he has largely blamed on a [[Antisemitic canard|global Jewish conspiracy]]. Heimbach claims that white unity is necessary because the Jews hate all white people equally."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/matthew-heimbach|title=Matthew Heimbach|date=October 30, 2018|website=Counter Extremism Project|language=en|access-date=July 21, 2019|archive-date=December 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229052346/https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/matthew-heimbach|url-status=live}}</ref> To promote his anti-Semitism, Heimbach publicly supported [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organizations such as [[Hamas]] and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] writing that there should be "a unity between those who struggle against the Zionist State and International Jewry here in the West and those on the streets of [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], [[Syria]], and [[Lebanon]]. We face the exact same enemy, one who doesn't care if they kill our women, children, and elderly. We are facing a truly [[Satanism|Satanic]] enemy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Matthew Heimbach Marks Return With Vicious Anti-Semitic Essay|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/matthew-heimbach-marks-return-with-vicious-anti-semitic-essay|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713130408/https://www.adl.org/blog/matthew-heimbach-marks-return-with-vicious-anti-semitic-essay|url-status=dead}} (Originally published August 13, 2014.)</ref>

Heimbach has forged ties with nationalist groups from other countries, like Greece's far-right nationalist party [[Golden Dawn (political party)|Golden Dawn]].<ref name=":2" /> As the leader of the Traditionalist Worker Party, Heimbach visited European far-right organizations in Germany, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Russia. The [[Russian Imperial Movement]], an organization that was declared a [[Foreign terrorist organization|Foreign Terrorist Organization]] by the United States Department of State in 2020,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Donati|first=Jessica|date=2020-04-06|title=U.S. Labels Russian White Supremacist Group as Global Terrorist|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-labels-russian-white-supremacist-group-as-global-terrorist-11586202978|access-date=2021-07-13|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> had extensive ties with Heimbach. Meetings between the Russian Imperial Movement and the Traditionalist Worker Party were called "the first time that we had a meeting on the U.S. soil of the American white nationalists and then the members of the Russian far right nationalist community." The United Kingdom government banned Heimbach from entering the country in October 2015 because his extremist rhetoric could incite violence.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/04/theresa-may-bans-us-segregationist-from-uk-for-neo-nazi-remarks|title=Theresa May bans US segregationist from UK for 'neo-Nazi' remarks|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=November 4, 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=July 21, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426142018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/04/theresa-may-bans-us-segregationist-from-uk-for-neo-nazi-remarks|url-status=live}}</ref> Heimbach has also voiced support for the [[North Korea]]n government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alt-Reich: North Korea and the Far Right |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/alt-reich-north-korea-and-the-far-right/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Heimbach called for the dissolution of the United States of America under the pretense of supporting [[self-determination]] for different ethnic and religious communities, going so far as to declare "[[Death to America]]."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heimbach Flusters Movement Elite With Calls For 'Death To America'|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2014/11/18/heimbach-flusters-movement-elite-calls-death-america|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|date=November 18, 2014 |language=en}}</ref> He stated that Americans should "stop fighting a culture war. Just declare both sides victors, and in your respective region, do what you think is best."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-24|title=I had lunch with a right-wing white nationalist group. Here's what I learned|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-white-nationalists-20160724-snap-story.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2014, Heimbach was photographed at a [[SlutWalk]] protest brandishing an [[Russian Orthodox cross|Orthodox cross]] as a weapon against anti-racist protestors.<ref name="Kelaidis2016"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Jon |title=East of Eden |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2014/east-eden |access-date=July 24, 2021 |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |date=Winter 2014 |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, Heimbach was formally received into the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]. Following online circulation of the photos, Heimbach was [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] from the Church several weeks later.<ref name="Kelaidis2016">{{cite web |last1=Kelaidis |first1=Katherine |title=How Orthodox Christianity Became the Spiritual Home of White Nationalism |url=https://religiondispatches.org/how-orthodox-christianity-became-the-spiritual-home-of-white-nationalism/ |publisher=[[Religion Dispatches]] |date=30 November 2016 |language=en |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108204832/https://religiondispatches.org/how-orthodox-christianity-became-the-spiritual-home-of-white-nationalism/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kelaidis2020">{{cite web |last1=Kelaidis |first1=Katherine |title=White Supremacy and Orthodox Christianity |url=https://ocl.org/white-supremacy-orthodox-christianity-dangerous-connection-rears-head-charlottesville/ |publisher=Orthodox Christian Laity |access-date=1 December 2020 |language=en |date=18 August 2017 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107231436/https://ocl.org/white-supremacy-orthodox-christianity-dangerous-connection-rears-head-charlottesville/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following his excommunication, Heimbach received communion from a sympathetic noncanonical Romanian church.<ref name="Kelaidis2016"/>

Avowed anti-capitalism and anti-imperialism differentiated Heimbach and the Traditionalist Worker Party from many other American far-right groups. Heimbach stated that "For us, to be truly anti-capitalist is to be a nationalist. Nationalism is a bulwark against capitalist exploitation and globalism."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bavis|first=Lauren|title=White nationalist group seeks to form separate community in Paoli|url=http://www.hoosiertimes.com/herald_times_online/hto_now/white-nationalist-group-seeks-to-form-separate-community-in-paoli/article_6fb9d64b-d01b-56d8-a9fc-b46f6834dfb9.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Hoosier Times|language=en|archive-date=November 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118174054/https://www.hoosiertimes.com/herald_times_online/hto_now/white-nationalist-group-seeks-to-form-separate-community-in-paoli/article_6fb9d64b-d01b-56d8-a9fc-b46f6834dfb9.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Heimbach identified at the time as a [[Strasserism|Strasserist]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news2share.com/start/2018/12/02/matthew-heimbach-expelled-from-national-socialist-movement-source-says/|title=Matthew Heimbach Expelled From National Socialist Movement, Source Says|last=Fischer|first=Ford|access-date=July 28, 2019|archive-date=November 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110194154/http://news2share.com/start/2018/12/02/matthew-heimbach-expelled-from-national-socialist-movement-source-says/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2020, Heimbach published an open letter saying he was "pulling back" from the white nationalist movement. He has since clarified that his beliefs have not moderated, and has launched a website to fundraise for White nationalist and "National Socialist" prisoners.<ref name="In From the Cold">{{cite journal |last=Burley |first=Shane |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Can You Ever Trust a Former White Nationalist? |url=https://politicalresearch.org/2022/05/11/can-you-ever-trust-former-white-nationalist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230529/https://politicalresearch.org/2022/05/11/can-you-ever-trust-former-white-nationalist |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2023 |journal=Political Research Associates}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Not So Reformed |url=https://politicalresearch.org/2022/04/01/not-so-reformed |access-date=2023-05-02 |journal=Political Research Associates |date=April 2022 |language=en |last1=Kelly |first1=Megan |last2=Decook |first2=J. }}</ref> In July 2021, Heimbach announced his intention to reform the Traditionalist Worker Party along [[National Bolshevism|National Bolshevik]] lines.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenblatt|first1=Mark|last2=Knapp|first2=Lauren|title=Extremist Heimbach To Relaunch Hate Group, Says He Supports Violence|url=https://www.newsy.com/stories/extremist-heimbach-to-relaunch-hate-group-supports-violence-3/|work=Newsy|date=July 20, 2021}}</ref>

As of 2023, he is a member of a group known as the Patriotic Socialist Front. Heimbach and the Patriotic Socialist Front appeared during the Rage Against the War Machine rally with a [[Flag of the Soviet Union|Soviet flag]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fischer |first1=Ford |title=Matthew Heimbach shows up at "Rage Against the War Machine" rally in DC with Soviet Flag |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2y7dl_OYdk |website=Youtube |date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-19 |title=Neo-Nazis Who Organized Deadly 'Unite the Right' Rally Claim They're In "Communication" with 'Anti-War' Protest Leaders in DC |url=https://itsgoingdown.org/neo-nazis-claim-anti-war-protest-dc/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=[[It's Going Down (website)|It's Going Down]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The group aligns itself with the [[National Bolshevism|National Bolshevik]] movements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-08 |title=Wandering in the Void: The Dead End of National Bolshevism|url=https://firebrand.red/2024/09/wandering-in-the-void-the-dead-end-of-national-bolshevism/ |author=Enaa Greene, Doug|access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Firebrand |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Far-right involvement ==
The Traditionalist Youth Network (TYN) was established in May 2013 by Matthew Heimbach with Matt Parrott as an offshoot of a "[[White Student Union (Towson University)|White Student Union]]" which was active on the [[Towson University]] campus.<ref name="ADLProfile">[http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/traditionalist-youth-network.html Traditionalist Youth Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119101420/http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/traditionalist-youth-network.html |date=January 19, 2017 }}, [[Anti-Defamation League]] (February 7, 2014).</ref>

In January 2015, the TYN established the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) as its [[political party]] prior to the 2016 elections, and a small group of candidates from the [[far right|far-right]] ran under its banner.<ref name="Hankes">Keegan Hankes, [https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/10/19/meet-new-wave-extremists-gearing-2016-elections Meet the New Wave of Extremists Gearing Up for the 2016 Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721004340/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/10/19/meet-new-wave-extremists-gearing-2016-elections |date=July 21, 2019 }}, Southern Poverty Law Center (October 19, 2015).</ref> The party stated that it stood against "economic exploitation, federal tyranny, and anti-Christian degeneracy".<ref name="Hankes" /> The Traditionalist Worker Party promoted itself as being a working-class and "left-leaning" neo-Nazi organization more akin to the original [[Sturmabteilung]] than more common far-right ideological beliefs of most post-war white supremacists. The Southern Poverty Law Center, which tracks [[Extremism|extremist]] groups, [[List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups|designated]] the Traditionalist Worker Party as a [[hate group]]. The group went dormant in March 2018 following Heimbach's arrest but has begun a relaunch as of July 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Michel />

Following the model of other white supremacists such as [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] and [[Richard B. Spencer]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-20|title=Richard Spencer speech at Florida campus sparks mass protest|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41683713|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> Heimbach organized speaking engagements at American universities,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Crocker|first=Rachel Ohm and Brittany|title=White nationalist talk at UT draws about 45 and 250 protesters for peaceful event|url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/education/2018/02/17/white-nationalist-talk-university-tennessee-matthew-heimbach/343307002/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Knoxville News Sentinel|language=en-US}}</ref> causing mass protests by both students<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Sociology {{!}} The University of Tennessee, Knoxville|url=https://sociology.utk.edu/newsitem.php?news_id=1090|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214145621/http://sociology.utk.edu/newsitem.php?news_id=1090|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 14, 2018|access-date=2021-07-13|website=sociology.utk.edu}}</ref> and community members. Heimbach is alleged to have met with Republican Party strategists and operatives in January 2017 during the [[First inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration of Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Tenold|first=Vegas|date=2017-01-23|title=When the White Nationalists Came to Washington|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/140053/white-nationalists-came-washington|access-date=2021-07-13|issn=0028-6583}}</ref>

On January 8, 2021, Chicago's [[NPR]] radio station [[WBEZ]] reported that Heimbach had participated in an attempted coup at the [[United States Capitol]] on January 6, 2021. The caption to WBEZ's photo of insurrectionists confronting [[U.S. Capitol Police]] outside the [[United States Senate chamber|Senate chamber]] identified "Neo-Nazi Matthew Heimbach (second from left wearing a blue mask)."<ref name=WBEZ1>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-bizarre-outfits-at-the-capitol-werent-just-costumes-they-were-a-message/0ac8c1d1-fcba-441f-81af-0fd34dd53383 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210109034453/https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-bizarre-outfits-at-the-capitol-werent-just-costumes-they-were-a-message/0ac8c1d1-fcba-441f-81af-0fd34dd53383 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-01-09 |title=The Bizarre Outfits At The Capitol Weren't Just Costumes. They Were A Message. |publisher=[[WBEZ]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |last=Yousef |first=Odette}}</ref> However, WBEZ later amended its story with an editor's note including Heimbach's denial and his assertion that he was in Tennessee with his family on January 6. In its update, WBEZ removed Heimbach's name from their photo caption.<ref name=WBEZ2>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-bizarre-outfits-at-the-capitol-werent-just-costumes-they-were-a-message/0ac8c1d1-fcba-441f-81af-0fd34dd53383 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210110020129/https://www.wbez.org/stories/the-bizarre-outfits-at-the-capitol-werent-just-costumes-they-were-a-message/0ac8c1d1-fcba-441f-81af-0fd34dd53383 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-01-10 |title=The Bizarre Outfits At The Capitol Weren't Just Costumes. They Were A Message. |publisher=[[WBEZ]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |last=Yousef |first=Odette}}</ref> Also on January 8, [[Fox News]] identified Heimbach as having been "captured posing for photographs" during the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|January 6 siege of the U.S. Capitol]].<ref name=Fox1>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/indiana-white-nationalist-identified-capitol-siege |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210108164547/https://www.foxnews.com/us/indiana-white-nationalist-identified-capitol-siege |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-01-08 |title=Indiana white nationalist at Capitol riot identified in photos |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |last1=Musto |first1=Julia}}</ref> Fox News subsequently deleted that story<ref name=Fox2>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/indiana-white-nationalist-identified-capitol-siege |title=Indiana white nationalist at Capitol riot identified in photos |publisher=[[Fox News]] |last1=Musto |first1=Julia |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> and ran another by the same reporter, stating that "social media posts" had suggested Heimbach "took part in Wednesday's storming of the U.S. Capitol," but not mentioning Fox's own, withdrawn article to that effect.<ref name=Fox3>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/capitol-protests-social-media-posts-denied |title=Man decries social-media posts linking him to Capitol protests |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |author=Musto, Julia}}</ref> On January 8, [[Mashable]] reported that "there is no proof that Heimbach was at the Capitol" on January 6.<ref name="Internet sleuths">{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/capitol-attack-jason-tankersley-matthew-heimbach-misidentification/ |title=Internet sleuths misidentified some of the Trump supporters who stormed the Capitol |publisher=[[Mashable]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |author=Binder, Matt}}</ref> Brian McCreary, a resident of Massachusetts, was arrested in February 2021 for his participation in the January 6th protest and was identified by police as the individual who had previously been mistaken for Heimbach.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-13|title=Man In Blue Mask Arrested In Capitol Coup Attempt Is Not Man WBEZ Previously Id'd|url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/man-in-blue-mask-arrested-in-capitol-coup-attempt-is-not-man-wbez-previously-idd/7fafaf7f-8568-4abe-b23a-76a32a4f1556|access-date=2021-07-13|website=WBEZ Chicago|language=en}}</ref>

== Lawsuits and criminal convictions ==
In July 2017, Heimbach pleaded guilty to second-degree disorderly conduct for an incident when he repeatedly pushed an [[protests against Donald Trump|anti-Trump protester]] at a [[Donald Trump]] campaign rally in [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/2018/06/20/matthew-heimbach-released-jail-after-probation-related-trump-rally/718260002/|title=White nationalist who shoved woman at Trump rally released from jail|website=The Courier-Journal|language=en|access-date=July 23, 2019|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107231426/https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/2018/06/20/matthew-heimbach-released-jail-after-probation-related-trump-rally/718260002/|url-status=live}}</ref> He received a suspended prison sentence, a fine, and an order to attend anger management classes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/crime/2017/08/15/what-we-know-matthew-heimbach-indiana-white-nationalist-who-helped-promote-charlottesville/568805001/|title=What we know about Matthew Heimbach, Indiana white nationalist who helped promote Charlottesville|website=Indianapolis Star|language=en|access-date=July 21, 2019|archive-date=April 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408054841/https://www.indystar.com/story/news/crime/2017/08/15/what-we-know-matthew-heimbach-indiana-white-nationalist-who-helped-promote-charlottesville/568805001/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Heimbach was sentenced to 38 days in the Louisville jail for violating the terms of his probation.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

=== ''Sines v. Kessler'' lawsuit ===
{{see also|Sines v. Kessler}}
In October 2017, Heimbach was listed as a defendant in ''[[Sines v. Kessler]]'', the federal civil lawsuit against various organizers, promoters, and participants of the 2017 [[Unite the Right rally]]. The trial began on October 25, 2021, and the jury reached a verdict on November 23.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lavoie|first=Denise|date=October 25, 2021|title='Unite the Right' rally's planners accused in civil trial|url=https://apnews.com/article/crime-violence-lawsuits-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-ca2329e483476a1af2f14e23aeae6670|access-date=October 25, 2021|website=[[AP News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":422">{{Cite news|last=Paul|first=Deanna|date=November 23, 2021|title=Charlottesville Trial Verdict: Jury Finds Prominent White Supremacist Leaders Liable|language=en-US|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/charlottesville-trial-verdict-jury-finds-prominent-white-supremacist-leaders-liable-11637698395|access-date=November 23, 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Heimbach and all other defendants were found liable for [[Conspiracy (civil)|civil conspiracy]] under Virginia state law, and ordered to pay $500,000 in punitive damages. The jury were [[Hung jury|deadlocked]] on the two other claims pertaining to Heimbach, which argued he and other defendants had engaged in a federal conspiracy to commit racially motivated violence.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weill|first=Kelly|date=November 23, 2021|title='Unite the Right' Trial Ends With White Supremacists Paying Millions for Violence|language=en|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/white-supremacists-found-liable-for-dollar25-million-in-damages-over-deadly-unite-the-right-rally|access-date=November 23, 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Alt-right footer}}
{{Neo-Nazism}}
{{Unite the Right rally}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heimbach, Matthew}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Activists from Indiana]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American political party founders]]
[[Category:American anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:American conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century American criminals]]
[[Category:American neo-Nazis]]
[[Category:Christian fascists]]
[[Category:Criminals from Indiana]]
[[Category:National Bolsheviks]]
[[Category:People convicted of domestic violence]]
[[Category:Strasserism]]
[[Category:Towson University alumni]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Kentucky]]
[[Category:People who entered an Alford plea]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodoxy and far-right politics]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Antiochian Orthodox Church]]

National Health Mission

2026-02-10T13:59:34Z

DesignersX: refine lead based on references and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|Public health initiative in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation = NHM
| logo =National Health Mission (NHM) logo.png
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt =
| image = National Health Mission, Bhopal, India 5.jpg
| caption = National Health Mission, Bhopal India
| motto =
| country = India
| ministry = Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
| key_people = [[Manmohan Singh]] by health minister :https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Anbumani_Ramadoss
| launched = 12 April 2005
| disestablished = 
| budget =
| current_status = Active
| website = {{URL|https://nhm.gov.in/}}
}}
The '''National Health Mission''' ('''NHM''') was launched by the government of India in 2013 subsuming the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the later launched National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). It was further extended in March 2018, to continue until March 2020. It is headed by Mission Director and monitored by National Level Monitors appointed by the Government of India. The main program components include Health System Strengthening (RMNCH+A) in rural and urban areas- Reproductive-Maternal- Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health, and Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases. NHM envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable and quality health care services that are accountable and responsive to the needs of the people.

==History==
The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), now under National Health Mission<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nrhm-to-be-national-health-mission-soon/article2988618.ece|title=NRHM to be National Health Mission soon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 March 2012|last1=Dhar|first1=Aarti}}</ref> is an initiative undertaken by the [[government of India]] to address the health needs of under-served rural areas. Launched on 12 April 2005 by then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]], the NRHM was initially tasked with addressing the health needs of 18 states that had been identified as having weak public health indicators. The Union Cabinet headed by [[Manmohan Singh]] vide its decision dated 1 May 2013, has approved the launch of ''National Urban Health Mission (NUHM)'' as a Sub-mission of an overarching ''National Health Mission (NHM)'', with National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) being the other Sub-mission of National Health Mission.

Under the NRHM, the Empowered Action Group (EAG) States as well as North Eastern States, [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] have been given special focus. The thrust of the mission is on establishing a fully functional, community owned, decentralized health delivery system with inter-sectoral convergence at all levels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants of health such as water, sanitation, education, nutrition, social and gender equality. Institutional integration within the fragmented health sector was expected to provide a focus on outcomes, measured against Indian Public Health Standards for all health facilities.
As per the 12th Plan document of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], the flagship programme of NRHM will be strengthened under the umbrella of National Health Mission. The focus on covering rural areas and rural population will continue along with up scaling of NRHM to include non-communicable diseases and expanding health coverage to urban areas. Accordingly, the Union Cabinet, in May 2013, has approved the launch of National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) as a sub-mission of an overarching National Health Mission (NHM), with National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) being the other sub-mission of the National Health Mission.

It was further extended in March 2018, to continue till March 2020.<ref>{{citation |title=Cabinet okays National Health Mission till March 2020 |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cabinet-okays-national-health-mission-till-march-2020-118032101415_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=21 March 2018 }}</ref>

==Initiatives==

Some of the major initiatives under National Health Mission (NHM) are as follows:

===Accredited Social Health Activists===
Community Health volunteers called [[Accredited Social Health Activists]] (ASHAs) have been engaged under the mission for establishing a link between the community and the health system. ASHA is the first port of call for any health related demands of deprived sections of the population, especially women and children, who find it difficult to access health services in rural areas. ASHA Programme is expanding across States and has particularly been successful in bringing people back to Public Health System and has increased the utilization of outpatient services, diagnostic facilities, institutional deliveries and inpatient . There is one ASHA for 1000 population.

===Rogi Kalyan Samiti (Patient Welfare Committee) / Hospital Management Society===
The Rogi Kalyan Samiti (Patient Welfare Committee) / Hospital Management Society is a management structure that acts as a group of trustees for the hospitals to manage the affairs of the hospital. Financial assistance is provided to these Committees through untied fund to undertake activities for patient welfare.

===Untied Grants to Sub-Centres===
Untied Grants to Sub-Centers have been used to fund grass-root improvements in health care. Some examples include:
* Improved efficacy of [[Auxiliary nurse midwife|Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme|url = http://wcd.nic.in/icds/icds.aspx|website = wcd.nic.in|access-date = 2015-07-13|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150713220708/http://wcd.nic.in/icds/icds.aspx|archive-date = 13 July 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> in the field that can now undertake better antenatal care and other health care services.
* Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNC) have used untied grants to increase their involvement in their local communities to address the needs of poor households and children.

===Health care contractors===
NRHM has provided health care contractors to underserved areas, and has been involved in training to expand the skill set of doctors at strategically located facilities identified by the states. Training programs have also been introduced for nursing staff and auxiliary workers such as ANMs to strengthen the healthcare workforce. NHM also supports co-location of AYUSH services in Health facilities such as PHCs, CHCs and District Hospitals.

===Janani Suraksha Yojana===
''Janani Suraksha Yojana'' (JSY) is a safe motherhood intervention scheme implemented by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Stephen S |last2=Dandona |first2=Lalit |last3=Hoisington |first3=Joseph A |last4=James |first4=Spencer L |last5=Hogan |first5=Margaret C |last6=Gakidou |first6=Emmanuela |title=India's Janani Suraksha Yojana, a conditional cash transfer programme to increase births in health facilities: an impact evaluation |journal=The Lancet |date=June 2010 |volume=375 |issue=9730 |pages=2009–2023 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60744-1|pmid=20569841 |s2cid=11942474 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=S |last2=Singh |first2=A |title=Has the ''Janani Suraksha Yojana'' (a conditional maternity benefit transfer scheme) succeeded in reducing the economic burden of maternity in rural India? Evidence from the Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh. |journal=Journal of Public Health Research |date=5 February 2018 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=957 |doi=10.4081/jphr.2018.957 |pmid=29780760|pmc=5941261 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Modugu |first1=Hanimi Reddy |last2=Kumar |first2=Manish |last3=Kumar |first3=Ashok |last4=Millett |first4=Christopher |title=State and socio-demographic group variation in out-of-pocket expenditure, borrowings and Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) programme use for birth deliveries in India |journal=BMC Public Health |date=5 December 2012 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=1048 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-12-1048|pmid=23217140 |pmc=3570391 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It was launched on 12 April 2005 by the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>[http://nhm.gov.in/nrhm-components/rmnch-a/maternal-health/janani-suraksha-yojana/background.html Background of Janani Suraksha Scheme. Retrieved 19 January 2019.] </ref> It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women and to reduce neo-natal mortality and [[Maternal death|maternal mortality]]. It is operated under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] as part of the National Rural Health Mission. The Scheme integrates cash assistance with delivery and post-delivery care, particularly in states with low institutional delivery rates.

In 2014 -15, 10,438,000 women obtained benefits under the scheme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123992|title=Press Release, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|date=31 July 2015|website=Press Information Bureau of India|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> As per the [[World Health Organization]], the proportion of institutional deliveries in India almost tripled between 2005 and 2016, from 18% to 52%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.searo.who.int/mediacentre/features/2018/india-groundbreaking-sucess-reducing-maternal-mortality-rate/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614072452/http://www.searo.who.int/mediacentre/features/2018/india-groundbreaking-sucess-reducing-maternal-mortality-rate/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2018|title=India has achieved groundbreaking success in reducing maternal mortality|last=Singh|first=Dr Poonam Khetrapal|website=World Health Organization|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

==== Components of the scheme ====
The Janani Suraksha Yojana was implemented to ensure that pregnant women who are [[Below Poverty Line#Income based poverty line in India|Below the Poverty Line]] (BPL) access health facilities for childbirth. It provides cash benefit to eligible pregnant women if they choose to deliver in a health facility, irrespective of their age and the number of children they have.

Special dispensation is provided to states that have low institutional delivery rates. These states are [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Assam]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Odisha]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and are referred to as Low Performing States (LPS) under the Scheme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhm.gov.in/nrhm-components/rmnch-a/maternal-health/janani-suraksha-yojana/background.html|title=Important Features of JSY|website=National Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> Other states and Union Territories are called High Performing States (HPS) owing to their higher institutional delivery rates.

[[Accredited Social Health Activist]]s (ASHA) are also incentivised under the Scheme for promoting institutional deliveries among pregnant women.

==== Entitlements under the scheme ====

The Scheme has different eligibility criteria in Low Performing States (LPS) and High Performing States (HPS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhm.gov.in/nrhm-components/rmnch-a/maternal-health/janani-suraksha-yojana/background.html|title=Eligibility for Cash Assistance|website=National Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

In LPS, all pregnant women delivering in government health facilities are eligible for a cash benefit. Women who choose to deliver in accredited private institutions are eligible only if they are [[Below Poverty Line|Below the Poverty Line]] or belong to a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe]].

In HPS, only pregnant women who are [[Below Poverty Line|Below the Poverty Line]] or belong to a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe]] are eligible for cash benefits, irrespective of whether they choose to deliver in a government health facility or an accredited private institution.

Women who are [[Below Poverty Line|Below the Poverty Line]] and choose to deliver at home are entitled to a cash assistance of ₹500 per delivery.

The cash entitlements under the Scheme are as follows<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhm.gov.in/nrhm-components/rmnch-a/maternal-health/janani-suraksha-yojana/background.html|title=Cash Entitlements under Janani Suraksha Yojana|website=National Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+All values in ₹ (INR)
!Category
! colspan="2" |Rural
! colspan="2" |Urban
|-
|
|Mother's Package
|ASHA's Package
|Mother's Package
|ASHA's Package
|-
|LPS
|1400
|600
|1000
|400
|-
|HPS
|700
|600
|600
|400
|}
ASHA package of ₹600 in rural areas includes ₹300 for antenatal care and ₹300 for facilitating institutional delivery. In urban areas, ₹400 include ₹200 for antenatal component and ₹200 for facilitating institutional delivery.

In 2013, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare introduced direct payment of the entitlement to the beneficiary's bank accounts in 121 districts across the country.<ref name=":0" />

==== Impact ====
The number of beneficiaries under the Scheme from 2012–13 to 2014-15 were as follows
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Number of beneficiaries under the Scheme from 2012–13 to 2014-15'''<ref name=":0" />
!Year
!Number of beneficiaries
|-
|2012-13
|'''1,06,57,091'''
|-
|2013-14
|'''1,06,48,487'''
|-
|2014-15
|'''1,04,38,905'''
|}
Of the beneficiaries reported in 2014–15, 87% belonged to rural areas.<ref name=":0" /> In the same year, about 9 lakh ASHA workers also received incentives for promoting institutional deliveries among pregnant women.<ref name=":0" />

During 2006 - 2008, the Scheme may also have resulted in a 7% - 12% rise in the probability of childbirth or pregnancy in 10 states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/772670/a-programme-that-keeps-mothers-safe-is-also-boosting-indias-population|title=A programme that keeps mothers safe is also boosting India's population|last=Bahri|first=Charu|date=1 December 2015|website=Scroll.in|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

The Infant Mortality rate in the country since the implementation of the scheme has been as follows
{| class="wikitable"
|+Infant Mortality Rate in India - per 1000 live births<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?end=2015&locations=IN&start=2005|title=Infant Mortality Rate|website=World Bank Group|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
!Year
!Infant Mortality Rate
|-
|2005
|55.7
|-
|2006
|53.7
|-
|2007
|51.6
|-
|2008
|49.5
|-
|2009
|47.4
|-
|2010
|45.3
|-
|2011
|43.2
|-
|2012
|41.1
|-
|2013
|39.1
|-
|2014
|37.2
|-
|2015
|35.3
|}
The maternal mortality ratio in India since the implementation of the scheme has been as follows
{| class="wikitable"
|+Maternal Mortality Ratio - National Estimate
per 100,000 births<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT.NE?end=2013&locations=IN&start=2005|title=Maternal Mortality Ratio in India|website=World Bank Group|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
!Year
!Maternal Mortality Ratio
|-
|2006
|250
|-
|2009
|210
|-
|2012
|180
|-
|2013
|170
|}

===National Mobile Medical Units (NMMUs)===
Many un-served areas have been covered through National Mobile Medical Units (NMMUs).

===National ambulance services===
Free ambulance services are provided in every nook and corner of the country connected with a toll free number and reaches within 30 minutes of the call.

===Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK)===
As part of recent initiatives and further moving in the direction of universal healthcare, Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakarm (JSSK) was introduced to provide free transport, free drugs, free diagnostic, free blood, free diet to pregnant women who come for delivery in public health institutions and sick infants up to one year.

===Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)===
A Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services has been launched in February 2013 to screen diseases specific to childhood, developmental delays, disabilities, birth defects and deficiencies. The initiative will cover about 27 crore children between 0–18 years of age and also provide free treatment including surgery for health problems diagnosed under this initiative.

===Mother and child health wings (MCH Wings)===
With a focus to reduce maternal and child mortality, dedicated Mother and Child Health Wings with 100/50/30 bed capacity have been sanctioned in high case load district hospitals and CHCs which would create additional beds for mothers and children.

===Free drugs and free diagnostic service===
A new initiative is launched under the National Health Mission to provide Free Drugs Service and Free Diagnostic Service with a motive to lower the out of pocket expenditure on health.

===District hospital and knowledge center (DHKC)===
As a new initiative District Hospitals are being strengthened to provide Multi-specialty health care including dialysis care, intensive cardiac care, cancer treatment, mental illness, emergency medical and trauma care etc. These hospitals would act as the knowledge support for clinical care in facilities below it through a tele-medicine center located in the district headquarters and also developed as centers for training of paramedics and nurses.

===National Iron+ Initiative===
The National Iron+ Initiative is an attempt to look at Iron Deficiency Anaemia in which beneficiaries will receive iron and folic acid supplementation irrespective of their Iron/Hb status. This initiative will bring together existing programmes (IFA supplementation for: pregnant and lactating women and; children in the age group of 6–60 months) and introduce new age groups.

===Tribal TB eradication project===
This project is launched by MoS Health Shri Faggan Singh Kulaste at Mandla on 20 January 2017.

==See also==
* [[Integrated Child Development Services]]
* [[Accredited Social Health Activists]]
* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[National TB Elimination Program (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pibarchive.nic.in/archieve/flagship/faq_nrhm.pdf NRHM FAQ]

{{Government Schemes in India}}
{{Health in India}}
[[Category:National Health Mission| ]]
[[Category:Health programmes in India]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]
[[Category:Indian missions]]

Pooja Lokesh

2026-02-09T06:10:03Z

DesignersX: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pooja Lokesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
| father = [[Lokesh]]
| mother = [[Girija Lokesh]]
| relatives = [[Srujan Lokesh]] (sibling)
}}
'''Pooja Lokesh''' is an Indian actress in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] [[film industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pooja-Lokesh-returns-to-Kannada/articleshow/54977687.cms |title=Pooja Lokesh returns to Kannada cinema with a thriller - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415222208/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pooja-Lokesh-returns-to-Kannada/articleshow/54977687.cms |archive-date=15 April 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pooja-lokesh-back-after-12-years-to-cinema-tamilfont-news-185857 |title=Pooja Lokesh back, after 12 years to cinema - தமிழ் News |date=20 May 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809172040/https://www.indiaglitz.com/pooja-lokesh-back-after-12-years-to-cinema-tamilfont-news-185857 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/pooja-lokesh/articleshow/62775537.cms |title=ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಸಕ್ರಿಯರಾದ ಪೂಜಾ ಲೋಕೇಶ್‌ |date=5 February 2018 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |publisher=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |location=Karnataka, India |language=kn |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809172042/https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/pooja-lokesh/articleshow/62775537.cms |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is the daughter of [[Lokesh]] and [[Girija Lokesh]] and sister of [[Srujan Lokesh]].

==Partial filmography==
* ''Pooja'' (1996)
* ''[[Huliya (film)|Huliya]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Ulta Palta (1997 film)|Ulta Palta]]'' (1997)
* ''Yuddha'' (1997)
* ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Magic Ajji]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Tiger Galli]]'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Film%20Latest%20News,%20Kannada%20New%20Movies,%20Latest%20Kannada%20Films&title=OH%20WHAT%20A%20PACK%20OF%20LOAD%20IN%20TIGER%20GALLI&id=10087&ptype=News |website=chitratara.com |access-date=9 August 2019 |title=OH WHAT A PACK OF LOAD IN TIGER GALLI}}</ref>

==Television==
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
|2003–2004||''Kungumam''|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2004–2007||''[[Kalki (TV series)|Kalki]]''||rowspan="2"|Pooja||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2005–2006||''Selvi''||rowspan="3"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2006||''[[Anjali (2006 TV series)|Anjali]]''||ACP Eshwari
|-
|2007–2010||''[[Athipookal]]''||Eshwari and Durgamayee
|-
|2008–2011||''[[Geethanjali (2008 TV series)|Geethanjali]]''|| ||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2009–2010||''[[Roja Kootam (TV series)|Roja Kootam]]''||Manasa||[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2012–2014||''[[Mundhanai Mudichu (TV series)|Mundhanai Mudichu]]''||Prema||rowspan="3"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2013–2014||''[[Muthaaram]]''||Sandhya
|-
|2013–2016||''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]''||[[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]]
|-
|2014||''[[Uyirmei]]''||Pooja||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2022||''[[Meera (2022 TV series)|Meera]]''||Anjali||[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2023–2025
|''[[Seetha Raama]]''
|Bhargavi
|[[Zee Kannada]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-17 |title=Pooja Lokesh returns to Kannada television after a long break, says, "Feels like the very first time I'm back on-screen" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/pooja-lokesh-returns-to-kannada-television-after-a-long-break-says-feels-like-the-very-first-time-im-back-on-screen/articleshow/101826380.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

;Shows
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
|2006–2007||''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One Season 1]]''||Contestant (Winner)||rowspan="2"|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2013–2014||''[[Kitchen Super Star (season 3)|Kitchen Super Star (Season 1)]]'' ||Contestant (Winner)
|-
|2022||''Pottikku Potti''||Contestant||[[Colors Tamil]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokesh, Pooja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Srijit Mukherji's Cop Universe

2026-02-08T10:07:54Z

DesignersX: Starting the article added tags

{{short description|Indian neo-noir media franchise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| title = Srijit Mukherji's Cop Universe
| creator = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| origin = [[Baishe Srabon]] (2011)
| owner = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| years = 2011–present
| films = {{ubl|''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' (2011) |''[[Vinci Da]]'' (2019) |''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' (2020) |''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'' (2023)| ''Untitled sequel to Dawshom Awbotaar'' (TBA)}}
| soundtracks = *''[[Baishe Srabon#Soundtrack|Baishe Srabon]]''
* ''[[Vinci Da#Soundtrack|Vinci Da]]''
* ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)#Soundtrack|Dwitiyo Purush]]''
* ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar#Music|Dawshom Awbotaar]]''
}}

'''''Srijit Mukherji's Cop Universe''''' is an Indian [[media franchise]] and [[shared universe]] created by [[Srijit Mukherji]], consisting of media focusing on police officers who predominantly solve cases of serial killers. The universe was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji is coming up with his 'cop universe' with a crossover prequel to Baishe Srabon and Vinci Da |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-is-coming-up-with-his-cop-universe-with-a-crossover-prequel-to-baishe-srabon-and-vinci-da/cid/1925660 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=Srijit Mukherji's COP MULTIVERSE film creates fan frenzy, here's all you need to know – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/srijit-mukherjis-cop-multiverse-film-creates-fan-frenzy-heres-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/99109603.cms |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Dawshom Awbotaar: ৬ দিনে আয় ৪.৫ কোটি! 'আবার ফিরবে প্রবীর-পোদ্দার জুটি', আশ্বাস প্রসেনজিতের |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-and-anirban-bhattacharya-starrer-srijit-mukherji-dawshom-awbotaar-box-office-collection-4-5-crore-in-6-days_492654.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji {{!}} Making of a mysteryverse |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20231030-srijit-mukherji-making-of-a-mysteryverse-2451482-2023-10-20 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=India Today |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji on his cop universe: 'The Prabir Roy Chowdhury franchise starts with Dawshom Awbotaar' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-on-his-cop-universe-the-prabir-roy-chowdhury-franchise-starts-with-dawshom-awbotaar/cid/1958333 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

The first film, ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baishe Srabon – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/baishe-srabon/858932/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> focuses on [[Prabir Roy Chowdhury]], an ex-[[Deputy commissioner|DCP]] who is returned in his duty when incidents of serial killing begin in Kolkata. He is assisted by [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Abhijit Pakrashi. The second film, ''[[Vinci Da]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-22 |title=Here's all you need to know about Srijit's next 'Vinci Da' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-srijits-next-vinci-da/articleshow/66312691.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> focuses on DCDD Bijoy Poddar, who arrests corrupt people who were being accused falsely by Adi Bose, a 'serial lawyer', with the help of Vinci Da, a makeup artist. The third film, ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' (2020),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-04 |title='Dwitiyo Purush': It's a wrap up for the 'Baishe Srabon' sequel |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dwitiyo-purush-its-a-wrap-up-for-the-baishe-srabon-sequel/articleshow/71893502.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a [[spin-off (media)|spinoff sequel]] to ''Baishe Srabon'', focuses on the life of (now DCDD) Abhijit Pakrashi, eight years after the events of the prequel, when he tries to solve a new case of serial killing that involves a former gangster Khoka. Pakrashi is assisted by a young police officer Rajat Chakraborty. The fourth film, ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'' (2023),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=Srijit's 'Dasham Avatar' will be all about suspense and thrill |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/srijits-dasham-avatar-will-be-all-about-suspense-and-thrill/articleshow/99632102.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a prequel to all the previous films, brings together Prabir Roy Chowdhury and Bijoy Poddar in solving a case of serial killing that involves a connection to the [[Dashavatara|ten avatars of Lord Vishnu]].

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Release date
!Director(s)
!Writer(s)
!Producer(s)
!Status
|-
!{{center|''[[Baishe Srabon]]''}}
|{{center|30 September 2011}}
| rowspan="5" |{{center|[[Srijit Mukherji]]}}
|{{center|Srijit Mukherji}}
| rowspan="3"|{{center|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]}}
| rowspan="4" |{{center|Released}}
|-
!{{center|''[[Vinci Da]]''}}
|{{center|12 April 2019}}
|{{center|Srijit Mukherji and [[Rudranil Ghosh]]}}
|-
![[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|''Dwitiyo Purush'']]
|{{Center|23 January 2020}}
|{{center|Srijit Mukherji and Suvonkar Banerjee}}
|-
!{{center|''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]''}}
|{{Center|19 October 2023}}
|{{center|Srijit Mukherji}}
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
[[Jio Studios]]
|}

=== ''Baishe Srabon'' (2011) ===
{{Main|Baishe Srabon}}
Several murders have taken place throughout [[Kolkata]], for which a [[serial killer]] is believed to be responsible. The killer strikes in accordance with verses of [[Bengali poetry]], which he leaves next to his victims. The police are baffled; [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Abhijit Pakrashi struggles to solve the case, which takes a toll on his relationship with his girlfriend, Amrita Mukherjee, a [[Journalist|TV journalist]]. Abhijit's superior officer, [[Commissioner of Police|Commissioner]] Amit Kumar Srivastav, brings back ex-[[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Prabir Roy Chowdhury, to help solve the case. Prabir, who was suspended for his violent methods, is notoriously ill-tempered and foul-mouthed. Prabir and Abhijit work together, while Amrita and her colleague Surjo Sinha, research serial killers for a TV series, whose thirteenth-and-final episode will be about a contemporary killer. Meanwhile, eccentric poet, Nibaron Chakraborty, who considers himself to be a part of the [[Hungry Generation]], wanders Kolkata at night reciting poems.

The first installment of the universe, it stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] in the lead role, along with [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Goutam Ghose]], Sumit Samaddar and [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] in pivotal roles.

=== ''Vinci Da'' (2019) ===
{{Main|Vinci Da}}
At the time when Vinci Da, an extremely talented make-up artist, struggling in his professional life, faces disasters because of his straight forwardness and arrogance; enters Adi Bose, a serial killer, changing Vinci Da's life forever. Bose takes up the prosthetic makeup of corrupt people and involve them publicly in criminal cases. DCDD Bijoy Poddar subsequently arrests them, without knowing Bose's involvement in this.

The second installment in the universe stars [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] and [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] with [[Sohini Sarkar]] in supporting roles.

=== ''Dwitiyo Purush'' (2020) ===
{{Main|Dwitiyo Purush (film)}}
In 2019, DCDD Abhijit Pakrashi, who is regularly haunted and traumatized by Prabir Roy Chowdhury's suicide, is assigned a case by [[Commissioner of Police|Commissioner]] Dibakar Bose, to capture Khoka, a former gangster who was released from prison a month ago and already committed the murder of his rival gang leader, Haroo, in exactly the same fashion and place from 1993. Abhijit is having a torrid time with his wife, [[Baishe Srabon|Amrita]], as he suspects her of having an affair with her journalist colleague, [[Baishe Srabon|Surjo Sinha]], and decides to start his investigation with a younger fellow officer, Rajat Chakraborty, much to the despair of Amrita, who was looking forward to mending their relationship.

The third installment in the universe stars [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] reprising the role of Abhijit Pakrashi the title role, alongside [[Raima Sen]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] and [[Abir Chatterjee]], along with archived footages of [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Prabir Roy Chowdhury from ''Baishe Srabon''.

=== ''Dawshom Awbotaar'' (2023) ===
{{Main|Dawshom Awbotaar}}
In the timeline before the events of ''Baishe Srabon'', Prabir Roy Chowdhury and Bijoy Poddar investigate a case of serial killing where the killer kills corrupt people in the pattern of the [[dashavatara|ten avatars]] of Lord [[Vishnu]]. They are assisted by Moitreyee Ghatak, a [[psychiatrist]], whose patient was the killer.

The fourth installment in the universe stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Jaya Ahsan]] and [[Jisshu Sengupta]], along with [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] and Sumit Samaddar in cameo appearances.

=== Future ===
Before the release of ''Dawshom Awbotaar'', Mukherji expressed his wish to make two more films with Prabir-Poddar duo. At the end of the film, a clear hint was given that Prabir-Poddar duo has again been brought on board to investigate a new case of serial killing in Kolkata.

== Crew ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="4" | Film
|-
! "width:10%;"| ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' (2011)
! "width:10%;"| ''[[Vinci Da]]'' (2019)
! "width:10%;"| ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' (2020)
! "width:10%;"| ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'' (2023)
|-
! Director
| colspan=4|Srijit Mukherji
|-
! Producer(s)
| colspan="3" | [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Jio Studios]]
|-
! Writer(s)
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| [[Srijit Mukherji]] [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
| [[Srijit Mukherji]] Suvonkar Banerjee
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|-
! Music composer(s)
| colspan="4" |[[Anupam Roy]]
|-
!Lyricists
| colspan="4" |[[Anupam Roy]]
|-
! Background Score
| colspan="4" | [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|-
! Cinematography
| Soumik Haldar
| Sudipta Majumdar
| colspan="2" |Soumik Haldar
|-
! Editor
| Bodhaditya Banerjee
| colspan="3" |Pronoy Dasgupta
|}

== Recurring cast and characters ==
{{Cast indicator|appeared=Srijit Mukherji's Cop Universe|C|A|Y}}

{| class="wikitable" width ="100%" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"|Characters
! colspan="4" |Films
|-
! align="center" |''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' (2011)
!''[[Vinci Da]]'' (2019)
!'''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|''Dwitiyo Purush'']] (2020)'''
!''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'' (2023)
|-
! colspan="5" |Introduced in ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' (2011)
|-
!''[[Prabir Roy Chowdhury]]''
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|Prosenjit Chatterjee{{ref|archive|A}}
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Abhijit Pakrashi''
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|
|
|[[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]]{{ref|young|Y}}
|
|-
!''Amrita Mukherjee''
| [[Raima Sen]]
|
|[[Raima Sen]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|
|-
!''Surjo Sinha''
|[[Abir Chatterjee]]
|
|[[Abir Chatterjee]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|
|-
!''Nibaron Chakraborty''
|[[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|
|Mentioned{{efn|Moitreyee, after narrating a Bengali translation of the poem Go to the Limits of Your Longing by Rainer Maria Rilke, says that many Bengali writers have translated Rilke's poems and adds that the version she quoted was by Nibaron Chakraborty.}}
|-
!''Prabir's wife''
|[[June Malia]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|
|
|[[June Malia]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
!''Kanai''
| Sumit Samaddar
|
|
|Sumit Samaddar{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
!''Amit Kumar Srivastav''
|[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
|
|
|[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
!''Debabrata Bhowmick''
|Anindya Banerjee{{ref|cameo|C}}
|
|Anindya Banerjee{{ref|cameo|C}}
|
|-
!
! colspan="4" |Introduced in ''[[Vinci Da]]'' (2019)
|-
!''Bijoy Poddar''
|
|[[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
|
|[[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Adi Bose''
|
|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Riddhi Sen]]{{ref|young|Y}}{{ref|cameo|C}}
|
|
|-
!''Vinci Da''
|
| [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|
|
|-
!''Jaya''
|
|[[Sohini Sarkar]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="5" |Introduced in [[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|''Dwitiyo Purush'']] (2020)
|-
!''Rajat Chakrabarty''
|
|
|[[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Khoka/Paltan''
|
|
|[[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
|Indirectly Mentioned{{efn|Bijoy mentions that his father was a sex-addict and visited several prostitution houses, leading to a possibility of Bijoy having a number of brothers and sisters, to whom he humorously refers as "Khoka"(s) or "Khuki"(s).}}
|-
|
|
|Soham Maitra{{ref|young|Y}}
|
|-
!''Pranab Roy Chowdhury''
|
|
|[[Babul Supriyo]]{{ref|cameo|C}}
|
|-
! colspan="5" |Introduced in ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'' (2023)
|-
!''Moitreyee Ghatak''
|
|
|
|[[Jaya Ahsan]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Bishwaroop Bardhan''
|
|
|
|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]
|-
|
|
|
|Ankit Mazumder{{ref|young|Y}}{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
|
|
|
|Shankhadeep Banerjee{{ref|young|Y}}{{ref|cameo|C}}
|}
Additionally, Mukherji, the director, appears in special appearances in all the four movies in different characters- a man with a laptop ''Baishe Srabon'', a Principal in a school in ''Vinci Da'', a wedding guest in ''Dwitiyo Purush'' and an aquarium seller in ''Dawshom Awbotaar''.

== Timeline ==
{{Timeline of release years|1993=''Dwitiyo Purush'' flashback|2003=''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]''|2011=''[[Baishe Srabon]]''|title=Srijit Mukherji's Cop Universe timeline|subtitle=(as of ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'')|compressempty=yes|range1=1993–2019|range1_color=#E50B15 #000000|2019a=''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]''|2019b=''[[Vinci Da]]''}}

An official timeline hasn't been released but the movies give an indication.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==

[[Category:Srijit Mukherji's Cop Universe]]
[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Continuity (fiction)]]
[[Category:Fictional universes]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Indian shared universes]]
[[Category:Media franchises introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Shared universes]]
[[Category:Thriller film series]]
<references />

Chick Flick (web series)

2026-02-05T18:07:54Z

DesignersX: creating a entry...

{{Short description|2020 Indian web series}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chick Flick Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Joydip Banerjee
| producer = Santanu Chatterjee
| writer =
| story = Soumit Deb, Joydip Banerjee, Durbar Sharma
| genre = Crime, Comedy
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Sudipa Basu]] [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] [[Poulomi Das]]
| music = Nilanjan Ghosh
| cinematography = Ankkit Sengupta
| studio =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|10|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|11|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 16
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network =
| budget =
}}
'''''Chick Flick''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language]] crime and [[comedy]] [[web series]] directed by Joydip Banerjee and written by Soumit Deb.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chick Flick 2: Latest News, Photos and Videos on Chick Flick 2 |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/topic/chick-flick-2 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chick Flick 2: অমৃতের খোঁজে মেডুসা-মস্তানিরা, মানবজাতিকে বাঁচানোর দায় বাম্পিদের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/klikks-popular-web-series-chick-flick-is-back-with-season-2-this-time-with-lot-more-drama-and-excitement-31638040075751.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128040643/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/klikks-popular-web-series-chick-flick-is-back-with-season-2-this-time-with-lot-more-drama-and-excitement-31638040075751.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2021 |website=Hindustantimes |language=bn |date=28 November 2021}}</ref>

The web series starring [[Sudipa Basu]], Debraj Bhattacharya, Saoli Chattopadhyay, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Anujoy Chattopadhyay, Sabuj Bardhan, Palash Haque, Jina Tarafdar, Sayan Ghosh and [[Poulomi Das]] are in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chick Flick 2: অমৃতের খোঁজে মেডুসা-মস্তানিরা, মানবজাতিকে বাঁচানোর দায় বাম্পিদের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/klikks-popular-web-series-chick-flick-is-back-with-season-2-this-time-with-lot-more-drama-and-excitement-31638040075751.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128040643/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/klikks-popular-web-series-chick-flick-is-back-with-season-2-this-time-with-lot-more-drama-and-excitement-31638040075751.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2021 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |date=28 November 2021}}</ref> The first season was released on 6 December 2019 on [[Klikk]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Web Series: বন্ধুত্ব, বিশ্বাস, ভালবাসার উদযাপনের মধ্যে আবর্তিত ‘চিক ফ্লিক সিজন টু’ |url=https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/chick-flick-season-2-is-coming-451948-5.html |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn |date=8 November 2021}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
=== Season 1 ===
The Great Indian diamond is being smuggled by Medusa, a crime lord, and is being concealed in a toy chicken that is lost in the process. Three strangers, Tanay, Bumpy, and Montu, are unwittingly sucked into this sinister network of criminal activity. To find the lost toy, Medusa has them work together. They are assisted in their cat-and-mouse game by Zinia and Sweety. In addition, ACP Duronto is on a quest to capture Medusa, and Bisorgo, the all-powerful don, stalks Medusa nonstop. The narrative is an exhilarating roller coaster ride full with odd comedy, vivid characters, intense action, and tantalising turns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chick Flick Season 1 |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-cb0kv0/chick-flick-season-1/ |website=[[Radio Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=শর্মা |first1=রোশনি |title=কেমন ছিল 'চিক ফ্লিক সিজন টু' তৈরির গল্পটা? জানালেন পরিচালক জয়দীপ ও অভিনেত্রী শাওলি |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/how-was-the-story-of-making-chick-flick-season-two-said-director-joydeep-and-actress-shaoli-853171 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |date=16 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Season 2 ===
The "troika" of Tanay, Bumpy, and Montu are back, along with Jinia, as they set off on a quest to discover the recipe for a recently discovered enigmatic chemical code-named "Amrita." Along with drug kingpin Jethu and the head of a betting syndicate, Mastani, their arch-enemy Medusa is also present. As the hunt for "Amrita" intensifies in season two, the enjoyment is increased thrice.<ref>{{cite web |title=রহস্যের সঙ্গেই কমেডিতে মোড়া 'চিক ফ্লিক'! নতুন সিজনে রয়েছে অমৃতের খোঁজ |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/chick-flick-2-new-season-of-the-series-is-released-on-klikk-swd-700063.html |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn |date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chick Flick 2 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/show/web-series-chick-flick-2-2021/c688a9958a202 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Sudipa Basu]] as Medusa
*[[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Jethu
*[[Poulomi Das]] as Sweety
*Saoli Chattopadhyay as Jinia
*Anujoy Chattopadhyay as Tanay
*Debraj Bhattacharya as Goja
*Sabuj Bardhan as Montu
*Palash Haque as Limca
*Sayan Ghosh as Bumpy
*Jina Tarafdar as Bimboboti
*Krishnendu Dewanji as Inspector Batabyal
*Ratasree Dutta as Mastani
*Poushmita Goswami as CP
*Durbar Sharma as Anko Honours
*Prasenjit Bardhan as Nawab

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |background=#0257AC |overall= |title= |director=[[Karan Anshuman]] |airdate=6 December 2019 |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Nagordola
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Lalkamal Nilkamal
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Choto Robinhood
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Banglar Mandakini
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Nawab the Beltman
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Lucky Murgi
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Gurupurnima
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = 2 Crores
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Shodhbodh
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|10}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |background=#0257AC |overall= |title= |director=[[Karan Anshuman]] |airdate=3 December 2021 |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Bajir wow
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Ma lokkhi
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Shanghai blues
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Plan B
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Elizabeth er saree
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Jatinga pakhi
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Bohiragoto
|DirectedBy = Joydip Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13486354}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]

List of Jaipur Metro stations

2026-01-28T17:19:12Z

DesignersX:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{GeoGroup|article=Category:Jaipur Metro stations}}
[[File:Map of Jaipur Metro created using Inkscape.png|thumb|400px|Map of Jaipur Metro]]

This is a list of all stations of the '''[[Jaipur Metro]]''', a [[rapid transit]] system serving [[Jaipur]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transport.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/transport/metro/News/past%20news/past%20news%202015/jun%202015/Brief%20Note%20on%20the%20Project%2002.06.2015.pdf|title= Brief Note on the Jaipur Metro project|publisher=transport.rajasthan.gov.in|date=28 November 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref>

Jaipur Metro is the sixth transit system in India, after [[Kolkata Metro]], [[Delhi Metro]], [[Namma Metro]], [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]], and [[Mumbai Metro]]. It is built and operated by the Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited (JMRC). Its first and currently only section opened on June 3, 2015, with the [[Pink Line (Jaipur Metro)|Pink Line]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaipur Metro starts operations metro|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jaipur-metro-starts-operations/article7278312.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2015-03-06|accessdate=2015-03-07}}</ref> As of September 2020, Jaipur Metro had 11 metro stations,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/Present%20Status |title=Present Status of the Project |publisher=JMRC |accessdate=2015-06-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518194012/https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/Present%20Status |archivedate=18 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> with a total route length of {{convert|11.68|km|mi}}.

==Metro stations==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="30%"
|-
|style="background-color:#AFEEEE"|†
|Terminal station
|-
|style="background-color:#FFFF99"|*
|Future transfer station
|-
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|††
|Transfer station to [[Indian Railways]]
|}

{{selfref-inline|This list is sortable. Click on the [[File:Sort both.gif]] icon in the column header to change sort key and sort order.}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="100%"

|-
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Sr. no.
! colspan="2" width="28%" |Station name
! rowspan="2" width="9%" |Line
! rowspan="2" width="12%" |Opened
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Layout
! rowspan="2" width="20%" |Notes
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Refs
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
|-
! align="center" |1
| style="background-color:#AFEEEE" align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Badi Chaupar}}†
| align="center" |बड़ी चौपड़
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |23 September 2020
| align="center" |Underground
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/ashok-gehlot-inaugurates-phase-i-b-of-jaipur-metro/657038|title=Ashok Gehlot inaugurates Phase IB of Jaipur metro|publisher=[[Times Now]]|date=23 September 2020|accessdate=24 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |2
| align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Chandpole}}
| align="center" |चांदपोल
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" | 3 June 2015
| align="center" |Underground
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/tariff-for-two-underground-stations-will-be-rs-6/articleshow/77841407.cms|title=Tariff for two underground stations will be Rs 6|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=31 August 2020|accessdate=1 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |3
| align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Chhoti Chaupar}}
| align="center" |छोटी चौपड़
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" | 23 September 2020
| align="center" |Underground
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/art-gallery-for-public-at-choti-chaupar-metro-stn/articleshow/65986778.cms|title=Art gallery for public at chhoti chaupar metro station|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |4
| align="center" |[[Civil Lines metro station (Jaipur)|Civil Lines]]
| align="center" |सिविल लाइन्स
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |3 June 2015
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/constable-held-for-trying-to-rape-girl-at-metro-station/articleshow/63888003.cms|title=Jaipur:Constable Held for trying to rape girl at Civil lines metro station|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |5
| style="background-color:#AFEEEE" align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Mansarovar}}†
| align="center" |मानसरोवर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |3 June 2015
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/rajasthan-news-why-encroachment-and-jam-on-mansarovar-metro-station-between-sanganer-flyover-on-sector-road-high-court-083703-4248854.html|title=Rajasthan Highcourt:Why Encroachment and jam on mansarovar metro station between sanganer flyover on sector road|publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|date=28 November 2018|accessdate=29 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |6
| align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|New Aatish Market}}
| align="center" |नया आतिश मार्केट
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |3 June 2015
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/jaipur-metro-touted-as-one-of-the-fastest-built-metro-starts-operations/jaipur-metro-starts-operations/slideshow/47536839.cms|title=Jaipur Metro Touted as one of the fastest built metro starts operations|publisher=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=4 June 2015|accessdate=5 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |7
| style="background-color:#F5DEB3" align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Railway Station}}††
| align="center" |रेलवे स्टेशन
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |3 June 2015
| align="center" |Elevated
|Transfer to [[Jaipur Junction railway station]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jaipur-metro-shelves-skywalk-to-railway-station/articleshow/61279912.cms|title=Jaipur Metro shelves skywalk to railway station|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=28 October 2017|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |8
| align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Ram Nagar}}
| align="center" |राम नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |3 June 2015
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/metro-train-30-artists-will-live-painting-people-give-a-message-of-love-from-jaipur-2501448/|title=Metro Train 30 Artists will live painting people gie a message of love from jaipur|publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika]]|date=3 March 2017|accessdate=4 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |9
| style="background-color:#FFFF99" align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Sindhi Camp}}*
| align="center" |सिन्धी कैंप
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |3 June 2015
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/sindhi-camp-metro-artwork-defaced/articleshow/62231587.cms|title=Sindhi Camp metro artwork defaced|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=24 December 2017|accessdate=25 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |10
| align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Shyam Nagar}}
| align="center" |श्याम नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |3 June 2015
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-bomb-hoax-in-shyam-nagar-sparks-panic-2690472|title=Jaipur:Bomb Hoax in Shyam Nagar metro station sparks panic|publisher=[[DNA News|DNA]]|date=29 November 2018|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |11
| align="center" |{{stl|Jaipur Metro|Vivek Vihar}}
| align="center" |विवेक विहार
| align="center" |{{rcb|Jaipur Metro|pink|broute}}
| align="center" |3 June 2015
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jaipur-metro-rail-corporation-to-lease-out-metro-stations-for-atms-stores/articleshow/65062366.cms|title=Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation to lease out metro stations for ATMS, Stores|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=20 July 2018|accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Statistics ==
{| class="₠wikitable" width="20%"
|Total number of metro stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''11'''
|-
| width="20%" |Number of interchange stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''0'''
|-
| width="20%" |Number of elevated stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''8'''
|-
| width="20%" |Number of underground stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''3'''
|-
| width="20%" |Number of stations at-grade
| width="5%" align="center" |'''0'''
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Coimbatore Metro stations]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[List of Madurai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]
*[[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Navi Mumbai Metro Stations]]
*[[List of Pune Metro stations]]
*[[List of Surat Metro stations]]
{{div col end}}

{{Portal bar|India|Trains}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons |Jaipur Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Jaipur}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141220001021/https://jaipurmetrorail.in/ Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.]
* [http://metroeasy.metromates.com/jaipur-metro.html Jaipur Metro Guide]

{{Jaipur}}
{{Jaipur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Jaipur Metro stations|*]]
[[Category:Jaipur-related lists|Metro stations]]
[[Category:Lists of metro stations in India|Jaipur Metro stations]]

Guided missiles of India

2026-01-27T17:05:12Z

DesignersX: add references to improve readability and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Overview of Indian missile systems}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
India has studied, produced and used various strategic and tactical missile systems since its independence. Decades long projects have realised development of all types of missile systems including ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, air-defence, air-to-air and anti-missile systems. India is one of seven countries in the world with [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs) and one of four countries with [[anti-ballistic missile]] systems. Since 2016, India has been a member of [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (MTCR).

The use of rockets for warfare in India has been recorded in as early as the 18th century. [[Mysorean rockets]] were the first iron-cased rockets in world that were successfully deployed for military use. Mysore's conflict with [[East India Company]] exposed British to the technology leading to development of [[Congreve rockets]] and introduction of rocketry in Europe.<ref name="Riper2007">{{cite book|author=A. Bowdoin Van Riper|title=Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8CxJeFzCdQC&pg=PA14|date=29 October 2007|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8792-5|pages=14–}}</ref>

Research in missile technology resumed again after India's independence along with the [[India and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]]. Development of nuclear weapons was followed by various missile programs in 70s with development of various ballistic, cruise, surface-to-air, anti- ballistic missile and orbital launch systems. India [[Smiling Buddha|conducted its first nuclear test]] and initiated with [[Project Devil]] as an attempt to reverse engineer Soviet surface-to-air missile [[SA-2 Guideline]] and [[Project Valiant]] to develop an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]. However, it could not succeed and experience gained led to development of [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] series of short-range ballistic missiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time4education.com/briefcase/Articles-from-MBAMag/National/Defence%20Forces%20of%20India%20-%20Part%20III.pdf |title=Defence Forces of India (Part III) |date=August 2005 |publisher=time4education.com |access-date=2009-07-17}}</ref><ref name=IDR>{{cite journal |title=Strategic Missiles |last=Vishwakarma |first=Arun S. |journal=Indian Defence Review |volume=22 |issue=1 |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/articles/04-06-07/Strategic-Missiles.html |access-date=2009-07-17}}</ref> In early 80s, India conducted [[SLV-3|its first successful orbital launch]]<ref name="Silver">{{cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=Silver jubilee of the first successful SLV-3|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2217/stories/20050826002609000.htm|website=Frontiline|access-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208012252/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2217/stories/20050826002609000.htm|archive-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> and synchronized its research institutions under [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|IGMDP]] and successfully developed a series of strategic missile systems.<ref name="brahmos-site-igmdp">{{cite web
|title =Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
|url =http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=25
|access-date =9 June 2012
|url-status =dead
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120321081536/http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=25
|archive-date=21 March 2012
|df =dmy-all
}}</ref> The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008, after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the [[Agni 3]] intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007. Since then, India has developed, tested, operationalized, and is developing several missile systems that are limited to only a handful of countries including [[List of ICBMs|ICBMs]], [[Anti-satellite weapon|ASATs]], [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|SLBMs]] and [[Hypersonic flight|hypersonic]] weapon systems. Threats posed by enemy missile systems led to the pursuit of [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Programme]].

In 2017, India produced most of defined [[MTCR]] defined missile technologies required to be integrated to produce most missile systems.<ref name="MTCR 2017">{{Cite web|title=MTCR Annex Handbook - 2017 Edition|url=http://mtcr.info/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/MTCR-Handbook-2017-INDEXED-FINAL-Digital.pdf|access-date=November 5, 2019|publisher=[[Missile Technology Control Regime]]}}</ref> As per [[G. Satheesh Reddy|G Satheesh Reddy]], India achieved complete self reliance in missile technology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=India is completely 'atmanirbhar' in missile technology: DRDO chairman G Satheesh Reddy |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/drdo-1.6025244 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Kingdom of Mysore ===
{{main|Mysorean rockets}}
[[File:Rocket warfare.jpg|thumb|250px|right| Tipu Sultan's troops rout the British using rockets in 1780 at the Battle of [[Guntur]]. The closely massed, British troops broke and ran when the Mysore army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst.]]

[[Mysorean rockets]] were the first iron-cased rockets that were successfully deployed for military use. [[Kingdom of Mysore]] utilised them effectively in the conflicts against the British East India Company. In addition, wheeled rocket launchers capable of launching five to ten rockets almost simultaneously were used in war. These rockets were re-engineered as [[Congreve rockets]] by British opening the door of development of advanced rocketry further in Europe.<ref name="Riper2007"/>

=== Post-independence ===
Indian government constituted a teamd Special Weapons Development Team in 1958 to study guided missile systems.<ref name="Odishareview">{{Cite magazine|last1=Senpati|first1=Manas Ranjan|last2=Swain|first2=Ajay Kumar|title=Dr. Kalam: The Missile Man of India|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2017/Jan/engpdf/37-38.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719173920/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2017/Jan/engpdf/37-38.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-19|pages=37–38|year=2017|magazine=Odisha Review|issn=0970-8669|publisher=Government of Odisha|accessdate=2021-07-19}}</ref>

The phase-I of missile program was limited to development of a [[DRDO Anti Tank Missile|first generation]] [[anti-tank guided missile]] (ATGM) by DRDO. Liquid fuel rocket engines based on Soviet missile system SA-2 were developed. Despite the overall failure of DRDO to develop a reliable ATGM, Indian laboratories had established facilities useful for machining and fabricating various parts of missile systems including gyroscopes, actuators, silver oxide-zinc
batteries, booster and sustainer motors, air frame hard-
ware such as fiberglass wings, ground launcher mechanisms, and wire spool winding and reeling mechanisms. India later excepted the French offer to produce [[SS.11|SS-11B]] anti-tank guided missiles in 1970s. In another phase initiated in 1970s, [[Project Devil]] to reverse engineer Soviet [[SA-2 Guideline]] and [[Project Valiant]] to develop an [[Inter-continental ballistic missile]] too ended up with limited success but imparting experience and facilities for further research on missiles and [[Launch vehicle|space rockets]]. DRDO simultaneously focused on building a guidance package – an essential part of a long-range missile that determines its path and accuracy to hit a target. A platform-based inertial navigation system (INS) was developed and tested, on board an Avro aircraft, in 1974–75. Subsequently, an INS was built for both missiles and an aircraft, and this was tested in 1979 on board a Canberra aircraft.{{sfn|Kampani|2003|pp=53-54}}<ref name="Odishareview" /> Decade of 1980s witnessed India gaining significant grounds in rocket technology and various technology demonstration programs began which became the basis of modern rocket systems in India. [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|DRDL]] had developed competencies in the fields of propulsion, navigation and manufacture of materials. [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] had successfully tested India's first orbital rocket [[SLV-3]] in 1980 whose first stage was used in Agni-TD ballistic missile for technological demonstration of [[Agni (missile)|Agni missile family]]. This subsequently led to the birth of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] and [[Abdul Kalam|Dr. Abdul Kalam]], who had previously been the project director for the SLV-3 programme at [[ISRO]], was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. He decided that DRDL would pursue multiple projects in this area simultaneously. Thus, four projects were born under the [[IGMDP]]; Short-range surface-to-surface missile (code-named [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]]), Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile (code-named [[Trishul missile|Trishul]]), Medium-range surface-to-air missile (code-named [[Akash (missile)|Akash]]) and Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named [[Nag (missile)|Nag]]).{{sfn|Kampani|2003|pp=56}}

The [[Agni (missile)|Agni missile]] was initially conceived in the [[IGMDP]] as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.<ref>{{cite web
|title =Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
|url =http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=25
|access-date=7 June 2012
|url-status =dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321081536/http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=25
|archive-date=21 March 2012
|df =dmy-all
}}</ref> As part of this program, the [[Abdul Kalam Island|Interim Test Range]] at Balasore in Orissa was also developed for missile testing.<ref name="fl-missile-shield">{{cite news
|first =T. S.
|last =Subramanian
|title =Missile shield
|newspaper =Frontline
|location =India
|date =31 January 2009
|url =http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm
|access-date=31 May 2012
|url-status =dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207034302/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm
|archive-date= 7 February 2013
|df =dmy-all
}}</ref>

The fourth phase of India's missile program stretched from mid-1990s to early 21st century. The phase has witnessed limited series production of DRDO's missiles and their deployment in battlefields. DRDO further embarked on programs in developing submarine-launched ballistic missile [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika]], cruise missiles [[BrahMos]], naval variant of Prithvi [[Dhanush (missile)|Dhanush]]. Spanning from 1970s to 2000s, India's missile programs have transitioned into a self-sustaining character.{{sfn|Kampani|2003|pp=67}} Over the period from then, India has made improvements in technology of its missile systems and has produced many missile systems including ICBMs, [[anti-ballistic missile]]s, [[air-to-air missile]]s, [[cruise missile]]s and other systems.

=== Diplomatic and technological hurdles ===
After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. Some of the major technology which was denied, included:

* phase shifters for the phased array radars for Akash (denied by the USA).
* magnesium alloy used in Prithvi's wings (denied by Germany).
* servo-valves needed for the electro-hydraulic control systems of Agni and Prithvi.
* gyroscopes and accelerometers (denied by France).
* processors – [[Intel]] said it would not give India chips for the computers used in Prithvi and Agni.

To counter the [[MTCR]], the [[IGMDP]] team formed a consortium of [[DRDO]] laboratories, industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials. Though this slowed down the progress of the program, India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the [[MTCR]].<ref name="fl-missile-shield" />

In 2011, the DRDO Chief V K Saraswat had stated that "indigenous content" in India's strategic missiles had gone up to such a level, with ring-laser gyros, composite rocket motors, micro-navigation systems etc., that "no technology control regime" could derail them any longer.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Pandit
|first=Rajat
|title=Eyeing China, India to enter ICBM club in 3 months
|location=India
|date=17 November 2011
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eyeing-China-India-to-enter-ICBM-club-in-3-months/articleshow/10761860.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419150207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-17/india/30409335_1_agni-v-agni-iv-agni-programme-director
|url-status=live
|archive-date=19 April 2012
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=31 May 2012
}}</ref>

== Missile Programs and Series ==
=== Abandoned programs ===
==== DRDO Anti Tank Missile ====
{{Main|DRDO Anti Tank Missile}}
In 1959, Indian agencies conducted feasibility study to develop a first generation wire guided [[anti-tank missile]].DRDO Anti Tank Missile.<ref name="fi">{{cite web |last1=Joseph |first1=P. Chacko |title=The first ATM |url=http://frontierindia.net/the-first-atm |website=Frontier India |date=19 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612165617/http://frontierindia.net/the-first-atm |archive-date=12 June 2012 |access-date=20 July 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Sino-Indian war]] in 1962 induced the government to fund the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=CASS India |url=http://www.cassindia.com/inner_page.php?task=research&&id=131 |access-date=20 June 2018 |work=CASS-India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Parthasarathi |first1=A. |title=Technology at the Core: Science & Technology with Indira Gandhi |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131701706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrRN4qlR1AsC&pg=PA170 |language=en}}</ref> Designing and wind tunnel tests went on to develop an ATGM of a range of 0.5 to 2 km with flight speed of about 90 m/s.<ref name="fi"/> The missile was terminated eventually in 1969 once Indian army upgraded its requirements of an ATGM of range from 1.6 km to 2 km.<ref name="fi"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramarao |first1=Dr Prahlada |title=Build Up to Blast Off: DRDL 1962 to 1982 |date=2016 |publisher=Frontier India Technology |isbn=9789385699047 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1vzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Project Devil: Surface to Air Missile ====
{{main|Project Devil}}
The aim of Project Devil was to reverse engineer the Soviet [[SA-2 Guideline]] missile to produce an indigenous short-range [[surface to air missile|surface-to-air missile]]. The program initially waned in favour of [[Project Valiant]] but was revived later after 1974. Although DRDL had developed and tested various systems for the missile, it was later completely cancelled in 1980 due to disputes between officials and technologies were utilised in other missile programs.<ref name=NTI>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |title=Missile Facilities, Defense Research & Development Laboratory |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2021-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413035750/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |archive-date=April 13, 2009}}</ref><ref name="ipcs_2512">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2512 |title=Sagarika: A Feather in India's Defense Hat |date=8 March 2008 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |last=Khan |first=M. Shamsur Rabb |access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>

==== Project Valiant: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ====
{{main|Project Valiant}}
'''Project Valiant''' was one of two early [[Liquid-fuel rocket|liquid-fuelled missile]] projects developed by India, along with [[Project Devil]] in the 1970s. The goal of Project Valiant was to produce an [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]] with 30 tonne engines and a range of {{cvt|8000|km}}. Valiant missile was envisaged as an 85 tonnes liquid fueled three-staged ICBM. The missile although could reach near the stages of grounding testing, DRDO's interest in program waned due to internal disputes. [[ISRO]] was later approached with an offer to use missile for civilian uses which they declined leading to overall closure of the project.<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China |first=Lowell |last=Dittmer |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2005 |isbn=0-7656-1419-7 |page=54}}</ref><ref name="ipcs_2512"/><ref name=IDR/> Although discontinued in 1974 without achieving full success, Project Valiant, like [[Guided Missiles of India#Project Devil: Surface to Air Missile|Project Devil]], helped in the development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bidwai |first= Praful |date=July 17, 2006 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |volume=5 |number=760 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/07/17/d607171502138.htm |title=After the Agni-III crash |access-date=2009-07-17}}</ref> Though never reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile developed in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time4education.com/briefcase/Articles-from-MBAMag/National/Defence%20Forces%20of%20India%20-%20Part%20III.pdf |title=Defence Forces of India (Part III) |date=August 2005 |publisher=[[Triumphant Institute of Management Education]] |access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref>

==== Trishul ====
{{main|Trishul (missile)}}
Trishul was a short-range surface-to-air missile to be used against low flying and [[sea-skimming]] targets. The range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The overall weight of the missile is 130 kg. Due to delay in development time and various deficiencies, Trishul could never enter production and service beyond testing and was substituted by Israeli [[Barak 1]] missile. The project was officially closed in 2008 and DRDO embarked on more surface-to-air missile programs later.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-announces-closure-of-work-on-Trishul-missile/articleshow/2819873.cms|title=Govt announces closure of work on Trishul missile|date=27 February 2008|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

=== Successful and ongoing programs ===
==== Integrated Guided Missile Development Program ====
{{main|Integrated Guided Missile Development Program}}
The '''Integrated Guided Missile Development Program''' (IGMDP) was a [[Ministry of Defence (India)]] programme for the research and development of a comprehensive range of missiles. The program was managed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and [[Ordnance Factories Board]] in partnership with other Indian government research organisations. The program envisaged development of five strategic systems. [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi series]] of short ranged ballistic missiles, [[Trishul (missile)|Trishul]] low altitude, short-range surface-to-air missile, [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] medium-range surface-to-air missile and [[Nag (missile)|Nag]] third generation anti-tank guided missile followed by [[Agni (missile)|Agni series]] of medium and long-range ballistic missiles.<ref name="brahmos-site-igmdp"/>{{sfn|Kampani|2003|pp=56-58}} The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the [[Agni 3]] intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Agni III Launched Successfully
|newspaper=Press Information Bureau, Government of India
|location=New Delhi, India
|date=12 April 2007
|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=26817
|access-date=9 June 2012
}}</ref>

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP.<ref name="brahmos-site-igmdp" /> It added that the strategic integrated guided missile program was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the program had been developed and inducted by the [[Indian armed forces]].<ref name="hindu-igmdp-over">{{cite news
|title=India scraps integrated guided missile programme
|newspaper=The Hindu
|location=Chennai, India
|date=9 January 2008
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200801090301.htm
|access-date=9 June 2012
|archive-date=4 November 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104002633/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200801090301.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Further variants of Prithvi missile, [[Akash-NG]], [[Agni-IV]], [[Agni-V]], [[Agni-VI]] and Agni based [[K missile family]] went ahead later as independent projects.

==== Akash ====
{{main|Akash (missile)|Akash-NG}}
Akash is a medium-range mobile [[surface-to-air missile]] system developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] ([[DRDO]]), [[Ordnance Factories Board]] and [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL) in India.<ref name=ak>{{Cite web|url=http://www.akashsam.com/akashmissile.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228145415/http://www.akashsam.com/akashmissile.htm|url-status=usurped|title=Akashsam|archivedate=28 December 2012|website=akashsam.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Journal of Electronic Defense Staff |title= International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook |publisher= Artech House |year= 2004 |isbn=1-58053-898-3|chapter=Guided Threat Systems|page=115}}</ref> The missile system can target aircraft, cruise missiles, air to surface missiles and ballistic missiles up to 30 km to 60  km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/oldsite/show_news.php?id=12250|title=Asian tribune: Upgraded version of 'Aakash' test fired; By Hemanta Kumar Rout}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706133433/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/|url-status=dead|title=Akash missile successfully test fired for second day|date=18 November 2014|archivedate=6 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|title=India Successfully Test Fires Medium-Range Akash Missile|website=ndtv.com|access-date=26 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812154859/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|archive-date=12 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nuclear-capable-Akash-missile-test-fired/articleshow/2620568.cms |title=Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=27 August 2017}} Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired</ref> Variants like Akash-1S and [[Akash-NG]] have longer ranges, higher accuracy, higher mobility and lower reaction time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mynation.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-akash-mk-1s-6-features-that-make-it-a-potent-missile-ps7gk9|title=DRDO successfully tests AKASH MK-1S: 6 features that make it a potent missile|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/next-generation-akash-ng-add-new-diamension-india-s-air-dence-capabilities-2817050.html|title=Next generation Akash-NG to add new diamension to India's air defence capabilities|last=SV|first=Vikas|date=2018-12-04|website=oneindia|language=en|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref>

==== Anti-tank missiles ====
{{main|Nag (missile)}}
Nag, also referred as Prospina, is the currently serving third generation "[[Fire-and-forget]]" [[anti-tank guided missile]] developed under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] (IGMDP). Nag has been developed at a cost of {{INRConvert|3|b|1}}.<ref name="nag induction">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Nag_anti-tank_missile_back_in_reckoning/articleshow/3225233.cms Nag anti-tank missile back in reckoning]</ref> Nag has an operational range from 500 m to {{cvt|20|km}} and first shot hit probability exceeding 90%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdo-successfully-tests-nag-8-facts-about-indias-deadly-anti-tank-missile-762351|title=DRDO successfully tests NAG: 8 facts about India's deadly anti-tank missile|last=KVN|first=Rohit|date=2018-03-01|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref> Nag also has its [[MPATGM|man-portable]], [[Nag (missile)#HELINA, Dhruvastra|helicopter mounted]], [[Nag (missile)#SANT|Stand-off]] and [[NAMICA|IFV mounted versions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdo-successfully-tests-nag-8-facts-about-indias-deadly-anti-tank-missile-762351|title=DRDO successfully tests NAG: 8 facts about India's deadly anti-tank missile|last=KVN|first=Rohit|date=2018-03-01|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>

Besides Nag, [[Bharat Dynamics Limited|BDL]]'s [[Amogha missile|Amogha series]] is currently undergoing trials and will have land-attack, man-portable and air-launched variants.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bharat Heavy Dynamics test fires indigenous anti-tank missile - The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-heavy-dynamics-test-fires-indigenous-anti-tank-missile/articleshow/48975211.cms|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=2021-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Heavy Dynamics Test Fires Indigenous Anti-tank Missile|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Bharat-Heavy-Dynamics-Test-Fires-Indigenous-Anti-tank-Missile/2015/09/15/article3029806.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195104/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Bharat-Heavy-Dynamics-Test-Fires-Indigenous-Anti-tank-Missile/2015/09/15/article3029806.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2015|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=2021-07-20}}</ref> [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) is testing a laser-guided, tank gun-launched [[SAMHO (missile)|SAMHO]] missile able to destroy tanks and low-flying helicopters.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-23|title=DRDO test fires laser guided anti-tank missile|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-anti-tank-guided-missile/article32676820.ece|access-date=2021-07-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Besides state-run programmes, Indian private firms have been emerging with ATGM systems.

==== Tactical ballistic missiles ====
{{main|Prithvi (missile)|Prahaar (missile)|Pralay (missile)}}
Prithvi missiles were tactical [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] short-range [[ballistic missile]]s (SRBM) and were first ballistic missiles to be developed and enter service in India. It goes from Prithvi-I (SS-150) with {{cvt|150|km}} range to Prithvi-II (SS-250) and Prithvi-III (SS-350) with ranges of up to {{cvt|350|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011202044243/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive, ''accessed'' 20 July 2021|archivedate=2 December 2001}}</ref> Dhanush or navalised Prithvi is a system consisting of a stabilisation platform (Bow) and the Missile (Arrow). It is intended for the Indian Navy, to be fired from ships against other ships or land targets. Dhanush can fire modified versions of Prithvi-II or Prithvi-III with ranges high as {{cvt|750|km}}.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-11-26|title=Indian Navy successfully test fires Dhanush missile: All you need to know|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/dhanush-274471-2015-11-26|newspaper=India Today|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>

Solid fueled [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahar]] and [[Prahaar (missile)#Pranash|Pranash]] are being tested to replace existing Prithvi missiles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prithvi missiles to be replaced by more-capable Prahar: DRDO|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prithvi-missiles-to-be-replaced-by-more-capable-Prahar-DRDO/articleshow/20852827.cms|work=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|date=1 July 2013|language=en|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605231209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prithvi-missiles-to-be-replaced-by-more-capable-Prahar-DRDO/articleshow/20852827.cms|archive-date=5 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Export variant "Pragati" was exhibited in [[South Korea]] in 2013 but didn't receive any orders.<ref>{{cite news|title=India develops new surface-to-surface missile 'Pragati'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pragati-drdo-army-south-korea-akash-adex-2013-215884-2013-10-28|access-date=20 July 2021|newspaper=India Today|date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004415/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pragati-drdo-army-south-korea-akash-adex-2013/1/320800.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rout|first=Hemant Kumar|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/nov/05/tactical-missile-pragati-readied-for-export-678975.html|title=Tactical Missile Pragati Readied for Export|work=The New Indian Express|date=5 November 2014|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082607/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/nov/05/Tactical-Missile-Pragati-Readied-for-Export-678975.html|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]] is another battlefield range ballistic missile with better range being developed from [[Prithvi Defence Vehicle|PDV]] anti-ballistic missile.<ref name="tnie-8sep18">{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |title=Pralay set for maiden launch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/sep/08/pralay-set-for-maiden-launch-1869189.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

==== Agni series and Surya ====
{{main|Agni (missile)}}
[[File:Agni-V flight test on 3 July 2018 (3).jpg|thumb|Agni-V ICBM]]
The Agni missile series began as a "Re-Entry Vehicle" project (later rechristened as Agni Technology Demonstrator) in the [[IGMDP]]. It subsequently gave rise to the series of India's [[Medium range ballistic missile|medium]]-range, [[Intermediate range ballistic missile|intermediate]]-range and [[ICBM|intercontinental]] ballistic missiles. [[Agni-I]], [[Agni-II]] and [[Agni-III]] missiles were developed under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]].<ref name="brahmos-site-igmdp"/>

Longer range [[Agni-IV]] and [[Agni-V]] with intercontinental ranges and [[MIRV]] emerged in early 2010s as separate projects.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-china-in-mind-agni-v-test-scheduled-for-december/articleshow/8719806.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |title=With China in mind, Agni-V test scheduled for Feb 2011 |date=4 June 2011 |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

[[Agni-P]], an upgraded successor of [[Agni-I]] and [[Agni-II]], was tested in 2021 with ability to carry [[maneuverable reentry vehicle]] (MaRV). Agni-P has improved propellant, navigation and guided systems and reportedly can be used as an [[ASBM]] against [[aircraft carriers]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=China takes notice of India's test of 'carrier killer' Agni-P ballistic missile|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/07/02/china-takes-notice-of-indias-test-of-carrier-killer-agni-p-ballistic-missile/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Shillong Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Agni-VI]] is another [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] reported to be in rudimentary stages of development by India, and until May 2012 was not officially confirmed by either the Government of India or the DRDO.<ref name=IBN>{{cite news|title=Agni-VI with 10000 km range to be ready by 2014 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/agnivi-with-10000-km-range-to-be-ready-by-2014/260699-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525093035/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/agnivi-with-10000-km-range-to-be-ready-by-2014/260699-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2012 |newspaper=IBNLive |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> Reportedly, it will be able to be launched from submarines or from land and to strike a target of over {{convert|10000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=IBN/> with [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]]-ed warheads.<ref name=DN474>{{cite news |title=DRDO Lab Develops Detonator for Nuclear Capable Agni-V Missile As It Gets Ready For Launch |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/474/drdo-lab-develops-detonator-for-nuclear-capable-agni-v-missile-as-it-gets-ready-for-launch.html |newspaper=Defence Now |date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122074527/http://www.defencenow.com/news/474/drdo-lab-develops-detonator-for-nuclear-capable-agni-v-missile-as-it-gets-ready-for-launch.html |archive-date=22 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Top DRDO scientists have previously asserted that India has almost all the equipment and technology needed to develop ICBMs, "but where the warhead should go or what the range should be will have to be a political call".<ref name=HT708062>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=11 June 2011 |title=Air chief PV Naik in favour of flexing missile power |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Air-chief-PV-Naik-in-favour-of-flexing-missile-power/Article1-708062.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627030253/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/air-chief-pv-naik-in-favour-of-flexing-missile-power/Article1-708062.aspx |archive-date=27 June 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1995 in a report published by magazine Nonproliferation review, DRDO was working on an ICBM called [[Surya (missile)|Surya]] with a range of {{cvt|12000-16000|km}}. Although, the actual status of missile always remained unknown in public domain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2017/november/din-17november2017.pdf|title=Is India developing a 12,000 kms range missile - Surya?|date=2017-11-17|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref> Sources have speculated that Agni-VI might be Surya under new codename.<ref name=tnie>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/sep/18/stage-set-for-longer-range-surya-517597.html|title=Stage set for longer range Surya|last=|first=|date=18 September 2013|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>

Later, Agni-V would go on to acquire MIRV capabilities <ref>{{Cite news |title=China deployed research vessel to 'keep eye’ on Agni-5 test from Indian shores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/china-deployed-vessel-to-keep-eye-on-agni-5-test-from-indian-shores/articleshow/108411759.cms |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=China nervous as India conducts Agni-V missile test, sends spy vessel to Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/china-nervous-as-india-conducts-agni-v-missile-test-sends-spy-vessel-to-bay-of-bengal-13747746.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

==== K series ====
{{main|K Missile family}}
K (named after [[Abdul Kalam]]) are [[submarine-launched ballistic missiles]] (SLBM) of India. SLBM variants of Agni missiles meant to arm India's [[nuclear submarines]], their ranges vary from medium-range [[Sagarika (missile)|K-15]] to intercontinental range [[K-6 (missile)]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India activates 'secret' undersea missile|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/India-activates-secret-undersea-missile/2013/08/11/article1728237.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814112620/http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/India-activates-secret-undersea-missile/2013/08/11/article1728237.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2013|access-date=20 July 2021|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

The [[Shaurya missile]] is a land attack variant of [[Sagarika (missile)|K-15 missile]]. The missile has a hypersonic speed and a hybrid ballistic-cruise trajectory.<ref name=a1>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/India-successfully-test-fires-Shaurya-missile/384746/|title=India successfully test fires 'Shaurya' missile|publisher=expressindia.com|date=12 November 2008|access-date=8 June 2012|archive-date=16 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916081502/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/India-successfully-test-fires-Shaurya-missile/384746/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== BrahMos ====
{{main|BrahMos|BrahMos II}}
BrahMos (also known as PJ-10) are supersonic to hypersonic [[cruise missiles]] developed in collaboration between India and Russia. BrahMos have land attack, ship and submarine-launched and air-launched versions and are the fastest cruise missiles in world in operation. The existing versions of missiles include supersonic [[land-attack missile|land-attack]], [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] ship-launched versions meanwhile longer range, hypersonic and [[Air launched cruise missile|air-launched]] versions are under development.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/india-test-fires-supersonic-cruise-missile/ |title=India Test Fires Supersonic Cruise Missile |first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady |work=The Diplomat |access-date=19 March 2017|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053552/https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/india-test-fires-supersonic-cruise-missile/|archive-date=20 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=brahmos2_official>{{cite web|title=India, Russia to develop new hypersonic cruise missile :: BrahMos.com|url=http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102|publisher=brahmos.com Official Website of Brahmos|access-date=23 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212050609/http://brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102|archive-date=12 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== Other cruise missile programs ====
{{main|Nirbhay}}
[[Nirbhay]] is the Indian long-range subsonic cruise missile under development and testing, expecting its air and submarine-launched version after trials. It was successfully test fired for second time from Balasore Orissa.
Able to travel at speed of 0.6-0.9 mach. However, its test on 12 October 2020 failed due to a technical snag. It has succeeded in other tests before and has been approved for limited production in 2020. An upgraded version of the missile is reportedly under development. It is currently deployed on [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]] in limited numbers since 2020 due to [[2020 China-India standoff]].<ref name="nirbhaylac">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=LAC standoff: India deploys long-range missile Nirbhay to tackle Chinese threat|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/lac-standoff-india-deploys-long-range-missile-nirbhay-to-tackle-chinese-threat-2313199.html|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nirbhay subsonic cruise missile develops technical snag during trial|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/12/nirbhay-subsonic-cruise-missile-develops-technical-snag-during-trial-2209279.html|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Nirbhay project is now technically closed after completing six developmental trials. The next phase of tests will happen from April 2020 under a new name called Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM). It will include Short Turbo Fan Engine (STFE) developed by [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE) and a [[Radio frequency|Radio-frequency]] (RF) seeker from [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI). A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development. Several cruise missile systems are expected to be introduced from experience gained with Nirbhay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/06/india-defexpo-long-range-land-attack-cruise-missile.html|title=India set to develop long range, land attack cruise missile|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>

==== Astra ====
{{main|Astra (missile)}}
Astra are India's fifth-generation [[Beyond Visual Range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[active radar homing]] [[air-to-air missile]] series.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Astra BVRAAM more complex than Agni missiles
|newspaper=Domain-B
|location=Balasore
|date=31 August 1998
|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/miss_muni/20100112_agni_missiles_oneView.html
|access-date=31 May 2012
}}</ref> The current version in service has a range from {{cvt|10|km}} to {{cvt|110|km}} similar to [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] while versions up to {{cvt|350|km}} and intermediate ranges are being developed.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |title=Astra air combat missile to be soon tested from Tejas fighter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astra-air-combat-missile-to-be-soon-tested-from-tejas-fighter/articleshow/79357258.cms |access-date=21 July 2021 |agency=TNN |publisher=Times of India |date=23 October 2020}}</ref>

A surface-to-air missile variant [[VL-SRSAM]] has also been developed from Astra to replace Indian navy's [[Barak 1]] missiTN1 With supplementary [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] missile systems along, it forms a surface-to-air missile system similar to American [[NASAMS|NASAM 2]].<ref name=":1"/>

==== Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme ====
{{main|Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme}}
[[File:Advanced Air Defence interceptor test on 28 December 2017.jpg|thumb|AAD anti-ballistic missile]]
In wake of missile threats from China and Pakistan, the development of [[anti-ballistic missiles]] began in the late 1990s. The program consists of multiple phases and components. Phase-I of program is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based [[Anti-ballistic missile|interceptor missiles]], namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5,000 kilometres away.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |title=India tests interceptor missile |date=6 March 2009 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310155431/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |archive-date=10 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite web|title=India's Ballistic Missile Defence system: All you need to know - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-ballistic-missile-defence-system-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/57105516.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212223318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-ballistic-missile-defence-system-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/57105516.cms|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Phase-I is awaiting government's approval for installation over national capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-ballistic-missile-shield-ready-iaf-drdo-to-seek-govt-nod-to-protect-delhi/345853/|title=India's ballistic missile shield ready, IAF & DRDO to seek govt nod to protect Delhi|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2020-01-08|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> Phase-II would include more potent AD-1 and AD-2 anti-ballistic missiles capable of engaging without [[IRBM]]s, [[ICBM]]s and hypersonic cruise missiles. Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mk. 1 and II are also under trials to intercept missiles at higher altitude and longer ranges and replace existing PAD.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/|title=India test fires high speed interceptor missile off Odisha coast|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190430/https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/|archive-date=12 February 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref> PDV Mk. 2 has also demonstrated [[Mission Shakti|anti-satellite capability]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/94168/defexpo-2020-drdo-says-asat-weapon-system-is-ready-for-further-limited-production|title=Defexpo 2020: DRDO says ASAT weapon system is 'ready for further limited production' {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>

==== Other systems ====
[[Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle]] (HSTDV) is a technology demonstrator aimed to demonstrate autonomous flight of a Scramjet Integrated Vehicle using ethylene. The technology is expected to become the basis of India's hypersonic missiles and aircraft in future.<ref name="drdl-projects">{{cite web
|title =DRDL: Areas of Work
|url =http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/DRDL/English/index.jsp?pg=AreasWork.jsp
|access-date =31 May 2012
|url-status =dead
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120210114900/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/DRDL/English/index.jsp?pg=AreasWork.jsp
|archive-date=10 February 2012
|df =dmy-all
}}</ref> India has developed an Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM) that will help to destroy enemy [[Early warning systems|advance warning systems]]. This was named as Rudram-1, with a range of 100–250 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-test-fires-rudram-1-its-first-anti-radiation-missile-to-take-down-enemy-radars/story-SYP6qWQOXmZrK7ViSPG54K.html|title=India test-fires Rudram 1, its first anti-radiation missile to kill enemy radars|date=9 October 2020}}</ref> Production of the ARM is being done on a priority basis by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL), which specialises in missile development.
Such missiles can be mounted on the [[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]] fighter planes.<ref>{{cite news
|title=India developing anti-radar missile
|newspaper=The Hindu
|date=30 April 2012
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/article3368349.ece?css=print
|access-date=31 May 2012
}}</ref>

== List of guided missiles ==
{{Main|List of Indian military missiles}}
{{Dynamic list|date=December 2019}}

=== Air to air ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Speed
! Warhead

! Introduction
! Status
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Astra (missile)]]
| Astra Mk1
| [[active radar homing]] [[beyond visual range]] [[air-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|110|km}}
| rowspan="3" | Mach 4.5
| [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead]]
| 2018
| In Service
| <ref name="ht-26sep18">{{cite news |title=Indigenously developed air-to-air missile Astra successfully test fired |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indigenously-developed-air-to-air-missile-astra-successfully-test-fired/story-1KXLnNJoMeaoOVovnlh5KI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=26 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indigenously developed air-to-air missile Astra successfully test fired |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/astra-missile-getting-ready-to-be-inducted-in-service-next-year-another-successful-test/1336126/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |date=3 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Astra Mk2
| [[active radar homing]] [[beyond visual range]] [[air-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|160|km}}
| [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead]]
| TBD
| In trials
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/15-years-on-drdos-supersonic-missile-ready-for-iaf-fighters/articleshow/71355843.cms|title=15 years on, DRDO's supersonic missile ready for IAF fighters|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=29 September 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="jdw-6may14">{{cite news|last1=Udoshi|first1=Rahul|title=India successfully tests home-grown Astra AAM |url=http://www.janes.com/article/37521/india-successfully-tests-home-grown-astra-aam |work=[[IHS Jane's Defence Weekly]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517051207/http://www.janes.com/article/37521/india-successfully-tests-home-grown-astra-aam|archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="jmr-apr11">{{cite journal|last1=Hewson|first1=Robert|title=Astra redesign paves way for ramjet AAM|journal=Jane's Missiles and Rockets|date=April 2011|volume=15|issue=4|page=3|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|location=Coulsdon}}</ref>
|-
| Astra Mk3
| [[active radar homing]] [[beyond visual range]] [[air-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|350|km}}
| [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead]]
| TBD
| In trials
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Novator KS-172]]
| [[beyond visual range]] [[air-to-air missile]]
|{{cvt|200|to|300|km}}
|Mach 3.3
|High-explosive fragmentated directional warhead
|2007
|In Service
|<ref name="DT">{{citation |title=Missiles in the Asia Pacific |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf |journal=Defence Today |publisher=Strike Publications |location=Amberley, Queensland |date=May 2005 |page=67 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126154153/http://ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet]]
| Technology demonstration testbed for future [[beyond visual range missile]] [[air-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|350|km}}
| Mach 4.5<ref>{{Cite web |author=News9 Staff |date=2022-04-14 |title=Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet: All you need to know about SFDR |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-all-you-need-to-know-about-sfdr-164677 |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en}}</ref>
|
| TBD
| In trials
| <ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref><ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[MICA (missile)]]
|[[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond visual range]] [[air-to-air missile]]
|500 m to 60 km
|Mach 4
|
|2012
|In service
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Basictell Editorial |title=Missiles Of India - List of Important Indian Missiles |url= "Hand in Hand with Indian Air Force" https://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=1395}}</ref>
|}

=== Anti-radiation ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:Centre"
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
|[[Rudram-1]]
| [[Anti-radiation missile]]
| {{cvt|150|km}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-09 |title=India test-fires Rudram 1, its first anti-radiation missile to kill enemy radars |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-test-fires-rudram-1-its-first-anti-radiation-missile-to-take-down-enemy-radars/story-SYP6qWQOXmZrK7ViSPG54K.html |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| Conventional
| 2022
| In service
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |title=India tests new anti-radiation missile to destroy enemy radars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-new-anti-radiation-missile-to-destroy-enemy-radars/articleshow/67676064.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rudram (missile)|Rudram-2]]
|[[Air-to-surface missile|Air to surface]] anti-radiation missile
|300 km (190 mi)
|Conventional
|TBD
|Under development
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2023-07-25 |title='Super Killer' In Ukraine War, India Gets Its Own Anti-Radiation Missile That Can Be Fired From Both French & Russian Jets |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/super-killer-in-ukraine-war-india-gets-its-own-anti-radiation/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rudram (missile)|Rudram-3]]
|Air to surface missile
|550 km (340 mi)
|Conventional
|TBD
|Under development
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-06 |title=IAF to arm more Sukhois with BrahMos missiles, even as plan afoot to upgrade entire fleet indigenously |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-to-arm-more-sukhois-with-brahmos-missiles-even-as-plan-afoot-to-upgrade-entire-fleet-indigenously/articleshow/94670805.cms |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Anti-satellite ===
{{see also |Mission Shakti}}
[[File:Launch of DRDO's Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor missile for an ASAT test on 27 March 2019.jpg|thumb|Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Interception altitude
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Programme#Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2|Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark II]]
| Exo-atmospheric [[Hit-to-kill]] [[anti-ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|1200|km}}
| [[Kinetic kill vehicle]]
| Unknown
| Being tested
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themirk.com/india-enters-the-elite-club-successfully-shot-down-low-orbit-satellite/|title=India Enters the Elite Club: Successfully Shot Down Low Orbit Satellite|last=Solanki|first=Lalit|date=2019-03-27|website=The Mirk|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-22|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328134405/https://themirk.com/india-enters-the-elite-club-successfully-shot-down-low-orbit-satellite/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== Anti-ship ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| colspan="2" | [[NASM-SR]]
| Short-range anti-ship missile
| 55+ km
| Conventional or nuclear 100 kg
| TBD
| In user trials
| <ref name="43rd standing committee">{{Cite press release|title=43 standing committee on defence - DEMANDS FOR GRANTS|url=http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_43.pdf|agency=[[Lok Sabha]]|date=March 2018|access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Man Aman Singh Chhina">{{Cite news|author=Man Aman Singh Chhina|date=May 21, 2022|title=Explained: Why the anti-ship missile tested by the Navy matters|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/navy-anti-ship-missile-significance-explained-7928016/|newspaper=The Indian Express|location=Chandigarh|accessdate=May 31, 2022}}</ref>
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Naval anti ship missile -MR]]
| Medium-range anti-ship missile
| 150–250 km
| Conventional 150 kg
| TBD
| In development
| <ref name="43rd standing committee"/><ref name="Man Aman Singh Chhina"/>
|-
|[[BrahMos]]
|Brahmos-A
|Anti-ship cruise missile
|400 km
|Conventional or nuclear
|
|In Service
|
|}

=== Anti-submarine ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| colspan="2" | [[SMART (missile)|SMART]]
| Long-range anti-submarine missile
| 643+ km
| Conventional 50 kg
| TBD
| In development
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lendon|first=Brad|date=7 October 2020|title=India tests long-range anti-submarine missile|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/06/asia/indian-anti-submarine-missile-ml-intl-hnk-scli/index.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=CNN}}</ref>
|}

=== Anti-tank ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Nag (missile)]]
| [[Prospina]]
| Third generation land-attack [[Anti-tank guided missile|ATGM]]
| {{cvt|4|km}}
| rowspan="4" | [[Tandem-charge]] [[high-explosive anti-tank]]
| 2016
| In service
| <ref name="Jans">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/89985/india-s-nag-atgm-ready-for-series-production-says-mod|title=India's Nag ATGM ready for series production, says MoD|website=Jane's 360|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nag (missile)#HeliNa|HeliNa/Dhruvastra]]
| Air-launched [[Anti-tank guided missile|ATGM]]
| {{cvt|10|km}}
| TBD
| Being Inducted
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/indigenous-anti-tank-guided-missile-system-helina-successfully-flight-tested/articleshow/65507706.cms|title=Indigenous anti-tank guided missile system HELINA successfully flight tested|date=August 23, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nag (missile)#HeliNa|Stand off Anti-Tank missile]]
| [[Standoff missile|Standoff]] air-launched [[Anti-tank guided missile|ATGM]]
| {{cvt|20|km}}
| TBD
| Development trials
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/upgraded-sant-missile-successfully-flight-tested/articleshow/66872743.cms|title=Upgraded SANT missile successfully flight tested - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[MPATGM]]
| [[Man-portable anti-tank systems|Man-portable]] [[anti-tank missile]]
| {{cvt|2.5|km}}
| TBD
| Developmental trials
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-tests-indigenous-anti-tank-missile/article29394941.ece|title=DRDO successfully tests indigenous anti-tank missile|author= Reporter|date=2019-09-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Amogha missile]]
| [[Amogha missile|Amogha-1]]
| Second-generation anti-tank guided missile
| {{cvt|2.8|km}}
| [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]
| TBD
| Developmental trials
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Anti-tank guided missile test-fired|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/antitank-guided-missile-testfired/article7656731.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2015-09-16|access-date=2019-11-14|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| Air-launched Amogha
| Air-launched anti-tank missile
|
| [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]
| TBD
| Proposed
| <ref name="ET Amogha">{{Cite news|title=Bharat Heavy Dynamics test fires indigenous anti-tank missile - The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-heavy-dynamics-test-fires-indigenous-anti-tank-missile/articleshow/48975211.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
|-
| Man portable Amogha
| [[Man-portable anti-tank systems|Man-portable]] [[anti-tank missile]]
|
| [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]
| TBD
| Proposed
| <ref name="ET Amogha"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[SAMHO (missile)|SAMHO]]
| Cannon-launched [[ATGM]]
| {{cvt|5|km}}
| [[Tandem-charge|Tandem]] [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]
| TBD
| Developmental trials
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Cannon launched laser-guided missile test today|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/28/cannon-launched-laser-guided-missile-test-today-445302.html|date=28 January 2013|access-date=14 November 2019|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=India test fires cannon launched laser-guided missile|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/india-test-fires-cannon-launched-laser-guided-missile-445637.html|date=29 January 2013|access-date=14 November 2019|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cannon Launched Missile Development Programme(CLMDP)|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/cannon-launched-missile-development-programmeclmdp|website=drdo.gov.in|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>
|}

=== Ballistic ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Prithvi (missile)]]
| [[Prithvi (missile)#Prithvi I|Prithvi-I (SS-150)]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[tactical ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|150|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 1994
| Being withdrawn by 2030
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011202044243/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive, ''accessed'' 18 October 2006|archivedate=2 December 2001}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prithvi (missile)#Prithvi II|Prithvi-II (SS-250)]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[short range ballistic missile|short-range ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|250|to|350|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2003
| Being withdrawn by 2030
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-2806807/|title=India successfully test fires indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile|date=2016-05-18|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prithvi (missile)#Prithvi III|Prithvi-III (SS-350)]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[short-range ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|350|to|600|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2004
| In Service
| <ref name="nrdc.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab20.asp |title=Nuclear Data - Table of Indian Nuclear Forces, 2002 |publisher=NRDC |access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prithvi (missile)#Dhanush (missile)|Dhanush]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[anti-ship ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|350|to|750|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2018
| In Service
| <ref name="IndiaTodayDhanush">{{cite news|title=Indian Navy successfully test fires Dhanush missile: All you need to know|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/education/story/dhanush/1/531950.html|access-date=14 November 2019|publisher=India Today|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030555/http://m.indiatoday.in/education/story/dhanush/1/531950.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Agni (missile)]]
| [[Agni-I]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[medium range ballistic missile|medium-range ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|900|to|1200|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2002
| In Service
| <ref name=frontline20020202>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=The significance of Agni-I|access-date=14 November 2019|work=Frontline|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1903/19031300.htm|date=2 February 2002}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agni-P]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[medium range ballistic missile|medium-range ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|1000|to|2000|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2021
| In development
| <ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agni-p-prime |title=Agni-P (Prime)|website=Dristi IAS|language=en|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agni-II]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[medium range ballistic missile|medium-range ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|2,000|to|3500|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2010
| In Service
| <ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article431917.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Agni-II missile test-fired successfully |date=17 May 2010 |first=Y. |last=Mallikarjun}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agni-III]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[intermediate range ballistic missile|intermediate-range ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|3,500|to|5000|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2011
| In Service
| <ref name=nasic-20170601>{{cite report |page=25 |url=https://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |id=NASIC-1031-0985-17 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee |date=June 2017 |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agni-IV]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[intermediate range ballistic missile|intermediate-range ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|4000|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2014
| In Service
| <ref>{{cite journal |title=Indian nuclear forces, 2017 |first1=Hans M.|last1=Kristensen|first2=Robert S.|last2=Norris|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|volume=73|issue=4|pages=205–209|doi=10.1080/00963402.2017.1337998|year=2017|bibcode=2017BuAtS..73d.205K|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agni-V]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|5,500|to|8000|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2018
| In Service
| <ref name=ndtv>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-most-potent-missile-agni-v-to-be-inducted-soon-1876035|title=Agni V Missile That Can Reach Chinese Cities To Be Inducted Soon: Sources|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=1 July 2018|website=[[NDTV]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820033413/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-most-potent-missile-agni-v-to-be-inducted-soon-1876035|archive-date=20 August 2019|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Agni-VI]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|10000 to 12000|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| TBD
| In development
| <ref name=intv4f>{{cite news|title=Get ready for Agni-VI, which can deliver 4 to 6 warheads 12000 km away|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/get-ready-for-agni-vi-which-can-deliver-to-warheads-km-20043.html|access-date=14 November 2019|newspaper=India TV|date=4 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Surya missile]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|16000|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| Unknown
| Unconfirmed
| <ref name="Globalsecurity">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/surya.htm Surya ICBM]. Retrieved 14 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[K missile family]]
| [[Sagarika (missile)|K-15 (Sagarika)]]
| short-range [[submarine launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|750|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2018
| In Service
| <ref name=operational>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2018/aug/19/nuke-capable-submarine-launched-missile-operationalised-india-in-select-triad-club-1859992.html|title=Nuke-capable submarine-launched missile operationalised, India in select triad club|date=19 August 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[K-4 (missile)|K-4]]
| medium-range [[submarine launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|3500|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2024
| In Service
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2019/10/submarine-launched-ballistic-missile.html|title=Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) K-4 Test Imminent|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[K-5 (ballistic missile)|K-5]]
| intermediate-range [[submarine launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (IR-SLBM)
| {{cvt|5000|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| TBD
| In development
| <ref name="IndiaToday2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=December 10, 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|archive-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[K-6 (missile)|K-6]]
| intercontinental [[submarine launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (IC-SLBM)
| {{cvt|6000 to 8000|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| TBD
| In development
| <ref name="IndiaToday2017"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]]
| [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[tactical ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|150|km}}
| Conventional or nuclear
| TBD
| In trials
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Prithvi missiles to be replaced by more-capable Prahar: DRDO|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prithvi-missiles-to-be-replaced-by-more-capable-Prahar-DRDO/articleshow/20852827.cms|work=The Times of India|agency=PTI|date=1 July 2013|language=en|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605231209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prithvi-missiles-to-be-replaced-by-more-capable-Prahar-DRDO/articleshow/20852827.cms|archive-date=5 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prahaar (missile)#Pragati|Pragati]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[tactical ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|170|km}}
| Conventional
| {{n/a}} (For export)
| In development
| <ref>{{cite news|title=India develops new surface-to-surface missile 'Pragati'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pragati-drdo-army-south-korea-akash-adex-2013-215884-2013-10-28|access-date=28 November 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004415/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pragati-drdo-army-south-korea-akash-adex-2013/1/320800.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rout|first=Hemant Kumar|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/nov/05/tactical-missile-pragati-readied-for-export-678975.html|title=Tactical Missile Pragati Readied for Export|work=The New Indian Express|date=5 November 2014|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082607/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/nov/05/Tactical-Missile-Pragati-Readied-for-Export-678975.html|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prahaar (missile)#Pranash|Pranash]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[tactical ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|200|km}}
| Conventional
| TBD
| In development
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-to-develop-200-km-range-pranash-missile/story-eev9HZEZo2m6ADnIjSnvcP.html|title=India to develop 200-km range tactical ballistic missile|date=2020-02-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]]
| [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[short range ballistic missile|short-range ballistic missile]] (SRBM)
| {{cvt|500|km}}
| Conventional
| TBD
| In service
| <ref name="scd-report30">{{cite web|title=Thirtieth Report on ''Demands for Grants of the Ministry of Defence for the year 2017-18 pertaining to Revenue Budget of Ordnance Factories, Defence Research and Development Organisation, DGQA and NCC (Demand No. 20)''|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65189/1/16_Defence_30.pdf|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|location=New Delhi|page=59|date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
|}

=== Cruise ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Speed
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[BrahMos]]
| rowspan="2" | BrahMos Block I
| Supersonic ship-launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile
| {{cvt|290|km}}
| rowspan="8" | Mach 3
| rowspan="8" | Conventional or nuclear
| 2007
| In service
| rowspan="8" | <ref name="ainonline19April18">[https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-04-19/india-displays-big-missiles-defense-show India Displays Big Missiles at Defense Show]. ''Aviation International News''. 19 April 2018.</ref>
|-
| Supersonic land-launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile
| {{cvt|290|km}}
| 2008/2010
| In service
|-
| BrahMos Block II
| Supersonic land-launched land-attack cruise missile
| {{cvt|290|km}}
| 2012
| In service
|-
| BrahMos Block III
| Supersonic land-launched land-attack cruise missile
| {{cvt|290|km}}
| 2013
| In service
|-
| BrahMos-A
| Supersonic air-launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile
| {{cvt|400|km}}
| 2020
| In service
|-
| Submarine-launched BrahMos
| Supersonic submarine-launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile
| {{cvt|290|km}}
| 2013
| In service
|-
| BrahMos ER
| Multi-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile
| {{cvt|600|km}}
| 2022
| In service
|-
| BrahMos NG
| Multi-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile
| {{cvt|290|km}}
| TBD
| In development
|-
| colspan="2" | [[BrahMos-II]]
| Hypersonic cruise missile
| {{cvt|600 - 1000|km}}
| Mach 8
| Conventional or nuclear
| TBD
| In development
| <ref name="brahmos2_official" />
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nirbhay (missile)]]
| Subsonic land-attack cruise missile
| {{cvt|1000-1500|km}}
| Mach 0.9
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2019
| In service
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sub-sonic-cruise-missile-nirbhay-successfully-test-fired/article26849032.ece|title=Sub-sonic cruise missile 'Nirbhay' successfully test-fired|date=2019-04-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="nirbhaylac"/>
|}

=== Surface-to-air ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Interception altitude
! Speed
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| colspan="2" | [[VSHORAD (India)]]
| Very short-range [[surface to air missile|surface-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|6|km}}
| {{cvt|3.5| km}}
| Mach 1.5
| High explosive
|
| In development trials
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-04-02 |title=Army inducts Russian MANPADS |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-inducts-igla-s-shoulder-fired-air-defence-systems-from-russia/article65284695.ece |access-date=2022-11-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Trishul (missile)]]
| Short-range [[surface to air missile|surface-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|9|km}}
|
| Mach 1+
| High explosive
| 1983
| Retired
| <ref name="TOI" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Akash (missile)]]
| Akash Mk I
| rowspan="3" | Medium-range [[surface to air missile|surface-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|30|km}}
| {{cvt|18|km}}
| rowspan="3" | Mach 2.8-3.5
| [[High-explosive]], pre-fragmented warhead
| 2009
| In service
| <ref name="aviation week">{{cite news|url=http://web02.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2011/03/25/awx_03_25_2011_p0-301846.xml&headline=Indian%20Army%20Orders%20Akash%20Missile%20System|title=Indian Army Orders Akash Missile System|publisher=Aviation Week|date=25 March 2011|access-date=28 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Akash Mk II
| {{cvt|40|km}}
| {{cvt|20|km}}
| [[High-explosive]], pre-fragmented warhead
| TBA
| Developmental trials
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-version-of-akash-missile-test-fired-successfully/article27266960.ece|title=New version of Akash missile test-fired successfully|date=2019-05-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akash-NG]]
| {{cvt|70|km}}
| {{cvt|20|km}}
| [[High-explosive]], pre-fragmented warhead
| TBA
| Developmental trials
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158007|title=DRDO Projects|date=3 February 2017|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|via=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/next-generation-akash-ng-add-new-diamension-india-s-air-defence-capabilities-2817050.html|title=Next generation Akash-NG to add new diamension to India's air defence capabilities|last=SV|first=Vikas|date=2018-12-04|website=oneindia|language=en|access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 26, 2021|first=Manjeet|last=Negi|title=Odisha: DRDO conducts successful maiden launch of Akash-NG Missile|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-drdo-conducts-successful-maiden-launch-of-akash-ng-missile-1762712-2021-01-26|access-date=2021-02-17|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Maitri (missile)]]
| Quick reaction surface-to-air missile
| {{cvt|30|km}}
|
|
|
|
| The proposal has been shelved and superseded by the [[QRSAM]] and [[VL-SRSAM]] missiles for the use of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Navy]] respectively.
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[QRSAM]]
| Quick reaction surface-to-air missile
| {{cvt|30|km}}
| {{cvt|10|km}}
|
|
| 2022
| Being inducted
| <ref name="jdw-6jun17">{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|url=http://www.janes.com/article/71161/indian-drdo-designed-qrsam-successfully-tested|title=Indian DRDO-designed QRSAM successfully tested|date=6 June 2017|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|publisher=Jane's Information Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606141337/http://www.janes.com/article/71161/indian-drdo-designed-qrsam-successfully-tested|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[VL-SRSAM]]
| Short-range surface-to-air missile
| {{cvt|50|km}}
|
|
|[[High-explosive]], pre-fragmented warhead
|
| Being tested
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRDO successfully launches VL-SRSAM twice|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-successfully-launches-vl-srsam-twice/articleshow/81157352.cms|access-date=2021-02-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[SAMAR Air Defence System]]
| Short-range surface-to-air missile
| {{cvt|12-40|km}}
|
|
|[[High-explosive]], pre-fragmented warhead
|
| In use
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satam |first=Parth |date=2022-10-23 |title=Indian 'Jugaad'! IAF Converts Obsolete Russian Air-To-Air Missiles Into Surface-To-Air Systems; Experts Perplexed |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indian-jugaad-iaf-converts-obsolete-russian-air-to-air-missiles/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF's SAMAR Air Defence System |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2022/11/iafs-samar-air-defence-system.html |access-date=2022-11-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Barak 8]]
| MRSAM
| Medium-range [[surface to air missile|surface-to-air missile]]
| 70 km
(43 mi)
| {{cvt|16|km}}
| rowspan="2" | Mach 2+
| Proximity censor based
| 2020
| In service
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-to-armys-air-power-to-get-medium-range-missile-by-2020/articleshow/60244300.cms|title=Boost to Army's air power; to get medium range missile by 2020 - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2019-11-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece|archive-date=2017-08-27}}</ref>
|-
| LRSAM
| Long-range [[surface to air missile|surface-to-air missile]]
| 100 km
(62 mi)
| {{cvt|16|km}}
| Proximity censor based
| 2019
| In service
| <ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/53532/iai-en-route-to-extended-range-barak-8er|title=IAI en route to extended range Barak-8ER - IHS Jane's 360|access-date=24 November 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808031154/http://www.janes.com/article/53532/iai-en-route-to-extended-range-barak-8er|archive-date=8 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | ER-SAM
| Extended-range [[surface to air missile|surface-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|250|km}}
|
|
| High explosive
| TBD
| In development
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[XRSAM|XR-SAM]]
| Long-range [[surface to air missile|surface-to-air missile]]
| {{cvt|400|km}}
|
|
| High explosive
| TBD
| In development
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Technologies and Products|url=http://14.143.90.243/drdo/technology-cluster-links/labs-products-detail/2107/182|work=Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL)|access-date=2019-12-25|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225020403/http://14.143.90.243/drdo/technology-cluster-links/labs-products-detail/2107/182|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=U Sudhakar Reddy|title=DRDO reveals 350km XRSAM missile details|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/drdo-reveals-350km-xrsam-missile-details/articleshow/73001348.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2019-12-28|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>
|}

=== Ballistic Missile Defence ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Interception altitude
! Speed
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" | Phase I of [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]
| [[Prithvi Air Defence]]
| Exo-atmospheric [[anti-ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|300|km}}-{{cvt|2000|km}}
| {{cvt|50|km}}-{{cvt|180|km}}<ref name="The Week">{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Pradip R |title=Explained: India's Ballistic Missile Defence programme, developed by DRDO |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/11/explained-indias-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-developed-by-drdo.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |publisher=The Week |date=11 September 2021}}</ref>
| Mach 5+
| [[Proximity fuze]]
| 2006
| Being inducted
| <ref>[http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive07/indbmd_0129.html India Plans Second Anti-Ballistic-Missile Test in June] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711191002/http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive07/indbmd_0129.html |date=11 July 2009}}''The interceptor rocket has a liquid-fuelled first stage that uses two propellants and oxidisers, and a solid-fuel second stage with a gas thruster that can turn the rocket at more than five Gs. The missile carries sensors to guide it to its target.''</ref>
|-
| [[Advanced Air Defence]]
| Endo-atmospheric [[anti-ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|150|km}}
| {{cvt|15|km}}-{{cvt|40|km}}<ref name="The Week"/>
| Mach 4.5
| [[Hit-to-kill]]
| 2007
| Being inducted
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120761241800.htm |title=Interceptor missile scores 'direct hit' |date=7 December 2007 |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026072530/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120761241800.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Prithvi Defence Vehicle|Prithvi Defence Vehicle]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-25|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Prithvi Defence Vehicle|reason= The anchor (Prithvi Defence Vehicle) [[Special:Diff/925045377|has been deleted]].}}
| Exo-atmospheric [[anti-ballistic missile]]
| {{cvt|2000|km}}
| {{cvt|150|km}}
|
| [[Hit-to-kill]]
| 2019
| In trials
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/|title=India test fires high speed interceptor missile off Odisha coast|access-date=24 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190430/https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/|archive-date=12 February 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | Phase II of [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]
| [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2|Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark-II]]
| Exo-atmospheric [[anti-ballistic missile]]
|
| {{cvt|1200|km}}
|
| [[Hit-to-kill]]
| TBD
| Developmental trials
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/87788/india-s-drdo-reveals-additional-details-of-recent-asat-missile-test|title=India's DRDO reveals additional details of recent ASAT missile test|website=Jane’s 360|access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref>
|-
| AD-1
| Anti-ballistic missile
| {{cvt|5000|km}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |title=India can destroy enemy missiles fired at it from 5000 km away, says DRDO |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-detect-enemy-missile-from-5000-km-away-drdo-ad1-2293091-2022-11-04 |access-date=4 November 2022 |publisher=India Today |date=4 November 2022}}</ref>
| TBA
|
| [[Hit-to-kill]]
| TBD
| In development
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-developing-defence-system-for-more-capable-missiles-senior-officer-1948841|title=India Developing Defence System For More Capable Missiles: Senior Officer|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview - Secretary, department of defence R&D and chairman, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Dr G. Satheesh Reddy|url=http://forceindia.net/interview/secretary-department-defence-rd-chairman-defence-research-development-organisation-dr-g-satheesh-reddy/|date=August 12, 2019|access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Force India}}</ref>
|-
| AD-2
| Anti-ballistic missile
| TBA
| TBA
|
| [[Hit-to-kill]]
| TBD
| In development
|}

=== Other systems ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Speed
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| [[K missile family]]
| [[Shaurya (missile)]]
| Hypersonic surface to surface tactical missile
| {{cvt|700|km}}
| Mach 7.5
| Conventional or nuclear
| 2011
| In service
| <ref name="frontline-20dec08">{{cite magazine|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=Missile success|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2526/stories/20090102252609400.htm|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=25|issue=26|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=20 December 2008 – 2 January 2009|issn=0970-1710}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle]]
| Testbed for development of hypersonic systems
|
| Mach 12
| {{n/a}}
| 2019
| Being tested
| <ref name=THEHINDU>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=DRDO developing hypersonic missile|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/09/stories/2008050955301300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513092221/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/09/stories/2008050955301300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2008|access-date=24 November 2019|date=9 May 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|}

== Guided and unguided rocket systems ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre"
! Family
! Name
! Type
! Maximum range
! Speed
! Warhead
! Introduction
! Status
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher]]
| Pinaka Mk I
| rowspan="2" | [[Multiple rocket launcher]]
| {{cvt|40|km}}
|
| Various
| 1998
| In service
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/pinaka.htm|title=Pinaka Multibarrel Rocket Launcher|access-date=24 November 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223201044/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/pinaka.htm|archive-date=23 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Pinaka Mk II/Guided Pinaka
| {{cvt|90|km}}
|
| Various
| TBA
| In trials
| <ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157988|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827222003/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157988|archive-date=27 August 2017|df=dmy-all|title=Pinaka Rocket}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | Indian long-range MRL
| [[Multiple rocket launcher]]
| {{cvt|120|km}}
|
| Various
| TBD
| In development
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/systems/jmr/jmr100628_2_n.shtml|title=Global Defence Systems - News and Headlines - IHS Jane's 360|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Research and development organisations ==

Current missile research and development in India happens under the '''Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL)''', and a group of laboratories collectively called the '''Missile Complex Laboratories'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO: Historical Background |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/DRDL/English/index.jsp?pg=HistoricalBG.jsp |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210112328/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/DRDL/English/index.jsp?pg=HistoricalBG.jsp |archive-date=10 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

* '''[[Abdul Kalam Island|Interim Test Range]]'''
* '''[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]''' Manufactures the missile and also has an associated R&D lab
* '''Composite Products Development Centre'''
* '''[[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]]''' Develops materials for defence and space usage
* '''[[Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex]]''' Houses following 3 laboratories:
** '''[[Advanced Systems Laboratory]]''' Research and development on motors, jet vanes and structures for launch vehicles and missiles
** '''[[Research Centre Imarat]]''' (Develops navigation and electromechanical actuation systems)
** '''[[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]]''' (DRDL) famous for its contributions to [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP). Develops mission control software and among other missile related technologies.
* '''[[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]]''' Develops propellant and explosives.
* '''Missile Complex Laboratories''' (These laboratories were earlier part of the DRDL or set up under them, but all are now independent entities)
* '''Missile Systems Quality Assurance Agency'''
* '''[[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]]''' Develops missile launchers
* '''HTNP Industries''' Develops Hypersonic missile warheads (Nuclear capable and non nuclear capable)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/profile.Startup.5cf9f0bee4b08f8b1a9a2f74.html|title=Profile|website=www.startupindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* [[India and weapons of mass destruction|Indian weapons of mass destruction]]
* [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]

== Notes and references ==
=== Citations ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Kampani|first=Gaurav|year=2003|title=Stakeholders in the Indian Strategic Missile Program|url=http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/103kamp.pdf|journal=Non-proliferation Review|volume=10|issue=3|pages=48–70|publisher=James Martin Center for Non-Proliferation Studies|via=[[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]]}}
{{refend}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Desi-defence-showpieces-powered-by-videshi-parts/articleshow/28720189.cms Desi defence showpieces powered by videshi parts]
* [http://www.ibtl.in/news/opinion/2029/drdo-indias-lumbering-dinosaur/ DRDO India's lumbering dinosaur]

{{Indian missiles}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{DRDO Laboratories}}

[[Category:Guided missiles of India| ]]

Ujjaini Mukherjee

2026-01-17T15:24:23Z

DesignersX: Starting initial entry initial version

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ujjaini Mukherjee
| image = Ujjaini's File Picture In 2018.jpg
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Ujjaini Mukherjee
| birth_date =
| origin =
| occupations = Singer, performer
| instruments = Vocals
| genre = [[Filmi]] Pop [[Soft rock]] [[Hindustani classical music]] [[Jazz]] [[Rabindra Sangeet]]
| years_active = 2005–present
}}

'''Ujjaini Mukherjee''' is an Indian singer.<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Singing-a-new-tune/articleshow/4720712.cms|title=Singing a new tune|last=Ghosh|first=Tanmoy|date=1 July 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref>

== Early years ==

Her first recording was for the composer [[Debojyoti Mishra]].{{Cn|date=July 2023}}

At the age of 16 she participated in the [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge'']] in 2005 and finished in the final top 10.

Ujjaini then won ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu]]'', along with [[Aishwarya Nigam]].

== Independent Singles ==

Some of Ujjaini's own singles available on YouTube are "Aay Srabon" in 2013,<ref>{{Citation |title=Aay Srabon {{!}} Ujjaini {{!}} Originals | date=4 October 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OrbIhKkefQ |access-date=2023-07-24 |language=en}}</ref> "Saajan Gaye Pardes" in 2014,<ref>{{Citation |title=Sajan Gaye Pardes{{!}} Originals by Ujjaini {{!}} A tribute to Coldplay | date=16 October 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTfWkF-4S-0 |access-date=2023-07-24 |language=en}}</ref> and "Nishi Raat Baanka Chand" in 2016.<ref>{{Citation |title=Geeta Dutt{{!}} Nishi Raat Banka Chand{{!}} Ujjaini(Cover) | date=22 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty-OzFLpNNU |access-date=2023-07-24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards And Nominations ==

She was nominated for the [[Mirchi Music Awards]] in the 'Upcoming Female singer' Category for the song "Mannu Bhaiyya Ka Karihen" from the film ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''.{{Cn|date=July 2023}}

She was also nominated for [[Filmfare Award East for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Awards East]] for "Ami Akash khola" from the film [[Aborto]] (2014) and was the winner of the "Kalakar Awards 2015" as the "Best Female Performer".{{Cn|date=July 2023}}

Nominated for "Best Female Vocalist of the Year – Films" for her song "Dil Rasiya" from ''Byomkesh Pawrbo'' in the 2017 edition of Mirchi Music Awards Bangla

Nominated at the [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]] in [[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2011]] for her song "Mannu Bhaiyya" from ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''

Nominated as best female playback singer at the first [[Filmfare Award East for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Awards East]] for ''[[Aborto]]''

At the 2018 Mirchi Music Awards Bangla, Ujjaini's 2017 album "Muhurto" (Moments) garnered nominations for Song of the Year, Music Composer of the Year, Lyricist of the Year in the "Adhunik" (Modern) categories. In addition, Ujjaini's film song from [[Ebong Kiriti]] earned her a nomination for the best Female Vocalist of the Year.{{Cn|date=July 2023}}

== Achievements ==

{{Cn|date=July 2023}}{{Cn|date=July 2023}}{{Cn|date=July 2023}}She was a finalist on ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]'' achieving 7th place and within the span of a few months in 2006, she was the grand finale winner of ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu]]'' with [[Aishwarya Nigam|Aishwarya]].

Ujjaini also participated in some other popular reality shows as well, like [[Indian Idol]] (2004), [[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star]] (2008), [[Music ka Maha Muqqabla]] (2010).

Winner of the "Kalakar Awards 2015" as "Best Female Performer" and also, the "Kolkata Ratna" Award, The Bengal Youth Icon award as the best performer

==Discography==

===Film Songs===
Following are the list of songs that Ujjaini Mukherjee has sung for various Indian Movies
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Song(s) !! Co-singer(s) !! Composer(s) !! Notes
|-
| 2024 || [[Pushpa 2: The Rule]] || [[Kissik]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNKuBy1UKRY]|| || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||
|-
| 2024 || [[Stree 2]] || Aaj Ei Raat [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeFnPa8AXL4]|| [[Ishan Mitra]] || [[Sachin-Jigar]] ||
|-
| 2022 || [[Tirandaj Shabor]] || Lag Lag [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVRuATswjzQ]|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]] ||
|-
| 2021 || [[Antardhaan]] || Raja Rani [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hDlka0QYz0]|| || Ratul Shankar ||
|-
| 2021 || [[Abar Kanchanjungha]] || Paharer Gaan [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBM8-j60Taw]|| || Ashu Chakraborty ||
|-
| 2021 || [[Avijatrik]] || Hari Haraye Namah [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQMhOecOabs]|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]] (Music Producer) ||
|-
| 2021 || [[Golondaaj]] || Raasher Gaan [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EpALqKDaUo]|| [[Shovan]] || [[Bickram Ghosh]] ||
|-
| 2020 || [[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]] || Yadidang Whridayang [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wj4uHakccp8]|| || [[Anindya Chatterjee]]||
|-
| 2020 || [[Hullor]] || O Babaji [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufJqAa7tk1k]|| [[Kinjal Chatterjee]]|| [[Dolaan Mainaak]]||
|-
| 2019 || [[Asur (film)]] || Mon Janona [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcyKkxjsVsE]|| [[Shovan]]|| [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2018 || [[Byomkesh Gotro]] || Bisher Dhowaye [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psLsGFEZMZU]|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2018 || [[Khajoor Pe Atke]] || Duniya [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4SpEuIlhgs]|| [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]|| [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2018 || [[Khajoor Pe Atke]] || Aao Na Dekha [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53hWbjtxVEM]|| [[Timir Biswas]]|| [[Bickram Ghosh]] ||
|-
| 2018 || [[Flat No 609]] || Icche Gulo [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1SxWlQsxcc]|| [[Anupam Roy]] || [[Ratul Shankar]]||
|-
| 2018 || [[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]] || Esho Bondhu [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJcI5z_Fo7Y]|| [[Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury]]|| [[Anupam Roy]]||
|-
| 2018 || [[Honeymoon (2018 film)]] || Naina Tore [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5suQSWtOa5c]|| || [[Savvy Gupta]]||
|-
| 2018 || [[Boxer (2018 film)|Boxer]] || Nesha Nesha [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFnJC-KIGKY]|| [[Samidh Mukerjee]], Suyasha Sengupta || [[Samidh Mukerjee]]||
|-
| 2018 || [[Boxer (2018 film)|Boxer]] || Rock & Roll [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kZ7Hq3QnZw]|| [[Samidh Mukerjee]]|| [[Samidh Mukerjee]]||
|-
| 2017 || [[Thammar Boyfriend]] || Title Track [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdZbQyo9gOo]|| [[Kinjal Chattopadhyay]] || [[Dolaan Mainaak]]||
|-
| 2017 || [[Kuheli (film)|Kuheli]] || Aamar Shohor Kolkata [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVT0L99OXhI]|| ||[[Dolaan Mainaak]] ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Haripada Haribol]] || Jiya Laage Na [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dabb7EE-us]|| || [[Deep-Loy]]||
|-
| 2017 || [[Ebong Kiriti]] || Hoyto Tumi Dekhecho [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qu3_I-eXvds]|| || [[Pijush Chakraborty]]||
|-
| 2016 || [[Byomkesh Pawrbo]] || Dil Rasiya Re [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMKovQodY80]|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2016 || [[Eagoler Chokh]] || Dil Mehfil [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbaukAlA3ZA]|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2016 || [[Sesh Sangbad]] || Haarbo Naa [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GTmaivG9Bk]|| || [[Amit Sur]]||
|-
| 2016 || [[Khawto]] || Kichu To Chaichi Na [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVM20mc1aI]|| [[Kinjal Chattopadhyay]] || [[Anupam Roy]]||
|-
| 2016 || [[Shororipu]] || Aaj Raate Shob Bhule [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lY0r09pUuEI]|| [[Sourav Sarkar]] || Dev Sen||
|-
| 2016 || [[Chorabali (2016 Film)|Chorabali]] || Title Track [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKySj44oJ9o]|| || [[Dibyendu Mukherjee]]||
|-
| 2015 || [[Cross Connection 2]] || Lilabali [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQ9R9sbEpdA]|| || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2015 || [[Cross Connection 2]] || Mombaati Raat [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFvZqWWFs4o&list=OLAK5uy_kNSCmw18dqaRrUIePnkoQn5t6rdpuxhFg&index=2]|| [[Rupankar Bagchi]] || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2015 || [[Chitra (2015 film)|Chitra]] || Khunshuti [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2-2eJHA3es]|| [[Timir Biswas]], Dodo || [[Mohul Chakraborty]]||
|-
| 2015 || [[Ebar Shabor]] || Adho Ghum [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYFSzGFaFS8]|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2015 || [[Fakebook (film)|Fakebook]] || Boka Dil [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhhebQWNnpo]|| || [[Dolaan Mainaak]]||
|-
| 2014 || [[Highway (2014 Bengali film)|Highway]] || Khela Shesh [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1-aZLw5w54]|| [[Arijit Singh]] (Male Version)|| [[Anupam Roy]]||
|-
| 2014 || [[Taan (2014 film)|Taan]] || Nona Paani [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TkDV5okcb8]|| || [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]||
|-
| 2014 || [[Teen Patti (2014 Bengali film)|Teen Patti]] || Raat Erokom [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl5X9uKJpgY]|| || [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]||
|-
| 2013 || [[Aborto]] || Ami Akash Khola [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xd-qoVyVdo0]|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2013 || [[Aborto]] || Mon Uthlo Dekh [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtKTA4rl4Hk]|| [[Nirmalya Roy]]||[[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2013 || [[Ganesh Talkies]] || Jhaal Legeche [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaUkPGE9iIg]|| [[Rupankar Bagchi]] || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2013 || Kidnapper || Hridoyer Kautha [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYm5Ex7IDU0]|| [[Saptak Bhattacharjee]] || [[Raja Narayan Deb]]||
|-
| 2013 || [[Nayika Sangbad]] || Tor Sorire Rupoli Ronger° [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGQrkH1D5LY]|| || [[Gabu Gourab Chatterjee]]||
|-
| 2013 || [[Mistake (2013 film)|Mistake (film)]] || Nai Re Nai Re Chinta Kono [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTuu9XQGCB0]|| || [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]||
|-
| 2012 || [[Bhalobasa Off Route E]] || Aai Brishti Jhhepe [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oXptg7rhBc&list=OLAK5uy_lE93ewbVInUyIirPZ4rICE4NqqWW7CCrg&index=1]|| || [[Arunava Khasnobis]]||
|-
| 2012 || [[Bhalobasa Off Route E]] || Chain Mohe Aaye Na [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qy1LvQZEuD0]|| [[Rupankar Bagchi]] || [[Arunava Khasnobis]]||
|-
| 2012 || [[Bhalobasa Off Route E]] || Toke Bhalobeshe [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyZDcXqJ7oU]|| [[Ravi Shukla]] || [[Arunava Khasnobis]]||
|-
| 2011 || [[Tanu Weds Manu]] ||Mannu Bhaiyya [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dk9i51f_X3M]|| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Niladri || [[Krsna Solo]]||
|-
| 2011 || [[Tanu Weds Manu]] || Yun Hi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKEEbtMkKms]|| [[Mohit Chauhan]] || [[Krsna Solo]]||
|-
| 2010 || [[Right Yaaa Wrong]] || Kya Ghalat Kya Sahi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43Y5fn-m7Bk]|| || [[Monty Sharma]]||
|-
| 2010 || [[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]] || Evvariki [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxE0zuZc0BM]||[[Rahul Vaidya]] || [[Sandeep Chowta]]||
|-
| 2010 || [[Byomkesh Bakshi (2010 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]] || Mayabi Raate [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsoUkLoItiM]|| || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2009 || [[Madly Bangalee]] || Phirey Asche [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne0nwg2AAko]|| || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2009 || [[Cross Connection]] || Mukhosher Opashe [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-PBtmuwVYE]|| || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2008 || [[Chalo Let's Go]] || Ei Poth Jodi Na [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKhNmrI09_g]|| [[Anjan Dutta]], [[Srikanto Acharya]] || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2008 || [[Chalo Let's Go]] || Chupi Chupi Raat [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSdqrd5vh4U]||[[Rupankar Bagchi]] || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2008 || [[Chalo Let's Go]] || Chalo Let's Go [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSdqrd5vh4U]||[[Rupam Islam]], [[Srikanta Acharya]] || [[Neel Dutt]]||
|-
| 2008 || [[Bhole Shankar]] || Jab Jab Aave Yaad Tohar [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXJOfa8CGHc]||[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]] || [[Dhananjay Mishra]]||
|-
| 2008 || [[BhoomiPutra]] || Bina Soche Samjhe [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPeRRIOn1HY]||[[Udit Narayan]] || [[Dhananjay Mishra]]||
|-
| 2008 || [[BhoomiPutra]] || Mann Bhave Sahariya Laiki [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTrFpXM6Cqs]||[[Manoj Mishra]] || [[Dhananjay Mishra]]||
|-
| 2006 || [[Alag]] || The Soul Of Alag || [[Vedala Hemachandra]]|| [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]||
|-
| 2006 || [[Alag]] || Saanjh Ki Pighalti [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rk5R8xfL1CM]|| Anand Sharma, [[Krishna Beura]]|| [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]||
|}

===Non-film Songs===

Out of all the songs that Ujjaini has sung, a special mention goes to "Devotee" [https://music.apple.com/mx/album/maya-bickram-ghoshs-dedication-to-ravi-shankar/1168313932?l=en-GB], the track from the album "Maya (A Tribute To [[Ravi Shankar]])" an internationally acclaimed album by the legendary [[Bickram Ghosh]]. Another mention goes for the Durga Puja special album "Bondhu... Thakish Pashe" in 2016 which was initiated by Geet Entertainment by bringing together Ujjaini and [[Rupankar Bagchi]], the best names in Bengali music to recreate the magic of the old times in a new age as the songs of the album had a beautiful melodious feel of the old times to them and also, it was another attempt to relive the time without digital piracy and promote original music by releasing it only on physically available CDs. In 2017, Ujjaini collaborated with Ashu Abhishek [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7378001/], the new age composer duo for her Durga Puja special album "Muhurto" and it had a fully digital release under the label of [[Asha Audio]]. Ujjaini has sung numerous Non Film songs including title tracks for TV serials, a few of them have been assembled below :-

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Song(s) !! Album !! Co-singer(s)/Lyrics !! Composer(s) !! Notes
|-
| 2022 || Ekar Gohone [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rB4X167yEUQ&list=RDrB4X167yEUQ&start_radio=1]|| Web Series (Rudrabinar Obhishaap Season 2)|| || [[Joy Sarkar]] ||
|-
| 2022 || Jab Barse Sona [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQw9PItLo7U]|| Digital Release|| [[Rupankar Bagchi]] [[Manomoy Bhattacharya]] || ||
|-
| 2021 || Du Chokhe Harai [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F44qMzg6sXU]|| Web Series (Gangulys Wed Guhas)|| || Sravan Bhattacharya ||
|-
| 2021 || It Will Be Fine [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFT2sQnNKc4]|| Digital Single || || Ujjaini Mukherjee (Composition & Lyrics)|| Shamik Guha Roy (Music Producer)
|-
| 2021 || Moharaja (A Tribute To Satyajit Ray) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhZdsmedaX4]|| Digital Single || || Ujjaini Mukherjee (Composition)|| Samik Roy Choudhury (Lyrics) Shamik Guha Roy (Music Producer)
|-
| 2021 || Premer Holi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3RqzBRuQm4]|| Digital Single || || Ujjaini Mukherjee (Composition)|| Samik Roy Choudhury (Rap & Rap Lyrics) Suman Mickey Chatterjee (Lyrics) Shamik Guha Roy (Music Producer)
|-
| 2021 || Bodle Jachche Mukh || Web Series [[Shei Je Holud Pakhi]] (Season 2) || || Upali Chattopdhyay||
|-
| 2020 || Aamar Haat Bandhibi Paa Bandhibhi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmnJ27ZBF1s]|| [[Prothoma Kadambini]] || || Upali Chattopdhyay||
|-
| 2020|| Aaj E Jhorer Raate [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HN8LOeqdd50]|| Digital Single || || [[Rabindranath Tagore]] || John Paul (Arranger)
|-
| 2020|| Bissanno Golap [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_wK5SWwrVk]|| Digital Single || [[Rupankar Bagchi]] ||
|-
| 2020|| Dustu Corona [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuVuhvhidXs]|| Digital Single || [[Mir Afsar Ali]] || Ashu (Arranger)
|-
| 2020|| Durga Chalisa [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJF-Q6JT_3U]|| Digital Single || Rudraneel Choudhary (Arranger) Swagato Banerjee (Guitar) || Ujjaini Mukherjee
|-
| 2020|| Japoner Gaan [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S39UjOd2BnY]|| Digital Single || Debarshi Sarkar (Lyrics) || Nilanjan Ghosh
|-
| 2019|| Pakhider Gaan [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlBGPXJAMsU]|| Digital Single || Meenakshi Mukherjee (Backing Vocals) || Nilanjan Ghosh Rahul Sarkar
|-
| 2019|| Jal Mein Kumbha [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQ-Qf9Sg-Cw]|| Digital Single || ||
|-
| 2019|| Montu Pilot [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uteU5BKP4NQ]|| Montu Pilot Hoichoi Originals || Saurav Das || [[Kuntal De]]
|-
| 2019|| Phowara [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBJwetdw_EA&t=1s]|| Digital Single || [[Mir Afsar Ali]] || [[Ashu Chakraborty]]
|-
| 2019|| Mera Desh [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_H1QzOs0SI]|| Digital Single || Dipayan Madhuraa ||[[Upali Chattopadhyay]]
|-
| 2019|| Chander Hashi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpufSIkKKb8]|| Hello 2 Hoichoi Originals || ||[[Upali Chattopadhyay]]
|-
| 2019|| Bodhu Kon Aalo [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j1fFT7ivuE]|| Hello 2 Hoichoi Originals || ||[[Upali Chattopadhyay]]
|-
| 2019|| Sun Bangla Theme Song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isHLgqD_1gY]|| || [[Rupankar Bagchi]]||[[Debojyoti Mishra]]
|-
| 2019|| Saanson Ko Jeena Sikhaye [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SybVRgzEjyk]|| Tagore For Today (YouTube Release)|| || ||
|-
| 2019|| Amaro Porano Jaha Chay [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wn42MQr0sdE]|| Tagore For Today (YouTube Release)|| || ||
|-
| 2019|| BC Jain Jewellers TVC [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wL5ddYPj3lE]|| || || Ashu ||
|-
| 2018|| PC Chandra Jewellers Rihi Collection [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0M9li9goKlI]|| || || Ashu ||
|-
| 2018|| Okaron [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkQJWZ3_SZU]|| Pheromon|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2018|| Piya Ogo [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYan5sqPIao]|| Pheromon|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2018|| Akibuki [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsL6jw_1ptY]|| Digital Single || Shayok Banerjee|| Shayok Banerjee
|-
| 2018|| [[Bhoomikanya]] || [[Bhoomikanya]] Star Jalsha|| || [[Bickram Ghosh]]||
|-
| 2018|| Golpo Aamar Phurolo [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhxKZOOP1d8&list=PLzxTmXYDR-xVaIqCx_I-Yw_Frn-oLuDXE&index=6]|| [[Shei Je Holud Pakhi]] Web Series|| || [[Upali Chattopadhyay]]|| Hoichoi
|-
| 2018|| Mrityur Por [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjzDUtFuqWQ]|| Shei Je Holud Pakhi Web Series || || [[Upali Chattopadhyay]]|| Hoichoi
|-
| 2018 || Shesh Eshe Geche [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3kqw4gX33A&list=PLzxTmXYDR-xVaIqCx_I-Yw_Frn-oLuDXE&index=4]|| Shei Je Holud Pakhi Web Series || || [[Upali Chattopadhyay]]|| Hoichoi
|-
| 2018 || Holi Aayo Re [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wn74EEQi7E0]|| Shei Je Holud Pakhi Web Series || || [[Upali Chattopadhyay]]|| Hoichoi
|-
| 2018 || Aaj Tobe Khoma Koro [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhxKZOOP1d8&list=PLzxTmXYDR-xVaIqCx_I-Yw_Frn-oLuDXE&index=6]|| Shei Je Holud Pakhi Web Series || || [[Upali Chattopadhyay]]|| Hoichoi
|-
| 2017 || Muhurto Title Track [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWsi3lSpke0]|| Muhurto || || [[Ashu Abhishek]]||YouTube Release
|-
| 2017 || Ekoosh [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9-L3eRecWM]|| Muhurto || || [[Ashu Abhishek]] ||YouTube Release
|-
| 2017 || Phowara [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMAkaWW1poM]|| Muhurto |||| [[Ashu Abhishek]] ||YouTube Release
|-
| 2017 || Aabcha Shohore [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGony-l-3Jk]|| Aamra || || [[Soumya Bose]]||YouTube Release
|-
| 2017 || Mono Mor Meghro [https://web.archive.org/web/20180803195652/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mono-mor-meghro/1222022858?i=1222023965]|| Rendezvous With Tagore || || [[Rabindranath Tagore]]||YouTube Release
|-
| 2017 || Guti Malharer Atithi Title Track [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3IuIQmPNAc]|| Guti Malharer Atithi || [[Durnibar Saha]]||[[Ashu Abhishek]]|| Zee Bangla Cinema Originals
|-
| 2017 || Du Jon Bache Pashapashi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jq1uYHldHsU]|| Love Letter || [[Timir Biswas]]|| [[Ashu Abhishek]]|| Zee Bangla Cinema Originals
|-
| 2017 || Tobu Mone Rekho || || || [[Upali Chattopadhyay]]|| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2017 || Bokul Katha [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcm8ULoV8_c]|| || || [[Suvam Maitra]]|| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2016 || Kaalo Raat [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUm8cKt1Ndo]|| [[Kader Kuler Bou]] || || [[Ashu Abhishek]]||Zee Bangla Cinema Originals
|-
| 2016 || Nishi Raat Banka Chand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty-OzFLpNNU]|| A Tribute To [[Geeta Dutt]]|| |||| YouTube Release
|-
| 2016 || Laaguk Na Brishtir Chhant || Bandhu Thakish Pashe || || Biswaroop Ghosh Dastidar ||Digital CD Release
|-
| 2016 || Kichu Katha Baaki || Bandhu Thakish Pashe || [[Rupankar Bagchi]]|| Biswaroop Ghosh Dastidar ||Digital CD Release
|-
| 2016 || Hoyto Ekhono Tumi Shei || Bandhu Thakish Pashe || || Biswaroop Ghosh Dastidar ||Digital CD Release
|-
| 2016 || Chhilo Shei Ojana || Bandhu Thakish Pashe || || Biswaroop Ghosh Dastidar ||Digital CD Release
|-
| 2016 || Takiyo Na Aar || Bandhu Thakish Pashe || [[Rupankar Bagchi]]|| Biswaroop Ghosh Dastidar || Digital CD Release
|-
| 2016 || Alash Dupur || Bandhu Thakish Pashe || || Biswaroop Ghosh Dastidar ||Digital CD Release
|-
| 2016 || Aami Shudhu Khunjechi Tomaye [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeVqR12wTSE]|| Professional || || || Zee Bangla Cinema Originals
|-
| 2016 || Tomar Jonyo [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-bCURryZjc]|| [[Paan Supari]] || || Deb Chowdhury ||Zee Bangla Cinema Originals
|-
| 2016 || Jodi Tor Daak Shune [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IfPsdOO8H0]|| [[Abar Ekla Cholo]] || ||||Zee Bangla Cinema Originals
|-
| 2016 || Bhalobashi Bhalobashi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOeIGTBTgWo]|| [[Akash Chowa]] || ||||Zee Bangla Cinema Originals
|-
| 2016 || Bigg Boss [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7uglzIfa4U]|| Bigg Boss Bangla Season 2 || [[Jeet (actor)]] ||[[Ashu Abhishek]]|| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| 2015 || Sagor Eka [https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194836/https://itunes.apple.com/ag/album/prem/986889113]|| Prem || ||
|-
| 2015 || Aaj Aari Kaal Bhab|| Aaj Aari Kaal Bhab || || Dabbu Ghoshal|| [[Star Jalsha]] Megaserial
|-
| 2014 || Saajan Gaye Pardes [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTfWkF-4S-0]|| Independent Single|| || Ujjaini Mukherjee ||YouTube Release
|-
| 2013 || Aay Srabon [https://music.apple.com/ca/album/aay-srabon-single/1283099958]|| Independent Single|| ||Ujjaini Mukherjee || YouTube Release
|-
| 2013 || Tomay Amay Mile [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqThsDiD5JY]|| [[Star Jalsha]] Series|| [[Arijit Singh]] ||
|-
| 2013 || Aaye Sokhi, Aamra Bachi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mayqNPfjsoo]|| Sokhi|| [[Upali Chattopadhyay]]|| [[Upali Chattopadhyay]]||[[Star Jalsha]] Megaserial
|-
| 2013 || Mouchaak || Mouchaak|| || [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]||[[Star Jalsha]] Megaserial
|-
| 2007 || Dhara Dey Na [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-F3OlXzEtFg&list=OLAK5uy_nQx7dyxiGaACVr-c9JuPYaR6_dNZFxKd8]|| Aay Mon Tui Aay|| ||
|-
| 2007 || Title Track [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-F3OlXzEtFg&list=OLAK5uy_nQx7dyxiGaACVr-c9JuPYaR6_dNZFxKd8]|| Aay Mon Tui Aay|| ||
|-
| 2007 || Dheere Dheere [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibLve86V0rs]|| Aay Mon Tui Aay|| ||
|-
| 2007 || Eki Akash [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y01TgcFZUzo]|| Aay Mon Tui Aay || ||
|-
| 2007 || Title Track [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxt8mHfkdjw]|| Ek Main Aur Ek Tu (Aishwarya And Ujjaini)|| [[Aishwarya Nigam]]||
|-
| 2007 || Ishq Ho Gaya [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxt8mHfkdjw]|| Ek Main Aur Ek Tu (Aishwarya And Ujjaini)|| [[Aishwarya Nigam]] ||
|-
| 2007 || Jaagu Main Sari Raina [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fz-DvKw7ZGM&list=OLAK5uy_lALyH0k-Jj1xpK9eV93YGqjhqIBnL_cLs&index=2]|| Ek Main Aur Ek Tu (Aishwarya And Ujjaini)|| [[Aishwarya Nigam]] ||
|-
| 2007 || Naina Nashile [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ib15AdRKhe8&index=3&list=OLAK5uy_lALyH0k-Jj1xpK9eV93YGqjhqIBnL_cLs]|| Ek Main Aur Ek Tu (Aishwarya And Ujjaini)|| [[Aishwarya Nigam]] ||
|-
|}

==Television==
Before becoming one of the leading names in playback singing in the film industry, Ujjaini proved her mettle in singing on national television through below mentioned reality shows :-

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Channel !! Awards !!
|-
| 2005
| [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]
| Zee TV
| 7th Position
|-
| 2006
| [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu]]
| Zee TV
| Winner
|-
| 2008
| [[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star]]
| Star Plus
| Champion's Team
|-
| 2010
| [[Music ka Maha Muqqabla]]
| Star Plus
| Shreya's Superstars
|-
| 2016
| [[Abbulish]]
| Colors Bangla
| Episode Winner
|-
| 2016
| [[Happy Parents Day]]
| Zee Bangla
| Episode Winner
|-
| 2018
| [[Dadagiri Unlimited]]
| Zee Bangla
| Episode Winner
|-
|}

She is also a regular celebrity guest performer on TV shows like Didi no 1 and Rannaghar amongst many others.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{commons category}}
{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005}}
{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Ujjaini}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu winners]]

Kusumamala

2026-01-11T22:27:17Z

DesignersX: Put Up A Details.

{{short description|1887 collection of poems by Narsinhrao Divetia}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Kusumamala
| image = Kusumamala title page.png
| image_size =
| caption = Title page of 4th edition, 1912
| author = [[Narsinhrao Divetia]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = કુસુમમાળા
| orig_lang_code = gu
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = Love, nature
| genre = [[Lyric poetry]]
| set_in =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1887
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 33236882
| dewey = 891.471
| congress = PK1859.D57 K8 1953
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource = કુસુમમાળા
| notes =
}}

'''''Kusumamala''''' ({{Translation|Garland of Flowers}}) is a collection of poems by [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] writer [[Narsinhrao Divetia]] published in 1887. It is considered Divetia's [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]] and a milestone in the history of modern [[Gujarati literature|Gujarati poetry]]. The poems were written in the manner of English lyrical poetry. The work was well received by the new school writers while criticised by old school writers.

==Origin==
Divetia was interested in and influenced by [[Romantic poetry#English Romantic poetry|English romantic poetry]], especially the work of [[William Wordsworth]].<ref name="Beṭāī1985">{{cite book|author=Betai|first=Sundarji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKAhAAAAMAAJ|title=Narasinghrao|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1985|location=New Delhi|page=11|author-link=Sundarji Betai|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> He therefore wrote [[Lyric poetry|lyrics]] in the pattern of English lyrical poetry compiled in the ''[[Palgrave's Golden Treasury]]''. In the introduction to ''Kusumamala'', Divetia wrote:<ref name=Choudhuri2016>{{cite book|editor-last=Choudhuri |editor-first=Indra Nath |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: I-L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4ruAQAACAAJ |date=2016 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location=New Delhi |pages=2988 |isbn=978-81-260-4758-1}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I have published the collection of these short lyrics with the highest aim to introduce to the Gujarati readers the method of compositions of the western poetry which is different from that adopted in our country; I do this not by dry critical discussion, but by examples, in order to draw their attention towards that poetry and to show what the true poetry is...|Narsinhrao Divetia, 1887}}

==Content==
The ''Kusumamala'' contains 62 poems on various subjects, including love, nature, social conditions, and historical places and events. The poems are written in various metres as well as in traditional and folk melodies and rhythms. The collection includes short and long poems, with some having nearly one hundred lines. The shortest poem is "Mangalacharan" ("The Auspicious Stanza"), which consists of just four lines, while the longest poem is "Chanda" ("The Moon"), consisting of 112 lines which are divided into 28 stanzas of four lines each. Some other long poems are "Asthir Ane Sthir Prem" ("Unsteady and Steady Love") (68 lines), "Vidhvano Vilap" ("The Lamentation of the Widow") (96 lines), and "Megh", a translation of "[[The Cloud (poem)|The Cloud]]" by English poet [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] (92 lines).<ref name=Choudhuri2016/>

==Reception==
The ''Kusumamala'' was well received by readers. Its first edition was published in 1887, followed by a second edition in 1902, third edition in 1907, and fourth edition in 1912.<ref>{{cite book |last=Divetia |first=Narsinhrao |title=Kusumamala |year=1887 |edition=4th|language=gu |publisher=Jivanlal Amarshi Mehta |location=Ahmedabad |pages=4–11}}</ref>

The ''Kusumamala'' was received positively by the new or Western school writers but negatively by the old or orthodox school writers. [[Navalram Pandya]]'s review was very short and terse. He found the verses, modelled as they were on those of Shelley and Wordsworth, were intended to give an idea to the Gujarati reader as to the sort of poetry the West produced. He praised the poems as being delightful and on the whole easy to understand, although the language and style were cultured (fully developed). ''Kusumamala'' received negative criticism from [[Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi]], who called it "foreign exotic flowers, bright coloured but without beauty or fragrance, nothing better than a garland of flowers skilfully woven in obedience to the alluring vogue then prevalent of considering everything coming from the West worthy of imitation". Dwivedi criticised the collection for months in the ''Priyamavada'' and ''Sudarshana'' magazines which he edited, arousing controversy. [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]] responded with a series of articles in ''Jnan Sudha''. He contested Dwivedi's criticism and hailed the collection as "an oasis in the desert of Gujarati poetic literature".<ref name="Jhaveri1934">{{cite book|first=Krishnalal Mohanlal |last=Jhaveri|author-link=Krishnalal Jhaveri|title=The present state of Gujarati literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.76697/2015.76697.The-Present-State-Of-Gujarati-Literature#page/n69/mode/2up|access-date=7 March 2018|year=1934|publisher=University of Bombay|pages=57–58}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="Jhaveri1956">{{cite book|last=Jhaveri|first=Krishnalal Mohanlal |title=Further milestones in Gujarāti literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqxHAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|edition=2nd|publisher=Forbes Gujarati Sabha|location=Mumbai|pages=148–149}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

[[Manishankar Bhatt]] 'Kant' and [[Balwantray Thakore]] also criticised the collection, while [[Anandshankar Dhruv]] appreciated it.<ref name=Choudhuri2016/> [[Govardhanram Tripathi]] quoted a few lines from ''Chanda'', a poem in ''Kusumamala'', in his epic novel ''[[Saraswatichandra (novel)|Saraswatichandra]]''.<ref name="Joshi1979">{{cite book|first=Ramanlal |last=Joshi|author-link=Ramanlal Joshi|title=Govardhanram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOEQAAAAMAAJ|access-date=22 February 2018|year=1979|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=35}}</ref> Divetia's second poetry collection, ''Hridayavina'', aroused similar controversy.<ref name="Jhaveri1934"/>

[[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]], in ''Gujarat and Its Literature'', noted that with ''Kusumamala'', Divetia launched the age of romantic poetry in the Gujarati language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Munshi|first=Kanaiyalal|author-link=Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|title=Gujarat and Its Literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.541382/2015.541382.Gujarat-And#page/n287/mode/2up|year=1935|publisher=Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.|location=Culcutta|page=266}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* {{Internet Archive|id=in.ernet.dli.2015.537621}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1887 books]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poetry collections]]
[[Category:1887 poems]]
[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]

B. Rakesh

2026-01-02T11:33:15Z

DesignersX: started a details...

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Rakesh
| image = B-rakesh-20180323135730-12040.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = Rakesh Bahuleyan
| birth_date = 1965-04-28
| birth_place = [[Chadayamangalam]], [[Kollam]]
| occupation = Film producer
| parents = G Bahuleyan and P Leelabai
| spouse = Dr. Sindhu Rakesh
| children = Anand Rakesh
| yearsactive = 1992–present
}}

'''B. Rakesh''' ('''Rakesh Bahuleyan''') is an Indian film producer and owner of Universal Cinemas who mainly works in Malayalam cinema. He is the secretary of the Malayalam producers' association. He is credited as the first Malayalam mega serial Vamsham producer, penned by Sri. [[K Jayakumar]].{{clarify|date=October 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meri-awaaz-suno-is-the-title-of-manju-jayasurya-film-by-prajesh-sen/articleshow/80900177.cms |title= 'Meri Awaaz Suno' is the title of Manju – Jayasurya film by Prajesh Sen | date=13 Feb 2021 |website=[[The Times of India|TOI]] }}</ref>

He was born in Chadayamankalam, Kollam District, as the elder son of G Bahuleyan and P Leelabai.

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
!Notes
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2022
| style="text-align:left;" | ''Aanu''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2021
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Meri Awaaz Suno]]''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2019
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2018
| style="text-align:left;" | ''Dakini''

|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2017
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2017
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]''

|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2014
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[1 by Two]]''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2011
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Makaramanju]]''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2007
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Rathri Mazha]]''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2003
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2002
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam]]''
|
|- align="centre"
| align="centre" | 2001
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty]]''
|
|}

== Awards ==
'''''[[Rathri Mazha]]'' – Producer B. Rakesh'''
* 2007 [[National Film Awards]]
Best Choreographer - Madu Gopinath, Saji Vakkom
* 2007 [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
Best Director - [[Lenin Rajendran]] Best Music Director - [[Ramesh Narayan]] Best Male Playback Singer- Srinivas, Best Female Playback Singer - Sujatha Mohan, Best Choreography - Madu Gopinath & Saji Vakkom,
*2007 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] Best Female Playback Singer - Sujatha Mohan

2010. Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film Makaramanju

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kfpa-deploys-ethical-hackers-to-track-down-film-pirates/article69385447.ece/
* https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/29/producers-association-intervene-to-tackle-film-piracy-appoint-ethical-hackers.html

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakesh, B}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

2025-12-16T01:24:11Z

DesignersX: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board
| logo = Twad.JPG
| type = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| foundation = Apr, 14, 1971
| location = TWAD House, No-31, Kamarajar Salai, Chepauk, Chennai - 600 005.
| Chairman =
| area_served = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] (Except Chennai)
| industry = [[Water]] Supply, Sewerage
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| homepage = [http://www.twadboard.gov.in/ http://www.twadboard.gov.in/]
}}

'''Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board''' ('''TWAD Board''') is a [[public agency]] formed by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], under the Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department, assigned with the task of implementing all [[water supply]] and [[sanitary sewer|sewerage]] schemes to the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] (except the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=TWAD|url=https://www.twadboard.tn.gov.in/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.twadboard.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

TWAD Board coordinates with the Government of India's [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]] and Departments of Drinking Water Supply, [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Ministry of Water Resources]], National River Conservation Directorate, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Central Ground Water Board, [[Non-governmental organization|Non Government Organisations]] (NGOs), academic institutions, etc., to implement the water supply and sewerage schemes in Tamilnadu.

== History ==

The local bodies were entrusted with the task of providing the amenities of water supply and drainage schemes initially. Then arose the necessity for an organisation of fully trained and experienced personnel on the Government side for the execution and maintenance of water supply and drainage schemes at satisfactory standards and minimum cost.

Hence the Sanitary Engineering Branch of the Madras Public Works Department was entrusted with the task of the investigation, design, execution and maintenance of the water supply and drainage schemes of all the local bodies in the state.

In the year 1962, the Sanitary Engineers circle and the Public Health Execution Circle were brought under the control of a separate Public Health Engineering and Municipal Works Department.

In the year 1966, the [[Public Health Engineering Department]] was reorganised on a territorial basis, with a view to cope with the increased work load and to ensure speedy execution of the schemes, when a number of water supply and drainage schemes were taken up.

Accordingly two Public Health Engineering circles were formed at [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Madurai]], headed by separate Superintending Engineers, with exclusive jurisdiction to investigate, design, execute and maintain all urban water supply and drainage schemes.

The Government of Tamil Nadu constituted, the Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board as a non-statutory body during 1969. Statutory status was given to the Board with effect from 14.4.1971 by an enactment passed by the Tamil Nadu State Legislature.

== Functions ==
TWAD Board undertakes investigation, execution and maintenance of any scheme for the provision of watersupply and sewerage facilities, to meet the needs of any industries or institutions within the area of the local authority on the direction of state Government.

The watersupply and sewerage schemes undertaken by TWAD Board are handed over to the respective local bodies for maintenance on completion. However schemes of composite nature covering more than one local body are maintained by TWAD Board.

== Funding Agencies ==
*Govt of India, under JnNURM, UIDSSMT AMRUT, IUDM
*Govt of Tamil Nadu under Minimum Needs Programme
*[[World Bank]] aided through TNUDP III
*KfW (German Bank aid)
*JICA (Japan aid).

== Structure ==
The headquarters at Chennai co-ordinates with all the regional offices and government agencies for effective implementation of various watersupply and sewerage projects through the following units :

*Project Development Cell (PDC)
*Contract Management (CoM) Wing
*Project Management (PM) Wing
*Mega Project Monitoring wing
*Operation & Management (O&M)
*Research, Development, Training & PMC (RDT & PMC) Wing
*Communication and Capacity Development (CCDU) Unit

 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Region
!Headquarters
!Districts Covered
!Circles
!No. of Divisions
|-
|[[Coimbatore]] Region
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]],
[[Erode district|Erode]], [[Tirupur district|Tirupur]], [[Karur district|Karur]]

Salem, Namakkal
|1.) Coimbatore - Nilgiris Circle,
2.) Erode - Tiruppur - Karur Circle,

3.) Salem - Namakkal Circle.
|8
8

7
|-
|[[Vellore]] Region
|[[Vellore]]
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]], [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]],
[[Vellore district|Vellore]], [[TVMalai district|Tiruvannamalai]],

[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]],

[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|1.) [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]] - [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] Circle,
[[Vellore district|2.) Vellore]]-[[TVMalai district|Tiruvannamalai]] Circle,

[[Cuddalore district|3.) Cuddalore]] - [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]] Circle,

4.) [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]] - [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]] Circle,

5.) Project Maintenance Circle, Dharmapuri
|3
6

4

1

3
|-
|[[Madurai]] Region
|Madurai
|Madurai, Dindigul, Theni,
Sivagangai, Ramanathapuram,

Thoothukudi, Virudhunagar,

Thirunelveli, Kanyakumari
|1.) Madurai - Dindigul - Theni Circle,
2.)Sivagangai - Ramanathapuram cum Project Maintenance Circle,

3.) Thoothukudi - Virudhunagar Circle,

4.) Thirunelveli, Kanyakumari

5.) Sewerage Circle, Madurai
|8
4

6

6

5
|-
|[[Thanjavur]] Region
|Thanjavur
|Thanjavur, Thiruvarur,
Nagapattinam, Trichy, Perambalur, Pudukottai
|1.) Thanjavur - Thiruvarur - Nagapattinam Circle,
2.) Trichy - Perambalur Ariyalur - Pudukottai Circle

3.) Sewerage Circle, Thanjavur

4.) Sewerage Circle, Tindivanam
|5

7

2

2
|-
|}

== Combined Water Supply Schemes (CWSS) ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Name of the scheme
!River
!Location
!Beneficiaries
!Capacity (MLD)
!Districts Served
|-
|1
|[[Hogenakkal Integrated Drinking Water Project]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hogenakkal-water-for-krishnagiri-dharmapuri-districts-from-tomorrow/article4756971.ece |url-access=subscription |title=Hogenakkal water for Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri districts from tomorrow |last=Ramakrishna |first=T. |date=16 November 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|Cauvery
|Hogenakkal
|3 Municipalities
17 Town Panchayats

7639 Rural Habitations.
|120
|Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri
|-
|2
|Ramanathapuram Mega Drinking Water Supply Project
|Cauvery
|Mutharasanallur
& Kadiakurichi in Trichy District
|5 Municipalities
11 Town Panchayats

3163 rural habitations
|100
|Ramnathapuram,
Sivaganga and Pudukottai
|-
|3
|CWSS to Vellore Corporation,
11 Municipalities, 5 Town Panchayats &

944 wayside Rural habitations in Vellore district
|Cauvery
|Thottilpatti Village near Mettur Dam
|Vellore Corporation
11 Municipalities

5 Town Panchayats

944 Rural habitations
|181
|Vellore
|-
|4
|Augmentation of water supply to Palladam Municipality,
23 town panchayats and 965 rural habitations in

Coimbatore and Tiruppur District
|Bhavani
|Pillur reservoir
|Palladam Municipality
23 Town panchayats

965 rural habitations
|125
|Coimbatore and
Tiruppur
|-
|5
|CWSS to Melur,
Avaniapuram, Thirumangalam Municipalities,

Thirunagar, Vilangudi, Paravai, A.Vellalapatti,

Alanganallur, Palamedu Town Panchayats and

1430 rural habitations in 8 unions of Madurai District

and Singampunari Town Panchayat in Sivagangai District.
|Cauvery
 
|Near Kulithalai
|3 Municipalities
7 Town Panchayats

1430 Rural Habitations.
|84
|Madurai
Sivagangai
|-
|6
|CWSS to 1153 Habitations in 9 Unions and Peravurani,
Perumagalur And Adiramapattinam Town Panchayats in

Thanjavur District
|Kollidam
|
|7 Town Panchayats
1153 Rural Habitations
|38.11
|Thanjavur
|-
|7
|CWSS to Natham & 2 Town Panchayats and 1276 Rural Habitations
with Bulk Provision to 2 Town Panchayats and 354 Rural Habitations

in Dindigul District and Bulk Provision to 135 Habitations

in Trichy District
|Cauvery
|
|5 Town Panchayats
1765 Rural Habitations
|48.10
|Dindigul
Trichy
|-
|8
|CWSS To 1751 Rural Habitations in Kunnandarkoil (Part),
Gandarvakottai, Karambakudi, Thiruvarangulam, Aranthangi ,

Viralimalai (Part), Annavasal (Part) and Pudukkottai (Part) Unions of

Pudukkottai District and Vallam Town Panchayat in Thanjavur District.
|Kollidam
|Near Thiruchennampoondi
|1 Town Panchayats
1751 Rural Habitations
|23.23
|Pudukkottai
Thanjavur
|-
|9
|Providing CWSS To 1766 Rural Habitations
In Viralimalai (Part), Annavasal (Part), Ponnamaravathy, Tthirumayam, Arimalam, Kunnandarkoil (Part) And Pudukottai (Part)

Of Pudukottai District And 125 Habitations In S.pudur

And Sakottai Panchayat Union In Sivagangai District
|Cauvery
|near Thirupparaithurai village.
|1766 Rural Habitations
|23.12
|Pudukottai
Sivagangai
|-
|10
|Providing CWSS To Attur And Narasingapuram Municipalities,
20 Town Panchayats And 1,345 Rural Habitations In

12 Panchayat Unions Of Salem District.
|Cauvery
|Thottilpatti Village near Mettur Dam
|2 Municipalities
20 Town Panchayats

1345 Rural Habitations.
|84.134
|Salem
|}

== Sewerage schemes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Name of the scheme
!
!
|-
|1
|Chinnamanur Municipality
|
|
|-
|2
|Maraimalainagar Municipality
|
|
|-
|3
|Namakkal Municipality
|
|
|-
|4
|Ramanathapuram Municipality
|
|
|-
|5
|Dharmapuri Municipality
|
|
|-
|6
|Perambalur Municipality
|
|
|-
|7
|Thiruvannamalai Municipality
|
|
|-
|8
|Thiruvarur Municipality
|
|
|-
|9
|Villupuram Municipality
|
|
|-
|10
|Mamallapuram Town Panchayat
|
|
|-
|11
|Theni- Allinagaram Municipality
|
|
|-
|12
|Thiruchendur Town Panchayat
|
|
|-
|13
|Orathanadu Town Panchayat
|
|
|-
|14
|Cuddalore Municipal Corporation
|
|
|-
|15
|Udumalpettai Municipality
|
|
|-
|16
|Nagapattinam Municipality
|
|
|-
|17
|Pudhukkottai Municipality
|
|
|-
|18
|Thiruvallur Municipality
|
|
|-
|19
|Krishnagiri Municipality
|
|
|-
|20
|Ariyalur Municipality
|
|
|-
|21
|Septage Management in Karunguzhi Town Panchayat
|
|
|-
|22
|Periyakulam Municipality
|
|
|-
|23
|Thoothukkudi Municipal Corporation
|
|
|-
|24
|Virudhunagar Municipality
|
|
|-
|25
|Sivagangai Municipality
|
|
|-
|26
|Nagerkoil Municipal Corporation
|
|
|-
|27
|Mettur Municipality
|
|
|-
|28
|Arakkonam Municipality
|
|
|-
|29
|Thirupathur Municipality
|
|
|-
|30
|Bodinayakkanaur Municipality
|
|
|-
|31
|Rasipuram Municipality
|
|
|-
|32
|Karaikkudi Municipality
|
|
|-
|33
|Chidambaram Municipality
|
|
|-
|34
|Sathur Municipality
|
|
|-
|35
|Sathiyamangalam Municipality
|
|
|-
|36
|Pollachi Municipality
|
|
|-
|37
|Palanichettipatti Town Panchayat
|
|
|-
|38
|Ulundhurpettai Municipality
|
|
|-
|39
|Perundhurai Town Panchayat
|
|
|-
|40
|Thirupporur Town Panchayat
|
|
|-
|41
|Ponneri Municipality
|
|
|-
|42
|Vallam Town Panchayat
|
|
|-
|43
|Mettupalayam Municipality
|
|
|}

== See also ==
*[[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]]
*[[Water supply and sanitation in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://twadboard.gov.in/home.asp Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board website]
* [http://www.thiruvalluvan.com/2017/08/20/%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b4%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%a8%e0%af%80%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%86%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d/ Tதமிழகத்தின் நீர் ஆதாரம் -பொறியாளர் ஆ. மோகனகிருஷ்ணன்]

{{State Agencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State agencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Water management authorities in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

BrahMos-II

2025-11-25T07:56:46Z

DesignersX: updated citations for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Joint Russian-Indian hypersonic cruise missile}}
{{Distinguish|text=BrahMos block II}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = BrahMos-II
| image = A scaled down model of Brahmos-II at Aero India 2013.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = A scaled down model of Brahmos-II at [[Aero India]] 2013
| origin = {{unbulleted list|India|Russia}}
| type = [[Cruise missile#Hypersonic|Hypersonic]] [[Cruise missile]] [[Air-launched cruise missile]] [[Anti-ship missile]] [[Land-attack missile]] [[Surface-to-surface missile]]
| used_by =
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] [[NPO Mashinostroyenia]]
| manufacturer = [[BrahMos Aerospace|BrahMos Aerospace Limited]]
| unit_cost = $12.5 million (est.)
| propellant =
| production_date =
| service =
| engine = [[Scramjet]]
| engine_power =
| weight =
| length =
| height =
| diameter =
| no. builts =
| wingspan =
| speed = {{convert|8|Mach|km/h mph m/s}}
| vehicle_range = {{convert|1500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling =
| guidance =
| detonation =
| launch_platform = Ship, submarine, aircraft and land-based mobile launchers.
}}
'''BrahMos-II''' or '''BrahMos-2''' or '''BrahMos Mark II''' is a [[hypersonic]] [[scramjet]]-propelled missile currently under joint development by [[India]]'s [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] and [[Russia]]'s [[NPO Mashinostroyenia]], which have together formed [[BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited]]. The BrahMos-II is expected to have a range of {{convert|1500|km|mi nmi|abbr=}}<ref name=brahmos2_official/> and a speed of [[Mach number|Mach]] 8. During the cruise stage of flight, the missile will be propelled by a [[scramjet]] [[airbreathing jet engine]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hypersonic-brahmos-version-missile-to-be-ready-by-2017/967830/#| title= Hypersonic BrahMos version missile to be ready by 2017| date=28 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-09/news/30260244_1_air-version-stealth-supersonic-cruise-missile-india-s-defence-research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303085721/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-09/news/30260244_1_air-version-stealth-supersonic-cruise-missile-india-s-defence-research |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2012 |title=Hypersonic version of Brahmos missile on the way with Mach 7 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> Other details, including production cost and physical dimensions of the missile, are yet to be published.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmos to Launch Submarine Version of the Missile, Hike Up Speed to Mach 7 for Hypersonic Version|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/833/brahmos-to-launch-submarine-version-of-the-missile-hike-up-speed-to-mach-7-for-hypersonic-version.html|access-date=14 Aug 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426051552/http://www.defencenow.com/news/833/brahmos-to-launch-submarine-version-of-the-missile-hike-up-speed-to-mach-7-for-hypersonic-version.html|archive-date=26 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.philstar.com/breaking-news/735577/india-russia-work-hypersonic-stealth-cruise-missile | title=India, Russia work on hypersonic stealth cruise missile | publisher=philSTAR.com | date=9 October 2011 | access-date=24 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=brahmos2_official>{{cite web|title=India, Russia to develop new hypersonic cruise missile :: BrahMos.com|url=http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102|publisher=brahmos.com Official Website of Brahmos|access-date=23 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212050609/http://brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102|archive-date=12 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The planned operational range of the BrahMos-II had initially been restricted to 290 kilometres as Russia is a signatory to the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (MTCR), which prohibits it from helping other countries develop missiles with ranges above {{convert|300|km|mi nmi}}. However, subsequent to India becoming a MTCR signatory in 2014, the parameters for Brahmos 2 will get enhanced.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-joins-mtcr-7-things-the-country-stands-to-gain/articleshow/52934056.cms |title =India joins MTCR: 7 things the country stands to gain |website = Economic Times| date =12 July 2017 |access-date =26 July 2021}}</ref> Its top speed will be double that of the current BrahMos-I, and it has been described as the fastest cruise missile in the world.<ref name="brahmosII_eco">{{cite news|title=BrahMos 2 Hypersonic Missile to be ready in five years|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-10/news/30611918_1_brahmos-aerospace-air-version-brahmos-missile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222731/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-10/news/30611918_1_brahmos-aerospace-air-version-brahmos-missile|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2013|access-date=23 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 January 2012}}</ref>

Testing was planned to start in 2020 has been delayed <ref>{{cite news |url =https://eurasiantimes.com/brahmos-ii-missile-program-to-greatly-benefit-from-the-successful-test-of-russian-zircon-hypersonic-missile/ |title =BrahMos-II Missile Program To Greatly Benefit From The Successful Test Of Russian Zircon Hypersonic Missile| website =Eurasian Times |date =22 July 2021 |access-date =26 July 2021 }}</ref> but is now expected to be ready by 2026 or 2027 for flight testing. The missile is expected to be weighted around 1.33 tonnes, about half the weight of the current air-launched missile at 2.65 tonnes. With this advantage of light weight and "is a sleeker air launched missile than the current variant, and is in advanced stages of development. It should be ready for flight testing in a year or so,” a defence official said, adding it would be ready for production and induction in one to two years after that.<ref name="Peri">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-05-21 |title=Development of longer range BrahMos missile as well as sleeker BrahMos-NG variant on track |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/development-of-longer-range-brahmos-missile-as-well-as-sleeker-brahmos-ng-variant-on-track/article69602331.ece |access-date=2025-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Being much lighter, the BrahMos-NG can be mounted on other fighters, including the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LCA Tejas |url=https://www.lcatejas.com/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.lcatejas.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Peri"/>

Fourth-generation multi-purpose Russian Naval destroyers ([[Project 21956]]) are also likely to be equipped with the BrahMos II.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=97&id=32769&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=4 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710170235/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=97&id=32769&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=Govt okays construction of 4 more stealth destroyers |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=18 March 2009 |access-date=2012-02-23}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}}

BrahMos Aerospace named the missile ''BrahMos-II (K)'' in honour of the former [[President of India]], [[APJ Abdul Kalam]].<ref name=htsingh>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Rahul|title=India's tribute to Missile Man: New BrahMos gets Kalam name|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-tribute-to-missile-man-new-brahmos-gets-kalam-name/article1-1377718.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808144123/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-tribute-to-missile-man-new-brahmos-gets-kalam-name/article1-1377718.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2015|access-date=7 August 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=8 August 2015}}</ref>

The CEO of the joint Indo-Russian BrahMos programme, Atul Rane, stated in 2022, a future BrahMos-II will likely have similar characteristics to the [[3M22 Zircon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Modified Version Of BrahMos Anti-Ship Cruise Missile Successfully Tested; Hits Target With Pinpoint Accuracy |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/modified-version-of-brahmos-anti-ship-cruise-missile-successfully-tested-hits-target-with-pinpoint-accuracy/ |website=Eurasian Times Desk|date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Naval News |date=2022-08-02 |title=Hypersonic BrahMos-II missile may include tech from Tsirkon missile |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/hypersonic-brahmos-ii-missile-may-include-tech-from-tsirkon-missile/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to reports published in April 2023, India has requested Russia for the [[Technology transfer|transfer of technology]] (ToT) for the Russian [[3M22 Zircon]] hypersonic cruise missile, upon which the BrahMos-II (K) will be based.<ref>{{cite web|author=IgMp |url=https://www.theigmp.org/2024/10/russia-to-transfer-technology-of-zircon-tsirkon-hypersonic-cruise-missile-brahmosiik.html |title=Russia to transfer technology of Zircon/Tsirkon hypersonic cruise missile to India for BrahMos-II(K) missile |publisher=India's growing Military power theigmp.org |date=April 1, 2023 |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=India, Russia to jointly develop Brahmos-II Hypersonic Missile Version - Defence & Aerospace Research Forum |url=https://thedefencespace.com/2023/04/10/india-russia-to-jointly-develop-brahmos-ii-hypersonic-missile-version/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=India to get deadly Zircon missile technology from Russia, may develop BrahMos-II |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-to-get-deadly-zircon-missile-technology-from-russia-may-develop-brahmos-ii-12411612.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==Testing==
[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] reportedly tested the scramjet combustor of Brahmos-II for over 1,000 seconds in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=After BrahMos's Op Sindoor success, India ramps up hypersonic missile development|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/brahmos-supersonic-missile-india-operation-sindoor-pak-terror-bases-attack-2735570-2025-06-04|access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
BrahMos-II variant was again tested in May 2025 in the Bay of Bengal where it achieved a range of 800 kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=India Accelerates Brahmos-II Development: Next-generation hypersonic missile set to reach Mach 7 speed|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-pahalgam-terror-attack-aftermath-india-accelerates-brahmos-ii-development-next-generation-hypersonic-missile-set-to-reach-mach-7-speed-359683|access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Zee Business|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Russia|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
* [[Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle|DRDO HSTDV]]
* [[Zircon (missile)|Zircon]] maneuvering hypersonic missile<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ren.tv/novosti/2017-04-15/ekspert-rasskazal-o-supersposobnosti-rakety-cirkon-preodolet-sistemy-pro|title=Эксперт рассказал о суперспособности ракеты "Циркон" преодолеть системы ПРО|date=15 April 2017|website=РЕН ТВ}}</ref>
* [[Shaurya (missile)]]
* [[BrahMos|Brahmos]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.brahmos.com/|BrahMos Missile official website}}

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles}}

[[Category:Cruise missiles]]
[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles of India]]
[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Scramjet-powered missiles]]
[[Category:India–Russia relations]]
[[Category:NPO Mashinostroyeniya products]]
[[Category:Hypersonic cruise missiles]]

Subah of Delhi

2025-11-20T07:32:46Z

DesignersX: adding

{{Short description|Subdivision of the Mughal Empire between 1580–1857}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Delhi Subah
| common_name = Delhi Subah
| era = Early modern period
| year_start = 1580
| year_end = 1857
| date_end = 21 September
| event_end = [[Siege of Delhi (1857)|Siege of Delhi]]
| area_label = 1601
| area_sq_mi = 66797<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url= |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |language=en|chapter=Table I: Area and ''ʽJama'' of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601|author-link=Irfan Habib|pages=xii–xiii}}</ref>
| life_span =
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| s1 = Durrani Empire
| flag_s1 = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg
| s2 = Sikh Confederacy
| flag_s2 = Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg
| image_map = Elaborately illustrated map of the Shahjahanabad Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770.jpg
| image_map_caption = Elaborately illustrated map of the Delhi Subah of the Mughal Empire commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770
| capital = Delhi
| government_type = [[Administrative division|Subdivision]]
| leader1 = Subedar
| title_leader = Subedar
| today = {{plainlist|
* [[India]]}}
}}
'''Delhi Subah''', also known as the '''Shahjahanabad Subah''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Surendra Nath |title=Subah of Allahabad Under the Great Mughals, 1580-1707 |publisher=Jamia Millia Islamia |year=1974 |isbn=9780883866030 |pages=95}}</ref> was one of the ''[[Subah|subahs]]'' (provincial-level [[Government of the Mughal Empire|administrative division]]) of the [[Mughal Empire]]. During the Mughal Empire, the [[Punjab|Punjab region]] consisted of three subahs: [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]] and [[Subah of Multan|Multan]] subahs, and parts of Delhi Subah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wahi |first=Tripta |title=Irrigation, State and Society in Pre-colonial India |publisher=Nehru Memorial Museum and Library |year=2013 |isbn=9789383650002 |pages=3}}</ref><ref name="Redfort">{{Cite web |title=Red Fort Complex |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063551/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Hearn1906>{{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Gordon Risley|title=The Seven Cities of Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/sevencitiesofdel00hear |year=1906|publisher=W. Thacker |location=London |pages=134–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=History of Rajputs in India |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>

Delhi remained an important place for the Mughals, who built palaces and forts. Most importantly, [[Shah Jahan]] ordered his famous chief architect, [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]] to build the walled city between 1638 and 1649, containing the [[Delhi Fort|Lal Qila]] and the [[Chandni Chowk]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan (Arshi) |first=I. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teHRAgAAQBAJ&dq=Ustad+Ahmad+Lahori&pg=PT38 |title=BLACK TAJ MAHAL: The Emperor's Missing Tomb |date=2015-08-28 |publisher=Black Taj Project |isbn=978-81-927479-0-3 |page=38 |language=en}}</ref> Delhi was one of the original twelve [[Subah|subahs]] (imperial Mughal provinces), renamed Shahjahanabad in 1648, bordering [[Awadh]], Agra, [[Ajmer]], [[Multan]], and [[Lahore]] subahs. [[Daryaganj]] had the original [[cantonment]] of Delhi, after 1803, where a native regiment of Delhi [[garrison]] was stationed, which was later shifted to the Ridge area. East of Daryaganj was Raj ghat Gate of the walled city, opening at [[Raj Ghat]] on [[Yamuna River]].<ref>[[Old Delhi#Fa|Fanshawe, p. 67]]</ref> The first wholesale market of Old Delhi opened as the hardware market in [[Chawri Bazaar]] in 1840, the next wholesale market was that of dry fruits, spices, and herbs at [[Khari Baoli]], opening in 1850. The ''Phool Mandi'' (Flower Market) of Daryaganj was established in 1869, and even today, despite serving a small geographical area, it is of great importance due to dense population.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Jain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye0fMoARJ2YC&q=Darya+Ganj&pg=PA176 |title=Urban transport: planning and management |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-313-0441-9 |pages=166, 176 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403102044/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye0fMoARJ2YC&q=Darya+Ganj&pg=PA176 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
The early modern period in Indian history is marked with the rise of the [[Mughal Empire]] between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the fall of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals ruled from [[Agra]], [[Fatehpur Sikri|Sikri]] and [[Lahore]], but the city once became the capital in 1648 during the rule of [[Shah Jahan]], and remained the capital until the fall of the empire. During this time, Delhi became a center for culture, and poets such as [[Ghalib]], [[Khwaja Mir Dard|Dard]], [[Daagh Dehlvi|Dagh]] and [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq|Zauq]] lived in the city and sought patronage of the emperor. The Mughals also built several monuments in the city including [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Red Fort]], and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].

=== Babur and Humayun (1526–1556) ===
{{See also|Sur Empire|Hemu}}
The first Mughal Emperors [[Babur]] (1526–1530) and [[Humayun]] (1530–1540, restored 1556–57) ruled from Agra, unlike the preceding Delhi Sultans.

In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as [[Sher Shah Suri]] defeated [[Humayun]] and forced him to flee to [[Safavid Empire|Persia]]. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as [[Purana Qila]], even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son [[Islam Shah Suri|Islam Shah]] took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi. Then Humayun was briefly restored; but meanwhile in 1553 the Hindu [[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya|Hemu]] became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah.

Hemu fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and (twice) against the Mughal Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlaqabad fort area in [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]], Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, taking the title 'Vikramaditya' at his coronation in [[Purana Quila]], Delhi. Hemu was defeated at the [[Second Battle of Panipat|second battle of Panipat]] by Mughal forces led by [[Akbar]]'s regent [[Bairam Khan]], thus reinstating Mughal rule in the region.

=== Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707) ===
The third and greatest Mughal emperor, [[Akbar]] (1556–1605), continued to rule from [[Agra]], resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi.

In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name [[Shahjahanabad]], the seventh city of Delhi that is now commonly known as the old city or old Delhi.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Delhi{{Snd}} A Heritage City |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5743/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424023553/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5743/ |archive-date=24 April 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Hearn1906 /> This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the [[Delhi Fort|Red Fort]] (''Lal Qila'') and the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].<ref name="Redfort"/> The city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onward, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra.

[[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi|Shalimar garden]] ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659.

After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the [[Hindu]] [[Maratha Empire]] rose to prominence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Amelia |title=Rajasthan, Delhi, and Agra |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-690-8}}</ref>

=== Decline of Mughals ===
{{Further|Maratha Empire|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}{{See also|Battle of Delhi (1737)|Capture of Delhi (1753)|Battle of Delhi (1757)|Battle of Delhi (1783)}}
The [[Mughal Empire]] suffered several blows due to invasions from [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Bharatpur State|Jats]], [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]]. In 1737, [[Bajirao I]] marched towards Delhi with a huge army. The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=Mir+Hasan+Khan+delhi+1737&pg=PA117|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|first=Jaswant Lal|last=Mehta|date=January 1, 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&dq=Bajirao+I&pg=PA12|title=History Modern India|first=S. N.|last=Sen|date=November 20, 2006|publisher=New Age International|via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge [[Battle of Karnal]] in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by [[Nader Shah]] during his [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion]] after which he [[Sack of Delhi|completely sacked and looted Delhi]], the Mughal capital, followed by massacre for 2 days, killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the [[Peacock Throne]], the [[Daria-i-Noor]], and [[Koh-i-Noor]]. Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah|Muhammad Shah I]] to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jagmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsDSGn8jLPAC&q=muhammad+shah+nader+shah+beg+for+mercy&pg=PA298 |title=Soul and Structure of Governance in India |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=9788177648317 |access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
The Delhi Subah was divided into ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]]'' (equivalent to [[District|districts]]), with them being as follows as per the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'':<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detailed Notes, Bibliography and Index |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1986 |edition=reprint |location=New Delhi |pages=sheets 0A and 4A, pages VII–VIII, 8–13}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]]'' of Delhi Subah in 1601{{Efn|The area of the sarkars is based on the years 1595–6/1601. The revenue figures are the official estimates for ''jama'' or ''naqdī'' as per the ''Ain-i-Akbari''. However, the revenue figures do not take into account the regional variations in price-levels. The jama' is stated in ''dams'' (a copper coin). At the time of the Ain-i-Akbari one rupee was worth 40 dams.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" />
!No.
!Name
!Area ([[Square mile|sq. mi.]])
!Revenue (''[[Dam (Indian coin)|dams]]'')
|-
|1.
|Delhi Sarkar
|7,962 mi2
|123,012,596
|-
|2.
|[[Badaun]] Sarkar
|5,628 mi2
|34,817,063
|-
|3.
|[[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaun]] Sarkar
|18,846 mi2
|45,437,700
|-
|4.
|[[Sambhal]] Sarkar
|5,585 mi2
|66,941,431
|-
|5.
|[[Saharanpur]] Sarkar
|3,480 mi2
|87,839,859
|-
|6.
|[[Rewari]] Sarkar
|1,201 mi2
|28,807,718
|-
|7.
|[[Hisar (city)|Hissar Firuza]] Sarkar
|12,445 mi2
|52,554,905
|-
|8.
|[[Sirhind]] Sarkar
|11,650 mi2
|160,790,549
|-
! colspan="2" |Total for the subah:
!66,797 mi2
!600,201,821
|}
The sarkars were subdivided into ''[[Pargana|pargannahs]]'' (equivalent to [[Subdistrict|sub-districts]] or ''[[Tehsil|tehsils]]''). For example, the Sirhind Sarkar was further subdivided into twenty-eight pargannahs spread across the [[Doab|Yamuna-Sutlej Doab]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Panag |first=H. S. |date=4 July 2017 |title=The razing of Sirhind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/shooting-straight/the-razing-of-sirhind/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Administrative divisions of India]]
* [[Delhi Territory]]
* [[Pargana|Subah or Taraf, Pargana or Mahal, Mauza or Pir]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Mughal subahs|Delhi]]

India women's national cricket team record by opponent

2025-11-07T19:24:25Z

DesignersX: edit

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Snehal Pradhan (10 March 2009, Sydney) 2.jpg|240px|thumb|alt=Eight female cricketers stand on a field. Two players are in red practice jerseys; three other players in red jerseys are facing toward them; a player in a blue shirt is facing away and hides another player in a blue game shirt. In the upper left corner is a fan with an Indian flag|Members of the [[India women's national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] before a [[2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20|Women's World Twenty20]] game in [[Sydney]], 2009]]

The [[India women's national cricket team]] represents India in international [[women's cricket]]. A [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|full member]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC),<ref>{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Williamson|title=International Cricket Council: A brief history ...|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/209608.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 May 2007|access-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809105251/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/209608.html|archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> the team is governed by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{cite web|title=BCCI finally takes full control of India women's cricket|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/267701.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 November 2006|access-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010064102/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/267701.html|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> The India women's national cricket team first competed in 1976 when they played the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]] in a six-match [[Women's Test cricket|Test]] series at home. They recorded their first victory in the fourth match held at the [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]]; however, a loss in the sixth match led to the series being tied.<ref name=Shubangi>{{cite web|last=Shubangi|first=Kulkarni|title=The history of Indian women's cricket|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/94140.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 September 2000|access-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803215829/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/94140.html|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> India secured their first overseas victory in a [[Indian women's cricket team in South Africa in 2001–02|one-off series against South Africa in 2002]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Women's Test matches / Aggregate/overall records|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917120209/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8%3Bteam%3D1863%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Daggregate%3Bview%3Dresults|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> {{As of|2022|October}}, they have played 38 Test matches against five different opponents{{emdash}}[[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]], [[England women's cricket team|England]], [[South Africa women's national cricket team|South Africa]], [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand]] and the West Indies. In terms of victories, they have been most successful against England and South Africa with two wins against each of them.<ref name="India WTest record by opponent">{{cite web|title=India Women / Records / Women's Test Matches / Result Summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=8;id=1863;type=team|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907161420/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=8;id=1863;type=team|archive-date=7 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="WTest result summary">{{cite web|title=Records / Women's Test Matches / Team Records / Results Summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283305.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923102746/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283305.html|archive-date=23 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

India played their first [[Women's One Day International cricket]] (WODI) match against England in the [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|1978 World Cup]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Women's One Day Internationals / Aggregate/overall records|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907161256/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results|archive-date=7 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which they hosted.<ref name=Jenny>{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Jenny|title=A brief history ...|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2013/content/story/144925.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907110730/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2013/content/story/144925.html|archive-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> They finished at the bottom of the table as they lost the remaining two games of the group stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=9;id=1978;team=1863;type=year|title=Records / 1978 – India Women / Women's One Day Internationals / Match Results|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907161658/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=9;id=1978;team=1863;type=year|archive-date=7 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1978 Women's World Cup / Points Table|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61181.html?view=pointstable|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020180740/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61181.html?view=pointstable|archive-date=20 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982 World Cup]], they won their first ever WODI match when they beat the [[International XI women's cricket team|International XI]] by 79 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] at [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Women's One Day Internationals / Aggregate/Overall Records|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;spanmax1=23+Jul+2017;spanmin1=1+Jan+1978;spanval1=span;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021075051/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;spanmax1=23+Jul+2017;spanmin1=1+Jan+1978;spanval1=span;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results|archive-date=21 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Records / 1982 – India women's One Day Internationals / Match Results|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=9;id=1982;team=1863;type=year|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020181053/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=9;id=1982;team=1863;type=year|archive-date=20 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India's first overseas WODI series win came at the [[1994–95 New Zealand Women's Centenary Tournament]]. They won the WODI series during their tour 1999 of England.<ref name=Shubangi /> They were the runner-up at the [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]] and the [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]] [[Women's Cricket World Cup|World Cup tournaments]].<ref name=Jenny /> {{As of|2022|October}}, they have played 301 WODIs against twelve different opponents, and have the fourth highest number of victories (164) for any team in the format;<ref name="WODI result summary">{{cite web|title=Records / Women's One Day Internationals / Team Records / Results Summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283304.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221173730/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283304.html|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> They have recorded 81 wins and have been the fifth most successful team in the T20 format.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Women's Twenty20 Internationals / Team Records / Results Summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/content/records/283303.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220141648/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/content/records/283303.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> Since their first [[Women's Twenty20 International]] (WT20I) against England in August 2006, India have played 151 matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Women's Twenty20 Internationals / Aggregate / Overall Records|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=10;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021075051/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=10;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results|archive-date=21 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They have been most successful against [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team|Bangladesh]] with eleven wins against them.<ref name="India WT20I record by opponent">{{cite web|title=India Women / Records / Women's Twenty20 Internationals / Result Summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=10;id=1863;type=team|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022100327/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=10%3Bid%3D1863%3Btype%3Dteam|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> They were among the semi-finalists in the [[2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2009]] and [[2010 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2010]] [[ICC Women's World Twenty20]] tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's World Twenty20, 2009|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/473426.html|website=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]|date=20 August 2010 |publisher=reprinted by ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514165644/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/473426.html|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=English|first=Peter|title=Blackwell steers Australia into final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wwt202010/content/story/459592.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 May 2010|access-date=2 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410212448/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wwt202010/content/story/459592.html|archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>

==Key==
{|
|-
| valign="top" style="width:50%" |
* '''M''' – Denotes the number of matches played
* '''W''' – Denotes the number of wins for India against the listed opponent
* '''L''' – Denotes the number of losses for India against the listed opponent
* '''T''' – Denotes the number of [[Result (cricket)#Tie|ties]] between India and the listed opponent
* '''D''' – Denotes the number of [[Result (cricket)#Draw|draws]] between India and the listed opponent
* '''NR''' – Denotes the number of [[Result (cricket)#No result|no results]] between India and the listed opponent
* '''Tie+W''' – Number of matches tied and then won in a [[tiebreaker]] such as a [[bowl-out]] or [[Super Over]]
| valign="top" style="width:50%" |
* '''Tie+L''' – Number of matches tied and then lost in a [[tiebreaker]] such as a [[bowl-out]] or [[Super Over]]
* '''Win%''' – Win percentage (in ODI and T20I cricket, a tie counts as half a win, and no results are disregarded)
* '''Loss%''' – Loss percentage
* '''Draw%''' – Draw percentage
* '''First''' – Year of the first match between India and the listed opponent
* '''Last''' – Year of the latest match between India and the listed opponent
|}

==Test cricket==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+India women Test cricket record by opponent<ref name="India WTest record by opponent"/><ref name="WTest result summary"/>
|-
!scope="col" |Opponent
!scope="col" |M
!scope="col" |W
!scope="col" |L
!scope="col" |D
!scope="col" |Win%
!scope="col" |Loss%
!scope="col" |Draw%
!scope="col" |First
!scope="col" |Last
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Australia}}
| 11 || 1 || 4 || 6 || 9.09 || 36.36 || 54.55 || 1977 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|England}}
| 15 || 3 || 1 || 11 || 20.00 || 6.67 || 73.33 || 1986 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|New Zealand}}
| 6 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 100.00 || 1977 || 2003
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|South Africa}}
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 0.00 || 0.00 || 2002 || 2024
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|West Indies}}
| 6 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 16.66 || 16.66 || 66.66 || 1976 || 1976
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |'''Total'''
| '''41''' || '''8''' || '''6''' || '''27''' || '''19.51''' || '''14.63''' || '''65.85''' || '''1976''' || '''2024'''
|-
|colspan=10|{{small|''Statistics are correct as of {{cr|South Africa}} Women v {{cr|India}} Women at [[Chennai]] as of 1 Jul 2024.''}}
|}

==One Day International==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+India women One Day International record by opponent<ref name="WODI result summary"/><ref>{{cite web|title=India Women / Records / Women's One Day Internationals / Result Summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=9;id=1863;type=team|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022095731/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=9%3Bid%3D1863%3Btype%3Dteam|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="col" |Opponent
!scope="col" |M
!scope="col" |W
!scope="col" |L
!scope="col" |T
!scope="col" |NR
!scope="col" |Win%
!scope="col" |First
!scope="col" |Last
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Australia}}
| 56 || 11 || 48 || 0 || 0 || 17.85 || 1978 || 2024
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Bangladesh}}
| 8 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 75.00 || 2013 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Denmark}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 1993 || 1993
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|England}}
| 76 || 36 || 41 || 0 || 2 || 45.94 || 1978 || 2022
|-
!scope="row" |{{noflag|[[International XI women's cricket team|International XI]]}}
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 1982 || 1982
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Ireland}}
| 12 || 15 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 1993 || 2017
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Netherlands}}
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 1993 || 2000
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|New Zealand}}
| 57 || 22 || 34 || 1 || 0 || 38.59 || 1978 || 2024
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Pakistan}}
| 12 || 12 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2005 || 2022
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|South Africa}}
| 31 || 20 || 12 || 0 || 1 || 58.06 || 1997 || 2024
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Sri Lanka}}
| 32 || 31 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 90.66 || 2000 || 2022
|
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|West Indies}}
| 28 || 24 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 82.14 || 1993 || 2024
|
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |'''Total'''
| '''318''' || '''172''' || '''140''' || '''2'''|| '''4''' || '''54.08''' || '''1978''' || '''2024'''
|
|-
|colspan=10|{{small|''Statistics are correct as of {{cr|India}} women v {{cr|Pakistan}} Women some at [[Colombo Stadium]], World Cup, 5 October 2025.''}}
|}

==Twenty20 International==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+India women Twenty20 International record by opponent<ref name="India WT20I record by opponent"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Women's Twenty20 Internationals / Team Records / Results Summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283303.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831072623/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283303.html|archive-date=31 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!scope="col" |Opponent
!scope="col" |M
!scope="col" |W
!scope="col" |L
!scope="col" |T
!scope="col" |Tie+W
!scope="col" |Tie+L
!scope="col" |NR
!scope="col" |Win%
!scope="col" |First
!scope="col" |Last
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|Australia}}
| 35 || 7 || 26 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 20.00 || 2008 || 2024
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|Bangladesh}}
| 23 || 20 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 86.95 || 2013 || 2024
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|Barbados}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2022 || 2022
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|England}}
| 30 || 8|| 22 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 26.66 || 2006 || 2023
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|Ireland}}
| 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2018 || 2023
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|Malaysia}}
| 3|| 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 66.67 || 2018 || 2023
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|Nepal}}
| 1|| 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100 || 2024 || 2024
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|New Zealand}}
| 14|| 4 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 28.57 || 2009 || 2024
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Pakistan}}
| 16 || 13 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 81.25 || 2009 || 2024
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|South Africa}}
| 19 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 52.63 || 2014 || 2024
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|Sri Lanka}}
| 26 || 20 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 76.92 || 2009 || 2024
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|Thailand}}
| 3|| 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100 || 2018 || 2022
|-
! scope="row" |{{crw|UAE}}
| 2|| 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100 || 2022 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{crw|West Indies}}
| 24 || 15 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 62.50 || 2011 || 2024
|- class="sortbottom"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |'''Total'''
| '''199''' || '''108''' || '''84'''|| '''0''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''6'''|| '''54.27''' || '''2006''' || '''2024'''
|-
| colspan="11" |{{small|''Statistics are correct as of {{crw|India}} Women v {{crw|West Indies}} Women at [[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]], 19 December 2024.''}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{Women's cricket team records by opponent}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Cricket records and statistics]]
[[Category:India women's national cricket team|record by opponent]]

The Harappa Files

2025-11-02T12:37:18Z

DesignersX:

{{Short description|2011 graphic novel by Sarnath Banerjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = The Harappa Files
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:The Harappa Files.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Sarnath Banerjee]]
| illustrator = Sarnath Banerjee
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Graphic novel]]
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]] (India)
| release_date = 2011
| pages = 215 pp
| isbn = 978-93-5029-031-6
}}

'''''The Harappa files''''' is a 2011 [[graphic novel]] by Indian graphic artist [[Sarnath Banerjee]]. It is the author's third graphic novel after ''[[Corridor (graphic novel)|Corridor]]'' and ''[[The Barn Owl's Wondrous Capers]]''. The book is introduced as a set of "loosely bound graphic commentaries" produced in a period of three years.<ref name=guar>{{cite web |title=Sex, Lies and Single Malt combine in Harappa |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/home/sex-lies-and-single-malt-combine-in-harappa |date=February 20, 2011 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060645/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/home/sex-lies-and-single-malt-combine-in-harappa |access-date=2023-05-08 |author=Aditya Bidikar |publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The Greater Harappa Rehabilitation, Reclamation & Redevelopment Commission (GHRRR) is a secret committee of elite bureaucrats, historians, ethnographers, social scientists, law enforcers, retired diplomats and policymakers. The committee has had the responsibility of conducting a survey of the "current ethnography and urban mythologies of a country on the brink of great hormonal changes." The author Sarnath Banerjee is assigned by the committee to disseminate information about the findings. However, Banerjee is afraid that the Harappa Recommendations will eventually make it mandatory for all the citizens to sign a draconian form "28b".

==Selected "files"==
The files are fragmentary narratives dealing with commonplace cultural artifacts from a post-liberalized India.<ref name=guar/>

"Nano" talks about two friends, Vipin Mathur and Naman Doshi, who have known each other since childhood but are unable to meet because neither dares to cross the road. It dreams up a Delhi saturated with so many cars that pedestrians "can finally cross the road" when the jam ceases to move.<ref>{{cite web|title=Live Mint review by Supriya Nair|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/02/18204422/The-Harappa-Files--Ode-to-the.html}}</ref> It goes on to discuss Jaguar's acquisition by [[Tata Motors]].

"The Dept of Surplus Emotion", written in collaboration with [[Samit Basu]], equates bureaucrats to [[gargoyle]]s and pays attention to the essential tools of the Indian bureaucracy: the Mystic Stone Paperweight, the [[Hermes]] Supersonic Pen, the Triangular Bermuda file, the Kumar Bros. [[Tiffin]] Carrier.

"Jessie" talks about [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], who in 1904, received patents for making microwave receivers to detect radio waves. But the news of Bose's discovery reached late due to bureaucratic delays and Banerjee stipulates this might have costed India a [[Nobel Prize]].

"Nehru's Children" talks about the over-reliance on remote, obscure General Knowledge and ends with a pastiche of the ubiquitous [[Indian Institutes of Technology|I.I.T.]] Tuition Classes' posters.{{clarify|date=December 2019|reason=More context is needed: these posters aren't necessarily familiar to the reader.}}

"Boroline", "Calomine X", 'Lifebuoy, [[Bullworker]], VICCO, discuss the signs and significations of the products and their advertisements. {{clarify|date=December 2019|reason=Not clear where the quotation mark ought to be closed.}}

"Rakhaldas Banerjee's Plot" is a story of Girish, the psychic plumber, and tangentially, [[Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay]], the man credited with discovering [[Mohenjo-daro]].

"Tea" places the text of an apocryphal tale about [[Bodhidharma]]'s life with the images of a tea auction.

"Single Malt, Single Woman" discusses how after a [[threesome]] there is disappointment since "it is now one fantasy less."

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|first=E. Dawson|last=Varughese|title='The cracks of post-liberalized India': Storying the 'New Society' through Banerjee's ''The Harappa Files'' (2011)|journal=[[Journal of Postcolonial Writing]]|volume=52|issue=4|year=2016|pages=494–509|doi=10.1080/17449855.2016.1228270|s2cid=216091698 }}

==External links==
*[http://graphicshelf.com/the-harappa-files/ The Harappa Files] – GraphicShelf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harappa Files}}
[[Category:2011 graphic novels]]
[[Category:2011 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian graphic novels]]
[[Category:Graphic novels by Sarnath Banerjee]]
[[Category:Jaguar Land Rover]]
[[Category:Tata Motors]]
[[Category:Gargoyles in popular culture]]
[[Category:Hermes in fiction]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation in popular culture]]
[[Category:Sexuality in India]]
[[Category:Graphic novels about Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:Graphic novels set in India]]
[[Category:Novels about sexuality]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology in fiction]]
[[Category:Works based on advertisements]]